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4627110909994297261 | United States presidential line of succession | United States Presidential line of succession - wikipedia United States Presidential line of succession Federal judge Sarah T. Hughes administering the Oath of Office to President Lyndon B. Johnson following the death of John F. Kennedy , November 22 , 1963 Chief Justice Warren Burger administering the Oath of Office to President Gerald Ford following the resignation of Richard Nixon , August 9 , 1974 The United States presidential line of succession is the order in which officials of the United States federal government discharge the powers and duties of the office of President of the United States if the incumbent president becomes incapacitated , dies , resigns , or is removed from office ( by impeachment by the House of Representatives and subsequent conviction by the Senate ) during their four - year term of office . Presidency succession is referred to multiple times in the U.S. Constitution -- Article II , Section 1 , Clause 6 , as well as the 12th Amendment , 20th Amendment , and 25th Amendment . The Article II succession clause authorizes Congress to provide for a line of succession beyond the vice president , which it has done on three occasions . The current Presidential Succession Act was adopted in 1947 , and last revised in 2006 . The line of succession follows the order of Vice President , Speaker of the House of Representatives , President pro tempore of the Senate , and then the eligible heads of federal executive departments who form the president 's Cabinet . The Presidential Succession Act refers specifically to officers beyond the vice president acting as president rather than becoming president when filling a vacancy . The Cabinet currently has 15 members , of which the Secretary of State is first in line ; the other Cabinet secretaries follow in the order in which their department ( or the department of which their department is the successor ) was created . Those heads of department who are constitutionally ineligible to be elected to the presidency are also disqualified from assuming the powers and duties of the presidency through succession . Since 1789 , the vice president has succeeded to the presidency intra-term on nine occasions , eight times due to the incumbent 's death , and once due to resignation . No one lower in the line of succession has yet been called upon to act as president . Widely considered a settled issue during the late 20th century , the terrorist attacks of September 11 , 2001 demonstrated the potential for a decapitation strike that would kill or incapacitate multiple individuals in the presidential line of succession , in addition to many members of Congress and of the federal judiciary . In the years immediately following the attacks , there were numerous wide - ranging discussions in Congress , among academics , and within the public policy community about continuity of government concerns , including the existing constitutional and statutory provisions governing presidential succession . These discussions are ongoing . One effort , that of the Continuity of Government Commission , a nonpartisan think tank , produced three reports ( in 2003 , 2009 , and 2011 ) , the second of which focused on the implicit ambiguities and limitations in the current succession act , and contained recommendations for amending the laws for succession to the presidency . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current order 2 Constitutional provisions 2.1 Presidential eligibility 2.2 Presidential succession 3 Succession acts 3.1 Act of 1792 3.2 Act of 1886 3.3 Act of 1947 4 Ambiguities regarding succession and inability 5 Presidential succession by vice presidents 6 Presidential succession beyond the vice president 6.1 Next in line 6.1. 1 Under the 1792 succession act 6.1. 2 Under the 1886 succession act 6.1. 3 Under the 1947 succession act 7 Contemporary issues and concerns 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Current order ( edit ) The table below details the current presidential order of succession as established by the 1947 presidential succession statute as amended ( 3 U.S.C. § 19 ) . Notation is made of officers who are constitutionally ineligible to discharge the powers and duties of the office of President , and of those whose eligibility is unclear . No . Office Current officer Party Vice President Mike Pence Republican Speaker of the House of Representatives Paul Ryan Republican President pro tempore of the Senate Orrin Hatch Republican Secretary of State Mike Pompeo Republican 5 Secretary of the Treasury Steven Mnuchin Republican 6 Secretary of Defense Jim Mattis Independent 7 Attorney General Jeff Sessions Republican 8 Secretary of the Interior Ryan Zinke Republican 9 Secretary of Agriculture Sonny Perdue Republican 10 Secretary of Commerce Wilbur Ross Republican 11 Secretary of Labor Alexander Acosta Republican 12 Secretary of Health and Human Services Alex Azar Republican 13 Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Ben Carson Republican -- Secretary of Transportation Elaine Chao Republican 14 Secretary of Energy Rick Perry Republican 15 Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos Republican -- Secretary of Veterans Affairs Peter O'Rourke Republican 16 Secretary of Homeland Security Kirstjen Nielsen Independent Constitutional provisions ( edit ) Presidential eligibility ( edit ) Article II , Section 1 , Clause 5 of the Constitution sets three qualifications for holding the presidency . To serve as president , one must : be a natural - born U.S. citizen of the United States ; be at least thirty - five years old ; and be a resident in the United States for at least fourteen years . A person who meets the above qualifications , however , would still be constitutionally disqualified from holding the office of president under any of the following conditions : Under the 22nd Amendment , no person can be elected president more than twice . The amendment also specifies that if any eligible person serves as president or acting president for more than two years of a term for which some other eligible person was elected president , the former can only be elected president once . Under Article I , Section 3 , Clause 7 , upon conviction in impeachment cases , the Senate has the option of disqualifying convicted individuals from holding federal office , including that of president . Under Section 3 of the 14th Amendment , no person who swore an oath to support the Constitution , and later rebelled against the United States , can become president . However , this disqualification can be lifted by a two - thirds vote of each house of Congress . Presidential succession ( edit ) The presidential line of succession is mentioned at four places in the Constitution : Article II , Section 1 , Clause 6 makes the vice president first in the line of succession and allows the Congress to provide by law for cases in which neither the president nor vice president can serve . The 12th Amendment includes a statement clarifying that , just as they would due to the president 's death or disability , the powers and duties of the presidency devolve to the vice president if -- following a presidential election where no candidate won an absolute majority of votes in the Electoral College -- the House of Representatives has been unable to elect a president by the scheduled beginning of the president 's term . The 20th Amendment , Section 3 , supersedes the above 12th Amendment provision , by declaring that if the president - elect dies before his term begins , the vice president - elect becomes president on Inauguration Day and serves for the full term to which the president - elect was elected , and also that , if on Inauguration Day , a president has not been chosen or the president - elect does not qualify for the presidency , the vice president - elect acts as president until a president is chosen or the president - elect qualifies . It also authorizes Congress to provide for instances in which neither a president - elect nor a vice president - elect have qualified . The 25th Amendment , Section 1 , clarifies Article II , Section 1 , Clause 6 , by stating unequivocally that the vice president is the direct successor of the president , and becomes president if the incumbent dies , resigns or is removed from office . It also , in sections 3 and 4 , provides for situations where the president is temporarily disabled , such as if the president has a surgical procedure or becomes mentally unfit . Additionally , in Section 2 , the amendment provides a mechanism for intra-term vice presidential succession , establishing that vice presidential vacancies will be filled by the president and confirmed by both houses of Congress . Previously , whenever a vice president had succeeded to the presidency or had died or resigned from office , the vice presidency remained vacant until the next presidential and vice presidential terms began ; there were 16 such vacancies prior to 1967 . Further information : Vice President of the United States § Vacancies Succession acts ( edit ) Main article : Presidential Succession Act Act of 1792 ( edit ) The Presidential Succession Act of 1792 ( Full text ) provided for succession to the presidency , in the event both the office of the President and the Vice President were vacant , by , first , the president pro tempore of the Senate , followed by , if need be , the speaker of the House . Various framers of the Constitution , such as James Madison , criticized the arrangement as being contrary to their intent . The decision to build the line of succession around those two officials was made after a long and contentious debate . In addition to the president pro tempore and the speaker , both the secretary of state and the chief justice of the Supreme Court were also suggested . Including the secretary of state was unacceptable to most Federalists , who did not want the then secretary of state , Thomas Jefferson , who had become the leader of the opposition Democratic - Republicans , to follow the vice president in the succession , and many objected to including the chief justice due to separation of powers concerns . The statute provided that the presidential successor would serve in an acting capacity , holding office only until a new president could be elected . A special election was to be held in November of the year in which dual vacancies occurred ( unless the vacancies occurred after the first Wednesday in October , in which case the election would occur the following year ; or unless the vacancies occurred within the last year of the presidential term , in which case the next election would take place as regularly scheduled ) . The persons elected president and vice president in such a special election would have served a full four - year term beginning on March 4 of the next year ; no such election ever took place . Act of 1886 ( edit ) The Presidential Succession Act of 1886 ( Full text ) established a line of succession that included the members of the president 's cabinet , the order of the establishment of the various departments , beginning with the Secretary of State , and stipulated that any official discharging the powers and duties of the presidency must possess the constitutional qualifications to hold the office . The president pro tempore and speaker were excluded from the new line ; also dropped was the provision mandating a special presidential election when a double vacancy arose . The need for increasing the number of presidential successors was abundantly clear to Congress , for twice within the span of four years it happened that there was no one in the presidential line of succession . In September 1881 , When Chester A. Arthur succeeded to the presidency following James A. Garfield 's death , there was no vice President , no president pro tempore of the Senate , and no Speaker of the House of Representatives . Then , in November 1885 , Grover Cleveland faced a similar situation , following the death of Vice President Thomas A. Hendricks , as the Senate and the House had not convened yet to elect new officers . Act of 1947 ( edit ) The Presidential Succession Act of 1947 ( Full text ) restored the speaker of the House and president pro tempore of the Senate to the line of succession -- but in reverse - order from their 1792 positions -- and placed them ahead of the members of the Cabinet , who were positioned once more in the order of the establishment of their department . Placing the speaker and the president pro tempore ( both elected officials ) back in the succession and placing them ahead of cabinet members ( all of whom are appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate ) , was Harry S. Truman 's idea . Personally conveyed to Congress in June 1945 , two months after becoming president upon Franklin D. Roosevelt 's death , the proposal reflected Truman 's belief that the president should not have the power to appoint to office `` the person who would be my immediate successor in the event of my own death or inability to act , '' and that the presidency should , whenever possible , `` be filled by an elective officer . '' The Act , which the president signed into law on July 18 , 1947 , has been modified several times , with changes being made as the face of the federal bureaucracy has changed over the ensuing years . Its most recent change came about in 2006 , when the USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act added the secretary of Homeland Security to the presidential line of succession . Ambiguities regarding succession and inability ( edit ) In April 1841 , John Tyler became the first person to succeed to the presidency intra-term upon the death of William Henry Harrison . Although the Presidential Succession Clause in Article II of the Constitution clearly provided for the vice president to take over the `` powers and duties '' of the presidency in the event of a president 's removal , death , resignation , or inability , left unclear was whether the vice president became president of the United States or simply acted as president in a case of succession . Some historians , including Edward Corwin and John D. Feerick , have argued that the framers ' intention was that the vice president would remain vice president while executing the powers and duties of the presidency until new a president could be elected . The hypothetical debate about whether the office or merely the powers of the office devolve upon a vice president who succeeds to the presidency between elections became an urgent constitutional issue in 1841 , when President William Henry Harrison died in office , only 31 days into his term . Vice President John Tyler claimed a constitutional mandate to carry out the full powers and duties of the presidency , asserting he was the president and not merely a temporary acting president , by taking the presidential oath of office . Many around him -- including John Quincy Adams , Henry Clay and other members of Congress , along with Whig party leaders , and even Tyler 's own cabinet -- believed that he was only acting as president and did not have the office itself . He was nicknamed `` His Accidency '' and excoriated as a usurper . Nonetheless , Tyler adhered to his position , even returning , unopened , mail addressed to the `` Acting President of the United States '' sent by his detractors. Tyler 's view ultimately prevailed when the Senate voted to accept the title `` President , '' setting a momentous precedent for an orderly transfer of presidential power following a president 's death , one that was written into the Constitution as section 1 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment . Even after the precedent regarding presidential succession due to the president 's death was set , the part of the Presidential Succession Clause that provided for replacing a disabled president remained unclear . What constituted an `` inability '' ? Who determined the existence of an inability ? Did a vice president become president for the rest of the presidential term in the case of an inability ; or was the vice president merely `` acting as President '' ? Due to this lack of clarity , later vice presidents were hesitant to assert any role in cases of presidential inability . Two situations are noteworthy : On July 2 , 1881 , James Garfield was shot ; hit from behind by two bullets ( one grazing his arm and the other lodging in his back ) . The president wavered between life and death for 80 days after the shooting ; it was the first time that the nation as a whole experienced the uncertainties associated with a prolonged period of presidential inability . Most disconcerting , especially for Garfield administration personnel and members of Congress , was the lack of constitutional guidance on how to handle the situation . No one was sure who , if anyone , should exercise presidential authority while the president was disabled ; many urged Vice President Chester Arthur to step - up , but he declined , fearful of being labeled a usurper . Aware that he was in a delicate position and that his every action was placed under scrutiny , Arthur remained secluded in his New York City home for most of the summer . Members of the Garfield Cabinet conferred daily with the president 's doctors , and kept the vice president informed of significant developments on the president 's condition . In October 1919 , Woodrow Wilson suffered a debilitating stroke . Nearly blind and partially paralyzed , he spent the final 17 months of his presidency sequestered in the White House . Vice President Thomas Marshall , the cabinet , and the nation were kept in the dark over the severity of the president 's illness for several months . Marshall was pointedly afraid to ask about Wilson 's health , or to preside over cabinet meetings , fearful that he would be accused of `` longing for his place . '' Though members of both parties in Congress pledged to support him if he assert his claim to the presidency , Marshall declined to act , or to do anything that might seem ambitious or disloyal to Wilson . At a time when the fight over joining the League of Nations was reaching a climax , and domestic issues such as strikes , unemployment , inflation and the threat of Communism were demanding action , the operations of the executive branch were once more hampered due to the fact that there was no constitutional basis for declaring that the president was unable to function . When Dwight D. Eisenhower suffered a heart attack in September 1955 , he and Vice President Richard Nixon developed an informal plan authorizing Nixon to assume some administrative duties during Eisenhower 's recovery . Although it did not have the force of law , the plan helped to reassure the nation . The agreement also contained a provision whereby Eisenhower could declare his own inability and , if unable to do so , empowered Nixon , with appropriate consultation , to make the decision . Had it been invoked , Nixon would have served as acting president until the president issued a declaration of his recovery . Moved forward as consequence of President Kennedy 's November 1963 assassination , this informal plan evolved into constitutional procedure a decade later through Sections 3 and 4 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment , which resolved the uncertainties surrounding presidential disability . Presidential succession by vice presidents ( edit ) Nine vice presidents have succeeded to the presidency intra-term , eight due to the president 's death , and one due to the president 's resignation from office . Successor Party Date and reason for succession John Tyler Whig April 4 , 1841 , William Henry Harrison died 31 days into his presidency . Millard Fillmore Whig July 9 , 1850 , Zachary Taylor died 1 year , 4 months and 5 days into his presidency . Andrew Johnson Republican April 15 , 1865 , Abraham Lincoln died 4 years , 1 month and 11 days into his presidency . Chester A. Arthur Republican September 19 , 1881 , James A. Garfield died 6 months and 15 days into his presidency . Theodore Roosevelt Republican September 14 , 1901 , William McKinley died 4 years , 6 months and 10 days into his presidency . Calvin Coolidge Republican August 2 , 1923 , Warren G. Harding died 2 years , 4 months and 29 days into his presidency . Harry S. Truman Democratic April 12 , 1945 , Franklin D. Roosevelt died 12 years , 1 month and 8 days into his presidency . Lyndon B. Johnson Democratic November 22 , 1963 , John F. Kennedy died 2 years , 10 months and 2 days into his presidency . Gerald Ford Republican August 9 , 1974 , Richard Nixon resigned from office 5 years , 6 months and 20 days into his presidency . Additionally , two vice presidents have temporarily assumed the powers and duties of the presidency as acting president , as authorized by Section 3 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment : George H.W. Bush did so once , on July 13 , 1985 , and Dick Cheney did so twice , on June 29 , 2002 , and on July 21 , 2007 . Presidential succession beyond the vice president ( edit ) While several vice presidents have succeeded to the presidency upon the death or resignation of the president , and a number of them have died or resigned , the offices of President and Vice President have never been simultaneously vacant ; thus no other officer in the presidential line of succession has ever been called upon to act as president . The prospect of such a double vacancy lurked in the shadows surrounding President Abraham Lincoln 's 1865 assassination , as Vice President Andrew Johnson ( along with Secretary of State William Seward and possibly General Ulysses S. Grant ) was also targeted as part of John Wilkes Booth 's plot to destabilize the Union government . It was also there three years later , when , as president and with the vice presidency vacant , Johnson was impeached by the House of Representatives and faced removal from office if convicted at trial in the Senate . Johnson was acquitted by a one - vote margin . Ratification of the 25th Amendment , with its mechanism for filling an intra-term vice presidential vacancy , has made calling on the speaker , president pro tempore , or a cabinet member to serve as acting president unlikely to happen , except in the aftermath of a catastrophic event . Only a few years after it went into effect , in October 1973 , at the height of Watergate , Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned . With Agnew 's unexpected departure , and the state of Richard Nixon 's presidency , Speaker of the House Carl Albert was suddenly first in line to become acting president . The vacancy continued until Gerald Ford was sworn in as vice president on December 6 , 1973 . Albert was also next in line from the time Ford assumed the presidency on August 9 , 1974 , following Nixon 's resignation from office , until Ford 's choice to succeed him as vice president , Nelson Rockefeller , was confirmed by Congress four months later . Next in line ( edit ) The vice presidency has been vacant on 18 occasions since 1789 ; during those periods , the following people have been next in line to serve as Acting President of the United States : Under the 1792 succession act ( edit ) No . Official Office Party Dates Reason President William H. Crawford President pro tempore of the Senate Democratic - Republican April 20 , 1812 -- March 4 , 1813 Death of Vice President George Clinton Madison Langdon Cheves Speaker of the House Democratic - Republican November 23 , 1814 -- November 25 , 1814 Death of Vice President Elbridge Gerry ; vacancy in office of President pro tempore of the Senate Madison John Gaillard President pro tempore of the Senate Democratic - Republican November 25 , 1814 -- March 4 , 1817 Elected President pro tempore of the Senate ; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States Hugh Lawson White President pro tempore of the Senate Democratic December 28 , 1832 -- March 4 , 1833 Resignation of Vice President John C. Calhoun Jackson Samuel L. Southard President pro tempore of the Senate Whig April 4 , 1841 -- May 31 , 1842 Death of President William Henry Harrison and accession of Vice President John Tyler to the presidency Tyler Willie Person Mangum President pro tempore of the Senate Whig May 31 , 1842 -- March 4 , 1845 Elected President pro tempore of the Senate ; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States 5 Vacant July 9 , 1850 -- July 11 , 1850 Death of President Zachary Taylor and accession of Vice President Millard Fillmore to the presidency ; vacancy in office of President pro tempore of the Senate ; and ineligibility of Speaker of the House Howell Cobb who was not yet 35 years old Fillmore William R. King President pro tempore of the Senate Democratic July 11 , 1850 -- December 20 , 1852 Elected President pro tempore of the Senate ; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States David Rice Atchison President pro tempore of the Senate Democratic December 20 , 1852 -- March 4 , 1853 Elected President pro tempore of the Senate ; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States 6 David Rice Atchison President pro tempore of the Senate Democratic April 18 , 1853 -- December 4 , 1854 Death of Vice President William R. King Pierce Lewis Cass President pro tempore of the Senate Democratic December 4 , 1854 -- December 5 , 1854 Elected President pro tempore of the Senate ; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States Jesse D. Bright President pro tempore of the Senate Democratic December 5 , 1854 -- June 9 , 1856 Elected President pro tempore of the Senate ; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States Charles E. Stuart President pro tempore of the Senate Democratic June 9 , 1856 -- June 10 , 1856 Elected President pro tempore of the Senate ; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States Jesse D. Bright President pro tempore of the Senate Democratic June 11 , 1856 -- January 6 , 1857 Elected President pro tempore of the Senate ; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States James Murray Mason President pro tempore of the Senate Democratic January 6 , 1857 -- March 4 , 1857 Elected President pro tempore of the Senate ; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States 7 Lafayette S. Foster President pro tempore of the Senate Republican April 15 , 1865 -- March 2 , 1867 Death of President Abraham Lincoln and accession of Vice President Andrew Johnson to the presidency A. Johnson Benjamin Wade President pro tempore of the Senate Republican March 2 , 1867 -- March 4 , 1869 Elected President pro tempore of the Senate ; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States 8 Thomas W. Ferry President pro tempore of the Senate Republican November 22 , 1875 -- March 4 , 1877 Death of Vice President Henry Wilson Grant 9 Vacant September 19 , 1881 -- October 10 , 1881 Death of President James A. Garfield and accession of Vice President Chester A. Arthur to the presidency ; vacancy in offices of President pro tempore of the Senate and Speaker of the House Arthur Thomas F. Bayard President pro tempore of the Senate Democratic October 10 , 1881 -- October 13 , 1881 Elected President pro tempore of the Senate ; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States David Davis President pro tempore of the Senate Independent October 13 , 1881 -- March 3 , 1883 Elected President pro tempore of the Senate ; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States George F. Edmunds President pro tempore of the Senate Republican March 3 , 1883 -- March 3 , 1885 Elected President pro tempore of the Senate ; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States 10 Vacant November 25 , 1885 -- December 7 , 1885 Death of Vice President Thomas A. Hendricks ; vacancy in offices of President pro tempore of the Senate and Speaker of the House Cleveland John Sherman President pro tempore of the Senate Republican December 7 , 1885 -- January 19 , 1886 Elected President pro tempore of the Senate ; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States Under the 1886 succession act ( edit ) No . Official Office Party Dates Reason President 10 Thomas F. Bayard Secretary of State Democratic January 19 , 1886 -- March 4 , 1889 Succession Act of 1886 is enacted ; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States Cleveland 11 John Hay Secretary of State Republican November 21 , 1899 -- March 4 , 1901 Death of Vice President Garret Hobart McKinley 12 John Hay Secretary of State Republican September 14 , 1901 -- March 4 , 1905 Death of President William McKinley and accession of Vice President Theodore Roosevelt to the presidency T. Roosevelt 13 Philander C. Knox Secretary of State Republican October 30 , 1912 -- March 4 , 1913 Death of Vice President James S. Sherman Taft 14 Charles Evans Hughes Secretary of State Republican August 2 , 1923 -- March 4 , 1925 Death of President Warren G. Harding and accession of Vice President Calvin Coolidge to the presidency Coolidge 15 Edward Stettinius Jr . Secretary of State Democratic April 12 , 1945 -- June 27 , 1945 Death of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and accession of Vice President Harry S. Truman to the presidency Truman Henry Morgenthau Jr . Secretary of the Treasury Democratic June 27 , 1945 -- July 3 , 1945 Resignation of Secretary of State Edward Stettinius Jr. ; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States James F. Byrnes Secretary of State Democratic July 3 , 1945 -- January 21 , 1947 Confirmed as Secretary of State ; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States George Marshall Secretary of State Democratic January 21 , 1947 -- July 18 , 1947 Confirmed as Secretary of State ; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States Under the 1947 succession act ( edit ) No . Official Office Party Dates Reason President 15 Joseph William Martin Jr . Speaker of the House Republican July 18 , 1947 -- January 3 , 1949 Succession Act of 1947 is enacted ; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States Truman Sam Rayburn Speaker of the House Democratic January 3 , 1949 -- January 20 , 1949 Elected Speaker of the House ; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States 16 John W. McCormack Speaker of the House Democratic November 22 , 1963 -- January 20 , 1965 Death of President John F. Kennedy and accession of Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson to the presidency L. Johnson 17 Carl Albert Speaker of the House Democratic October 10 , 1973 -- December 6 , 1973 Resignation of Vice President Spiro Agnew Nixon 18 Carl Albert Speaker of the House Democratic August 9 , 1974 -- December 19 , 1974 Resignation of President Richard Nixon and accession of Vice President Gerald Ford to the presidency Ford Contemporary issues and concerns ( edit ) In 2003 the Continuity of Government Commission suggested that the current law has `` at least seven significant issues ... that warrant attention '' , specifically : The reality that all figures in the current line of succession work and reside in the vicinity of Washington , D.C. In the event of a nuclear , chemical , or biological attack , it is possible that everyone on the list would be killed or incapacitated . Doubt that congressional leaders are eligible to act as president . A concern about the wisdom of including the President pro tempore in the line of succession as the `` largely honorific post traditionally held by the longest - serving Senator of the majority party '' . For example , from January 20 , 2001 , to June 6 , 2001 , the President pro tempore was then - 98 - year - old Strom Thurmond of South Carolina . A concern that the current line of succession can force the presidency to abruptly switch parties mid-term , as the president , Speaker , and the President pro tempore are not necessarily of the same party as each other . A concern that the succession line is ordered by the dates of creation of the various executive departments , without regard to the skills or capacities of the persons serving as their Secretary . The fact that , should a Cabinet member begin to act as president , the law allows the House to elect a new Speaker ( or the Senate , a new President pro tempore ) , who could in effect remove the Cabinet member and assume the office themselves at any time . The absence of a provision where a president is disabled and the vice presidency is vacant ( for example , if an assassination attempt simultaneously wounded the president and killed the vice president ) . In 2009 , the Continuity of Government Commission commented on the use of the term `` Officer '' in the 1947 statute , The language in the current Presidential Succession Act is less clear than that of the 1886 Act with respect to Senate confirmation . The 1886 Act refers to `` such officers as shall have been appointed by the advice and consent of the Senate to the office therein named ... '' The current act merely refers to `` officers appointed , by and with the advice and consent of the Senate . '' Read literally , this means that the current act allows for acting secretaries to be in the line of succession as long as they are confirmed by the Senate for a post ( even for example , the second or third in command within a department ) . It is common for a second in command to become acting secretary when the secretary leaves office . Though there is some dispute over this provision , the language clearly permits acting secretaries to be placed in the line of succession . ( We have spoken to acting secretaries who told us they had been placed in the line of succession . ) In 2016 - 17 , the Second Fordham University School of Law Clinic on Presidential Succession developed a series of proposals to `` resolve succession issues that have received little attention from scholars and commissions '' over the past several decades . The clinic 's recommendations included : Remove legislators and several Cabinet members from the line of succession and adding four officials , or `` Standing Successors , '' outside of Washington , D.C. The line of succession would be 1 -- Secretary of State , 2 -- Secretary of Defense , 3 -- Attorney General , 4 -- Secretary of Homeland Security , 5 -- Secretary of the Treasury , 6 -- Standing Successor 1 , 7 -- Standing Successor 2 , 8 -- Standing Successor 3 , and 9 -- Standing Successor 4 ; If legislators are not removed from the line of succession , only designate them as successors in cases where the President dies or resigns not where he is disabled ( to protect legislators from being forced to resign to act as President temporarily ) or removed from office ; Eliminate the `` bumping provision '' in the Succession Act of 1947 ; Clarify the ambiguity in the Succession Act of 1947 as to whether acting Cabinet secretaries are in the line of succession ; That the outgoing President nominate and the Senate confirm some of the incoming President 's Cabinet secretaries prior to Inauguration Day , which isa particular point of vulnerability for the line of succession ; Establish statutory procedures for declaring 1 -- a dual inability of the President and the Vice President , including where there is no Vice President and 2 -- a sole inability of the Vice President . See also ( edit ) Central Locator System Designated survivor List of United States presidential assassination attempts and plots United States presidential line of succession in fiction Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The 1947 Presidential Succession Act is unclear as to whether acting cabinet secretaries are in the line of succession . Jump up ^ The Department of Defense is the successor to the earlier Department of War . Jump up ^ The Department of Health and Human Services is the successor to the earlier Department of Health , Education and Welfare . Jump up ^ Not eligible to become Acting President -- not a natural - born U.S. citizen ( citizenship acquired through naturalization ) . Jump up ^ Uncertain whether eligible to become Acting President due to being acting secretary -- current succession act states that the list of eligible cabinet officers includes only `` officers appointed , by and with the advice and consent of the Senate , '' whereas the previous act stated that the list ( of eligible cabinet secretaries ) only applied to persons confirmed to `` the offices therein named , '' thus excluded acting secretaries . Many officials who serve as acting secretaries have previously received Senate confirmations for deputy - level posts , and so might be eligible under the more ambiguous wording of the current law . Jump up ^ The final sentence of the 12th Amendment explicitly states that the constitutional qualifications for holding the presidency also apply to being vice president . Jump up ^ This section 2 of the 25th Amendment has been invoked twice : 1973 -- Gerald Ford was nominated and confirmed to office following Spiro Agnew 's resignation . 1974 -- Nelson Rockefeller was nominated and confirmed to office after Gerald Ford became president upon Richard Nixon 's resignation . Jump up ^ Secretary of State , Secretary of the Treasury , Secretary of War , Attorney - General , Postmaster - General , Secretary of the Navy , and Secretary of the Interior . Jump up ^ Secretary of State , Secretary of the Treasury , Secretary of War , Attorney General , Postmaster General , Secretary of the Navy , Secretary of the Interior , Secretary of Agriculture , Secretary of Commerce , Secretary of Labor . Jump up ^ 1947 -- substituted Secretary of Defense for Secretary of War and struck out Secretary of the Navy . 1965 -- added Secretary of Health , Education , and Welfare and also Secretary of Housing and Urban Development . 1966 -- added Secretary of Transportation . 1970 -- removed Postmaster General . 1977 -- added Secretary of Energy . 1979 -- substituted Secretary of Health and Human Services for Secretary of Health , Education , and Welfare and added Secretary of Education . 1988 -- Secretary of Veterans Affairs . 2006 -- Secretary of Homeland Security . Jump up ^ Various friends and colleagues of Senator David Rice Atchison asserted that both offices were vacant on March 4 -- 5 1849 , because the terms of President Zachary Taylor and Vice President Millard Fillmore began on March 4 , but neither took their oath of office on that day -- following precedent as the day fell on a Sunday . The inauguration was held the next day , Monday , March 5 . Consequently , they considered David Rice Atchison , by virtue of being the last President pro tempore of the Senate in the out - going Congress , to have been Acting President of the United States during the day - long Interregnum ( in accordance with the Presidential Succession Act of 1792 ) . Historians , constitutional scholars and biographers all dismiss the claim . Atchison did not take the presidential oath of office either , and his term as president pro tempore had expired on March 4 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Succession : Presidential and Vice Presidential Fast Facts '' . cnn.com . October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Second Fordham University School of Law Clinic on Presidential Succession , Fifty Years After the Twenty - Fifth Amendment : Recommendations for Improving the Presidential Succession System '' . Fordham Law Review . 86 ( 3 ) : 917 -- 1025 . 2017 . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Look Back ... The National Security Act of 1947 '' . News & Information . Langley , Virginia : Central Intelligence Agency . July 31 , 2008 . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` HHS Historical Highlights '' . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Department of Health & Human Services . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Lord , Debbie ( June 18 , 2018 ) . `` A president resigns , dies or is impeached : What is the line of succession ? '' . wftv.com . Cox Media Group . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Article II . The Executive Branch , Annenberg Classroom '' . The Interactive Constitution . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : The National Constitution Center . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Peabody , Bruce G. ; Gant , Scott E. ( February 1999 ) . `` The Twice and Future President : Constitutional Interstices and the Twenty - Second Amendment '' . Minnesota Law Review . Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Law School . 83 ( 3 ) : 565 -- 635 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2013 . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Albert , Richard ( Winter 2005 ) . `` The Evolving Vice Presidency '' . Temple Law Review . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : Temple University of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education . 78 ( 4 ) : 812 -- 893 . Jump up ^ `` Article I '' . US Legal System . USLegal . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Moreno , Paul . `` Articles on Amendment XIV : Disqualification for Rebellion '' . The Heritage Guide to the Constitution . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Essays on Article II : Presidential Succession '' . The Heritage Guide to the Constitution . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Feerick , John D. ( 2011 ) . `` Presidential Succession and Inability : Before and After the Twenty - Fifth Amendment '' . Fordham Law Review . 79 ( 3 ) : 907 -- 949 . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Larson , Edward J. ; Shesol , Jeff . `` The Twentieth Amendment '' . The Interactive Constitution . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : The National Constitution Center . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Neale , Thomas H. ( September 27 , 2004 ) . `` Presidential and Vice Presidential Succession : Overview and Current Legislation '' ( PDF ) . CRS Report for Congress . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Research Service , the Library of Congress . p. 5 . Retrieved June 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kalt , Brian C. ; Pozen , David . `` The Twenty - fifth Amendment '' . The Interactive Constitution . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : The National Constitution Center . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Spivak , Joshua ( October 14 , 2015 ) . `` America 's System for Presidential Succession is Ridiculous '' . Time . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Feerick , John D. ; Freund , Paul A. ( 1965 ) . From Failing Hands : the Story of Presidential Succession . New York City : Fordham University Press . pp. 57 -- 62 . LCCN 65 - 14917 . ^ Jump up to : Relyea , Harold C. ( August 5 , 2005 ) . `` Continuity of Government : Current Federal Arrangements and the Future '' ( PDF ) . CRS Report for Congress . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Research Service , the Library of Congress . pp. 2 -- 4 . Retrieved June 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Charlton Thomas ; Willsey , Joseph H. ( 1895 ) . Harper 's Book of Facts : a Classified History of the World ; Embracing Science , Literature , and Art . New York : Harper & Brothers . p. 884 . LCCN 01020386 . Retrieved April 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Truman , Harry S. ( June 19 , 1945 ) . `` Special Message to the Congress on the Succession to the Presidency '' . Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley , The American Presidency Project . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 US Code Title 3 -- The President Chapter 1 -- Presidential Elections and Vacancies Sec. 19 -- Vacancy in offices of both President and Vice President ; officers eligible to act '' . US Law . Mountain View , California : Justia . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Schlesinger , Arthur M. , Jr . ( Autumn 1974 ) . `` On the Presidential Succession '' . Political Science Quarterly . 89 ( 3 ) : 475 , 495 -- 496 . JSTOR 2148451 . ^ Jump up to : `` Presidential Succession '' . US Law . Mountain View , California : Justia . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Freehling , William . `` John Tyler : Domestic Affairs '' . Charllotesville , Virginia : Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Rankin , Robert S. ( Feb 1946 ) . `` Presidential Succession in the United States '' . The Journal of Politics . 8 ( 1 ) : 44 -- 56 . doi : 10.2307 / 2125607 . JSTOR 2125607 . ^ Jump up to : Abbott , Philip ( Dec 2005 ) . `` Accidental Presidents : Death , Assassination , Resignation , and Democratic Succession '' . Presidential Studies Quarterly . 35 ( 4 ) : 627 , 638 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1741 - 5705.2005. 00269. x . JSTOR 27552721 . Jump up ^ Crapol , Edward P. ( 2006 ) . John Tyler : the accidental president . UNC Press Books . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3041 - 3 . OCLC 469686610 . ^ Jump up to : Feerick , John . `` Essays on Amendment XXV : Presidential Succession '' . The Heritage Guide to the Constitution . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Feerick , John D. ; Freund , Paul A. ( 1965 ) . From Failing Hands : the Story of Presidential Succession . New York City : Fordham University Press . pp. 118 -- 127 . LCCN 65 - 14917 . Jump up ^ Amber , Saladin . `` Woodrow Wilson : Life After The Presidency '' . Charllotesville , Virginia : Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia . Retrieved June 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas R. Marshall , 28th Vice President ( 1913 -- 1921 ) '' . Biographical Dictionary of the United States Congress 1774 -- Present . Washington , D.C. : United States Congress . Retrieved June 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cooper , John M. ( 2009 ) . Woodrow Wilson : A Biography . Alfred A. Knopf . p. 555 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 26541 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Neale , Thomas H. ( September 27 , 2004 ) . `` Presidential and Vice Presidential Succession : Overview and Current Legislation '' ( PDF ) . CRS Report for Congress . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Research Service , the Library of Congress . p. 22 . Retrieved June 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vice President of the United States ( President of the Senate ) '' . Washington , D.C. : Office of the Secretary , United States Senate . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Freehling , William . `` William Harrison : Death of the President '' . Charllotesville , Virginia : Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Holt , Michael . `` Zachary Taylor : Death of the President '' . Charllotesville , Virginia : Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Michael . `` Abraham Lincoln : Death of the President '' . Charllotesville , Virginia : Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Freidel , Frank ; Sidey , Hugh . `` James Garfield '' . WhiteHouse.gov . From `` The Presidents of the United States of America '' . ( 2006 ) Washington , D.C. : White House Historical Association . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Freidel , Frank ; Sidey , Hugh . `` William McKinley '' . WhiteHouse.gov . From `` The Presidents of the United States of America '' . ( 2006 ) Washington D.C. : White House Historical Association . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trani , Eugene P. `` Warren G. Harding : Death of the President '' . Charllotesville , Virginia : Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Freidel , Frank ; Sidey , Hugh . `` Franklin D. Roosevelt '' . WhiteHouse.gov . From `` The Presidents of the United States of America '' . ( 2006 ) Washington D.C. : White House Historical Association . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Freidel , Frank ; Sidey , Hugh . `` John F. Kennedy '' . WhiteHouse.gov . From `` The Presidents of the United States of America '' . ( 2006 ) Washington D.C. : White House Historical Association . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Ken . `` Richard Nixon : Life After the Presidency '' . Charllotesville , Virginia : Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Woolley , John ; Peters , Gerhard . `` List of Vice-Presidents Who Served as `` Acting '' President Under the 25th Amendment `` . The American Presidency Project ( online ) . Gerhard Peters ( database ) . Santa Barbara , California : University of California ( hosted ) . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The 16th Presidential Inauguration : Zachary Taylor , March 5 , 1849 '' . Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Feerick , John D. ; Freund , Paul A. ( 1965 ) . From Failing Hands : the Story of Presidential Succession . New York City : Fordham University Press . pp. 100 -- 101 . LCCN 65 - 14917 . Jump up ^ `` The forgotten man who almost became President after Lincoln '' . The constitution Daily . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : The National Constitution Center . April 15 , 2018 . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Gup , Ted ( November 28 , 1982 ) . `` Speaker Albert Was Ready to Be President '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` George Clinton , 4th Vice President ( 1805 - 1812 ) '' . Washington , D.C. : Office of the Secretary , United States Senate . Retrieved June 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Feerick , John D. ; Freund , Paul A. ( 1965 ) . From Failing Hands : the Story of Presidential Succession . New York City : Fordham University Press . pp. 84 , 86 . LCCN 65 - 14917 . ^ Jump up to : `` John Tyler , Tenth Vice President ( 1841 ) '' . Washington , D.C. : Office of the Secretary , United States Senate . Retrieved June 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Feerick , John D. ; Freund , Paul A. ( 1965 ) . From Failing Hands : the Story of Presidential Succession . New York City : Fordham University Press . pp. 104 -- 105 . LCCN 65 - 14917 . Jump up ^ `` William Rufus King , 13th Vice President ( 1853 ) '' . Washington , D.C. : Office of the Secretary , United States Senate . Retrieved June 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` President Pro Tempore '' . Washington , D.C. : Office of the Secretary , United States Senate . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bomboy , Scott ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` Five little - known men who almost became president '' . Constitution Daily . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : National Constitution Center . Retrieved July 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Feerick , John D. ; Freund , Paul A. ( 1965 ) . From Failing Hands : the Story of Presidential Succession . New York City : Fordham University Press . p. 116 . LCCN 65 - 14917 . ^ Jump up to : Erickson , Nancy , ed . ( August 22 , 2008 ) . `` Chapter 2 : A Question of Succession , 1861 - 1889 '' ( PDF ) . Pro tem : presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate since 1789 . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing office . pp. 55 -- 57 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 16 - 079984 - 6 . Retrieved June 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Feerick , John D. ; Freund , Paul A. ( 1965 ) . From Failing Hands : the Story of Presidential Succession . New York City : Fordham University Press . pp. 131 -- 132 . LCCN 65 - 14917 . ^ Jump up to : Feinman , Ronald L. ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` These 11 People Came Close to Being President of the United States ... '' . Seattle , Washington : History News Network . Retrieved July 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Feerick , John D. ; Freund , Paul A. ( 1965 ) . From Failing Hands : the Story of Presidential Succession . New York City : Fordham University Press . pp. 204 -- 205 . LCCN 65 - 14917 . Jump up ^ `` List of Speakers of the House '' . Washington , D.C. : Office of the Clerk , U.S. House of Representatives . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Feinman , Ronald L. ( November 1 , 2015 ) . `` Three Speakers Of The House Who Were `` A Heartbeat Away '' From The Presidency ! `` . TheProgressiveProfessor . Retrieved July 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Continuity of Congress : The First Report of the Continuity of Government Commission '' ( PDF ) . Preserving Our Institutions . Washington , D.C. : Continuity of Government Commission . May 2003 . p. 4 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 25 , 2008 . Retrieved December 28 , 2008 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ `` The Continuity of the Presidency : The Second Report of the Continuity of Government Commission '' . Preserving Our Institutions . Washington , D.C. : Continuity of Government Commission . June 2009 . p. 39 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 23 , 2012 . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 -- via WebCite . External links ( edit ) Ask Gleaves : Presidential Succession from the website of Grand Valley State University Fools , Drunkards , & Presidential Succession from the Federalist Society website , via Internet Archive Presidential line of succession in the United States of America Vice President ( Mike Pence ) Speaker of the House of Representatives ( Paul Ryan ) President pro tempore of the Senate ( Orrin Hatch ) Secretary of State ( Mike Pompeo ) Secretary of the Treasury ( Steven Mnuchin ) Secretary of Defense ( Jim Mattis ) Attorney General ( Jeff Sessions ) Secretary of the Interior ( Ryan Zinke ) Secretary of Agriculture ( Sonny Perdue ) Secretary of Commerce ( Wilbur Ross ) Secretary of Labor ( Alex Acosta ) Secretary of Health and Human Services ( Alex Azar ) Secretary of Housing and Urban Development ( Ben Carson ) Secretary of Transportation ( Elaine Chao * ) Secretary of Energy ( Rick Perry ) Secretary of Education ( Betsy DeVos ) Secretary of Veterans Affairs ( Peter O'Rourke * * ) Secretary of Homeland Security ( Kirstjen Nielsen ) * Ineligible to act as president * * Acting secretary Lists related to the Presidents and Vice Presidents of the United States List of Presidents List of Vice Presidents Presidents Age Autobiographies Burial places Death Historical rankings Lifespan timeline Number living Time in office Portraits Professional careers Approval rating Assassination attempts and plots Campaign slogans Control of Congress Doctrines Inaugurations International trips Judicial appointments Libraries Military rank Military service Other offices held Pardons Previous experience Vetoes Personal life Coats of arms Deaths in office Education Facial hair Firsts Freemasons Multilingualism Net worth Nicknames Pets Home state Religious affiliation Residences Slave owners Vice Presidents Age Burial places Coats of arms Education Number living Other offices held Place of primary affiliation Religious affiliation Tie - breaking votes Time in office Succession Acting President Designated survivor Line of succession Elections Electoral College margin Popular vote margin Summary Winner lost popular vote Candidates Democrat Republican Third party Green Libertarian Progressive National Republican / Whig African American Female Received at least one electoral vote Number of votes received Height Unsuccessful major party candidates Lost their home state Families First Families First Ladies Second Ladies Children Namesakes , honors Memorial sites U.S. postage stamp appearances Educational institution names Currency appearances U.S. county names U.S. Senate vice presidential bust collection In fiction Presidents actors Vice Presidents actors Candidates Line of succession U.S. Government Portal Biography Portal Presidents of the United States Orders of succession Monarchies Bahrain Belgium Bhutan Brunei Denmark Japan Jordan Liechtenstein Luxembourg Malaysia Monaco Morocco Netherlands Norway Saudi Arabia Spain Swaziland Sweden Thailand Tonga United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms Presidencies Argentina Austria Brazil Colombia D.R. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who follows the secretary of state in presidential succession | [
"\n\n\nNo.\n\nOffice\n\nCurrent officer\n\nParty\n\n\n1\n\nVice President\n\nMike Pence\n\n\n\nRepublican\n\n\n2\n\nSpeaker of the House of Representatives\n\nPaul Ryan\n\n\n\nRepublican\n\n\n3\n\nPresident pro tempore of the Senate\n\nOrrin Hatch\n\n\n\nRepublican\n\n\n4\n\nSecretary of State\n\nMike Pompeo\n\n\n\nRepublican\n\n\n5\n\nSecretary of the Treasury\n\nSteven Mnuchin\n\n\n\nRepublican\n\n\n6\n\nSecretary of Defense[B]\n\nJim Mattis\n\n\n\nIndependent\n\n\n7\n\nAttorney General\n\nJeff Sessions\n\n\n\nRepublican\n\n\n8\n\nSecretary of the Interior\n\nRyan Zinke\n\n\n\nRepublican\n\n\n9\n\nSecretary of Agriculture\n\nSonny Perdue\n\n\n\nRepublican\n\n\n10\n\nSecretary of Commerce\n\nWilbur Ross\n\n\n\nRepublican\n\n\n11\n\nSecretary of Labor\n\nAlexander Acosta\n\n\n\nRepublican\n\n\n12\n\nSecretary of Health and Human Services[C]\n\nAlex Azar\n\n\n\nRepublican\n\n\n13\n\nSecretary of Housing and Urban Development\n\nBen Carson\n\n\n\nRepublican\n\n\n —[D]\n\nSecretary of Transportation\n\nElaine Chao\n\n\n\nRepublican\n\n\n14\n\nSecretary of Energy\n\nRick Perry\n\n\n\nRepublican\n\n\n15\n\nSecretary of Education\n\nBetsy DeVos\n\n\n\nRepublican\n\n\n —[E]\n\nSecretary of Veterans Affairs\n\nPeter O'Rourke\n\n\n\nRepublican\n\n\n16\n\nSecretary of Homeland Security\n\nKirstjen Nielsen\n\n\n\nIndependent\n"
] | [
"Secretary of the Treasury"
] |
-5774231630444668756 | Beijing | Beijing - wikipedia Beijing This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 20 December 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search `` Peking '' redirects here . For other uses , see Beijing ( disambiguation ) and Peking ( disambiguation ) . Beijing 北京 市 Municipality Beijing Municipality Clockwise from top : Beijing CBD skyline , Tiananmen , Temple of Heaven , National Center for the Performing Arts , and Beijing National Stadium Location of Beijing Municipality within China Coordinates : 39 ° 55 ′ N 116 ° 23 ′ E / 39.917 ° N 116.383 ° E / 39.917 ; 116.383 Coordinates : 39 ° 55 ′ N 116 ° 23 ′ E / 39.917 ° N 116.383 ° E / 39.917 ; 116.383 Country China Established date 1046 BC Divisions - County - level - Township - level 16 districts 289 towns and villages Government Type Municipality Party Secretary Cai Qi Mayor Chen Jining ( acting ) Congress Chairman Li Wei Conference Chairman Ji Lin Area Municipality 16,411 km ( 6,336 sq mi ) Land 16,801 km ( 6,487 sq mi ) Urban 1,368 km ( 528 sq mi ) Rural 15,042 km ( 5,808 sq mi ) Elevation 43.5 m ( 142.7 ft ) Population ( 2015 ) Municipality 21,700,000 Density 1,300 / km ( 3,400 / sq mi ) Urban 18,590,000 Metro ( 2010 ) 24,900,000 Ranks in China Population : 27th ; Density : 4th Major ethnic groups Han 95 % Manchu 2 % Hui 2 % Mongol 0.3 % Other 0.7 % Time zone CST ( UTC + 8 ) Postal code 100000 -- 102629 Area code ( s ) 10 GDP ( nominal ) 2016 - Total ¥ 2.5 trillion ( $700 billion , PPP ) ( 13th ) - Per capita ¥ 114,742 ( $32,300 , PPP ) ( 2nd ) - Growth 6.7 % HDI ( 2014 ) 0.869 ( 1st ) -- very high License plate prefixes 京 A , C , E , F , H , J , K , L , M , N , P , Q , Y 京 B ( taxis ) 京 G ( outside urban area ) 京 O , D ( police and authorities ) Abbreviation BJ / 京 ( jīng ) City trees Chinese arborvitae ( Platycladus orientalis ) Pagoda tree ( Sophora japonica ) City flowers China rose ( Rosa chinensis ) Chrysanthemum ( Chrysanthemum morifolium ) Website www.ebeijing.gov.cn Beijing `` Běijīng '' in regular Chinese characters Chinese 北京 Hanyu Pinyin Běijīng Postal Peking Peiping ( 1368 -- 1403 ; 1928 -- 1937 ; 1945 -- 1949 ) Literal meaning `` Northern Capital '' ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Běijīng Bopomofo ㄅ ㄟ ˇ ㄐ ㄧ ㄥ Gwoyeu Romatzyh Beeijing Wade -- Giles Pei - ching IPA ( pèi. tɕíŋ ) Wu Suzhounese Poh - cin Hakka Romanization Bet - gin Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization Bākgìng or Bākgīng IPA ( pɐ́k̚. kêŋ ) or ( pɐ́k̚. kéŋ ) Jyutping Bak1ging1 Southern Min Hokkien POJ Pak - kian Tâi - lô Pak - kiann Eastern Min Fuzhou BUC Báe̤k - gĭng Beijing ( / beɪˈdʒɪŋ / ; Mandarin pronunciation : ( pèi. tɕíŋ ) ( listen ) ) , formerly romanized as Peking , is the capital of the People 's Republic of China and the world 's second most populous city proper and most populous capital city . The city , located in northern China , is governed as a direct - controlled municipality under the national government with 16 urban , suburban , and rural districts . Beijing Municipality is surrounded by Hebei Province with the exception of neighboring Tianjin Municipality to the southeast ; together the three divisions form the Jingjinji metropolitan region and the national capital region of China . As a city combining both modern and traditional architecture , Beijing is a megacity rich in history , exemplified in its global influence in politics , economy , education , history , culture , and technology . Beijing is the second largest Chinese city by urban population after Shanghai and is the nation 's political , cultural , and educational center . It is home to the headquarters of most of China 's largest state - owned companies and is a major hub for the national highway , expressway , railway , and high - speed rail networks . The Beijing Capital International Airport has been the second busiest in the world by passenger traffic since 2010 , and , as of 2016 , the city 's subway network is the busiest and second longest in the world , after Shanghai 's subway system . The city 's history dates back three millennia . As the last of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China , Beijing has been the political center of the country for much of the past eight centuries . With mountains surrounding the inland city on three sides , in addition to the old inner and outer city walls , Beijing was strategically poised and developed to be the residence of the emperor and thus was the perfect location for the imperial capital . Beijing was the largest city in the world by population for much of the second millennium A.D. The city is renowned for its opulent palaces , temples , parks , gardens , tombs , walls and gates . Its art treasures and universities have made it center of culture and art in China . Encyclopædia Britannica notes that `` few cities in the world have served for so long as the political headquarters and cultural centre of an area as immense as China . '' Beijing has seven UNESCO World Heritage Sites -- the Forbidden City , Temple of Heaven , Summer Palace , Ming Tombs , Zhoukoudian , as well as parts of the Great Wall and the Grand Canal , all popular locations for tourism . Siheyuans , the city 's traditional housing style , and hutongs , the narrow alleys between siheyuans , are major tourist attractions and are common in urban Beijing . The city hosted the 2008 Summer Olympics and was chosen to host the 2022 Winter Olympics , making it the first city to ever host both Winter and Summer Olympics . Many of Beijing 's 91 universities consistently rank among the best in China , of which Peking University and Tsinghua University are ranked in the top 60 universities of the world . In 2015 , 52 companies of the Fortune Global 500 company headquarters were located in Beijing , more than any other city in the world , including state - owned enterprises State Grid , China National Petroleum , and Sinopec Group , ranked 2nd , 3rd , and 4th , respectively . Beijing CBD is quickly becoming the center for Beijing 's economic expansion , rapid modernization , and radically changing skyline , with the ongoing or recently completed construction of multiple skyscrapers . Beijing 's Zhongguancun area is also known as China 's Silicon Valley and China 's center of innovation and technology entrepreneurship . According to the 2016 InterNations Expat Insider Survey , Beijing ranked first in Asia in the subcategory `` Personal Finance Index , '' a measure of expats ' salaries versus cost of living in the city . Expats live primarily in urban districts such as Dongcheng and Chaoyang in the east , or in suburban districts such as Shunyi . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Early history 2.2 Early Imperial China 2.3 Ming dynasty 2.4 Qing dynasty 2.5 Republic of China 2.6 People 's Republic of China 3 Geography 3.1 Climate 3.2 Environmental problems 3.2. 1 Air quality 3.2. 1.1 Readings 3.2. 2 Dust storms 4 Politics and government 4.1 Administrative divisions 4.1. 1 Towns 4.1. 2 Neighborhoods 4.2 Judiciary and procuracy 4.3 Diplomatic missions 5 Economy 5.1 Sector composition 5.2 Economic zones 6 Demographics 6.1 Metropolitan area 7 Culture 7.1 Places of interest 7.2 Architecture 8 Religion 8.1 Chinese folk religion and Taoism 8.2 Buddhism 8.3 Islam 8.4 Christianity 8.5 Hinduism 9 Media 9.1 Television and radio 9.2 Press 10 Sports 10.1 Events 10.2 Venues 10.3 Clubs 11 Transportation 11.1 Rail and high - speed rail 11.2 Roads and expressways 11.3 Air 11.4 Public transit 11.5 Taxi 11.6 Bicycles 12 Defense and aerospace 13 Nature and wildlife 14 See also 15 References 16 Further reading 17 External links Etymology ( edit ) See also : Names of Beijing Over the past 3,000 years , the city of Beijing has had numerous other names . The name Beijing , which means `` Northern Capital '' ( from the Chinese characters 北 for north and 京 for capital ) , was applied to the city in 1403 during the Ming Dynasty to distinguish the city from Nanjing ( the `` Southern Capital '' ) . The English spelling is based on the pinyin romanization of the two characters as they are pronounced in Standard Mandarin . An older English spelling , Peking , is the postal romanization of the same two characters as they are pronounced in Chinese dialects spoken in the southern port towns first visited by European traders and missionaries . Those dialects preserve the Middle Chinese pronunciation of 京 as kjaeng , prior to a phonetic shift in the northern dialects to the modern pronunciation . Although Peking is no longer the common name for the city , some of the city 's older locations and facilities , such as Beijing Capital International Airport , with IATA Code PEK , and Peking University , still use the former romanization . The single Chinese character abbreviation for Beijing is 京 , which appears on automobile license plates in the city . The official Latin alphabet abbreviation for Beijing is `` BJ '' . History ( edit ) Main article : History of Beijing Early History ( edit ) The earliest traces of human habitation in the Beijing municipality were found in the caves of Dragon Bone Hill near the village of Zhoukoudian in Fangshan District , where Peking Man lived . Homo erectus fossils from the caves date to 230,000 to 250,000 years ago . Paleolithic Homo sapiens also lived there more recently , about 27,000 years ago . Archaeologists have found neolithic settlements throughout the municipality , including in Wangfujing , located in downtown Beijing . The first walled city in Beijing was Ji , a city from the 11th to 7th century BC . Within modern Beijing , Ji was located around the present Guang'anmen area in the south of Xicheng District . This settlement was later conquered by the state of Yan and made its capital under the name Yanjing . Early Imperial China ( edit ) The Tianning Pagoda , built around 1120 during the Liao dynasty . After the First Emperor unified China , Beijing became a prefectural capital for the region . During the Three Kingdoms period , it was held by Gongsun Zan and Yuan Shao before falling to Cao Cao 's Wei Kingdom . The AD 3rd - century Western Jin demoted the town , placing the prefectural seat in neighboring Zhuozhou . During the Sixteen Kingdoms period when northern China was conquered and divided by the Wu Hu , Beijing , as Jicheng , was briefly the capital of the Xianbei Former Yan Kingdom . After China was reunified during the Sui Dynasty , Beijing , known as Zhuojun , became the northern terminus of the Grand Canal . Under the Tang Dynasty , Beijing as Fanyang , served as a military frontier command center . During the An - Shi Rebellion and again amidst the turmoil of the late Tang , local military commanders founded their own short - lived Yan Dynasties and called the city Yanjing , or the `` Yan Capital . '' In 938 , after the fall of the Tang , the Later Jin ceded the entire northern frontier to the Khitan Liao Dynasty , which renamed the city Nanjing , or the `` Southern Capital '' , one of four secondary capitals to complement its `` Supreme Capital '' , Shangjing ( modern Baarin Left Banner in Inner Mongolia ) . Some of the oldest surviving structures in Beijing date to the Liao period , including the Tianning Pagoda . Longevity Hill in Beijing where Kublai Khan wrote his poem . The Liao fell to the Jurchen Jin dynasty in 1122 , which gave the city to the Song Dynasty and then retook it in 1125 during its conquest of northern China . In 1153 , the Jurchen Jin made Beijing their `` Central Capital '' , called Zhongdu . The city was besieged by Genghis Khan 's invading Mongolian army in 1213 and razed to the ground two years later . Two generations later , Kublai Khan ordered the construction of Dadu ( or Daidu to the Mongols , commonly known as Khanbaliq ) , a new capital for his Yuan dynasty to be located adjacent to the Jurchen Jin ruins . The construction took from 1264 to 1293 , but greatly enhanced the status of a city on the northern fringe of China proper . The city was centered on the Drum Tower slightly to the north of modern Beijing and stretched from the present - day Chang'an Avenue to the Line 10 subway . Remnants of the Yuan rammed earth wall still stand and are known as the Tucheng . Ming Dynasty ( edit ) One of the corner towers of the Forbidden City . In 1368 , soon after declaring the new Hongwu era of the Ming dynasty , the rebel leader Zhu Yuanzhang sent an army to Khanbaliq and conquered it . Since the Yuan continued to occupy Shangdu and Mongolia , however , a new town was established to supply the military garrisons in the area . This was called Beiping and under the Hongwu Emperor 's feudal policies it was given to Zhu Di , one of his sons , who was created `` Prince of Yan '' . The early death of Zhu Yuanzhang 's heir led to a succession struggle on his death , one that ended with the victory of Zhu Di and the declaration of the new Yongle era . Since his harsh treatment of the Ming capital Yingtian ( modern Nanjing ) alienated many there , he established his fief as a new co-capital . The city of Beiping became Shuntian in 1403 . The construction of the new imperial residence , the Forbidden City , took from 1406 to 1420 ; this period was also responsible for several other of the modern city 's major attractions , such as the Temple of Heaven and Tian'anmen ( although the square facing it was not cleared until 1651 ) . On 28 October 1420 , the city was officially designated the capital of the Ming Dynasty in the same year that the Forbidden City was completed . Beijing became the empire 's primary capital ( Jingshi ) and Yingtian -- or called Nanjing -- became the co-capital . ( A 1425 order by Zhu Di 's son , the Hongxi Emperor , to return the capital to Nanjing was never carried out : he died , probably of a heart attack , the next month . He was buried , like almost every Ming emperor to follow him , in an elaborate necropolis to Beijing 's north . ) By the 15th century , Beijing had essentially taken its current shape . The Ming city wall continued to serve until modern times , when it was pulled down and the 2nd Ring Road was built in its place . It is generally believed that Beijing was the largest city in the world for most of the 15th , 16th , 17th , and 18th centuries . The first known church was constructed by Catholics in 1652 at the former site of Matteo Ricci 's chapel ; the modern Nantang Cathedral was later built upon the same site . The capture of Beijing by Li Zicheng 's peasant army in 1644 ended the dynasty , but he and his Shun court abandoned the city without a fight when the Manchu army of Prince Dorgon arrived 40 days later . Qing Dynasty ( edit ) A Pekingese chiropodist . John Thomson . China , 1869 . The Wellcome Collection , London Chongwenmen , a gate to the inner walled city , c. 1906 Dorgon established the Qing Dynasty as a direct successor of the Ming ( delegitimising Li Zicheng and his followers ) and Beijing became China 's sole capital . The Qing emperors made some modifications to the Imperial residence but , in large part , the Ming buildings and the general layout remained unchanged . Facilities for Manchu worship were introduced , but the Qing also continued the traditional state rituals . Signage was bilingual or Chinese . This early Qing Beijing later formed the setting for the Chinese novel Dream of the Red Chamber . During the Second Opium War , Anglo - French forces captured the city , looting and burning the Old Summer Palace in 1860 . Under the Convention of Peking ending that war , Western powers for the first time secured the right to establish permanent diplomatic presences within the city . In 1900 , the attempt by the `` Boxers '' to eradicate this presence , as well as Chinese Christian converts , led to Beijing 's reoccupation by foreign powers . During the fighting , several important structures were destroyed , including the Hanlin Academy and the ( new ) Summer Palace . Republic of China ( edit ) Play media Beijing filmed in 1937 The fomenters of the Xinhai Revolution of 1911 sought to replace Qing rule with a republic and leaders like Sun Yat - sen originally intended to return the capital to Nanjing . After the Qing general Yuan Shikai forced the abdication of the last Qing emperor and ensured the success of the revolution , the revolutionaries accepted him as president of the new Republic of China . Yuan maintained his capital at Beijing and quickly consolidated power , declaring himself emperor in 1915 . His death less than a year later left China under the control of the warlords commanding the regional armies . Following the success of the Nationalists ' Northern Expedition , the capital was formally removed to Nanjing in 1928 . On 28 June the same year , Beijing 's name was returned to Beiping ( written at the time as `` Peiping '' ) . During the Second Sino - Japanese War , Beiping fell to Japan on 29 July 1937 and was made the seat of the Provisional Government of the Republic of China , a puppet state that ruled the ethnic - Chinese portions of Japanese - occupied northern China . This government was later merged into the larger Wang Jingwei government based in Nanjing . People 's Republic of China ( edit ) Mao Zedong proclaiming the establishment of the People 's Republic of China in 1949 In the final phases of the Chinese Civil War , the People 's Liberation Army seized control of the city peacefully on 31 January 1949 in the course of the Pingjin Campaign . On 1 October that year , Mao Zedong announced the creation of the People 's Republic of China from atop Tian'anmen . He restored the name of the city , as the new capital , to Beijing , a decision that had been reached by the Chinese People 's Political Consultative Conference just a few days earlier . In the 1950s , the city began to expand beyond the old walled city and its surrounding neighborhoods , with heavy industries in the west and residential neighborhoods in the north . Many areas of the Beijing city wall were torn down in the 1960s to make way for the construction of the Beijing Subway and the 2nd Ring Road . A scene from the opening ceremonies of the 2008 Summer Olympic Games . During the Cultural Revolution from 1966 to 1976 , the Red Guard movement began in Beijing and the city 's government fell victim to one of the first purges . By the fall of 1966 , all city schools were shut down and over a million Red Guards from across the country gathered in Beijing for eight rallies in Tian'anmen Square with Mao . In April 1976 , a large public gathering of Beijing residents against the Gang of Four and the Cultural Revolution in Tiananmen Square was forcefully suppressed . In October 1976 , the Gang was arrested in Zhongnanhai and the Cultural Revolution came to an end . In December 1978 , the Third Plenum of the 11th Party Congress in Beijing under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping reversed the verdicts against victims of the Cultural Revolution and instituted the `` policy of reform and opening up . '' Since the early 1980s , the urban area of Beijing has expanded greatly with the completion of the 2nd Ring Road in 1981 and the subsequent addition of the 3rd , 4th , 5th and 6th Ring Roads . According to one 2005 newspaper report , the size of newly developed Beijing was one - and - a-half times larger than before . Wangfujing and Xidan have developed into flourishing shopping districts , while Zhongguancun has become a major center of electronics in China . In recent years , the expansion of Beijing has also brought to the forefront some problems of urbanization , such as heavy traffic , poor air quality , the loss of historic neighborhoods , and a significant influx of migrant workers from less - developed rural areas of the country . Beijing has also been the location of many significant events in recent Chinese history , principally the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 . The city has also hosted major international events , including the 2008 Summer Olympics and the 2015 World Championships in Athletics . Geography ( edit ) Main article : Geography of Beijing Landsat 7 Satellite image of Beijing Municipality with the surrounding mountains in dark brown Beijing is situated at the northern tip of the roughly triangular North China Plain , which opens to the south and east of the city . Mountains to the north , northwest and west shield the city and northern China 's agricultural heartland from the encroaching desert steppes . The northwestern part of the municipality , especially Yanqing County and Huairou District , are dominated by the Jundu Mountains , while the western part is framed by Xishan or the Western Hills . The Great Wall of China across the northern part of Beijing Municipality was built on the rugged topography to defend against nomadic incursions from the steppes . Mount Dongling , in the Western Hills and on the border with Hebei , is the municipality 's highest point , with an altitude of 2,303 metres ( 7,556 ft ) . Remnants of the Great Wall of China in the mountains north of the city . Major rivers flowing through the municipality , including the Chaobai , Yongding , Juma , are all tributaries in the Hai River system , and flow in a southeasterly direction . The Miyun Reservoir , on the upper reaches of the Chaobai River , is the largest reservoir within the municipality . Beijing is also the northern terminus of the Grand Canal to Hangzhou , which was built over 1,400 years ago as a transportation route , and the South -- North Water Transfer Project , constructed in the past decade to bring water from the Yangtze River basin . The urban area of Beijing , on the plains in the south - central of the municipality with elevation of 40 to 60 metres ( 130 -- 200 feet ) , occupies a relatively small but expanding portion of the municipality 's area . The city spreads out in concentric ring roads . The Second Ring Road traces the old city walls and the Sixth Ring Road connects satellite towns in the surrounding suburbs . Tian'anmen and Tian'anmen Square are at the center of Beijing , directly to the south of the Forbidden City , the former residence of the emperors of China . To the west of Tian'anmen is Zhongnanhai , the residence of China 's current leaders . Chang'an Avenue , which cuts between Tiananmen and the Square , forms the city 's main east - west axis . Climate ( edit ) Beijing has a monsoon - influenced humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification Dwa ) , characterized by higher humidity in the summers due to the East Asian monsoon , and colder , windier , drier winters that reflect the influence of the vast Siberian anticyclone . Spring can bear witness to sandstorms blowing in from the Gobi Desert across the Mongolian steppe , accompanied by rapidly warming , but generally dry , conditions . Autumn , like Spring , is a season of transition and minimal precipitation . The monthly daily average temperature in January is − 3.7 ° C ( 25.3 ° F ) , while in July it is 26.2 ° C ( 79.2 ° F ) . Precipitation averages around 570 mm ( 22 in ) annually , with close to three - fourths of that total falling from June to August . With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 47 % in July to 65 % in January and February , the city receives 2,671 hours of bright sunshine annually . Extremes since 1951 have ranged from − 27.4 ° C ( − 17.3 ° F ) on 22 February 1966 to 41.9 ° C ( 107.4 ° F ) on 24 July 1999 ( unofficial record of 42.6 ° C ( 108.7 ° F ) was set on 15 June 1942 ) . ( show ) Climate data for Beijing ( normals 1971 -- 2000 , extremes 1951 -- present ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 14.3 ( 57.7 ) 19.8 ( 67.6 ) 29.5 ( 85.1 ) 33.5 ( 92.3 ) 41.1 ( 106 ) 40.6 ( 105.1 ) 41.9 ( 107.4 ) 38.3 ( 100.9 ) 35.0 ( 95 ) 31.0 ( 87.8 ) 23.3 ( 73.9 ) 19.5 ( 67.1 ) 41.9 ( 107.4 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 1.8 ( 35.2 ) 5.0 ( 41 ) 11.6 ( 52.9 ) 20.3 ( 68.5 ) 26.0 ( 78.8 ) 30.2 ( 86.4 ) 30.9 ( 87.6 ) 29.7 ( 85.5 ) 25.8 ( 78.4 ) 19.1 ( 66.4 ) 10.1 ( 50.2 ) 3.7 ( 38.7 ) 17.9 ( 64.1 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) − 8.4 ( 16.9 ) − 5.6 ( 21.9 ) 0.4 ( 32.7 ) 7.9 ( 46.2 ) 13.6 ( 56.5 ) 18.8 ( 65.8 ) 22.0 ( 71.6 ) 20.8 ( 69.4 ) 14.8 ( 58.6 ) 7.9 ( 46.2 ) 0.0 ( 32 ) − 5.8 ( 21.6 ) 7.2 ( 45.0 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 22.8 ( − 9 ) − 27.4 ( − 17.3 ) − 15 ( 5 ) − 3.2 ( 26.2 ) 2.5 ( 36.5 ) 9.8 ( 49.6 ) 15.3 ( 59.5 ) 11.4 ( 52.5 ) 3.7 ( 38.7 ) − 3.5 ( 25.7 ) − 12.3 ( 9.9 ) − 18.3 ( − 0.9 ) − 27.4 ( − 17.3 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 2.7 ( 0.106 ) 4.9 ( 0.193 ) 8.3 ( 0.327 ) 21.2 ( 0.835 ) 34.2 ( 1.346 ) 78.1 ( 3.075 ) 185.2 ( 7.291 ) 159.7 ( 6.287 ) 45.5 ( 1.791 ) 21.8 ( 0.858 ) 7.4 ( 0.291 ) 2.8 ( 0.11 ) 571.8 ( 22.51 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.1 mm ) 1.8 2.3 3.3 4.3 5.8 9.7 13.6 12.0 7.6 5.0 3.5 1.7 70.6 Average relative humidity ( % ) 44 44 46 46 53 61 75 77 68 61 57 49 56.8 Mean monthly sunshine hours 194.1 194.7 231.8 251.9 283.4 261.4 212.4 220.9 232.1 222.1 185.3 180.7 2,670.8 Percent possible sunshine 65 65 63 64 64 59 47 52 63 64 62 62 60 Source : China Meteorological Administration , China Meteorological Data Sharing Service System , all - time record high , May record high Environmental problems ( edit ) Beijing has a long history of environmental problems . Between 2000 and 2009 Beijing 's urban extent quadrupled , which not only strongly increased the extent of anthropogenic emissions , but also changed the meteorological situation fundamentally , even if emissions of human society are not included . For example , surface albedo , wind speed and humidity near the surface were decreased , whereas ground and near - surface air temperatures , vertical air dilution and ozone levels were increased . Because of the combined factors of urbanization and pollution caused by burning of fossil fuel , Beijing is often affected by serious environmental problems , which lead to health issues of many inhabitants . In 2013 heavy smog struck Beijing and most parts of northern China , in total 600 million people . After this `` pollution shock '' air pollution became an important economic and social concern in China . After that the government of Beijing announced measures to reduce air pollution , for example by lowering the share of coal from 24 % in 2012 to 10 % in 2017 , while the national government ordered heavily polluting vehicles to be removed from 2015 to 2017 and increased its efforts to transition the energy system to clean sources . Air quality ( edit ) Joint research between American and Chinese researchers in 2006 concluded that much of the city 's pollution comes from surrounding cities and provinces . On average 35 -- 60 % of the ozone can be traced to sources outside the city . Shandong Province and Tianjin Municipality have a `` significant influence on Beijing 's air quality '' , partly due to the prevailing south / southeasterly flow during the summer and the mountains to the north and northwest . Heavy air pollution has resulted in widespread smog . These photographs , taken in August 2005 , show the variations in Beijing 's air quality . In preparation for the 2008 Summer Olympics and to fulfill promises to clean up the city 's air , nearly 17 billion USD was spent . Beijing implemented a number of air improvement schemes for the duration of the Games , including halting work at all construction sites , closing many factories in Beijing permanently , temporarily shutting industry in neighboring regions , closing some gas stations , and cutting motor traffic by half by limiting drivers to odd or even days ( based on their license plate numbers ) , reducing bus and subway fares , opening new subway lines , and banning high - emission vehicles . The city further assembled 3,800 natural gas - powered buses , one of the largest fleets in the world . Beijing became the first city in China to require the Chinese equivalent to the Euro 4 emission standard . Coal burning accounts for about 40 % of the PM 2.5 in Beijing and is also the chief source of nitrogen and sulphur dioxide . Since 2012 , the city has been converting coal - fired power stations to burn natural gas and aims to cap annual coal consumption at 20 million tons . In 2011 , the city burned 26.3 million tons of coal , 73 % of which for heating and power generation and the remainder for industry . Much of the city 's air pollutants are emitted by neighboring regions . Coal consumption in neighboring Tianjin is expected to increase from 48 to 63 million tons from 2011 to 2015 . Hebei Province burned over 300 million tons of coal in 2011 , more than all of Germany , of which only 30 % were used for power generation and a considerable portion for steel and cement making . Power plants in the coal - mining regions of Shanxi , Inner Mongolia and Shaanxi , where coal consumption has tripled since 2000 , and Shandong also contribute to air pollution in Beijing . Shandong , Shanxi , Hebei and Inner Mongolia , respectively rank from first to fourth , among Chinese provinces by coal consumption . There were four major coal - fired power plants in the city to provide electricity as well as heating during the winter . The first one ( Gaojing Thermal Power Plant ) was shut down in 2014 . Another two were shut in March 2015 . The last one ( Huaneng Thermal Power Plant ) would be shut in 2016 . Between 2013 and 2017 , the city planned to reduce 13 million tons of coal consumption and cap coal consumption to 15 million tons in 2015 . The government sometimes uses cloud - seeding measures to increase the likelihood of rain showers in the region to clear the air prior to large events , such as prior to the 60th anniversary parade in 2009 as well as to combat drought conditions in the area . More recently , however , the government has increased its usage of such measures as closing factories temporarily and implementing greater restrictions for cars on the road , as in the case of `` APEC blue '' and `` parade blue , '' short periods during and immediately preceding the APEC China 2014 and the 2015 China Victory Day Parade , respectively . During and prior to these events , Beijing 's air quality improved dramatically , only to fall back to unhealthy levels shortly after . Beijing air quality is often poor , especially in winter . In mid-January 2013 , Beijing 's air quality was measured on top of the city 's US embassy at a PM2. 5 density of 755 micrograms per cubic meter , which went off the US Environmental Protection Agency 's air quality index . It was widely reported , originally through a Twitter account , that the category was `` crazy bad '' . This was later changed to `` beyond index '' . On 8 and 9 December 2015 Beijing had its first smog alert which shut down a majority of the industry and other commercial businesses in the city . Later in the month another smog `` red alert '' was issued . According to Beijing 's environmental protection bureau 's announcement in November 2016 , starting from 2017 highly polluting old cars wil be banned from being driven whenever Smog `` red alerts '' are issued in the city or neighboring regions . Readings ( edit ) Due to Beijing 's high - level of air pollution , there are various readings by different sources on the subject . Daily pollution readings at 27 monitoring stations around the city are reported on the website of the Beijing Environmental Protection Bureau ( BJEPB ) . The American Embassy of Beijing also reports hourly fine particulate ( PM2. 5 ) and ozone levels on Twitter . Since the BJEPB and US Embassy measure different pollutants according to different criteria , the pollution levels and the impact to human health reported by the BJEPB are often lower than that reported by the US Embassy . Air pollution in Beijing in 2016 , measured by Air Quality Index Severely Polluted Heavily Polluted Moderately Polluted Lightly Polluted Good Excellent Dust storms ( edit ) Dust from the erosion of deserts in northern and northwestern China results in seasonal dust storms that plague the city ; the Beijing Weather Modification Office sometimes artificially induces rainfall to fight such storms and mitigate their effects . In the first four months of 2006 alone , there were no fewer than eight such storms . In April 2002 , one dust storm alone dumped nearly 50,000 tons of dust onto the city before moving on to Japan and Korea . Politics and government ( edit ) Main article : Politics of Beijing Municipal government is regulated by the local Communist Party of China ( CPC ) , led by the Beijing CPC Secretary ( Chinese : 北京 市委 书记 ) . The local CPC issues administrative orders , collects taxes , manages the economy , and directs a standing committee of the Municipal People 's Congress in making policy decisions and overseeing the local government . Government officials include the mayor ( Chinese : 市 长 ) and vice-mayor . Numerous bureaus focus on law , public security , and other affairs . Additionally , as the capital of China , Beijing houses all of the important national governmental and political institutions , including the National People 's Congress . Administrative divisions ( edit ) Main articles : List of administrative divisions of Beijing and List of township - level divisions of Beijing Beijing Municipality currently comprises 16 administrative county - level subdivisions including 16 urban , suburban , and rural districts . On 1 July 2010 , Chongwen and Xuanwu were merged into Dongcheng and Xicheng , respectively . On 13 November 2015 Miyun and Yanqing were upgraded to districts . Administrative divisions of Beijing Dongcheng Xicheng Chaoyang Haidian Fengtai Shijingshan Mentougou Fangshan Tongzhou Shunyi Changping Daxing Pinggu Huairou Yanqing Miyun Color key Inner city inside the 2nd Ring Road ( former city walls ) Urban area between the 2nd and 5th Ring Road Inner suburbs linked by the 6th Ring Road Outer suburbs areas within city limits . Division code Division Area in km Population 2010 Seat Postal code Subdivisions Subdistricts Towns Townships Ethnic townships Residential communities Villages 110000 Beijing 16411.0 19,612,368 Dongcheng / Tongzhou 100000 128 167 19 2538 3857 110101 Dongcheng 40.6 919,253 Jingshan Subdistrict 100000 17 216 110102 Xicheng 46.5 1,243,315 Jinrong Street Subdistrict 100000 15 259 110105 Chaoyang 470.8 3,545,137 Chaowai Subdistrict 100000 21 20 358 5 110106 Fengtai 304.2 2,112,162 Fengtai Subdistrict 100000 14 254 73 110107 Shijingshan 89.8 616,083 Lugu Subdistrict 100000 9 130 110108 Haidian 426.0 3,280,670 Haidian Subdistrict 100000 22 5 603 84 110109 Mentougou 1331.3 290,476 Dayu Subdistrict 102300 9 124 179 110111 Fangshan 1866.7 944,832 Gongchen Subdistrict 102400 14 6 108 462 110112 Tongzhou 870.0 1,184,256 Beiyuan Subdistrict 101100 10 40 480 110113 Shunyi 980.0 876,620 Shengli Subdistrict 101300 6 19 61 449 110114 Changping 1430.0 1,660,501 Chengbei Subdistrict 102200 15 180 303 110115 Daxing 1012.0 1,365,112 Xingfeng Subdistrict 102600 14 64 547 110116 Huairou 2557.3 372,887 Longshan Subdistrict 101400 12 27 286 110117 Pinggu 1075.0 415,958 Binhe Subdistrict 101200 14 23 275 110118 Miyun 2335.6 467,680 Gulou Subdistrict 101500 18 57 338 110119 Yanqing 1980.0 317,426 Rulin Subdistrict 102100 11 34 376 ( show ) Divisions in Chinese and varieties of romanizations English Chinese Pinyin Beijing Municipality 北京 市 Běijīng Shì Dongcheng District 东 城区 Dōngchéng Qū Xicheng District 西 城区 Xīchéng Qū Chaoyang District 朝阳 区 Cháoyáng Qū Fengtai District 丰台 区 Fēngtái Qū Shijingshan District 石景山 区 Shíjǐngshān Qū Haidian District 海淀 区 Hǎidiàn Qū Mentougou District 门头沟 区 Méntóugōu Qū Fangshan District 房 山区 Fángshān Qū Tongzhou District 通州 区 Tōngzhōu Qū Shunyi District 顺义 区 Shùnyì Qū Changping District 昌平 区 Chāngpíng Qū Daxing District 大兴 区 Dàxīng Qū Huairou District 怀柔 区 Huáiróu Qū Pinggu District 平谷 区 Pínggǔ Qū Miyun District 密云 区 Mìyún Qū Yanqing District 延庆 区 Yánqìng Qū Jump up ^ Including `` area '' ( 地区 ) . Jump up ^ Including other township related subdivisions . Shichahai , in the Xicheng District , is traditionally considered one of Beijing 's most beautiful and charming scenic areas . Towns ( edit ) Main article : List of township - level divisions of Beijing Beijing 's 16 county - level divisions ( districts ) are further subdivided into 273 lower third - level administrative units at the township level : 119 towns , 24 townships , 5 ethnic townships and 125 subdistricts . Towns within Beijing Municipality but outside the urban area include ( but are not limited to ) : Changping 昌平 Huairou 怀柔 Miyun 密云 Liangxiang 良 乡 Liulimiao 琉璃 庙 Tongzhou 通州 Yizhuang 亦庄 Tiantongyuan 天通苑 Beiyuan 北 苑 Xiaotangshan 小 汤山 Several place names in Beijing end with mén ( 门 ) , meaning `` gate '' , as they were the locations of gates in the former Beijing city wall . Other place names end in cūn ( 村 ) , meaning `` village '' , as they were originally villages outside the city wall . Neighborhoods ( edit ) This section contains embedded lists that may be poorly defined , unverified or indiscriminate . Please help to clean it up to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . Where appropriate , incorporate items into the main body of the article . ( October 2017 ) The Niujie Mosque is an important historical attraction Main article : Neighborhoods in Beijing Neighborhoods may extend across multiple districts . Major neighborhoods in urban Beijing include : Qianmen 前门 Tian'anmen 天安门 Di'anmen 地 安 门 Chongwenmen 崇文 门 Xuanwumen 宣武 门 Fuchengmen 阜 成 门 Xizhimen 西直门 Deshengmen 德 胜 门 Andingmen 安定 门 Sanlitun 三里屯 Dongzhimen 东直门 Chaoyangmen 朝阳 门 Yongdingmen 永定 门 Zuo'anmen 左 安 门 You'anmen 右 安 门 Guangqumen 广 渠 门 Guang'anmen 广安 门 Huashi 花市 Xibianmen 西 便门 Hepingmen 和平 门 Fuxingmen 复兴 门 Jianguomen 建国 门 Gongzhufen 公主 坟 Fangzhuang 方 庄 Guomao 国贸 Hepingli 和平 里 Ping'anli 平安 里 Beixinqiao 北新 桥 Jiaodaokou 交 道口 Kuanjie 宽 街 Wangjing 望京 Wangfujing 王府 井 Dengshikou 灯 市 口 Wudaokou 五道口 Xidan 西单 Dongdan 东单 Zhongguancun 中关村 Panjiayuan 潘 家园 Beijing CBD 北京 商务 中心 区 Yayuncun 亚运村 Shifoying 石 佛 营 Judiciary and procuracy ( edit ) The judicial system in Beijing consists of the Supreme People 's Court , the highest court in the country , the Beijing Municipal High People 's Court , the high people 's court of the municipality , three intermediate people 's courts , one intermediate railway transport court , 14 basic people 's court ( one for each of the municipality 's districts and counties ) , and one basic railway transport court . The Beijing No. 1 Intermediate People 's Court in Shijingshan oversees the basic courts of Haidian , Shijingshan , Mentougou , Changping and Yanqing . The Beijing No. 2 Intermediate People 's Court in Fengtai oversees the basic courts of Dongcheng , Xicheng , Fengtai , Fangshan and Daxing . The Beijing No. 3 Intermediate People 's Court in Laiguangying , is the newest of the three intermediate people 's courts and opened on 21 August 2013 . It oversees the district courts of Chaoyang , Tongzhou , Shunyi , Huairou , Pinggu and Miyun . Each court in Beijing has a corresponding people 's procuratorate . Diplomatic missions ( edit ) Main article : List of diplomatic missions in China About 163 countries have embassies in Beijing , which are concentrated in Jianguomenwai , Sanlitun and Liangmaqiao in Chaoyang District . Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economy of Beijing Wangfujing Street is one of the oldest and busiest shopping streets in Beijing with nearly 100,000 visitors daily ( August 2008 ) . The sale of consumer goods both retail and wholesale accounted for about 1⁄8 of Beijing 's economic output in 2013 . Beijing 's economy ranks among the most developed and prosperous in China . In 2013 , the municipality 's nominal gross domestic product ( GDP ) was CN ¥ 1.95 trillion ( US $314 billion ) , about 3.43 % of the country 's total output , and ranked 13th among province - level administrative units . Per capita GDP , at CN ¥ 93,213 ( US $15,051 ) in nominal terms and Int $ 21,948 at purchasing power parity , was 2.2 times the national average and ranked second among province - level administrative units . The economy tripled in size from 2004 to 2012 , and grew at an annual rate of 7.7 % in 2013 . Due to the concentration of state owned enterprises in the national capital , Beijing in 2013 had more Fortune Global 500 Company headquarters than any other city in the world . Sector Composition ( edit ) The Taikoo Li Sanlitun shopping arcade is a popular destination among locals and visitors The city has a post-industrial economy that is dominated by the tertiary sector ( services ) , which generated 76.9 % of output , followed by the secondary sector ( manufacturing , construction ) at 22.2 % and the primary sector ( agriculture , mining ) at 0.8 % . The services sector is broadly diversified with professional services , wholesale and retail , information technology , commercial real estate , scientific research , and residential real estate each contributing at least 6 % to the city 's economy in 2013 . The single largest sub-sector remains industry , whose share of overall output has shrunk to 18.1 % in 2013 . The mix of industrial output has changed significantly since 2010 when the city announced that 140 highly - polluting , energy and water resource intensive enterprises would be relocated from the city in five years . The relocation of Capital Steel to neighboring Hebei province had begun in 2005 . In 2013 , output of automobiles , aerospace products , semiconductors , pharmaceuticals , and food processing all increased . In the farmland around Beijing , vegetables and fruits have displaced grain as the primary crops under cultivation . In 2013 , the tonnage of vegetable , edible fungus and fruit harvested was over three times that of grain . In 2013 , overall acreage under cultivation shrank along with most categories of produce as more land was reforested for environmental reasons . Economic zones ( edit ) Main article : List of economic and technological development zones in Beijing Beijing CBD Zhongguancun is a technology hub in Haidian District In 2006 , the city government identified six high - end economic output zones around Beijing as the primary engines for local economic growth . In 2012 , the six zones produced 43.3 % of the city 's GDP , up from 36.5 % in 2007 . The six zones are : Zhongguancun , China 's silicon village in Haidian District northwest of the city , is home to both established and start - up tech companies . As of the second quarter of 2014 , of the 9,895 companies registered in one of the six zones , 6,150 were based in Zhongguancun . Beijing Financial Street , in Xicheng District on the west side of the city between Fuxingmen and Fuchengmen , is lined with headquarters of large state banks and insurance companies . The country 's financial regulatory agencies including the central bank , bank regulator , securities regulator , and foreign exchange authority are located in the neighborhood . Beijing Central Business District ( CBD ) , is actually located to the east of downtown , near the embassies along the eastern Third Ring Road between Jianguomenwai and Chaoyangmenwai . The CBD is home to most of the city 's skyscraper office buildings . Most of the city 's foreign companies and professional service firms are based in the CBD . Beijing Economic and Technological Development Area , better known as Yizhuang , is an industrial park the straddles the southern Fifth Ring Road in Daxing District . It has attracted pharmaceutical , information technology , and materials engineering companies . Beijing Airport Economic Zone was created in 1993 and surrounds the Beijing Capital International Airport in Shunyi District northwest of the city . In addition to logistics , airline services , and trading firms , this zone is also home to Beijing 's automobile assembly plants . Beijing Olympic Center Zone surrounds the Olympic Green due north of downtown and is developing into an entertainment , sports , tourism and business convention center . Shijingshan , on the western outskirts of the city , is a traditional heavy industrial base for steel - making . Chemical plants are concentrated in the far eastern suburbs . Less legitimate enterprises also exist . Urban Beijing is known for being a center of infringed goods ; anything from the latest designer clothing to DVDs can be found in markets all over the city , often marketed to expatriates and international visitors . Demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of Beijing Historical population Year Pop . ± % p.a. 1953 2,768,149 -- 1964 7,568,495 + 9.57 % 1982 9,230,687 + 1.11 % 1990 10,819,407 + 2.00 % 2000 13,569,194 + 2.29 % 19,612,368 + 3.75 % 2013 21,150,000 + 2.55 % 2014 21,516,000 + 1.73 % Population size may be affected by changes on administrative divisions . In 2013 , Beijing had a total population of 21.148 million within the municipality , of which 18.251 million resided in urban districts or suburban townships and 2.897 million lived in rural villages . Within China , the city ranked second in urban population after Shanghai and the third in municipal population after Shanghai and Chongqing . Beijing also ranks among the most populous cities in the world , a distinction the city has held for much of the past 800 years , especially during the 15th to early 19th centuries when it was the largest city in the world . About 13 million of the city 's residents in 2013 had local hukou permits , which entitles them to permanent residence in Beijing . The remaining 8 million residents had hukou permits elsewhere and were not eligible to receive some social benefits provided by the Beijing municipal government . The population increased in 2013 by 455,000 or about 7 % from the previous year and continued a decade - long trend of rapid growth . The total population in 2004 was 14.213 million . The population gains are driven largely by migration . The population 's rate of natural increase in 2013 was a mere 0.441 % , based on a birth rate of 8.93 and a mortality rate of 4.52 . The gender balance was 51.6 % males and 48.4 % females . Working age people account for nearly 80 % of the population . Compared to 2004 , residents age 0 -- 14 as a proportion of the population dropped from 9.96 % to 9.5 % in 2013 and residents over the age of 65 declined from 11.12 % to 9.2 % . According to the 2010 census , nearly 96 % of Beijing 's population are ethnic Han Chinese . Of the 800,000 ethnic minorities living in the capital , Manchu ( 336,000 ) , Hui ( 249,000 ) , Korean ( 77,000 ) , Mongol ( 37,000 ) and Tujia ( 24,000 ) constitute the five largest groups . In addition , there were 8,045 Hong Kong residents , 500 Macau residents , and 7,772 Taiwan residents along with 91,128 registered foreigners living in Beijing . A study by the Beijing Academy of Sciences estimates that in 2010 there were on average 200,000 foreigners living in Beijing on any given day including students , business travellers and tourists are not counted as registered residents . From 2000 to 2010 , the percentage of city residents with at least some college education nearly doubled from 16.8 % to 31.5 % . About 22.2 % have some high school education and 31 % had reached middle school . Metropolitan area ( edit ) The encompassing metropolitan area was estimated by the OECD ( Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ) to have , as of 2010 , a population of 24.9 million . Culture ( edit ) The Old Beijing Observatory A scene from a Peking opera A Chinese cloisonné dish from the Qing dynasty People native to urban Beijing speak the Beijing dialect , which belongs to the Mandarin subdivision of spoken Chinese . This speech is the basis for putonghua , the standard spoken language used in mainland China and Taiwan , and one of the four official languages of Singapore . Rural areas of Beijing Municipality have their own dialects akin to those of Hebei province , which surrounds Beijing Municipality . Beijing or Peking opera ( 京剧 , Jīngjù ) is a traditional form of Chinese theater well known throughout the nation . Commonly lauded as one of the highest achievements of Chinese culture , Beijing opera is performed through a combination of song , spoken dialogue , and codified action sequences involving gestures , movement , fighting and acrobatics . Much of Beijing opera is carried out in an archaic stage dialect quite different from Modern Standard Chinese and from the modern Beijing dialect . Beijing cuisine is the local style of cooking . Peking Roast Duck is perhaps the best known dish . Fuling Jiabing , a traditional Beijing snack food , is a pancake ( bing ) resembling a flat disk with a filling made from fu ling , a fungus used in traditional Chinese medicine . Teahouses are common in Beijing . The cloisonné ( or Jingtailan , literally `` Blue of Jingtai '' ) metalworking technique and tradition is a Beijing art speciality , and is one of the most revered traditional crafts in China . Cloisonné making requires elaborate and complicated processes which include base - hammering , copper - strip inlay , soldering , enamel - filling , enamel - firing , surface polishing and gilding . Beijing 's lacquerware is also well known for its sophisticated and intrinsic patterns and images carved into its surface , and the various decoration techniques of lacquer include `` carved lacquer '' and `` engraved gold '' . Younger residents of Beijing have become more attracted to the nightlife , which has flourished in recent decades , breaking prior cultural traditions that had practically restricted it to the upper class . Today , Houhai , Sanlitun and Wudaokou are Beijing 's nightlife hotspots . Places of interest ( edit ) See also : Major National Historical and Cultural Sites ( Beijing ) and List of Beijing landmarks ... the city remains an epicenter of tradition with the treasures of nearly 2,000 years as the imperial capital still on view -- in the famed Forbidden City and in the city 's lush pavilions and gardens ... -- National Geographic Qianmen Avenue , a traditional commercial street in Beijing At the historical heart of Beijing lies the Forbidden City , the enormous palace compound that was the home of the emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasties ; the Forbidden City hosts the Palace Museum , which contains imperial collections of Chinese art . Surrounding the Forbidden City are several former imperial gardens , parks and scenic areas , notably Beihai , Shichahai , Zhongnanhai , Jingshan and Zhongshan . These places , particularly Beihai Park , are described as masterpieces of Chinese gardening art , and are popular tourist destinations with tremendous historical importance ; in the modern era , Zhongnanhai has also been the political heart of various Chinese governments and regimes and is now the headquarters of the Communist Party of China and the State Council . From Tiananmen Square , right across from the Forbidden City , there are several notable sites , such as the Tiananmen , Qianmen , the Great Hall of the People , the National Museum of China , the Monument to the People 's Heroes , and the Mausoleum of Mao Zedong . The Summer Palace and the Old Summer Palace both lie at the western part of the city ; the former , a UNESCO World Heritage Site , contains a comprehensive collection of imperial gardens and palaces that served as the summer retreats for the Qing imperial family . Beijing 's Temple of Heaven as photographed in the early 20th century Among the best known religious sites in the city is the Temple of Heaven ( Tiantan ) , located in southeastern Beijing , also a UNESCO World Heritage Site , where emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasties made visits for annual ceremonies of prayers to Heaven for good harvest . In the north of the city is the Temple of Earth ( Ditan ) , while the Temple of the Sun ( Ritan ) and the Temple of the Moon ( Yuetan ) lie in the eastern and western urban areas respectively . Other well - known temple sites include the Dongyue Temple , Tanzhe Temple , Miaoying Temple , White Cloud Temple , Yonghe Temple , Fayuan Temple , Wanshou Temple and Big Bell Temple . The city also has its own Confucius Temple , and a Guozijian or Imperial Academy . The Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception , built in 1605 , is the oldest Catholic church in Beijing . The Niujie Mosque is the oldest mosque in Beijing , with a history stretching back over a thousand years . Inside the Forbidden City Beijing contains several well - preserved pagodas and stone pagodas , such as the towering Pagoda of Tianning Temple , which was built during the Liao Dynasty from 1100 to 1120 , and the Pagoda of Cishou Temple , which was built in 1576 during the Ming Dynasty . Historically noteworthy stone bridges include the 12th - century Lugou Bridge , the 17th - century Baliqiao bridge , and the 18th - century Jade Belt Bridge . The Beijing Ancient Observatory displays pre-telescopic spheres dating back to the Ming and Qing dynasties . The Fragrant Hills ( Xiangshan ) is a popular scenic public park that consists of natural landscaped areas as well as traditional and cultural relics . The Beijing Botanical Garden exhibits over 6,000 species of plants , including a variety of trees , bushes and flowers , and an extensive peony garden . The Taoranting , Longtan , Chaoyang , Haidian , Milu Yuan and Zizhu Yuan parks are some of the notable recreational parks in the city . The Beijing Zoo is a center of zoological research that also contains rare animals from various continents , including the Chinese giant panda . There are 144 museums and galleries ( as of June 2008 ) in the city . In addition to the Palace Museum in the Forbidden City and the National Museum of China , other major museums include the National Art Museum of China , the Capital Museum , the Beijing Art Museum , the Military Museum of the Chinese People 's Revolution , the Geological Museum of China , the Beijing Museum of Natural History and the Paleozoological Museum of China . Located at the outskirts of urban Beijing , but within its municipality are the Thirteen Tombs of the Ming Dynasty , the lavish and elaborate burial sites of thirteen Ming emperors , which have been designated as part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties . The archaeological Peking Man site at Zhoukoudian is another World Heritage Site within the municipality , containing a wealth of discoveries , among them one of the first specimens of Homo erectus and an assemblage of bones of the gigantic hyena Pachycrocuta brevirostris . There are several sections of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Great Wall of China , most notably Badaling , Jinshanling , Simatai and Mutianyu . Architecture ( edit ) See also : List of tallest buildings in Beijing City skyline Three styles of architecture are predominant in urban Beijing . First , there is the traditional architecture of imperial China , perhaps best exemplified by the massive Tian'anmen ( Gate of Heavenly Peace ) , which remains the People 's Republic of China 's trademark edifice , the Forbidden City , the Imperial Ancestral Temple and the Temple of Heaven . Next , there is what is sometimes referred to as the `` Sino - Sov '' style , with structures tending to be boxy and sometimes poorly constructed , which were built between the 1950s and the 1970s . Finally , there are much more modern architectural forms , most noticeably in the area of the Beijing CBD in east Beijing such as the new CCTV Headquarters , in addition to buildings in other locations around the city such as the Beijing National Stadium and National Center for the Performing Arts . Since 2007 , buildings in Beijing have received the CTBUH Skyscraper Award for best overall tall building twice , for the Linked Hybrid building in 2009 and the CCTV Headquarters in 2013 . The CTBUH Skyscraper award for best tall overall building is given to only one building around the world every year . In the early 21st century , Beijing has witnessed tremendous growth of new building constructions , exhibiting various modern styles from international designers , most pronounced in the CBD region . A mixture of both 1950s design and neofuturistic style of architecture can be seen at the 798 Art Zone , which mixes the old with the new . Beijing 's current completed tallest building is the 330 - meter China World Trade Center Tower III , but will be surpassed by the 528 - meter China Zun in 2018 when it is completed . Both buildings are in the Beijing CBD . Beijing is famous for its siheyuans , a type of residence where a common courtyard is shared by the surrounding buildings . Among the more grand examples are the Prince Gong Mansion and Residence of Soong Ching - ling . These courtyards are usually connected by alleys called hutongs . The hutongs are generally straight and run east to west so that doorways face north and south for good Feng Shui . They vary in width ; some are so narrow only a few pedestrians can pass through at a time . Once ubiquitous in Beijing , siheyuans and hutongs are rapidly disappearing , as entire city blocks of hutongs are replaced by high - rise buildings . Residents of the hutongs are entitled to live in the new buildings in apartments of at least the same size as their former residences . Many complain , however , that the traditional sense of community and street life of the hutongs can not be replaced , and these properties are often government owned . Religion ( edit ) Religion in Beijing ( 2010s ) Chinese religion or not religious and atheists ( 86.25 % ) Buddhism ( 11.19 % ) Islam ( 1.75 % ) Christianity ( 0.75 % ) Others ( 0.06 % ) A Temple of the Goddess in Gubeikou . Fire God Temple in Di'anmen . The religious heritage of Beijing is rich and diverse as Chinese folk religion , Taoism , Buddhism , Confucianism , Islam and Christianity all have significant historical presence in the city . As the national capital , the city also hosts the State Administration for Religious Affairs and various state - sponsored institutions of the leading religions . In recent decades , foreign residents have brought other religions to the city . According to Wang Zhiyun of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in 2010 there were 2.2 million Buddhists in the city , equal to 11.2 % of the total population . According to the Chinese General Social Survey of 2009 , Christians constitute 0.78 % of the city 's population . According to a 2010 survey , Muslims constitute 1.76 % of the population of Beijing . Rear hall of the Capital City God Temple of Beijing . Chinese folk religion and Taoism ( edit ) Beijing has many temples dedicated to folk religious and communal deities , many of which are being reconstructed or refurbished in the 2000s and 2010s . Yearly sacrifices to the God of Heaven ( 祭 天 jìtiān ) at the Temple of Heaven have been resumed by Confucian groups in the 2010s . There are temples dedicated to the worship of the Goddess ( 娘娘 Niángniáng ) in the city , one of them near the Olympic Village , and they revolve around a major cult center at Mount Miaofeng . There are also many temples consecrated to the Dragon God ( 龙 神 Lóngshén ) , to the Medicine Master ( 药 王 Yàowáng ) , to Divus Guan ( 关 帝 Guāndì ) , to the Fire God ( 火 神 Huǒshén ) , to the Wealth God ( 财神 Cáishén ) , temples of the City God ( 城隍 神 Chénghuángshén ) , and at least one temple consecrated to the Yellow Deity of the Chariot Shaft ( 轩辕 黄帝 Xuānyuán Huángdì ) in Pinggu District . Many of these temples are governed by the Beijing Taoist Association , such as the Fire God Temple of the Shicha Lake , while many others are not and are governed by popular committees and locals . A great Temple of Xuanyuan Huangdi will be built in Pinggu ( possibly as an expansion of the already existing shrine ) within 2020 , and the temple will feature a statue of the deity which will be amongst the tallest in the world . The national Chinese Taoist Association and Chinese Taoist College have their headquarters at the White Cloud Temple of Quanzhen Taoism , which was founded in 741 and rebuilt numerous times . The Beijing Dongyue Temple outside Chaoyangmen is the largest temple of Zhengyi Taoism in the city . The local Beijing Taoist Association has its headquarters at the Lüzu Temple near Fuxingmen . Buddhism ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Beijing 's Tianning Temple , in Xicheng District . Altar of Tsongkhapa of the Hall of the Wheel of the Law of the Yonghe Temple of Tibetan Buddhism . 11 % of the population of Beijing practices Buddhism . The Buddhist Association of China , the state 's supervisory organ overseeing all Buddhist institutions in mainland China , is headquartered in the Guangji Temple , a temple founded over 800 years ago during the Jin dynasty ( 1115 -- 1234 ) in what is now Fuchengmennei . The Beijing Buddhist Association along with the Buddhist Choir and Orchestra are based in the Guanghua Temple , which dates to the Yuan Dynasty over 700 years ago . The Buddhist Academy of China and its library are housed in the Fayuan Temple near Caishikou . The Fayuan Temple , which dates to the Tang Dynasty 1300 years ago , is the oldest temple in urban Beijing . The Tongjiao Temple inside Dongzhimen is the city 's only Buddhist nunnery . The West Yellow Temple originally dates to the Liao Dynasty . In 1651 , the temple was commissioned by the Qing Emperor Shunzhi to host the visit of the Fifth Dalai Lama to Beijing . Since then , this temple has hosted the 13th Dalai Lama as well as the Sixth , Ninth and Tenth Panchen Lamas . The largest Tibetan Buddhist Temple in Beijing is the Yonghe Temple , which was decreed by the Qing Emperor Qianlong in 1744 to serve as the residence and research facility for his Buddhist preceptor of Rölpé Dorjé the third Changkya ( or living Buddha of Inner Mongolia ) . The Yonghe Temple is so - named because it was the childhood residence of the Yongzheng Emperor , and retains the glazed tiles reserved for imperial palaces . The Lingguang Temple of Badachu in the Western Hills also dates to the Tang Dynasty . The temple 's Zhaoxian Pagoda was first built in 1071 during the Liao Dynasty to hold a tooth relic of the Buddha . The pagoda was destroyed during the Boxer Rebellion and the tooth was discovered from its foundation . A new pagoda was built in 1964 . The six aforementioned temples : Guangji , Guanghua , Tongjiao , West Yellow , Yonghe and Lingguang have been designated National Key Buddhist Temples in Han Chinese Area . In addition , other notable temples in Beijing include the Tanzhe Temple ( founded in the Jin dynasty ( 265 -- 420 ) is the oldest in the municipality ) , Tianning Temple ( oldest pagoda in the city ) , Miaoying Temple ( famed for Yuan - era white dagoba ) , the Wanshou Temple ( home to the Beijing Art Museum ) and Big Bell Temple . Buddhist temples in Beijing Badachu Bailin Temple Big Bell Temple Changchun Temple Cheng'en Temple Dahui Temple Dajue Temple Fahai Temple Fayuan Temple Guanghua Temple Guangji Temple Hongluo Temple Jietai Temple Miaoying Temple Tanzhe Temple Temple of Azure Clouds Tianning Temple Wanshou Temple Wofo Temple Xifeng Temple Yonghe Temple Yunju Temple Zhenjue Temple Zhihua Temple Islam ( edit ) The headquarters of the Islamic Association of China near Niujie in Xicheng District . Beijing has about 70 mosques recognized by the Islamic Association of China , whose headquarters are located next to the Niujie Mosque , the oldest and most famous mosque in the city . The Niujie Mosque was founded in 996 during the Liao Dynasty and is frequently visited by Muslim dignitaries . Other notable mosques in the old city include the Dongsi Mosque , founded in 1346 ; the Huashi Mosque , founded in 1415 ; Nan Douya Mosque , near Chaoyangmen ; Jinshifang Street Mosque , in Xicheng District ; and the Dongzhimen Mosque . There are large mosques in outlying Muslim communities in Haidian , Madian , Tongzhou , Changping , Changying , Shijingshan and Miyun . The China Islamic Institute is located in the Niujie neighborhood in Xicheng District . Christianity ( edit ) Church of the Saviour , also known as the Xishiku Church , founded in 1703 . Catholicism In 1289 , John of Montecorvino came to Beijing as a Franciscan missionary with the order from the Pope . After meeting and receiving the support of Kublai Khan in 1293 , he built the first Catholic church in Beijing in 1305 . The Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association ( CPCA ) , based in Houhai is the government oversight body for Catholics in mainland China . Notable Catholic churches in Beijing include : the Nantang or Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception also known as the Xuanwumen Church , which was founded in 1605 and whose current Archbishop Joseph Li Shan is one of the few bishops in China to have the support of both the Vatican and the CPCA . the Dongtang or St. Joseph 's Church , better known as the Wangfujing Church , founded in 1653 . the Beitang or Church of the Saviour , also known as the Xishiku Church , founded in 1703 . the Xitang or Church of Our Lady of Mount Carmel also known as the Xizhimen Church , founded in 1723 . The National Seminary of Catholic Church in China is located in Daxing District . Protestantism The earliest Protestant churches in Beijing were founded by British and American missionaries in the second half of the 19th century . Protestant missionaries also opened schools , universities and hospitals which have become important civic institutions . Most of Beijing 's Protestant churches were destroyed during the Boxer Rebellion and rebuilt . In 1958 , the 64 Protestant churches in the city were reorganized into four and overseen by the state through the Three - Self Patriotic Movement . Eastern Orthodox There were a significant amount of Orthodox Christian in Beijing . Orthodox has come to Beijing along with Russian prisoners from Albazino conflicts in the 17th century . In 1956 , Viktor , the bishop of Beijing returned to the Soviet Union , and the Soviet embassy took over the old cathedral and demolished it . In 2007 , Russian embassy has rebuilt a new church in its garden to serve the Russian Orthodox Christians in Beijing . Hinduism ( edit ) In northern China 's Tun - huang ( Mogao ) caves , Gansu province , along with numerous Buddhist arts have been found Hindu deities . For example , in cave 285 is elephant - head deity Ganesha , suggested to be from 6th century AD . Although Hinduism is not one of the five official state recognized religions ( Buddhism , Taoism , Catholic Christianity , Protestant Christianity , and Islam ) , and although China is officially a secular state , the practice of Hinduism is allowed in China , albeit on a limited scale . A number of Hindu expatriates live in China , and there are also Hindu families among the native Chinese population . According to 2010 census , Beijing has the most significant population of Hindus living in mainland China with approximately 0.04 % of residents of the capital city currently practicing the religion . Media ( edit ) Television and Radio ( edit ) The China Central Television Headquarters building Beijing Television broadcasts on channels 1 through 10 , and China Central Television , China 's largest television network , maintains its headquarters in Beijing . Three radio stations feature programmes in English : Hit FM on FM 88.7 , Easy FM by China Radio International on FM 91.5 , and the newly launched Radio 774 on AM 774 . Beijing Radio Stations is the family of radio stations serving the city . Press ( edit ) The well - known Beijing Evening News ( Beijing Wanbao , 北京 晚报 ) , covering news about Beijing in Chinese , is distributed every afternoon . Other newspapers include Beijing Daily , The Beijing News ( Xin Jing Bao , 新 京 报 ) , the Beijing Star Daily , the Beijing Morning News , and the Beijing Youth Daily ( Beijing Qingnian Bao ) , as well as English - language weeklies Beijing Weekend and Beijing Today . The People 's Daily , Global Times and the China Daily ( English ) are published in Beijing as well . Publications primarily aimed at international visitors and the expatriate community include the English - language periodicals Time Out Beijing , City Weekend , Beijing This Month , Beijing Talk , That 's Beijing , and The Beijinger . Sports ( edit ) Events ( edit ) Fireworks above Olympic venues during the opening ceremony of the 2008 Summer Games Tai chi ( Taijiquan ) practitioners at the Fragrant Hills Park Beijing has hosted numerous international and national sporting events , the most notable was the 2008 Summer Olympic and Paralympic Games . Other multi-sport international events held in Beijing include the 2001 Universiade and the 1990 Asian Games . Single - sport international competitions include the Beijing Marathon ( annually since 1981 ) , China Open of Tennis ( 1993 -- 97 , annually since 2004 ) , ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating Cup of China ( 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2008 , 2009 and 2010 ) , WPBSA China Open for Snooker ( annually since 2005 ) , Union Cycliste Internationale Tour of Beijing ( since 2011 ) , 1961 World Table Tennis Championships , 1987 IBF Badminton World Championships , the 2004 AFC Asian Cup ( football ) , and 2009 Barclays Asia Trophy ( football ) . Beijing hosted the 2015 IAAF World Championships in Athletics . Beijing 's LeSports Center will be one of the main venues for the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup . The city hosted the second Chinese National Games in 1914 and the first four National Games of China in 1959 , 1965 , 1975 , 1979 , respectively , and co-hosted the 1993 National Games with Sichuan and Qingdao . Beijing also hosted the inaugural National Peasants ' Games in 1988 and the sixth National Minority Games in 1999 . In November 2013 , Beijing made a bid to host the 2022 Winter Olympics . On 31 July 2015 , the International Olympic Committee awarded the 2022 Winter Olympics to the city . Venues ( edit ) Major sporting venues in the city include the National Stadium , also known as the `` Birds ' Nest '' , National Aquatics Center , also known as the `` Water Cube '' , National Indoor Stadium , all in the Olympic Green to the north of downtown ; the MasterCard Center at Wukesong west of downtown ; the Workers ' Stadium and Workers ' Arena in Sanlitun just east of downtown and the Capital Arena in Baishiqiao , northeast of downtown . In addition , many universities in the city have their own sport facilities . Clubs ( edit ) Professional sports teams based in Beijing include : China Baseball League Beijing Tigers Chinese Basketball Association Beijing Ducks Beikong Fly Dragons Women 's Chinese Basketball Association Beijing Shougang Kontinental Hockey League HC Kunlun Red Star Chinese Super League Beijing Guoan Beijing Renhe China League One Beijing BG China League Two Beijing BIT Chinese Women 's National League Beijing BG The Beijing Olympians of the American Basketball Association , formerly a Chinese Basketball Association team , kept their name and maintained a roster of primarily Chinese players after moving to Maywood , California in 2005 . China Bandy Federation is based in Beijing , one of several cities in which the potential for bandy development is explored . Transportation ( edit ) Main article : Transport in Beijing Mobikes jamming sidewalks in Beijing Beijing Railway Station , one of several rail stations in the city Traffic jam in the Beijing CBD Terminal 3 of the Beijing Capital International Airport A Line 1 train on the Beijing Subway , which is among the longest and busiest rapid transit systems in the world . An articulated Beijing bus . Bicyclists during rush hour at the Chang'an Avenue . Typical Beijing traffic signage found at intersections . Beijing is an important transport hub in North China with five ring roads , nine expressways , eleven National Highways , nine conventional railways , and two high - speed railways converging on the city . Rail and high - speed rail ( edit ) Beijing serves as a large rail hub in China 's railway network . Ten conventional rail lines radiate from the city to : Shanghai ( Jinghu Line ) , Guangzhou ( Jingguang Line ) , Kowloon ( Jingjiu Line ) , Harbin ( Jingha Line ) , Baotou ( Jingbao Line ) , Qinhuangdao ( Jingqin Line ) , Chengde ( Jingcheng Line ) , Tongliao , Inner Mongolia ( Jingtong Line ) , Yuanping , Shanxi ( Jingyuan Line ) and Shacheng , Hebei ( Fengsha Line ) . In addition , the Datong -- Qinhuangdao Railway passes through the municipality to the north of the city . Beijing also has three high - speed rail lines : the Beijing - Tianjin Intercity Railway , which opened in 2008 ; the Beijing - Shanghai High - Speed Railway , which opened in 2011 ; and the Beijing -- Guangzhou High - Speed Railway , which opened in 2012 . The city 's main railway stations are the Beijing Railway Station , which opened in 1959 ; the Beijing West Railway Station , which opened in 1996 ; and the Beijing South Railway Station , which was rebuilt into the city 's high - speed railway station in 2008 . As of 1 July 2010 , Beijing Railway Station had 173 trains arriving daily , Beijing West had 232 trains and Beijing South had 163 . The Beijing North Railway Station , first built in 1909 and expanded in 2009 , had 22 trains . Smaller stations in the city including Beijing East Railway Station and Qinghuayuan Railway Station handle mainly commuter passenger traffic . The Fengtai Railway Station has been closed for renovation . In outlying suburbs and counties of Beijing , there are over 40 railway stations . From Beijing , direct passenger train service is available to most large cities in China . International train service is available to Mongolia , Russia , Vietnam and North Korea . Passenger trains in China are numbered according to their direction in relation to Beijing . Roads and expressways ( edit ) Further information : Expressways of Beijing and China National Highways of Beijing Beijing is connected by road links to all parts of China as part of the National Trunk Road Network . Nine expressways of China serve Beijing , as do eleven China National Highways . Beijing 's urban transport is dependent upon the five `` ring roads '' that concentrically surround the city , with the Forbidden City area marked as the geographical centre for the ring roads . The ring roads appear more rectangular than ring - shaped . There is no official `` 1st Ring Road '' . The 2nd Ring Road is located in the inner city . Ring roads tend to resemble expressways progressively as they extend outwards , with the 5th and 6th Ring Roads being full - standard national expressways , linked to other roads only by interchanges . Expressways to other regions of China are generally accessible from the 3rd Ring Road outward . A final outer orbital , the Capital Ring Expressway ( G95 ) , is being built and will extend into neighboring Tianjin and Hebei . Within the urban core , city streets generally follow the checkerboard pattern of the ancient capital . Many of Beijing 's boulevards and streets with `` inner '' and `` outer '' are still named in relation to gates in the city wall , though most gates no longer stand . Traffic jams are a major concern . Even outside of rush hour , several roads still remain clogged with traffic . Beijing 's urban design layout further exacerbates transportation problems . The authorities have introduced several bus lanes , which only public buses can use during rush hour . In the beginning of 2010 , Beijing had 4 million registered automobiles . By the end of 2010 , the government forecast 5 million . In 2010 , new car registrations in Beijing averaged 15,500 per week . Towards the end of 2010 , the city government announced a series of drastic measures to tackle traffic jams , including limiting the number of new license plates issued to passenger cars to 20,000 a month and barring cars with non-Beijing plates from entering areas within the Fifth Ring Road during rush hour . More restrictive measures are also reserved during major events or heavily polluted weather . Air ( edit ) Beijing 's primary airport is the Beijing Capital International Airport ( IATA : PEK ) about 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) northeast of the city centre . The airport is the second busiest airport in the world after Hartsfield - Jackson Atlanta International Airport . After renovations for the 2008 Olympics , the airport now boasts three terminals , with Terminal 3 being one of the largest in the world . Most domestic and nearly all international flights arrive at and depart from Capital Airport . It is the main hub for Air China and a hub for China Southern and Hainan Airlines . The airport links Beijing with almost every other Chinese city with regular air passenger service . The Airport Expressway links the airport to central Beijing ; it is a roughly 40 - minute drive from the city centre during good traffic conditions . Prior to the 2008 Olympics , the 2nd Airport Expressway was built to the airport , as well as a light rail system , which now connects to the Beijing Subway . Other airports in the city include Liangxiang , Nanyuan , Xijiao , Shahe and Badaling . These airports are primarily for military use and are less well known to the public . Nanyuan serves as the hub for only one passenger airline . A second international airport , to be called Beijing Daxing International Airport , is currently being built in Daxing District , and is expected to be open by September 2018 . As of 1 January 2013 , tourists from 45 countries are permitted a 72 - hour visa - free stay in Beijing . The 45 countries include Singapore , Japan , the United States , Canada , all EU and EEA countries ( except Norway and Liechtenstein ) , Switzerland , Brazil , Argentina and Australia . The programme benefits transit and business travellers with the 72 hours calculated starting from the moment visitors receive their transit stay permits rather than the time of their plane 's arrival . Foreign visitors are not permitted to leave Beijing for other Chinese cities during the 72 hours . Public transit ( edit ) The Beijing Subway , which began operating in 1969 , now has 19 lines , 345 stations , and 574 km ( 357 mi ) of lines . It is the second longest subway system in the world and first in annual ridership with 3.66 billion rides delivered in 2016 . In 2013 , with a flat fare of ¥ 2.00 ( 0.31 USD ) per ride with unlimited transfers on all lines except the Airport Express , the subway was also the most affordable rapid transit system in China . The subway is undergoing rapid expansion and is expected to reach 30 lines , 450 stations , 1,050 kilometres ( 650 mi ) in length by 2020 . When fully implemented , 95 % of residents inside the Fourth Ring Road will be able to walk to a station in 15 minutes . The Beijing Suburban Railway provides commuter rail service to outlying suburbs of the municipality . On December 28 , 2014 , the Beijing Subway switched to a distance - based fare system from a fixed fare for all lines except the Airport Express . Under the new system a trip under 6 km will cost ¥ 3.00 ( 0.49 USD ) , an additional ¥ 1.00 will be added for the next 6 kilometres ( 3.7 miles ) and the next 10 kilometres ( 6.2 miles ) until the distance for the trip reaches 32 kilometres ( 20 miles ) . For every 20 kilometres ( 12 miles ) after the original 32 kilometres ( 20 miles ) an additional ¥ 1.00 is added . For example , a 50 kilometres ( 31 miles ) trip would cost ¥ 8.00 . There are nearly 1,000 public bus and trolleybus lines in the city , including four bus rapid transit lines . Standard bus fares are as low as ¥ 1.00 when purchased with the Yikatong metrocard . Taxi ( edit ) Metered taxi in Beijing start at ¥ 13 for the first 3 kilometres ( 1.9 mi ) , ¥ 2.3 Renminbi per additional 1 kilometre ( 0.62 mi ) and ¥ 1 per ride fuel surcharge , not counting idling fees which are ¥ 2.3 ( ¥ 4.6 during rush hours of 7 -- 9 am and 5 -- 7 pm ) per 5 minutes of standing or running at speeds lower than 12 kilometres per hour ( 7.5 mph ) . Most taxis are Hyundai Elantras , Hyundai Sonatas , Peugeots , Citroëns and Volkswagen Jettas . After 15 kilometres ( 9.3 mi ) , the base fare increases by 50 % ( but is only applied to the portion over that distance ) . Different companies have special colours combinations painted on their vehicles . Usually registered taxis have yellowish brown as basic hue , with another color of Prussian blue , hunter green , white , umber , tyrian purple , rufous , or sea green . Between 11 pm and 5 am , there is also a 20 % fee increase . Rides over 15 km ( 9 mi ) and between 23 : 00 and 06 : 00 incur both charges , for a total increase of 80 % . Tolls during trip should be covered by customers and the costs of trips beyond Beijing city limits should be negotiated with the driver . The cost of unregistered taxis is also subject to negotiation with the driver . Bicycles ( edit ) Beijing has long been well known for the number of bicycles on its streets . Although the rise of motor traffic has created a great deal of congestion and bicycle use has declined , bicycles are still an important form of local transportation . Large numbers of cyclists can be seen on most roads in the city , and most of the main roads have dedicated bicycle lanes . Beijing is relatively flat , which makes cycling convenient . The rise of electric bicycles and electric scooters , which have similar speeds and use the same cycle lanes , may have brought about a revival in bicycle - speed two - wheeled transport . It is possible to cycle to most parts of the city . Because of the growing traffic congestion , the authorities have indicated more than once that they wish to encourage cycling , but it is not clear whether there is sufficient will to translate that into action on a significant scale . Recently , cycling has seen a resurgence in popularity thanks to the emergence of a large number of dockless app based bikeshares such as Mobike , Bluegogo and Ofo . Defense and aerospace ( edit ) Chinese President Xi Jinping and a military honor guard welcomes South Korean president Park Geun - hye in June 2013 . The command headquarters of China 's military forces are based in Beijing . The Central Military Commission , the political organ in charge of the military , is housed inside the Ministry of National Defense , located next to the Military Museum of the Chinese People 's Revolution in western Beijing . The Second Artillery Corps , which controls the country 's strategic missile and nuclear weapons , has its command in Qinghe , Haidian District . The headquarters of the Beijing Military Region , one of seven nationally , is based further west in Gaojing . The Beijing Military Region oversees the Beijing Garrisons as well as the 27th , 38th and 65th Armies , which are based in Hebei . Military institutions in Beijing also include academies and thinktanks such as the PLA National Defence University and Academy of Military Science , military hospitals such as the 301 , 307 and the Academy of Military Medical Sciences , and army - affiliated cultural entities such as the 1 August Film Studios and the PLA Song and Dance Troupe . The China National Space Administration , which oversees country 's space program , and several space - related state owned companies such as CASTC and CASIC are all based in Beijing . The Beijing Aerospace Command and Control Center , in Haidian District tracks the country 's manned and unmanned flight and other space exploration initiatives . Nature and Wildlife ( edit ) Beijing Municipality has 20 nature reserves that have a total area of 1,339.7 km ( 517.3 sq mi ) . The mountains to the west and north of the city are home to a number of protected wildlife species including leopard , leopard cat , wolf , red fox , wild boar , masked palm civet , raccoon dog , hog badger , Siberian weasel , Amur hedgehog , roe deer , and mandarin rat snake . The Beijing Aquatic Wildlife Rescue and Conservation Center protects the Chinese giant salamander , Amur stickleback and mandarin duck on the Huaijiu and Huaisha Rivers in Huairou District . The Beijing Milu Park south of the city is home to one of the largest herds of Père David 's deer , now extinct in the wild . The Beijing barbastelle , a species of vesper bat discovered in caves of Fangshan District in 2001 and identified as a distinct species in 2007 , is endemic to Beijing . The mountains of Fangshan are also habitat for the more common Beijing mouse - eared bat , large myotis , greater horseshoe bat and Rickett 's big - footed bat . Each year , Beijing hosts 200 - 300 species of migratory birds including the common crane , black - headed gull , swan , mallard , common cuckoo and the endangered yellow - breasted bunting . In May 2016 , Common cuckoos nesting in the wetlands of Cuihu ( Haidian ) , Hanshiqiao ( Shunyi ) , Yeyahu ( Yanqing ) were tagged and have been traced to far as India , Kenya and Mozambique . In the fall of 2016 , the Beijing Forest Police undertook a month - long campaign to crack down on illegal hunting and trapping of migratory birds for sale in local bird markets . Over 1,000 rescued birds of protected species including streptopelia , Eurasian siskin , crested myna , coal tit and great tit were handed to the Beijing Wildlife Protection and Rescue Center for repatriation to the wild . The city flowers are the Chinese rose and chrysanthemum . The city trees are the Chinese arborvitae , an evergreen in the cypress family and the Pagoda Tree , also called the Chinese scholar tree , a deciduous tree of the Fabaceae family . The oldest scholar tree in the city was planted in what is now Beihai Park during the Tang Dynasty , 1,300 years ago . See also ( edit ) Beijing portal China portal 2045 Peking -- the name of an asteroid Beijing city fortifications Historical capitals of China Large Cities Climate Leadership Group List of hospitals in Beijing List of mayors of Beijing List of twin towns and sister cities in China References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Township divisions '' . the Official Website of tGovernment . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Doing Business in China -- Survey '' . Ministry Of Commerce -- People 's Republic Of China . Archived from the original on 26 May 2014 . Retrieved 5 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : 北京 市 2014 年 国民 经济 和 社会 发展 统计 公报 ( Beijing Economic and Social Development Statistical Bulletin 2014 ) ( in Chinese ) . Beijing Bureau of Statistics . 12 February 2015 . Archived from the original on 1 March 2016 . Retrieved 1 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : OECD Urban Policy Reviews : China 2015 , OECD READ edition . OECD iLibrary . OECD. 18 April 2015 . p. 37 . doi : 10.1787 / 9789264230040 - en . 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Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Beijing issues second red alert for choking smog '' . ABC News . ABC . 18 December 2015 . Retrieved 18 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Reuters ( 22 November 2016 ) . `` Beijing to ban polluting cars during smog alerts '' . www.atimes.com . Retrieved 2 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 首页 '' . Beijing Municipal Web . Archived from the original on 29 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Barbara Demick ( 29 October 2011 ) . `` U.S. Embassy air quality data undercut China 's own assessment '' . Los Angeles Times . ( login required ) Jump up ^ `` China says it made rain to wash off sand '' . MSNBC. 5 May 2006 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Beijing hit by eighth sandstorm '' . BBC News . 17 April 2006 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Weaver , Lisa Rose ( 4 April 2002 ) . `` More than a dust storm in a Chinese teacup '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 13 January 2007 . Retrieved 7 February 2008 . 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Jump up ^ 《 中国 民政 统计 年鉴 2012 》 ^ Jump up to : ( Chinese ) `` 北京 市 第 三 中级 人民 法院 、 北京 市 人民 检察院 第 三 分院 同日 成立 '' Xinhua Archived 29 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine . 6 August 2013 Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) `` 北京 市 高级 人民 法院 关于 我 市 中级 人民 法院 管辖 调整 有关 问题 的 规定 ( 暂行 ) '' 2 August 2013 ^ Jump up to : ( Chinese ) 国家 统计 局 北京 调查 总队 , `` 北京 市 2013 年 国民 经济 和 社会 发展 统计 公报 '' , 北京 市 统计 局 13 February 2014 Jump up ^ GDP - 2013 are quarterly figures according to provisional data of China NBS ( China NBS National DATA -- quarterly figures ( 中文 ) or China Statistical database -- Quarterly Data ( English ) Archived 30 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine . ) ; the comparable data of the world economies sources materials from IMF -- WEO -- Database April 2014 ; the annual average exchange rate CN ¥ 6.1932 to USD 1 in 2013 ; for purchasing power parity , CNY 4.247 is equal to intl $. 1 in 2013 according to IMF -- WEO -- Database April 2014 . Jump up ^ GDP per capita figures are according to the 2013 Statistical Communiqué of the provinces on National Economic and Social Development Archived 6 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine. , The annual average exchange rate is CNY 6.1932 per US dollar ; purchasing power parity ( PPP ) figures are according to April 2014 IMF data . CNY 4.247 is equivalent to Intl. $ 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jones Lang LaSalle Research Report -- Five years after the Olympics -- Growth in Beijing has continued , what to expect next ? '' August 2013 Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) 北京 五 年 淘汰 140 余 家 `` 三 高 '' 企业 北京 商 报 17 November 2010 Jump up ^ `` Capital Steel opens new branch to step up eastward relocation '' . People 's Daily Online . 23 October 2005 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Richard ( 18 July 2008 ) . `` Beijing abandons Mao 's dream of workers ' paradise '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) 六 大 功能 区 Archived 14 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine . 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Retrieved 5 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : ( Chinese ) 北京 市 2010 年 第 六 次 全国 人口 普查 主要 数据 情况 Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) 北京 市 少数 民族 人口 状况 30 May 2011 Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) 在 北京 外国 人 数量 或 已 达 20 万 人 超过 市 人口 总数 1 % 9 October 2010 Jump up ^ CNBC.com , Justina Crabtree ; special to ( 20 September 2016 ) . `` A tale of megacities : China 's largest metropolises '' . CNBC . slide 4 Jump up ^ `` Jingxi '' . Britannica Online Encyclopedia . 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Beijing -- Chinese Cloisonné Enamelware '' . Archived from the original on 11 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Levin , Dan ( 15 June 2008 ) . `` Beijing Lights Up the Night '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 15 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Beijing , Places of a Lifetime '' . National Geographic Society . Archived from the original on 3 August 2008 . Retrieved 3 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Imperial Palace of the Ming and Qing Dynasties '' ( PDF ) . UNESCO World Heritage Center . 29 December 1986 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Beihai Park Behind Behai park locates Hou Hai , which is one of the most popular visited tourist places . Hou hai is the largest of the three lakes , along with Qianhai ( lit . the `` Front Lake '' ) and Xihai ( lit . the `` Western Lake '' ) , that comprise Shichahai , the collective name for the three northern-most lakes in central Beijing . Since the early 2000s , the hutong neighborhood around Houhai has become known for its nightlife as many residences along the lake shore have been converted into restaurants , bars , and cafes `` . UNECO World Heritage . Archived from the original on 2 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Littlewood , Misty and Mark Littlewood ( 2008 ) . Gateways to Beijing : a travel guide to Beijing . Armour Publishing Pte Ltd. p. 182 . ISBN 981 - 4222 - 12 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Summer Palace , an Imperial Garden in Beijing '' . UNESCO World Heritage Center . Retrieved 4 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Temple of Heaven : an Imperial Sacrificial Altar in Beijing '' . UNESCO World Heritage Center . Archived from the original on 1 August 2008 . Retrieved 4 August 2008 . Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) ( 北京 地区 博物馆 名录 ( 截止 2008 年 6 月 ) ) 6 January 2009 Jump up ^ `` About Beijing '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Beijing 's Museums & Galleries '' . Jump up ^ `` Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties '' . UNESCO World Heritage Center . 10 December 2003 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Peking Man Site at Zhoukoudian '' . UNESCO World Heritage Center . Archived from the original on 23 July 2008 . Retrieved 4 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Great Wall '' . UNESCO World Heritage Center . Archived from the original on 31 July 2008 . Retrieved 4 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Business Buide to Beijing and North - East China ( 2006 -- 2007 ed . ) . Hong Kong : China Briefing Media . 2006 . p. 108 . ISBN 988 - 98673 - 3 - 8 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Shen , Wei ( 16 February 2004 ) . `` Chorography to record rise and fall of Beijing 's Hutongs '' . China Daily . Retrieved 27 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Amy Stone ( Spring 2008 ) . `` Farewell to the Hutongs : Urban Development in Beijing '' . Dissent magazine . Archived from the original on 19 May 2011 . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Li , Dray - Novey & Kong 2007 , p. 253 Jump up ^ Gallagher , Sean ( 6 December 2006 ) . `` Beijing 's urban makeover : the ' hutong ' destruction '' . Open Democracy . Retrieved 27 June 2008 . ^ Jump up to : ( Chinese ) 北京 的 宗教 文化 china.com.cn 11 July 2008 Jump up ^ Lai , Hongyi . China 's Governance Model : Flexibility and Durability of Pragmatic Authoritarianism . Routledge , 2016 . ISBN 1 - 317 - 85952 - 9 . p. 167 Jump up ^ China General Social Survey ( CGSS ) 2009 . Report by : Xiuhua Wang ( 2015 , p. 15 ) Archived 25 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Min Junqing . The Present Situation and Characteristics of Contemporary Islam in China . JISMOR , 8 . 2010 Islam by province , page 29 . Data from : Yang Zongde , Study on Current Muslim Population in China , Jinan Muslim , 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 平谷 轩辕 山 国际 旅游 区 概念 性 规划 . Jump up ^ 2020 世界 休闲 大会 战略 规划 -- -- 北京 平谷 旅游 发展 重大 项目 储备 规划 . Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) 北京 市 道教 协会 协会 简介 Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) 伊斯兰 教 简介 Archived 30 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine . Accessed 2016 - 04 - 04 Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) 北京 市 清真寺 文物 等级 Accessed 2016 - 04 - 04 Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) 北京 市 部分 清真寺 介绍 Accessed 2016 - 04 - 04 Jump up ^ Eric Widmer , The Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in Peking During the Eighteenth Century , pp23 , 1976 , ISBN 0 - 674 - 78129 - 5 Google Books Jump up ^ Alice Getty ( 1936 ) , Gaṇeśa : a monograph on the elephant - faced god , Reprinted in 1971 , Oxford : Clarendon Press , Chapter 7 , pp. 67 - 78 Jump up ^ The Official website of the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup , FIBA.com , Retrieved 9 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Beijing and Zhangjiakou launch joint bid to host 2022 Winter Olympic Games '' . insidethegames.biz . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards 2022 Winter Olympics to Beijing '' . Jump up ^ Some 350,000 residents were expected to be relocated to make room for the constructions of stadiums for the 2008 Summer Games . Davis , Mike ( 2006 ) . Planet of Slums . Verso . p. 106 . ISBN 1844670228 . Retrieved 3 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beijing Olympics Bird 's Nest ready '' . BBC News . 28 June 2008 . Archived from the original on 19 July 2008 . Retrieved 28 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome '' . chinabandy.org . Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) `` 北京 市 火车 站 大全 '' Last Accessed 8 August 2011 Jump up ^ `` Beijingers spend lives on road as traffic congestion worsens '' . China Daily . Xinhua News Agency . 6 October 2003 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Automobile numbers could be capped '' . China Daily . Retrieved 13 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Beijing city to have five mln cars on roads by year end '' . Gasgoo. 12 May 2010 . Archived from the original on 2 January 2013 . Retrieved 13 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` To Tackle Traffic Jam , Beijing Sets New Car Plate Quota , Limits Out - of - Towners '' . ChinaAutoWeb.com . Jump up ^ `` China plans to build world 's biggest airport near Beijing '' . In.news.yahoo.com. 10 September 2011 . Retrieved 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 首都 新 机场 跑道 呈 三 纵 一 横 分布 规划 7 条 跑道 '' . news.carnoc.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Beijing grants three - day visa - free access '' . TTGmice. 6 December 2012 . Retrieved 7 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Beijing 72 - hour Visa - free '' ChinaTour.Net Accessed 6 June 2014 Jump up ^ `` 30 subway lines to cover Beijing by 2020 '' . China Daily . 28 May 2010 . Retrieved 30 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beijing to Increase Public Transportation Fare Prices Next Month '' . english.cri.cn . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ Watts , Jonathan ( 24 January 2010 ) . `` Campaign to boost cycling in Beijing '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved 10 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ofo , Mobike , BlueGogo : China 's Messy Bikeshare Market '' . What 's on Weibo . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ 北京 市 自然 保护 区 名录 ( 截至 2011 年底 ) 24 August 2012 Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) 北京 一 级 保护 野生 动物 Beijing Wildlife Conservation Association Archived 16 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Accessed 4 April 2013 Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) Beijing Wildlife Conservation Association Accessed 4 April 2013 Jump up ^ Michael Rank , Wild leopards of Beijing , Danwei.org 31 July 2007 Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) Beijing Aquatic Wildlife Rescue and Conservation Center Accessed 5 April 2013 Archived 23 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) 70 年 解密 大足 鼠 耳 蝠 吃 鱼 14 April 2007 Archived 19 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) 北京 : 候鸟 翱翔 野鸭 湖 Xinhua 2016 - 11 - 16 ^ Jump up to : ( Chinese ) 北京 开始 `` 清 网 行动 '' 保护 候鸟 森林 公安 公布 举报 电话 , 北京 晚报 2016 - 10 - 30 Jump up ^ Beijing Cuckoo Project Accessed 2016 - 11 - 28 Jump up ^ `` With a Cuckoo 's Journey from China , a Mystery is Solved , and Cheers Go Up '' N.Y. Times 2016 - 11 - 11 Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) `` 北京 集中 一个 月 打击 非法 捕 售 鸟 抓获 36 名 违法 者 '' 新 京 报 2016 - 10 - 31 ^ Jump up to : `` 首都 之 窗 - 北京 市 政务 门户 网站 - 市 花 市 树 '' . eBeijing.gov.cn . Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) 北京 市 市 树 -- -- 国 槐 18 February 2004 Archived 13 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Further reading ( edit ) Cotterell , Arthur . ( 2007 ) . The Imperial Capitals of China : An Inside View of the Celestial Empire . London : Pimlico . pp. 304 pages . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84595 - 009 - 5 . Elliott , Mark C. ( 2001 ) . The Manchu Way : The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China . Palo Alto , California , United States : Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 4684 - 2 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Li , Lillian ; Dray - Novey , Alison ; Kong , Haili ( 2007 ) . Beijing : From Imperial Capital to Olympic City . New York City , United States : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 1 - 4039 - 6473 - 4 . Bonino , Michele ; De Pieri , Filippo ( 2015 ) . Beijing Danwei : Industrial Heritage in the Contemporary City . Berlin : Jovis . ISBN 978 - 3 - 86859 - 382 - 2 . Cammelli , Stefano Storia di Pechino e di come divenne capitale della Cina , Bologna , Il Mulino , 2004 . ISBN 978 - 88 - 15 - 09910 - 5 Chen , Gaohua : The Capital of the Yuan Dynasty . ( Dadu or Khanbaliq ) . Silkroad Press , 2015 . ISBN 978 - 981 - 4332 - 44 - 6 ( Print ) ; ISBN 978 - 981 - 4339 - 55 - 1 ( eBook ) Harper , Damian , Beijing : City Guide , 7th Edition , Oakland , California : Lonely Planet Publications , 2007 . Harper , Damian , Beijing : City Guide , 6th Edition , Oakland , California : Lonely Planet Publications , 2005 . ISBN 1 - 74059 - 782 - 6 . MacKerras , Colin ; Yorke , Amanda ( 1991 ) . The Cambridge Handbook of Contemporary China . Cambridge , England , United Kingdom : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 38755 - 8 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutBeijingat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Beijing Government website ( in Chinese ) Economic profile for Beijing at HKTDC Visit Beijing Facebook Page Photograph of The approach to Peking -- outside the walls taken in 1890 by Sir Henry Norman Preceded by Lin'an ( Song Dynasty ) Capital of China ( as Dadu of Yuan ) 1264 -- 1368 Succeeded by Nanjing ( Ming Dynasty ) Preceded by Nanjing ( Ming Dynasty ) Capital of China 1420 -- 1928 Succeeded by Nanjing ( ROC ) Preceded by Nanjing ( ROC ) Capital of the People 's Republic of China 1949 -- present Succeeded by present capital Places adjacent to Beijing Zhangjiakou , Hebei Chengde , Hebei Chengde , Hebei Zhangjiakou , Hebei Beijing Langfang , Hebei Baoding , Hebei Langfang , Hebei Tianjin Articles related to Beijing ( hide ) Beijing History Politics Geography Toponym Administration Districts Dongcheng Xicheng Chaoyang Haidian Fengtai Shijingshan Mentougou Fangshan Tongzhou Shunyi Changping Daxing Huairou Pinggu Miyun Yanqing Defunct Chongwen Xuanwu Yanshan Other Administrative divisions Township - level divisions Economic and technological development zones Education List of universities Peking University Tsinghua University Beijing Normal University Renmin University Transportation Ring roads Expressways Highways Subway Suburban Railway Bus Airports : Capital International , Nanyuan , Daxing ( under construction ) Train Stations : Beijing West , Beijing , Beijing East , Beijing South , Beijing North , Shahe , Fengtai Visitor attractions Landmarks ( Major National Historical and Cultural Sites ) List of hotels in Beijing Museums Parks and gardens Municipal agencies Administration of Prisons Commission of Education Public Security Bureau ( Police Department ) Portal Commons Provincial - level divisions of the People 's Republic of China Provinces Anhui Fujian Gansu Guangdong Guizhou Hainan Hebei Heilongjiang Henan Hubei Hunan Jiangsu Jiangxi Jilin Liaoning Qinghai Shaanxi Shandong Shanxi Sichuan Yunnan Zhejiang Autonomous regions Guangxi Inner Mongolia Ningxia Tibet Xinjiang Municipalities Beijing Chongqing Shanghai Tianjin Special administrative regions Hong Kong 1 Macau 1 Other Taiwan 1 Note : Taiwan is claimed by the People 's Republic of China but administered by the Republic of China ( see Political status of Taiwan ) . Hong Kong and Macau are claimed as provincial - level divisions , but as listed on the constitutional documents and joint declarations their statuses are better to be interpreted as first - level divisions instead . Metropolitan cities of China Major Metropolitan regions Jingjinji ( JJJ ) Pearl River Delta ( PRD ) / Yuegang'ao Greater Bay Area Yangtze River Delta ( YRD ) Central Plain ( Zhongyuan ) Chengyu Cross-Strait Western Coast Guanzhong Mid-Southern Liaoning Shandong Peninsula Yangtze River Mid-Reaches ( Yangtze River Valley ) Major Cities National Central Cities Beijing Chongqing Guangzhou Shanghai Tianjin Special Administrative Regions Hong Kong Macau Regional Central Cities Chengdu Nanjing Shenyang Shenzhen Wuhan Xi'an Sub-provincial cities Changchun Chengdu Dalian Guangzhou Hangzhou Harbin Jinan Nanjing Ningbo Qingdao Shenyang Shenzhen Wuhan Xiamen Xi'an Provincial capitals ( Prefecture - level ) Changsha Fuzhou Guiyang Haikou Hefei Kunming Lanzhou Nanchang Shijiazhuang Taiyuan Xining Zhengzhou Taibei Autonomous regional capitals Hohhot Lhasa Nanning Ürümqi Yinchuan Comparatively large cities Anshan Baotou Benxi Datong Fushun Handan Huainan Jilin Luoyang Suzhou Tangshan Qiqihar Wuxi Xuzhou Zibo Prefecture - level cities by Province Hebei Shijiazhuang * Tangshan * Qinhuangdao Handan * Xingtai Baoding Zhangjiakou Chengde Cangzhou Langfang Hengshui Shanxi Taiyuan * Datong * Yangquan Changzhi Jincheng Shuozhou Jinzhong Yuncheng Xinzhou Linfen Lüliang Inner Mongolia Hohhot * Baotou * Wuhai Chifeng Tongliao Ordos Hulunbuir Bayannur Ulanqab Liaoning Shenyang * Dalian * Anshan * Fushun * Benxi * Dandong Jinzhou Yingkou Fuxin Liaoyang Panjin Tieling Chaoyang Huludao Jilin Changchun * Jilin Siping Liaoyuan Tonghua Baishan Songyuan Baicheng Heilongjiang Harbin * Qiqihar * Jixi Hegang Shuangyashan Daqing Yīchun Jiamusi Qitaihe Mudanjiang Heihe Suihua Jiangsu Nanjing * Wuxi * Xuzhou * Changzhou Suzhou * Nantong Lianyungang Huai'an Yancheng Yangzhou Zhenjiang Tàizhou Suqian Zhejiang Hangzhou * Ningbo * Wenzhou Jiaxing Huzhou Shaoxing Jinhua Quzhou Zhoushan Tāizhou Lìshui Anhui Hefei * Wuhu Bengbu Huainan * Ma'anshan Huaibei Tongling Anqing Huangshan Chuzhou Fùyang Sùzhou Lu'an Bozhou Chizhou Xuancheng Fujian Fúzhou * Xiamen * Putian Sanming Quanzhou Zhangzhou Nanping Longyan Ningde Jiangxi Nanchang * Jingdezhen Píngxiang Jiujiang Xinyu Yingtan Ganzhou Jí'ān Yíchun Fǔzhou Shangrao Shandong Jinan * Qingdao * Zibo * Zaozhuang Dongying Yantai Weifang Jĭning Tai'an Weihai Rizhao Laiwu Linyi Dezhou Liaocheng Binzhou Heze Henan Zhengzhou * Kaifeng Luoyang * Pingdingshan Anyang Hebi Xinxiang Jiaozuo Puyang Xuchang Luohe Sanmenxia Nanyang Shangqiu Xinyang Zhoukou Zhumadian Hubei Wuhan * Huangshi Shiyan Yichang Xiangyang Ezhou Jingmen Xiaogan Jinzhou Huanggang Xianning Suizhou Hunan Changsha * Zhuzhou Xiangtan Hengyang Shaoyang Yueyang Changde Zhangjiajie Yiyang Chenzhou Yongzhou Huaihua Loudi Guangdong Guangzhou * Shaoguan Shenzhen * Zhuhai Shantou Foshan Jiangmen Zhanjiang Maoming Zhaoqing Huizhou Meizhou Shanwei Heyuan Yangjiang Qingyuan Dongguan Zhongshan Chaozhou Jieyang Yunfu Guangxi Nanning * Liuzhou Guilin Wuzhou Beihai Fangchenggang Qinzhou Guigang Yùlin Baise Hezhou Hechi Laibin Chongzuo Hainan Haikou * Sanya Sansha Danzhou Sichuan Chengdu * Zigong Panzhihua Luzhou Deyang Mianyang Guangyuan Suining Neijiang Leshan Nanchong Meishan Yibin Guang'an Dazhou Ya'an Bazhong Ziyang Guizhou Guiyang * Liupanshui Zunyi Anshun Bijie Tongren Yunnan Kunming * Qujing Yuxi Baoshan Zhaotong Lìjiang Pu'er Lincang Tibet Lhasa * Shigatse Chamdo Nyingchi Shannan Shaanxi Xi'an * Tongchuan Baoji Xianyang Weinan Yan'an Hanzhong Yúlin Ankang Shangluo Gansu Lanzhou * Jiayuguan Jinchang Baiyin Tianshui Wuwei Zhangye Pingliang Jiuquan Qingyang Dingxi Longnan Qinghai Xining * Haidong Ningxia Yinchuan * Shizuishan Wuzhong Guyuan Zhongwei Xinjiang Ürümqi * Karamay Turpan Hami Taiwan ( none ) Other cities ( partly shown below ) Prefecture - level capitals ( County - level ) ( Inner Mongolia : Ulanhot Xilinhot ) Jiagedaqi , Heilongjiang Enshi , Hubei Jishou , Hunan ( Sichuan : Xichang Kangding Barkam ) ( Guizhou : Xingyi Kaili Duyun ) ( Yunnan : Chuxiong Mengzi Wenshan Jinghong Dali Mangshi Shangri - La Lushui ) ( Gansu : Linxia Hezuo ) ( Qinghai : Yushu Delingha ) ( Xinjiang : Changji Bole Korla Yining Artux Aksu Kashgar Hotan Tacheng Altay ) Province - governed cities ( Sub-prefecture - level ) Jiyuan , Henan ( Hubei : Xiantao Qiánjiang Tianmen Shennongjia ) ( Hainan : Wuzhishan Qionghai Wenchang Wanning Dongfang ) ( Xinjiang - XPCC ( Bingtuan ) cities : Shihezi Aral Tumxuk Wujiaqu Beitun Tiemenguan Shuanghe Kokdala Kunyu ) Former Prefecture - level cities Chaohu , Anhui Yumen , Gansu Dongchuan , Yunnan Shashi , Hubei ( Sichuan : Fuling Wanxian ) ( Jilin : Meihekou Gongzhuling ) Sub-prefecture - level cities ( Prefecture - governed ) Qian'an , Hebei Manzhouli , Inner Mongolia Erenhot , Inner Mongolia Golmud , Qinghai County - level cities by Province Hebei Xinji Jinzhou Xinle Zunhua Qian'an * Wu'an Nangong Shahe Zhuozhou Dingzhou Anguo Gaobeidian Botou Renqiu Huanghua Hejian Bazhou Sanhe Shenzhou Shanxi Gujiao Lucheng Gaoping Jiexiu Yongji Hejin Yuanping Houma Huozhou Xiaoyi Fenyang Inner Mongolia Holingol Manzhouli * Yakeshi Zhalantun Ergun Genhe Fengzhen Ulanhot * Arxan Erenhot * Xilinhot * Liaoning Xinmin Wafangdian Zhuanghe Haicheng Donggang Fengcheng Linghai Beizhen Gaizhou Dashiqiao Dengta Diaobingshan Kaiyuan Beipiao Lingyuan Xingcheng Jilin Yushu Dehui Jiaohe Huadian Shulan Panshi Gongzhuling Shuangliao Meihekou Ji'an Linjiang Fuyu Taonan Da'an Yanji Tumen Dunhua Hunchun Longjing Helong Heilongjiang Shangzhi Wuchang Nehe Hulin Mishan Tieli Tongjiang Fujin Fuyuan Suifenhe Hailin Ning'an Muling Dongning Bei'an Wudalianchi Anda Zhaodong Hailun Jiangsu Jiangyin Yixing Xinyi Pizhou Liyang Changshu Zhangjiagang Kunshan Taicang Qidong Rugao Haimen Dongtai Yizheng Gaoyou Danyang Yangzhong Jurong Jingjiang Taixing Xinghua Zhejiang Jiande Lin'an Yuyao Cixi Fenghua Rui'an Yueqing Haining Pinghu Tongxiang Zhuji Shengzhou Lanxi Yiwu Dongyang Yongkang Jiangshan Wenling Linhai Longquan Anhui Chaohu Jieshou Tongcheng Tianchang Mingguang Ningguo Fujian Fuqing Changle Yong'an Shishi Jinjiang Nan'an Longhai Shaowu Wuyishan Jian'ou Zhangping Fu'an Fuding Jiangxi Leping Ruichang Gongqingcheng Lushan Guixi Ruijin Jinggangshan Fengcheng Zhangshu Gao'an Dexing Shandong Zhangqiu Jiaozhou Jimo Pingdu Laixi Tengzhou Longkou Laiyang Laizhou Penglai Zhaoyuan Qixia Haiyang Qingzhou Zhucheng Shouguang Anqiu Gaomi Changyi Qufu Zoucheng Xintai Feicheng Rongcheng Rushan Laoling Yucheng Linqing Henan Gongyi Xingyang Xinmi Xinzheng Dengfeng Yanshi Wugang Ruzhou Linzhou Weihui Huixian Qinyang Mengzhou Yuzhou Changge Yima Lingbao Dengzhou Yongcheng Xiangcheng Jiyuan * Hubei Daye Danjiangkou Yidu Dangyang Zhijiang Laohekou Zaoyang Yicheng Zhongxiang Yingcheng Anlu Hanchuan Shishou Honghu Songzi Macheng Wuxue Chibi Guangshui Enshi * Lichuan Xiantao * Qianjiang * Tianmen * Hunan Liuyang Liling Xiangxiang Shaoshan Leiyang Changning Wugang Miluo Linxiang Jinshi Yuanjiang Zixing Hongjiang Lengshuijiang Lianyuan Jishou * Guangdong Lechang Nanxiong Taishan Kaiping Heshan Enping Lianjiang Leizhou Wuchuan Gaozhou Huazhou Xinyi Sihui Xingning Lufeng Yangchun Yingde Lianzhou Puning Luoding Guangxi Cenxi Dongxing Guiping Beiliu Jingxi Yizhou Heshan Pingxiang Hainan Wuzhishan * Qionghai * Wenchang * Wanning * Dongfang * Sichuan Dujiangyan Pengzhou Qionglai Chongzhou Jianyang Guanghan Shifang Mianzhu Jiangyou Emeishan Langzhong Huaying Wanyuan Barkam * Kangding * Xichang * Guizhou Qingzhen Chishui Renhuai Xingyi * Kaili * Duyun * Fuquan Yunnan Anning Xuanwei Tengchong Chuxiong * Mengzi * Gejiu Kaiyuan Mile Wenshan * Jinghong * Dali * Ruili Mangshi * Lushui * Shangri - La * Tibet ( none ) Shaanxi Xingping Hancheng Huayin Gansu Yumen Dunhuang Linxia * Hezuo * Qinghai Yushu * Golmud * Delingha * Ningxia Lingwu Qingtongxia Xinjiang Changji * Fukang Bole * Alashankou Korla * Aksu * Artux * Kashgar * Hotan * Yining * Kuytun Korgas Tacheng * Wusu Altay * Shihezi * Aral * Tumxuk * Wujiaqu * Beitun * Tiemenguan * Shuanghe * Kokdala * Kunyu * Taiwan ( none ) Notes * Indicates this city has already occurred above . Direct - controlled Municipalities . Sub-provincial cities as provincial capitals . Separate state - planning cities . Special Economic Zone Cities . Coastal development cities . Prefecture capital status established by Heilongjiang Province and not recognized by Ministry of Civil Affairs . Disputed by Oroqen Autonomous Banner , Hulunbuir , Inner Mongolia as part of it . Only administers islands and waters in South China Sea and have no urban core comparable to typical cities in China . The claimed province of Taiwan no longer have any internal division announced by Ministry of Civil Affairs of PRC , due to lack of actual jurisdiction . See Template : Administrative divisions of the Republic of China instead . All provincial capitals are listed first in prefecture - level cities by province . Largest cities or towns in China Sixth National Population Census of the People 's Republic of China ( 2010 ) Rank Name Province Pop . Rank Name Province Pop . Shanghai Beijing Shanghai Shanghai 20,217,700 11 Foshan Guangdong 6,771,900 Chongqing Guangzhou Beijing Beijing 16,858,700 12 Nanjing Jiangsu 6,238,200 Chongqing Chongqing 12,389,500 13 Shenyang Liaoning 5,890,700 Guangzhou Guangdong 10,641,400 14 Hangzhou Zhejiang 5,849,500 5 Shenzhen Guangdong 10,358,400 15 Xi'an Shaanxi 5,399,300 6 Tianjin Tianjin 10,007,700 16 Harbin Heilongjiang 5,178,000 7 Wuhan Hubei 7,541,500 17 Dalian Liaoning 4,222,400 8 Dongguan Guangdong 7,271,300 18 Suzhou Jiangsu 4,083,900 9 Chengdu Sichuan 7,112,000 19 Qingdao Shandong 3,990,900 10 Hong Kong Hong Kong 7,055,071 20 Zhengzhou Henan 3,677,000 Capitals of Asia Dependent territories and states with limited recognition are in italics North and Central Asia South Asia Southeast Asia West and Southwest Asia Ashgabat , Turkmenistan Astana , Kazakhstan * Bishkek , Kyrgyzstan Dushanbe , Tajikistan Moscow , Russia * Tashkent , Uzbekistan East Asia Beijing , China Hong Kong , Hong Kong ( China ) Macau , Macau ( China ) Pyongyang , North Korea Seoul , South Korea Taipei , Taiwan ( ROC ) Tokyo , Japan Ulaanbaatar , Mongolia Kabul , Afghanistan Dhaka , Bangladesh Diego Garcia , BIOT ( UK ) Islamabad , Pakistan Kathmandu , Nepal Kotte , Sri Lanka Malé , Maldives New Delhi , India Thimphu , Bhutan Bandar Seri Begawan , Brunei Bangkok , Thailand Dili , East Timor Flying Fish Cove , Christmas Island ( Australia ) Hanoi , Vietnam Jakarta , Indonesia * Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia Manila , Philippines Naypyidaw , Myanmar Phnom Penh , Cambodia Central Area , Singapore Vientiane , Laos West Island , Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands ( Australia ) Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates Amman , Jordan Ankara , Turkey * Baghdad , Iraq Baku , Azerbaijan * Beirut , Lebanon Cairo , Egypt * Jerusalem , Israel / Palestine † Kuwait City , Kuwait Manama , Bahrain Muscat , Oman Nicosia , Cyprus * North Nicosia , Northern Cyprus * Riyadh , Saudi Arabia Sana'a , Yemen Stepanakert , Artsakh * Sukhumi , Abkhazia * Tbilisi , Georgia * Tehran , Iran Tskhinvali , South Ossetia * Yerevan , Armenia * * Transcontinental country . † Disputed . See : Positions on Jerusalem . Summer Olympic Games host cities 1896 : Athens 1900 : Paris 1904 : St. Louis 1908 : London 1912 : Stockholm 1916 : none 1920 : Antwerp 1924 : Paris 1928 : Amsterdam 1932 : Los Angeles 1936 : Berlin 1940 : none 1944 : none 1948 : London 1952 : Helsinki 1956 : Melbourne 1960 : Rome 1964 : Tokyo 1968 : Mexico City 1972 : Munich 1976 : Montreal 1980 : Moscow 1984 : Los Angeles 1988 : Seoul 1992 : Barcelona 1996 : Atlanta 2000 : Sydney 2004 : Athens 2008 : Beijing 2012 : London 2016 : Rio de Janeiro 2020 : Tokyo 2024 : Paris 2028 : Los Angeles Cancelled due to World War I ; Cancelled due to World War II Summer Paralympic Games host cities 1960 : Rome 1964 : Tokyo 1968 : Tel Aviv 1972 : Heidelberg 1976 : Toronto 1980 : Arnhem 1984 : New York City / Stoke Mandeville 1988 : Seoul 1992 : Barcelona / Madrid 1996 : Atlanta 2000 : Sydney 2004 : Athens 2008 : Beijing 2012 : London 2016 : Rio de Janeiro 2020 : Tokyo 2024 : Paris 2028 : Los Angeles Winter Olympic Games host cities 1924 : Chamonix 1928 : St. Moritz 1932 : Lake Placid 1936 : Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 : Cancelled due to World War II 1944 : Cancelled due to World War II 1948 : St. Moritz 1952 : Oslo 1956 : Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 : Squaw Valley 1964 : Innsbruck 1968 : Grenoble 1972 : Sapporo 1976 : Innsbruck 1980 : Lake Placid 1984 : Sarajevo 1988 : Calgary 1992 : Albertville 1994 : Lillehammer 1998 : Nagano 2002 : Salt Lake City 2006 : Turin 2010 : Vancouver 2014 : Sochi 2018 : Pyeongchang 2022 : Beijing Winter Paralympic Games host cities 1976 : Örnsköldsvik 1980 : Geilo 1984 : Innsbruck 1988 : Innsbruck 1992 : Albertville 1994 : Lillehammer 1998 : Nagano 2002 : Salt Lake City 2006 : Turin 2010 : Vancouver 2014 : Sochi 2018 : PyeongChang 2022 : Beijing Host cities of Asian Games Summer 1951 : Delhi 1954 : Manila 1958 : Tokyo 1962 : Jakarta 1966 : Bangkok 1970 : Bangkok 1974 : Tehran 1978 : Bangkok 1982 : Delhi 1986 : Seoul 1990 : Beijing 1994 : Hiroshima 1998 : Bangkok 2002 : Busan 2006 : Doha 2010 : Guangzhou 2014 : Incheon 2018 : Jakarta / Palembang 2022 : Hangzhou Winter 1986 : Sapporo 1990 : Sapporo 1996 : Harbin 1999 : Kangwon 2003 : Aomori 2007 : Changchun 2011 : Astana - Almaty 2017 : Sapporo Host cities of the IAAF World Championships in Athletics 1983 : Helsinki 1987 : Rome 1991 : Tokyo 1993 : Stuttgart 1995 : Gothenburg 1997 : Athens 1999 : Seville 2001 : Edmonton 2003 : Saint - Denis 2005 : Helsinki 2007 : Osaka 2009 : Berlin 2011 : Daegu 2013 : Moscow 2015 : Beijing 2017 : London 2019 : Doha 2021 : Eugene World 's twenty most populous metropolitan areas 1 Tokyo - Yokohama 2 Shanghai 3 Jakarta 4 Delhi 5 Seoul - Incheon 6 Karachi 7 Guangzhou 8 Beijing 9 Shenzhen 7 Mexico City 11 São Paulo 12 Lagos 13 Mumbai 14 Cairo 15 New York 16 Osaka 17 Moscow 18 Beijing 19 Chengdu 20 Dhaka World 's fifty most - populous urban areas Tokyo -- Yokohama ( Keihin ) Jakarta ( Jabodetabek ) Delhi Manila ( Metro Manila ) Seoul -- Incheon ( Sudogwon ) Shanghai Karachi Beijing New York City Guangzhou -- Foshan ( Guangfo ) São Paulo Mexico City ( Valley of Mexico ) Mumbai Osaka -- Kobe -- Kyoto ( Keihanshin ) Moscow Dhaka Greater Cairo Los Angeles Bangkok Kolkata Greater Buenos Aires Tehran Istanbul Lagos Shenzhen Rio de Janeiro Kinshasa Tianjin Paris Lima Chengdu Greater London Nagoya ( Chūkyō ) Lahore Chennai Bengaluru Chicago Bogotá Ho Chi Minh City Hyderabad Dongguan Johannesburg Wuhan Taipei - Taoyuan Hangzhou Hong Kong Chongqing Ahmedabad Kuala Lumpur ( Klang Valley ) Quanzhou VIAF : 312565158 LCCN : n79076155 GND : 4075971 - 4 BNF : cb11957264c ( data ) NDL : 00646810 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beijing&oldid=816252668 '' Categories : Beijing Burial sites of the House of Holstein - Gottorp - Romanov Capitals in Asia Independent cities Metropolitan areas of China North China Plain Hidden categories : Articles containing Chinese - language text CS1 uses Chinese - language script ( zh ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Articles with Chinese - language external links Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from September 2015 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles needing cleanup from October 2017 All pages needing cleanup Wikipedia list cleanup from October 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010 Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Articles containing video clips Articles including recorded pronunciations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikinews Wikiquote Wikivoyage Acèh Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bamanankan বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - 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Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Dorerin Naoero Na Vosa Vakaviti Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norfuk / Pitkern Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Novial Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu پښتو Patois ភាសា ខ្មែរ Picard Piemontèis Tok Pisin Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Sardu Scots Seeltersk Setswana Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Sranantongo Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Lea faka - Tonga Tsetsêhestâhese Türkçe Türkmençe Twi Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon 文言 Winaray Wolof 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 06 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is beijing located on a world map | [
"Beijing is situated at the northern tip of the roughly triangular North China Plain, which opens to the south and east of the city. Mountains to the north, northwest and west shield the city and northern China's agricultural heartland from the encroaching desert steppes. The northwestern part of the municipality, especially Yanqing County and Huairou District, are dominated by the Jundu Mountains, while the western part is framed by Xishan or the Western Hills. The Great Wall of China across the northern part of Beijing Municipality was built on the rugged topography to defend against nomadic incursions from the steppes. Mount Dongling, in the Western Hills and on the border with Hebei, is the municipality's highest point, with an altitude of 2,303 metres (7,556 ft)."
] | [
"at the northern tip of the roughly triangular North China Plain, which opens to the south and east of the city"
] |
-7600778146013182479 | List of WWE Women's Champions | List of WWE Women 's Champions - wikipedia List of WWE Women 's Champions Jump to : navigation , search This article is about a list of wrestlers who have held the original now - retired Women 's Championship . For the other championships , see WWE Women 's Championship . The final WWE Women 's Champion Layla The WWE Women 's Championship was a women 's professional wrestling championship in the World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) promotion . The championship was generally contested in professional wrestling matches , in which participants execute scripted finishes rather than contend in direct competition . There have been a total of 29 recognized champions who have had a combined 59 official reigns . The title became vacant only twice in history for a total of 65 days and deactivated twice for a combined 1398 days . The following is a chronological list of wrestlers that have been WWE Women 's Champion by ring name . As recognized by the WWE , the inaugural champion was The Fabulous Moolah , who won the title on September 18 , 1956 , which at that time was the NWA World Women 's Championship ( which still exists today ) . While she was still champion , it became the WWF Women 's Championship in 1984 . In May 2002 , after the WWF was renamed to WWE , the championship became the WWE Women 's Championship . At the start of the brand extension that began in March 2002 , the Women 's Championship was defended on any brand until it became exclusive to Raw in September that year . It was the only women 's championship in the WWE until SmackDown created the WWE Divas Championship as a counterpart title in July 2008 . The titles switched brands in April 2009 . On September 19 , 2010 , at Night of Champions , the Women 's Championship was unified with the WWE Divas Championship , retiring the Women 's Championship . The Fabulous Moolah 's first reign is the longest reign , and is officially recognized to be 10,170 days , due to WWE not recognizing title changes between 1956 and 1984 ( her first reign 's real number is 3,651 days , which is still the longest reign ) . Moolah technically also has the most reigns at 8 , but since the WWE does not recognize the title changes between 1956 and 1984 , Moolah only has 4 reigns and Trish Stratus has the most reigns with 7 . Mickie James has the shortest reign with 1 hour . Wendi Richter is the youngest champion at the age of 22 years and 10 months , and Moolah is the oldest at the age of 76 years and 106 days . Bertha Faye is the heaviest champion and The Kat is the lightest champion . Chyna is the only undefeated champion . The final champion was Layla , in her first and only reign . Contents ( hide ) 1 Title history 1.1 Names 1.2 Reigns 2 Combined reigns 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Title history ( edit ) Names ( edit ) Name Years NWA World Women 's Championship 1956 -- 1984 WWF Women 's Championship 1984 -- 2002 WWE Women 's Championship 2002 -- 2010 Reigns ( edit ) Reign The reign number for the specific champion listed Location The city in which the title was won Event The event promoted by the respective promotion in which the title was won † Indicates the title changes not recognized by the WWE No . Champion Reign Date Days held Location Event Notes Ref . The Fabulous Moolah 000000001956 - 09 - 18 - 0000 September 18 , 1956 10,170 ( 3,651 ) Baltimore , MD Live event Moolah 's reign is the only reign recognized by WWE until 1984 with it listed as 10,170 days held . The title was known as the NWA World Women 's Championship ( which still exists today ) until 1984 when it was renamed to WWF Women 's Championship . -- Bette Boucher 000000001966 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 , 1966 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Seattle , WA Live event -- The Fabulous Moolah 000000001966 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1966 7002508000000000000 ♠ 508 -- Live event -- Yukiko Tomoe 000000001968 - 03 - 10 - 0000 March 10 , 1968 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 Osaka , Japan Live event -- The Fabulous Moolah 000000001968 - 04 - 02 - 0000 April 2 , 1968 7003286200000000000 ♠ 2,862 Hamamatsu , Japan Live event -- Sue Green 000000001975 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1975 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 Dallas , TX This win is not recognized by the NWA . -- The Fabulous Moolah 000000001975 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1975 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 Texas The previous Green win is not recognized by the NWA . Moolah 's reign from 1968 through 1978 is considered uninterrupted . -- Evelyn Stevens 000000001978 - 10 - 08 - 0000 October 8 , 1978 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Dallas , TX Live event -- The Fabulous Moolah 5 000000001978 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 , 1978 7003211300000000000 ♠ 2,113 Fort Worth , TX Live event Wendi Richter 000000001984 - 07 - 23 - 0000 July 23 , 1984 7002210000000000000 ♠ 210 New York , NY The Brawl to End It All Leilani Kai 000000001985 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1985 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 New York , NY The War to Settle the Score Aired March 5 , 1985 on Prime Time Wrestling . Wendi Richter 000000001985 - 03 - 31 - 0000 March 31 , 1985 7002239000000000000 ♠ 239 New York , NY WrestleMania I 5 The Masked Spider Lady ( Fabulous Moolah ) 000000001985 - 11 - 25 - 0000 November 25 , 1985 7002220000000000000 ♠ 220 New York , NY Live event This was the original screwjob 6 Velvet McIntyre 000000001986 - 07 - 03 - 0000 July 3 , 1986 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Brisbane , Australia Live event 7 The Fabulous Moolah 000000001986 - 07 - 09 - 0000 July 9 , 1986 7002380000000000000 ♠ 380 Sydney , Australia Live event 8 Sensational Sherri 000000001987 - 07 - 24 - 0000 July 24 , 1987 7002441000000000000 ♠ 441 Houston , TX Live event 9 Rockin ' Robin 000000001988 - 10 - 07 - 0000 October 7 , 1988 7002502000000000000 ♠ 502 Paris , France Prime Time Wrestling Aired November 8 , 1988 . -- Deactivated -- 000000001990 - 02 - 21 - 0000 February 21 , 1990 -- -- -- Title deactivated . 10 Alundra Blayze 000000001993 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 1993 7002342000000000000 ♠ 342 Poughkeepsie , NY All American Wrestling Aired December 26 , 1993 . Defeated Heidi Lee Morgan in a tournament final . 11 Bull Nakano 000000001994 - 11 - 20 - 0000 November 20 , 1994 7002134000000000000 ♠ 134 Tokyo , Japan Big Egg Wrestling Universe 12 Alundra Blayze 000000001995 - 04 - 03 - 0000 April 3 , 1995 7002146000000000000 ♠ 146 Poughkeepsie , NY Raw 13 Bertha Faye 000000001995 - 08 - 27 - 0000 August 27 , 1995 7001570000000000000 ♠ 57 Pittsburgh , PA SummerSlam 14 Alundra Blayze 000000001995 - 10 - 23 - 0000 October 23 , 1995 7001510000000000000 ♠ 51 Brandon , MB Raw -- Deactivated -- 000000001995 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 1995 -- -- -- Title deactivated when Blayze left the WWF . Blayze then joined World Championship Wrestling and , during Nitro in Augusta , GA on December 18 , 1995 , dropped the title belt in a trash can . 15 Jacqueline 000000001998 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 1998 7001610000000000000 ♠ 61 Sacramento , CA Raw is War Aired September 21 , 1998 . Defeated Sable . 16 Sable 000000001998 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 1998 7002176000000000000 ♠ 176 St. Louis , MO Survivor Series Shane McMahon was the special guest referee . 17 Debra 000000001999 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 1999 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 Orlando , FL Raw is War This was an evening gown match . Sable had defeated Debra in the match but Commissioner Shawn Michaels stated that Debra was the winner because she had lost her dress and awarded the championship to her . 18 Ivory 000000001999 - 06 - 08 - 0000 June 8 , 1999 7002131000000000000 ♠ 131 Worcester , MA Raw is War Aired June 14 , 1999 . 19 The Fabulous Moolah 000000001999 - 10 - 17 - 0000 October 17 , 1999 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Cleveland , OH No Mercy 20 Ivory 000000001999 - 10 - 25 - 0000 October 25 , 1999 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 Providence , RI Raw is War 21 The Kat 000000001999 - 12 - 12 - 0000 December 12 , 1999 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 Sunrise , FL Armageddon This was a fatal four - way evening gown pool match , also involving Jacqueline and B.B. , with The Fabulous Moolah and Mae Young as special guest referees . 22 Hervina 000000002000 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2000 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Pittsburgh , PA Raw is War This was a lumberjill snowbunny match . Hervina was Harvey Wippleman disguised as a woman & was recognised as the first male to win the women 's championship . 23 Jacqueline 000000002000 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2000 7001560000000000000 ♠ 56 Detroit , MI SmackDown ! 24 Stephanie McMahon - Helmsley 000000002000 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 2000 7002146000000000000 ♠ 146 San Antonio , TX SmackDown ! 25 Lita 000000002000 - 08 - 21 - 0000 August 21 , 2000 7001710000000000000 ♠ 71 Lafayette , LA Raw is War The Rock was the special guest referee . 26 Ivory 000000002000 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 , 2000 7002152000000000000 ♠ 152 Rochester , NY SmackDown ! Aired November 2 , 2000 . This was a fatal four - way match , also involving Jacqueline and Trish Stratus . 27 Chyna 000000002001 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 1 , 2001 7002214000000000000 ♠ 214 Houston , TX WrestleMania X-Seven Last title defense was at Judgement Day 2001 -- Vacated -- 000000002001 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 , 2001 -- -- -- Title vacated when Chyna retired and left the WWF in a contract dispute . 28 Trish Stratus 000000002001 - 11 - 18 - 0000 November 18 , 2001 7001780000000000000 ♠ 78 Greensboro , NC Survivor Series This was a six - pack challenge match , also involving Ivory , Jacqueline , Jazz , Lita , and Molly Holly . 29 Jazz 000000002002 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 2002 7001980000000000000 ♠ 98 Las Vegas , NV Raw Title was renamed WWE Women 's Championship on May 6 , 2002 . 30 Trish Stratus 000000002002 - 05 - 13 - 0000 May 13 , 2002 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 Toronto , ON Raw This was a hardcore mixed tag team match with Stratus and Bubba Ray Dudley defeating Jazz and Steven Richards , with Richards ' WWE Hardcore Championship also on the line . 31 Molly Holly 000000002002 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2002 7001910000000000000 ♠ 91 Columbus , OH King of the Ring 32 Trish Stratus 000000002002 - 09 - 22 - 0000 September 22 , 2002 7001560000000000000 ♠ 56 Los Angeles , CA Unforgiven On the September 26 , 2002 edition of SmackDown ! , General Manager Stephanie McMahon reveals that the women 's title has been made exclusive to Raw . 33 Victoria 000000002002 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 2002 7002133000000000000 ♠ 133 New York , NY Survivor Series This was a hardcore match . 34 Trish Stratus 000000002003 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 2003 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 Seattle , WA WrestleMania XIX This was a triple threat match also involving Jazz . 35 Jazz 000000002003 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2003 7001640000000000000 ♠ 64 Worcester , MA Backlash 36 Gail Kim 000000002003 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2003 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 Buffalo , NY Raw Kim won a seven - woman battle royal , also involving Ivory , Jacqueline , Molly Holly , Trish Stratus , and Victoria . 37 Molly Holly 000000002003 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 , 2003 7002210000000000000 ♠ 210 Colorado Springs , CO Raw 38 Victoria 000000002004 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2004 7002111000000000000 ♠ 111 Omaha , NE Raw This was a fatal four - way elimination match , also involving Jazz and Lita . Victoria pinned Lita to win the championship . 39 Trish Stratus 5 000000002004 - 06 - 13 - 0000 June 13 , 2004 7002176000000000000 ♠ 176 Columbus , OH Bad Blood This was a fatal four - way match also involving Lita and Gail Kim . Stratus pinned Lita to win the championship . 40 Lita 000000002004 - 12 - 06 - 0000 December 6 , 2004 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 Charlotte , NC Raw 41 Trish Stratus 6 000000002005 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 2005 7002448000000000000 ♠ 448 San Juan , Puerto Rico New Year 's Revolution 42 Mickie James 000000002006 - 04 - 02 - 0000 April 2 , 2006 7002134000000000000 ♠ 134 Rosemont , IL WrestleMania 22 43 Lita 000000002006 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 , 2006 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 Charlottesville , VA Raw 44 Trish Stratus 7 000000002006 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 , 2006 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Toronto , ON Unforgiven Trish Stratus 's retirement match -- Vacated -- 000000002006 - 09 - 18 - 0000 September 18 , 2006 -- Montreal , QC Raw Title vacated due to Stratus ' legitimate retirement . 45 Lita 000000002006 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2006 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Cincinnati , OH Cyber Sunday This was a lumberjill match . Lita defeated Mickie James in a tournament final . 46 Mickie James 000000002006 - 11 - 26 - 0000 November 26 , 2006 7001850000000000000 ♠ 85 Philadelphia , PA Survivor Series Lita 's retirement match 47 Melina 000000002007 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 , 2007 7001640000000000000 ♠ 64 Bakersfield , CA Raw First Tough Enough contestant who won women 's title . 48 Mickie James 000000002007 - 04 - 24 - 0000 April 24 , 2007 < 1 Paris , France Live event This was a triple threat match also involving Victoria . 49 Melina 7001610000000000000 ♠ 61 Melina was awarded an immediate rematch because Mickie pinned Victoria who was not the champion . 50 Candice Michelle 000000002007 - 06 - 24 - 0000 June 24 , 2007 7002105000000000000 ♠ 105 Houston , TX Vengeance : Night of Champions 51 Beth Phoenix 000000002007 - 10 - 07 - 0000 October 7 , 2007 7002190000000000000 ♠ 190 Rosemont , IL No Mercy 52 Mickie James 000000002008 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 , 2008 7002125000000000000 ♠ 125 London , England Raw 53 Beth Phoenix 000000002008 - 08 - 17 - 0000 August 17 , 2008 7002161000000000000 ♠ 161 Indianapolis , IN SummerSlam This was a Winner Takes All Intergender tag team match where Phoenix teamed with Santino Marella and James with Kofi Kingston , whose WWE Intercontinental Championship was also on the line . 54 Melina 000000002009 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 2009 7002154000000000000 ♠ 154 Detroit , MI Royal Rumble The title became exclusive to SmackDown when Melina was drafted to the SmackDown brand on April 13 , 2009 . 55 Michelle McCool 000000002009 - 06 - 28 - 0000 June 28 , 2009 7002217000000000000 ♠ 217 Sacramento , CA The Bash 56 Mickie James 5 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 Atlanta , GA Royal Rumble 57 Michelle McCool 000000002010 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2010 7001610000000000000 ♠ 61 Milwaukee , WI SmackDown Vickie Guerrero served as the special guest referee . Aired on February 26 , 2010 . 58 Beth Phoenix 000000002010 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25 , 2010 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 Baltimore , MD Extreme Rules This was contested in an Extreme Makeover match . 59 Layla 000000002010 - 05 - 11 - 0000 May 11 , 2010 7002131000000000000 ♠ 131 Buffalo , NY SmackDown Aired on broadcast delay on May 14 , 2010 . LayCool ( Michelle McCool and Layla ) defeated Phoenix in a Texas Tornado Handicap match when Layla pinned Phoenix . Michelle McCool was unofficially the co-champion during this reign ; she defended the championship in Layla 's place on some occasions , but was not officially recognized as the title holder . -- Unified -- 000000002010 - 09 - 19 - 0000 September 19 , 2010 -- Rosemont , IL Night of Champions Retired after Michelle McCool , who had been unofficially co-reigning with Layla , defeated Melina to unify the Women 's and WWE Divas Championship . Combined reigns ( edit ) The inaugural , four - time , oldest , most combined days and longest reign in the WWF / E Women 's Championship history The Fabulous Moolah Trish Stratus after winning her seventh title , the most of any WWE Women 's Champion under the WWE banner Rank Champion No. of reigns Combined days The Fabulous Moolah 10,778 Trish Stratus 7 828 Alundra Blayze 539 Rockin ' Robin 502 5 Wendi Richter 449 6 Sensational Sherri 441 7 Mickie James 5 367 Beth Phoenix 367 9 Ivory 331 10 Molly Holly 301 11 Melina 279 12 Michelle McCool 278 13 Victoria 244 14 Chyna 214 15 Sable 176 16 Jazz 162 17 Lita 160 18 Stephanie McMahon - Helmsley 146 19 Bull Nakano 134 20 Layla 131 21 Jacqueline 117 22 Candice Michelle 105 23 Bertha Faye 57 24 The Kat 50 25 Leilani Kai 41 26 Debra 29 27 Gail Kim 28 28 Velvet McIntyre 6 29 Hervina See also ( edit ) Professional wrestling portal Women in WWE WWE Divas Championship NWA World Women 's Championship List of WWE Divas Champions List of former championships in WWE WWE Raw Women 's Championship WWE SmackDown Women 's Championship References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ The Fabulous Moolah 's real number of days as champion , but WWE does not recognize title changes until 1984 . Footnotes ^ Jump up to : `` WWE Women 's Championship '' . Wrestling-titles.com . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Fabulous Moolah 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 07 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.wrestling-titles.com/wwe/wwf-wm.html Jump up ^ `` Wendi Richter 's first reign '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 01 - 22 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Leilani Kai 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Wendi Richter 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 07 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The Fabulous Moolah 's sixth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Velvet McIntyre 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Hoops , Brian ( July 3 , 2015 ) . `` On this day in pro wrestling history ( July 3 ) : Velvet McIntyre beats Moolah for WWF Women 's title , Bret Hart Vs. Nick Bockwinkle in 1981 '' . Wrestling Observer Figure Four Online . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 results '' . Graham Cawthon . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Sensational Sherri 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 02 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rockin ' Robin 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Cawthon , Graham . `` 1993 WWF event results '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Alundra Blayze 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Bull Nakano 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Alundra Blayze 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 22 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bertha Faye 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alundra Blayze 's third reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 07 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Cawthon , Graham . `` 1995 WCW event results '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Cawthon , Graham . `` 1998 WWF event results '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 16 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Jacqueline 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Sable 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Debra 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 25 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Cawthon , Graham . `` 1999 WWF event results '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Ivory 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The Fabulous Moolah 's eighth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Miss Kitty 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 07 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Hervina 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Cawthon , Graham . `` 2000 WWF event results '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Stephanie McMahon 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Lita 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 07 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Ivory 's third reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chyna 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Trish Stratus ' first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Jazz 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 03 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Trish Stratus ' second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 07 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Molly Holly 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Trish Stratus ' third reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Victoria 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Trish Stratus ' fourth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Jazz 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Gail Kim 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Molly Holly 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Victoria 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 20 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Trish Stratus ' second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 05 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Lita 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 06 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Trish Stratus ' sixth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Mickie James ' first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 07 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Lita 's third reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Trish Stratus ' seventh reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lita 's fourth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Mickie James ' second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Melina 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 07 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Mickie James ' third reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Melina 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 18 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Candice Michelle 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Beth Phoenix ' first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Mickie James ' fourth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Beth Phoenix 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Melina 's third reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Michelle McCool 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Mickie James ' fifth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Michelle McCool 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 26 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Beth Phoenix 's third reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Layla 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ Raymond - Santo , Katie A. ( 2010 - 09 - 24 ) . `` Flawless mark on history '' . WWE . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Women 's Champions '' . WWE . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 26 . Layla is the last - ever Women 's Champion . External links ( edit ) Official WWE Women 's Championship Title History Former championships in WWE World World Martial Arts Heavyweight ( reigns ) ( 1978 -- 1989 ) WCW / World ( reigns ) ( 2001 ) ECW World / ECW ( reigns ) ( 2006 -- 2010 ) World Heavyweight ( reigns ) ( 2002 -- 2013 ) Secondary United States Heavyweight ( reigns ) ( 1963 -- 1975 ) North American Heavyweight ( reigns ) ( 1979 -- 1981 ) International Heavyweight ( reigns ) ( 1959 -- 1963 , 1982 -- 1985 ) Canadian ( reigns ) ( 1985 -- 1986 ) European ( reigns ) ( 1997 -- 2002 ) Tag Team United States Tag Team ( reigns ) ( 1963 -- 1967 ) International Tag Team ( reigns ) ( 1969 -- 1971 , 1985 ) Women 's Tag Team ( reigns ) ( 1983 -- 1989 ) Intercontinental Tag Team ( reigns ) ( 1991 ) WCW Tag Team ( reigns ) ( 2001 ) World Tag Team ( reigns ) ( 1971 -- 2010 ) Divisional Junior Heavyweight ( reigns ) ( 1965 -- 1972 , 1978 -- 1985 ) Light Heavyweight ( reigns ) ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Cruiserweight ( reigns ) ( 2001 -- 2007 ) Women 's ( reigns ) ( 1956 -- 1990 , 1993 -- 1995 , 1998 -- 2010 ) Divas ( reigns ) ( 2008 -- 2016 ) Other Million Dollar ( reigns ) ( 1989 -- 1992 , 1995 -- 1996 , 2010 ) Hardcore ( reigns ) ( 1998 -- 2002 ) WWE Women 's Champions ( 1956 -- 2010 ) The Fabulous Moolah Wendi Richter Leilani Kai Velvet McIntyre Sensational Sherri Rockin ' Robin Alundra Blayze Bull Nakano Bertha Faye Jacqueline Sable Debra Ivory The Kat Hervina Stephanie McMahon - Helmsley Lita Chyna Trish Stratus Jazz Molly Holly Victoria Gail Kim Mickie James Melina Candice Michelle Beth Phoenix Michelle McCool Layla Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_WWE_Women%27s_Champions&oldid=813366545 '' Categories : WWE championships Women 's professional wrestling championships WWE Diva Professional wrestling champion lists Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Nederlands Polski Português Русский Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 3 December 2017 , at 08 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who held the wwe women's championship title the longest | [
"\n\nNo.\nChampion\nReign\nDate\nDays held\nLocation\nEvent\nNotes\nRef.\n\n\n1\nThe Fabulous Moolah\n1\n000000001956-09-18-0000September 18, 1956\n10,170\n(3,651)[a]\nBaltimore, MD\nLive event\nMoolah's reign is the only reign recognized by WWE until 1984 with it listed as 10,170 days held. The title was known as the NWA World Women's Championship (which still exists today) until 1984 when it was renamed to WWF Women's Championship.\n[2]\n\n\n—\nBette Boucher\n1†\n000000001966-09-17-0000September 17, 1966\n7001130000000000000♠13\nSeattle, WA\nLive event\n\n[1]\n\n\n—\nThe Fabulous Moolah\n2†\n000000001966-10-01-0000October 1966\n7002508000000000000♠508\n—\nLive event\n\n[1]\n\n\n—\nYukiko Tomoe\n1†\n000000001968-03-10-0000March 10, 1968\n7001230000000000000♠23\nOsaka, Japan\nLive event\n\n[1]\n\n\n—\nThe Fabulous Moolah\n3†\n000000001968-04-02-0000April 2, 1968\n7003286200000000000♠2,862\nHamamatsu, Japan\nLive event\n\n[1]\n\n\n—\nSue Green\n1†\n000000001975-01-01-00001975\n5000000000000000000♠0\nDallas, TX\n\nThis win is not recognized by the NWA.\n[3]\n\n\n—\nThe Fabulous Moolah\n4†\n000000001975-01-01-00001975\n5000000000000000000♠0\nTexas\n\nThe previous Green win is not recognized by the NWA. Moolah's reign from 1968 through 1978 is considered uninterrupted.\n[3]\n\n\n—\nEvelyn Stevens\n1†\n000000001978-10-08-0000October 8, 1978\n7000200000000000000♠2\nDallas, TX\nLive event\n\n[1]\n\n\n—\nThe Fabulous Moolah\n5†\n000000001978-10-10-0000October 10, 1978\n7003211300000000000♠2,113\nFort Worth, TX\nLive event\n\n[1]\n\n\n2\nWendi Richter\n1\n000000001984-07-23-0000July 23, 1984\n7002210000000000000♠210\nNew York, NY\nThe Brawl to End It All\n\n[4]\n\n\n3\nLeilani Kai\n1\n000000001985-02-18-0000February 18, 1985\n7001410000000000000♠41\nNew York, NY\nThe War to Settle the Score\nAired March 5, 1985 on Prime Time Wrestling.\n[5]\n\n\n4\nWendi Richter\n2\n000000001985-03-31-0000March 31, 1985\n7002239000000000000♠239\nNew York, NY\nWrestleMania I\n\n[6]\n\n\n5\nThe Masked Spider Lady (Fabulous Moolah)\n2(6)\n000000001985-11-25-0000November 25, 1985\n7002220000000000000♠220\nNew York, NY\nLive event\nThis was the original screwjob\n[7]\n\n\n6\nVelvet McIntyre\n1\n000000001986-07-03-0000July 3, 1986\n7000600000000000000♠6\nBrisbane, Australia\nLive event\n\n[8][9]\n\n\n7\nThe Fabulous Moolah\n3(7)\n000000001986-07-09-0000July 9, 1986\n7002380000000000000♠380\nSydney, Australia\nLive event\n\n[10]\n\n\n8\nSensational Sherri\n1\n000000001987-07-24-0000July 24, 1987\n7002441000000000000♠441\nHouston, TX\nLive event\n\n[11]\n\n\n9\nRockin' Robin\n1\n000000001988-10-07-0000October 7, 1988\n7002502000000000000♠502\nParis, France\nPrime Time Wrestling\nAired November 8, 1988.\n[12]\n\n\n—\nDeactivated\n—\n000000001990-02-21-0000February 21, 1990\n—\n—\n—\nTitle deactivated.\n[12]\n\n\n10\nAlundra Blayze\n1\n000000001993-12-13-0000December 13, 1993\n7002342000000000000♠342\nPoughkeepsie, NY\nAll American Wrestling\nAired December 26, 1993. Defeated Heidi Lee Morgan in a tournament final.[13]\n[14]\n\n\n11\nBull Nakano\n1\n000000001994-11-20-0000November 20, 1994\n7002134000000000000♠134\nTokyo, Japan\nBig Egg Wrestling Universe\n\n[15]\n\n\n12\nAlundra Blayze\n2\n000000001995-04-03-0000April 3, 1995\n7002146000000000000♠146\nPoughkeepsie, NY\nRaw\n\n[16]\n\n\n13\nBertha Faye\n1\n000000001995-08-27-0000August 27, 1995\n7001570000000000000♠57\nPittsburgh, PA\nSummerSlam\n\n[17]\n\n\n14\nAlundra Blayze\n3\n000000001995-10-23-0000October 23, 1995\n7001510000000000000♠51\nBrandon, MB\nRaw\n\n[18]\n\n\n—\nDeactivated\n—\n000000001995-12-13-0000December 13, 1995\n—\n—\n—\nTitle deactivated when Blayze left the WWF. Blayze then joined World Championship Wrestling and, during Nitro in Augusta, GA on December 18, 1995, dropped the title belt in a trash can.[19]\n[18]\n\n\n15\nJacqueline\n1\n000000001998-09-15-0000September 15, 1998[20]\n7001610000000000000♠61\nSacramento, CA\nRaw is War\nAired September 21, 1998. Defeated Sable.\n[21]\n\n\n16\nSable\n1\n000000001998-11-15-0000November 15, 1998\n7002176000000000000♠176\nSt. Louis, MO\nSurvivor Series\nShane McMahon was the special guest referee.\n[22]\n\n\n17\nDebra\n1\n000000001999-05-10-0000May 10, 1999\n7001290000000000000♠29\nOrlando, FL\nRaw is War\nThis was an evening gown match. Sable had defeated Debra in the match but Commissioner Shawn Michaels stated that Debra was the winner because she had lost her dress and awarded the championship to her.\n[23]\n\n\n18\nIvory\n1\n000000001999-06-08-0000June 8, 1999[24]\n7002131000000000000♠131\nWorcester, MA\nRaw is War\nAired June 14, 1999.\n[25]\n\n\n19\nThe Fabulous Moolah\n4(8)\n000000001999-10-17-0000October 17, 1999\n7000800000000000000♠8\nCleveland, OH\nNo Mercy\n\n[26]\n\n\n20\nIvory\n2\n000000001999-10-25-0000October 25, 1999\n7001480000000000000♠48\nProvidence, RI\nRaw is War\n\n[17]\n\n\n21\nThe Kat\n1\n000000001999-12-12-0000December 12, 1999\n7001500000000000000♠50\nSunrise, FL\nArmageddon\nThis was a fatal four-way evening gown pool match, also involving Jacqueline and B.B., with The Fabulous Moolah and Mae Young as special guest referees.\n[27]\n\n\n22\nHervina\n1\n000000002000-01-31-0000January 31, 2000\n7000300000000000000♠3\nPittsburgh, PA\nRaw is War\nThis was a lumberjill snowbunny match. Hervina was Harvey Wippleman disguised as a woman & was recognised as the first male to win the women's championship.\n[28]\n\n\n23\nJacqueline\n2\n000000002000-02-03-0000February 3, 2000[29]\n7001560000000000000♠56\nDetroit, MI\nSmackDown!\n \n \n\n\n24\nStephanie McMahon-Helmsley\n1\n000000002000-03-30-0000March 30, 2000[29]\n7002146000000000000♠146\nSan Antonio, TX\nSmackDown!\n \n[30]\n\n\n25\nLita\n1\n000000002000-08-21-0000August 21, 2000\n7001710000000000000♠71\nLafayette, LA\nRaw is War\nThe Rock was the special guest referee.\n[31]\n\n\n26\nIvory\n3\n000000002000-10-31-0000October 31, 2000[29]\n7002152000000000000♠152\nRochester, NY\nSmackDown!\nAired November 2, 2000. This was a fatal four-way match, also involving Jacqueline and Trish Stratus.\n[32]\n\n\n27\nChyna\n1\n000000002001-04-01-0000April 1, 2001\n7002214000000000000♠214\nHouston, TX\nWrestleMania X-Seven\nLast title defense was at Judgement Day 2001\n[33]\n\n\n—\nVacated\n—\n000000002001-11-01-0000November 1, 2001\n—\n—\n—\nTitle vacated when Chyna retired and left the WWF in a contract dispute.\n[33]\n\n\n28\nTrish Stratus\n1\n000000002001-11-18-0000November 18, 2001\n7001780000000000000♠78\nGreensboro, NC\nSurvivor Series\nThis was a six-pack challenge match, also involving Ivory, Jacqueline, Jazz, Lita, and Molly Holly.\n[34]\n\n\n29\nJazz\n1\n000000002002-02-04-0000February 4, 2002\n7001980000000000000♠98\nLas Vegas, NV\nRaw\nTitle was renamed WWE Women's Championship on May 6, 2002.\n[35]\n\n\n30\nTrish Stratus\n2\n000000002002-05-13-0000May 13, 2002\n7001410000000000000♠41\nToronto, ON\nRaw\nThis was a hardcore mixed tag team match with Stratus and Bubba Ray Dudley defeating Jazz and Steven Richards, with Richards' WWE Hardcore Championship also on the line.\n[36]\n\n\n31\nMolly Holly\n1\n000000002002-06-23-0000June 23, 2002\n7001910000000000000♠91\nColumbus, OH\nKing of the Ring\n\n[37]\n\n\n32\nTrish Stratus\n3\n000000002002-09-22-0000September 22, 2002\n7001560000000000000♠56\nLos Angeles, CA\nUnforgiven\nOn the September 26, 2002 edition of SmackDown!, General Manager Stephanie McMahon reveals that the women's title has been made exclusive to Raw.\n[38]\n\n\n33\nVictoria\n1\n000000002002-11-17-0000November 17, 2002\n7002133000000000000♠133\nNew York, NY\nSurvivor Series\nThis was a hardcore match.\n[39]\n\n\n34\nTrish Stratus\n4\n000000002003-03-30-0000March 30, 2003\n7001280000000000000♠28\nSeattle, WA\nWrestleMania XIX\nThis was a triple threat match also involving Jazz.\n[40]\n\n\n35\nJazz\n2\n000000002003-04-27-0000April 27, 2003\n7001640000000000000♠64\nWorcester, MA\nBacklash\n\n[41]\n\n\n36\nGail Kim\n1\n000000002003-06-30-0000June 30, 2003\n7001280000000000000♠28\nBuffalo, NY\nRaw\nKim won a seven-woman battle royal, also involving Ivory, Jacqueline, Molly Holly, Trish Stratus, and Victoria.\n[42]\n\n\n37\nMolly Holly\n2\n000000002003-07-28-0000July 28, 2003\n7002210000000000000♠210\nColorado Springs, CO\nRaw\n\n[43]\n\n\n38\nVictoria\n2\n000000002004-02-23-0000February 23, 2004\n7002111000000000000♠111\nOmaha, NE\nRaw\nThis was a fatal four-way elimination match, also involving Jazz and Lita. Victoria pinned Lita to win the championship.\n[44]\n\n\n39\nTrish Stratus\n5\n000000002004-06-13-0000June 13, 2004\n7002176000000000000♠176\nColumbus, OH\nBad Blood\nThis was a fatal four-way match also involving Lita and Gail Kim. Stratus pinned Lita to win the championship.\n[45]\n\n\n40\nLita\n2\n000000002004-12-06-0000December 6, 2004\n7001340000000000000♠34\nCharlotte, NC\nRaw\n\n[46]\n\n\n41\nTrish Stratus\n6\n000000002005-01-09-0000January 9, 2005\n7002448000000000000♠448\nSan Juan, Puerto Rico\nNew Year's Revolution\n\n[47]\n\n\n42\nMickie James\n1\n000000002006-04-02-0000April 2, 2006\n7002134000000000000♠134\nRosemont, IL\nWrestleMania 22\n\n[48]\n\n\n43\nLita\n3\n000000002006-08-14-0000August 14, 2006\n7001340000000000000♠34\nCharlottesville, VA\nRaw\n\n[49]\n\n\n44\nTrish Stratus\n7\n000000002006-09-17-0000September 17, 2006\n7000100000000000000♠1\nToronto, ON\nUnforgiven\nTrish Stratus's retirement match\n[50]\n\n\n—\nVacated\n—\n000000002006-09-18-0000September 18, 2006\n—\nMontreal, QC\nRaw\nTitle vacated due to Stratus' legitimate retirement.\n[51]\n\n\n45\nLita\n4\n000000002006-11-05-0000November 5, 2006\n7001210000000000000♠21\nCincinnati, OH\nCyber Sunday\nThis was a lumberjill match. Lita defeated Mickie James in a tournament final.\n[51]\n\n\n46\nMickie James\n2\n000000002006-11-26-0000November 26, 2006\n7001850000000000000♠85\nPhiladelphia, PA\nSurvivor Series\nLita's retirement match\n[52]\n\n\n47\nMelina\n1\n000000002007-02-19-0000February 19, 2007\n7001640000000000000♠64\nBakersfield, CA\nRaw\nFirst Tough Enough contestant who won women's title.\n[53]\n\n\n48\nMickie James\n3\n000000002007-04-24-0000April 24, 2007\n\nParis, France\nLive event\nThis was a triple threat match also involving Victoria.\n[54]\n\n\n49\nMelina\n2\n7001610000000000000♠61\nMelina was awarded an immediate rematch because Mickie pinned Victoria who was not the champion.\n[55]\n\n\n50\nCandice Michelle\n1\n000000002007-06-24-0000June 24, 2007\n7002105000000000000♠105\nHouston, TX\nVengeance: Night of Champions\n\n[56]\n\n\n51\nBeth Phoenix\n1\n000000002007-10-07-0000October 7, 2007\n7002190000000000000♠190\nRosemont, IL\nNo Mercy\n\n[57]\n\n\n52\nMickie James\n4\n000000002008-04-14-0000April 14, 2008\n7002125000000000000♠125\nLondon, England\nRaw\n\n[58]\n\n\n53\nBeth Phoenix\n2\n000000002008-08-17-0000August 17, 2008\n7002161000000000000♠161\nIndianapolis, IN\nSummerSlam\nThis was a Winner Takes All Intergender tag team match where Phoenix teamed with Santino Marella and James with Kofi Kingston, whose WWE Intercontinental Championship was also on the line.\n[59]\n\n\n54\nMelina\n3\n000000002009-01-25-0000January 25, 2009\n7002154000000000000♠154\nDetroit, MI\nRoyal Rumble\nThe title became exclusive to SmackDown when Melina was drafted to the SmackDown brand on April 13, 2009.\n[60]\n\n\n55\nMichelle McCool\n1\n000000002009-06-28-0000June 28, 2009\n7002217000000000000♠217\nSacramento, CA\nThe Bash\n\n[61]\n\n\n56\nMickie James\n5\n000000002010-01-31-0000January 31, 2010\n7001230000000000000♠23\nAtlanta, GA\nRoyal Rumble\n\n[62]\n\n\n57\nMichelle McCool\n2\n000000002010-02-23-0000February 23, 2010\n7001610000000000000♠61\nMilwaukee, WI\nSmackDown\nVickie Guerrero served as the special guest referee. Aired on February 26, 2010.\n[63]\n\n\n58\nBeth Phoenix\n3\n000000002010-04-25-0000April 25, 2010\n7001160000000000000♠16\nBaltimore, MD\nExtreme Rules\nThis was contested in an Extreme Makeover match.\n[64]\n\n\n59\nLayla\n1\n000000002010-05-11-0000May 11, 2010\n7002131000000000000♠131\nBuffalo, NY\nSmackDown\nAired on broadcast delay on May 14, 2010. LayCool (Michelle McCool and Layla) defeated Phoenix in a Texas Tornado Handicap match when Layla pinned Phoenix. Michelle McCool was unofficially the co-champion during this reign; she defended the championship in Layla's place on some occasions, but was not officially recognized as the title holder.\n[65]\n\n\n—\nUnified\n—\n000000002010-09-19-0000September 19, 2010\n—\nRosemont, IL\nNight of Champions\nRetired after Michelle McCool, who had been unofficially co-reigning with Layla, defeated Melina to unify the Women's and WWE Divas Championship.\n[66][67]\n\n"
] | [
"The Fabulous Moolah"
] |
-7299871879817815954 | United States presidential primaries in Puerto Rico, 2016 | United States presidential primaries in Puerto Rico , 2016 - wikipedia United States presidential primaries in Puerto Rico , 2016 Jump to : navigation , search United States presidential election in Puerto Rico , 2016 ← 2012 November 8 , 2016 2020 → President before election Barack Obama Democratic Elected President Donald Trump Republican Part of a series on Elections in Puerto Rico General elections 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Referendums 1951 1952 ( Mar ) 1952 ( Nov ) 1960 1961 1964 1967 1970 1991 1998 2005 2012 ( Aug ) 2012 ( Nov ) 2017 Gubernatorial 2000 2008 2012 2016 Resident Commissioner 2000 2008 2012 2016 Senate 2008 2012 House of Representatives 2008 2012 PNP primaries 2003 2008 2012 2016 PPD primaries 2003 2008 2012 2016 Democratic primaries 2008 2016 Republican primaries 2008 2012 2016 Transition processes 2008 2012 Although Puerto Rico did not participate in the November 8 , 2016 , general election because it is a territory and not a state , the five non-incorporated territories that send delegates to the United States House of Representatives participated in the presidential primaries . In the presidential primaries , Puerto Rico voters expressed their preferences for the Democratic and Republican parties ' respective nominees for president . Registered members of each party only voted in their party 's primary , while voters who were unaffiliated chose any one primary in which to vote . There were 60 Democratic delegates and 23 Republican delegates to be allocated . Contents ( hide ) 1 Primary elections 1.1 Republican primary 1.2 Democratic caucus 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Primary elections ( edit ) Republican primary ( edit ) Main article : Puerto Rico Republican primary , 2016 The Republican primary took place on March 6 , 2016 : Twelve candidates appeared on the Republican presidential primary ballot , with only four still possessing active campaigns : Marco Rubio , Donald Trump , Ted Cruz , and John Kasich Sen. Marco Rubio carried the primary with 73.8 % of the vote and was awarded all 23 delegates due to the territory 's 50 % winner - take - all threshold . Puerto Rico Republican primary , March 6 , 2016 Candidate Votes Percentage Actual delegate count Bound Unbound Total Marco Rubio 28,937 70.24 % 23 0 23 Donald Trump 5,474 13.29 % 0 0 0 Ted Cruz 3,610 8.76 % 0 0 0 Other 1,540 3.74 % 0 0 0 John Kasich 582 1.41 % 0 0 0 Carly Fiorina ( withdrawn ) 375 0.91 % 0 0 0 Jeb Bush ( withdrawn ) 296 0.72 % 0 0 0 Ben Carson ( withdrawn ) 168 0.41 % 0 0 0 Mike Huckabee ( withdrawn ) 77 0.19 % 0 0 0 Rand Paul ( withdrawn ) 48 0.12 % 0 0 0 Rick Santorum ( withdrawn ) 36 0.09 % 0 0 0 Jim Gilmore ( withdrawn ) 30 0.07 % 0 0 0 Chris Christie ( withdrawn ) 23 0.06 % 0 0 0 Unprojected delegates : 0 0 0 Total : 41,196 100 % 23 0 23 Source : The Green Papers Democratic caucus ( edit ) Main article : Puerto Rico Democratic caucus , 2016 The Democratic caucus took place on June 5 , 2016 . ( hide ) Puerto Rico Democratic caucuses , June 5 , 2016 Candidate Popular vote Estimated delegates Count Percentage Pledged Unpledged Total Hillary Clinton 52,658 59.74 % 36 7 42 Bernie Sanders 33,368 37.85 % 24 0 24 Rocky De La Fuente 300 0.35 % Total 88,149 100 % 60 7 67 Source : The Green Papers See also ( edit ) Democratic Party presidential debates , 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries , 2016 Republican Party presidential debates , 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries , 2016 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico Democratic Delegation 2016 '' . Thegreenpapers.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Adams , Jonathan ( 2016 - 03 - 05 ) . `` Puerto Rico GOP Primary 2016 : Date , Voting Hours & Info '' . Heavy.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Republican Presidential Primary in Puerto Rico Shows Pictures of All Candidates Ballot Access News '' . Ballot-access.org. 2016 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Bradner , Eric ( 2016 - 03 - 07 ) . `` Bernie Sanders tops Hillary Clinton in Maine caucuses ; Rubio wins Puerto Rico primary - CNNPolitics.com '' . Cnn.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 12 . External links ( edit ) RNC 2016 Republican Nominating Process Green papers for 2016 primaries , caucuses , and conventions 2016 Presidential primaries , ElectionProjection.com State results of the 2016 U.S. presidential election Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa Democrats Abroad Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands ( 2012 ← ) United States presidential election , 2016 ( → 2020 ) United States elections , 2016 Fundraising Political positions Polls national demographically statewide international Social media Timeline General election debates Newspaper endorsements primary Vote pairing Recounts Russian interference Faithless electors Republican Party Debates and forums Endorsements Primaries Results Convention Polls national statewide straw Candidates ( VP ) Nominee Donald Trump campaign endorsements primary positions protests Republican opposition VP nominee : Mike Pence Other candidates Jeb Bush campaign positions Ben Carson campaign Chris Christie campaign Ted Cruz campaign endorsements positions Mark Everson Jack Fellure Carly Fiorina campaign Jim Gilmore campaign Lindsey Graham campaign Mike Huckabee campaign positions Bobby Jindal campaign John Kasich campaign endorsements Josue Larose Dennis Michael Lynch Andy Martin Jimmy McMillan George Pataki campaign Rand Paul campaign positions Rick Perry campaign positions Marco Rubio campaign positions Rick Santorum campaign Scott Walker campaign Democratic Party Political positions Endorsements Debates and forums Primaries Results Superdelegates Convention Polls national statewide straw Candidates ( VP ) Nominee Hillary Clinton campaign endorsements political non-political positions Democratic opposition VP nominee : Tim Kaine Other candidates Jeff Boss Harry Braun Lincoln Chafee campaign Rocky De La Fuente campaign Paul T. 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Jones Graduated Random Presidential Primary System Delaware Plan Rotating Regional Primary System Interregional Primary Plan National Primary Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_primaries_in_Puerto_Rico,_2016&oldid=808748196 '' Categories : United States presidential election , 2016 , by state United States presidential elections in Puerto Rico March 2016 events in the United States June 2016 events in the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 November 2017 , at 22 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won the presidential election in puerto rico | [
"\nUnited States presidential election in Puerto Rico, 2016\n\n\n\n\n← 2012\nNovember 8, 2016\n2020 →\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPresident before election\nBarack Obama\nDemocratic\n\nElected President\nDonald Trump\nRepublican\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Donald Trump"
] |
-2248020164042478419 | Come Thou Fount of Every Blessing | Come Thou Fount of Every Blessing - wikipedia Come Thou Fount of Every Blessing Jump to : navigation , search For the album by the Mormon Tabernacle Choir , see Come , Thou Fount of Every Blessing ( album ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Come Thou Fount of Every Blessing '' Hymn Written 1757 ( 1757 ) Text by Robert Robinson Meter 8.7. 8.7 Melody by John Wyeth `` Nettleton '' `` Come Thou Fount of Every Blessing '' is a Christian hymn written by the 18th century pastor and hymnist Robert Robinson . Robert Robinson penned the words at age 22 in the year 1757 . Come , Thou Fount of every blessing , Tune my heart to sing Thy grace ; Streams of mercy , never ceasing , Call for songs of loudest praise . Teach me some melodious sonnet , Sung by flaming tongues above . Praise the mount , I 'm fixed upon it , Mount of Thy redeeming love . Sorrowing I shall be in spirit , Till released from flesh and sin , Yet from what I do inherit , Here Thy praises I 'll begin ; Here I raise my Ebenezer ; Here by Thy great help I 've come ; And I hope , by Thy good pleasure , Safely to arrive at home . Jesus sought me when a stranger , Wandering from the fold of God ; He , to rescue me from danger , Interposed His precious blood ; How His kindness yet pursues me Mortal tongue can never tell , Clothed in flesh , till death shall loose me I can not proclaim it well . O to grace how great a debtor Daily I 'm constrained to be ! Let Thy goodness , like a fetter , Bind my wandering heart to Thee . Prone to wander , Lord , I feel it , Prone to leave the God I love ; Here 's my heart , O take and seal it , Seal it for Thy courts above . O that day when freed from sinning , I shall see Thy lovely face ; Clothèd then in blood washed linen How I 'll sing Thy sovereign grace ; Come , my Lord , no longer tarry , Take my ransomed soul away ; Send thine angels now to carry Me to realms of endless day . The original text of the hymn `` Come Thou Fount of Every Blessing '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Tunes 2 Cover versions 3 Lyrics 4 Notes 5 External links Tunes ( edit ) In the United States , the hymn is usually set to an American folk tune known as `` Nettleton '' , composed by printer John Wyeth , or possibly by Asahel Nettleton . In the United Kingdom , the hymn is also often set to the tune `` Normandy '' by C Bost . The `` Nettleton '' tune is used extensively in partial or full quotation by the American composer Charles Ives , in such works as the First String Quartet and the piano quintet and song `` The Innate '' . The `` Nettleton '' tune is also quoted at the end of `` My Trundle Bed '' by Tullius C. O'Kane . A shape note song called `` Warrenton '' also has been sung with a chorus being in 4 / 4 time or 2 / 2 cut time ; to fit the text to this melody , the second half of each verse is omitted and replaced with a refrain of `` I am bound for the kingdom , will you come to glory with me ? / Hallelujah , praise the Lord ! '' Cover versions ( edit ) It has been covered by the David Crowder Band on their 1999 album All I Can Say . Christian rock band Jars of Clay has also covered the song , as well as veteran Christian artist Scott Wesley Brown . Sufjan Stevens recorded a version for his Hark ! Songs for Christmas album , which reached 122 in the US charts and is featured in the closing minutes of the season four premiere episode of Friday Night Lights . Gateway Worship performed the song on their album Living for You and added a chorus to the song , calling it `` Come Thou Fount , Come Thou King '' . It also appears on Phil Wickham 's album ' sing - a-long ' . This song is also sung by Clark Davis in the film Love Comes Softly and is a recurring background music in the film . Mumford & Sons have covered it in a small amount of their live shows . Leigh Nash has covered it in Hymns and Sacred Songs . Additionally , the Mormon Tabernacle Choir recorded this hymn as part of their album titled The Sound of Glory , and frequently sing it in their live performances . Christian punk pop band Eleventyseven covered the hymn in their Good Spells EP . Gospel recording artist Anthony Brown and group therAPy covered the first verse of the hymn in the song `` Without You '' on their sophomore album Everyday Jesus . Pop musician Adam Young posted his version on his Soundcloud page . Indie rock band Kings Kaleidoscope covered the hymn in their first EP , Asaph 's Arrows . Lyrics ( edit ) The lyrics , which dwell on the theme of divine grace , are based on 1 Samuel 7 : 12 , in which the prophet Samuel raises a stone as a monument , saying , `` Hitherto hath the Lord helped us '' ( KJV ) . The English transliteration of the name Samuel gives to the stone is Ebenezer , meaning Stone of Help . The unusual word Ebenezer commonly appears in hymnal presentations of the lyrics ( verse 2 ) . Various revised versions appear in hymnals , often changing phrases or replacing the reference to Ebenezer . The version in Nazarene hymnals and those of the Holiness movement replaces `` wandering '' with `` yielded , '' and `` prone to wander '' with `` let me know Thee in Thy fullness '' . Many choirs , including the Mormon Tabernacle Choir , sing it in an arrangement by Mack Wilberg . It splits verse 2 into two parts and the last half of verse 3 is appended to each part to form two verses . A version titled `` O Thou Fount of Every Blessing '' and attributed to Robert Robinson is found in several shape - note hymnals of the American South . The melody is attributed to A. Nettleton , while several phrases are changed . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Did Robert Robinson Wander as He Had Feared ? , Christian History Institute , 2006 Jump up ^ Lyrics at the Cyber Hymnal Archived 2011 - 10 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ John Wyeth , biography at the Cyber Hymnal Archived 2011 - 08 - 16 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Christian Worship Appendix I : Worship That Is Biblical , Reformed , and General Assembly Relevant Archived 2010 - 01 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . on Worldwide Classroom , Mark Dalbey , pcsnews.com , 2003 Jump up ^ Hymns and Psalms , Methodist Publishing House , London , 1983 , no. 517 Jump up ^ Frank Garlock , ed. ( 1997 ) . Majesty Hymns . Majesty Music . p. 11 . Jump up ^ Lyrics at igracemusic.com Jump up ^ Center for Christian Music Archived 2007 - 08 - 11 at Archive.is External links ( edit ) Words , Guitar Chords , Lead Sheet Story of Hymn Asahel Nettleton : The Forgotten Evangelist , by Jim Ehrhard Link to midi file for tune ' Normandy ' Link to midi file for tune ' Nettleton ' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Come_Thou_Fount_of_Every_Blessing&oldid=815788086 '' Categories : English Christian hymns Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template archiveis links Articles needing additional references from April 2012 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Add links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 04 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote come thou fount of every blessing lyrics | [
"\"Come Thou Fount of Every Blessing\" is a Christian hymn written by the 18th century pastor and hymnist Robert Robinson. Robert Robinson penned the words at age 22 in the year 1757.[1]"
] | [
"Robert Robinson"
] |
3308502966192156971 | 2010 BCS National Championship Game | 2010 BCS National Championship game - wikipedia 2010 BCS National Championship game Jump to : navigation , search 2010 Citi BCS National Championship Game BCS Bowl Game Texas Longhorns Alabama Crimson Tide ( 13 -- 1 ) ( 14 -- 0 ) 21 37 Head coach : Mack Brown Head coach : Nick Saban AP Coaches BCS AP Coaches BCS Total Texas 6 0 7 8 21 Alabama 0 24 0 13 37 Date January 7 , 2010 Season 2009 Stadium Rose Bowl Location Pasadena , California MVP Offense : RB Mark Ingram ( Alabama ) Defense : DE Marcell Dareus ( Alabama ) Favorite Alabama by 4 National anthem Josh Groban & Michael `` Flea '' Balzary Referee John McDaid ( Big East ) Halftime show University of Alabama Million Dollar Band and The University of Texas Longhorn Band Attendance 94,906 Payout US $ 31 million ( estimated ) United States TV coverage Network ABC Announcers Brent Musburger ( play - by - play ) Kirk Herbstreit ( color ) Tom Rinaldi ( Alabama sideline ) Lisa Salters ( Texas sideline ) Nielsen ratings 17.2 ( 28.5 million ) BCS National Championship Game < 2009 2011 > 50 - yard line action for the national championship in Pasadena CA , January 7 , 2010 The 2010 Citi BCS National Championship Game was the finale of the 2009 NCAA Division I FBS football season , and was played between the Texas Longhorns and the Alabama Crimson Tide . It was hosted by the Pasadena Tournament of Roses Association at the Rose Bowl Stadium in Pasadena , California , January 7 , 2010 . It was the 12th BCS National Championship Game , and the second consecutive year the champion of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) was matched against the champion of the Big 12 Conference . The game was the ninth meeting of Texas and Alabama , though the first since the 1982 Cotton Bowl Classic . Prior to the game , Texas led the all - time series with a 7 -- 0 -- 1 record , with the first meeting in 1902 . The match - up was the third game in which the Tournament of Roses hosted the BCS National Championship game in Pasadena , and the fifth time , overall , that it has hosted a No. 1 versus No. 2 match - up . However , this was the first time the Tournament of Roses hosted the game as a separate event from the Rose Bowl Game . They had previously hosted BCS Championship games in the 2006 and 2002 Rose Bowls , and pre-BCS No. 1 versus No. 2 match - ups in the 1969 and 1963 Rose Bowls . ABC televised the game , as well as the Rose Bowl ; Fox televised the remainder of the BCS . The match - up was the final BCS game to air on broadcast television , with cable network ESPN taking over all Bowl Championship Series telecasts starting in 2011 . Following the game in June , Citi decided to end the sponsorship of any future Rose Bowl games , including the National Championship game . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pregame ceremonies 2 Teams 3 Game summary 4 Pivotal plays 5 Scoring summary 5.1 Statistics 6 References Pregame ceremonies ( edit ) Audra McDonald performed America the Beautiful prior to the teams taking the field , while Flea , Josh Groban performed the Star - Spangled Banner . United States Air Force Academy parachute jumpers , Wings of Blue , dropped in before the National Anthem and 4 F - 18 Super Hornets flew over at the conclusion . Keith Jackson , the now - retired , legendary , long - time ABC Sports college football play - by - play announcer , performed the coin toss . Jackson was inducted into the Rose Bowl Game 's Hall of Fame in 1999 . Teams ( edit ) Texas wore its white jerseys and was situated on the east sideline , and Alabama wore its crimson jerseys and used the west bench at the Rose Bowl stadium . The two programs that played in this game had won a combined eleven poll - era national championships . Texas had won four , most recently in 2005 , and Alabama had won seven , most recently in 1992 . Texas had participated in three previous BCS Bowl games and was only one of two teams who were undefeated and had played in at least three BCS Bowls . Alabama had played in two previous BCS Bowl games , 2009 Sugar Bowl and 2000 Orange Bowl losing both . Texas was leading the all - time series with Alabama by a 7 -- 0 -- 1 count ( 2 -- 0 in Austin , 2 -- 0 in Dallas , 1 -- 0 in Miami , 1 -- 0 in New Orleans , 1 -- 0 in Tuscaloosa , 0 -- 0 -- 1 in Houston ) . Game summary ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Alabama won the coin toss and elected to receive the kickoff . The Longhorns forced a three - and - out . Alabama attempted a fake punt , but P.J. Fitzgerald was intercepted by Blake Gideon at the Alabama 36 . Texas drove to the Alabama 11 , but on 1st down , Colt McCoy ( 2008 Heisman trophy runner - up and 2009 Heisman Trophy finalist ) was hit on QB option run by sophomore defensive lineman Marcell Dareus , pinching a nerve in McCoy 's throwing shoulder and leaving him unable to throw the ball accurately . McCoy was replaced by true freshman Garrett Gilbert . Texas reached the 1 - yard line , but was held to an 18 - yard field goal for an early 3 - 0 lead . Julio Jones muffed the following kick - off ( a surprise short one ) , with Texas recovering at the Alabama 30 . Texas was unable to get a first down , but chalked up a 42 - yard field goal , giving Texas a 6 - 0 lead . On the other hand , Alabama started working their offense . Alabama 's offensive line was able to create holes in the Texas defense . Behind Alabama 's offensive line , Alabama running back Mark Ingram ( 2009 Heisman trophy winner ) moved almost at will against a Texas defense . The power offense resulted in Alabama taking a lead it would never relinquish on the first play of the second quarter . Mark Ingram scampered into the end zone for a touchdown behind the block of 360 - pound defensive lineman Terrence Cody , who was routinely used by Alabama as a blocker when Alabama was close to the goal - line . Alabama took control of the game midway through the second quarter and Alabama 's offensive line allowed freshman running back Trent Richardson to shoot straight down the middle of the field for a 48 - yard touchdown run . The PAT made the game 14 -- 6 in favor of the Crimson Tide . McElroy was sacked four times by the Texas defense in the first half , but with Ingram and Richardson both gaining yards steadily on the ground , Alabama rarely needed to pass . The last few minutes of the first half were dominated by the Alabama defense . Javier Arenas intercepted Gilbert to end one drive and Alabama 's Leigh Tiffin added a field goal off the interception . After the ensuing kickoff , Dareus intercepted Gilbert with 12 seconds left in the half on a bobbled `` shovel pass '' and the 300 - pounder returned the interception for a touchdown , with the point after giving Alabama a 24 -- 6 lead going into halftime . In the second half , the Texas combination of Gilbert and Shipley , and a Longhorns defense that shut down Alabama in the second half brought the Longhorns within three points of Alabama with six minutes to play in the game . However , the Crimson Tide 's first sack ( by Eryk Anders ) led to a fumble recovery by Courtney Upshaw at the Texas three - yard line that tipped the momentum back to the Crimson Tide . After the recovery , Alabama 's Mark Ingram added his second touchdown of the night and enabled Saban 's team to extend its lead to 31 -- 21 . Alabama 's defense intercepted Gilbert twice in the ensuing drives and the Crimson Tide 's offense added another touchdown from Trent Richardson for a final score of 37 -- 21 . Alabama Head Coach Nick Saban won his second BCS Championship , the only coach to do so with two different programs . Alabama also became the third team in Division I FBS history to finish a season 14 -- 0 , after Ohio State in 2002 and Boise State who did it in the Fiesta Bowl three nights earlier . Pivotal plays ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Besides McCoy being taken out of the game , the two most pivotal plays of the game came at the ends of the halves . With 15 seconds to go until halftime and Alabama leading 17 -- 6 , Texas quarterback Garrett Gilbert tossed a shovel pass into a crowd of Texas and Alabama linemen which bounced off the hands of Texas running back D.J. Monroe . Alabama defensive lineman Marcell Dareus , the same player who had knocked McCoy out of the game , gathered it in and powered 28 yards for a touchdown to give Alabama a 24 -- 6 lead at halftime . The other pivotal play was late in the fourth quarter . Texas had closed the Alabama lead to 24 -- 21 on the strength of two touchdown passes caught by senior wide receiver Jordan Shipley and a No. 2 ranked defense that had held Alabama scoreless in the second half . Texas had the ball deep in their own side of the field with 3 : 04 left to play . Alabama defender Eryk Anders made his team 's first sack , tackling Gilbert hard enough to force a fumble , which was recovered by Courtney Upshaw at the Texas three - yard line . On the following drive , with 2 : 01 to go in the 4th quarter , Alabama 's Mark Ingram scored a touchdown to extend the Crimson Tide 's lead to 31 -- 21 . After the ensuing kickoff , Texas ' QB showed his inexperience against a great Alabama defense . On the second play of that drive , defensive back Javier Arenas grabbed his sixth interception of the season , electing to down the ball rather than return it . Alabama 's true freshman running back , Trent Richardson , gained 27 yards in three plays to score , building Alabama 's lead to 37 -- 21 with 47 seconds to play after a missed extra point attempt . Texas ' final drive also ended with an interception which bounced off of several players before ending up in the grasp of Alabama reserve defensive back Tyrone King , a senior who saw little playing time in his career . Alabama QB Greg McElroy would take a knee to drain the last 0 : 36 off the clock , handing Alabama its first BCS championship , eighth national title since 1960 , and first ever win over Texas . Coming into the game , Texas had the top rated rushing defense in college football . However , Alabama 's Heisman Trophy winner Mark Ingram rushed 22 times for 116 yards and two touchdowns , while back - up running back true freshman Trent Richardson contributed an additional 109 yards and two touchdowns on 19 carries . Alabama quarterback Greg McElroy was 6 - for - 11 for 58 yards and no touchdowns , taking five sacks in the process . It was later revealed that McElroy was playing with broken ribs . Texas ' freshman quarterback , Garrett Gilbert , passed for 186 yards and two touchdowns , but also lost a fumble and threw four interceptions , two of which bounced off Texas receivers . Scoring summary ( edit ) Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Length Time Texas Alabama 9 : 11 10 plays , 36 yards 3 : 50 Texas Hunter Lawrence 18 -- yard field goal 0 8 : 04 4 plays , 5 yards 1 : 07 Texas Hunter Lawrence 42 -- yard field goal 6 0 14 : 18 7 plays , 57 yards 3 : 24 Alabama Mark Ingram 2 -- yard run , Leigh Tiffin kick good 6 7 7 : 59 2 plays , 49 yards 0 : 45 Alabama Trent Richardson 49 -- yard run , Leigh Tiffin kick good 6 14 0 : 29 6 plays , 20 yards 1 : 51 Alabama Leigh Tiffin 26 -- yard field goal 6 17 0 : 03 -- Alabama Marcell Dareus 28 -- yard interception return , Leigh Tiffin kick good 6 24 1 : 31 5 plays , 59 yards 1 : 44 Texas Jordan Shipley 44 -- yard reception from Garrett Gilbert , Hunter Lawrence kick good 13 24 6 : 15 10 plays , 65 yards 4 : 58 Texas Jordan Shipley 28 -- yard reception from Garrett Gilbert , two - point conversion good 21 24 2 : 01 3 plays , 3 yards 1 : 01 Alabama Mark Ingram 1 -- yard run , Leigh Tiffin kick good 21 31 0 : 47 3 plays , 27 yards 1 : 01 Alabama Trent Richardson 2 -- yard run , Leigh Tiffin kick no good 21 37 Final score 21 37 Statistics ( edit ) Statistics Texas Alabama First downs 15 16 Rushes -- yards ( net ) 28 -- 81 51 -- 205 Passing yards ( net ) 195 58 Passes , Att -- Comp -- Int 42 -- 17 -- 4 12 -- 6 -- 1 Total offense , plays -- yards 70 -- 276 63 -- 263 Time of Possession 26 : 21 33 : 39 References ( edit ) Wikinews has related news : Alabama wins 2010 American football college title Jump up ^ http://www.vegasinsider.com/college-football/history/championship/bcs/ Jump up ^ Big East officials will call national championship game , al.com Jump up ^ `` 2010 Citi BCS National Championship Game FAQs '' . TournamentofRoses.com . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : 2010 Tournament Times ( 121 ed . ) . Tournament of Roses Association . Winter 2009 . Jump up ^ Solomon , Jon ( January 13 , 2010 ) . `` 2009 -- 10 Bowl TV Ratings '' . The Birmingham News . Jump up ^ Maisel , Ivan ( December 7 , 2009 ) . `` Texas and Alabama bring history , tradition to BCS title game '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dufresne , Chris ( June 13 , 2009 ) . `` Rose Bowl game moving to ESPN in 2011 '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Citi out as Rose Bowl sponsor '' . ESPN.com . June 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rose Bowl Hall of Fame ~ Tournament of Roses '' . Archived from the original on 2005 - 03 - 16 . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Wins the 2009 - 10 BCS Title '' . Jump up ^ Chuck Dunlap , ed. ( 2009 ) . 2009 SEC Football Media Guide . Southeastern Conference . p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Longhorns vs. Alabama Crimson Tide Box Score '' . ESPN . January 7 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2010 . 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AA 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 Division II 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Division III 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Games played in January are denoted by an asterisk BCS National Championship Game History University of Phoenix Stadium Mercedes - Benz Superdome Hard Rock Stadium Rose Bowl BCS Broadcasters Tie - ins BCS # 1 BCS # 2 Rotating bowl 1999 ( Fiesta ) 2000 ( Sugar ) 2001 ( Orange ) 2002 ( Rose ) 2003 ( Fiesta ) 2004 ( Sugar ) 2005 ( Orange ) 2006 ( Rose ) Game 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 AFCA National Championship Trophy Alabama Crimson Tide bowl games 1926 Rose Bowl 1927 Rose Bowl 1931 Rose Bowl 1935 Rose Bowl 1938 Rose Bowl 1942 Cotton Bowl Classic 1943 Orange Bowl 1945 Sugar Bowl 1946 Rose Bowl 1948 Sugar Bowl 1953 Orange Bowl 1954 Cotton Bowl Classic 1959 Liberty Bowl 1960 Bluebonnet Bowl 1962 Sugar Bowl 1963 Orange Bowl 1964 Sugar Bowl 1965 Orange Bowl 1966 Orange Bowl 1967 Sugar Bowl 1968 Cotton Bowl Classic 1968 Gator Bowl 1969 Liberty Bowl 1970 Astro - Bluebonnet Bowl 1972 Orange Bowl 1973 Cotton Bowl Classic 1973 Sugar Bowl 1975 Orange Bowl 1975 Sugar Bowl 1976 Liberty Bowl 1978 Sugar Bowl 1979 Sugar Bowl 1980 Sugar Bowl 1981 Cotton Bowl Classic 1982 Cotton Bowl Classic 1982 Liberty Bowl 1983 Sun Bowl 1985 Aloha Bowl 1986 Sun Bowl 1988 Hall of Fame Bowl 1988 Sun Bowl 1990 Sugar Bowl 1991 Fiesta Bowl 1991 Blockbuster Bowl 1993 Sugar Bowl # 1993 Gator Bowl 1995 Florida Citrus Bowl 1997 Outback Bowl 1998 Music City Bowl 2000 Orange Bowl 2001 Independence Bowl 2004 Music City Bowl 2006 Cotton Bowl Classic 2006 Independence Bowl 2007 Independence Bowl 2009 Sugar Bowl 2010 BCS National Championship Game # 2011 Capital One Bowl 2012 BCS National Championship Game # 2013 BCS National Championship Game # 2014 Sugar Bowl 2015 Sugar Bowl / 2015 Cotton Bowl Classic ( Dec ) / 2016 College Football Playoff National Championship # 2016 Peach Bowl / 2017 College Football Playoff National Championship # 2018 Sugar Bowl / 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship # # denotes national championship game / denotes College Football Playoff semifinal game Texas Longhorns bowl games 1943 Cotton Bowl Classic 1944 Cotton Bowl Classic 1946 Cotton Bowl Classic 1948 Sugar Bowl 1949 Orange Bowl 1951 Cotton Bowl Classic 1953 Cotton Bowl Classic 1958 Sugar Bowl 1960 Cotton Bowl Classic 1960 Bluebonnet Bowl 1962 Cotton Bowl Classic 1963 Cotton Bowl Classic 1964 Cotton Bowl Classic 1965 Orange Bowl 1966 Bluebonnet Bowl 1969 Cotton Bowl Classic 1970 Cotton Bowl Classic 1971 Cotton Bowl Classic 1972 Cotton Bowl Classic 1973 Cotton Bowl Classic 1974 Cotton Bowl Classic 1974 Gator Bowl 1975 Astro - Bluebonnet Bowl 1978 Cotton Bowl Classic 1978 Sun Bowl 1979 Sun Bowl 1980 Astro - Bluebonnet Bowl 1982 Cotton Bowl Classic 1982 Sun Bowl 1984 Cotton Bowl Classic 1984 Freedom Bowl 1985 Bluebonnet Bowl 1987 Astro - Bluebonnet Bowl 1991 Cotton Bowl Classic 1994 Sun Bowl 1995 Sugar Bowl 1997 Fiesta Bowl 1999 Cotton Bowl Classic 2000 Cotton Bowl Classic 2000 Holiday Bowl 2001 Holiday Bowl 2003 Cotton Bowl Classic 2003 Holiday Bowl 2005 Rose Bowl 2006 Rose Bowl # 2006 Alamo Bowl 2007 Holiday Bowl 2009 Fiesta Bowl 2010 BCS National Championship Game # 2011 Holiday Bowl 2012 Alamo Bowl 2013 Alamo Bowl 2014 Texas Bowl 2017 Texas Bowl Pound sign ( # ) denotes national championship game . 2009 -- 10 NCAA Division I championships Baseball Men 's basketball Women 's basketball Bowling Cross country Fencing Field hockey Football ( FBS ) † Football ( FCS ) Men 's golf Women 's golf Men 's gymnastics Women 's gymnastics Men 's ice hockey Women 's ice hockey Indoor track and field Men 's lacrosse Women 's lacrosse Outdoor track and field Rifle Rowing Skiing Men 's soccer Women 's soccer Softball Men 's swimming and diving Women 's swimming and diving Tennis Men 's volleyball Women 's volleyball Men 's water polo Women 's water polo Wrestling † Not an officially sanctioned NCAA championship Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2010_BCS_National_Championship_Game&oldid=820891549 '' Categories : 2009 -- 10 NCAA football bowl games BCS National Championship Game Alabama Crimson Tide football bowl games Texas Longhorns football bowl games Sports in Pasadena , California American football in California 2010 in sports in California January 2010 sports events Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2014 Use mdy dates from May 2014 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Articles needing additional references from May 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 January 2018 , at 05 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won the college football championship in 2010 | [
"\n\n2010 Citi BCS National Championship Game\n\n\nBCS Bowl Game\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTexas Longhorns\nAlabama Crimson Tide\n\n\n(13–1)\n(14–0)\n\n\n21\n37\n\n\nHead coach: \nMack Brown\nHead coach: \nNick Saban\n\n\n\n\n\nAP\nCoaches\nBCS\n\n\n2\n2\n2\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAP\nCoaches\nBCS\n\n\n1\n1\n1\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1\n2\n3\n4\nTotal\n\n\nTexas\n6\n0\n7\n8\n21\n\n\nAlabama\n0\n24\n0\n13\n37\n\n\n\n\n\nDate\nJanuary 7, 2010\n\n\nSeason\n2009\n\n\nStadium\nRose Bowl\n\n\nLocation\nPasadena, California\n\n\nMVP\nOffense: RB Mark Ingram (Alabama)\nDefense: DE Marcell Dareus (Alabama)\n\n\nFavorite\nAlabama by 4[1]\n\n\nNational anthem\nJosh Groban & Michael \"Flea\" Balzary\n\n\nReferee\nJohn McDaid (Big East) [2]\n\n\nHalftime show\nUniversity of Alabama Million Dollar Band and The University of Texas Longhorn Band\n\n\nAttendance\n94,906\n\n\nPayout\nUS$31 million (estimated)[3]\n\n\nUnited States TV coverage\n\n\nNetwork\nABC\n\n\nAnnouncers\n\nBrent Musburger (play-by-play)[4]\nKirk Herbstreit (color)[4]\nTom Rinaldi (Alabama sideline)\nLisa Salters (Texas sideline)[4]\n\n\nNielsen ratings\n17.2 (28.5 million)[5]\n\n\n\n\n\nBCS National Championship Game\n\n\n 2009 \n2011 > \n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Alabama Crimson Tide"
] |
2571663351653861976 | List of Noragami episodes | List of Noragami episodes - wikipedia List of Noragami episodes Jump to : navigation , search Cover of the first Noragami home media release . Noragami ( ノラガミ , lit . `` Stray God '' ) is an anime television series adapted from the manga of the same title by Adachitoka . It is produced by Bones and directed by Kotaro Tamura with character designs by Toshihiro Kawamoto . The series follows a poor deity named Yato , who desires to become a famous god , and his adventures with a human girl named Hiyori , whose spirit frequently leaves her body , and Yukine , a young wandering spirit whom he adopts as his weapon . Prior to the series ' television premiere , its first episode was screened at 2013 's Anime Festival Asia on November 10 , 2013 . The anime began airing in Japan on January 5 , 2014 , on Tokyo MX and later on MBS , BS11 and TVA . Funimation licensed the anime for streaming in North America . Madman Entertainment licensed the anime for distribution in Australia and New Zealand . Two additional episodes were released on DVDs , bundled with the limited edition of the 10th and 11th manga volumes , published on February 17 and July 17 , 2014 . The opening theme song is `` Goya no Machiawase '' ( 午夜 の 待ち合わせ , Overnight Appointment ) by Hello Sleepwalkers . The ending theme song is `` Heart Realize '' ( ハート リアライズ , Hāto Riaraizu ) by Supercell and sung by Tia . The anime 's second season , Noragami Aragoto , was announced March 2015 by Kodansha . The series aired between October 2 , 2015 and December 25 , 2015 . For this season , the opening theme song is `` Kyōran Hey Kids ! ! '' ( 狂乱 Hey Kids ! ! ) by The Oral Cigarettes , and the ending theme song is `` Nirvana '' ( ニルバナ , Nirubana ) by Tia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episode list 1.1 Noragami 1.2 Noragami Aragoto 2 Home media 3 References Episode list ( edit ) Noragami ( edit ) No . Title Original air date `` A Housecat , a Stray God , and a Tail '' `` Ieneko to Noragami to Shippo '' ( 家 猫 と 野良 神 と 尻尾 ) January 5 , 2014 Yato answers a prayer worth five yen to defeat a Snake Phantom , using his Regalia , a divine weapon , named Tomone . However , Tomone terminates her contract with Yato due to his impoverished state . When Hiyori Iki saves Yato from being hit by a bus , she injures herself and briefly has an out - of - body experience . After she is taken to the hospital , Yato introduces himself as a God to her . The next day , Hiyori begins having drowsy spells despite full recovery . Yato encounters a Toad Phantom , but Hiyori helps him escape . Due to the bus incident , Hiyori has become a Half Phantom ; her spirit can frequently leave her human body . Hiyori wishes to return back to normal , and Yato accepts the wish for five yen . `` Snow - like '' `` Yuki no Yōna '' ( 雪 の よう な ) January 12 , 2014 Hiyori tries to adjust to her new form , realizing her human body falls asleep when she leaves it . Yato says he can not help her until he acquires a new Regalia . Hiyori searches for a new Regalia for him , assuming it can be a Phantom . Due to this misconception , she and Yato are chased by a Crab Phantom . Yato , protecting Hiyori , incurs blight , a wound that can spread if left untreated . He explains that Hiyori 's tail is her lifeline to her physical form ; she would die if it was severed . After spotting an uncorrupt innocent spirit , Yato adopts it as his new Regalia and uses it to defeat the Crab Phantom . Yato gives his Regalia the name Yukine , who reverts to a teenage boy when his name is spoken . `` Bidden Calamity '' `` Manekareta Yakusai '' ( 招 かれ た 厄 災 ) January 19 , 2014 Yukine tries to adjust to life with Yato as his master . Yato reveals that he and Yukine share the same mind and body . They are summoned by Tenjin , the God of Learning , who commissions Yato to destroy a Hand Phantom at a railroad track that makes people commit suicide . Yato destroys it before a schoolboy kills himself . Although Hiyori was upset that Yato has contempt for those wanting to die , she realizes it is because he is angry that they do not value the simple blessing of being alive ; he is unwilling to let suicide happen in front of Yukine or any Regalia , as they are the spirits of dead humans who wanted to live . `` Where Happiness Lies '' `` Shiawase no Arika '' ( しあわせ の 在処 ) January 26 , 2014 Yato brings Hiyori and Yukine to meet a fellow God named Kofuku and her Regalia named Daikoku . Yato is summoned by a suicidal office worker named Yusuke on the roof of a building and learns that Yusuke suffered misfortune after falling in love with a girl . After Yato realizes that this girl is Kofuku , revealed as the God of Poverty , he uses Yukine to sever Yusuke 's ties with her , saving Yusuke . Hiyori learns that Yato is a God of Calamity , one who would kill in the past if people wished it simply so that he would not be forgotten . Yukine and Hiyori encounter the mysterious Nora , Yato 's former Regalia . 5 `` Borderline '' `` Kyōkaisen '' ( 境界 線 ) February 2 , 2014 Yukine learns to draw a borderline , a barrier against Phantoms . Hiyori has Yukine stay at her house , since Yato can not look after him properly . Yato reveals that Yukine has a fear of the dark . After Hiyori stops Yukine from stealing a skateboard , he runs away . Yato explains that Regalia like Yukine can feel pain , but this does not pertain to Gods , as they are all - powerful . Yukine encounters the spirit of a girl who was killed in a traffic accident . Although he tries to protect her , the girl becomes possessed by a Yeti Phantom , forcing Yato and Yukine to kill her against Yukine 's will . 6 `` Scary Person '' `` Kowai Hito '' ( コワイヒト ) February 9 , 2014 Yukine 's conflicting emotions about his role as Yato 's Regalia affects Yato physically and causes his blight to become worse , since Gods are connected to their Regalia . Yato is attacked by Bishamon , a powerful God with many Regalia . Bishamon holds a grudge against Yato because he killed her former Regalia in the past , a matter that upsets both Yukine and Hiyori . In an attempt to stop the battle , Kofuku uses Daikoku , though Bishamon manages to severely injure Yato before retreating . Yato is saved in time by Nora . 7 `` Uncertainty and Destiny '' `` Mayoigoto , Sadamegoto '' ( 迷い 事 、 定め 事 ) February 16 , 2014 Yukine now wants to leave Yato , feeling unimportant and angry at his condition . Tenjin explains to Hiyori that Regalia who abandon their God and serve other Gods are called Noras and are frowned upon , revealing Yato 's mysterious Nora from before . Kazuma , Bishamon 's Regalia , protects Hiyori from being noticed by Bishamon , aware of Hiyori 's ability . He tells her that Yukine 's immoral acts will eventually cause Yato to die . Yukine flees after being caught stealing charity money by Yato and the others . Hiyori tells Yato to consider Yukine as a person rather than just a tool . Yato later uses Yukine to take down a Moth Phantom . 8 `` Over the Line '' `` Issen o Koete '' ( 一線 を 越え て ) February 23 , 2014 Yato is summoned at Hiyori 's high school by a student named Manabu Ogiwara , who is being bullied by another student . Yukine grieves over the fact that he can not have friends or experience high school like a living person . Manabu , encouraged by a Shadow Phantom with the intent to kill , confronts Hashimoto with a pocket knife . Manabu overcomes the Shadow Phantom , saving his humanity . Yukine succumbs to his anguish and shatters the school windows ; this final immoral act causes Yato to collapse near death . Despite becoming contaminated by Yato 's blight after touching him , Hiyori carries him to Kofuku and Daikoku , begging for help . However , Daikoku shuts them out with a borderline . 9 `` Name '' `` Namae '' ( 名前 ) March 2 , 2014 Kofuku and Daikoku only allow Hiyori to enter so she can be cleansed from blight . The only way to save Yato now is by Yukine receiving punishment through an ablution , requiring three Regalia . Daikoku enlists Mayu , who was previously Yato 's Regalia Tomone ; Hiyori recruits Kazuma . The three force Yukine to endure pain until he repents and confesses his sins . His refusal causes him to start turning into a Bat Phantom . Hiyori begs Yukine to stop burdening Yato or else she will end their friendship , and Yato calls out to him . Yukine finally breaks down and apologizes , allowing the ablution to be successful . Yato and Yukine thank Hiyori for saving their lives . Nora awakens a God named Rabō . 10 `` Regarded with Hate '' `` Imu Beki Mono '' ( 忌む べき 者 ) March 9 , 2014 Yukine takes up a part - time job at Daikoku 's food stand to help repay what he stole , and wants to use Hiyori 's old textbooks to learn like normal students . Tenjin suggests Yato sever ties with Hiyori to return her to normal , which upsets him . Hiyori invites the boys to the New Year 's festival , but they get held up by a nest of Scorpion Phantoms that Rabō sent to test Yato 's strength . Hiyori is attacked by Wolf Phantoms from Nora , who tells her that Rabō wants to kill Yato . When Yato and Yukine meet Hiyori , they are surprised to find that she no longer remembers Yato . 11 `` Abandoned God '' `` Suterareta Kami '' ( 棄て られ た 神 ) March 16 , 2014 Yato and Yukine unsuccessfully try to find ways to bring back Hiyori 's memory . Nora reveals that she stole Hiyori 's memories of Yato , in the form of a jewel . Rabō attacks them with Nora as his Regalia ; Yato is unable to beat him . Nora states that she will return Hiyori 's memory only if Yato can defeat Rabō . It is revealed that Rabō is a God of Calamity who answers evil wishes to kill , and Yato had worked with him in the past , once as powerful as Rabō . Yukine becomes devastated when Hiyori forgets him too , prompting Yato to decide to restore her memory despite the risks . 12 `` A Scrap of a Memory '' `` Hitohira no Kioku '' ( 一片 の 記憶 ) March 23 , 2014 Hiyori accidentally comes along with Yato and Yukine when they warp to Rabō 's shrine . Rabō destroys the jewel containing Hiyori 's memories , causing her to fall unconscious . At this , Yato unleashes a rage that delights Rabō , who wants to see Yato as the powerful depraved God of Calamity that he was in the past . Rabō absorbs and merges with a Storm Phantom , which was formed due to their fierce fight . Yato protects Hiyori from a boulder , and his scent brings back her memories , awakening her . Rabō dies , content that he died at Yato 's hands . Yato tells Hiyori that she will be happier if she severs ties with them . Hiyori refuses , stating she wants to be with Yato forever . Yato happily accepts her wish for five yen . OAD 1 `` God 's Possession , God 's Curse '' `` Kamigakari , Kamitatari '' ( 神憑り 、 神 祟り ) February 17 , 2014 Hiyori 's first day at high school becomes a nightmare when Yato possesses her body and does all sorts of embarrassing things to spread word of his services to the other students . Hiyori and Yukine come upon a perverted student who has been possessed by a Phantom . When the student attempts to commit suicide upon being discovered , Yato rescues him and subdues the Phantom , but ends up breaking his shoulder in the process . As such , Yato is caught and given punishment while Hiyori begins her next day of school with a bizarre reputation . OAD 2 `` A Promise in Spring '' `` Haru no yakusoku '' ( 春の 約束 ) July 17 , 2014 During the spring , Hiyori invites all the Gods and Regalia together for a flower - viewing party . Due to their feud , Yato and Bishamon are unable to get along and have a drinking contest . In their drunken state , Bishamon blames herself for the death of her clans , and Yato 's antics prompt a fierce brawl that ends the party . The next day , Yukine receives a magazine for Regalia that Yato had been hiding from him , which includes a questionnaire for Yukine about his job as Yato 's Regalia . Yato receives a subtle punishment for his misbehavior , but feels relieved when he sees that Yukine does not want to change his job . Noragami ARAGOTO ( edit ) No . Title Original air date `` Bearing a Posthumous Name '' `` Imina , Nigirite '' ( 諱 、 握り て ) October 2 , 2015 Yato , Yukine and Hiyori fight a Bunny Plushie Phantom that manifested from a baby . Yato tells Yukine to avoid Bishamon , who rescues the spirit of a young girl from a flock of Crow Phantoms , claiming the girl into her family and names her Mineha . However , Bishamon falls ill from being stung due to her Regalia 's pain . Kugaha , another of her Regalia , tells her that Kazuma helped in the ablution for Yato , but she does not believe this . Yukine befriends a boy named Suzuha , who happens to be one of Bishamon 's Regalia . `` One of Her Memories '' `` Kanojo no Omoide '' ( 彼女 の 思い出 ) October 9 , 2015 Suzuha tells Yukine about a human girl who visited him every summer but forgot him each year she returned , as human memories of Far Shore beings are flimsy . Yukine now fears Hiyori will forget him and Yato as she gets older . Kugaha gets Suzuha killed , which puts Bishamon in pain . Noticing that Bishamon has incurred blight , Kazuma gathers her Regalia to find the culprit , but is surprised that they are all untainted . Kugaha ambushes Yato , but Yato defeats him unarmed . Kugaha remarks on Yato 's incredible strength , noting that it must be because he has strong ties to the Near Shore - Hiyori . Kugaha plans to destroy Bishamon by breaking her family of Regalia . `` False Bond '' `` Itsuwari no Kizuna '' ( イツワリノ 絆 ) October 16 , 2015 Yukine learns of Suzuha 's death from Kazuma and is inadvertently warped with him to Bishamon 's shrine . When Bishamon confronts Kazuma about Yato 's ablution , Kazuma tells her that Yato is in fact her savior , before protecting Yukine from being shot by her . This causes Bishamon to exile Kazuma , as she hesitates to revoke him from her completely . Kazuma is taken in by Kofuku and Daikoku . Aiha , the corrupt Regalia in Bishamon 's clan , attacks Yato , and Kugaha kidnaps Kazuma and Hiyori 's soul , leaving behind her unconscious body . `` Wish '' `` Negai '' ( 願 ) October 23 , 2015 While the two are imprisoned , Kazuma reveals to Hiyori that he is the sole survivor of Bishamon 's former Regalia clan . In the past , Bishamon incurred blight from a corrupt Regalia . When the clan succumbed to chaos and became a Blob Phantom , Kazuma had asked Yato to kill them to save Bishamon . This is the reason Kazuma is indebted to Yato and why Bishamon hates him . Kugaha plans to become Kazuma 's successor after killing Bishamon and reincarnating her . Yato and Yukine fight Bishamon , mistakenly believing she kidnapped Hiyori . When Bishamon proceeds to kill Yato , Yukine jumps in front to protect him , being cleaved in half . 5 `` Divine Acclamation , Imprecation '' `` Kamuhosaki , Hosakiki '' ( 神 祝 き 、 呪 きき ) October 30 , 2015 Due to his undying loyalty to Yato , Yukine evolves into a Blessed Vessel . Aiha causes Bishamon to incur extreme blight . Kugaha sends a Dinosaur Fossil Phantom to devour Bishamon 's Regalia , further weakening her . Guilty and dying , Aiha releases Hiyori and Kazuma . The two try to stop the fight but when Bishamon charges at Yato , Kazuma pushes him out of the way and takes the blow . Wounded , he confesses that he was responsible for the deaths of her former Regalia . Bishamon weeps with Kazuma in her arms . 6 `` What Must be Done '' `` Nasubeki Koto '' ( 為す べき こと ) November 6 , 2015 Kugaha tells Bishamon that she must reincarnate to repent for her sinful acts . Yato chops off Kugaha 's right hand , stating that such a concept does not pertain to a God as Gods do not commit wrong . Bishamon revokes Kugaha from her family , and kills the Dinosaur Fossil Phantom that devoured her Regalia . Later , Kazuma awakes in bed , having healed , and reflects that he has failed as an exemplar . Bishamon is now healed after undergoing an ablution with Aiha . Kazuma asks her to revoke him but Bishamon remarks that humans make mistakes . She asks him to be her guiding voice once again . 7 `` How to Worship a God '' `` Kamisama no Matsuri Kata '' ( 神様 の 祀り 方 ) November 13 , 2015 Upon returning , Yato is reminded by Tenjin about the promise he made to sever ties with Hiyori , but does not keep this promise when Hiyori reminds him that she had wished to be with him forever . Ebisu , one of the Seven Gods of Fortune , comes to Yato with a suitcase full of money in hopes of buying Yukine since he is now a Blessed Vessel , one who must protect their God as a guiding voice . Yato and Yukine follow a Coin Purse Phantom , in which Yukine uses the money as bait and Yato annihilates it . Yukine ultimately declines Ebisu 's offer , wishing to be a strong guide for Yato . Yato becomes depressed due to the lack of a shrine , as this means people do not need him . Hiyori builds him a miniature shrine , making Yato cry tears of joy . 8 `` God of Calamity '' `` Magatsukami '' ( 禍 津 神 ) November 20 , 2015 Yato reveals that the miniature shrine has been recognized as an official shrine by Takamagahara , the Heavenly Realm . Yukine asks Kazuma to teach him how to do invocations , and he agrees . Kofuku explains to Hiyori that a God vanishes when forgotten . Yato meets with Nora to release her , but is taken when his father appears . His disappearance worries Hiyori and Yukine . Nora influences Yato to kill a convict who murdered someone 's daughter . She promises that he will be free to leave if he completes one last request from his father . 9 `` The Sound of a Thread Snapping '' `` Ito no Kireru Oto '' ( 糸 の 切れる 音 ) November 27 , 2015 It has now been a month since Yato has gone missing . He must rescue a conjurer from the Underworld as his last job . A colloquy at Takamagahara suspects the conjurer is Ebisu , possibly controlling Phantoms . In the Underworld , Yato meets Ebisu , who wants a Locution Brush , a brush that will allow him to control Phantoms without suffering blight . They are captured by Izanami , the queen of the Underworld , but after receiving the Brush , Ebisu and Yato try to escape . Hiyori becomes distressed when she forgets Yato , and is unwillingly kissed by a classmate during a double date with her friends at Capypa Land . 10 `` A Certain Desire '' `` Kaku Arishi Nozomi '' ( 斯く 在りし 望み ) December 4 , 2015 When Yukine comes to meet her , Hiyori finally remembers him and Yato . Ebisu reveals that he wants to control Phantoms for the sake of humanity to prevent them from misfortune . Yukine , Kazuma and Daikoku discover that Ebisu is with Yato in the Underworld , and the remaining Six Gods of Fortune are imprisoned in Takamagahara until Ebisu receives punishment for his crime . Kazuma frees the Gods , while Hiyori and Yukine head to the sealed doorway of the Underworld . Ebisu decides to surrender to save Yato from Izanami . Yato encourages him to live , and Ebisu opens a vent to escape . However , Yato is caught by Izanami . 11 `` Revival '' `` Kousen Kaeri '' ( 黄泉 返り ) December 11 , 2015 Hiyori and Yukine encounter Kugaha , who is impervious to Yukine 's attacks since he is now a Nora . Thanks to Hiyori , Yukine is able to beat him . Bishamon and Kazuma find an injured Ebisu outside . Kofuku and Daikoku open a vent and Bishamon enters to save Yato , as Hiyori , Yukine and the others wait . Yato and Nora are captured by Izanami , but Bishamon arrives and battles her , apologizing to Yato for her grudge against him . She motivates him to fight back when she reveals that Hiyori and Yukine are waiting for him . When Kofuku is unable to reopen the vent , Ebisu says that the only other way to bring back Yato and Bishamon will require a human - Hiyori . 12 `` Your Voice Calls Out '' ( 君 の 呼ぶ 声 ) December 18 , 2015 Ebisu explains that a Soul Call , in which a human calls out the true name of a God , can bring Bishamon and Yato back . Hiyori successfully calls out to Bishamon , bringing her back , but the Soul Call fails on Yato , meaning `` Yato '' is not his real name . When the Heavens Punishers come to execute Ebisu , Bishamon tries to defend him . Hiyori remembers the name she engraved on the miniature shrine and calls out Yato 's real name `` Yaboku '' , bringing a wounded Yato back . The Heavens Punishers summon a pacification ring to kill Ebisu . Yato destroys the pacification ring to protect him but another is placed on the ground , trapping Ebisu . 13 `` The God of Fortune 's Message '' ( 福の神 の 言伝 ) December 25 , 2015 The pacification ring killed Ebisu , reincarnating him back to a child , not aware of who he was in his past life . His death and reincarnation greatly affects Yato , who tells the child Ebisu that he was a brave and selfless man in his past life . Yato wants to be more like Ebisu , doing good for humanity rather than murdering . He lets go of his past as a God of Calamity and releases Nora , vowing to have a new purpose as a God of Fortune with Yukine as his guide . An after - credits scene shows that Kouto Fujisaki , the boy who went as Hiyori 's date at Capypa Land and kissed her , is actually Yato 's father and has possession of Ebisu 's Locution Brush . OAD 1 `` The Yatogami Serial Murder Incident Noragami Suspense Theatre '' ( 夜 ト 神 連続 殺人 事件 ノラ ガミ サスペンス 劇場 ) November 17 , 2015 Hiyori and her parents go to a ski resort where she unexpectedly meets Yato and Yukine as well as Kofuku , Daikoku , Tenjin , Kazuma and Bishamon . A mysterious man attacks Yato but freaks out when he sees Yato has n't died . He tries all sorts of ways to kill Yato , including poison , arrows , fire , a gun and more . Yato tries to figure out who 's killing him and successively accuses Kazuma , Bishamon , Tenjin , and many others while simultaneously revealing all his crimes against them . The man kidnaps Yato and throws him off a cliff into water . Yato of course , survives and the man reveals that he was doing this as research for his mystery novels , since his were n't realistic . After Yato reveals he 's a god , the man becomes his believer , to everyone 's disbelief . OAD 2 `` A Picture Together '' ( 一緒 に 写真 を ) March 17 , 2016 Yato invites Hiyori to Capypa Land , much to Hiyori 's horror , as that was where she was unwillingly kissed . Ebisu wanders off in Capypa Land and Bishamon and Kazuma arrive to look for him ; Kofuku and Daikoku are also there , as Kofuku asked Daikoku for their first date in 20 years . Bishamon finally relaxes and she and Kazuma enjoy their time together . Yato and Hiyori watch the parade and Yato notices her sadness and tries to leave . Hiyori calls him back , saying that she wants to stay together longer . Kofuku causes a Vent , which reveals the Capypers as costumed old men . Yato is heartbroken by this , as he thought they were real . Hiyori comforts him , explaining to Yukine that she wants Yato to hold onto his dreams . Home media ( edit ) Noragami Vol . Episodes Bonus disc Release date Ref . 1 , 2 March 23 , 2014 3 , 4 April 9 , 2014 5 , 6 May 9 , 2014 7 , 8 June 11 , 2014 5 9 , 10 , June 9 , 2014 6 11 , 12 August 13 , 2014 Noragami Aragoto Vol . Episodes Bonus disc Release date Ref . 1 , 2 , 3 February 19 , 2016 4 , 5 March 4 , 2016 6 , 7 March 25 , 2016 8 , 9 April 29 , 2016 5 10 , 11 May 27 , 2016 6 12 , 13 June 24 , 2016 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Funimation to Stream Noragami Supernatural Anime '' . Anime News Network . December 24 , 2013 . Retrieved December 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AFA : Anime Festival Asia 2013 '' . Anime Festival Asia . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Noragami Series Collection '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Noragami Supernatural TV Anime Gets 2nd Season '' . Anime News Network . March 31 , 2015 . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` On Air '' . Tokyo MX . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2016 . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Episode '' . Tokyo MX . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2016 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 終わり の セラフ 第 1 巻 '' . Amazon.com ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 終わり の セラフ 第 2 巻 '' . Amazon.com ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 終わり の セラフ 第 3 巻 '' . Amazon.com ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 終わり の セラフ 第 4 巻 < 初回 限定 生産 > '' . Amazon.com ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ノラガミ 5 初回 限定 版 '' . Amazon.com ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ノラガミ 6 初回 限定 版 '' . Amazon.com ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ノラガミ ARAGOTO 1 '' . Amazon.com ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ノラガミ ARAGOTO 2 '' . Amazon.com ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ノラガミ ARAGOTO 3 '' . Amazon.com ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ノラガミ ARAGOTO 4 '' . Amazon.com ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ノラガミ ARAGOTO 5 '' . Amazon.com ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ノラガミ ARAGOTO 6 '' . Amazon.com ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Noragami_episodes&oldid=834438764 '' Categories : Lists of anime episodes Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 18 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what episode does yukine become a blessed vessel | [
"\n\nNo.\nTitle\nOriginal air date[6]\n\n\n1\n\"Bearing a Posthumous Name\"\n\"Imina, Nigirite\" (諱、握りて) \nOctober 2, 2015\n\n\nYato, Yukine and Hiyori fight a Bunny Plushie Phantom that manifested from a baby. Yato tells Yukine to avoid Bishamon, who rescues the spirit of a young girl from a flock of Crow Phantoms, claiming the girl into her family and names her Mineha. However, Bishamon falls ill from being stung due to her Regalia's pain. Kugaha, another of her Regalia, tells her that Kazuma helped in the ablution for Yato, but she does not believe this. Yukine befriends a boy named Suzuha, who happens to be one of Bishamon's Regalia. \n\n\n2\n\"One of Her Memories\"\n\"Kanojo no Omoide\" (彼女の思い出) \nOctober 9, 2015\n\n\nSuzuha tells Yukine about a human girl who visited him every summer but forgot him each year she returned, as human memories of Far Shore beings are flimsy. Yukine now fears Hiyori will forget him and Yato as she gets older. Kugaha gets Suzuha killed, which puts Bishamon in pain. Noticing that Bishamon has incurred blight, Kazuma gathers her Regalia to find the culprit, but is surprised that they are all untainted. Kugaha ambushes Yato, but Yato defeats him unarmed. Kugaha remarks on Yato's incredible strength, noting that it must be because he has strong ties to the Near Shore - Hiyori. Kugaha plans to destroy Bishamon by breaking her family of Regalia. \n\n\n3\n\"False Bond\"\n\"Itsuwari no Kizuna\" (イツワリノ絆) \nOctober 16, 2015\n\n\nYukine learns of Suzuha's death from Kazuma and is inadvertently warped with him to Bishamon's shrine. When Bishamon confronts Kazuma about Yato's ablution, Kazuma tells her that Yato is in fact her savior, before protecting Yukine from being shot by her. This causes Bishamon to exile Kazuma, as she hesitates to revoke him from her completely. Kazuma is taken in by Kofuku and Daikoku. Aiha, the corrupt Regalia in Bishamon's clan, attacks Yato, and Kugaha kidnaps Kazuma and Hiyori's soul, leaving behind her unconscious body. \n\n\n4\n\"Wish\"\n\"Negai\" (願) \nOctober 23, 2015\n\n\nWhile the two are imprisoned, Kazuma reveals to Hiyori that he is the sole survivor of Bishamon's former Regalia clan. In the past, Bishamon incurred blight from a corrupt Regalia. When the clan succumbed to chaos and became a Blob Phantom, Kazuma had asked Yato to kill them to save Bishamon. This is the reason Kazuma is indebted to Yato and why Bishamon hates him. Kugaha plans to become Kazuma's successor after killing Bishamon and reincarnating her. Yato and Yukine fight Bishamon, mistakenly believing she kidnapped Hiyori. When Bishamon proceeds to kill Yato, Yukine jumps in front to protect him, being cleaved in half. \n\n\n5\n\"Divine Acclamation, Imprecation\"\n\"Kamuhosaki, Hosakiki\" (神祝き、呪きき) \nOctober 30, 2015\n\n\nDue to his undying loyalty to Yato, Yukine evolves into a Blessed Vessel. Aiha causes Bishamon to incur extreme blight. Kugaha sends a Dinosaur Fossil Phantom to devour Bishamon's Regalia, further weakening her. Guilty and dying, Aiha releases Hiyori and Kazuma. The two try to stop the fight but when Bishamon charges at Yato, Kazuma pushes him out of the way and takes the blow. Wounded, he confesses that he was responsible for the deaths of her former Regalia. Bishamon weeps with Kazuma in her arms. \n\n\n6\n\"What Must be Done\"\n\"Nasubeki Koto\" (為すべきこと) \nNovember 6, 2015\n\n\nKugaha tells Bishamon that she must reincarnate to repent for her sinful acts. Yato chops off Kugaha's right hand, stating that such a concept does not pertain to a God as Gods do not commit wrong. Bishamon revokes Kugaha from her family, and kills the Dinosaur Fossil Phantom that devoured her Regalia. Later, Kazuma awakes in bed, having healed, and reflects that he has failed as an exemplar. Bishamon is now healed after undergoing an ablution with Aiha. Kazuma asks her to revoke him but Bishamon remarks that humans make mistakes. She asks him to be her guiding voice once again. \n\n\n7\n\"How to Worship a God\"\n\"Kamisama no Matsuri Kata\" (神様の祀り方) \nNovember 13, 2015\n\n\nUpon returning, Yato is reminded by Tenjin about the promise he made to sever ties with Hiyori, but does not keep this promise when Hiyori reminds him that she had wished to be with him forever. Ebisu, one of the Seven Gods of Fortune, comes to Yato with a suitcase full of money in hopes of buying Yukine since he is now a Blessed Vessel, one who must protect their God as a guiding voice. Yato and Yukine follow a Coin Purse Phantom, in which Yukine uses the money as bait and Yato annihilates it. Yukine ultimately declines Ebisu's offer, wishing to be a strong guide for Yato. Yato becomes depressed due to the lack of a shrine, as this means people do not need him. Hiyori builds him a miniature shrine, making Yato cry tears of joy. \n\n\n8\n\"God of Calamity\"\n\"Magatsukami\" (禍津神) \nNovember 20, 2015\n\n\nYato reveals that the miniature shrine has been recognized as an official shrine by Takamagahara, the Heavenly Realm. Yukine asks Kazuma to teach him how to do invocations, and he agrees. Kofuku explains to Hiyori that a God vanishes when forgotten. Yato meets with Nora to release her, but is taken when his father appears. His disappearance worries Hiyori and Yukine. Nora influences Yato to kill a convict who murdered someone's daughter. She promises that he will be free to leave if he completes one last request from his father. \n\n\n9\n\"The Sound of a Thread Snapping\"\n\"Ito no Kireru Oto\" (糸の切れる音) \nNovember 27, 2015\n\n\nIt has now been a month since Yato has gone missing. He must rescue a conjurer from the Underworld as his last job. A colloquy at Takamagahara suspects the conjurer is Ebisu, possibly controlling Phantoms. In the Underworld, Yato meets Ebisu, who wants a Locution Brush, a brush that will allow him to control Phantoms without suffering blight. They are captured by Izanami, the queen of the Underworld, but after receiving the Brush, Ebisu and Yato try to escape. Hiyori becomes distressed when she forgets Yato, and is unwillingly kissed by a classmate during a double date with her friends at Capypa Land. \n\n\n10\n\"A Certain Desire\"\n\"Kaku Arishi Nozomi\" (斯く在りし望み) \nDecember 4, 2015\n\n\nWhen Yukine comes to meet her, Hiyori finally remembers him and Yato. Ebisu reveals that he wants to control Phantoms for the sake of humanity to prevent them from misfortune. Yukine, Kazuma and Daikoku discover that Ebisu is with Yato in the Underworld, and the remaining Six Gods of Fortune are imprisoned in Takamagahara until Ebisu receives punishment for his crime. Kazuma frees the Gods, while Hiyori and Yukine head to the sealed doorway of the Underworld. Ebisu decides to surrender to save Yato from Izanami. Yato encourages him to live, and Ebisu opens a vent to escape. However, Yato is caught by Izanami. \n\n\n11\n\"Revival\"\n\"Kousen Kaeri\" (黄泉返り) \nDecember 11, 2015\n\n\nHiyori and Yukine encounter Kugaha, who is impervious to Yukine's attacks since he is now a Nora. Thanks to Hiyori, Yukine is able to beat him. Bishamon and Kazuma find an injured Ebisu outside. Kofuku and Daikoku open a vent and Bishamon enters to save Yato, as Hiyori, Yukine and the others wait. Yato and Nora are captured by Izanami, but Bishamon arrives and battles her, apologizing to Yato for her grudge against him. She motivates him to fight back when she reveals that Hiyori and Yukine are waiting for him. When Kofuku is unable to reopen the vent, Ebisu says that the only other way to bring back Yato and Bishamon will require a human - Hiyori. \n\n\n12\n\"Your Voice Calls Out\"\n(君の呼ぶ声) \nDecember 18, 2015\n\n\nEbisu explains that a Soul Call, in which a human calls out the true name of a God, can bring Bishamon and Yato back. Hiyori successfully calls out to Bishamon, bringing her back, but the Soul Call fails on Yato, meaning \"Yato\" is not his real name. When the Heavens Punishers come to execute Ebisu, Bishamon tries to defend him. Hiyori remembers the name she engraved on the miniature shrine and calls out Yato's real name \"Yaboku\", bringing a wounded Yato back. The Heavens Punishers summon a pacification ring to kill Ebisu. Yato destroys the pacification ring to protect him but another is placed on the ground, trapping Ebisu. \n\n\n13\n\"The God of Fortune's Message\"\n(福の神の言伝) \nDecember 25, 2015\n\n\nThe pacification ring killed Ebisu, reincarnating him back to a child, not aware of who he was in his past life. His death and reincarnation greatly affects Yato, who tells the child Ebisu that he was a brave and selfless man in his past life. Yato wants to be more like Ebisu, doing good for humanity rather than murdering. He lets go of his past as a God of Calamity and releases Nora, vowing to have a new purpose as a God of Fortune with Yukine as his guide. An after-credits scene shows that Kouto Fujisaki, the boy who went as Hiyori's date at Capypa Land and kissed her, is actually Yato's father and has possession of Ebisu's Locution Brush. \n\n\nOAD 1\n\"The Yatogami Serial Murder Incident Noragami Suspense Theatre\"\n(夜ト神連続殺人事件 ノラガミサスペンス劇場) \nNovember 17, 2015\n\n\nHiyori and her parents go to a ski resort where she unexpectedly meets Yato and Yukine as well as Kofuku, Daikoku, Tenjin, Kazuma and Bishamon. A mysterious man attacks Yato but freaks out when he sees Yato hasn't died. He tries all sorts of ways to kill Yato, including poison, arrows, fire, a gun and more. Yato tries to figure out who's killing him and successively accuses Kazuma, Bishamon, Tenjin, and many others while simultaneously revealing all his crimes against them. The man kidnaps Yato and throws him off a cliff into water. Yato of course, survives and the man reveals that he was doing this as research for his mystery novels, since his weren't realistic. After Yato reveals he's a god, the man becomes his believer, to everyone's disbelief. \n\n\nOAD 2\n\"A Picture Together\"\n(一緒に写真を) \nMarch 17, 2016\n\n\nYato invites Hiyori to Capypa Land, much to Hiyori's horror, as that was where she was unwillingly kissed. Ebisu wanders off in Capypa Land and Bishamon and Kazuma arrive to look for him; Kofuku and Daikoku are also there, as Kofuku asked Daikoku for their first date in 20 years. Bishamon finally relaxes and she and Kazuma enjoy their time together. Yato and Hiyori watch the parade and Yato notices her sadness and tries to leave. Hiyori calls him back, saying that she wants to stay together longer. Kofuku causes a Vent, which reveals the Capypers as costumed old men. Yato is heartbroken by this, as he thought they were real. Hiyori comforts him, explaining to Yukine that she wants Yato to hold onto his dreams. \n\n"
] | [
"Divine Acclamation, Imprecation\""
] |
-5908186468116792789 | Nissan Rogue | Nissan Rogue - wikipedia Nissan Rogue For the USDM Nissan Rogue Sport , see Nissan Qashqai § J11 . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Nissan XC60 Overview Manufacturer Nissan Production 2007 -- present Model years 2008 -- present Body and chassis Class Compact crossover SUV Body style 5 - door SUV Chronology Predecessor Nissan Mistral Nissan X-Trail ( Canada , Philippines & Mexico ) Nissan Xterra The Nissan Rogue is a compact crossover SUV produced by the Japanese automaker Nissan . It made its debut in October 2007 for the 2008 model year . The current model , the second generation launched in 2013 , is the United States of America and Canada version of the Nissan X-Trail . It is currently Nissan 's best - selling vehicle in the United States . The Rogue is powered by a 170 hp ( 127 kW ; 172 PS ) , 2.5 L four - cylinder QR25DE engine mated to a standard continuously variable transmission , and comes standard with front - wheel - drive . The Rogue costs less than Nissan 's Murano crossover SUV , but at 105.8 cu ft ( 3.00 m ) vs. 108.1 cu ft ( 3.06 m ) offers only slightly less passenger volume than its V6 - powered sibling , and a nearly equal cargo area of 39.3 cu ft ( 1,110 L ) vs. 39.6 cu ft ( 1,120 L ) . The first generation Rogue remained in production for the 2013 -- 2015 model years as the Rogue Select . The Rogue is manufactured at the Nissan Smyrna assembly plant . Contents 1 First generation ( 2007 -- 2013 ) 1.1 Initial release 1.1. 1 Safety 1.1. 2 Awards and recognition 1.2 2011 model year update 1.2. 1 Equipment 1.2. 2 Recalls 1.3 2012 model year update 1.3. 1 Recalls 1.4 Rogue Select 2 Second generation ( 2014 -- present ) 2.1 Production 2.2 Safety 2.3 2017 model year facelift 2.4 2018 model year update 2.5 Rogue Hybrid 2.6 Marketing 2.6. 1 Star Wars Edition 3 Rogue Sport 4 Sales 5 See also 6 References 7 External links First generation ( 2007 -- 2013 ) ( edit ) First Generation 2011 Nissan Rogue S Overview Also called Nissan Rogue Select ( 2014 - 2015 ) Production 2007 -- 2015 Model years 2008 -- 2013 ( as Rogue ) 2014 -- 2015 ( as Rogue Select ) Assembly Nissan Shatai , Kanda , Fukuoka , Japan Body and chassis Layout Front engine , front - wheel drive / four - wheel drive Platform Nissan C platform Related Nissan Qashqai Nissan Murano Nissan X-Trail Renault Koleos Powertrain Engine 2.5 L QR25DE I4 Transmission CVT Dimensions Wheelbase 105.9 in ( 2,690 mm ) Length 2008 -- 2010 : 182.9 in ( 4,646 mm ) 2011 -- 2013 : 183.3 in ( 4,656 mm ) 2011 -- 2013 Krom : 184.3 in ( 4,681 mm ) Width 70.9 in ( 1,801 mm ) Height 65.3 in ( 1,659 mm ) Curb weight 3,529 lb ( 1,601 kg ) The Nissan Rogue made its debut at the North American International Auto Show in Detroit on January 7 , 2007 . It replaces the Nissan X-Trail in Canada as Nissan 's entry - level SUV and the body - on - frame Nissan Xterra in Mexico due to the Smyrna plant freeing capacity for the 2009 Suzuki Equator , but the Xterra continued on sale in the United States and Canada through 2015 after being withdrawn from the Mexican market after the 2008 model year . Initial release ( edit ) 2008 Nissan Rogue SL The Rogue comes in three trims in the United States : S , SV and SL . S is the base model , which comes factory equipped with anti-lock brakes ; air conditioning ; cruise control ; power windows , locks , and mirrors ; remote keyless entry ; and AM / FM / CD stereo with four speakers and auxiliary input jack . An optional `` 360 Value '' package on the S model adds 16 - inch alloy wheels , auto - dimming rear - view mirror with rear - view monitor , body - color rear spoiler , chrome grille , and rear privacy glass . An S Krōm trim edition includes Krōm integrated body design , center - exit exhaust , body - color rear spoiler , 17 - inch brilliant - finish aluminum - alloy wheels , and rear privacy glass . Both trims are available with Front - wheel drive and All - wheel drive . Safety ( edit ) Safety features in the Rogue include front airbags , side - impact airbags , side - curtain airbags with rollover sensors , tire - pressure monitor , ABS with brake - assist and electronic brake - force distribution , traction control , and anti-skid control . The following summarizes the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( NHTSA ) Crash Test Ratings Frontal Driver ( 5 stars out of 5 ) Frontal Passenger ( 4 stars out of 5 ) Side Impact ( 5 stars out of 5 ) Rollover ( 4 stars out of 5 ) In the IIHS evaluation of the 2013 model year , the Rogue achieved a `` Good '' crashworthiness rating for Head Restraints & Seats , Side , and Moderate Overlap Front , while achieving an `` Acceptable '' rating in Roof Strength , and a `` Poor '' rating in Small Overlap Front . Modifications were made starting in the 2014 model year which increased the Small Overlap Front and Roof Strength ratings to `` Good '' . Awards and recognition ( edit ) 2010 Rogue Awarded Consumers Digest 's Automotive Best Buy Award . 2010 Rogue Received the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( NHTSA ) 's Highest Side - Impact Safety Rating ( five stars ) . 2011 model year update ( edit ) 2011 Nissan Rogue `` Krom '' Changes to the Rogue include redesigned gauges recolored from orange to black , redesigned center dash for addition of the navigation system , redesigned exterior featuring a new front fascia and grille , new front and rear spoilers , new chrome side door guard molding trim accents , new front and rear tire deflectors and a new chrome license plate finisher ; new 18 - inch aluminum - alloy wheels for the Rogue S Krōm Edition and Rogue SL Package , new low rolling resistance tires ( available with the 17 - inch aluminum - alloy wheels ) and a new under - body cover . The Rogue S Krōm Edition is a version of Rogue S with more aggressive styling , sport - tuned exhaust , 18 - inch polished wheels and tires , a unique grille and bumper with fog lamps , and other styling tweaks . The vehicle was unveiled at the 23rd Annual International Z Car Convention in Nashville . US models went on sale at Nissan dealers nationwide beginning August 13 , 2010 . Early models include S and SV . Equipment ( edit ) The SV is available with an optional SL package , adding leather seats , touch screen navigation system and 18 '' alloy wheels , along with other premium features . Recalls ( edit ) Nissan vehicles with Garmin Navi 750 , 760 and 765 GPS devices , which included Rogue sold with the Garmin devices between 2008 and 2010 , were recalled in 2010 due to overheating . On November 23 , 2011 Nissan announced a recall of 7,365 2011 Rogue vehicles for improperly manufactured electric power steering ( EPS ) assist units , which over time could cause the power assist feature to fail , causing a loss of power assist and an increased risk of an accident . 2012 model year update ( edit ) Changes to 2012 Rogue includes new aluminum - alloy wheels design , sport mode to the CVT , one new exterior color ( Graphite Blue ) , Around View Monitor for SL package , which creates a composite top - view of the vehicle 's surrounding and displays it through a LCD monitor . `` Special Edition '' ( replaced `` Krom '' edition ) adds 16 - inch alloy wheels , a premium audio system , satellite radio , privacy glass , rearview monitor , and fog lamps to the S trim . In Canada , the Rogue comes in S and SV trim in front - or all - wheel - drive , and in a top - line SL trim in all - wheel - drive . Recalls ( edit ) In February 2012 , Nissan recalled 2,983 MY 2012 versions of the Murano and Rogue , because the tire pressure monitoring system was not activated when the cars were assembled . Rogue Select ( edit ) The Select was a continuation of the first generation Rogue sold alongside an all - new Rogue that went on sale in 2013 as a 2014 model . Since the production capacity allowed for the first generation to be built in conjunction with the 2nd generation , it allowed for a lower entry price to Rogue customers as well as fleet sales . It went on sale in January 2014 as a 2014 model year vehicle and was continued through 2015 . Nissan then announced that 2015 would be the final year . The Rogue Select was not offered in Canada . Rogue Select was built in Kyushu , Japan plant . Second generation ( 2014 -- present ) ( edit ) See also : Nissan X-Trail Nissan Rogue 2014 S AWD Overview Production 2013 -- present Assembly Smyrna , Tennessee , United States ( Nissan USA ) Gangseo District , Busan , South Korea ( Renault Samsung ) Designer Keisuke Otsuki Body and chassis Platform Nissan CMF platform ( CMF - CD ) Related Nissan Rogue Nissan Qashqai Renault Koleos Powertrain Engine Petrol 2.0 L MR20DD 143 hp ( 106 kW ) I4 ( 144 hp for X-Trail Hybrid ) 2.5 L QR25DE 170 hp ( 126 kW ) I4 Diesel 2.0 L 177 bhp ( 130kW ) I4 ) 1.6 L Y9M 130 bhp ( 96 kW ) I4 Transmission 6 - speed manual 6 - speed automatic CVT Dimensions Wheelbase 2,705 mm ( 106.5 in ) Length 4,641 mm ( 182.7 in ) Width 1,820 mm ( 71.65 in ) Height 1,709 mm ( 67.3 in ) Chronology Predecessor Nissan Qashqai + 2 ( 7 passenger models only ) The second generation Rogue is a version of Nissan X-Trail and inspired by the Hi - Cross Concept to adapt to the US and Canada markets . Changes include optional third row 7 passenger seating , standard 4 - wheel independent suspension , electric power - assisted Steering , 4 - wheel disc brakes with an anti-lock braking system . This generation has an interior size similar to Nissan 's Murano , Altima , and Maxima . The vehicle was unveiled in 2013 Frankfurt Motor Show . US models went on sale in November 2013 as a 2014 model year vehicle . Early models included 2.5 L 4 - Cylinder QR25DE engine rated 170 hp ( 127 kW ) and 175 pound - feet ( 237 N ⋅ m ) , Xtronic CVT ( ( Continuously Variable Transmission ) Jatco CVT8 ) with standard Sport Mode switch , 3 trims ( S , SV and SL , each in a choice of front - wheel or all - wheel drive ) . The 2016 model comes with technology such as NissanConnect with Navigation , Siri Eyes Free and many other new features . Eight exterior colors are offered . Production ( edit ) Manufacture of the 2014 Rogue began at Smyrna , Tennessee as the facility 's 10 millionth vehicle . Production of the Rogue crossover at South Korean manufacturer Renault Samsung Motors 's Busan plant started in September 2014 , with an annual capacity of about 80,000 units . The 2014 Rogue received the distinction of being the first automobile to be manufactured in South Korea for a Japanese automaker and sold under a Japanese brand , thanks to the Renault -- Nissan Alliance , in which the Rogue is built by Renault Samsung Motors in Busan . In calendar year 2016 the Rogue became Nissan 's top - selling model for the 1st time , a total of 329,904 sales reflecting a 14.9 percent increase . Safety ( edit ) The Rogue is currently holding the Top Safety Pick For IIHS Ratings . With the safety features from the first generation , it also includes Lane departure warning , frontal collision warning , object detection warning ( SL Trim Only ) , and a 360 degree backup camera . 2014 -- Present Model years ( Not including Rogue Select ) Small Overlap Front Driver : Good Small Overlap Front Passenger : Good Moderate Overlap Front Driver : Good Side Impact : Good Roof Strength : Good The Small Overlap Test , introduced in 2012 by the IIHS simulates a frontal collision on 25 % of the driver 's side . Since its adoption , the IIHS has noticed several automakers making non-symmetrical modifications to their vehicles , the Rogue being one of them . Another Small Overlap Test was conducted on a number of vehicles including a 2014 Rogue , but was conducted on the passenger side instead . Based on this test , the Rogue would have received a `` Marginal '' rating if the IIHS were to provide ratings for passenger - side protection . The crash test 's intrusion was 10 inches further into the vehicle on the passenger 's side than on the driver 's side and completely tore off the structural door hinge pillar on the passenger side . The Rogue was redesigned for the 2014 model year . The redesigned Rogue shares no ratings with the previous design , built since the 2008 model year and given a new name for 2014 - 15 , the Rogue Select . Starting with the 2014 year , the Rogue was awarded Top Safety Pick+ by IIHS ( Insurance Institute for Highway Safety ) . Nissan vehicles built 2014 to 2017 were put under a recall as the occupant classification sensor ( OCS ) would think that an adult in the passenger seat is a child . They recalled over 6 million vehicles for either reprogramming or replacing . 2017 model year facelift ( edit ) The Rogue was facelifted for the 2017 model year , with restyled headlights and taillights , and LED daytime running lights standard on all trim levels . The SL trim will also be available with full LED headlamps with HID as part of the SL Premium Package . The front grill plastics also changed , with the wider V - Motion Grille , that Nissan has throughout its lineup . 2018 model year update ( edit ) Automatic Emergency Braking , Blind Spot Warning and Rear Cross Traffic Alert became standard safety features for MY 2018 both in US and Canadian markets . Propilot Assist is an option on the SL trim . Rogue hybrid ( edit ) A hybrid Rogue debuted January 2017 , with limited availability for the 2017 model year . The hybrid features regenerative braking , pure drive hybrid emblems , energy monitor , hybrid battery status , under - floor storage area replacing Divide - N - Hide @ Cargo System , a 2.0 Liter 4 cylinder gasoline engine ( power : 141 hp and torque : 141 lb - ft ) and Xtronic CVT combined with an electric motor ( power : 40 hp ) and Lithium - Ion battery , for a combined power of 176 hp . The Lithium - Ion battery is located below the thick flooring of the under - floor cargo storage area . The Rogue Hybrid is available in 2 trim levels SV and SL , but the Rogue Hybrid is not available with Third Row Seating ( Family Package ) and Divide - N - Hide @ Cargo System due to the Lithium - Ion battery . Marketing ( edit ) In 2007 the Rogue was featured on the television series Heroes , and in 2014 , Nissan became the exclusive automotive partner for the launch of Apple 's iTunes Radio , with the campaign theme `` Make the Ordinary Extraordinary . '' Star Wars Edition ( edit ) 2017 Rogue One Edition A special edition model known as the `` 2017 Nissan Rogue : Rogue One Star Wars Limited Edition '' inspired by the 2016 film Rogue One was released for the 2017 model year . Available with the glacier white or the magnetic black exterior color and charcoal interior , the Rogue One Edition is only available on the SV trim levels and features a panoramic moonroof , BOSE Audio System , black glossed front grille , black gloss accents on the front and rear bumper , black chrome door handles , black roof rails , black smoked twin LED projector headlights with HID , black wheels , death trooper helmet replica , and Rogue One Edition badging and emblems on the exterior and the interior door sill panels as additional standard features for the Rogue One model versus the regular Nissan Rogue . Only 5,000 units of this limited edition were built . Rogue sport ( edit ) Rogue Sport Main article : Nissan Qashqai A version of the Nissan Qashqai was released for the 2017 MY as the Nissan Rogue Sport . A replacement for the Rogue Select , it is sightly smaller than the regular Rogue and comes with a 2.0 liter engine . Trim levels include S , SV , and SL with FWD or AWD . The Nissan Rogue Sport is only sold in the United States . In Canada , the Nissan Qashqai is sold as a Nissan Qashqai . Sales ( edit ) Calendar year U.S. Canada 2007 17,808 7503 2008 75,053 13,163 2009 77,222 11,056 99,515 13,199 2011 124,543 14,191 2012 142,349 14,329 2013 162,751 16,878 2014 199,199 28,827 2015 287,190 35,841 2016 329,904 40,055 2017 403,465 43,418 See also ( edit ) Rambler Rogue References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` New Nissan Rogue Third - Best - Seller for Company '' . Cars.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Nissan scores as top brand in 2017 AutoPacific Vehicle Satisfaction Awards with five Best in Class wins - Automotive World '' . www.automotiveworld.com . Archived from the original on 10 August 2017 . Retrieved 4 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` May U.S. auto sales : Ford outsells GM in surprise turnabout '' . usatoday.com . Archived from the original on 15 December 2017 . Retrieved 4 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Nissan Rogue Specs '' . Nissan USA . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Nissan Murano Specs '' . Nissan USA . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Nissan Rogue Review '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Nissan Rogue Crossover '' . Nissanusa.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 02 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Nissan Rogue Review '' . Automoblog.net . Archived from the original on 2010 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Nissan Rogue Crash Test Ratings '' . NHTSA . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Vehicle details '' . www.iihs.org . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Nissan refreshes Rogue crossover for 2011 '' . autoblog.com . Archived from the original on 16 April 2016 . Retrieved 4 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nissan joins overheating Garmin sat - nav recall '' . autoblog.com . Archived from the original on 13 July 2017 . Retrieved 4 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 NISSAN ROGUE RECALLS '' . Autoblog.com . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Nissan recalls 2011 Rogue over power steering concern '' . autoblog.com . Archived from the original on 18 January 2016 . Retrieved 4 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Nissan Rogue gains optional Around View Monitor ( w / video ) '' . autoblog.com . Archived from the original on 13 August 2017 . Retrieved 4 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Nissan Rogue gains Around View monitor '' . leftlanenews.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 13 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Nissan Rogue Gets a Tiny Price Bump '' . insideline.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Kane , Suzanne ( 2012 - 02 - 24 ) . `` 2012 Nissan Murano , Rogue : Recall Alert '' . The Car Connection . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Nissan 's current Rogue renamed Rogue Select , will live alongside next gen '' . autoblog.com . Archived from the original on 7 September 2017 . Retrieved 4 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 17 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ Lingeman , Jake ( November 24 , 2014 ) . `` Goin ' rogue '' . Autoweek. 64 ( 23 ) : 19 . Jump up ^ `` All - New Nissan X-Trail SUV is Also the 2014 Rogue for North America '' . carscoop. 10 September 2013 . Archived from the original on 12 August 2016 . Retrieved 27 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Nissan X-Trail is the Rogue 's identical twin ( w / video ) '' . autoblog.com . Archived from the original on 17 July 2017 . Retrieved 4 May 2018 . Jump up ^ List of Jatco transmissions Jump up ^ `` Nissan remakes popular Rogue SUV for 2014 '' . 11 September 2013 . Archived from the original on 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nissan Rogue redesigned with three rows for 2014 '' . autoblog.com . Archived from the original on 25 December 2017 . Retrieved 4 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 日産 自動車 、 新型 「 ローグ 」 ( 2014 年 モデル ) を 世界 初 公開 2013 年 11 月 より 販売 開始 '' . nissan-global.com . Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 4 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ALL - NEW 2014 NISSAN ROGUE MAKES U.S. DEBUT -- Reservations Being Taken Ahead of the Bold Compact Crossover 's Fall Launch '' . nissan-global.com . Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 4 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 5 Cool Things You Did n't Know About the 2016 Nissan Rogue Kingston Nissan Blog '' . kingstonnissan.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Rogue kicks off production as 10,000,000 th Nissan built in Tennessee '' . autoblog.com . Archived from the original on 13 August 2017 . Retrieved 4 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Ewing , Steven J ( 2012 - 07 - 12 ) . `` Nissan will start building Rogue in Korea to meet U.S. demand '' . AutoBlog.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ji - yoon ( 2014 - 09 - 26 ) . `` Renault Samsung Motors starts Nissan Rogue shipments to U.S. '' koreaherald.com . The Korea Herald . Archived from the original on 2014 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Soble , Jonathan . `` Nissan to produce cars in South Korea '' . Financial Times . Archived from the original on 22 March 2013 . Retrieved 15 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nissan Group reports December and 2016 calendar year U.S. sales '' . Nissan Online Newsroom . Archived from the original on 2017 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Passengers at risk in small overlap crashes '' . www.iihs.org . Archived from the original on 2016 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Nissan Rogue '' . Insurance Institute for Highway Safety . 2014 . Archived from the original on 29 August 2017 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nissan ProPILOT Assist technology makes U.S. debut on 2018 Rogue -- reduces the hassle of stop - and - go highway driving '' . Nissan Online Newsroom . Archived from the original on 2018 - 01 - 16 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Nissan Rogue / Rogue Hybrid Official Photos and Info -- Â News -- Car and Driver '' . caranddriver.com . Archived from the original on 4 May 2018 . Retrieved 4 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Apple iTunes Radio picks Nissan as first automotive launch partner '' . autoblog.com . Archived from the original on 1 July 2017 . Retrieved 4 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 11 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nissan Rogue Sales Figures '' . www.goodcarbadcar.net . Archived from the original on 2016 - 12 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nissan North America Sales Increase 9.5 Percent in 2012 '' . Nissan Online Newsroom . Archived from the original on 2016 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Nissan Group Reports December and 2013 Year - End U.S. Sales '' . Nissan Online Newsroom . Archived from the original on 2016 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nissan Group reports December and 2015 calendar year U.S. sales '' . Nissan Online Newsroom . Archived from the original on 2016 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Nissan Group Reports Record December and 2016 Calendar Year Canadian Sales '' . Nissan Online Newsroom . Archived from the original on 2017 - 01 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Nissan Group reports December and 2015 calendar year U.S. sales '' . Nissan Online Newsroom . Archived from the original on 2018 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Nissan Group Reports Record December and 2016 Calendar Year Canadian Sales '' . Nissan Online Newsroom . Archived from the original on 2018 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 30 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nissan Rogue . Official website Nissan Motor Company Marques Current Datsun Infiniti Nissan Venucia Defunct / Integrated Prince Kurogane Aichi Shatai Sold Nissan Diesel Divisions and subsidiaries Autech Infiniti Nismo Nissan Motor India Private Limited Nissan Motor Manufacturing UK Joint ventures Dongfeng Motor Co. , Ltd. 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Marinos A brand of Dongfeng Motor Co. , Ltd . Commons Nissan light truck timeline , North American market , 1980s -- present Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Model year 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 Mini MPV Cube Compact minivan Stanza Wagon / Multi Axxess Subcompact crossover SUV Juke Kicks Compact crossover SUV Rogue Rogue Select Rogue Sport / Qashqai Rogue / X-Trail Mid-size crossover SUV Murano Murano Murano Pathfinder Compact SUV X-Trail X-Trail Xterra Xterra Mid-size SUV Pathfinder Pathfinder Pathfinder Full - size SUV Armada Armada Minivan Van Quest Quest Quest Quest Van NV200 NV Pick - up Datsun Truck Hardbody Truck Frontier Frontier NP300 Titan Titan Note Vehicle sold only in Mexico Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nissan_Rogue&oldid=854595566 '' Categories : Nissan vehicles Compact sport utility vehicles Crossover sport utility vehicles Vehicles with CVT transmission Front - wheel - drive vehicles All - wheel - drive vehicles 2000s automobiles 2010s automobiles Cars introduced in 2007 Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2008 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Dansk Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Türkçe Українська 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 13 : 33 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what kind of transmission does a nissan rogue have | [
"The Rogue is powered by a 170 hp (127 kW; 172 PS), 2.5 L four-cylinder QR25DE engine mated to a standard continuously variable transmission,[4] and comes standard with front-wheel-drive. The Rogue costs less than Nissan's Murano crossover SUV, but at 105.8 cu ft (3.00 m3) vs. 108.1 cu ft (3.06 m3)[5] offers only slightly less passenger volume than its V6-powered sibling, and a nearly equal cargo area of 39.3 cu ft (1,110 L) vs. 39.6 cu ft (1,120 L).\n"
] | [
"a 170 hp (127 kW; 172 PS), 2.5 L four-cylinder QR25DE engine"
] |
-1832163534327561957 | Third jersey | Third jersey - wikipedia Third jersey Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The 2003 black alternate uniform of the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the Canadian Football League A third jersey , alternate jersey , third kit or alternate uniform is a jersey or uniform that a sports team wear in games instead of its home outfit or its away outfit , often when the colors of two competing teams ' other uniforms are too similar to play easily . Alternate jerseys are also a means for professional sports organizations to generate revenue , by sales to fans . Of North American sports leagues , the NFL generates $1.2 billion annually in jersey sales , with the NBA second selling $900 million annually . Another use of the alternate uniform is for identifying with causes , like the Central Coast Mariners wear an alternate pink kit on pink ribbon day . Extra alternate uniforms or fourth / fifth kits are not commonly used , but are sometimes required when teams ' other uniforms cause color clashes , or the uniforms are unavailable to use . In cases where teams have worn more than three kits in the same season , the extra kits were usually recycled from previous seasons . Third - choice jerseys or uniforms are used in three of the four North American major professional sports leagues ( except for the National Hockey League ) , and in college sports . Third kits are commonplace in professional European association football and in some professional European rugby union clubs . Alternate guernseys or jerseys are common in Australia 's two biggest domestic leagues , the Australian Football League ( Aussie rules ) and National Rugby League ( rugby league ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 American football 2.1 National Football League 2.1. 1 Color Rush 2.2 College football 3 Association football 4 Baseball 4.1 Major League Baseball 5 Basketball 5.1 National Basketball Association 6 Canadian football 7 Ice hockey 7.1 National Hockey League 7.1. 1 Usage 7.1. 2 Chronology 8 Rugby league 8.1 National Rugby League 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Background ( edit ) For home and away jerseys in North America , historical convention has often dictated the colors used by teams in a given league . Teams generally have one jersey which is primarily in a team color , and another jersey which is primarily white ( or another light color ) and accented with a team color . `` White at home '' is the convention in baseball ( MLB ) , basketball ( NBA , NCAA basketball , and WNBA ) , minor league professional hockey ( AHL and ECHL ) , and college hockey . `` White while away '' is the convention in football ( NFL , CFL , NCAA football ) , major league professional hockey ( NHL ) , and professional lacrosse ( NLL and MLL ) . Association football ( MLS ) does not have a `` white at home '' or a `` white while away '' convention . The NHL ( and formerly the NBA ) enforces the color / white rule strictly ; any NHL team seeking to wear white at home must get express permission from the league office to do so . In minor league hockey , the rules are set in both the AHL and ECHL where the team wears white jerseys at home during one half of the season , then wears the color jerseys during the other half at home , and vice versa on the road . In the NFL , the rules state that the home team has the first choice of color , with the visiting team forced to choose a contrasting color ; an exception is Color Rush , in which uniform choices are coordinated by the league itself . Starting with their uniform contract with Nike that begins with the 2017 - 2018 season , the NBA has abolished the color / white rule . Instead , each team will designate whether their white uniform , now dubbed the `` Association Edition , '' or their colored uniform , called the `` Icon Edition , '' will be the home uniform , with the other becoming their designated away uniform . In American sports , throwback jerseys are generally only used for special team games and not for the `` third '' purpose . In American football a third jersey may be a throwback uniform based on designs the team used in the past . In association football , meanwhile , it is more commonly a radically different design . American football ( edit ) National football league ( edit ) The NFL was the last of the major professional sports leagues to adopt the third jersey rule in 2002 , with the only exceptions being the 1994 season , when teams issued a throwback uniform in honor of the league 's 75th Anniversary . Initially , the NFL rule stated that a team may wear their third jersey only once a year , however , after one year this restriction was increased to twice a year . Some teams have exceeded the limit ; the 2017 Baltimore Ravens were an example , wearing their all - black uniforms twice that season , and the less - frequent black jerseys on white pants once . There are currently no rules on wearing alternate pants . Teams are only permitted to wear alternate jerseys once in playoff games ( except the Super Bowl , where teams must wear their standard uniforms ) ; the only team to do so ( other than in 1994 ) was the 2008 San Diego Chargers . Some teams will generally use one of their third jersey allotments against a particular division opponent each year . For instance , the San Diego Chargers would frequently wear their popular powder blue third jerseys at home against the Oakland Raiders , while the Houston Texans were known to wear their `` Battle Red '' third uniforms at home against the Jacksonville Jaguars , and the Pittsburgh Steelers are known to wear their throwbacks at home against the archrival Baltimore Ravens . The New York Giants were known to wear their red third jerseys at home against the Dallas Cowboys until the red jerseys were retired in 2009 . The Los Angeles Rams have frequently worn their throwback uniform against the San Francisco 49ers in recent years . The Washington Redskins wear their alternative uniform on home games to commemorate their annual homecoming game once a year since 2012 . When wearing their third jerseys , especially if the team is wearing a throwback uniform , the team may theme the field around the uniforms . When the New York Jets , for instance , wore their 1960 -- 1962 `` Titans of New York '' throwbacks at home , they painted the field in the Titans blue - and - gold color scheme ( The Jets ' current color scheme is green and white ) . In addition , the Tampa Bay Buccaneers dressed the field up in Orange when they wore their Creamsicle throwbacks in 2009 . Teams will generally wear their third jerseys at home , although clubs may wear them as the visiting team as well . The Carolina Panthers are known to wear their electric blue third jerseys on the road ( most notably in Tampa ) if the home team opts to wear their white jerseys against the Panthers and depending on the circumstance ( primarily in warmer weather situations , where home teams will wear white to force the visiting team to have their uniforms absorb heat rather than reflect it ) . Since introducing a wolf grey alternate in 2012 , the Seattle Seahawks have exclusively worn their alternates on the road . The Denver Broncos wore their alternate navy blue jersey with blue pants in a game against the Dallas Cowboys in 2013 , and in 2017 the Los Angeles Chargers also wore their alternate powder blue jersey against the Dallas Cowboys for a Thanksgiving day matchup despite Dallas wearing navy blue . The New York Jets have worn their Titans throwback uniform once in 2007 against the Miami Dolphins at Dolphin Stadium in Miami Gardens , and in 2017 the Buffalo Bills also wore their white throwback uniform against the Miami Dolphins in a week 17 meeting when Miami was also wearing their throwbacks . The Tennessee Titans , who switched back to navy as the primary color in 2015 , wore their alternate columbia blue jersey with white pants on the road in 2016 and 2017 when their home opponent forced them to wear their dark colors . Because the football helmet is such a significant and visible part of the football uniform , some teams also wore alternate helmets when wearing their third jersey . This was particularly true for throwback uniforms , such as those worn by the Steelers ( yellow ) , Jets / Titans ( yellow ) , and Buccaneers ( white ) . The NFL outlawed the use of alternate helmets beginning in the 2013 season . Outside of league - wide promotions , only two teams have not had an official third uniform as of now : the Kansas City Chiefs and Oakland Raiders . Color Rush ( edit ) Main article : NFL Color Rush For the 2015 season , the NFL debuted a `` Color Rush '' jersey concept for select Thursday games ( Thursday Night Football and one Thanksgiving Day game ) in celebration of 50 years of games being broadcast in color . The games featured , mostly , both teams wearing one color matching jerseys , pants , socks and shoes , specially designed to clash with the color of the other team . The games were as follows : November 12 : Buffalo Bills ( Red ) at New York Jets ( Kelly Green ) November 19 : Tennessee Titans ( Titans Blue ) at Jacksonville Jaguars ( Bold Gold ) , November 26 : Carolina Panthers ( Panthers Blue ) at Dallas Cowboys ( White , due to superstitions about wearing colored jerseys ) , December 17 : Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( Red ) at St. Louis Rams ( Yellow Gold ) . For 2016 , all NFL teams had Color Rush uniforms , although nine teams did not wear them on the field during the 2016 season The 2017 season also featured Color Rush games ; the program as a whole was discontinued prior to the 2018 season . College football ( edit ) Although uniforms are much less regulated at the collegiate level compared to the NFL , alternate uniforms -- and even regular uniform redesigns -- are generally less common due to many teams ' respective histories and traditions surrounding a particular jersey color or uniform combination . Ole Miss was one of the earliest programs to use two different jerseys , wearing the school colors of navy blue and red depending upon the game . Recently , however , many teams have begun to experiment with alternate uniforms and helmets , especially teams whose uniforms are provided by Nike . Since the late 2000s , Nike has provided the University of Oregon Ducks with modular uniform systems consisting of as many as four color choices for jerseys , pants , helmets , socks and other components , allowing the Ducks to select a new combination for nearly every game . One of the more famous third jerseys is that of the University of Notre Dame . The team wears either white or navy blue for most games , but occasionally special kelly green jerseys with gold numbers , evocative of the `` Fighting Irish '' , are chosen for a major contest . Association football ( edit ) Roberto Soldado wearing the 2013 -- 14 Tottenham Hotspur third kit . Third kits existed in English football at least as early as the 1930s . Until 1989 -- 90 , the FA Cup competition rules stated : `` Where the colours of the two competing clubs are similar , both clubs must change unless alternative arrangements are mutually agreed by the competing clubs '' . Away kits were often similar as well , therefore third kits were worn in the 1948 FA Cup Final by Manchester United and the 1950 final by Arsenal . Similar rules were employed by European governing body UEFA , with Manchester United winning the 1968 European Cup Final in a blue third kit . Teams sometimes needed to find makeshift third kits for their players . One notable example being France having to wear the green - and - white stripes of local club C.A. Kimberley for their 1978 World Cup match against Hungary , as both teams were only equipped with their white change shirts for the game . Third kits in international football are less common , both teams are advised to change colours in the event of a home kit clashing . England prepared light blue third kits for the 1970 and 1986 World Cups , which was only worn for the former , and Spain introduced a white third kit for the 2014 World Cup at the insistence of FIFA . Since the 2000s , most clubs in major European leagues have used a third kit , or had one in reserve . Replicas of the kits are usually sold at club merchandise shops . Sometimes , a previous season 's away kit is retained if a clash arises . Clubs sometimes also assign a third kit as their secondary kit for certain competitions and vice versa . One notable incident occurred in 1996 , when Manchester United changed into their blue and white third kit at half - time , with manager Alex Ferguson blaming the grey away kit for several sub-par performances . Ferguson commented , `` The players could n't pick each other out. ( ... ) They said it was difficult to see their team - mates at distance when they lifted their heads '' . Baseball ( edit ) Major league baseball ( edit ) See also : Major League Baseball uniforms After decades of wearing the same uniforms , Major League Baseball teams began to experiment with numerous designs in the early 1970s , ranging from popular designs ( such as the Oakland Athletics ' pullover jerseys that most MLB teams later adopted ) and not so popular ( such as the Chicago White Sox wearing shorts , or the Cleveland Indians wearing all - red ) . Among such designs that were also tested were third jerseys , to break the traditional mold that baseball teams wear white uniforms at home , and gray on the road . This began in 1972 when the A 's flamboyant owner , Charles O. Finley , introduced new uniforms to the team . Taking after the lead of the Pittsburgh Pirates , the jerseys were pullover spandex that would later catch on in MLB ( though this would be phased out by the early 1990s in favor of the more traditional button - down jerseys ) , but by going one step further than the Pirates , the A 's introduced alternate gold and green jerseys . The gold jerseys , lighter in color , were considered `` home '' alternates while the darker green jerseys were considered `` away '' alternates . Soon , many teams caught on with different colored jerseys . The Pirates even went as far as to having a rotation of which jerseys to wear , matching white pinstriped , gold , and black pants to wear with jerseys of the same color . The white pinstripes were later phased out in favor of solid white . The New York Yankees have generally shunned the practice of third jerseys . The Yankees wore three different jerseys in 1911 , 1916 , and most recently in 1943 according to the Dressed to the Nines database maintained by the National Baseball Hall of Fame . In recent years , the Yankees have worn throwback uniforms for single games in 1996 and 2012 . Third jerseys otherwise remain popular in baseball today , either as an alternate design or as a throwback known as `` Turn Back the Clock Night . '' The Milwaukee Brewers , for example , have worn a variation of their 1978 -- 1993 home uniforms for every Friday home game . In 1999 , the Seattle Mariners hosted the Kansas City Royals for a game where both teams wore `` futuristic '' uniforms meant to represent the year 2027 ( what will be the Mariners 50th season ) . The `` Turn Ahead The Clock '' promotion was so successful that it was copied the next year by 20 MLB teams , this time representing the year 2021 ( due to sponsorship by the real estate company Century 21 ) ; however , the jerseys were roundly ridiculed and have not been seen since . The Toronto Blue Jays change from their traditional blue and grey jersey to a red alternate jersey every Canada Day ( July 1 ) to help celebrate the national holiday ( and with it , a cap with a red maple leaf on it , which is Canada 's national symbol ) . In 2007 , the Jays announced that as part of the team 's popular `` Flashback Friday '' promotion , the team would use replica uniforms based on the powder - blue road uniforms used in the 1980s at all Friday night home games , starting with the 2008 season . To complete the look , the Jays also wore the original blue and white caps , with their traditional logo on the front of the uniform as well as on the caps . In 2017 , to celebrate Canada 's 150th anniversary , the Blue Jays wore alternate red jerseys and caps for every Sunday home game . The Tampa Bay Rays wore a black alternate from 1998 -- 2000 when they were the Devil Rays , and from 2005 -- 07 they wore green alternate jersey worn both at home and away on selected games . When they changed their name to the Rays , they introduced an alternate navy blue for home and away games to go along with their white and gray uniforms . In 2010 they added light blue jerseys to be worn only on Sunday home games . The Cincinnati Reds wear a red alternate at many afternoon home games , and the Atlanta Braves wear a red jersey for every home game played on Sunday , while the Washington Nationals wear red for all weekend home games , and in 2011 have done so for most weekend road games as well . The Pittsburgh Pirates wore a red alternate for every home game played on Friday during the 2007 season , even though red is not an official team color . Since 2009 , the Boston Red Sox wore a red alternate jersey for Friday night home games and a blue alternate jersey for Friday night away games . Also since 2008 , for every afternoon home game , the Kansas City Royals wear powder - blue jerseys almost reminiscent of the old jerseys they wore in the 1980s ( and in 2010 introduced new powder - blue caps to be worn with these jerseys , though they have since gone back to wearing their normal blue caps ) . The San Francisco Giants wear orange jerseys during all Friday home games . The Philadelphia Phillies introduced an alternate cream - colored uniform ( with a blue cap to complete the look ) in 2008 and currently wear it for all afternoon home games . Most recently the Mariners revived their teal jerseys from the mid-1990s , to be used on Friday and Monday home games . In 2015 they also introduced an alternate version of their home uniforms , using the team 's classic blue - and - yellow scheme on cream uniforms , to be worn on Sunday home games . The Baltimore Orioles wear alternate black jerseys ( with a cap showing the `` O 's '' script logo ) every Friday , regardless of whether they are home or away ( home games against the Red Sox would force the latter to wear their regular grey uniforms rather than their navy Friday uniforms ) , and in 2012 they introduced an alternate orange jersey to be worn during Saturday games . In 2013 , the New York Mets introduced two different blue alternate jerseys ; one has their team name on it ( in orange lettering ) and is used at home , while the other has their city name on it ( in gray lettering ) and is used on the road . Prior to that , the Mets wore two black alternate jerseys in a similar fashion as their current blue alternates . To honor the U.S. military , during Sunday home games , the San Diego Padres originally sported special camouflage - colored jerseys ( with green caps to match ) ; in 2011 the camouflage jerseys were changed to a brown / tan `` desert camo '' with a tan cap . Then in 2016 , the Padres replaced them with a new `` navy camo '' jersey ( honoring the U.S. Navy ) with a blue cap . Also , they released a modernized version of the franchise 's classic brown jerseys with brown - and - yellow caps ( which was originally worn from 1969 -- 1984 ) to be worn for Friday home games . In contrast , the Chicago Cubs frequently wear a blue alternate jersey on the road , and not according to the day of the week . This jersey is worn based on the decision of the starting pitcher ( particularly when Carlos Zambrano was scheduled to start ) , thus explaining why it is worn more often than other third jerseys . After the death of Harmon Killebrew in 2011 , the Minnesota Twins decided to wear their cream - colored `` throwback '' third jersey -- a direct replica of the uniforms used for most of Killebrew 's career -- for every home game for the rest of the year . The Milwaukee Brewers have two alternate uniforms with the same color , with one featuring the team nickname and used on home games , the other featuring the city name and used on away games ; in addition to their regular alternates , since 2011 the Brewers have , during various `` Heritage '' games , worn uniforms with `` Cerveceros '' ( `` Brewers '' in Spanish ) , `` Bierbrauer '' ( German ) , `` Birrai '' ( Italian ) and `` Piwowarzy '' ( Polish ) ; their opponents during those games would usually also have the foreign translation of their own team name on their road uniforms , such as `` Piraten '' ( `` Pirates '' in German ) or `` Cardenales '' ( `` Cardinals '' in Spanish ) . More recently , there is also a trend towards alternate grey uniforms . The San Francisco Giants wear a different version of their road grey uniforms , featuring the interlocking `` SF '' instead of the city name in full . This design is similar to the road uniforms the team utilized in the late 80 's . The Dodgers and the Cubs have followed suit in wearing alternate grey uniforms , sporting the team name in front ( rather than the city name ) for their grey alternates . All 30 MLB teams will wear special colored jerseys with contrasting sleeves on the weekend of August 25 -- 27 , 2017 , for Players Weekend . The Cardinals and Pirates will also use these jerseys on August 20 , when they meet in the MLB Little League Game in Williamsport , Pennsylvania ; both this game and Players Weekend coincide with the 2017 Little League World Series in South Williamsport . Notably , Players Weekend will mark the first time the Yankees have ever placed names on the back of their jerseys . The trend toward multiple uniforms of the same color can also lead to on - field mix - ups : in 2011 , Brewers pitcher Zach Greinke , making a pinch - hitting appearance , accidentally wore the `` Bierbrauer '' jersey the night before German Heritage Day , while in 2014 , just three games into the first season where the alternate was introduced , outfielder Junior Lake played the first inning in a `` Chicago '' jersey while the rest of the team wore `` Cubs '' . Among major - league teams , the Arizona Diamondbacks have the most alternate jerseys , with seven . Basketball ( edit ) National basketball Association ( edit ) The concept of the third jersey in the NBA was first introduced when the Atlanta Hawks wore neon green alternate jerseys in addition to their standard blue road and white home jerseys during the 1970 -- 71 and 1971 -- 72 seasons . However , it was not until the mid-1990s that third jerseys became a common trend throughout the league . The 1994 -- 95 season brought the first wave of third jerseys in the NBA , as the Hawks , Charlotte Hornets , Detroit Pistons , Orlando Magic , Phoenix Suns and Sacramento Kings released new alternate uniforms . The trend continued in the 1995 -- 96 season with the Chicago Bulls , Miami Heat , Milwaukee Bucks and New York Knicks introducing their own third jerseys . Since then , third jerseys became a regular part of every NBA team 's uniform rotation , but at first , not all teams were receptive with the concept . For instance , the Boston Celtics and Los Angeles Lakers initially refused to join the trend out of respect to tradition , but they eventually unveiled new alternates in the 2002 -- 03 and 2005 -- 06 seasons respectively . The third jersey trend only got stronger when the NBA signed exclusive uniform contracts with Reebok and later Adidas . The Adidas deal , in particular , saw the introduction of additional alternate uniforms in an effort to boost jersey sales ; examples include the Golden State Warriors ' sleeved alternates and the Heat 's monochrome uniforms . In addition to third jerseys , there are also holiday - themed jerseys that are worn only on special occasions . These include the jerseys worn on Christmas Day , Chinese New Year , Mardi Gras ( for the New Orleans Pelicans ) , and Saint Patrick 's Day . Other alternate uniforms in the NBA include the `` Noche Latina '' uniforms , military - inspired uniforms , and `` Pride '' uniforms , all of which were also concepts introduced by Adidas . NBA teams were only allowed to introduce a new third jersey at least two years after unveiling a new logo and uniform set . This rule has since been relaxed somewhat , following more recent third jersey releases by the Utah Jazz , the Brooklyn Nets , the New Orleans Pelicans , the New York Knicks , the Philadelphia 76ers , the Phoenix Suns the Charlotte Hornets and the Atlanta Hawks , in which some of the teams release their alternates on the same day as their regular home and away set . Teams are also allowed to wear their third jerseys as often as desired during the first three rounds of the NBA Playoffs and the NBA Finals . Per the NBA Rule Book , there is no official rule that states that teams are restricted on wearing alternate uniforms or white at home during the NBA Finals . They only requirement stated is from Section VI , c. which states , `` The home team shall wear light color jerseys , and the visitors dark jerseys unless otherwise approved . For neutral court games and doubleheaders , the second team named in the official schedule shall be regarded as the home team and shall wear the light colored jerseys . '' An example of this was when the Cleveland Cavaliers won the 2016 NBA Finals in a black sleeved alternate jersey . This rule concerning uniform designations was eliminated once Nike became the uniform provider for the NBA in 2017 . In doing so , teams now have the freedom to choose whichever uniform they want to wear , whether it 's the `` Association '' white jersey ( formerly the de facto home jersey ) , the `` Icon '' dark jersey ( formerly the de facto away jersey ) , the `` Statement '' alternate color jersey ( formerly the de facto third jersey ) and the annual `` City '' jersey . Canadian football ( edit ) Geroy Simon wearing the BC Lions ' black third jersey in 2011 . The Canadian Football League first introduced the use of a permanent third jersey on September 6 , 1994 when the Calgary Stampeders wore black uniforms for the Labour Day Classic against the Edmonton Eskimos . The CFL did not have a rule for use of alternate uniforms and teams were able to wear them as often or as little as they liked , a rule that is still in effect today . Teams are also able to wear multiple alternate jerseys within the same season , as seen with the Montreal Alouettes during their 2009 campaign when they wore alternate black , blue , and throwback jerseys , in addition to their regular home and away uniforms . Teams are also permitted to wear their third jerseys as the away team , provided that they do not clash with the home team 's uniforms . Despite teams having no restrictions with third jerseys , only the Stampeders chose to wear them during the 1990s , presumably due to the league 's financial struggles during this decade . As such , no CFL USA team ever wore an alternate uniform . The Alouettes were the next team to introduce third uniforms in 2001 when they also wore black uniforms ; a colour that was not part of the team 's colour scheme . The Saskatchewan Roughriders first wore their black alternates in 2002 as it became more normal for teams to wear these jerseys . The BC Lions wore orange retro uniforms twice during the 2003 season as part of the celebrations for their 50th season , but those were only worn for that season . In the 2005 CFL season , Reebok redesigned the primary home and away uniforms for all nine teams and also introduced new alternate uniforms for six teams , with the Hamilton Tiger - Cats and Toronto Argonauts abstaining and the Saskatchewan Roughriders keeping their alternates that they had been using since 2002 . Calgary introduced the third iteration of their black uniforms while the Alouettes wore a blue jersey with red numerals . The BC Lions , having now converted to orange as the primary jersey colour , wore black alternates , the Edmonton Eskimos and Winnipeg Blue Bombers wore their own versions of gold alternates , and the Ottawa Renegades wore red alternate jerseys . For 2006 , the Tiger - Cats introduced gold alternate jerseys on August 12 , 2006 in a game against the Argonauts . This season also saw the first case of both teams wearing alternate uniforms as the Alouettes brought back their black uniforms in a home game against the Eskimos who wore their gold jerseys . The Winnipeg Blue Bombers also wore their alternate gold jerseys as the away team for their playoff game against the host Toronto Argonauts . The Toronto Argonauts were the last CFL team to wear a third jersey as they wore alternate Cambridge blue uniforms on July 26 , 2007 . The league recognized the history of its teams by having member clubs wear throwback uniforms beginning with the 2008 CFL season with the Toronto Argonauts and Winnipeg Blue Bombers wearing 1950s - style uniforms for two games featuring both teams . The CFL then had all eight current teams wear 1960s - based uniforms for the 2009 CFL season and 1970s - based uniforms for the 2010 CFL season . These differed from the designated third jerseys in that most were for one season only , except for the Saskatchewan Roughriders white retro jersey and the Winnipeg Blue Bombers royal blue retro jersey that were worn in subsequent seasons . These throwback uniforms were worn to lead up to the 100th Grey Cup celebration . Following the league - based retro initiative , the league then turned its attention to a modernized take on all nine teams ( including the expansion Ottawa Redblacks ) by introducing Signature uniforms mostly in the 2014 season . The Lions first wore their Signature uniforms in 2013 as part of their 60th season celebrations with the other eight teams following suit the following season . The uniforms were worn twice by each team except for Ottawa who wore theirs three times and Winnipeg who wore theirs once . In 2015 , Winnipeg abandoned the uniforms altogether , as did the BC Lions , despite their popularity in BC . Every other team wore theirs twice during 2015 except for Hamilton , who wore theirs once on Labour Day . With the league - wide redesign of uniforms by Adidas in 2016 , Calgary , Edmonton , and Montreal each retained their signature series uniforms and each wore them twice during the regular season ( Calgary also wore theirs in the West Final game ) . Saskatchewan also wore a modified version of their retro - themed uniforms in two games that year . The following list is a recount of all known alternate uniforms worn by member clubs as of the 2017 CFL season and does not include one - time throwback uniforms : BC Lions -- Introduced a black alternate uniform in 2005 loosely based on the 1960s jersey , initially worn with white helmets . Switched to orange helmets with black uniform from 2006 to 2008 , including the 2006 West final and 94th Grey Cup win . Worn with black retro helmets in 2009 and 2010 seasons . Retired the jerseys in 2011 wearing white helmets , in the final game at Empire Field . Introduced gunmetal uniforms , first worn on August 17 , 2013 , and worn twice during the 2013 and 2014 seasons , including an away game in Toronto on August 17 , 2014 . The Lions have not worn a third jersey since 2014 . Calgary Stampeders -- First to wear third uniforms when they introduced black alternates with red numerals in 1994 on September 6 against Edmonton . They were the first team to wear alternates during a playoff game and the first to wear alternates during a Grey Cup game , which they did in the 86th Grey Cup in 1998 . Those black jerseys were retired following the Grey Cup win and new black alternates with white numerals were unveiled in 1999 that were worn until 2004 . They first wore black pants with the black jerseys on October 18 , 2002 at home vs. the Winnipeg Blue Bombers . The third version of black uniforms were worn on Labour Day in 2005 and were last worn on September 2 , 2013 . 2011 was the first time the Stampeders wore black helmets with the black uniforms . The Signature series uniforms were first worn , also on Labour Day , for the 2014 season and again in 2015 , 2016 , and 2017 . They were also worn for home playoff games in all four years too . Since 1994 , the Stampeders have worn black on Labour Day 15 times . Edmonton Eskimos -- First wore their gold alternate jersey on September 9 , 2005 against the Calgary Stampeders . Wore the gold alternates against the Alouettes in 2006 as the away team as the Alouettes also wore their alternate uniforms . The club last wore these jerseys on September 7 , 2007 , again against the Stampeders . The club had no third jersey after the retirement of the gold jersey until the 2014 season when they wore their Signature series green uniforms with the gold `` EE '' logo . This uniform has been worn at least once each season since then . Hamilton Tiger - Cats -- Introduced a gold alternate jersey on August 12 , 2006 against the Toronto Argonauts . The jerseys were always paired with black helmets and black pants . They were worn three times during the 2007 and 2008 seasons and worn for the last time on October 31 , 2009 and just once for the 2009 season as the team wore retro jerseys that same year . The team had no alternate jersey until the Signature series grey uniform was unveiled in 2014 . The grey uniform was worn three times between 2014 and 2015 and no alternate uniform was worn in 2016 or 2017 . Montreal Alouettes -- Began wearing an all - black uniform in 2001 and continued wearing them until 2004 and two more times in 2006 . Introduced a blue alternate with red numerals in 2005 and wore these jerseys in the 93rd Grey Cup . The blue alternates were worn again in 2006 , 2009 and 2010 . The team introduced a new black jersey , this time with grey numerals as opposed to blue , for the 2007 and interestingly wore this jersey five times during the regular season while wearing the primary home jersey four times . This jersey was worn until the 2010 season and was brought back one more time for the 2013 season . The team wore dark grey and blue Signature series uniforms for the 2014 season and wore them two times in each subsequent season ( although just once in 2017 ) . Ottawa Rough Riders -- Never wore a third jersey . Ottawa Renegades -- Introduced a red alternate jersey worn with white pants on July 1 , 2005 against the Montreal Alouettes . Worn four times for the 2005 season including a game where they wore the jerseys with black pants on September 16 , 2005 against the Winnipeg Blue Bombers . Ottawa Redblacks -- As part of the Signature series , the Redblacks wore red and plaid uniforms three times during the 2014 season , including an away game on November 7 against the Toronto Argonauts . They wore them twice again in 2015 . They did not wear alternate uniforms in 2016 or 2017 . Saskatchewan Roughriders -- First wore a black uniform with green numerals during the 2002 season . The jersey was always worn with black pants and was last worn in 2006 . The team introduced retro - themed green alternate jerseys worn with silver pants in 2007 , based on the uniforms first worn in 1967 . From 2010 to 2012 , these jerseys were worn with white pants . Also in 2010 , white retro versions of these jerseys were introduced , but contrary to most CFL teams , the Roughriders continued to wear these until the 2012 season for select away games . In 2013 , the green retro jersey was worn with green pants . In 2014 , the team remodeled the retro green jersey , this time more resembling the uniforms from the early 1980s . Also in 2014 , the team wore their Signature series uniforms twice , while also wearing `` blitz green '' for the first time . Both the retro uniform and the Signature series uniforms were worn twice during 2015 . The team introduced a modified version of their retro uniform in 2016 that did not have shoulder numbers . Toronto Argonauts -- Were the last franchise to introduce a recurring alternate jersey , which they did in 2007 on July 26 against the Montreal Alouettes . The jersey was Cambridge blue and partnered with their Oxford blue pants and was worn once in 2007 , 2008 and 2009 . With the retro uniforms that were introduced in 2009 , the team also paired the retro Cambridge blue pants with the alternate jerseys for a monochrome Cambridge blue look that the team wore twice that year . The team wore an Oxford blue retro jersey in 2010 that made a return appearance in 2011 . The team became the first in the CFL to wear a white alternate uniform that was n't based on a retro uniform when they wore their Signature series jerseys in 2014 . This uniform was worn once at home and once away in both 2014 and 2015 . No alternate jersey was worn in 2016 or 2017 . Winnipeg Blue Bombers -- Wore gold alternate jerseys as part of their 75th anniversary season in 2005 . The jerseys were worn with either white pants or blue pants and were worn every season through to 2010 . Additionally , for the three seasons that the Blue Bombers qualified for the playoffs , the gold jerseys were worn for each game , both home and away , and in the 95th Grey Cup . Also in 2010 , the club wore retro 1970s era royal blue jerseys , which were then adopted as the alternates for 2011 and 2012 . A modified 1980s era royal blue jersey was introduced in 2013 and was also worn in 2014 . The Blue Bombers only wore their 2014 Signature series uniforms once , whereas all other teams wore theirs at least twice , possibly due to negative fan reception . To date , that was the last time that the club has worn a third jersey . Ice hockey ( edit ) National hockey league ( edit ) Patrice Bergeron in all black Bruins third jersey in 2011 , with exchanged `` spoked - B '' and shield logo locations In the National Hockey League , each team has its own distinctive sweater design ( hockey tradition usually refers to jerseys as `` sweaters , '' because hockey players actually wore sweaters on the ice until the 1960s ) . Prior to 1995 ( save a few isolated instances ) , each team only had two sweaters -- one for home use , and one for the road . One sweater was dominantly white ( or in a few instances , a light color ) , and the other dominantly a dark color . The home team has first choice of uniforms from the 1917 -- 18 to the 1969 -- 70 seasons ( the white or yellow sweater was predominantly the road sweater with the dark sweater predominantly being the home sweater ) , but from the 1970 -- 1971 to the 2002 -- 03 seasons , white ( or yellow ) sweaters were worn at home and dark sweaters were worn on the road . Since the Third Sweater Program was introduced in the 1995 -- 96 season , some teams wore the third sweater at home , which would have required an opponent to carry two sets of equipment and uniforms with them while on the road . This was alleviated starting in the 2003 -- 04 season , when new rules mandated dark sweaters at home and white sweaters on the road . The first NHL team to feature a three - sweater rotation was the Boston Bruins . From 1955 through 1967 , the Bruins had a gold home sweater and a white road sweater , and for several of those seasons featured a black third sweater . The Pittsburgh Penguins would later introduce a gold third sweater in 1981 , worn occasionally at home for two seasons and exclusively at home in the 1983 - 84 season before retiring it . As part of the NHL 's 75th anniversary in the 1991 - 92 season , for select games the Original Six teams wore throwback sweaters based on designs the teams wore at some point during the first 50 years of the league . The Chicago Blackhawks and Detroit Red Wings would wear their throwbacks again for a game at Chicago Stadium in the 1993 - 94 season . The 1995 - 96 third sweater program provided an opportunity for CCM to further experiment with dye - sublimation printing on their sweaters . CCM had introduced the process to the NHL with the 1994 All - Star Game sweaters and the Calgary Flames ' new uniforms introduced in the 1994 - 95 season . The sublimated dye process allows for more complex stripe and graphic designs than were possible or practical with traditional manufacturing methods . The initial participating teams in the 1995 - 96 season embraced the concept , although the results were mixed . The Bruins ' gold jersey , featuring a brown bear 's head on the front and jagged striping , lasted through the 2005 - 06 season , while the Penguins ' third jersey , featuring gradient striping that complemented their logo at the time , replaced their road jerseys in 1997 . The Vancouver Canucks ' red and black jersey with gradient striping , a subtle nod to their garish `` Flying V '' jerseys from 1978 - 85 , were retired in 1997 when the team changed colors and logos altogether . The Mighty Ducks of Anaheim and Los Angeles Kings jerseys only lasted one season , while the planned St. Louis Blues was rejected by then - coach / GM Mike Keenan , who reportedly banned the sweater from use . Due to the backlash against the less popular designs , the sublimation process was used by fewer teams in subsequent seasons , as newer thirds either rearranged the colors of an existing jersey , or experimented with different construction methods to create new designs . With the advent of the 2003 Heritage Classic outdoor game , the NHL introduced the Vintage jersey program , allowing a select number of teams to wear throwback designs for a limited number of games , in addition to their existing uniforms . These uniforms were designated with a special V - logo patch . Seven teams participated in the program , and included both home and road versions of throwback designs . As a result , the Bruins , Kings , Canucks , and New York Rangers each had an unprecedented five jerseys in their rotation for that season . The program was suspended due to the 2004 -- 05 NHL lockout , although the Vancouver Canucks and Montreal Canadiens would wear their vintage jerseys for a few games each in the 2005 - 06 season , and the Canucks and Bruins would wear their dark throwbacks as third jerseys ( replacing sublimated - print third jerseys ) in the 2006 - 07 season . The Canucks ' and Bruins ' throwbacks would later serve as the inspiration for their RBK Edge uniform redesigns in 2007 . Following a one - year hiatus on all third jerseys ( save for the 2008 NHL Winter Classic , where the Pittsburgh Penguins and Buffalo Sabres wore throwbacks for that game ) as part of the NHL 's transition to the Edge uniform system , the third jersey program returned in full earnest for the 2008 -- 09 season . The Winter and Heritage Classics became showcases for throwback uniforms and new sweaters with a throwback aesthetic , while the NHL Stadium Series became a showcase for more radical uniform designs . Third jerseys as a whole began to skew more to traditional stylings and throwback designs , especially for teams who more modernized looks in the Edge redesign . Another trend has been for teams to include an off - white cream color , sometimes referred to as `` vintage white '' or `` antique white '' , in place of pure white on their third or Classic jersey , attempting to replicate the discolored appearance of a genuine aged sweater . This trend picked up after the Minnesota Wild began extensively using `` Minnesota wheat '' , an official team color similar to the vintage cream color , in place of white trim on their dark jerseys . The only teams that have not had a full - season third jersey since the beginning of the current program are the Detroit Red Wings , Montreal Canadiens , and New Jersey Devils . However , both the Red Wings and Canadiens have participated in multiple outdoor games and had special jerseys for each event . In addition , the Canadiens wore five different vintage jerseys over the course of their centennial celebration in the 2008 - 09 and 2009 - 10 seasons , in addition to their earlier participation in the Vintage jersey program . Finally , the New Jersey Devils have worn a red and green throwback jersey for one home game on or around St. Patrick 's Day every season since 2009 - 10 , with the exception of the lockout - shortened 2013 season , and have also worn them in their 2014 NHL Stadium Series outdoor game . With Reebok being replaced by parent company Adidas as the NHL 's uniform supplier for the 2017 - 18 NHL season , the third jersey program will once again go on hiatus for one year . Usage ( edit ) Owen Sound Attack 's Joey Hishon wearing a third uniform in the Ontario Hockey League Once a team has been granted permission by the league to use their new design , they will request and be allowed ten to fifteen games during the season in which they may use their third sweater . They may continue to use the third sweater in subsequent years as well . This alternate design allowed the team 's appearance to flirt with radical designs which have occasionally gone on to become the new looks for some of the participating teams , though they can also be quite garish . An infamous example is the aforementioned St. Louis Blues ' planned third sweater from 1996 . The Mighty Ducks ' third from that season , featuring mascot Wildwing bursting through a sheet of ice , was also considered particularly garish . Sales of third sweaters to fans have also provided significant additional income for cash - strapped NHL teams . For example , in 2013 the Calgary Flames introduced a third sweater in exactly the same colours as their primary home sweater , but with the addition of `` western styling '' mixed with traditional hockey sweater features such as laces and the team name in script on the front . This does n't always work ; in the case of the Flames , they reverted to their throwback third jersey in the 2016 - 17 season . Teams are also allowed to wear their third jerseys as often as desired in the Stanley Cup Playoffs ; however , they may only wear two different uniforms during the playoffs ( one at home and one on the road ) . Examples of teams who wore third jerseys in the playoffs include the Dallas Stars ( in 1999 ) , the San Jose Sharks ( from 2009 to 2014 ) , the Anaheim Ducks ( in 2014 ) , the Minnesota Wild ( from 2013 to 2017 ) , the Washington Capitals ( in 2015 ) , the Toronto Maple Leafs ( in 1999 ) , the Philadelphia Flyers ( in 2001 and 2009 ) , the Pittsburgh Penguins ( in 1997 and 2016 ) , and the Edmonton Oilers ( in 2017 ) . The Stars , Flyers , Penguins , and Oilers are also examples of teams wearing third jerseys in the playoffs that are then promoted to full - time jerseys the following season . Chronology ( edit ) Several teams have had multiple designs of their third jersey . 1955 -- 56 : Boston Bruins ( remained until end of 1956 -- 57 season ; brought back for 1959 -- 60 season and stayed until end of 1964 -- 65 season ) 1966 -- 67 : Toronto Maple Leafs ( inspired by Canada 's Centennial celebrations in 1967 , the Leafs had a completely different uniform set for that year 's Stanley Cup playoffs , which culminated with a Stanley Cup victory . The modified Leafs uniform featured a new Maple Leaf emblem , replacing the traditional maple leaf with a design imitating the leaf found on Canada 's new Maple Leaf Flag introduced in 1965 . This uniform was adopted by the team the following season ( 1967 -- 68 ) and remained until a completely new uniform design was unveiled for the 1970 -- 71 season . ) 1981 -- 82 : Pittsburgh Penguins ( remained until 1984 -- 1985 season ) 1991 -- 92 : Boston Bruins , Chicago Blackhawks , Detroit Red Wings , Montreal Canadiens , New York Rangers , Toronto Maple Leafs ( all as throwback / vintage jerseys ) 1993 -- 94 : Chicago Blackhawks and Detroit Red Wings ( one game , wearing the 1992 throwback / vintage jerseys ) 1995 -- 96 : Mighty Ducks of Anaheim , Boston Bruins ( through 2005 -- 06 ) , Los Angeles Kings , Pittsburgh Penguins ( through 1996 -- 97 ; would eventually become their regular road jersey ) , Vancouver Canucks ( through 1996 -- 97 ) 1996 -- 97 : Chicago Blackhawks ( used through 2006 -- 07 ) , New York Islanders ( third and fourth jerseys with classic logo , became full - time home and road shirts the following season ) , New York Rangers ( through 2006 -- 07 ) , Tampa Bay Lightning ( through 1998 -- 99 ) , Toronto Maple Leafs ( one game -- throwback / vintage jerseys ) 1997 -- 98 : Mighty Ducks of Anaheim ( through 1999 -- 2000 ) , Dallas Stars ( through 1998 -- 99 ; became road jersey afterward ) , Ottawa Senators ( through 1998 -- 99 ; became road jersey afterward ) , Philadelphia Flyers ( through 2000 -- 01 ; became road jersey afterward ) , St. Louis Blues ( became home jersey the following season ) , San Jose Sharks ( became road jersey the following season ) , Washington Capitals ( through 1999 -- 2000 ; became road jersey afterward ) 1998 -- 99 : Calgary Flames ( through 1999 -- 2000 ; became road jersey through 2003 ; third jersey again 2003 -- 06 ) , Florida Panthers ( through 2002 -- 03 ; became the new home jersey , replaced by former road jersey ) , New York Rangers ( white shirt replaced blue third for one season ) , Phoenix Coyotes ( through 2002 -- 03 ) , Toronto Maple Leafs ( through 2006 -- 07 ) 1999 -- 2000 : Los Angeles Kings ( retired prior to 2007 -- 08 season ; logos switched in 2002 -- 03 ) 2000 -- 01 : Buffalo Sabres ( through 2005 -- 06 ) , Ottawa Senators ( through 2006 -- 07 ) , Pittsburgh Penguins ( through 2001 -- 02 ; became home uniform after one season ) 2001 -- 02 : Colorado Avalanche ( through 2006 -- 07 ) , Edmonton Oilers ( designed by Todd McFarlane ; through 2006 -- 07 ) , Nashville Predators ( through 2006 -- 07 ) , San Jose Sharks ( through 2006 -- 07 ) , Vancouver Canucks ( through 2005 -- 06 ) 2002 -- 03 : New York Islanders ( through 2006 -- 07 ) , Philadelphia Flyers ( orange with 3D version of logo , through 2006 -- 07 ) 2003 -- 04 : Mighty Ducks of Anaheim ( through 2005 -- 06 ) , Atlanta Thrashers ( would become home jersey ) , Boston Bruins ( c. 1970 -- vintage program ) Columbus Blue Jackets ( became home jersey for 2007 -- 08 ) , Dallas Stars ( used through 2005 -- 06 ) , Edmonton Oilers ( c. 1988 -- vintage program ) , Florida Panthers ( former road jersey , through 2006 -- 07 ) , Los Angeles Kings ( c. 1987 -- vintage program ) , Minnesota Wild ( became home jersey for 2007 -- 08 ) ; Montreal Canadiens ( c. 1946 and c. 1960 versions -- vintage program -- 1946 version used through 2006 -- 07 ) , New York Rangers ( c. 1978 -- vintage program ) , St. Louis Blues ( c. 1979 -- vintage program ) Vancouver Canucks ( c. 1976 -- vintage program ; worn as fourth in 2005 -- 06 , in use as third in 2006 -- 07 ) . 2006 -- 07 : Boston Bruins ( 1960s throwback ) , Buffalo Sabres 2007 -- 08 : No teams were allowed to have alternate jerseys due to the introduction of the Reebok Edge jersey style . During the NHL playoffs , the Toronto Maple Leafs announced they would wear jerseys similar in design to the ones worn during their 1967 Stanley Cup run , but this did not occur because the Maple Leafs failed to reach a playoff spot during the regular season . The Pittsburgh Penguins ( 1968 -- 76 blue throwback ) and the Buffalo Sabres ( 1970 -- 96 white throwback ) were therefore the only two teams to wear their third jerseys , which happened in the Winter Classic . 2008 -- 09 : On September 10 , 2008 , the Carolina Hurricanes unveiled a new predominantly black third jersey featuring a flag design reminiscent of the maritime advisory flag system . The following teams announced the use of third jerseys for the 2008 -- 09 NHL season : Atlanta Thrashers , Boston Bruins , Buffalo Sabres , Chicago Blackhawks ( a vintage jersey for the 2009 NHL Winter Classic at Wrigley Field ) , Dallas Stars , Detroit Red Wings ( for the 2009 Winter Classic ) , Edmonton Oilers , Los Angeles Kings , New York Islanders , Ottawa Senators , Philadelphia Flyers , Phoenix Coyotes , Pittsburgh Penguins , San Jose Sharks , St. Louis Blues , Tampa Bay Lightning , Toronto Maple Leafs , Vancouver Canucks . To commemorate its 100th season , Montreal Canadiens wear vintage jerseys from seasons 1912 -- 13 , 1915 -- 16 and 1945 -- 46 during selected home games against Original Six teams . 2009 -- 10 : Montreal Canadiens announce in Fall 2008 they will wear vintage jerseys from seasons 1909 -- 10 and 1910 -- 11 during selected home games against Original Six teams to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the team . In addition , the Bruins and Flyers donned vintage jerseys for their game as part of the 2010 NHL Winter Classic at Fenway Park on January 1 , and the Flyers then changed to the Winter Classic white sweater as their away jersey for the 2010 -- 11 season ; new third jerseys in the 2009 -- 10 NHL season were worn by the Calgary Flames , Colorado Avalanche , Florida Panthers , Minnesota Wild and the Nashville Predators . The Blackhawks also debuted a new third jersey which is a variation of the Winter Classic jersey used in 2009 . 2010 -- 11 : The Buffalo Sabres and the New York Islanders are officially changing to the third as their home ( and a new white road uniform based on same ) for the 2010 -- 11 season . Buffalo introduced a new third jersey loosely based on their AHL predecessor , the Buffalo Bisons , to celebrate the team 's 40th anniversary . The Columbus Blue Jackets have introduced a new third jersey , wearing it on selective home and away games only . The Anaheim Ducks also introduced a new third jersey as well along with their home and away jerseys . The Los Angeles Kings unveiled a new fourth throwback jersey , which is based on their purple and gold jerseys worn from 1967 to 1979 . The Pittsburgh Penguins retired their powder blue alternates and unveiled their new third jersey at the 2011 NHL Winter Classic at Heinz Field . On November 12 , 2010 , the New York Rangers introduced a new heritage jersey in a celebration of their 85th anniversary , which is worn during home games against Original Six teams and on all Sunday ( later Saturday ) home games . The Rangers ' heritage jersey debuted on November 17 in a game against the Bruins . The Anaheim Ducks introduced a third sweater on November 26 . The jersey features the `` D '' duck foot logo on the front and the colors are primarily black and orange . On the shoulder of the jersey , there is a patch of the Mighty Duck logo which was no longer used in the 2006 -- 07 NHL season with the logo the Ducks are currently using . 2011 -- 12 : The Los Angeles Kings relegated their purple and black road jerseys as alternates , while assigning the black and silver jerseys to regular use at home . They made a white and black away jersey based on this design . The Ottawa Senators replaced their black `` SENS '' alternates with a retro barberpole design based on the original Senators jerseys . The Pittsburgh Penguins and Washington Capitals promoted their 2011 Winter Classic jerseys to third jersey status , while the Toronto Maple Leafs unveiled a new blue retro alternate based on the jersey worn when they won the 1967 Stanley Cup Finals . Even though the Tampa Bay Lightning unveiled new logos and uniforms , their alternate `` BOLTS '' uniform was retained . The New York Islanders added a black jersey as their alternate , which was retired towards the end of the 2013 -- 14 season . 2012 -- 13 : No third jerseys were unveiled in the lockout - shortened season , but the Buffalo Sabres , Edmonton Oilers and Florida Panthers dropped their third jerseys . 2013 -- 14 : The Buffalo Sabres unveiled their two - tone third jersey , with the front of the jersey in gold and the back of the jersey in navy . The Calgary Flames replaced their classic 1980s third jerseys ( which are now worn once per season ) with a red and black jersey featuring a throwback ' Calgary ' script and modern design features ( it would be replaced with the former jerseys after the 2015 -- 16 season ) . The Carolina Hurricanes retained their black third jerseys despite unveiling a new uniform set , while the third jerseys of the Los Angeles Kings and Pittsburgh Penguins were dropped . 2014 -- 15 : The Anaheim Ducks promoted their third jerseys to regular use at home , adding a new white uniform based on the same design . The Pittsburgh Penguins unveiled their new black and gold third jersey , which is based on their road uniforms worn from 1980 to 1992 . In addition , the Philadelphia Flyers promoted the jersey they wore at the 2012 Winter Classic to alternate status . After retiring their black third jersey towards the end of the 2013 -- 14 season , the New York Islanders added a blue alternate jersey , which was previously worn at the Stadium Series game at Yankee Stadium in the previous season . The Tampa Bay Lightning changed their third jersey to a black alternate , while the Los Angeles Kings and Arizona Coyotes unveiled new throwback jerseys , the latter replacing their black third jersey . 2015 -- 16 : The Anaheim Ducks introduced a new orange third jersey . The Edmonton Oilers introduced a new throwback alternate orange jersey , while the Vancouver Canucks added a black throwback jersey that was the team 's road uniform from 1989 to 1997 . The Washington Capitals added a red alternate jersey based on the white alternate jersey they used from the 2011 -- 12 to the 2014 -- 15 seasons . In addition , the Colorado Avalanche and the New York Islanders changed their alternate jerseys . The two - tone third jersey worn by the Buffalo Sabres was permanently discontinued ; in its place , a `` third jersey '' identical to the white away jersey was used for six home games ( technically it was the same jersey , but as previously noted it required special dispensation from the league to allow it ) . 2016 -- 17 : The Pittsburgh Penguins ' third jersey that was worn during the 2014 -- 15 and 2015 -- 16 seasons was promoted to regular use at home ; while the Boston Bruins replaced their third jersey with the jersey that was first worn at the 2016 NHL Winter Classic . The Los Angeles Kings and Philadelphia Flyers introduced special third jerseys , while the St. Louis Blues removed their third jerseys . 2017 -- 18 : No teams will be allowed to have regular alternate jerseys due to the introduction of the Adidas jersey style . However , teams participating in outdoor games ( the NHL 100 Classic , Winter Classic , and Stadium Series games ) have special uniforms for those games . In addition , the Toronto Maple Leafs wore a Toronto Arenas throwback for the Next Century Game , commemorating the 100th anniversary of the first game in NHL history . Rugby league ( edit ) National rugby league ( edit ) In recent years the third jersey has appeared in the Australian NRL , with every team having a ' home ' jersey , an ' away ' jersey and a ' heritage ' jersey . The NRL does not currently require third or alternate jerseys , because most clashes can be resolved with away jerseys or using modified under - 20s jerseys . South Sydney Rabbitohs used a white jersey ( the under - 20s away jersey ) against Canberra in 2008 , even though the NRL stated that the Souths and Canberra jerseys do n't clash . They have a similar jersey for 2009 which contains tribal Aboriginal and Maori designs . Parramatta Eels have adopted a home ( yellow with blue designs ) , away ( blue with yellow designs , however in 2007 this was the alternate ) and alternate ( white with yellow designs , however in 2007 was away ) jersey scheme . They ( along with Manly - Warringah and Illawarra ) were one of the pioneers of away jerseys in rugby league in Australia . Canterbury Bulldogs use a jersey reminiscent of their training jersey as a clash strip ( also their under - 20s away jersey ) . They also wear their Berries strip from the 1960s as a heritage strip and a similar ( yet quite different ) jersey ( white with blue and black butcher stripes ) for trials . Brisbane Broncos have been known to wear a blue and aqua alternate jersey , however , it is rare to see as blue has become a colour hated by Queensland rugby league fans . Wests Tigers have worn a white version of their 2008 home jersey , switching the white / orange areas , and introduced a `` 10 Year Anniversary '' jersey , which is white with black and orange V 's . They also wear modernised versions of the old Balmain Tigers and Western Suburbs Magpies strips from the 1980s . Though not technically third jumpers , the Centenary of Rugby League celebrations left all teams with special jerseys for the Centenary round , and in 2009 several teams wore the same jerseys ( the Newcastle Knights , however , wore their foundation strip , in 2008 they wore a Newcastle Rebels jersey , which was the first Newcastle team in the NSWRL and played in the NSWRL 's foundation season . The New Zealand Warriors wore a jersey symbolising the history of rugby league in Auckland , with a dark blue jersey with 2 white V 's , while the Melbourne Storm wore their 2000 's light purple with white lightning bolts away strip in the 2009 Heritage Round , while in 2008 they wore their foundation jersey with V 's ) . As a result of the above point , the Sydney Roosters have used five jerseys in 2008 . See also ( edit ) Away colours Throwback uniform References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NBA 's new fashion statement '' . Post-gazette.com . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Denice ( 21 September 2012 ) . `` A-League's Central Coast Mariners turn pink for Mingara Recreation Club and Pink Ribbon Day '' . Herald Sun . Jump up ^ `` Brightfield support bright pink initiative '' . Football Federation Australia . 15 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Vogl , John ( January 16 , 2016 ) . `` Quick hits : Sabres 4 , Capitals 1 '' . The Buffalo News . Berkshire Hathaway . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rule 5 Players , Substitutes , Equipment , General Rules '' ( PDF ) . Static.nfl.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Whitaker , Lang . `` NBA , Nike unveil new uniforms for 2017 - 18 season NBA.com '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NFL and Nike Flood Thursday Night Football with Color '' ( Press release ) . National Football League . October 30 , 2015 . Retrieved December 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Color Rush Uniforms to Debut in Upcoming Thursday Night Games '' . New England Sports Network ( NESN ) . October 30 , 2015 . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ciampaglia , Dante A. ( November 9 , 2015 ) . `` Nike Unveils New Color Rush Jerseys for Thursday NFL Games '' . Sports Illustrated Kids . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul ( October 30 , 2015 ) . `` NFL Prepares for Thursday - Night ' Color Rush ' Games '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rovell , Darren ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Nike expands Color Rush program to all teams '' . ESPN . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : 3 March : `` Until 1989 -- 90 the rules of the FA Cup ... '' HFK -- News & Updates Archive 2011 Retrieved Jul 16 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Liverpool v Arsenal 1971 FA Cup Kits '' ( Menu ) John Devlin , True Colours Football Kits , Oct 19 , 2008 . Retrieved Jul 17 , 2012 ^ Jump up to : Third Kits -- A history of the Third Kit , John Devlin , Umbro.com , 1 Sep 2009 Jump up ^ `` When ' Les Bleus ' went green and white '' . FIFA World Football Museum . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 2016 - 01 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Bellshaw , George ( 2016 - 07 - 06 ) . `` Why Wales and Portugal are n't wearing red kits in Euro 2016 semi-final '' . Metro News . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Drayton , John ( 2014 - 05 - 29 ) . `` Spain ordered to make new World Cup kit after FIFA say strip clashes with Holland '' . Mail Online . Daily Mail . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` truecoloursfootball.co.uk '' . truecoloursfootball.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ Duxbury , Nick ( 16 Apr 1996 ) . `` United drop grey strip after black day '' . The Independent . Retrieved 16 Jul 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The curse of the Yankees ' 1912 road uniforms '' . Nj.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ Toronto Blue Jays seeing red in 2017 , introduce new uniform Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` It 's uniform change for MLB 's Players Weekend '' . Uni Watch . ESPN.com . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Joe DiGiovanni . `` Brewers pitcher Zack Greinke pinch - hits while wearing wrong jersey MLB.com '' . M.mlb.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Cubs ' Junior Lake picks wrong uniform '' . Espn.go.com. 2014 - 04 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Whatever it Takes '' . Calgary Herald . 31 Aug 2013 . Retrieved 16 Dec 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CFL ends working agreement with NFL '' . National Post . Canada . November 25 , 2007 . Retrieved Dec 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CFL and Reebok unveil new game jerseys '' . Oursportscentral.com \ accessdate = 2017 - 01 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` STAMPS UNVEIL THIRD JERSEY - Calgary Stampeders '' . Stampeders.com. 2005 - 09 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tiger - Cats third jerseys up for grabs '' . CFL.ca. 2006 - 08 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Golden moment for Goldie '' . CFL.ca. 2006 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Argos win Scotiabank East Semi-Final '' . Cfl.ca. 5 November 2006 . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Uniforms and Logos - Toronto Argonauts '' . Argonauts.ca . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alouettes 26 , Argonauts 13 '' . Cfl.ca. 26 July 2007 . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrating Our Legacy : The CFL goes `` Retro '' `` . CFL.ca. 2008 - 08 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Dan Goodspeed ( 2008 - 09 - 11 ) . `` Retro : A tribute to the past '' . CFL.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Black is the new orange for B.C. Lions ' uniforms - British Columbia - CBC News '' . Cbc.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Green and Gold standard : Esks down Stamps '' . CFL.ca. 2011 - 09 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Stampeders excel as men in black '' . Slam.canoe.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Jersey to be a golden success ? '' . Slam.canoe.ca. 2005 - 09 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Stampeders 20 , Eskimos 17 '' . CFL.ca. 2007 - 09 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Cats blow out Riders ; Playoffs in sight '' . CFL.ca. 2009 - 10 - 31 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Alouettes ' uniforms - Montreal Alouettes '' . En.montrealalouettes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Catch was memorable '' . CFL.ca. 2006 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` 1970 's Retro Jerseys '' . Bluebombers.com. 11 August 2010 . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Watermelon warriors vs. ' tame and childish , ' designer pans CFL jerseys '' . Cbc.ca . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Blues 3rd sweater features Arch , leaves out trumpets '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Report : No Alternate Jerseys Next Season as Adidas Takes Over NHL Uniforms '' . The Hockey News . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Flames Unveil New Third Jersey To Mixed Reviews , With Some Saying It Is '' . Sportsbusinessdaily.com . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Shelly ( May 29 , 2010 ) . `` Heinz ' in ' place to be Jan. 1 '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . External links ( edit ) A history of the third kit , by John Devlin , 2009 NHLuniforms.com ( hide ) Gridiron football equipment Ball Goal posts Helmet History Face mask Winged Eyeshield Revolution Uniform Alternate Cleats Number Throwback Pads Shoulder Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Third_jersey&oldid=843180276 '' Categories : Sports terminology Sports uniforms Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from September 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 12 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when do football teams wear their third kit | [
"A third jersey, alternate jersey, third kit or alternate uniform is a jersey or uniform that a sports team wear in games instead of its home outfit or its away outfit, often when the colors of two competing teams' other uniforms are too similar to play easily. Alternate jerseys are also a means for professional sports organizations to generate revenue, by sales to fans. Of North American sports leagues, the NFL generates $1.2 billion annually in jersey sales, with the NBA second selling $900 million annually.[1] Another use of the alternate uniform is for identifying with causes, like the Central Coast Mariners wear an alternate pink kit on pink ribbon day.[2][3]",
"A third jersey, alternate jersey, third kit or alternate uniform is a jersey or uniform that a sports team wear in games instead of its home outfit or its away outfit, often when the colors of two competing teams' other uniforms are too similar to play easily. Alternate jerseys are also a means for professional sports organizations to generate revenue, by sales to fans. Of North American sports leagues, the NFL generates $1.2 billion annually in jersey sales, with the NBA second selling $900 million annually.[1] Another use of the alternate uniform is for identifying with causes, like the Central Coast Mariners wear an alternate pink kit on pink ribbon day.[2][3]",
"A third jersey, alternate jersey, third kit or alternate uniform is a jersey or uniform that a sports team wear in games instead of its home outfit or its away outfit, often when the colors of two competing teams' other uniforms are too similar to play easily. Alternate jerseys are also a means for professional sports organizations to generate revenue, by sales to fans. Of North American sports leagues, the NFL generates $1.2 billion annually in jersey sales, with the NBA second selling $900 million annually.[1] Another use of the alternate uniform is for identifying with causes, like the Central Coast Mariners wear an alternate pink kit on pink ribbon day.[2][3]"
] | [
"too similar to play easily",
"to generate revenue",
"for identifying with causes"
] |
6802946254499155064 | Arab Spring | Arab Spring - wikipedia Arab Spring This article is about the demonstrations and revolts in the Arab world in early 2010s . For other Arab revolts , see Arab Revolt ( disambiguation ) . Arab Spring Protesters in Tunisia ( January 2011 ) Date 17 December 2010 -- December 2012 Location North Africa , Middle East ( i.e. MENA or `` Arab world '' ) Caused by Authoritarianism Dictatorship Demographic structural factors 2000s energy crisis Political corruption Human rights violations Unemployment Inflation Kleptocracy Poverty Sectarianism Self - immolation of Mohamed Bouazizi Goals Democracy Free elections Economic freedom Human rights Employment Regime change Methods Civil disobedience Civil resistance Demonstrations Riots Strike actions Mutiny Defection Insurgency Internet activism Protest camps Revolution Self - immolation Silent protests Sit - ins Social media activism Strike actions Urban warfare Uprising Resulted in Tunisia : President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali ousted , charged , exiled and government overthrown . Egypt : President Hosni Mubarak ousted , arrested , charged , and government overthrown . Libya : Leader Muammar Gaddafi killed following a civil war that saw a foreign military intervention , and government overthrown . Yemen : President Ali Abdullah Saleh ousted , and power handed to a national unity government . Syria : President Bashar al - Assad faced civil uprising against his rule that deteriorated into armed rebellion and eventual full - scale civil war . Bahrain : Civil uprising against the government crushed by authorities and Saudi - led intervention . Kuwait , Lebanon and Oman : Government changes implemented in response to protests . Morocco and Jordan : Constitutional reforms implemented in response to protests . Saudi Arabia , Sudan , Mauritania , and other Arab countries : Protests . Casualties Death ( s ) hundreds of thousands killed ( International estimate ; see table below ) Part of a series on Revolution Types ( show ) Colour Communist Democratic Nonviolent Permanent Political Proletarian Social Wave Methods ( show ) Boycott Civil disobedience Civil war Class conflict Coup d'état Demonstration Guerrilla warfare Insurgency Nonviolent resistance Protest Rebellion Revolutionary terror Samizdat Strike action Tax resistance Terrorism Causes ( show ) Authoritarianism Autocracy Capitalism Collaborationism Colonialism Cronyism Despotism Dictatorship Discrimination Economic depression Economic inequality Electoral fraud Famine Fascism Feudalism Imperialism Military occupation Monarchy Natural disaster Nepotism Persecution Political corruption Political repression Poverty Totalitarianism Unemployment Examples ( show ) Commercial Revolution Industrial Revolution English Revolution Atlantic Revolutions American Revolution French Revolution Haitian Revolution Serbian Revolution Greek Revolution Revolutions of 1820 Revolutions of 1830 Belgian Revolution Texas Revolution Revolutions of 1848 Hungarian Revolution of 1848 Philippine Revolution Persian Constitutional Revolution Young Turk Revolution Mexican Revolution Xinhai Revolution Revolutions of 1917 -- 23 Russian Revolution German Revolution of 1918 -- 19 Spanish Revolution of 1936 Guatemalan Revolution Chinese Communist Revolution Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Cuban Revolution Rwandan Revolution Cultural Revolution Nicaraguan Revolution Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution People Power Revolution Carnation Revolution Revolutions of 1989 Velvet Revolution Romanian Revolution Singing Revolution Bolivarian Revolution Bulldozer Revolution Rose Revolution Orange Revolution Tulip Revolution Kyrgyz Revolution of 2010 Arab Spring Tunisian Revolution Yemeni Revolution Euromaidan Politics portal The Arab Spring ( Arabic : الربيع العربي ar - Rabīʻ al - ʻArabī ) , also referred to as Arab Revolutions ( Arabic : الثورات العربية aṯ - ' awrāt al - ʻarabiyyah ) , was a revolutionary wave of both violent and non-violent demonstrations , protests , riots , coups , foreign interventions , and civil wars in North Africa and the Middle East that began on 18 December 2010 in Tunisia with the Tunisian Revolution . The effects of the Tunisian Revolution spread strongly to five other countries : Libya , Egypt , Yemen , Syria and Bahrain , where either the regime was toppled or major uprisings and social violence occurred , including riots , civil wars or insurgencies . Sustained street demonstrations took place in Morocco , Iraq , Algeria , Iranian Khuzestan , Lebanon , Jordan , Kuwait , Oman and Sudan . Minor protests occurred in Djibouti , Mauritania , the Palestinian National Authority , Saudi Arabia , and the Moroccan - controlled Western Sahara . A major slogan of the demonstrators in the Arab world is ash - shaʻb yurīd isqāṭ an - niẓām ( `` the people want to bring down the regime '' ) . The wave of initial revolutions and protests faded by mid-2012 , as many Arab Spring demonstrations were met with violent responses from authorities , as well as from pro-government militias and counter-demonstrators . These attacks were answered with violence from protestors in some cases . Large - scale conflicts resulted -- the Syrian Civil War , Iraqi insurgency and the following civil war , the Egyptian Crisis , coup and subsequent unrest and insurgency , the Libyan Civil War , and the Yemeni Crisis and following civil war . A power struggle continued after the immediate response to the Arab Spring . While leadership changed and regimes were held accountable , power vacuums opened across the Arab world . Ultimately it came down to a contentious battle between a consolidation of power by religious elites and the growing support for democracy in many Muslim - majority states . The early hopes that these popular movements would end corruption , increase political participation , and bring about greater economic equity quickly collapsed in the wake of the counterrevolutionary moves in Yemen and of the Saudi - UAE - linked military deep state in Egypt , the regional and international military interventions in Bahrain and Yemen , and the destructive civil wars in Syria , Iraq , Libya and Yemen . Some have referred to the succeeding and still ongoing conflicts as the Arab Winter . As of May 2018 , only the uprising in Tunisia has resulted in a transition to constitutional democratic governance . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Causes 2.1 Pressures from within 2.2 Social media and the Arab Spring 3 Timeline 4 Events leading up to the Arab Spring 5 The Arab Spring 5.1 Summary of conflicts by country 6 Major events 6.1 Tunisia 6.2 Egypt 6.3 Libya 6.4 Yemen 6.5 Syria 6.6 Bahrain 7 Results 7.1 Analysis 7.2 Aftermath 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Etymology ( edit ) The term `` Arab Spring '' is an allusion to the Revolutions of 1848 , which are sometimes referred to as the `` Springtime of Nations '' , and the Prague Spring in 1968 . In the aftermath of the Iraq War , it was used by various commentators and bloggers who anticipated a major Arab movement towards democratization . The first specific use of the term Arab Spring as used to denote these events may have started with the American political journal Foreign Policy . Political scientist Marc Lynch described `` Arab Spring '' as `` a term I may have unintentionally coined in a 6 January 2011 article '' for Foreign Policy magazine . Joseph Massad on Al Jazeera said the term was `` part of a US strategy of controlling ( the movement 's ) aims and goals '' and directing it towards western - style liberal democracy . When Arab Spring protests in some countries were followed by electoral success for Islamist parties , some American pundits coined the terms `` Islamist Spring '' and `` Islamist Winter '' . Some observers have also drawn comparisons between the Arab Spring movements and the Revolutions of 1989 ( also known as the `` Autumn of Nations '' ) that swept through Eastern Europe and the Second World , in terms of their scale and significance . Others , however , have pointed out that there are several key differences between the movements , such as the desired outcomes , the effectiveness of civil resistance , and the organizational role of Internet - based technologies in the Arab revolutions . Causes ( edit ) Pressures from within ( edit ) The world watched the events of the Arab Spring unfold , `` gripped by the narrative of a young generation peacefully rising up against oppressive authoritarianism to secure a more democratic political system and a brighter economic future . '' The Arab Spring is widely believed to have been instigated by dissatisfaction , particularly of youth and unions , with the rule of local governments , though some have speculated that wide gaps in income levels and pressures caused by the Great Recession may have had a hand as well . Some activists had taken part in programs sponsored by the U.S. - funded National Endowment for Democracy , but the U.S. government did not initiate the uprisings . Numerous factors led to the protests , including issues such as dictatorship or absolute monarchy , human rights violations , political corruption ( demonstrated by Wikileaks diplomatic cables ) , economic decline , unemployment , extreme poverty , and a number of demographic structural factors , such as a large percentage of educated but dissatisfied youth within the entire population . Catalysts for the revolts in all Northern African and Persian Gulf countries included the concentration of wealth in the hands of autocrats in power for decades , insufficient transparency of its redistribution , corruption , and especially the refusal of the youth to accept the status quo . Some protesters looked to the Turkish model as an ideal ( contested but peaceful elections , fast - growing but liberal economy , secular constitution but Islamist government ) . Other analysts blamed the rise in food prices on commodity traders and the conversion of crops to ethanol . Yet others have claimed that the context of high rates of unemployment and corrupt political regimes led to dissent movements within the region . Social media and the Arab Spring ( edit ) Main article : Social media and the Arab Spring In the wake of the Arab Spring protests , a considerable amount of attention has been focused on the role of social media and digital technologies in allowing citizens within areas affected by ' the Arab Uprisings ' as a means for collective activism to circumvent state - operated media channels . The influence of social media on political activism during the Arab Spring has , however , been much debated . Protests took place both in states with a very high level of Internet usage ( such as Bahrain with 88 % of its population online in 2011 ) and in states with some of the lowest Internet penetration ( Yemen and Libya ) . The use of social media platforms more than doubled in Arab countries during the protests , with the exception of Libya . Some researchers have shown how collective intelligence , dynamics of the crowd in participatory systems such as social media , have immense power to support a collective action -- such as foment a political change . As of 5 April 2011 , the number of Facebook users in the Arab world surpassed 27.7 million people . Some critics have argued that digital technologies and other forms of communication -- videos , cellular phones , blogs , photos , emails , and text messages -- have brought about the concept of a ' digital democracy ' in parts of North Africa affected by the uprisings . Facebook , Twitter and other major social media played a key role in the movement of Egyptian and Tunisian activists in particular . Nine out of ten Egyptians and Tunisians responded to a poll that they used Facebook to organize protests and spread awareness . This large population of young Egyptian men referred to themselves as `` the Facebook generation '' , exemplifying their escape from their non-modernized past . Furthermore , 28 % of Egyptians and 29 % of Tunisians from the same poll said that blocking Facebook greatly hindered and / or disrupted communication . Social media sites were a platform for different movements formed by many frustrated citizens , including the 2008 `` April 6 Youth Movement '' organized by Ahmed Mahed , which set out to organize and promote a nationwide labor strike , and which inspired the later creation of the `` Progressive Youth of Tunisia '' . During the Arab Spring , people created pages on Facebook to raise awareness about alleged crimes against humanity , such as police brutality in the Egyptian Revolution ( see Wael Ghonim and Death of Khaled Mohamed Saeed ) . Whether the project of raising awareness was primarily pursued by Arabs themselves or simply advertised by western social media users is a matter of debate ; Jared Keller , a journalist for The Atlantic , claims that most activists and protesters used Facebook ( among other social media ) to organize ; However , what influenced Iran was `` good old - fashioned word of mouth '' . Jared Keller argued that the sudden and anomalous social media output was caused from westerners witnessing the situation ( s ) , and then broadcasting them . The Middle East and North Africa used texting , emailing , and blogging only to organize and communicate information about internal local protests . A study by Zeynep Tufekci of the University of North Carolina and Christopher Wilson of the United Nations Development Program concluded that `` social media in general , and Facebook in particular , provided new sources of information the regime could not easily control and were crucial in shaping how citizens made individual decisions about participating in protests , the logistics of protest , and the likelihood of success . '' Marc Lynch of George Washington University said , `` while social media boosters envisioned the creation of a new public sphere based on dialogue and mutual respect , the reality is that Islamists and their adversaries retreat to their respective camps , reinforcing each other 's prejudices while throwing the occasional rhetorical bomb across the no - man 's land that the center has become . '' Lynch also stated in a Foreign Policy article , `` There is something very different about scrolling through pictures and videos of unified , chanting Yemeni or Egyptian crowds demanding democratic change and waking up to a gory image of a headless 6 - year - old girl on your Facebook news feed . '' Social networks were not the only instrument for rebels to coordinate their efforts and communicate . In the countries with the lowest Internet penetration and the limited role of social networks , such as Yemen and Libya , the role of mainstream electronic media devices -- cell phones , emails , and video clips ( e.g. YouTube ) was very important to cast the light on the situation in the country and spread the word about the protests in the outside world . In Egypt , in Cairo particularly , mosques were one of the main platforms to coordinate the protest actions and raise awareness to the masses . Timeline ( edit ) Main article : Timeline of the Arab Spring Events leading up to the Arab Spring ( edit ) Tunisia experienced a series of conflicts during the three years leading up to the Arab Spring , the most notable occurring in the mining area of Gafsa in 2008 , where protests continued for many months . These protests included rallies , sit - ins , and strikes , during which there were two fatalities , an unspecified number of wounded , and dozens of arrests . In Egypt , the labor movement had been strong for years , with more than 3,000 labor actions since 2004 , and provided an important venue for organizing protests and collective action . One important demonstration was an attempted workers ' strike on 6 April 2008 at the state - run textile factories of al - Mahalla al - Kubra , just outside Cairo . The idea for this type of demonstration spread throughout the country , promoted by computer - literate working class youths and their supporters among middle - class college students . A Facebook page , set up to promote the strike , attracted tens of thousands of followers and provided the platform for sustained political action in pursuit of the `` long revolution . '' The government mobilized to break the strike through infiltration and riot police , and while the regime was somewhat successful in forestalling a strike , dissidents formed the `` 6 April Committee '' of youths and labor activists , which became one of the major forces calling for the anti-Mubarak demonstration on 25 January in Tahrir Square . In Algeria , discontent had been building for years over a number of issues . In February 2008 , United States Ambassador Robert Ford wrote in a leaked diplomatic cable that Algeria is ' unhappy ' with long - standing political alienation ; that social discontent persisted throughout the country , with food strikes occurring almost every week ; that there were demonstrations every day somewhere in the country ; and that the Algerian government was corrupt and fragile . Some claimed that during 2010 there were as many as ' 9,700 riots and unrests ' throughout the country . Many protests focused on issues such as education and health care , while others cited rampant corruption . In Western Sahara , the Gdeim Izik protest camp was erected 12 kilometres ( 7.5 mi ) south - east of El Aaiún by a group of young Sahrawis on 9 October 2010 . Their intention was to demonstrate against labor discrimination , unemployment , looting of resources , and human rights abuses . The camp contained between 12,000 and 20,000 inhabitants , but on 8 November 2010 it was destroyed and its inhabitants evicted by Moroccan security forces . The security forces faced strong opposition from some young Sahrawi civilians , and rioting soon spread to El Aaiún and other towns within the territory , resulting in an unknown number of injuries and deaths . Violence against Sahrawis in the aftermath of the protests was cited as a reason for renewed protests months later , after the start of the Arab Spring . The catalyst for the escalation of protests was the self - immolation of Tunisian Mohamed Bouazizi . Unable to find work and selling fruit at a roadside stand , Bouazizi had his wares confiscated by a municipal inspector on 17 December 2010 . An hour later he doused himself with gasoline and set himself afire . His death on 4 January 2011 brought together various groups dissatisfied with the existing system , including many unemployed , political and human rights activists , labor , trade unionists , students , professors , lawyers , and others to begin the Tunisian Revolution . The Arab Spring ( edit ) The series of protests and demonstrations across the Middle East and North Africa that commenced in 2010 , became known as the `` Arab Spring '' , and sometimes as the `` Arab Spring and Winter '' , `` Arab Awakening '' or `` Arab Uprisings '' even though not all the participants in the protests were Arab . It was sparked by the first protests that occurred in Tunisia on 18 December 2010 in Sidi Bouzid , following Mohamed Bouazizi 's self - immolation in protest of police corruption and ill treatment . With the success of the protests in Tunisia , a wave of unrest sparked by the Tunisian `` Burning Man '' struck Algeria , Jordan , Egypt , and Yemen , then spread to other countries . The largest , most organised demonstrations often occurred on a `` day of rage '' , usually Friday afternoon prayers . The protests also triggered similar unrest outside the region . The Arab Spring caused the `` biggest transformation of the Middle East since decolonization . '' By the end of February 2012 , rulers had been forced from power in Tunisia , Egypt , Libya , and Yemen ; civil uprisings had erupted in Bahrain and Syria ; major protests had broken out in Algeria , Iraq , Jordan , Kuwait , Morocco , Oman , and Sudan ; and minor protests had occurred in Mauritania , Saudi Arabia , Djibouti , Western Sahara , and Palestine . Tunisian President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali fled to Saudi Arabia on 14 January 2011 following the Tunisian Revolution protests . In Egypt , President Hosni Mubarak resigned on 11 February 2011 after 18 days of massive protests , ending his 30 - year presidency . The Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi was overthrown on 23 August 2011 , after the National Transitional Council ( NTC ) took control of Bab al - Azizia . He was killed on 20 October 2011 , in his hometown of Sirte after the NTC took control of the city . Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh signed the GCC power - transfer deal in which a presidential election was held , resulting in his successor Abd al - Rab Mansur al - Hadi formally replacing him as the president of Yemen on 27 February 2012 , in exchange for immunity from prosecution . Weapons and Tuareg fighters returning from the Libyan Civil War stoked a simmering conflict in Mali which has been described as ' fallout ' from the Arab Spring in North Africa . During this period of regional unrest , several leaders announced their intentions to step down at the end of their current terms . Sudanese President Omar al - Bashir announced that he would not seek re-election in 2015 ( he ultimately retracted his previous announcement and ran anyway ) , as did Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al - Maliki , whose term was ending in 2014 , although there were violent demonstrations demanding his immediate resignation in 2011 . Protests in Jordan also caused the sacking of four successive governments by King Abdullah . The popular unrest in Kuwait also resulted in resignation of Prime Minister Nasser Mohammed Al - Ahmed Al - Sabah cabinet . The geopolitical implications of the protests drew global attention . Some protesters were nominated for the 2011 Nobel Peace Prize . Tawakkol Karman from Yemen was co-recipient of the 2011 Nobel Peace Prize due to her role organizing peaceful protests . In December 2011 , Time magazine named `` The Protester '' its `` Person of the Year '' . Another award was noted when the Spanish photographer Samuel Aranda won the 2011 World Press Photo award for his image of a Yemeni woman holding an injured family member , taken during the civil uprising in Yemen on 15 October 2011 . Summary of conflicts by country ( edit ) Government overthrown multiple times Government overthrown Civil war Protests and governmental changes Major protests Minor protests Other protests and militant action outside the Arab world hide Country Date started Status of protests Outcome Death toll Situation Tunisia 18 December 2010 Government overthrown on 14 January 2011 Overthrow of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali ; Ben Ali flees into exile in Saudi Arabia Resignation of Prime Minister Ghannouchi Dissolution of the political police Dissolution of the RCD , the former ruling party of Tunisia and liquidation of its assets Release of political prisoners Elections to a Constituent Assembly on 23 October 2011 2013 -- 14 protests against the interim Islamist - led government . Adoption of a new constitution On October 2014 , election of a parliament , end of the transition , Tunisia , becomes a unicameral parliamentary republic . 7002338000000000000 ♠ 338 E Government overthrown Algeria 29 December 2010 Ended in January 2012 Lifting of the 19 - year - old state of emergency 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 B Major protests Jordan 14 January 2011 Ended On February 2011 , King Abdullah II dismisses Prime Minister Rifai and his cabinet On October 2011 , Abdullah dismisses Prime Minister Bakhit and his cabinet after complaints of slow progress on promised reforms On April 2012 , as the protests continues , Al - Khasawneh resigned , and the King appoints Fayez al - Tarawneh as the new Prime Minister of Jordan On October 2012 , King Abdullah dissolves the parliament for new early elections , and appoints Abdullah Ensour as the new Prime Minister of Jordan 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 C Protests and governmental changes Oman 17 January 2011 Ended in May 2011 Economic concessions by Sultan Qaboos Dismissal of ministers Granting of lawmaking powers to Oman 's elected legislature 2 -- 6 C Protests and governmental changes Egypt 25 January 2011 The governments overthrown on February 2011 , the Egyptian Crisis follows Overthrow of Hosni Mubarak , who is later convicted of corruption and ordered to stand trial for ordering the killing of protesters . Resignation of Prime Minister ( s ) Nazif and Shafik Assumption of power by the Armed Forces Suspension of the Constitution , dissolution of the Parliament Disbanding of State Security Investigations Service Dissolution of the NDP , the former ruling party of Egypt and transfer of its assets to the state Arrest and prosecution of Mubarak , his family and his former ministers Lifting of the 31 - year - old state of emergency Democratic election held to replace Mubarak as the new president of Egypt ; Mohamed Morsi elected and inaugurated Mohamed Morsi overthrown Constitutional referendum and new elections Former Armed Forces commander , Abdel Fattah el - Sisi elected President Sinai insurgency Egyptian Armed Forces launch anti-terror military operations in the Sinai . Increase in violence and attacks by insurgents since the ouster of Morsi . 846 EGovernment overthrown Yemen 27 January 2011 Government overthrown on February 2012 . Yemeni Crisis follows . Overthrow of Ali Abdullah Saleh ; Saleh granted immunity from prosecution . Resignation of Prime Minister Mujawar Resignation of MPs from the ruling party Occupation of several areas of Yemeni territory by al - Qaeda and Houthi rebels Restructure of the military forces by sacking several of its leaders Approval of Saleh 's immunity from prosecution by Yemeni legislators Presidential election held to replace Saleh as the new president of Yemen ; Abd Rabbuh Mansur Al - Hadi elected and inaugurated Yemeni Crisis Begins Al - Hadi ousted by Houthi Rebels Start of Yemeni Civil War 10,000 + EGovernment overthrown Eand ECivil War Djibouti 28 January 2011 Ended in March 2011 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 A Minor protests Sudan 30 January 2011 26 October 2013 President Bashir announces he will not seek another term in 2015 President Bashir nevertheless chosen as Ruling Party candidate for 2015 election 7002200000000000000 ♠ 200 + A Major protests Iraq 12 February 2011 Ended 23 December 2011 , instability and eventually civil war follows Prime Minister Maliki announces that he will not run for a 3rd term ; Resignation of provincial governors and local authorities Two - third wage increase for Sahwa militia members Elections held and Haider al - Abadi is elected ISIL insurgents take broad swathes of Iraq Start of Iraqi Civil War Coalition of Countries and the Iraqi Army battle ISIL insurgents . 7004720910003500035 ♠ 35 + 72,056 B Protests and a beginning of a civil war Bahrain 14 February 2011 18 March 2011 Economic concessions by King Hamad Release of political prisoners Negotiations with Shia representatives GCC intervention at the request of the Government of Bahrain Head of the National Security Apparatus removed from post Formation of a committee to implement BICI report recommendations 7002120000000000000 ♠ 120 D Sustained civil disorder and government changes Libya 17 February 2011 Government overthrown on 23 August 2011 , crisis follows Overthrow of Muammar Gaddafi ; Gaddafi killed by rebel forces Government defeated by armed revolt with UN-mandated military intervention Assumption of interim control by the National Transitional Council Beginning of sporadic low - level fighting and clashes 40,000 + Government overthrown and civil war Kuwait 19 February 2011 Ended in December 2012 Resignation of Prime Minister Nasser Mohammed Al - Ahmed Al - Sabah Dissolution of the Parliament 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 C Protests and governmental changes Morocco 20 February 2011 Ended in March -- April 2012 Political concessions by King Mohammed VI ; Referendum on constitutional reforms ; Respect to civil rights and an end to corruption 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 C Protests and governmental changes Mauritania 25 February 2011 Ended 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 A Minor protests Lebanon 27 February 2011 Ended in December 2011 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 D Protests and governmental changes Saudi Arabia 11 March 2011 Ended Economic concessions by King Abdullah Male - only municipal elections held 29 September 2011 King Abdullah announces women 's approval to vote and be elected in 2015 municipal elections and to be nominated to the Shura Council Commitment to the expansion of women 's rights in Saudi Arabia , especially after ascension of Mohammad bin Salman to position of Crown Prince . 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 A Minor protests Syria 26 January 2011 Civil uprising , which transformed into Syrian Civil War in July -- August 2011 Release of some political prisoners Dismissal of Provincial Governors Resignation of the Government End of Emergency Law Resignations from Parliament Large defections from the Syrian army and clashes between soldiers and defectors Formation of the Free Syrian Army and full - scale civil war Formation of ISIL who take broad swathes of Syria Ongoing violence in Syria caused millions to flee their homes 400,000 + Civil war Iranian Khuzestan 15 April 2011 Ended on 18 April 2011 2011 Khuzestan Protests 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 B Major protests Borders of Israel 15 May 2011 Ended on 5 June 2011 Arab demonstrations on the borders of Israel 35 B Major protests Palestinian Authority 10 February 2011 5 October 2012 Then Palestinian prime minister Salam Fayyad states that he is `` ' willing to resign '' Fayyad resigns on 13 April 2013 but because of political differences between him and the Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas over the finance portfolio 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 C Minor protests Total death toll and other consequences : hundreds of thousands killed ( combined estimate of events ) 4 governments overthrown as part of the events Six protests leading to governmental changes Five major protests Four minor protests 2 governments overthrown in the aftermath Four civil wars in the aftermath ( Syria , Iraq , Libya and Yemen ) Major events ( edit ) See also : Arab Spring concurrent incidents Tunisia ( edit ) Main article : Tunisian Revolution Protesters on Avenue Habib Bourguiba , downtown Tunis on 14 January 2011 , a few hours before president Zine El Abidine Ben Ali fled the country Following the self - burning of Mohamed Bouazizi in Sidi Bouzid , a series of increasingly violent street demonstrations through December 2010 ultimately led to the ousting of longtime President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali on 14 January 2011 . The demonstrations were preceded by high unemployment , food inflation , corruption , lack of freedom of speech and other forms of political freedom , and poor living conditions . The protests constituted the most dramatic wave of social and political unrest in Tunisia in three decades , and have resulted in scores of deaths and injuries , most of which were the result of action by police and security forces against demonstrators . Ben Ali fled into exile in Saudi Arabia , ending his 23 years in power . A state of emergency was declared and a caretaker coalition government was created following Ben Ali 's departure , which included members of Ben Ali 's party , the Constitutional Democratic Rally ( RCD ) , as well as opposition figures from other ministries . However , the five newly appointed non-RCD ministers resigned almost immediately . As a result of continued daily protests , on 27 January Prime Minister Mohamed Ghannouchi reshuffled the government , removing all former RCD members other than himself , and on 6 February the former ruling party was suspended ; later , on 9 March , it was dissolved . Following further public protests , Ghannouchi himself resigned on 27 February , and Béji Caïd Essebsi became Prime Minister . On 23 October 2011 , Tunisians voted in the first post-revolution election to elect representatives to a 217 - member constituent assembly that would be responsible for the new constitution . The leading Islamist party , Ennahda , won 37 % of the vote , and managed to elect 42 women to the Constituent Assembly . On 26 January 2014 , a new constitution was elected . The constitution is seen as progressive , increases human rights , gender equality , government duties toward people , lays the ground for a new parliamentary system and makes Tunisia a decentralized and open government . On 26 October 2014 , the country held its first parliamentary elections since the 2011 Arab Spring and its presidentials on 23 November 2014 , finishing its transition to a democratic state . These elections were characterized by the fall in popularity of Ennahdha , for the secular Nidaa Tounes party , which became the first party of the country . Egypt ( edit ) Main articles : Egyptian revolution of 2011 and Egyptian crisis ( 2011 -- 14 ) Celebrations in Tahrir Square after Omar Suleiman 's statement concerning Hosni Mubarak 's resignation Inspired by the uprising in Tunisia and prior to his entry as a central figure in Egyptian politics , potential presidential candidate Mohamed ElBaradei warned of a `` Tunisia - style explosion '' in Egypt . Protests in Egypt began on 25 January 2011 and ran for 18 days . Beginning around midnight on 28 January , the Egyptian government attempted , somewhat successfully , to eliminate the nation 's Internet access , in order to inhibit the protesters ' ability to use media activism to organize through social media . Later that day , as tens of thousands protested on the streets of Egypt 's major cities , President Hosni Mubarak dismissed his government , later appointing a new cabinet . Mubarak also appointed the first Vice President in almost 30 years . The U.S. embassy and international students began a voluntary evacuation near the end of January , as violence and rumors of violence escalated . On 10 February , Mubarak ceded all presidential power to Vice President Omar Suleiman , but soon thereafter announced that he would remain as President until the end of his term . However , protests continued the next day , and Suleiman quickly announced that Mubarak had resigned from the presidency and transferred power to the Armed Forces of Egypt . The military immediately dissolved the Egyptian Parliament , suspended the Constitution of Egypt , and promised to lift the nation 's thirty - year `` emergency laws '' . A civilian , Essam Sharaf , was appointed as Prime Minister of Egypt on 4 March to widespread approval among Egyptians in Tahrir Square . Violent protests however , continued through the end of 2011 as many Egyptians expressed concern about the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces ' perceived sluggishness in instituting reforms and their grip on power . Hosni Mubarak and his former interior minister Habib al - Adli were sentenced to life in prison on the basis of their failure to stop the killings during the first six days of the 2011 Egyptian Revolution . His successor , Mohamed Morsi , was sworn in as Egypt 's first democratically elected president before judges at the Supreme Constitutional Court . Fresh protests erupted in Egypt on 22 November 2012 . On 3 July 2013 , the military overthrew the replacement government and President Morsi was removed from power . Libya ( edit ) Main articles : Libyan Civil War ( 2011 ) and Libyan Civil War ( 2011 -- present ) Thousands of demonstrators gather in Bayda . Anti-government protests began in Libya on 15 February 2011 . By 18 February the opposition controlled most of Benghazi , the country 's second - largest city . The government dispatched elite troops and militia in an attempt to recapture it , but they were repelled . By 20 February , protests had spread to the capital Tripoli , leading to a television address by Saif al - Islam Gaddafi , who warned the protestors that their country could descend into civil war . The rising death toll , numbering in the thousands , drew international condemnation and resulted in the resignation of several Libyan diplomats , along with calls for the government 's dismantlement . Amidst ongoing efforts by demonstrators and rebel forces to wrest control of Tripoli from the Jamahiriya , the opposition set up an interim government in Benghazi to oppose Colonel Muammar Gaddafi 's rule . However , despite initial opposition success , government forces subsequently took back much of the Mediterranean coast . On 17 March , United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 was adopted , authorising a no - fly zone over Libya , and `` all necessary measures '' to protect civilians . Two days later , France , the United States and the United Kingdom intervened in Libya with a bombing campaign against pro-Gaddafi forces . A coalition of 27 states from Europe and the Middle East soon joined the intervention . The forces were driven back from the outskirts of Benghazi , and the rebels mounted an offensive , capturing scores of towns across the coast of Libya . The offensive stalled however , and a counter-offensive by the government retook most of the towns , until a stalemate was formed between Brega and Ajdabiya , the former being held by the government and the latter in the hands of the rebels . Focus then shifted to the west of the country , where bitter fighting continued . After a three - month - long battle , a loyalist siege of rebel - held Misrata , the third largest city in Libya , was broken in large part due to coalition air strikes . The four major fronts of combat were generally considered to be the Nafusa Mountains , the Tripolitanian coast , the Gulf of Sidra , and the southern Libyan Desert . In late August , anti-Gaddafi fighters captured Tripoli , scattering Gaddafi 's government and marking the end of his 42 years of power . Many institutions of the government , including Gaddafi and several top government officials , regrouped in Sirte , which Gaddafi declared to be Libya 's new capital . Others fled to Sabha , Bani Walid , and remote reaches of the Libyan Desert , or to surrounding countries . However , Sabha fell in late September , Bani Walid was captured after a grueling siege weeks later , and on 20 October , fighters under the aegis of the National Transitional Council seized Sirte , killing Gaddafi in the process . However , after Gaddafi was killed , the Civil War continued . Yemen ( edit ) Main articles : Yemeni Revolution and Yemeni Crisis ( 2011 -- present ) Protests in Sana'a Protests occurred in many towns in both the north and south of Yemen starting in mid-January 2011 . Demonstrators initially protested against governmental proposals to modify the constitution of Yemen , unemployment and economic conditions , and corruption , but their demands soon included a call for the resignation of President Ali Abdullah Saleh , who had been facing internal opposition from his closest advisors since 2009 . A major demonstration of over 16,000 protesters took place in Sana'a on 27 January 2011 , and soon thereafter human rights activist and politician Tawakel Karman called for a `` Day of Rage '' on 3 February . According to Xinhua News , organizers were calling for a million protesters . In response to the planned protest , Ali Abdullah Saleh stated that he would not seek another presidential term in 2013 . On 3 February , 20,000 protesters demonstrated against the government in Sana'a , others participated in a `` Day of Rage '' in Aden that was called for by Tawakel Karman , while soldiers , armed members of the General People 's Congress , and many protestors held a pro-government rally in Sana'a . Concurrent with the resignation of Egyptian president Mubarak , Yemenis again took to the streets protesting President Saleh on 11 February , in what has been dubbed a `` Friday of Rage '' . The protests continued in the days following despite clashes with government advocates . In a `` Friday of Anger '' held on 18 February , tens of thousands of Yemenis took part in anti-government demonstrations in the major cities of Sana'a , Taiz , and Aden . Protests continued over the following months , especially in the three major cities , and briefly intensified in late May into urban warfare between Hashid tribesmen and army defectors allied with the opposition on one side and security forces and militias loyal to Saleh on the other . After Saleh pretended to accept a Gulf Cooperation Council - brokered plan allowing him to cede power in exchange for immunity from prosecution only to back away before signing three separate times , an assassination attempt on 3 June left him and several other high - ranking Yemeni officials injured by a blast in the presidential compound 's mosque . Saleh was evacuated to Saudi Arabia for treatment , but he handed over power to Vice President Abd al - Rab Mansur al - Hadi , who has largely continued his policies and ordered the arrest of several Yemenis in connection with the attack on the presidential compound . While in Saudi Arabia , Saleh kept hinting that he could return any time and continued to be present in the political sphere through television appearances from Riyadh starting with an address to the Yemeni people on 7 July . On Friday 13 August , a demonstration was announced in Yemen as `` Mansouron Friday '' in which hundreds of thousands of Yemenis called for Ali Abdullah Saleh to go . The protesters joining the `` Mansouron Friday '' were calling for establishment of `` a new Yemen '' . On 12 September , Saleh issued a presidential decree while still receiving treatment in Riyadh authorizing Vice President Abd al - Rab Mansur al - Hadi to negotiate a deal with the opposition and sign the GCC initiative . On 23 September , three months since the assassination attempt , Saleh returned to Yemen abruptly , defying all earlier expectations . Pressure on Saleh to sign the GCC initiative eventually led to his signing of it in Riyadh on 23 November , in which Saleh agreed to step down and set the stage for the transfer of power to his vice-president . A presidential election was then held on 21 February 2012 , in which Hadi ( the only candidate ) won 99.8 percent of the vote . Hadi then took the oath of office in Yemen 's parliament on 25 February . By 27 February , Saleh had resigned from the presidency and transferred power to his successor . The replacement government was overthrown by Houthi rebels on 22 January 2015 , starting the Yemeni Civil War and Saudi - led intervention in Yemen ( 2015 - present ) . Syria ( edit ) Main articles : Civil uprising phase of the Syrian Civil War , Syrian Civil War , and Spillover of the Syrian Civil War Anti-government demonstrations in Baniyas Protests in Syria started on 26 January 2011 , when a police officer assaulted a man in public at `` Al - Hareeka Street '' in old Damascus . The man was arrested right after the assault . As a result , protesters called for the freedom of the arrested man . Soon a `` day of rage '' was set for 4 -- 5 February , but it was uneventful . On 6 March , the Syrian security forces arrested about 15 children in Daraa , in southern Syria , for writing slogans against the government . Soon protests erupted over the arrest and abuse of the children . Daraa was to be the first city to protest against the Ba'athist government , which has been ruling Syria since 1963 . Thousands of protesters gathered in Damascus , Aleppo , al - Hasakah , Daraa , Deir ez - Zor , and Hama on 15 March , with recently released politician Suhair Atassi becoming an unofficial spokesperson for the `` Syrian revolution '' . The next day there were reports of approximately 3000 arrests and a few casualties , but there are no official figures on the number of deaths . On 18 April 2011 , approximately 100,000 protesters sat in the central Square of Homs calling for the resignation of President Bashar al - Assad . Protests continued through July 2011 , the government responding with harsh security clampdowns and military operations in several districts , especially in the north . On 31 July , Syrian army tanks stormed several cities , including Hama , Deir Ez - Zour , Abu Kamal , and Herak near Daraa . At least 136 people were killed , the highest death toll in any day since the start of the uprising . On 5 August 2011 , an anti-government demonstration took place in Syria called `` God is with us '' , during which the Syrian security forces shot the protesters from inside the ambulances , killing 11 people consequently . By late November -- early December , the Baba Amr district of Homs fell under armed Syrian opposition control . By late December , the battles between the government 's security forces and the rebel Free Syrian Army intensified in Idlib Governorate . Cities in Idlib and neighborhoods in Homs and Hama began falling into the control of the opposition , during this time military operations in Homs and Hama stopped . By mid-January the FSA gained control over Zabadani and Madaya . By late January , the Free Syrian Army launched a full - scale attack against the government in Rif Dimashq , where they took over Saqba , Hamoreya , Harasta and other cities in Damascus 's Eastern suburbs . On 29 January , the fourth regiment of the Syrian Army led by the president 's brother Maher al - Assad and the Syrian Army dug in at Damascus , and the fighting continued where the FSA was 8 km away from the Republican palace in Damascus . Fighting broke out near Damascus international airport , but by the next day the Syrian government deployed the Republican Guards . The military gained the upper hand and regained all land the opposition gained in Rif Dimashq by early February . On 4 February , the Syrian Army launched a massive bombardment on Homs and committed a huge massacre , killing 500 civilians in one night in Homs . By mid-February , the Syrian army regained control over Zabadani and Madaya . In late February , Army forces entered Baba Amr after a big military operation and heavy fighting . Following this , the opposition forces began losing neighborhoods in Homs to the Syrian Army including al - Inshaat , Jobr , Karm el - Zaytoon and only Homs 's old neighborhood 's , including Al - Khalidiya , Homs al - Khalidiya , remained in opposition hands . By March 2012 , the government began military operations against the opposition in Idlib Governorate including the city of Idlib , which fell to the Army by mid-March . Saraqib and Sarmin were also recaptured by the government during the month . Still , at this time , the opposition managed to capture al - Qusayr and Rastan . Heavy fighting also continued in several neighborhoods in Homs and in the city of Hama . The FSA also started to conduct hit - and - run attacks in the pro-Assad Aleppo Governorate , which they were not able to do before . Heavy - to - sporadic fighting was also continuing in the Daraa and Deir ez - Zor Governorates . By late April 2012 , despite a cease - fire being declared in the whole country , sporadic fighting continued , with heavy clashes specifically in Al - Qusayr , where rebel forces controlled the northern part of the city , while the military held the southern part . FSA forces were holding onto Al - Qusayr , due to it being the last major transit point toward the Lebanese border . A rebel commander from the Farouq Brigade in the town reported that 2,000 Farouq fighters had been killed in Homs province since August 2011 . At this point , there were talks among the rebels in Al - Qusayr , where many of the retreating rebels from Homs city 's Baba Amr district had gone , of Homs being abandoned completely . On 12 June 2012 , the UN peacekeeping chief in Syria stated that , in his view , Syria has entered a period of civil war . Bahrain ( edit ) Main article : Bahraini protests of 2011 -- 2014 Over 100,000 Bahrainis taking part in the `` March of Loyalty to Martyrs '' in Manama honoring political dissidents killed by security forces The protests in Bahrain started on 14 February , and were initially aimed at achieving greater political freedom and respect for human rights ; they were not intended to directly threaten the monarchy . Lingering frustration among the Shiite majority with being ruled by the Sunni government was a major root cause , but the protests in Tunisia and Egypt are cited as the inspiration for the demonstrations . The protests were largely peaceful until a pre-dawn raid by police on 17 February to clear protestors from Pearl Roundabout in Manama , in which police killed four protesters . Following the raid , some protesters began to expand their aims to a call for the end of the monarchy . On 18 February , army forces opened fire on protesters when they tried to reenter the roundabout , fatally wounding one . The following day protesters reoccupied Pearl Roundabout after the government ordered troops and police to withdraw . Subsequent days saw large demonstrations ; on 21 February a pro-government Gathering of National Unity drew tens of thousands , whilst on 22 February the number of protestors at the Pearl Roundabout peaked at over 150,000 after more than 100,000 protesters marched there and were coming under fire from the Bahraini Military which killed around 20 and injured over 100 protestors . On 14 March , GCC forces ( composed mainly of Saudi and UAE troops ) were requested by the government and entered the country , which the opposition called an `` occupation '' . King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa declared a three - month state of emergency on 15 March and asked the military to reassert its control as clashes spread across the country . On 16 March , armed soldiers and riot police cleared the protesters ' camp in the Pearl Roundabout , in which 3 policemen and 3 protesters were reportedly killed . Later , on 18 March , the government tore down Pearl Roundabout monument . After the lifting of emergency law on 1 June , several large rallies were staged by the opposition parties . Smaller - scale protests and clashes outside of the capital have continued to occur almost daily . On 9 March 2012 , over 100,000 protested in what the opposition called `` the biggest march in our history '' . The police response has been described as a `` brutal '' crackdown on peaceful and unarmed protestors , including doctors and bloggers . The police carried out midnight house raids in Shia neighbourhoods , beatings at checkpoints , and denial of medical care in a `` campaign of intimidation '' . More than 2,929 people have been arrested , and at least five people died due to torture while in police custody . On 23 November 2011 , the Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry released its report on its investigation of the events , finding that the government had systematically tortured prisoners and committed other human rights violations . It also rejected the government 's claims that the protests were instigated by Iran . Although the report found that systematic torture had stopped , the Bahraini government has refused entry to several international human rights groups and news organizations , and delayed a visit by a UN inspector . More than 80 people had died since the start of the uprising . Results ( edit ) See also : Arab Winter and Impact of the Arab Spring Analysis ( edit ) In the aftermath of the Arab Spring in various countries , there was a wave of violence and instability commonly known as the Arab Winter or Islamist Winter . The Arab Winter was characterized by extensive civil wars , general regional instability , economic and demographic decline of the Arab League and overall religious wars between Sunni and Shia Muslims . Areas of control in the Libyan Civil War ( 2014 -- present ) Although the long - term effects of the Arab Spring have yet to be shown , its short - term consequences varied greatly across the Middle East and North Africa . In Tunisia and Egypt , where the existing regimes were ousted and replaced through a process of free and fair election , the revolutions were considered short - term successes . This interpretation is , however , problematized by the subsequent political turmoil that emerged , particularly in Egypt . Elsewhere , most notably in the monarchies of Morocco and the Persian Gulf , existing regimes co-opted the Arab Spring movement and managed to maintain order without significant social change . In other countries , particularly Syria and Libya , the apparent result of Arab Spring protests was a complete Societal collapse . Social scientists have endeavored to understand the circumstances that led to this variation in outcome . A variety of causal factors have been highlighted , most of which hinge on the relationship between the strength of the state and the strength of civil society . Countries with stronger civil society networks in various forms underwent more successful reforms during the Arab Spring ; these findings are also consistent with more general social science theories such as those espoused by Robert D. Putnam and Joel S. Migdal . One of the primary influences that have been highlighted in the analysis of the Arab Spring is the relative strength or weakness of a society 's formal and informal institutions prior to the revolts . When the Arab Spring began , Tunisia had an established infrastructure and a lower level of petty corruption than did other states , such as Libya . This meant that , following the overthrow of the existing regime , there was less work to be done in reforming Tunisian institutions than elsewhere , and consequently it was less difficult to transition to and consolidate a democratic system of government . Also crucial was the degree of state censorship over print , broadcast , and social media in different countries . Television coverage by channels like Al Jazeera and BBC News provided worldwide exposure and prevented mass violence by the Egyptian government in Tahrir Square , contributing to the success of the Egyptian Revolution . In other countries , such as Libya , Bahrain , and Syria , such international press coverage was not present to the same degree , and the governments of these countries were able to act more freely in suppressing the protests . Strong authoritarian regimes with high degrees of censorship in their national broadcast media were able to block communication and prevent the domestic spread of information necessary for successful protests . Morocco is a case in point , as its broadcast media at the time of the revolts was owned and operated almost exclusively by political elites with ties to the monarchy . Countries with greater access to social media , such as Tunisia and Egypt , proved more effective in mobilizing large groups of people , and appear to have been more successful overall than those with greater state control over media . Although social media played a large role in shaping the events of revolutions social activism did not occur in a vacuum . Without the use of street level organization social activists would not have been as effective . Even though a revolution did take place and the prior government has been replaced , Tunisia 's government can not conclude that another uprising will not take place . There are still many grievances taking place today . Due to tourism coming to a halt and other factors during the revolution and Arab Spring movement , the budget deficit has grown and unemployment has risen since 2011 . According to World Bank , `` Unemployment remains at 15.3 % from 16.7 % in 2011 , but still well above the pre-revolution level of 13 % . '' Large scale immigration brought on by a long and treacherous civil war has permanently harmed the Syrian economy . Projections for economic contraction will remain high at almost 7 % in 2017 . Demonstrators holding the Rabia sign in solidarity with the victims of the August 2013 Rabaa massacre of pro-Morsi sit - ins in Cairo Still to this day , in countries affected by the Arab Spring , there is great division amongst those who prefer the status quo and those who want democratic change . As these regions dive ever deeper into political conflict time will show if new ideas can be established or if old institutions will still stand strong . The largest change from the pre-revolution to the post-revolution was in the attempt to break up political elites and reshape the geopolitical structure of the middle east . It is speculated that many of the changes brought on by the Arab Spring will lead to a shifting of regional power in the Middle East and a quickly changing structure of power . The support , even if tacit , of national military forces during protests has also been correlated to the success of the Arab Spring movement in different countries . In Egypt and Tunisia , the military actively participated in ousting the incumbent regime and in facilitating the transition to democratic elections . Countries like Saudi Arabia , on the other hand , exhibited a strong mobilization of military force against protesters , effectively ending the revolts in their territories ; others , including Libya and Syria , failed to stop the protests entirely and instead ended up in civil war . The support of the military in Arab Spring protests has also been linked to the degree of ethnic homogeneity in different societies . In Saudi Arabia and Syria , where the ruling elite was closely linked with ethnic or religious subdivisions of society , the military sided with the existing regime and took on the ostensible role of protector to minority populations . Even aside from the military issue , countries with less homogeneous ethnic and national identities , such as Yemen and Jordan , seem to have exhibited less effective mobilization on the whole . The apparent exception to this trend is Egypt , which has a sizable Coptic minority . The presence of a strong , educated middle class has been noted as a correlate to the success of the Arab Spring in different countries . Countries with strong welfare programs and a weak middle class , such as Saudi Arabia and Jordan , as well as countries with great economic disparity and an impoverished working class -- including Yemen , Libya , and Morocco -- did not experience successful revolutions . The strength of the middle class is , in turn , directly connected to the existing political , economic , and educational institutions in a country , and the middle class itself may be considered an informal institution . In very broad terms , this may be reframed in terms of development , as measured by various indicators such as the Human Development Index : rentier states such as the oil monarchies of the Persian Gulf exhibited less successful revolutions overall . Finally , `` Still , youth across the region continue to struggle with the more personal fight to build an economic future as they enter adulthood . For many young people , this struggle has only become more acute in the difficult macroeconomic environment faced by many of the countries in the region . Finding real solutions to the economic constraints that shape the transition to adulthood in the Middle East remains as vital today as before the Arab Uprisings , when youth brought their economic frustrations to streets and squares around the region . Indeed , finding such solutions is perhaps the lynchpin for bringing stability back to the Middle East and building a more prosperous economic future for all of the people of the region . '' Aftermath ( edit ) Yemeni capital Sanaa after Saudi Arabian - led airstrikes against the Shia Houthis , October 2015 Some trends in political Islam resulting from the Arab Spring noted by observers ( Quinn Mecham and Tarek Osman ) include : Repression of the Muslim Brotherhood , not only in Egypt by the military and courts following the forcible removal of Morsi from office in 2013 ; but also by Saudi Arabia and a number of Gulf countries ( not Qatar ) . The ambassadors crisis also seriously threatened the GCC 's activities , adversely affected its functioning and could arguably even have led to its dissolution . Rise of Islamist `` state - building '' where `` state failure '' has taken place -- most prominently in Syria , Iraq , Libya and Yemen . Islamists have found it easier than competing non-Islamists trying to fill the void of state failure , by securing external funding , weaponry and fighters -- `` many of which have come from abroad and have rallied around a pan-Islamic identity '' . The norms of governance in these Islamist areas are militia - based , and the governed submit to their authority out of fear , loyalty , other reasons , or some combination . The `` most expansive '' of these new `` models '' is the Islamic State . Increasing sectarianism ( primarily Sunni - Shia ) at least in part from proxy wars and the escalation of the Iran -- Saudi Arabia proxy conflict . Islamists are fighting Islamists across sectarian lines in Lebanon ( Sunni militants targeting Hezbollah positions ) , Yemen ( between mainstream Sunni Islamists of Islah and the Shiite Zaydi Houthi movement ) , in Iraq ( Islamic State and Iraqi Shiite militias ) Increased caution and political learning in countries such as Algeria and Jordan where Islamist have chosen not to lead a major challenge against their governments . In Yemen Islah `` has sought to frame its ideology in a way that will avoid charges of militancy '' . In countries where Islamist did chose to lead a major challenge and did not succeed in transforming society ( particularly Egypt ) , a disinterest in `` soul - searching '' about what went wrong , in favor of `` antagonism and fiery anger '' and a thirst for revenge . Partisans of political Islam ( although this does not include some prominent leaders such as Rached Ghannouchi but is particularly true in Egypt ) see themselves as victims of an injustice whose perpetrators are not just `` individual conspirators but entire social groups '' . `` The repercussions of the 2011 uprisings have influenced Middle Eastern youth 's experiences providing impetus for questioning perennial sacred beliefs and positions , and forging ahead avant - garde views and responses to the constraints they face . '' See also ( edit ) Arab Revolt Civil resistance Democracy in the Middle East Iran -- Saudi Arabia proxy conflict List of modern conflicts in North Africa List of modern conflicts in the Middle East Spillover of the Syrian Civil War Takfirism Women in the Arab Spring Arab Winter References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ruthven , Malise ( 23 June 2016 ) . `` How to Understand ISIS '' . New York Review of Books . 63 ( 11 ) . Archived from the original on 7 August 2016 . 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Jump up ^ Hearns - Branaman , Jesse Owen ( 2012 ) , ' The Egyptian Revolution did not take place : On live television coverage by Al Jazeera English ' , International Journal of Baudrillard Studies Vol 9 , no 1 `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 21 March 2015 . Retrieved 17 May 2015 . Jump up ^ McCann , Colum ( 23 December 2011 ) . `` YEAR IN PICTURES : Arab Spring '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 15 November 2012 . Retrieved 16 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Lotan , Gilad ; Graeff , Erhardt ; Ananny , Mike ; Gaffney , Devin ; Pearce , Ian ; Boyd , Danah ( 2011 ) . `` The Revolutions Were Tweeted : Information Flows During the 2011 Tunisian and Egyptian Revolutions '' . International Journal of Communication . 5 : 1375 -- 1405 . Jump up ^ Khondker , Habibul Haque ( October 2011 ) . `` Role of the New Media in the Arab Spring '' . Globalizations. 8 ( 5 ) : 675 -- 679 . doi : 10.1080 / 14747731.2011. 621287 . Jump up ^ Comunello , Francesca ; Anzera , Giuseppe ( 2012 ) , `` Will the revolution be tweeted ? A conceptual framework for understanding the social median the Arab Spring '' , Islam and Christian - Muslim Relations , 23 : 4 : 454 -- 470 , doi : 10.1080 / 09596410.2012. 712435 Jump up ^ Fahmy , Nabil . `` Managing compromise in Middle East -- Managing compromise in Middle East . '' Daily Star , The ( Beirut , Lebanon ) 25 Oct. 2016 , Commentary : 7 . NewsBank . Web . 24 Oct. 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tunisia Overview '' . www.worldbank.org . Archived from the original on 9 October 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` East Med . '' Middle East Monitor : East Med 26.11 ( 2016 ) : 1 -- 8 . Business Source Complete . Web . 18 Nov. 2016 . Jump up ^ Aras , Bülent ; Falk , Richard ( 2016 ) . `` Five years after the Arab Spring : a critical evaluation '' . Third World Quarterly . 37 ( 12 ) : 2252 -- 2258 . doi : 10.1080 / 01436597.2016. 1224087 . Jump up ^ Aras , Bülent , and Emirhan Yorulmazlar . `` State , Region And Order : Geopolitics Of The Arab Spring . '' Third World Quarterly 37.12 ( 2016 ) : 2259 -- 2273 . Business Source Complete . Web . 18 Nov. 2016 . Jump up ^ Gause III , F. Gregory ( July 2011 ) . `` Why Middle East Studies Missed the Arab Spring : The Myth of Authoritarian Stability '' . Foreign Policy . 90 ( 4 ) : 81 -- 90 . JSTOR 23039608 . Jump up ^ Campante , Filipe R ; Chor , David ( Spring 2012 ) . `` Why was the Arab World Poised for Revolution ? Schooling , Economic Opportunities , and the Arab Spring '' . The Journal of Economic Perspectives. 26 ( 2 ) : 167 -- 187 . doi : 10.1257 / jep. 26.2. 167 . JSTOR 41495309 . Jump up ^ Acemoglu , Daron ; Johnson , Simon ; Robinson , James ( 4 January 2006 ) . `` Institutions as a Fundamental Cause of Long - Run Growth '' . In Aghion , Philippe ; Durlauf , Steven N. Handbook of Economic Growth , Volume 1A . North - Holland . pp. 385 -- 472 . ISBN 9780444520418 . Jump up ^ Ruach , James E ; Kostyshak , Scott ( Summer 2009 ) . `` The Three Arab Worlds '' . Journal of Economic Perspectives. 23 ( 3 ) : 165 -- 188 . doi : 10.1257 / jep. 23.3. 165 . ^ Jump up to : Mecham , Quinn ( 24 October 2014 ) . `` The evolution of Islamism since the Arab uprisings '' . Washington Post . Archived from the original on 12 October 2015 . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rethinking Political Islam '' . brookings.edu . Brookings . Archived from the original on 28 October 2015 . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Islam Hassan ( 31 March 2015 ) . `` GCC 's 2014 Crisis : Causes , Issues and Solutions '' . Al Jazeera Research Center . Archived from the original on 4 September 2015 . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Osman , Tarek ( 2016 ) . Islamism : What It Means for the Middle East and the World . Yale University Press . p. 244 . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Aa . Vv. ( 2011 ) , The New Arab Revolt : What Happened , What It Means , and What Comes Next , Council on Foreign Relations , Foreign Affairs , Maggio - Giugno . Abaza , M. ( 2011 ) , Revolutionary Moments in Tahrir Square , American University of Cairo , 7 May 2011 , www.isa-sociology.org . Abdih , Y. ( 2011 ) , Arab Spring : Closing the Jobs Gap . High youth unemployment contributes to widespread unrest in the Middle East Finance & Development , in Finance & Development ( International Monetary Fund ) , Giugno . Alfadhel , Khalifa . The Failure of the Arab Spring ( Cambridge Scholars Publishing , 2016 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4438 - 9789 - 1 Anderson , L ( May -- June 2011 ) . `` Demystifying the Arab Spring : Parsing the Differences between Tunisia , Egypt , and Libya '' . Foreign Affairs . 90 ( 3 ) . Beinin , J. -- Vairel , F. ( 2011 ) , ( a cura di ) , Social Movements , Mobilization , and Contestation in the Middle East and North Africa , Stanford , CA , Stanford University press . Brownlee , Jason ; Masoud , Tarek ; Reynolds , Andrew ( 2013 ) . The Arab Spring : the politics of transformation in North Africa and the Middle East . Oxford : Oxford University Press . Browers , Michaelle ( 2009 ) . Political Ideology in the Arab World : Accommodation and Transformation . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 76532 - 9 . Cohen , R. ( 2011 ) , A Republic Called Tahrir , in New York Times . Dabashi , Hamid . The Arab Spring : The End of Postcolonialism ( Palgrave Macmillan ; 2012 ) 182 pages Darwish , Nonie ( 28 February 2012 ) . The demon We Do n't Know : The Dark Side of Revolutions in the Middle East . John Wiley & Sons . Davies , Thomas Richard . ( 2014 ) . `` The failure of strategic nonviolent action in Bahrain , Egypt , Libya and Syria : ' political ju - jitsu ' in reverse '' , Global Change , Peace and Security , vol. 26 , no . 3 , pp. 299 -- 313 . ISSN 1478 - 1158 E-ISSN 1478 - 1166 . Gardner , David ( 2009 ) . Last Chance : The Middle East in the Balance . London : I.B. Tauris . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84885 - 041 - 5 . Gause , F.G. ( 2011 ) , Why Middle East Studies Missed the Arab Spring : The Myth of Authoritarian Stability , in Foreign Affairs , July / August . Goldstone , Jack A. ; Hazel , John T. , Jr. ( 14 April 2011 ) . `` Understanding the Revolutions of 2011 : Weakness and Resilience in Middle Eastern Autocracies '' . Foreign Affairs . Haddad , Bassam ; Bsheer , Rosie ; Abu - Rish , Ziad , eds. ( 2012 ) . The Dawn of the Arab Uprisings : End of an Old Order ? . London : Pluto Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7453 - 3325 - 0 . Kaye , Dalia Dassa ( 2008 ) . More Freedom , Less Terror ? Liberalization and Political Violence in the Arab World . Santa Monica , CA : RAND Corporation . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8330 - 4508 - 9 . Lutterbeck , Derek . ( 2013 ) . Arab Uprisings , Armed Forces , and Civil - Military Relations . Armed Forces & Society , Vol. 39 , No. 1 ( pp. 28 -- 52 ) Ottaway , Marina ; Choucair - Vizoso , Julia , eds. ( 2008 ) . Beyond the Façade : Political Reform in the Arab World . Washington , DC : Carnegie Endowment for International Peace . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87003 - 239 - 4 . Pelletreau , Robert H. ( 24 February 2011 ) . `` Transformation in the Middle East : Comparing the Uprisings in Tunisia , Egypt and Bahrain '' . Foreign Affairs . Phares , Walid ( 2010 ) . Coming Revolution : Struggle for Freedom in the Middle East . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4391 - 7837 - 9 . Posusney , Marsha Pripstein ; Angrist , Michele Penner , eds. ( 2005 ) . Authoritarianism in the Middle East : Regimes and Resistance . Boulder : Lynne Rienner . ISBN 1 - 58826 - 317 - 7 . Roberts , Adam , Michael J. Willis , Rory McCarthy and Timothy Garton Ash ( eds . ) , Civil Resistance in the Arab Spring : Triumphs and Disasters , Oxford University Press , Oxford , 2016 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 874902 - 8 . Arabic language edition published by All Prints Publishers , Beirut , 2017 . ISBN 978 - 9953 - 88 - 970 - 2 . Rosiny , S. and Richter , T. ( 2016 ) . `` The Arab Spring : Misconceptions and Prospects '' . GIGA Focus Middle East No. 4 / 2016 Steinitz , Chris and McCants , William ( 2014 ) . Reaping the Whirlwind : Gulf State Competition after the Arab Uprisings . Arlington , VA : CNA Corporation . Struble Jr. , Robert ( 22 August 2011 ) . `` Libya and the Doctrine of Justifiable Rebellion '' . Catholic Lane . Tausch , Arno ( 2015 ) . Globalization , the environment and the future `` greening '' of Arab politics . Connecticut : REPEC . Tausch , Arno ( Fall 2013 ) . `` A Look at International Survey Data About Arab Opinion '' . Middle East Review of International Affairs . 17 ( 3 ) : 57 -- 74 . SSRN 2388627 . Tausch , Arno , The Civic Culture of the Arab World : A Comparative Analysis Based on World Values Survey Data ( 21 August 2016 ) . Middle East Review of International Affairs , Vol. 20 , No. 1 , pp. 35 -- 59 , Spring 2016 . Available at SSRN : https://ssrn.com/abstract=2827232 or https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2827232 Tausch , Arno ( 2015 ) . The political algebra of global value change . General models and implications for the Muslim world . With Almas Heshmati and Hichem Karoui ( 1st ed . ) . Nova Science Publishers , New York . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62948 - 899 - 8 . United States . Congress . Senate . Committee on Foreign Relations . Subcommittee on International Operations and Organizations , Human Rights , Democracy , and Global Women 's Issues . ( 2012 ) . Women and the Arab Spring : Joint Hearing before the Subcommittee on International Operations and Organizations , Human Rights , Democracy , and Global Women 's Issues and the Subcommittee on Near Eastern and South and Central Asian Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Relations , United States Senate , One Hundred Twelfth Congress , First Session , November 2 , 2011 . Washington , D.C. : U.S.G.P.O. Amanda Jacoby , Tamil ( 2013 ) . `` Israel 's relations with Egypt and Turkey during the Arab Spring : Weathering the Storm '' . Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs . VII ( 2 ) : 29 -- 42 . doi : 10.1080 / 23739770.2013. 11446550 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutArab Springat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Arab Spring Right to Nonviolence United States Institute of Peace Civil Movements : The Impact of Facebook and Twitter Middle East Constitutional Forum Live blogs Middle East at Al Jazeera Middle East protests at BBC News Arab and Middle East protests live blog at The Guardian Middle East Protests at The Lede blog at The New York Times Middle East protests live at Reuters Ongoing coverage A ( Working ) Academic Arab Spring Reading List collected peer - reviewed academic articles on the impact of social media on the Arab Spring Constitutional Transitions Timeline Collected legal and political changes and short analysis at Middle East Constitutional Forum Unrest in the Arab World collected news and commentary at Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Issue Guide : Arab World Protests , Council on Foreign Relations Middle East protests collected news and commentary at the Financial Times Unrest in the Arab World collected map , news and commentary at CNN `` Arab and Middle East unrest collected news and commentary '' . The Guardian . `` Arab and Middle East unrest -- interactive timeline collected news and commentary '' . The Guardian . Rage on the Streets collected news and commentary at Hurriyet Daily News and Economic Review Middle East Unrest collected news and commentary at The National Middle East Uprisings collected news and commentary at Showdown in the Middle East website `` The Arab Revolution collected news and commentary '' . Der Spiegel . The Middle East in Revolt collected news and commentary at Time Other The Arab Spring -- One Year Later : The CenSEI Report analyzes how 2011 's clamor for democratic reform met 2012 's need to sustain its momentum . The CenSEI Report , 13 February 2012 Interface journal special issue on the Arab Spring , Interface : a journal for and about social movements , May 2012 `` The Shoe Thrower 's index ( An index of unrest in the Arab world ) '' . The Economist. 9 February 2011 . `` Interview with Tariq Ramadan : ' We Need to Get a Better Sense of the Trends within Islamism ' '' . Qantara.de. 2 February 2011 . Sadek J. Al Azm , `` The Arab Spring : Why Exactly at this Time ? '' Reason Papers 33 ( Fall 2011 ) Tracking the wave of protests with statistics , RevolutionTrends.org Arab uprisings : 10 key moments from BBC Middle East Editor Jeremy Bowden ( 10 December 2012 ) How to Start a Revolution , documentary directed by Ruaridh Arrow Revolutionary waves 19th century Atlantic Revolutions Revolutions of 1820 Revolutions of 1830 Revolutions of 1848 20th century Revolutions of 1917 -- 1923 Protests of 1968 Central American crisis Revolutions of 1989 21st century Colour revolutions Arab Spring Arab Winter Occupy movement Arab Spring `` Ash - shab yurid isqat an - nizam '' Events by country Algeria Bahrain Djibouti Egypt Iraq Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Libya Mauritania Morocco Oman Palestine Saudi Arabia Sudan Syria Tunisia Western Sahara Yemen Groups Bahrain : Al Wefaq February 14 Youth Coalition Egypt : April 6 Youth Movement Kefaya Muslim Brotherhood ( FJP ) National Association for Change National Democratic Party National Salvation Front Revolutionary Socialists Shayfeencom The Third Square Ultras Ahlawy Libya : National Liberation Army National Transitional Council Mauritania : February 25th Movement Saudi Arabia : Women to drive movement CDHRAP Society for Development and Change Syria : Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party Regional Command National Command National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces Free Syrian Army Syrian Revolution General Commission Syrian National Council National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change Hizb ut - 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"\n\n\nhideCountry\n\nDate started\n\nStatus of protests\n\nOutcome\n\nDeath toll\n\nSituation\n\n\n Tunisia\n\n18 December 2010\n\nGovernment overthrown on 14 January 2011\n\nOverthrow of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali; Ben Ali flees into exile in Saudi Arabia\nResignation of Prime Minister Ghannouchi[117]\nDissolution of the political police[118]\nDissolution of the RCD, the former ruling party of Tunisia and liquidation of its assets[119]\nRelease of political prisoners[120]\nElections to a Constituent Assembly on 23 October 2011[121]\n2013–14 protests against the interim Islamist-led government.\nAdoption of a new constitution\nOn October 2014, election of a parliament, end of the transition, Tunisia, becomes a unicameral parliamentary republic.[122]\n\n7002338000000000000♠338[123]\n\nE Government overthrown\n\n\n Algeria\n\n29 December 2010\n\nEnded in January 2012\n\n\nLifting of the 19-year-old state of emergency[124][125]\n\n7000800000000000000♠8[126]\n\nB Major protests\n\n\n Jordan\n\n14 January 2011\n\nEnded\n\n\nOn February 2011, King Abdullah II dismisses Prime Minister Rifai and his cabinet[127]\nOn October 2011, Abdullah dismisses Prime Minister Bakhit and his cabinet after complaints of slow progress on promised reforms[128]\nOn April 2012, as the protests continues, Al-Khasawneh resigned, and the King appoints Fayez al-Tarawneh as the new Prime Minister of Jordan[129]\nOn October 2012, King Abdullah dissolves the parliament for new early elections, and appoints Abdullah Ensour as the new Prime Minister of Jordan[130]\n\n7000300000000000000♠3[131]\n\nC Protests and governmental changes\n\n\n Oman\n\n17 January 2011\n\nEnded in May 2011\n\n\nEconomic concessions by Sultan Qaboos[132][133]\nDismissal of ministers[134][135]\nGranting of lawmaking powers to Oman's elected legislature[136]\n\n 2–6[137][138][139]\n\nC Protests and governmental changes\n\n\n Egypt\n\n25 January 2011\n\nThe governments overthrown on February 2011, the Egyptian Crisis follows\n\nOverthrow of Hosni Mubarak, who is later convicted of corruption and ordered to stand trial for ordering the killing of protesters.\nResignation of Prime Minister(s) Nazif and Shafik[140]\nAssumption of power by the Armed Forces[141]\nSuspension of the Constitution, dissolution of the Parliament[142]\nDisbanding of State Security Investigations Service[143]\nDissolution of the NDP, the former ruling party of Egypt and transfer of its assets to the state[144]\nArrest and prosecution of Mubarak, his family and his former ministers[145][146][147]\nLifting of the 31-year-old state of emergency[148]\nDemocratic election held to replace Mubarak as the new president of Egypt; Mohamed Morsi elected and inaugurated[149]\nMohamed Morsi overthrown\nConstitutional referendum and new elections\nFormer Armed Forces commander, Abdel Fattah el-Sisi elected President\nSinai insurgency\n\nEgyptian Armed Forces launch anti-terror military operations in the Sinai.\nIncrease in violence and attacks by insurgents since the ouster of Morsi.[150]\n\n 846[151]\n\nEGovernment overthrown\n\n\n Yemen\n\n27 January 2011\n\nGovernment overthrown on February 2012. Yemeni Crisis follows.\n\nOverthrow of Ali Abdullah Saleh; Saleh granted immunity from prosecution.\nResignation of Prime Minister Mujawar\nResignation of MPs from the ruling party[152]\nOccupation of several areas of Yemeni territory by al-Qaeda and Houthi rebels\nRestructure of the military forces by sacking several of its leaders[153]\nApproval of Saleh's immunity from prosecution by Yemeni legislators[154]\nPresidential election held to replace Saleh as the new president of Yemen; Abd Rabbuh Mansur Al-Hadi elected and inaugurated\nYemeni Crisis Begins\n\nAl-Hadi ousted by Houthi Rebels\nStart of Yemeni Civil War\n\n 10,000+[155]\n\nEGovernment overthrown Eand ECivil War\n\n\n Djibouti\n\n28 January 2011\n\nEnded in March 2011\n\n\n\n7000200000000000000♠2[156]\n\nA Minor protests\n\n\n Sudan\n\n30 January 2011\n\n26 October 2013\n\n\nPresident Bashir announces he will not seek another term in 2015[157]\nPresident Bashir nevertheless chosen as Ruling Party candidate for 2015 election[158]\n\n7002200000000000000♠200+[159]\n\nA Major protests\n\n\n Iraq\n\n12 February 2011\n\nEnded 23 December 2011, instability and eventually civil war follows\n\n\nPrime Minister Maliki announces that he will not run for a 3rd term;[160]\nResignation of provincial governors and local authorities[161]\nTwo-third wage increase for Sahwa militia members\nElections held and Haider al-Abadi is elected\nISIL insurgents take broad swathes of Iraq\nStart of Iraqi Civil War\n\nCoalition of Countries and the Iraqi Army battle ISIL insurgents.\n\n7004720910003500035♠35+72,056\n\nB Protests and a beginning of a civil war\n\n\n Bahrain\n\n14 February 2011\n\n18 March 2011\n\n\nEconomic concessions by King Hamad[162]\nRelease of political prisoners[163]\nNegotiations with Shia representatives[164]\nGCC intervention at the request of the Government of Bahrain\nHead of the National Security Apparatus removed from post[165]\nFormation of a committee to implement BICI report recommendations[166]\n\n7002120000000000000♠120[167]\n\nD Sustained civil disorder and government changes\n\n\n Libya\n\n17 February 2011\n\nGovernment overthrown on 23 August 2011, crisis follows\n\nOverthrow of Muammar Gaddafi; Gaddafi killed by rebel forces\nGovernment defeated by armed revolt with UN-mandated military intervention[168]\nAssumption of interim control by the National Transitional Council\nBeginning of sporadic low-level fighting and clashes[169]\n\n 40,000+[170]\n\nGovernment overthrown and civil war\n\n\n Kuwait\n\n19 February 2011\n\nEnded in December 2012\n\n\nResignation of Prime Minister Nasser Mohammed Al-Ahmed Al-Sabah[171]\nDissolution of the Parliament[172]\n\n5000000000000000000♠0[173]\n\nC Protests and governmental changes\n\n\n Morocco\n\n20 February 2011\n\nEnded in March–April 2012\n\n\nPolitical concessions by King Mohammed VI;[174]\nReferendum on constitutional reforms;\nRespect to civil rights and an end to corruption[175]\n\n7000600000000000000♠6[176]\n\nC Protests and governmental changes\n\n\n Mauritania\n\n25 February 2011\n\nEnded\n\n\n\n7000300000000000000♠3[177]\n\nA Minor protests\n\n\n Lebanon[citation needed]\n\n27 February 2011\n\nEnded in December 2011\n\n\n\n5000000000000000000♠0\n\nD Protests and governmental changes\n\n\n Saudi Arabia\n\n11 March 2011\n\nEnded\n\n\nEconomic concessions by King Abdullah[178][179]\nMale-only municipal elections held 29 September 2011[180][181]\nKing Abdullah announces women's approval to vote and be elected in 2015 municipal elections and to be nominated to the Shura Council[182]\nCommitment to the expansion of women's rights in Saudi Arabia, especially after ascension of Mohammad bin Salman to position of Crown Prince.[183][184]\n\n7001240000000000000♠24[185]\n\nA Minor protests\n\n\n Syria\n\n26 January 2011\n\nCivil uprising, which transformed into Syrian Civil War in July–August 2011\n\n\nRelease of some political prisoners[186][187]\nDismissal of Provincial Governors[188][189]\nResignation of the Government[190]\nEnd of Emergency Law\nResignations from Parliament[191]\nLarge defections from the Syrian army and clashes between soldiers and defectors[192]\nFormation of the Free Syrian Army and full-scale civil war\nFormation of ISIL who take broad swathes of Syria\nOngoing violence in Syria caused millions to flee their homes\n\n 400,000+\n\nCivil war\n\n\n Iranian Khuzestan\n\n15 April 2011\n\nEnded on 18 April 2011\n\n\n2011 Khuzestan Protests\n\n7001120000000000000♠12\n\nB Major protests\n\n\nBorders of Israel\n\n15 May 2011\n\nEnded on 5 June 2011\n\n\nArab demonstrations on the borders of Israel\n\n 35[193][194]\n\nB Major protests\n\n\n\n Palestinian Authority\n\n10 February 2011\n\n5 October 2012\n\n\nThen Palestinian prime minister Salam Fayyad states that he is \"'willing to resign\"[195]\nFayyad resigns on 13 April 2013 but because of political differences between him and the Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas over the finance portfolio[196]\n\n5000000000000000000♠0\n\nC Minor protests\n\n\nTotal death toll and other consequences:\n\nhundreds of thousands killed (combined estimate of events)\n\n\n4 governments overthrown as part of the events\nSix protests leading to governmental changes\nFive major protests\nFour minor protests\n2 governments overthrown in the aftermath\nFour civil wars in the aftermath (Syria, Iraq, Libya and Yemen)\n"
] | [
"17 February 2011"
] |
5058527146768699108 | Minoan civilization | Minoan civilization - wikipedia Minoan civilization `` Minoan '' redirects here . For other uses , see Minoan ( disambiguation ) . Minoan civilization Period Bronze Age Europe Dates c. 2600 -- c. 1100 BC Major sites Knossos , Phaistos , Malia , Zakros Preceded by Cycladic culture Followed by Mycenaean Greece Ancient history Preceded by prehistory Near East Sumer Egypt Elam Akkad Assyria Babylonia Mitanni Hittites Minoan Mycenae Sea Peoples Syro - Hittite states Israel and Judah Arabia Urartu Medes Nuragic Phoenicia Phrygia Lydia Greece Persia Hellenism Rome Africa Parthia Sasanian Empire Late antiquity Eurasian Steppe Proto - Indo - Europeans Maykop Yamna Afanasievo Corded Ware Catacomb Sintashta Andronovo Cimmeria Scythia Sarmatia Huns Bulgar East Asia China Korea Japan Mongolia Vietnam South Asia Indus Valley Civilisation Vedic period Mahajanapada Nanda Empire Maurya Empire Sangam period Middle kingdoms of India Gupta Empire Mississippi Adena Hopewell Mississippian Mesoamerica Olmecs Epi - Olmec Zapotec Mixtec Maya Teotihuacan Toltec Empire Andes Norte Chico Sechin Chavín Paracas Nazca Moche Lima Tiwanaku Empire Wari Empire West Africa Dhar Tichitt Oualata Nok Senegambia Djenné - Djenno Bura Bantu expansion Ghana Empire Oceania Kuk Lapita Australia Melanesia Polynesia Nan Madol Tuʻi Tonga Empire See also History of the world Ancient maritime history Protohistory Axial Age Iron Age Historiography Ancient literature Ancient warfare Cradle of civilization Followed by Post-classical history Bronze Age ↑ Chalcolithic Near East ( c. 3300 -- 1200 BCE ) Anatolia , Caucasus , Elam , Egypt , Levant , Mesopotamia , Sistan , Canaan Late Bronze Age collapse South Asia ( c. 3300 -- 1200 BCE ) Indus Valley Civilization Bronze Age South Asia Ochre Coloured Pottery Cemetery H Europe ( c. 3200 -- 600 BCE ) Aegean ( Cycladic , Minoan , Mycenaean ) , Caucasus , Catacomb culture , Srubna culture , Beaker culture , Unetice culture , Tumulus culture , Urnfield culture , Hallstatt culture , Apennine culture , Canegrate culture , Golasecca culture , Atlantic Bronze Age , Bronze Age Britain , Nordic Bronze Age East Asia ( c. 2000 -- 300 BCE ) Erlitou , Erligang , Gojoseon , Jomon , Majiayao , Mumun , Qijia , Siwa , Wucheng , Xindian , Yueshi arsenical bronze writing literature sword chariot ↓ Iron Age The Minoan civilization was an Aegean Bronze Age civilization on the island of Crete and other Aegean Islands which flourished from about 2600 to 1600 BC , before a late period of decline , finally ending around 1100 . It preceded the Mycenaean civilization of ancient Greece . The civilization was rediscovered at the beginning of the 20th century through the work of British archaeologist Arthur Evans . It has been described as the earliest of its kind in Europe , with historian Will Durant calling the Minoans `` the first link in the European chain '' . The term `` Minoan '' , which refers to the mythical King Minos , was originally described in the pottery of the period . Minos was associated in Greek mythology with the labyrinth and the Minotaur , which Evans identified with the site at Knossos ( the largest Minoan site ) . According to Homer , Crete once had 90 cities . The Minoan period saw trade between Crete , Aegean and Mediterranean settlements , particularly the Near East . Through their traders and artists , the Minoan cultural influence reached beyond Crete to the Cyclades , the Old Kingdom of Egypt , copper - bearing Cyprus , Canaan and the Levantine coast and Anatolia . Some of its best art is preserved in the city of Akrotiri on the island of Santorini , which was destroyed by the Minoan eruption . Although the Minoan language and writing systems ( Linear A ) remain undeciphered , and are the subject of academic dispute , they apparently conveyed a language entirely different from the later Greek . The reasons for the slow decline of the Minoan civilization , beginning around 1550 BC , are unclear ; theories include Mycenaean invasions from mainland Greece and the major volcanic eruption of Santorini . Contents 1 Etymology 2 Chronology and history 2.1 Overview 2.1. 1 Early Minoan 2.1. 2 Middle Minoan 2.1. 3 Late Minoan 2.1. 4 Foreign influence 3 Geography 3.1 Settlements 3.2 Beyond Crete 4 Agriculture and cuisine 4.1 Tools 5 Society and culture 5.1 Government 5.2 Saffron trade 5.3 Fashion 5.4 Language and writing 5.5 Religion 5.5. 1 Symbolism 5.5. 2 Burial practices 5.6 Architecture 5.6. 1 Palaces 5.6. 2 Plumbing 5.6. 3 Columns 5.6. 4 Villas 5.7 Art 5.7. 1 Pottery 5.7. 2 Jewelry 5.7. 3 Metal vessels 5.8 Warfare and the `` Minoan peace '' 5.8. 1 Skepticism and weaponry 6 Collapse 7 Genetic studies 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References Etymology ( edit ) The term `` Minoan '' refers to the mythical King Minos of Knossos . Its origin is debated , but it is commonly attributed to archeologist Arthur Evans ( 1851 -- 1941 ) . Minos was associated in Greek mythology with the labyrinth , which Evans identified with the site at Knossos . However , Karl Hoeck had already used the title Das Minoische Kreta in 1825 for volume two of his Kreta ; this appears to be the first known use of the word `` Minoan '' to mean `` ancient Cretan '' . Evans probably read Hoeck 's book , and continued using the term in his writings and findings : `` To this early civilization of Crete as a whole I have proposed -- and the suggestion has been generally adopted by the archaeologists of this and other countries -- to apply the name ' Minoan ' . '' Evans said that he applied it , not invented it . Hoeck , with no idea that the archaeological Crete had existed , had in mind the Crete of mythology . Although Evans ' 1931 claim that the term was `` unminted '' before he used it was called a `` brazen suggestion '' by Karadimas and Momigliano , he coined its archaeological meaning . Chronology and history ( edit ) Further information : Minoan chronology , Minoan pottery , and Dating the Thera eruption Minoan chronology 3500 -- 2900 BC EMI Prepalatial 2900 -- 2300 BC EMII 2300 -- 2100 BC EMIII 2100 -- 1900 BC MMIA 1900 -- 1800 BC MMIB Protopalatial ( Old Palace Period ) 1800 -- 1750 BC MMIIA 1750 - 1700 BC MMIIB Neopalatial ( New Palace Period ) 1700 -- 1650 BC MMIIIA 1650 -- 1600 BC MMIIIB 1600 -- 1500 BC LMIA 1500 -- 1450 BC LMIB Postpalatial ( at Knossos ; Final Palace Period ) 1450 -- 1400 BC LMII 1400 -- 1350 BC LMIIIA 1350 -- 1100 BC LMIIIB Instead of dating the Minoan period , archaeologists use two systems of relative chronology . The first , created by Evans and modified by later archaeologists , is based on pottery styles and imported Egyptian artifacts ( which can be correlated with the chronology of Ancient Egypt ) . Evans ' system divides the Minoan period into three major eras : early ( EM ) , middle ( MM ) and late ( LM ) . These eras are subdivided -- for example , Early Minoan I , II and III ( EMI , EMII , EMIII ) . Another dating system , proposed by Greek archaeologist Nicolas Platon , is based on the development of architectural complexes known as `` palaces '' at Knossos , Phaistos , Malia and Kato Zakros . Platon divides the Minoan period into pre - , proto - , neo - and post-palatial sub-periods . The relationship between the systems in the table includes approximate calendar dates from Warren and Hankey ( 1989 ) . The Thera eruption occurred during a mature phase of the LM IA period . Efforts to establish the volcanic eruption 's date have been controversial . Radiocarbon dating has indicated a date in the late 17th century BC ; this conflicts with estimates by archaeologists , who synchronize the eruption with conventional Egyptian chronology for a date of 1525 -- 1500 BC . Overview ( edit ) See also : History of Crete Although stone - tool evidence exists that hominins may have reached Crete as early as 130,000 years ago , evidence for the first anatomically - modern human presence dates to 10,000 -- 12,000 YBP . The oldest evidence of modern human habitation on Crete are pre-ceramic Neolithic farming - community remains which date to about 7000 BC . A comparative study of DNA haplogroups of modern Cretan men showed that a male founder group , from Anatolia or the Levant , is shared with the Greeks . The Neolithic population lived in open villages . Fishermen 's huts were found on the shores , and the fertile Mesara Plain was used for agriculture . Early Minoan ( edit ) The Early Bronze Age ( 3500 to 2100 BC ) has been described as indicating a `` promise of greatness '' in light of later developments on the island . The Bronze Age began on Crete around 3200 BC , In the late third millennium BC , several locations on the island developed into centers of commerce and handiwork ; this enabled the upper classes to exercise leadership and expand their influence . It is likely that the original hierarchies of the local elites were replaced by monarchies , a precondition for the palaces . Middle Minoan ( edit ) At the end of the MMII period ( 1700 BC ) there was a large disturbance on Crete -- probably an earthquake , but possibly an invasion from Anatolia . The palaces at Knossos , Phaistos , Malia and Kato Zakros were destroyed . At the beginning of the neopalatial period the population increased again , the palaces were rebuilt on a larger scale and new settlements were built across the island . This period ( the 17th and 16th centuries BC , MM III - Neopalatial ) was the apex of Minoan civilization . After around 1700 BC , material culture on the Greek mainland reached a new high due to Minoan influence . Late Minoan ( edit ) Another natural catastrophe occurred around 1600 BC , possibly an eruption of the Thera volcano . The Minoans rebuilt the palaces with several major differences in function . Around 1450 BC , Minoan culture reached a turning point due to a natural catastrophe ( possibly an earthquake ) . Although another eruption of the Thera volcano has been linked to this downfall , its dating and implications are disputed . Several important palaces , in locations such as Malia , Tylissos , Phaistos and Agia Triada , and the living quarters of Knossos were destroyed . The palace in Knossos seems to have remained largely intact , resulting in its dynasty 's ability to spread its influence over large parts of Crete until it was overrun by the Mycenaean Greeks . Foreign influence ( edit ) The influence of Minoan civilization is seen in Minoan handicrafts on the Greek mainland . The shaft graves of Mycenae had several Cretan imports ( such as a bull 's - head rhyton ) , which suggests a prominent role for Minoan symbolism . Connections between Egypt and Crete are prominent ; Minoan ceramics are found in Egyptian cities , and the Minoans imported items ( particularly papyrus ) and architectural and artistic ideas from Egypt . Egyptian hieroglyphs were models for Minoan pictographic writing , from which the Linear A and Linear B writing systems developed . Archaeologist Hermann Bengtson has also found a Minoan influence in Canaanite artifacts . Minoan palace sites were occupied by the Mycenaeans ( who adapted Linear A Minoan script for their own language ) around 1420 -- 1375 BC . Their language , a form of Greek , was written in Linear B . The Mycenaeans tended to adapt ( rather than supplant ) Minoan culture , religion and art , continuing the Minoan economic system and bureaucracy . During LMIIIA ( 1400 -- 1350 BC ) , Amenhotep III noted k-f-t-w ( Kaftor ) as one of the `` Secret Lands of the North of Asia '' at Kom el - Hatan . Also mentioned are Cretan cities ( such as Amnisos , Phaistos , Kydonia and Knossos ) and toponyms reconstructed as in the Cyclades or the Greek mainland . If the values of these Egyptian names are accurate , the pharaoh did not value LMIII Knossos more than other states in the region . After about a century of partial recovery , most Cretan cities and palaces declined during the 13th century BC ( LHIIIB - LMIIIB ) . The last Linear A archives date to LMIIIA , contemporary with LHIIIA . Knossos remained an administrative center until 1200 BC . The last Minoan site was the defensive mountain site of Karfi , a refuge which had vestiges of Minoan civilization nearly into the Iron Age . Geography ( edit ) Knossos Gortyn Clickable map of Greece , with major Minoan sites Crete is a mountainous island with natural harbors . There are signs of earthquake damage at many Minoan sites , and clear signs of land uplifting and submersion of coastal sites due to tectonic processes along its coast . According to Homer , Crete had 90 cities . Judging by the palace sites , the island was probably divided into at least eight political units at the height of the Minoan period . The north is thought to have been governed from Knossos , the south from Phaistos , the central - eastern region from Malia , the eastern tip from Kato Zakros and the west from Chania . Smaller palaces have been found elsewhere on the island . Major Minoan archaeological sites include : Knossos -- the largest Bronze Age archaeological site on Crete ; was purchased for excavations by Evans on March 16 , 1900 . Phaistos -- the second - largest palatial building on the island , excavated by the Italian school shortly after Knossos Malia -- the subject of French excavations , a palatial center which provides a look into the proto - palatial period Kato Zakros -- palatial site excavated by Greek archaeologists in the far east of the island , also known as `` Zakro '' in archaeological literature Galatas -- confirmed as a palatial site during the early 1990s Agia Triada -- administrative center near Phaistos Gournia -- town site excavated in the first quarter of the 20th century Pyrgos -- early Minoan site in southern Crete Vasiliki -- early eastern Minoan site which gives its name to distinctive ceramic ware Fournou Korfi -- southern site Pseira -- island town with ritual sites Mount Juktas -- the greatest Minoan peak sanctuary , associated with the palace of Knossos Arkalochori -- site of the Arkalochori Axe Karfi -- refuge site , one of the last Minoan sites Akrotiri -- settlement on the island of Santorini ( Thera ) , near the site of the Thera Eruption Zominthos -- mountainous city in the northern foothills of Mount Ida Settlements ( edit ) See also : Historical urban community sizes and List of largest cities throughout history Minoan fresco , showing a fleet and settlement Knossos had an estimated population of 1,300 to 2,000 in 2500 BC , 18,000 in 2000 BC , 20,000 to 100,000 in 1600 BC and 30,000 in 1360 BC . Gortyn was also a noted Minoan settlement . Beyond Crete ( edit ) Minoan copper ingot The Minoans were traders , and their cultural contacts reached Egypt 's Old Kingdom , copper - containing Cyprus , Canaan and the Levantine coast and Anatolia . In late 2009 Minoan - style frescoes and other artifacts were discovered during excavations of the Canaanite palace at Tel Kabri , Israel , leading archaeologists to conclude that the Minoan influence was the strongest on the Canaanite city - state . These are the only Minoan artifacts which have been found in Israel . Minoan techniques and ceramic styles had varying degrees of influence on Helladic Greece . Along with Santorini , Minoan settlements are found at Kastri on Cythera , an island near the Greek mainland influenced by the Minoans from the mid-third millennium BC ( EMII ) to its Mycenaean occupation in the 13th century . Minoan strata replaced a mainland - derived early Bronze Age culture , the earliest Minoan settlement outside Crete . The Cyclades were in the Minoan cultural orbit and , closer to Crete , the islands of Karpathos , Saria and Kasos also contained middle - Bronze Age ( MMI - II ) Minoan colonies or settlements of Minoan traders . Most were abandoned in LMI , but Karpathos recovered and continued its Minoan culture until the end of the Bronze Age . Other supposed Minoan colonies , such as that hypothesized by Adolf Furtwängler on Aegina , were later dismissed by scholars . However , there was a Minoan colony at Ialysos on Rhodes . Minoan cultural influence indicates an orbit extending through the Cyclades to Egypt and Cyprus . Fifteenth - century BC paintings in Thebes , Egypt depict Minoan - appearing individuals bearing gifts . Inscriptions describing them as coming from keftiu ( `` islands in the middle of the sea '' ) may refer to gift - bringing merchants or officials from Crete . Some locations on Crete indicate that the Minoans were an `` outward - looking '' society . The neo-palatial site of Kato Zakros is located within 100 meters of the modern shoreline in a bay . Its large number of workshops and wealth of site materials indicate a possible entrepôt for trade . Such activities are seen in artistic representations of the sea , including the `` Flotilla '' fresco in room five of the West House at Akrotiri . Agriculture and cuisine ( edit ) See also : Cretan cuisine The Minoans raised cattle , sheep , pigs and goats , and grew wheat , barley , vetch and chickpeas . They also cultivated grapes , figs and olives , grew poppies for seed and perhaps opium . The Minoans also domesticated bees . Vegetables , including lettuce , celery , asparagus and carrots , grew wild on Crete . Pear , quince , and olive trees were also native . Date palm trees and cats ( for hunting ) were imported from Egypt . The Minoans adopted pomegranates from the Near East , but not lemons and oranges . The partially - restored `` campstool fresco '' from Knossos They may have practiced polyculture , and their varied , healthy diet resulted in a population increase . Polyculture theoretically maintains soil fertility and protects against losses due to crop failure . Linear B tablets indicate the importance of orchards ( figs , olives and grapes ) in processing crops for `` secondary products '' . Olive oil in Cretan or Mediterranean cuisine is comparable to butter in northern European cuisine . The process of fermenting wine from grapes was probably a factor of the `` Palace '' economies ; wine would have been a trade commodity and an item of domestic consumption . Farmers used wooden plows , bound with leather to wooden handles and pulled by pairs of donkeys or oxen . Seafood was also important in Cretan cuisine . The prevalence of edible molluscs in site material and artistic representations of marine fish and animals ( including the distinctive LM IIIC `` Octopus '' stirrup jar ) , indicate appreciation and occasional use of fish by the economy . However , scholars believe that these resources were not as significant as grain , olives and animal produce . `` Fishing was one of the major activities ... but there is as yet no evidence for the way in which they organized their fishing . '' An intensification of agricultural activity is indicated by the construction of terraces and dams at Pseira in the Late Minoan period . Cretan cuisine included wild game : Cretans ate wild deer , wild boar and meat from livestock . Wild game is now extinct on Crete . Not all plants and flora were purely functional , and arts depict scenes of lily - gathering in green spaces . The fresco known as the Sacred Grove at Knossos depicts women facing left , flanked by trees . Some scholars have suggested that it is a harvest festival or ceremony to honor the fertility of the soil . Artistic depictions of farming scenes also appear on the Second Palace Period `` Harvester Vase '' ( an egg - shaped rhyton ) on which 27 men led by another carry hoes . This demonstrates the importance of farming as an artistic motif . The discovery of storage areas in the palace compounds has prompted debate . At the second `` palace '' at Phaistos , rooms on the west side of the structure have been identified as a storage area . Jars , jugs and vessels have been recovered in the area , indicating the complex 's possible role as a re-distribution center for agricultural produce . At larger sites such as Knossos , there is evidence of craft specialization ( workshops ) . The palace at Kato Zakro indicates that workshops were integrated into palace structure . The Minoan palatial system may have developed through economic intensification , where an agricultural surplus could support a population of administrators , craftsmen and religious practitioners . The number of sleeping rooms in the palaces indicates that they could have supported a sizable population which was removed from manual labor . Tools ( edit ) Tools , originally made of wood or bone , were bound to handles with leather straps . During the Bronze Age , they were made of bronze with wooden handles . Due to its round hole , the tool head would spin on the handle . The Minoans developed oval - shaped holes in their tools to fit oval - shaped handles , which prevented spinning . Tools included double adzes , double - and single - bladed axes , axe - adzes , sickles and chisels . Society and culture ( edit ) The Minoans were primarily a mercantile people who engaged in overseas trade . After 1700 BC , their culture indicates a high degree of organization . Minoan - manufactured goods suggest a network of trade with mainland Greece ( notably Mycenae ) , Cyprus , Syria , Anatolia , Egypt , Mesopotamia and westward as far as the Iberian peninsula . Minoan religion apparently focused on female deities , with women officiants . While historians and archaeologists have long been skeptical of an outright matriarchy , the predominance of female figures in authoritative roles over male ones seems to indicate that Minoan society was matriarchal , and among the most well - supported examples known . Government ( edit ) Because their language has yet to be deciphered , it is unknown what kind of government was practiced by the Minoans , though the palaces and throne rooms indicate a form of hierarchy . Saffron trade ( edit ) The `` saffron - gatherers '' A fresco of saffron - gatherers at Santorini is well - known . The Minoan trade in saffron , the stigma of a naturally - mutated crocus which originated in the Aegean basin , has left few material remains . According to Evans , the saffron ( a sizable Minoan industry ) was used for dye . Other archaeologists emphasize durable trade items : ceramics , copper , tin , gold and silver . The saffron may have had a religious significance . The saffron trade , which predated Minoan civilization , was comparable in value to that of frankincense or black pepper . Fashion ( edit ) Minoan men wore loincloths and kilts . Women wore robes with short sleeves and layered , flounced skirts . The robes were open to the navel , exposing their breasts . Women could also wear a strapless , fitted bodice , and clothing patterns had symmetrical , geometric designs . Language and writing ( edit ) Main article : Minoan language One side of the Phaistos Disc Knowledge of the spoken and written language of the Minoans is scant due to the small number of records found . Clay tablets , dating to around 3000 BC , were found with Aegean scripts . Clay tablets were apparently in use around 3000 BC or earlier . Two clay cups from Knossos had remnants of ink , and inkwells similar to animal - shaped Mesopotamian inkstands have been found . The Eteocretan language , written with a Euboean - derived alphabet after the Greek Dark Ages , is believed to be a descendant of Minoan ; however , there is not enough source material in either language to allow a firm conclusion . The earliest dated writings found on Crete are Cretan hieroglyphs . It is unknown whether the language is Minoan , and its origin is debated . Although the hieroglyphs are often associated with the Egyptians , they also indicate a relationship to Mesopotamian writings . They came into use during MMI , and were used at the same time as Linear A ( 18th century BC ; MM II ) . The hieroglyphs disappeared during the 17th century BC ( MM III ) . Linear A served as the foundation for Linear B , which recorded the earliest attested form of the Greek language : Mycenaean Greek . Although Linear B was deciphered by Michael Ventris in 1952 , the earlier scripts remain a mystery . Nearly all the tablets written in the Linear B script seem to be inventories of goods or resources . Others are inscriptions on religious objects associated with a cult . Because most of the inscriptions are economic records rather than dedicatory inscriptions , the translation of Minoan remains a challenge . Unless Eteocretan is its descendant , the Minoan language may have become extinct during the Greek Dark Ages ( a period of economic and sociopolitical collapse ) . Religion ( edit ) Main article : Minoan religion The smaller of two Minoan snake goddess figurines The Minoans seem to have primarily worshiped a Great Goddess , and their society has been described as matriarchal . Some scholars see in the Minoan Goddess a female divine solar figure . Some evidence of male gods exists , but depictions of Minoan goddesses vastly outnumber those of gods . Although some depictions of women may be images of worshipers and priestesses officiating at religious ceremonies ( as opposed to deities ) , goddesses seem to include a mother goddess of fertility , a goddess of animals and female protectors of cities , the household , the harvest and the underworld . They are often represented by serpents , birds , poppies or an animal on the head . According to Nanno Marinatos , `` The hierarchy and relationship of gods within the pantheon is difficult to decode from the images alone . '' Marinatos disagrees with earlier descriptions of Minoan religion as primitive , saying that it `` was the religion of a sophisticated and urbanized palatial culture with a complex social hierarchy . It was not dominated by fertility any more than any religion of the past or present has been , and it addressed gender identity , rites of passage , and death . It is reasonable to assume that both the organization and the rituals , even the mythology , resembled the religions of Near Eastern palatial civilizations . '' It even seems that the later Greek pantheon would synthesize the Minoan female deity and Hittite goddess from the Near East . Symbolism ( edit ) Minoan horn - topped altars , which Arthur Evans called Horns of Consecration , are represented in seal impressions and have been found as far afield as Cyprus . Minoan sacred symbols include the bull ( and its horns of consecration ) , the labrys ( double - headed axe ) , the pillar , the serpent , the sun - disc and the tree . The Bull Leaper , from Knossos ( Heraklion Archaeological Museum ) Haralampos V. Harissis and Anastasios V. Harissis posit a different interpretation of these symbols , saying that they were based on apiculture rather than religion . A major festival was exemplified in bull - leaping , represented in the frescoes of Knossos and inscribed in miniature seals . Burial practices ( edit ) Similar to other Bronze Age archaeological finds , burial remains constitute much of the material and archaeological evidence for the period . By the end of the Second Palace Period , Minoan burial was dominated by two forms : circular tombs ( tholoi ) in southern Crete and house tombs in the north and the east . However , much Minoan mortuary practice does not conform to this pattern . Burial was more popular than cremation . Individual burial was the rule , except for the Chrysolakkos complex in Malia . Here , a number of buildings form a complex in the center of Mallia 's burial area and may have been the focus for burial rituals or a crypt for a notable family . Evidence of possible human sacrifice by the Minoans has been found at three sites : at Anemospilia , in a MMII building near Mt . Juktas considered a temple ; an EMII sanctuary complex at Fournou Korifi in south - central Crete , and in an LMIB building known as the North House in Knossos . Architecture ( edit ) Restored model of a Minoan house found in Archanes Minoan cities were connected by roads paved with blocks cut with bronze saws . Streets were drained , and water and sewage facilities were available to the upper class through clay pipes . Minoan buildings often had flat , tiled roofs ; plaster , wood or flagstone floors , and stood two to three stories high . Lower walls were typically constructed of stone and rubble , and the upper walls of mudbrick . Ceiling timbers held up the roofs . Construction materials for villas and palaces varied , and included sandstone , gypsum and limestone . Building techniques also varied , with some palaces using ashlar masonry and others roughly - hewn , megalithic blocks . Palaces ( edit ) Storage jars ( pithoi , πίθοι ) at Knossos Palaces ( anaktora ) are the best - known Minoan building types excavated on Crete . They are monumental buildings with administrative purposes , as evidenced by large archives unearthed by archaeologists . Each palace excavated to date has unique features , but they also share aspects which set them apart from other structures . Palaces are often multi-story , with interior and exterior staircases , lightwells , massive columns , storage areas and courtyards . The first palaces were constructed at the end of the Early Minoan period in the third millennium BC at Malia . Although it was formerly believed that the foundation of the first palaces was synchronous and dated to the Middle Minoan period ( around 2000 BC , the date of the first palace at Knossos ) , scholars now think that the palaces were built over a longer period in response to local developments . The main older palaces are Knossos , Malia and Phaistos . Elements of the Middle Minoan palaces ( at Knossos , Phaistos and Malia , for example ) have precedents in Early Minoan construction styles . These include an indented western court and special treatment of the western façade . One example is the House on the Hill at Vasiliki , dated to the Early Minoan II period . The palaces were centers of government , administrative offices , shrines , workshops and storage spaces . Ruins of the palace at Knossos The Middle Minoan palaces are characteristically aligned with their surrounding topography . The MM palace of Phaistos appears to align with Mount Ida and Knossos is aligned with Mount Juktas , both on a north - south axis . Scholars suggest that the alignment was related to the mountains ' ritual significance ; a number of peak sanctuaries ( spaces for public ritual ) have been excavated , including one at Petsofas . These sites have yielded clusters of clay figurines and evidence of animal sacrifice . Bull - Leaping Fresco found at Knossos Late palaces are characterized by multi-story buildings with west facades of sandstone ashlar masonry ; Knossos is the best - known example . Other building conventions included storage areas , north - south orientation , a pillar room and a western court . Architecture during the First Palace Period is identified by a square - within - a-square style ; Second Palace Period construction has more internal divisions and corridors . The Palace of Knossos was the largest Minoan palace . The palace is about 150 meters across and it spreads over an area of some 20,000 square meters , with its original upper levels possibly having a thousand chambers . The palace is connected to the mythological story of The Bull of Minos , since it is in this palace where it was written that the labyrinth existed . Focusing on the architectural aspects of the Palace of Knossos , it was a combination of foundations that depended on the aspects of its walls for the dimensions of the rooms , staircases , porticos , and chambers . The palace was designed in such a fashion that the structure was laid out to surround the central court of the Minoans . Aesthetically speaking , the pillars along with the stone paved northern entrance gave the palace a look and feel that was unique to the Palace of Knossos . The space surrounding the court was covered with rooms and hallways , some of which were stacked on top of the lower levels of the palace being linked through multiple ramps and staircases . Others were built into a hill , as described by the site 's excavator Arthur John Evans , `` ... The palace of Knossos is the most extensive and occupies several hills . '' On the east side of the court there was a grand staircase passing through the many levels of the palace , added for the royal residents . On the west side of the court , the throne room , a modest room with a ceiling some two meters high , can be found along with the frescoes that were decorating the walls of the hallways and storage rooms . Plumbing ( edit ) During the Minoan Era extensive waterways were built in order to protect the growing population . These system had two primary functions , first providing and distributing water , and secondly relocating sewage and stormwater . One of the defining aspects of the Minoan Era was the architectural feats of their waste management . The Minoans used technologies such as wells , cisterns , and aqueducts to manage their water supplies . Structural aspects of their buildings even played a part . Flat roofs and plentiful open courtyards were used for collecting water to be stored in cisterns . Significantly , the Minoans had water treatment devices . One such device seems to have been a porous clay pipe through which water was allowed to flow until clean . Columns ( edit ) Columns at Knossos One of the most notable Minoan contributions to architecture is their inverted column , wider at the top than the base ( unlike most Greek columns , which are wider at the bottom to give an impression of height ) . The columns were made of wood ( not stone ) and were generally painted red . Mounted on a simple stone base , they were topped with a pillow - like , round capital . Villas ( edit ) A number of compounds known as `` villas '' have been excavated on Crete . These structures share features of neopalatial palaces : a conspicuous western facade , storage facilities and a three - part Minoan Hall . These features may indicate a similar role or that the structures were artistic imitations , suggesting that their occupants were familiar with palatial culture . The villas were often richly decorated , as evidenced by the frescos of Haghia Triadha Villa A . Art ( edit ) Main article : Minoan art Fresco from the Palace of Minos at Knossos The largest collection of Minoan art is in the museum at Heraklion , near Knossos , on the northern coast of Crete . Minoan art and other remnants of material culture , especially the sequence of ceramic styles , have been used by archaeologists to define the three phases of Minoan culture ( EM , MM , LM ) . Since wood and textiles have decomposed , the best - preserved ( and most instructive ) surviving examples of Minoan art are its pottery , palace architecture ( with frescos which include landscapes ) , stone carvings and intricately - carved seal stones . Frescoes were the primary art form of Minoan culture . They include many depictions of people , with sexes distinguished by color ; the men 's skin is reddish - brown , and the women 's white . Several frescoes at Knossos and Santorini survive . In contrast to Egyptian frescoes , Crete had true frescoes . Probably the most famous fresco is the bull - leaping fresco . Pottery ( edit ) Main article : Minoan pottery Marine style Minoan pottery jug ( 1575 -- 1500 BC ) A variety of wares were produced in Crete . Early Minoan ceramics were characterized by patterns of spirals , triangles , curved lines , crosses , fish bones , and beak - spouts . During the Middle Minoan period , naturalistic designs ( such as fish , squid , birds and lilies ) were common . In the Late Minoan period , flowers and animals were still characteristic but more variety existed . The palace style of the region around Knossos is characterized by geometric simplicity and monochromatic painting . Late Minoan art resembles that of Mycenae . Minoan knowledge of the sea was continued by the Mycenaeans in their frequent use of marine forms as artistic motifs . The so - called `` marine style '' , perhaps inspired by frescoes , has the entire surface of a pot covered with sea creatures , octopus , fish and dolphins , against a background of rocks , seaweed and sponges . Jewelry ( edit ) The Minoans created elaborate metalwork with imported gold and copper . Bead necklaces , bracelets and hair ornaments appear in the frescoes , and many labrys pins survive . The Minoans apparently mastered faience and granulation , as indicated by a gold bee pendant . Minoan metalworking included intense , precise temperature , to bond gold to itself without burning it . Metal vessels ( edit ) Golden cup from a LH IIA Mycenaean grave at Vapheio , one of a pair known as the `` Vapheio Cups '' . This cup is believed to be of Minoan manufacture while its twin is thought to be Mycenaean . National Archaeological Museum , Athens . Metal vessels were produced in Crete from at least as early as EM II ( c. 2500 ) in the Prepalatial period through to LM IA ( c. 1450 ) in the Postpalatial period and perhaps as late as LM IIIB / C ( c. 1200 ) , although it is likely that many of the vessels from these later periods were heirlooms from earlier periods . The earliest were probably made exclusively from precious metals , but from the Protopalatial period ( MM IB -- MM IIA ) they were also produced in arsenical bronze and , subsequently , tin bronze . The archaeological record suggests that mostly cup - type forms were created in precious metals , but the corpus of bronze vessels was diverse , including cauldrons , pans , hydrias , bowls , pitchers , basins , cups , ladles and lamps . The Minoan metal vessel tradition influenced that of the Mycenaean culture on mainland Greece , and they are often regarded as the same tradition . Many precious metal vessels found on mainland Greece exhibit Minoan characteristics , and it is thought that these were either imported from Crete or made on the mainland by Minoan metalsmiths working for Mycenaean patrons or by Mycenaean smiths who had trained under Minoan masters . Warfare and the `` Minoan peace '' ( edit ) According to Arthur Evans , a `` Minoan peace '' ( Pax Minoica ) existed ; there was little internal armed conflict in Minoan Crete until the Mycenaean period . However , it is difficult to draw hard - and - fast conclusions from the evidence and Evans ' idealistic view has been questioned . No evidence has been found of a Minoan army or the Minoan domination of peoples beyond Crete , and few signs of warfare appear in Minoan art : `` Although a few archaeologists see war scenes in a few pieces of Minoan art , others interpret even these scenes as festivals , sacred dance , or sports events '' ( Studebaker , 2004 , p. 27 ) . Although armed warriors are depicted as stabbed in the throat with swords , the violence may be part of a ritual or blood sport . On mainland Greece during the shaft - grave era at Mycenae , there is little evidence for major Mycenaean fortifications ; the citadels follow the destruction of nearly all neopalatial Cretan sites . Warfare by other contemporaries of the ancient Minoans , such as the Egyptians and the Hittites , is well - documented . Skepticism and weaponry ( edit ) Fresco of children boxing , recovered from the island of Santorini Despite finding ruined watchtowers and fortification walls , Evans said that there was little evidence of ancient Minoan fortifications . According to Stylianos Alexiou ( in Kretologia 8 ) , a number of sites ( especially early and middle Minoan sites such as Aghia Photia ) are built on hilltops or otherwise fortified . Lucia Nixon wrote , `` We may have been over-influenced by the lack of what we might think of as solid fortifications to assess the archaeological evidence properly . As in so many other instances , we may not have been looking for evidence in the right places , and therefore we may not end with a correct assessment of the Minoans and their ability to avoid war . '' Chester Starr said in `` Minoan Flower Lovers '' ( Hagg - Marinatos , eds . Minoan Thalassocracy ) that since Shang China and the Maya had unfortified centers and engaged in frontier struggles , a lack of fortifications alone does not prove that the Minoans were a peaceful civilization unparalleled in history . In 1998 , when Minoan archaeologists met in a Belgian conference to discuss the possibility that the Pax Minoica was outdated , evidence of Minoan war was still scanty . According to Jan Driessen , the Minoans frequently depicted `` weapons '' in their art in a ritual context : The construction of fortified sites is often assumed to reflect a threat of warfare , but such fortified centres were multifunctional ; they were also often the embodiment or material expression of the central places of the territories at the same time as being monuments glorifying and merging leading power . Stella Chryssoulaki 's work on small outposts ( or guardhouses ) in eastern Crete indicates a possible defensive system ; type A ( high - quality ) Minoan swords were found in the palaces of Mallia and Zarkos ( see Sanders , AJA 65 , 67 , Hoeckmann , JRGZM 27 , or Rehak and Younger , AJA 102 ) . Keith Branigan estimated that 95 percent of Minoan `` weapons '' had hafting ( hilts or handles ) which would have prevented their use as such . However , tests of replicas indicated that the weapons could cut flesh down to the bone ( and score the bone 's surface ) without damaging the weapons themselves . According to Paul Rehak , Minoan figure - eight shields could not have been used for fighting or hunting , since they were too cumbersome . Although Cheryl Floyd concluded that Minoan `` weapons '' were tools used for mundane tasks such as meat processing , Middle Minoan `` rapiers nearly three feet in length '' have been found . About Minoan warfare , Branigan concluded : The quantity of weaponry , the impressive fortifications , and the aggressive looking long - boats all suggested an era of intensified hostilities . But on closer inspection there are grounds for thinking that all three key elements are bound up as much with status statements , display , and fashion as with aggression ; ... Warfare such as there was in the southern Aegean early Bronze Age was either personalized and perhaps ritualized ( in Crete ) or small - scale , intermittent and essentially an economic activity ( in the Cyclades and the Argolid / Attica ) . Archaeologist Olga Krzyszkowska agreed : `` The stark fact is that for the prehistoric Aegean we have no direct evidence for war and warfare per se . '' Collapse ( edit ) Between 1935 and 1939 , Greek archaeologist Spyridon Marinatos posited the Minoan eruption theory . An eruption on the island of Thera ( present - day Santorini ) , about 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) from Crete , occurred during the LM IA period ( 1550 - 1500 BC ) . One of the largest volcanic explosions in recorded history , it ejected about 60 to 100 cubic kilometres ( 14 to 24 cu mi ) of material and was measured at 7 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index . The eruption devastated the nearby Minoan settlement at Akrotiri on Santorini , which was entombed in a layer of pumice . Although it is believed to have severely affected the Minoan culture of Crete , the extent of its effects has been debated . Early theories proposed that volcanic ash from Thera choked off plant life on the eastern half of Crete , starving the local population ; however , more - thorough field examinations have determined that no more than 5 millimetres ( 0.20 in ) of ash fell anywhere on Crete . Based on archaeological evidence , studies indicate that a massive tsunami generated by the Thera eruption devastated the coast of Crete and destroyed many Minoan settlements . Although the LM IIIA ( late Minoan ) period is characterized by affluence ( wealthy tombs , burials and art ) and ubiquitous Knossian ceramic styles , by LM IIIB Knossos ' wealth and importance as a regional center apparently declined . Significant remains have been found above the late Minoan I - era Thera ash layer , implying that the Thera eruption did not cause the immediate collapse of Minoan civilization . The Minoans were a sea power , however , and the Thera eruption probably caused significant economic hardship . Whether this was enough to trigger a Minoan downfall is debated . Mycenaean Greece conquered the Minoans during the late Minoan II period , and Mycenaean weaponry has been found in burials on Crete soon after the eruption . Many archaeologists believe that the eruption triggered a crisis , making the Minoans vulnerable to conquest by the Mycenaeans . According to Sinclair Hood , the Minoans were most likely conquered by an invading force . Although the civilization 's collapse was aided by the Thera eruption , its ultimate end came from conquest . Archaeological evidence suggests that the island was destroyed by fire , with the palace at Knossos receiving less damage than other sites on Crete . Since natural disasters are not selective , the uneven destruction was probably caused by invaders who would have seen the usefulness of preserving a palace like Knossos for their own use . Several authors have noted evidence that Minoan civilization had exceeded its environmental carrying capacity , with archaeological recovery at Knossos indicating deforestation in the region near the civilization 's later stages . Genetic Studies ( edit ) Various genetic studies have been conducted on the ancient Minoans to deduce their ethnic origins , with differing results . Multiple 2008 studies found that the ancient Minoans exhibited Middle Eastern maternal genetic lineages , from populations in contemporary Iraq , Syria , and Turkey , and that `` the female ( Minoan genetic ) component is influenced by Asia and the Middle East as well as Europe . '' A 2014 study corroborated these findings by concluding that the Bronze Age Cretan culture had Near Eastern origins . However , a genetic study published in the journal Nature in August 2017 concluded that the Minoans were genetically closely related with the Mycenaean Greeks . Their genomes were similar though not identical . Though the same study also stated that at least three - quarters of DNA of both the Minoans and the Myceneans came from the first Neolithic - era farmers that lived in Western Anatolia and the Aegean Sea . Additionally , a 2013 mtDNA genetic study was conducted by a research team that analyzed some DNA from ancient Minoan skeletons that were sealed in a cave in Crete 's Lassithi Plateau between 3,700 and 4,400 years ago , as well as other Greek , Anatolian , western and northern European samples , North African and Egyptian samples . They then compared the skeletal mitochondrial DNA , which is passed on through the maternal line , with that found in a sample of 135 modern and ancient populations from around Europe and Africa . The researchers found that the Minoan skeletons were genetically very similar to modern - day Europeans -- and especially close to modern - day Cretans , particularly those from the Lassithi Plateau . They were also genetically similar to Neolithic Europeans , but distinct from Egyptian or Libyan populations . `` We now know that the founders of the first advanced European civilization were European , '' said study co-author George Stamatoyannopoulos , a human geneticist at the University of Washington . `` They were very similar to Neolithic Europeans and very similar to present day - Cretans . '' Nonetheless , Stamatoyannopoulos 's team did not analyze paternal DNA , and acknowledged that previous research found Middle Eastern genetic influences for both the ancient Minoans paternal and maternal lineages . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Minoan civilization . Library resources about Minoan Civilization Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Atlantis Caucasus Hyksos Minoa Philistines Sacred caves of Crete Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ancient Crete -- Classics -- Oxford Bibliographies '' . Jump up ^ Sakoulas , Thomas . `` History of Minoan Crete '' . Jump up ^ Durant , Will ( 1939 ) . `` The Life of Greece '' . The Story of Civilization. II . New York : Simon & Schuster . p. 21 . ISBN 9781451647587 . ^ Jump up to : Homer , Odyssey xix . Jump up ^ John Bennet , `` Minoan civilization '' , Oxford Classical Dictionary , 3rd ed. , p. 985 . ^ Jump up to : Karadimas , Nektarios ; Momigliano , Nicoletta ( 2004 ) . `` On the Term ' Minoan ' before Evans 's Work in Crete ( 1894 ) '' ( PDF ) . Studi Micenei ed Egeo - anatolici. 46 ( 2 ) : 243 -- 258 . Jump up ^ Evans 1921 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ This chronology of Minoan Crete is ( with minor simplifications ) the one used by Andonis Vasilakis in his book on Minoan Crete , published by Adam Editions in 2000 , but other chronologies will vary , sometimes quite considerably ( EM periods especially ) . Sets of different dates from other authors are set out at Minoan chronology . The adjustments made were : Source : `` Early Minoan III , Middle Minoan IA 2300 - 1900 BCE '' , `` Middle Minoan IIB , IIIA 1750 - 1650 BCE '' - in both cases the run - together periods have been split equally . Jump up ^ Manning , Sturt W ; Ramsey , CB ; Kutschera , W ; Higham , T ; Kromer , B ; Steier , P ; Wild , EM ( 2006 ) . `` Chronology for the Aegean Late Bronze Age 1700 -- 1400 BC '' . Science . 312 ( 5773 ) : 565 -- 569 . Bibcode : 2006Sci ... 312 ... 565M . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1125682 . PMID 16645092 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Friedrich , Walter L ; Kromer , B ; Friedrich , M ; Heinemeier , J ; Pfeiffer , T ; Talamo , S ( 2006 ) . `` Santorini Eruption Radiocarbon Dated to 1627 -- 1600 B.C '' . Science . 312 ( 5773 ) : 548 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1125087 . PMID 16645088 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Chronology '' . Thera Foundation . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ Balter , M ( 2006 ) . `` New Carbon Dates Support Revised History of Ancient Mediterranean '' . Science . 312 ( 5773 ) : 508 -- 509 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 312.5773. 508 . PMID 16645054 . Jump up ^ Warren PM ( 2006 ) . Czerny E , Hein I , Hunger H , Melman D , Schwab A , eds . Timelines : Studies in Honour of Manfred Bietak ( Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 149 ) . Louvain - la - Neuve , Belgium : Peeters . pp. 2 : 305 -- 321 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 429 - 1730 - 9 . Jump up ^ Wilford , J.N. , `` On Crete , New Evidence of Very Ancient Mariners '' , The New York Times , Feb 2010 Jump up ^ Bowner , B. , `` Hominids Went Out of Africa on Rafts '' , Wired , Jan 2010 Jump up ^ Broodbank , C. ; Strasser , T. ( 1991 ) . `` Migrant farmers and the Neolithic colonisation of Crete '' . Antiquity. 65 ( 247 ) : 233 -- 245 . doi : 10.1017 / s0003598x00079680 . Jump up ^ R.J. King , S.S. Ozcan et al. , `` Differential Y - chromosome Anatolian influences on the Greek and Cretan Neolithic '' Archived 2009 - 03 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Hermann Bengtson : Griechische Geschichte , C.H. Beck , München , 2002 . 9th Edition . ISBN 340602503X . pp. 8 -- 15 Jump up ^ Hermann Kinder & Werner Hilgemann , Anchor Atlas of World History , ( Anchor Press : New York , 1974 ) p. 33 . Jump up ^ `` Ancient Greece '' . British Museum . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Karl - Wilhelm Welwei : Die Griechische Frühzeit , C.H. Beck , München , 2002 . ISBN 3406479855 . pp. 12 -- 18 Jump up ^ Beck , Roger B. ; Linda Black ; Larry S. Krieger ; Phillip C. Naylor ; Dahia Ibo Shabaka ( 1999 ) . World History : Patterns of Interaction . Evanston , IL : McDougal Littell . ISBN 978 - 0 - 395 - 87274 - 1 . Jump up ^ All estimates have been revised downward by Todd Whitelaw , `` Estimating the Population of Neopalatial Knossos , '' in G. Cadogan , E. Hatzaki , and A. Vasilakis ( eds . ) , Knossos : Palace , City , State ( British School at Athens Studies 12 ) ( London 2004 ) ; at Moschlos in eastern Crete , the population expansion was at the end of the Neoplalatial period ( Jeffrey S. Soles and Davaras , Moschlos IA 2002 : Preface p. xvii ) . Jump up ^ McEnroe , John C. ( 1 May 2010 ) . Architecture of Minoan Crete : Constructing Identity in the Aegean Bronze Age . University of Texas Press . ISBN 9780292778399 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ ( Driesson , Jan , and MacDonald , Colin F. 2000 ) Jump up ^ Carl Roebuck , The World of Ancient Times p. 77 . Jump up ^ Roebuck , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Kozloff , Arielle P. ( 20 February 2012 ) . Amenhotep III : Egypt 's Radiant Pharaoh . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9781139504997 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Minos '' . Universidad de Salamanca. 1 January 1999 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ BBC `` The Minoan Civilisation of Crete '' : `` The later Minoan towns are in more and more inaccessible places , the last one being at Karfi , high in the Dikti Mountains . From that time onward , there are no traces of the Minoans '' . Jump up ^ For instance , the uplift as much as 9 metres in western Crete linked with the earthquake of 365 is discussed in L. Stathis , C. Stiros , `` The 8.5 + magnitude , AD365 earthquake in Crete : Coastal uplift , topography changes , archaeological and Ihistorical signature , '' Quaternary International ( 23 May 2009 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Thera and the Aegean World III '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 25 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Donald W. Jones ( 1999 ) Peak Sanctuaries and Sacred Caves in Minoan Crete ISBN 91 - 7081 - 153 - 9 ^ Jump up to : Castleden , Rodney ( 2012 - 10 - 12 ) . The Knossos Labyrinth . ISBN 9781134967858 . Jump up ^ Castleden , Rodney ( 2002 - 01 - 04 ) . Minoan Life in Bronze Age Crete . ISBN 9781134880645 . Jump up ^ Castleden , Rodney ( 2002 - 01 - 04 ) . Atlantis Destroyed . ISBN 9781134708796 . Jump up ^ `` Remains of Minoan fresco found at Tel Kabri '' ; `` Remains Of Minoan - Style Painting Discovered During Excavations of Canaanite Palace '' , ScienceDaily , 7 December 2009 Jump up ^ Best , Jan G.P. ; Vries , Nanny M.W. de ( 1 January 1980 ) . Interaction and Acculturation in the Mediterranean : Proceedings of the Second International Congress of Mediterranean Pre - and Protohistory , Amsterdam , 19 -- 23 November 1980 . John Benjamins Publishing . ISBN 978 - 9060321942 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` The Minoans '' . Jump up ^ Hägg and Marinatos 1984 ; Hardy ( ed . ) 1984 ; Broadbank 2004 Jump up ^ Branigan , Keith ( 1 January 1981 ) . `` Minoan Colonialism '' . The Annual of the British School at Athens. 76 : 23 -- 33 . doi : 10.1017 / s0068245400019444 . JSTOR 30103026 . Jump up ^ J.N. Coldstream and G.L. Huxley , Kythera : Excavations and Studies Conducted by the University of Pennsylvania Museum and the British School at Athens ( London : Faber & Faber ) 1972 . Jump up ^ E.M. Melas , The Islands of Karpathos , Saros and Kasos in the Neolithic and Bronze Age ( Studies in Mediterranean archaeology 68 ) ( Göteburg ) 1985 . Jump up ^ James Penrose Harland , Prehistoric Aigina : A History of the Island in the Bronze Age , ch . V. ( Paris ) 1925 . Jump up ^ Arne Furumark , `` The settlement at Ialysos and Aegean history c. 1500 - 1400 B.B. '' , in Opuscula archaeologica 6 ( Lund ) 1950 ; T. Marketou , `` New Evidence on the Topography and Site History of Prehistoric Ialysos . '' in Soren Dietz and Ioannis Papachristodoulou ( eds . ) , Archaeology in the Dodecanese ( 1988 : 28 -- 31 ) . Jump up ^ Dickinson , O ( 1994 ) Pg. 248 Jump up ^ Hoffman , Gail L. ( 1 January 1997 ) . Imports and Immigrants : Near Eastern Contacts with Iron Age Crete . University of Michigan Press . ISBN 978 - 0472107704 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Sinclair Hood ( 1971 ) `` The Minoans ; the story of Bronze Age Crete '' Jump up ^ Sinclair Hood ( 1971 ) `` The Minoans ; the story of Bronze Age Crete '' p. 87 Jump up ^ However , Hamilakis raised doubts in 2007 that systematic polyculture was practiced on Crete . ( Hamilakis , Y. ( 2007 ) Wiley.com Jump up ^ Sherratt , A. ( 1981 ) Plough and Pastoralism : Aspects of the Secondary Products Revolution Jump up ^ Sinclair Hood ( 1971 ) , The Minoans ; The Story of Bronze Age Crete , pp. 86 Jump up ^ Hamilakis , Y ( 1999 ) Food Technologies / Technologies of the Body : The Social Context of Wine and Oil Production and Consumption in Bronze Age Crete ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Dickinson , O ( 1994 ) The Aegean Bronze Age pg. 28 ) Jump up ^ Castleden , Rodney ( 2002 - 01 - 04 ) . Minoans : Life in Bronze Age Crete . ISBN 9781134880645 . Jump up ^ Sinclair Hood ( 1971 ) , The Minoans ; The Story of Bronze Age Crete , pp. 83 Jump up ^ Patricia Rosof Family History p. 12 Jump up ^ ( 2 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Classical Views '' . Classical Association of Canada . 1 January 2000 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Nilsson , Martin Persson ( 1 January 1950 ) . `` The Minoan - Mycenaean Religion and Its Survival in Greek Religion '' . 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Evolution of Sanitation and Wastewater Technologies Through the Centuries . London : IWA Publishing . p. 5 . Jump up ^ Benton and DiYanni 1998 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Bourbon 1998 , p 34 Jump up ^ Letesson , Quentin . `` Minoan Halls : A Syntactical Genealogy '' . Retrieved 7 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Hood , Sinclair ( 1985 ) . `` The Primitive Aspects of Minoan Artistic Convention '' . Bulletin de Correspondence Héllenique . Suppl. 11 : 21 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Smith , Gregory A ( 2014 - 08 - 08 ) . The Traveler 's Guide to Greek Archaeology : Getting the Most from your Mediterranean Trip . ISBN 9781460247891 . Jump up ^ Thomas Sakoulas . `` Minoan Art '' . Jump up ^ `` Greek Jewelry -- AJU '' . Jump up ^ Hemingway , Séan ( 1 January 1996 ) . `` Minoan Metalworking in the Postpalatial Period : A Deposit of Metallurgical Debris from Palaikastro '' . The Annual of the British School at Athens. 91 : 213 -- 252 . doi : 10.1017 / s0068245400016488 . JSTOR 30102549 . Jump up ^ Rehak , Paul ( 1997 ) . `` Aegean Art Before and After the LM IB Cretan Destructions '' . In Laffineur , Robert ; Betancourt , Philip P. TEXNH . Craftsmen , Craftswomen and Craftsmanship in the Aegean Bronze Age / Artisanat et artisans en Égée à l'âge du Bronze : Proceedings of the 6th International Aegean Conference / 6e Rencontre égéenne internationale , Philadelphia , Temple University , 18 -- 21 April 1996 . Liège : Université de Liège , Histoire de l'art et archéologie de la Grèce antique . p. 145 . ISBN 9781935488118 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Christina F. ( 2013 ) . The Manufacture of Minoan Metal Vessels : Theory and Practice . Uppsala : Åströms Förlag . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 91 - 7081 - 249 - 1 . Jump up ^ Davis , Ellen N. ( 1977 ) . The Vapheio Cups and Aegean Gold and Silver Ware . New York : Garland Pub . ISBN 9780824026813 . Jump up ^ Matthäus , Hartmut ( 1980 ) . Die Bronzegefässe der kretisch - mykenischen Kultur . München : C.H. Beck . ISBN 9783406040023 . Jump up ^ Catling , Hector W. ( 1964 ) . Cypriot Bronzework in the Mycenaean World . Oxford : Clarendon Press . p. 187 . Jump up ^ Davis 1977 , pp. 328 -- 352 Jump up ^ Niemeier , W. - B. `` Mycenaean Knossos and the Age of Linear B '' . Studi Micenei ed Egeoanatolici. 1982 : 275 . Jump up ^ `` Pax Minoica in Aegean - News - ekathimerini.com '' . Jump up ^ Alexiou wrote of fortifications and acropolises in Minoan Crete , in Kretologia 8 ( 1979 ) , pp 41 -- 56 , and especially in C.G. Starr , `` Minoan flower - lovers '' in The Minoan Thalassocracy : Myth and Reality R. Hägg and N. Marinatos , eds . ( Stockholm ) 1994 , pp 9 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Gere , Knossos and the Prophets of Modernism Jump up ^ Nixon 1983 . Jump up ^ Driessen 1999 . Jump up ^ Branigan 1999 , pp. 87 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Early Aegean Warrior 5000 -- 1450 BC Archived 2014 - 05 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . Osprey Publishing , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rehak 1999 . Jump up ^ Floyd 1999 . Jump up ^ Hood , S . The Minoans , 1971 . 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Bibcode : 2006EOSTr ... 87 ... 337S . doi : 10.1029 / 2006EO340001 . Archived from the original ( -- ) on June 30 , 2007 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Vergano , Dan ( 2006 - 08 - 27 ) . `` Ye gods ! Ancient volcano could have blasted Atlantis myth '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ Marinatos , S ( 1939 ) . `` The Volcanic Destruction of Minoan Crete '' . Antiquity. 13 : 425 -- 439 . Jump up ^ Callender , G ( 1999 ) . The Minoans and the Mycenaeans : Aegean Society in the Bronze Age . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0195510287 . ^ Jump up to : Antonopoulos , J. ( 1992 ) . `` The great Minoan eruption of Thera volcano and the ensuing tsunami in the Greek Archipelago '' . Natural Hazards. 5 ( 2 ) : 153 -- 168 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00127003 . Jump up ^ Pareschi , MT , Favalli , M & Boschi , E ( 2006 ) . `` Impact of the Minoan tsunami of Santorini : Simulated scenarios in the eastern Mediterranean '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 33 ( 18 ) : L18607 . Bibcode : 2006GeoRL ... 3318607P . doi : 10.1029 / 2006GL027205 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ LaMoreaux , PE ( 1995 ) . `` Worldwide environmental impacts from the eruption of Thera '' . Environmental Geology. 26 ( 3 ) : 172 -- 181 . Bibcode : 1995EnGeo ... 26 ... 172L . doi : 10.1007 / BF00768739 . Jump up ^ Dickinson , O ( 1994 ) The Aegean Bronze Age pg. 22 Jump up ^ `` Minoan Culture Survived Ancient Volcano , Evidence Shows '' . The New York Times . 28 November 1989 . Jump up ^ Bruce Bowen : Mycenae and Minoan Crete , 2000 , Jump up ^ Sinclair Hood ( 1971 ) , The Minoans ; The Story of Bronze Age Crete , pp. 58 Jump up ^ Pendlebury & Evans 2003 . Jump up ^ C. Michael Hogan , `` Knossos fieldnotes '' , Modern Antiquarian ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Wolinsky , Howard ( 2008 ) . `` Our history , our genes . Population genetics lets researchers look back in time at human migrations '' . EMBO Reports . 9 ( 2 ) : 127 -- 9 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. embor. 7401164 . PMC 2246420 . PMID 18246104 . Jump up ^ Martinz , L ; Mirabal , S ; Luiz , JR ; Herrera , RJ ; et al. ( 2008 ) . `` Middle Eastern and European mtDNA lineages characterize populations from eastern Crete '' . Am J Phys Anthropol. 137 ( 2 ) : 213 -- 23 . doi : 10.1002 / ajpa. 20857 . PMID 18500747 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Fernández , E ; Pérez - Pérez , A ; Gamba , C ; Prats , E ; Cuesta , P ; et al. ( 2014 ) . `` Ancient DNA Analysis of 8000 B.C. Near Eastern Farmers Supports an Early Neolithic Pioneer Maritime Colonization of Mainland Europe through Cyprus and the Aegean Islands '' . PLoS Genet. 10 ( 6 ) : e1004401 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pgen. 1004401 . PMC 4046922 . PMID 24901650 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Katz , Brigit . `` DNA Analysis Sheds Light on the Mysterious Origins of the Ancient Greeks '' . 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'' Oxford Journal of Archaeology vol 23 / 3 , pp. 243 -- 269 . Sherratt , Andrew ; Taylor , Timothy ( 1989 ) . `` Metal Vessels in Bronze Age Europe and the Context of Vulchetrun '' . In Best , Jan Gijsbert Pieter ; De Vries , Manny M.W. Thracians and Mycenaeans : Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress of Thracology , Rotterdam , 24 -- 26 September 1984 . Leiden : Brill Archive . pp. 106 -- 134 . ISBN 9789004088641 . Soles , Jeffrey S. , 1992 , The Prepalatial Cemeteries at Mochlos and Gournia and the House Tombs of Bronze Age Crete : And the House Tombs of Bronze Age Crete , Published by ASCSA , 1992 . Soles , Jeffrey S. ( 2008 ) . Mochlos IIA : Period IV : The Mycenaean Settlement and Cemetery : The Sites . INSTAP Academic Press . ISBN 9781931534239 . JSTOR j. ctt3fgw67 . Warren P. , Hankey V. , 1989 . Aegean Bronze Age Chronology ( Bristol ) . Watrous , L. Vance ( 1991 ) , `` The origin and iconography of the Late Minoan painted larnax '' , Hesperia , 60 ( 3 ) : 285 -- 307 ; JSTOR 148065 . Willetts , R.F. , 1976 ( 1995 edition ) . The Civilization of Ancient Crete . New York : Barnes & Noble Books . ISBN 1 - 84212 - 746 - 2 Wright , James C. ( 2004 ) . `` A Survey of Evidence for Feasting in Mycenaean Society '' . Hesperia. 73 ( 2 ) : 133 -- 178 . CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.675. 9036 . doi : 10.2972 / hesp. 2004.73. 2.133 . JSTOR 4134891 . Yule , Paul . Early Cretan Seals : A Study of Chronology . Marburger Studien zur Vor - und Frühgeschichte 4 , Mainz 1980 ISBN 3 - 8053 - 0490 - 0 History of Crete Minoan period Mycenean period Classical and Hellenistic period Roman period First Byzantine period Arab period Second Byzantine period Venetian period Revolt of Saint Titus Cretan War Ottoman period Great Cretan Revolution Cretan State World War II Battle of Crete Resistance Ancient Greece Outline Timeline History Geography Periods Cycladic civilization Minoan civilization Mycenaean civilization Greek Dark Ages Archaic period Classical Greece Hellenistic Greece Roman Greece Geography Aegean Sea Aeolis Alexandria Antioch Cappadocia Crete Cyprus Doris Ephesus Epirus Hellespont Ionia Ionian Sea Macedonia Magna Graecia Miletus Peloponnesus Pergamon Pontus Taurica Ancient Greek colonies City states Politics Military City states Argos Athens Byzantion Chalcis Corinth Eretria Kerkyra Larissa Megalopolis Megara Rhodes Samos Sparta Syracuse Thebes Politics Boule Koinon Proxeny Strategos Tagus Tyrant Amphictyonic League Athenian Agora Areopagus Ecclesia Graphe paranomon Heliaia Ostracism Spartan Apella Ephor Gerousia Macedon Synedrion Koinon Military Wars Athenian military Antigonid Macedonian army Army of Macedon Ballista Cretan archers Hellenistic armies Hippeis Hoplite Hetairoi Macedonian phalanx Phalanx Peltast Pezhetairos Sarissa Sacred Band of Thebes Sciritae Seleucid army Spartan army Toxotai Xiphos Xyston People List of ancient Greeks Rulers Kings of Argos Archons of Athens Kings of Athens Kings of Commagene Diadochi Kings of Lydia Kings of Macedonia Kings of Paionia Attalid kings of Pergamon Kings of Pontus Kings of Sparta Tyrants of Syracuse Philosophers Anaxagoras Anaximander Anaximenes Antisthenes Aristotle Democritus Diogenes of Sinope Empedocles Epicurus Gorgias Heraclitus Hypatia Leucippus Parmenides Plato Protagoras Pythagoras Socrates Thales Zeno Authors Aeschylus Aesop Alcaeus Archilochus Aristophanes Bacchylides Euripides Herodotus Hesiod Hipponax Homer Ibycus Lucian Menander Mimnermus Panyassis Philocles Pindar Plutarch Polybius Sappho Simonides Sophocles Stesichorus Theognis Thucydides Timocreon Tyrtaeus Xenophon Others Agesilaus II Agis II Alcibiades Alexander the Great Aratus Archimedes Aspasia Demosthenes Epaminondas Euclid Hipparchus Hippocrates Leonidas Lycurgus Lysander Milo of Croton Miltiades Pausanias Pericles Philip of Macedon Philopoemen Praxiteles Ptolemy Pyrrhus Solon Themistocles Groups Philosophers Playwrights Poets Tyrants By culture Ancient Greek tribes Thracian Greeks Ancient Macedonians Society Culture Society Agriculture Calendar Clothing Coinage Cuisine Economy Education Festivals Funeral and burial practices Homosexuality Law Olympic Games Pederasty Philosophy Prostitution Religion Slavery Warfare Wedding customs Wine Arts and science Architecture Greek Revival architecture Astronomy Literature Mathematics Medicine Music Musical system Pottery Sculpture Technology Theatre Religion Funeral and burial practices Mythology mythological figures Temple Twelve Olympians Underworld Sacred places Eleusis Delphi Delos Dodona Mount Olympus Olympia Structures Athenian Treasury Lion Gate Long Walls Philippeion Theatre of Dionysus Tunnel of Eupalinos Temples Aphaea Artemis Athena Nike Erechtheion Hephaestus Hera , Olympia Parthenon Samothrace Zeus , Olympia Language Proto - Greek Mycenaean Homeric Dialects Aeolic Arcadocypriot Attic Doric Ionic Locrian Macedonian Pamphylian Koine Writing Linear A Linear B Cypriot syllabary Greek alphabet Greek numerals Attic numerals Colonies South Italy Alision Brentesion Caulonia Chone Croton Cumae Elea Heraclea Lucania Hipponion Hydrus Krimisa Laüs Locri Medma Metapontion Neápolis Pandosia ( Lucania ) Poseidonia Pixous Rhegion Scylletium Siris Sybaris Sybaris on the Traeis Taras Terina Thurii Sicily Akragas Akrai Akrillai Apollonia Calacte Casmenae Catana Gela Helorus Henna Heraclea Minoa Himera Hybla Gereatis Hybla Heraea Kamarina Leontinoi Megara Hyblaea Messana Naxos Segesta Selinous Syracuse Tauromenion Thermae Tyndaris Aeolian Islands Didyme Euonymos Ereikousa Hycesia Lipara / Meligounis Phoenicusa Strongyle Therassía Sardinia Olbia Cyrenaica Balagrae Barca Berenice Cyrene ( Apollonia ) Ptolemais Iberian Peninsula Akra Leuke Alonis Emporion Hemeroscopion Kalathousa Kypsela Mainake Menestheus 's Limin Illicitanus Limin / Portus Illicitanus Rhode Salauris Zakynthos Black Sea north coast Borysthenes Charax Chersonesus Dioscurias Eupatoria Gorgippia Hermonassa Kepoi Kimmerikon Myrmekion Nikonion Nymphaion Olbia Panticapaion Phanagoria Pityus Tanais Theodosia Tyras Tyritake Black Sea south coast Dionysopolis Odessos Anchialos Mesambria Apollonia Salmydessus Heraclea Tium Sesamus Cytorus Abonoteichos Sinope Zaliche Amisos Oinòe Polemonion Thèrmae Cotyora Kerasous Tripolis Trapezous Rhizos Athina Bathus Phasis Lists Cities in Epirus People Place names Stoae Temples Theatres Portal Architecture of Greece Styles Ancient Minoan architecture Mycenaean architecture Ancient Greek architecture ( Aeolic / Doric / Ionic / Corinthian order ) Ancient Roman architecture Medieval Byzantine architecture Gothic architecture Venetian architecture Baroque architecture Ottoman architecture Modern Italianate architecture Byzantine Revival architecture Modern Greek architecture ( Cycladic architecture Epirotic architecture Macedonian architecture Mycenaean Revival architecture ) Neoclassical architecture ( Greek revival ) Art Nouveau Fascist architecture Modernist architecture Buildings and structures Minoan sites Mycenaean sites Ancient Greek sites ( temples , stoae ) Roman sites Byzantine sites Venetian sites Castles Gates Fountains Museums Theatres Squares Airports Football stadiums Indoor arenas Tallest buildings and structures Notable Knossos Palace Lion Gate Treasury of Atreus Parthenon Grand Master 's Palace Related Paleochristian and Byzantine monuments of Thessaloniki Tower houses Architects Urban planners GND : 4074845 - 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"The Minoan civilization was an Aegean Bronze Age civilization on the island of Crete and other Aegean Islands which flourished from about 2600 to 1600 BC, before a late period of decline, finally ending around 1100. It preceded the Mycenaean civilization of ancient Greece.[1] The civilization was rediscovered at the beginning of the 20th century through the work of British archaeologist Arthur Evans. It has been described as the earliest of its kind in Europe,[2] with historian Will Durant calling the Minoans \"the first link in the European chain\".[3]\n"
] | [
"The Minoan civilization"
] |
704156008493751866 | Geography of India | Geography of India - Wikipedia Geography of India Jump to : navigation , search Geography of India Continent Asia Region South Asia Indian subcontinent 21 ° N 78 ° E / 21 ° N 78 ° E / 21 ; 78 Area Ranked 7th Total 3,287,263 km ( 1,269,219 sq mi ) Land 100 % Water 0 % Coastline 7,516.6 km ( 4,670.6 mi ) Borders Total land borders : 15,106.70 km ( 9,386.87 mi ) Bangladesh : 4,096.70 km ( 2,545.57 mi ) China ( PRC ) : 3,488 km ( 2,167 mi ) Pakistan : 2,910 km ( 1,808 mi ) Nepal : 1,751 km ( 1,088 mi ) Myanmar : 1,643 km ( 1,021 mi ) Bhutan : 699 km ( 434 mi ) Highest point Kangchenjunga 8,598 m ( 28,209 ft ) Lowest point Kuttanad − 2.2 m ( − 7.2 ft ) Longest river Ganga ( or Ganges ) 2,525 km ( 8,284,121 ft ) Largest lake Wular Lake 30 to 260 km2 ( 12 to 100 sq mi ) India lies on the Indian Plate , the northern portion of the Indo - Australian Plate , whose continental crust forms the Indian subcontinent . The country is situated north of the equator between 8 ° 4 ' to 37 ° 6 ' north latitude and 68 ° 7 ' to 97 ° 25 ' east longitude . It is the seventh - largest country in the world , with a total area of 3,287,263 square kilometres ( 1,269,219 sq mi ) . India measures 3,214 km ( 1,997 mi ) from north to south and 2,933 km ( 1,822 mi ) from east to west . It has a land frontier of 15,200 km ( 9,445 mi ) and a coastline of 7,516.6 km ( 4,671 mi ) . On the south , India projects into and is bounded by the Indian Ocean -- - in particular , by the Arabian Sea on the southwest , the Lakshadweep Sea to the south , and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast . The Palk Strait and Gulf of Mannar separate India from Sri Lanka to its immediate southeast , and the Maldives are some 400 kilometres ( 250 mi ) to the southwest . India 's Andaman and Nicobar Islands , some 1,200 kilometres ( 750 mi ) southeast of the mainland , share maritime borders with Myanmar , Thailand and Indonesia . Kanyakumari at 8 ° 4 ′ 41 '' N and 77 ° 32 ′ 28 '' E is the southernmost tip of the Indian mainland , while the southernmost point in India is Indira Point on Great Nicobar Island . Northernmost point which is under Indian administration is Indira Col , Siachen Glacier . India 's territorial waters extend into the sea to a distance of 12 nautical miles ( 13.8 mi ; 22.2 km ) from the coast baseline . The northern frontiers of India are defined largely by the Himalayan mountain range , where the country borders China , Bhutan , and Nepal . Its western border with Pakistan lies in the Punjab Plain and the Thar Desert . In the far northeast , the Chin Hills and Kachin Hills , deeply forested mountainous regions , separate India from Burma . On the east , its border with Bangladesh is largely defined by the Khasi Hills and Mizo Hills , and the watershed region of the Indo - Gangetic Plain . The Ganga is the longest river originating in India . The Ganga -- Brahmaputra system occupies most of northern , central , and eastern India , while the Deccan Plateau occupies most of southern India . Kanchenjunga , on the border between Nepal and the Indian state of Sikkim , is the highest point in India at 8,598 m ( 28,209 ft ) and the world 's 3rd highest peak . Climate across India ranges from equatorial in the far south , to alpine and tundra in the upper reaches of the Himalayas . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geological development 2 Political geography 3 Physiographic regions 3.1 The Northern Mountains 3.2 The Peninsular Plateau 3.3 Indo - Gangetic plain 3.4 Thar Desert 3.5 Coasts 4 Islands 5 Bodies of Water 6 Wetlands 7 Climate 8 Geology 9 Natural resources 10 Antipodes 11 See also 12 References 13 Cited sources 14 Further reading Geological development ( edit ) The Indian Plate Main article : Geology of India India is situated entirely on the Indian Plate , a major tectonic plate that was formed when it split off from the ancient continent Gondwanaland ( ancient landmass , consisting of the southern part of the supercontinent of Pangea ) . The Indo - Australian plate is subdivided into the Indian and Australian plates . About 90 million years ago , during the late Cretaceous Period , the Indian Plate began moving north at about 15 cm / year ( 6 in / yr ) . About 50 to 55 million years ago , in the Eocene Epoch of the Cenozoic Era , the plate collided with Asia after covering a distance of 2,000 to 3,000 km ( 1,243 to 1,864 mi ) , having moved faster than any other known plate . In 2007 , German geologists determined that the Indian Plate was able to move so quickly because it is only half as thick as the other plates which formerly constituted Gondwanaland . The collision with the Eurasian Plate along the modern border between India and Nepal formed the orogenic belt that created the Tibetan Plateau and the Himalayas . As of 2009 , the Indian Plate is moving northeast at 5 cm / yr ( 2 in / yr ) , while the Eurasian Plate is moving north at only 2 cm / yr ( 0.8 in / yr ) . India is thus referred to as the `` fastest continent '' . This is causing the Eurasian Plate to deform , and the Indian Plate to compress at a rate of 4 cm / yr ( 1.6 in / yr ) . Political Geography ( edit ) Main article : States and territories of India India is divided into 29 states ( further subdivided into districts ) and 6 union territories and 1 National capital territory ( I.e. , Delhi ) . Indian Kashmir , LoC and LAC India 's borders run a total length of 15,106.70 km ( 9,386.87 mi ) . Its borders with Pakistan and Bangladesh were delineated according to the Radcliffe Line , which was created in 1947 during Partition of India . Its western border with Pakistan extends up to 3,323 km ( 2,065 mi ) , dividing the Punjab region and running along the boundaries of the Thar Desert and the Rann of Kutch . This border runs along the Indian states of Jammu & Kashmir , Rajasthan , Gujarat , and Punjab . Both nations delineated a Line of Control ( LoC ) to serve as the informal boundary between the Indian and Pakistan - administered areas of Kashmir . According to India 's claim , it also shares a 106 km ( 66 mi ) border with Afghanistan in northwestern Kashmir , which is under Pakistani control . India 's border with Bangladesh runs 4,096.70 km ( 2,545.57 mi ) . West Bengal , Assam , Meghalaya , Tripura and Mizoram are the States which share the border with Bangladesh . Before 2015 , there were 92 enclaves of Bangladesh on Indian soil and 106 enclaves of India were on Bangladeshi soil . These enclaves were eventually exchanged in order to simplify the border . After the exchange , India lost roughly 40 km2 ( 10,000 acres ) to Bangladesh . The Line of Actual Control ( LAC ) is the effective border between India and the People 's Republic of China . It traverses 4,057 km along the Indian states of Jammu and Kashmir , Uttarakhand , Himachal Pradesh , Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh . The border with Burma ( Myanmar ) extends up to 1,643 km ( 1,021 mi ) along the southern borders of India 's northeastern states viz . Arunachal Pradesh , Nagaland , Manipur and Mizoram . Located amidst the Himalayan range , India 's border with Bhutan runs 699 km ( 434 mi ) . Sikkim , West Bengal , Assam and Arunachal Pradesh are the States , which share the border with Bhutan . The border with Nepal runs 1,751 km ( 1,088 mi ) along the foothills of the Himalayas in northern India . Uttarakhand , Uttar Pradesh , Bihar , West Bengal and Sikkim are the States , which share the border with Nepal . The Siliguri Corridor , narrowed sharply by the borders of Bhutan , Nepal and Bangladesh , connects peninsular India with the northeastern states . Physiographic regions ( edit ) topography map India can be divided 6 physiographic regions . They are The Northern Mountains The Peninsular Plateau Indo - Gangetic Plain Thar Desert The Coastal Plains The Islands The northern mountains ( edit ) Snow leopard at Hemis National Park , Jammu and Kashmir A great arc of mountains , consisting of the Himalayas of Nepal , Hindu Kush , and Patkai ranges define the northern Indian subcontinent . These were formed by the ongoing tectonic plates collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates . The mountains in these ranges include some of the world 's tallest mountains which act as a natural barrier to cold polar winds . They also facilitate the monsoon winds which in turn influence the climate in India . Rivers originating in these mountains flow through the fertile Indo -- Gangetic plains . These mountains are recognised by biogeographers as the boundary between two of the Earth 's great ecozones : the temperate Palearctic that covers most of Eurasia and the tropical and subtropical Indomalaya ecozone which includes the Indian subcontinent , Southeast Asia and Indonesia . The Himalayan range is the world 's highest mountain range , with its tallest peak Mt . Everest ( 8,848 metres ( 29,029 ft ) ) on the Nepal -- China border . They form India 's northeastern border , separating it from northeastern Asia . They are one of the world 's youngest mountain ranges and extend almost uninterrupted for 2,500 km ( 1,600 mi ) , covering an area of 500,000 km ( 190,000 sq mi ) . The Himalayas extend from Jammu and Kashmir in the north to Arunachal Pradesh in the east . These states along with Himachal Pradesh , Uttarakhand , and Sikkim lie mostly in the Himalayan region . Numerous Himalayan peaks rise over 7,000 m ( 23,000 ft ) and the snow line ranges between 6,000 m ( 20,000 ft ) in Sikkim to around 3,000 m ( 9,800 ft ) in Kashmir . Kanchenjunga -- on the Sikkim -- Nepal border -- is the highest point in the area administered by India . Most peaks in the Himalayas remain snowbound throughout the year . The Himalayas act as a barrier to the frigid katabatic winds flowing down from Central Asia . Thus , North India is kept warm or only mildly cooled during winter ; in summer , the same phenomenon makes India relatively hot . Mt . Kanchenjunga from Sikkim The Karakoram is situated in the disputed state of Jammu and Kashmir . It has more than sixty peaks above 7,000 m ( 23,000 ft ) , including K2 , the second highest peak in the world 8,611 m ( 28,251 ft ) . K2 is just 237 m ( 778 ft ) smaller than the 8,848 m ( 29,029 ft ) Mount Everest . The range is about 500 km ( 310 mi ) in length and the most heavily glaciated part of the world outside of the polar regions . The Siachen Glacier at 76 km ( 47 mi ) and the Biafo Glacier at 67 km ( 42 mi ) rank as the world 's second and third - longest glaciers outside the polar regions . Just to the west of the northwest end of the Karakoram , lies the Hindu Raj range , beyond which is the Hindu Kush range . The southern boundary of the Karakoram is formed by the Gilgit , Indus and Shyok rivers , which separate the range from the northwestern end of the Himalayas . The Patkai , or Purvanchal , are situated near India 's eastern border with Burma . They were created by the same tectonic processes which led to the formation of the Himalayas . The physical features of the Patkai mountains are conical peaks , steep slopes and deep valleys . The Patkai ranges are not as rugged or tall as the Himalayas . There are three hill ranges that come under the Patkai : the Patkai -- Bum , the Garo -- Khasi -- Jaintia and the Lushai hills . The Garo -- Khasi range lies in Meghalaya . Mawsynram , a village near Cherrapunji lying on the windward side of these hills , has the distinction of being the wettest place in the world , receiving the highest annual rainfall . The Vindhyas in central India The peninsular plateau ( edit ) The Vindhya range runs across most of central India , extending 1,050 km ( 650 mi ) . The average elevation of these hills is from 300 to 600 m ( 980 to 1,970 ft ) and rarely goes above 700 metres ( 2,300 ft ) . They are believed to have been formed by the wastes created by the weathering of the ancient Aravali mountains . Geographically , it separates Northern India from Southern India . The western end of the range lies in eastern Gujarat , near its border with Madhya Pradesh , and runs east and north , almost meeting the Ganges at Mirzapur Dry deciduous and thorny forests of plateau regions in India The Malwa Plateau is spread across Rajasthan , Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat . The average elevation of the Malwa plateau is 500 metres , and the landscape generally slopes towards the north . Most of the region is drained by the Chambal River and its tributaries ; the western part is drained by the upper reaches of the Mahi River . Kutch Kathiawar plateau Kutch Kathiawar plateau is located in Gujarat state . The Deccan Plateau is a large triangular plateau , bounded by the Vindhyas to the north and flanked by the Eastern and Western Ghats . The Deccan covers a total area of 1.9 million km2 ( 735,000 mile2 ) . It is mostly flat , with elevations ranging from 300 to 600 m ( 980 to 1,970 ft ) . The average elevation of the plateau is 2,000 feet ( 610 m ) above sea level . The surface slopes from 3,000 feet ( 910 m ) in the west to 1,500 feet ( 460 m ) in the east . It slopes gently from west to east and gives rise to several peninsular rivers such as the Godavari , the Krishna , the Kaveri and the Mahanadi which drain into the Bay of Bengal . This region is mostly semi-arid as it lies on the leeward side of both Ghats . Much of the Deccan is covered by thorn scrub forest scattered with small regions of deciduous broadleaf forest . Climate in the Deccan ranges from hot summers to mild winters . The Chota Nagpur Plateau is situated in eastern India , covering much of Jharkhand and adjacent parts of Odisha , Bihar and Chhattisgarh . Its total area is approximately 65,000 km ( 25,000 sq mi ) and is made up of three smaller plateaus -- the Ranchi , Hazaribagh , and Kodarma plateaus . The Ranchi plateau is the largest , with an average elevation of 700 m ( 2,300 ft ) . Much of the plateau is forested , covered by the Chota Nagpur dry deciduous forests . Vast reserves of metal ores and coal have been found in the Chota Nagpur plateau . The Kathiawar peninsula in western Gujarat is bounded by the Gulf of Kutch and the Gulf of Khambat . The natural vegetation in most of the peninsula is xeric scrub , part of the Northwestern thorn scrub forests ecoregion . The Satpura Range begins in eastern Gujarat near the Arabian Sea coast and runs east across Maharashtra , Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh . It extends 900 km ( 560 mi ) with many peaks rising above 1,000 m ( 3,300 ft ) . It is triangular in shape , with its apex at Ratnapuri and the two sides being parallel to the Tapti and Narmada rivers . It runs parallel to the Vindhya Range , which lies to the north , and these two east - west ranges divide the Indo -- Gangetic plain from the Deccan Plateau located north of River Narmada . The Aravali Range is the oldest mountain range in India , running across Rajasthan from northeast to southwest direction , extending approximately 800 km ( 500 mi ) . The northern end of the range continues as isolated hills and rocky ridges into Haryana , ending near Delhi . The highest peak in this range is Guru Shikhar at Mount Abu , rising to 1,722 m ( 5,650 ft ) , lying near the border with Gujarat . The Aravali Range is the eroded stub of an ancient fold mountain system . The range rose in a Precambrian event called the Aravali -- Delhi orogen . The range joins two of the ancient segments that make up the Indian craton , the Marwar segment to the northwest of the range , and the Bundelkhand segment to the southeast . The Western Ghats or Sahyadri mountains run along the western edge of India 's Deccan Plateau and separate it from a narrow coastal plain along the Arabian Sea . The range runs approximately 1,600 km ( 990 mi ) from south of the Tapti River near the Gujarat -- Maharashtra border and across Maharashtra , Goa , Karnataka , Kerala and Tamil Nadu to the southern tip of the Deccan peninsula . The average elevation is around 1,000 m ( 3,300 ft ) . Anai Mudi in the Anaimalai Hills 2,695 m ( 8,842 ft ) in Kerala is the highest peak in the Western Ghats . Western Ghats near Matheran Kolli Hills of the Eastern Ghats , Tamil Nadu The Eastern Ghats are a discontinuous range of mountains , which have been eroded and quadrisected by the four major rivers of southern India , the Godavari , Mahanadi , Krishna , and Kaveri . These mountains extend from West Bengal to Odisha , Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu , along the coast and parallel to the Bay of Bengal . Though not as tall as the Western Ghats , some of its peaks are over 1,000 m ( 3,300 ft ) in height . The Nilgiri hills in Tamil Nadu lies at the junction of the Eastern and Western Ghats . Arma Konda ( 1,680 m ( 5,510 ft ) ) in Andhra Pradesh is the tallest peak in Eastern Ghats . Dry Evergreen Forests along the Eastern Ghats , Andhra Pradesh Indo - Gangetic Plain ( edit ) Extent of the Indo - Gangetic plain across South Asia . Many areas remain flooded during the heavy rains brought by monsoon in the Indian state of West Bengal . Main article : Indo - Gangetic plain The Indo - Gangetic plains , also known as the Great Plains are large alluvial plains dominated by three main rivers , the Indus , Ganges , and Brahmaputra . They run parallel to the Himalayas , from Jammu and Kashmir in the west to Assam in the east , and drain most of northern and eastern India . The plains encompass an area of 700,000 km ( 270,000 sq mi ) . The major rivers in this region are the Ganges , Indus , and Brahmaputra along with their main tributaries -- Yamuna , Chambal , Gomti , Ghaghara , Kosi , Sutlej , Ravi , Beas , Chenab , and Tista -- as well as the rivers of the Ganges Delta , such as the Meghna . The great plains are sometimes classified into four divisions : The Bhabar belt is adjacent to the foothills of the Himalayas and consists of boulders and pebbles which have been carried down by streams . As the porosity of this belt is very high , the streams flow underground . The Bhabar is generally narrow with its width varying between 6 to 15 km ( 3.7 to 9.3 mi ) . The Tarai belt lies south of the adjacent Bhabar region and is composed of newer alluvium . The underground streams reappear in this region . The region is excessively moist and thickly forested . It also receives heavy rainfall throughout the year and is populated with a variety of wildlife . The Bangar belt consists of older alluvium and forms the alluvial terrace of the flood plains . In the Gangetic plains , it has a low upland covered by laterite deposits . The Khadar belt lies in lowland areas after the Bangar belt . It is made up of fresh newer alluvium which is deposited by the rivers flowing down the plain . The Indo - Gangetic belt is the world 's most extensive expanse of uninterrupted alluvium formed by the deposition of silt by the numerous rivers . The plains are flat making it conducive for irrigation through canals . The area is also rich in ground water sources. The plains are one of the world 's most intensely farmed areas . The main crops grown are rice and wheat , which are grown in rotation . Other important crops grown in the region include maize , sugarcane and cotton . The Indo - Gangetic plains rank among the world 's most densely populated areas. ( ( citation needed date = May Thar Desert ( edit ) Thar desert , Rajasthan Main article : Thar Desert The Thar Desert ( also known as the deserts ) is by some calculations the world 's seventh largest desert , by some others the tenth . It forms a significant portion of western India and covers an area of 200,000 to 238,700 km ( 77,200 to 92,200 sq mi ) . The desert continues into Pakistan as the Cholistan Desert . Most of the Thar Desert is situated in Rajasthan , covering 61 % of its geographic area . About 10 percent of this region comprises sand dunes , and the remaining 90 percent consist of craggy rock forms , compacted salt - lake bottoms , and interdunal and fixed dune areas . Annual temperatures can range from 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) in the winter to over 50 ° C ( 122 ° F ) during the summer . Most of the rainfall received in this region is associated with the short July -- September southwest monsoon that brings 100 to 500 mm ( 3.9 to 19.7 in ) of precipitation . Water is scarce and occurs at great depths , ranging from 30 to 120 metres ( 98 to 394 ft ) below the ground level . Rainfall is precarious and erratic , ranging from below 120 mm ( 4.7 in ) in the extreme west to 375 mm ( 14.8 in ) eastward. The only river in this region is Luni . The soils of the arid region are generally sandy to sandy - loam in texture . The consistency and depth vary as per the topographical features . The low - lying loams are heavier may have a hard pan of clay , calcium carbonate or gypsum . In western India , the Kutch region in Gujarat and Koyna in Maharashtra are classified as a Zone IV region ( high risk ) for earthquakes . The Kutch city of Bhuj was the epicentre of the 2001 Gujarat earthquake , which claimed the lives of more than 1,337 people and injured 166,836 while destroying or damaging near a million homes . The 1993 Latur earthquake in Maharashtra killed 7,928 people and injured 30,000 . Other areas have a moderate to low risk of an earthquake occurring . Coasts ( edit ) Visakhapatnam Beach View , Bay of Bengal , Andhra Pradesh The Eastern Coastal Plain is a wide stretch of land lying between the Eastern Ghats and the oceanic boundary of India . It stretches from Tamil Nadu in the south to West Bengal in the east . The Mahanadi , Godavari , Kaveri , and Krishna rivers drain these plains . The temperature in the coastal regions often exceeds 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) , and is coupled with high levels of humidity . The region receives both the northeast monsoon and southwest monsoon rains . The southwest monsoon splits into two branches , the Bay of Bengal branch and the Arabian Sea branch . The Bay of Bengal branch moves northwards crossing northeast India in early June . The Arabian Sea branch moves northwards and discharges much of its rain on the windward side of Western Ghats . Annual rainfall in this region averages between 1,000 and 3,000 mm ( 39 and 118 in ) . The width of the plains varies between 100 and 130 km ( 62 and 81 mi ) . The plains are divided into six regions -- the Mahanadi delta , the southern Andhra Pradesh plain , the Krishna - Godavari deltas , the Kanyakumari coast , the Coromandel Coast , and sandy coastal . The Western Coastal Plain is a narrow strip of land sandwiched between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea , ranging from 50 to 100 km ( 31 to 62 mi ) in width . It extends from Gujarat in the north and extends through Maharashtra , Goa , Karnataka , and Kerala . Numerous rivers and backwaters inundate the region . Mostly originating in the Western Ghats , the rivers are fast - flowing , usually perennial , and empty into estuaries . Major rivers flowing into the sea are the Tapi , Narmada , Mandovi and Zuari . Vegetation is mostly deciduous , but the Malabar Coast moist forests constitute a unique ecoregion . The Western Coastal Plain can be divided into two parts , the Konkan and the Malabar Coast . Varkala beach on Kerala 's coast , Arabian Sea Islands ( edit ) Aerial view of the Andaman Islands See also : List of islands of India The Lakshadweep and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are India 's two major island formations and are classified as union territories . The Lakshadweep Islands lie 200 to 300 km ( 120 to 190 mi ) off the coast of Kerala in the Arabian sea with an area of 32 km ( 12 sq mi ) . They consist of twelve atolls , three reefs , and five submerged banks , with a total of about 35 islands and islets . The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are located between 6 ° and 14 ° north latitude and 92 ° and 94 ° east longitude . They consist of 572 isles , lying in the Bay of Bengal near the Burmese coast . They are located 1,255 km ( 780 mi ) from Kolkata ( Calcutta ) and 193 km ( 120 mi ) from Cape Negrais in Burma . The territory consists of two island groups , the Andaman Islands and the Nicobar Islands . The Andaman Islands consists of 204 small islands across a total length of 352 km ( 219 mi ) . India 's only active volcano , Barren Island is situated here . It last erupted in 2017 . The Narcondum is a dormant volcano and there is a mud volcano at Baratang . Indira Point , India 's southernmost land point , is situated in the Nicobar islands at 6 ° 45'10 '' N and 93 ° 49'36 '' E , and lies just 189 km ( 117 mi ) from the Indonesian island of Sumatra , to the southeast . The highest point is Mount Thullier at 642 m ( 2,106 ft ) . Other significant islands in India include Diu , a former Portuguese colony ; Majuli , a river island of the Brahmaputra ; Elephanta in Bombay Harbour ; and Sriharikota , a barrier island in Andhra Pradesh . Salsette Island is India 's most populous island on which the city of Mumbai ( Bombay ) is located . Forty - two islands in the Gulf of Kutch constitute the Marine National Park . Bodies of Water ( edit ) Main article : Rivers of India India has around 14,500 km of inland navigable waterways . There are twelve rivers which are classified as major rivers , with the total catchment area exceeding 2,528,000 km ( 976,000 sq mi ) . All major rivers of India originate from one of the three main watersheds : The Himalaya and the Karakoram ranges Vindhya and Satpura range in central India Sahyadri or Western Ghats in western India The Himalayan river networks are snow - fed and have a perennial supply throughout the year . The other two river systems are dependent on the monsoons and shrink into rivulets during the dry season . The Himalayan rivers that flow westward into Pakistan are the Indus , Jhelum , Chenab , Ravi , Beas , and Sutlej . Bhagirathi River at Gangotri , source river of the Ganges National Highway 31A winds along the banks of the Teesta River near Kalimpong ( West Bengal ) , in the Darjeeling Himalayan hill region . The Ganges - Brahmaputra - Meghana system has the largest catchment area of about 1,600,000 km ( 620,000 sq mi ) . The Ganges Basin alone has a catchment of about 1,100,000 km ( 420,000 sq mi ) . The Ganges originates from the Gangotri Glacier in Uttarakhand . It flows southeast , draining into the Bay of Bengal . The Yamuna and Gomti rivers also arise in the western Himalayas and join the Ganges in the plains . The Brahmaputra originates in Tibet , China , where it is known as the Yarlung Tsangpo River ( or `` Tsangpo '' ) . It enters India in the far - eastern state of Arunachal Pradesh , then flows west through Assam . The Brahmaputra merges with the Ganges in Bangladesh , where it is known as the Jamuna River . The Chambal , another tributary of the Ganges , via the Yamuna , originates from the Vindhya - Satpura watershed . The river flows eastward . Westward - flowing rivers from this watershed are the Narmada and Tapti , which drain into the Arabian Sea in Gujarat . The river network that flows from east to west constitutes 10 % of the total outflow . The Godavari River at Papi Hills The Western Ghats are the source of all Deccan rivers , which include the through Godavari River , Krishna River and Kaveri River , all draining into the Bay of Bengal . These rivers constitute 20 % of India 's total outflow . The heavy southwest monsoon rains cause the Brahmaputra and other rivers to distend their banks , often flooding surrounding areas . Though they provide rice paddy farmers with a largely dependable source of natural irrigation and fertilisation , such floods have killed thousands of people and tend to cause displacements of people in such areas . Major gulfs include the Gulf of Cambay , Gulf of Kutch , and the Gulf of Mannar . Straits include the Palk Strait , which separates India from Sri Lanka ; the Ten Degree Channel , which separates the Andamans from the Nicobar Islands ; ' and the Eight Degree Channel , which separates the Laccadive and Amindivi Islands from the Minicoy Island to the south . Important capes include the Kanyakumari ( formerly called Cape Comorin ) , the southern tip of mainland India ; Indira Point , the southernmost point in India ( on Great Nicobar Island ) ; Rama 's Bridge , and Point Calimere . The Arabian Sea lies to the west of India , the Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean lie to the east and south , respectively . Smaller seas include the Laccadive Sea and the Andaman Sea . There are four coral reefs in India , located in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands , the Gulf of Mannar , Lakshadweep , and the Gulf of Kutch . Important lakes include Sambhar Lake , the country 's largest saltwater lake in Rajasthan , Vembanad Lake in Kerala , Kolleru Lake in Andhra Pradesh , Loktak Lake in Manipur , Dal Lake in Kashmir , Chilka Lake ( lagoon lake ) in Orrisa , and Sasthamkotta Lake in Kerala . Wetlands ( edit ) A map of the Indian Sunderbans in West Bengal . Pichavaram Mangroves , Tamil Nadu India 's wetland ecosystem is widely distributed from the cold and arid located in the Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir , and those with the wet and humid climate of peninsular India . Most of the wetlands are directly or indirectly linked to river networks . The Indian government has identified a total of 71 wetlands for conservation and are part of sanctuaries and national parks . Mangrove forests are present all along the Indian coastline in sheltered estuaries , creeks , backwaters , salt marshes and mudflats . The mangrove area covers a total of 4,461 km ( 1,722 sq mi ) , which comprises 7 % of the world 's total mangrove cover . Prominent mangrove covers are located in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands , the Sundarbans delta , the Gulf of Kutch and the deltas of the Mahanadi , Godavari and Krishna rivers . Parts of Maharashtra , Karnataka and Kerala also have large mangrove covers . The Sundarbans delta is home to the largest mangrove forest in the world . It lies at the mouth of the Ganges and spreads across areas of Bangladesh and West Bengal . The Sundarbans is a UNESCO World Heritage Site , but is identified separately as the Sundarbans ( Bangladesh ) and the Sundarbans National Park ( India ) . The Sundarbans are intersected by a complex network of tidal waterways , mudflats and small islands of salt - tolerant mangrove forests . The area is known for its diverse fauna , being home to a large variety of species of birds , spotted deer , crocodiles and snakes . Its most famous inhabitant is the Bengal tiger . It is estimated that there are now 400 Bengal tigers and about 30,000 spotted deer in the area . The Rann of Kutch is a marshy region located in northwestern Gujarat and the bordering Sindh province of Pakistan . It occupies a total area of 27,900 km ( 10,800 sq mi ) . The region was originally a part of the Arabian Sea . Geologic forces such as earthquakes resulted in the damming up of the region , turning it into a large saltwater lagoon . This area gradually filled with silt thus turning it into a seasonal salt marsh . During the monsoons , the area turn into a shallow marsh , often flooding to knee - depth . After the monsoons , the region turns dry and becomes parched . Climate ( edit ) India 's Köppen climate classification map is based on native vegetation , temperature , precipitation and their seasonality . Main articles : Climate of India and Climatic regions of India Based on the Köppen system , India hosts six major climatic subtypes , ranging from arid desert in the west , alpine tundra and glaciers in the north , and humid tropical regions supporting rainforests in the southwest and the island territories . The nation has four seasons : winter ( January -- February ) , summer ( March -- May ) , a monsoon ( rainy ) season ( June -- September ) and a post-monsoon period ( October -- December ) ' . The Himalayas act as a barrier to the frigid katabatic winds flowing down from Central Asia . ' Thus , North India is kept warm or only mildly cooled during winter ; in summer , the same phenomenon makes India relatively hot . Although the Tropic of Cancer -- the boundary between the tropics and subtropics -- passes through the middle of India , the whole country is considered to be tropical . Temperature averages in India ; units are in degree Celsius . Summer lasts between March and June in most parts of India . Temperatures can exceed 40 ° C ( 104 ° F ) during the day . The coastal regions exceed 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) coupled with high levels of humidity . In the Thar desert area temperatures can exceed 45 ° C ( 113 ° F ) . The rain - bearing monsoon clouds are attracted to the low - pressure system created by the Thar Desert . The southwest monsoon splits into two arms , the Bay of Bengal arm and the Arabian Sea arm . The Bay of Bengal arm moves northwards crossing northeast India in early June . The Arabian Sea arm moves northwards and deposits much of its rain on the windward side of Western Ghats . Winters in peninsula India see mild to warm days and cool nights . Further north the temperature is cooler . Temperatures in some parts of the Indian plains sometimes fall below freezing . Most of northern India is plagued by fog during this season . The highest temperature recorded in India was 51 ° C ( 124 ° F ) in Phalodi , Rajasthan . The lowest was − 45 ° C ( − 49 ° F ) in Kashmir . Geology ( edit ) Main article : Geology of India Eparchaean Unconformity of Detrital rocks of Tirumala Hills , Eastern Ghats India 's geological features are classified based on their era of formation . The Precambrian formations of Cudappah and Vindhyan systems are spread out over the eastern and southern states . A small part of this period is spread over western and central India . The Paleozoic formations from the Cambrian , Ordovician , Silurian and Devonian system are found in the Western Himalaya region in Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh . The Mesozoic Deccan Traps formation is seen over most of the northern Deccan ; they are believed to be the result of sub-aerial volcanic activity . The Trap soil is black in colour and conducive to agriculture . The Carboniferous system , Permian System and Triassic systems are seen in the western Himalayas . The Jurassic system is seen in the western Himalayas and Rajasthan . Geological regions of India Tertiary imprints are seen in parts of Manipur , Nagaland , Arunachal Pradesh and along the Himalayan belt . The Cretaceous system is seen in central India in the Vindhyas and part of the Indo - Gangetic plains . The Gondowana system is seen in the Narmada River area in the Vindhyas and Satpuras . The Eocene system is seen in the western Himalayas and Assam . Oligocene formations are seen in Kutch and Assam . The Pleistocene system is found over central India . The Andaman and Nicobar Island are thought to have been formed in this era by volcanoes . The Himalayas were formed by the convergence and deformation of the Indo - Australian and Eurasian Plates . Their continued convergence raises the height of the Himalayas by 1 cm each year . Soils in India can be classified into 8 categories : alluvial , black , red , laterite , forest , arid & desert , saline & alkaline and peaty & organic soils . Alluvial soil constitute the largest soil group in India , constituting 80 % of the total land surface . It is derived from the deposition of silt carried by rivers and are found in the Great Northern plains from Punjab to the Assam valley . Alluvial soil are generally fertile but they lack nitrogen and tend to be phosphoric . National Disaster Management Authority says that 60 % of Indian landmass is prone to earthquake and 8 % susceptible to cyclone risks . Black soil are well developed in the Deccan lava region of Maharashtra , Gujarat , and Madhya Pradesh . These contain high percentage of clay and are moisture retentive . Red soil are found in Tamil Nadu , Karnataka plateau , Andhra plateau , Chota Nagpur plateau and the Aravallis . These are deficient in nitrogen , phosphorus and humus . Laterite soils are formed in tropical regions with heavy rainfall . Heavy rainfall results in leaching out all soluble material of top layer of soil . These are generally found in Western ghats , Eastern ghats and hilly areas of northeastern states that receive heavy rainfall . Forest soils occur on the slopes of mountains and hills in Himalayas , Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats . These generally consist of large amounts of dead leaves and other organic matter called humus . Natural Resources ( edit ) Main article : Natural resources of India Indian coal production is the 3rd highest in the world according to the 2008 Indian Ministry of Mines estimates . Shown above is a coal mine in Jharkhand . India 's total renewable water resources are estimated at 1,907.8 km3 / year . Its annual supply of usable and replenshable groundwater amounts to 350 billion cubic metres . Only 35 % of groundwater resources are being utilised . About 44 million tonnes of cargo is moved annually through the country 's major rivers and waterways . Groundwater supplies 40 % of water in India 's irrigation canals. 56 % of the land is arable and used for agriculture . Black soils are moisture - retentive and are preferred for dry farming and growing cotton , linseed , etc . Forest soils are used for tea and coffee plantations . Red soil have a wide diffusion of iron content . Most of India 's estimated 5.4 billion barrels ( 860,000,000 m ) in oil reserves are located in the Mumbai High , upper Assam , Cambay , the Krishna - Godavari and Cauvery basins . India possesses about seventeen trillion cubic feet of natural gas in Andhra Pradesh , Gujarat and Odisha . Uranium is mined in Andhra Pradesh . India has 400 medium - to - high enthalpy thermal springs for producing geothermal energy in seven `` provinces '' -- the Himalayas , Sohana , Cambay , the Narmada - Tapti delta , the Godavari delta and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands ( specifically the volcanic Barren Island . ) India is the world 's biggest producer of mica blocks and mica splittings . India ranks second amongst the world 's largest producers of barites and chromites . The Pleistocene system is rich in minerals . India is the third - largest coal producer in the world and ranks fourth in the production of iron ore . It is the fifth - largest producer of bauxite and crude steel , the seventh - largest of manganese ore and the eighth - largest of aluminium . India has significant sources of titanium ore , diamonds and limestone . India possesses 24 % of the world 's known and economically viable thorium , which is mined along shores of Kerala . Gold had been mined in the now - defunct Kolar Gold Fields in Karnataka . Antipodes ( edit ) The only land area antipodal to India is Easter Island , which is antipodal to the western corner of Rajasthan . The triangular island closely reflects the triangle between the cities of Mokal , Kuchchri , and Habur . Habur corresponds to Hanga Roa , and Mokal to the eastern cape . Photo Gallery K2 Tso Moriri lake , Ladakh Valley of flowers , Uttarakhand Indo - Gangetic Plain Arawali Hills , near Ajmer Madhya Pradesh Shola in western ghats Anaimudi , the tallest mountain is South India Backwater in Kerala Minicoy island , Lakshadweep Andaman and Nicobar See also ( edit ) Geospatial Information Regulation Bill References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Ministry of Home Affairs ( Department of Border Management ) '' . Archived from the original ( DOC ) on 16 July 2011 . Retrieved 9 January 2008 . Jump up ^ India Yearbook , p. 1 Jump up ^ `` India '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 17 July 2012 . 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Jump up ^ `` Information and Issue Briefs -- Thorium '' . World Nuclear Association . Archived from the original on 7 November 2006 . Retrieved 1 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Death of the Kolar Gold Fields '' . Rediff.com . Retrieved 21 November 2008 . Cited sources ( edit ) India Yearbook 2007 . Publications Division , Ministry of Information & Broadcasting , Govt . Of India . 2007 . ISBN 81 - 230 - 1423 - 6 . Further reading ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Geography of India . `` The Incredible History of India 's Geography '' , Author : Sanjeev Sanyal , Publisher : Penguin Books Ltd Allaby , M ( 1998 ) . `` Floods '' . Facts on File . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 3520 - 2 ... Balfour , E ( 1976 ) . Encyclopaedia Asiatica : Comprising Indian Subcontinent , Eastern and Southern Asia . Cosmo Publications . ISBN 81 - 7020 - 325 - 2 ... Nash , JM ( 2002 ) . `` El Niño : Unlocking the Secrets of the Master Weather Maker '' . Warner . ISBN 0 - 446 - 52481 - 6 ... `` Land and Natural Resources '' . Terrain . Archived from the original on 22 February 2006 . Retrieved 6 June 2005 . 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Gangetic plain Doab Indus Valley Indus River Delta Ganges Basin Ganges Delta Terai Atolls of the Maldives Coromandel Coast Konkan Lakshadweep Andaman and Nicobar Islands Sundarbans Reserve Forest Greater Rann of Kutch Little Rann of Kutch Protected areas in Tamil Nadu By country India Pakistan Nepal Bhutan Sri Lanka Bangladesh Maldives Afghanistan Geography of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_India&oldid=808022341 '' Categories : Geography of India Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use dmy dates from June 2017 Use Indian English from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2011 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Azərbaycanca বাংলা भोजपुरी Български Català Čeština Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Español Euskara فارسی Français हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский संस्कृतम् Shqip Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 12 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the length of india from north to south | [
"India lies on the Indian Plate, the northern portion of the Indo-Australian Plate, whose continental crust forms the Indian subcontinent. The country is situated north of the equator between 8°4' to 37°6' north latitude and 68°7' to 97°25' east longitude.[2] It is the seventh-largest country in the world, with a total area of 3,287,263 square kilometres (1,269,219 sq mi).[3] India measures 3,214 km (1,997 mi) from north to south and 2,933 km (1,822 mi) from east to west. It has a land frontier of 15,200 km (9,445 mi) and a coastline of 7,516.6 km (4,671 mi).[4]"
] | [
"3,214 km (1,997 mi)"
] |
-253092252821970413 | Steven Gerrard | Steven Gerrard - wikipedia Steven Gerrard Jump to : navigation , search Steven Gerrard MBE Gerrard with Liverpool F.C. in 2014 Full name Steven George Gerrard Date of birth ( 1980 - 05 - 30 ) 30 May 1980 ( age 37 ) Place of birth Whiston , England Height 6 ft 0 in ( 1.83 m ) Playing position Midfielder Youth career 1989 -- 1998 Liverpool Senior career * Years Team Apps ( Gls ) 1998 -- 2015 Liverpool 504 ( 120 ) 2015 -- 2016 LA Galaxy 34 ( 5 ) Total 538 ( 125 ) National team 1999 -- 2000 England U21 ( 1 ) 2000 -- 2014 England 114 ( 21 ) Teams managed 2017 -- Liverpool U18s * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only Steven George Gerrard MBE ( born 30 May 1980 ) is an English professional football coach and former professional footballer who serves as an academy coach at Liverpool . He is currently a studio pundit and co-commentator for BT Sport 's football coverage . He spent the majority of his playing career as a central midfielder for Liverpool and the England national team , with most of that time spent as club captain . Regarded as one of the greatest midfielders of his generation Gerrard was awarded the UEFA Club Footballer of the Year award in 2005 , and the Ballon d'Or Bronze Award . In 2009 , Zinedine Zidane and Pelé said that they considered Gerrard to be the best footballer in the world . A versatile and well - rounded player , highly regarded for his leadership , Gerrard is the only footballer in history to score in an FA Cup Final , a League Cup Final , a UEFA Cup Final and a UEFA Champions League Final , winning on each occasion . Born and raised in Whiston , Merseyside , Gerrard joined the Liverpool Academy at age 9 , after being noticed by scouts . At age 17 , he signed his first professional contract with Liverpool and made his senior debut a year later in 1998 . In the 2000 -- 01 season , Gerrard helped Liverpool secure a treble of the League Cup , the UEFA Cup and the FA Cup . A UEFA Super Cup and another League Cup followed , and Gerrard was appointed team captain in 2003 . In 2005 , Gerrard led Liverpool to a historic fifth European title , scoring a crucial late goal in the group stages , and being named Man of the Match as he scored Liverpool 's first goal and won the penalty kick for the third as Liverpool came from 3 -- 0 down to defeat Milan in what became known as the Miracle of Istanbul , regarded as one of the greatest finals in the history of the tournament . In his 17 seasons at Anfield , Gerrard won a total of two FA Cups , three League Cups , one UEFA Champions League , one UEFA Cup , one FA Community Shield and one UEFA Super Cup . He was named in the PFA Team of the Year a record eight times , the UEFA Team of the Year and FIFA World XI three times , was named PFA Players ' Player of the Year in 2006 and the FWA Footballer of the Year in 2009 and came second to Kenny Dalglish in a Liverpool fan poll of `` 100 Players Who Shook The Kop '' in 2008 . Despite collective and individual success , Gerrard never won the Premier League , finishing runner - up with Liverpool on three occasions . He joined Major League Soccer club LA Galaxy in July 2015 , spending one - and - a-half seasons there before retiring on 24 November 2016 . At international level , Gerrard is the fourth-most capped player in the history of the England national team with 114 caps , scoring 21 goals . Gerrard made his international debut in 2000 , and represented his country at the 2000 , 2004 and 2012 UEFA European Football Championships , as well as the 2006 , 2010 and 2014 FIFA World Cups , captaining the team for the latter two tournaments . He was named as the permanent England captain shortly before UEFA Euro 2012 , where he was named in the UEFA Team of the Tournament . Gerrard won his 100th cap in 2012 , becoming the sixth player to reach that milestone for England . Gerrard announced his retirement from international football on 21 July 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Club career 2.1 Liverpool 2.1. 1 1998 -- 2004 : Beginnings , Cup treble and club captaincy 2.1. 2 2004 -- 2007 : Champions League and FA Cup success 2.1. 3 2007 -- 2012 : Continued success and stardom 2.1. 4 2012 -- 2015 : Final seasons with Liverpool 2.2 LA Galaxy 3 International career 3.1 Captain 4 Coaching career 5 Style of play 6 Outside football 6.1 Personal life 6.2 Autobiography 6.3 Legal problems 6.4 Entertainment 6.5 Sponsorship 7 Career statistics 7.1 Club 7.2 International 7.3 International goals 8 Honours 8.1 Club 8.2 Individual 8.2. 1 Orders 8.2. 2 Special Awards 9 Footnotes 10 References 11 External links Early life Born in Whiston , Merseyside , Gerrard started out playing for hometown team Whiston Juniors , where he was noticed by Liverpool scouts . He joined the Liverpool Academy at age nine . Raised Catholic , he attended St Michael 's Primary School and Cardinal Heenan Catholic High School . Gerrard had trials with various clubs at fourteen , but his success was n't immediate -- Gerrard never made it into the England schoolboys ' team . Gerrard 's trials included Manchester United , which he claimed in his 2006 autobiography was `` to pressure Liverpool into giving me a YTS contract . '' He signed his first professional contract with Liverpool on 5 November 1997 . Club career Liverpool 1998 -- 2004 : beginnings , Cup treble and club captaincy Gerrard made his Liverpool first - team debut on 29 November 1998 in a Premier League match against Blackburn Rovers as a last - minute substitute for Vegard Heggem . He made thirteen appearances in his debut season , filling in for injured captain Jamie Redknapp in centre - midfield . He also occasionally played on the right wing , but he scarcely contributed in the short on - pitch time he received , due to nervousness affecting his play . Gerrard recalled in a November 2008 interview with The Guardian , `` I was out of position and out of my depth . '' The Liverpool hierarchy nonetheless remained convinced that he would improve . Gerrard saw himself as a defensive player primarily , looking to make key tackles rather than push the team forward . Gerrard began to regularly partner Redknapp in central midfield for the 1999 -- 2000 season . After starting the derby against Everton on the bench , he replaced Robbie Fowler in the second half but received his first career red card for a very late high challenge to the upper leg of Everton 's Kevin Campbell shortly afterwards in a game Liverpool lost 1 -- 0 . Later that season , Gerrard scored his first senior goal in a 4 -- 1 victory over Sheffield Wednesday . However , he began to suffer from nagging back problems , which sports consultant Hans - Wilhelm Müller - Wohlfahrt later diagnosed as a result of accelerated growth , coupled with excessive playing , during his teenage years . He was then beset by groin injuries that required four separate operations . He went on to recover from this , and in the 2000 -- 01 season made fifty starts in all competitions and scored ten goals as he won his first major honours with Liverpool -- the FA Cup , Football League Cup , and the UEFA Cup . He was named PFA Young Player of the Year by his peers . In the following season , he would go on to win both the FA Charity Shield and UEFA Super Cup . In March 2003 , Gerrard scored the opening goal in the club 's 2 -- 0 win over Manchester United in the Football League Cup Final held at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff . After a year as Liverpool vice-captain , Gerrard replaced Sami Hyypiä as Liverpool captain in October 2003 , as manager Gérard Houllier said that he recognised Gerrard had demonstrated leadership qualities early on , but needed to mature . He chose to extend his contract at the club , signing a new four - year deal . Houllier resigned as Liverpool manager after a trophyless 2003 -- 04 campaign , and Gerrard was linked with a move to Chelsea during the off - season . He admitted he was not `` happy with the progress Liverpool has made '' , and that `` for the first time in my career I 've thought about the possibility of moving on . '' In the end , Gerrard turned down a £ 20 million offer from Chelsea to stay with Liverpool and new coach Rafael Benítez . 2004 -- 2007 : Champions League and FA Cup success Liverpool had a number of injuries early in the 2004 -- 05 season , and a foot injury suffered in a September league match against Manchester United shelved Gerrard until late November . He returned to score in the last five minutes of a Champions League group stage match against Olympiacos to secure Liverpool 's advancement to the knockout round . He claimed that this was his most important , if not his best , goal for Liverpool to date . However , Gerrard netted an own goal during the 2005 League Cup final on 27 February , which proved decisive in Liverpool 's 3 -- 2 loss to Chelsea after extra time at the Millennium Stadium . Gerrard playing for Liverpool in 2007 During a six - minute stretch in the second half of the 2005 Champions League final against A.C. Milan , Liverpool came back from a three - goal deficit to tie the match at 3 -- 3 after extra time , with Gerrard scoring one of the goals , a header from a John Arne Riise cross . Liverpool 's third goal was gained as a penalty from a foul awarded to Liverpool when Gennaro Gattuso was judged to have pulled down Gerrard in Milan 's penalty box . Xabi Alonso 's penalty was saved by Dida but the rebound was scored . Gerrard did not participate in the penalty shootout ( he was the designated fifth penalty taker ) which Liverpool won 3 -- 2 as they claimed their first Champions League trophy in twenty years . Dubbed the Miracle of Istanbul , the match is widely regarded as one of the greatest finals in the competition 's history , and Gerrard was lauded as the catalyst for the second half comeback . Gerrard was named the Man of the Match , and later received the UEFA Club Footballer of the Year award . In regards to his contract issues with Liverpool , Gerrard told the press after the final , `` How can I leave after a night like this ? '' but negotiations soon stalled and on 5 July 2005 , after Liverpool turned down another lucrative offer from Chelsea , Gerrard 's agent Struan Marshall informed Liverpool chief executive Rick Parry that Gerrard was rejecting a club - record £ 100,000 - a-week offer . Parry conceded the club had lost Gerrard , saying , `` Now we have to move on . We have done our best , but he has made it clear he wants to go and I think it looks pretty final . '' The next day , Gerrard signed a new four - year deal as Parry blamed the earlier breakdown of talks on miscommunication between the two sides . Gerrard stated upon signing the contract that he would rather win one premier league medal than win multiple titles at Chelsea as it would mean more to him . `` Gerrard is for me , in the position he plays , one of the very best in the world . He has a huge impact . For the job he performs , for me , he is one of the greatest . '' -- Ronaldinho in 2007 with both players named in the FIFA World XI . Gerrard scored 23 goals in 53 appearances in 2005 -- 06 , and in April became the first Liverpool player since John Barnes in 1988 to be voted the PFA Player of the Year . He scored twice in the 2006 FA Cup Final against West Ham United , including a 35 - yard equaliser that sent the match into extra time , and Liverpool won their second consecutive major trophy on penalties . The goals made him the only player to have scored in the FA Cup , League Cup , UEFA Cup and Champions League finals . Liverpool eliminated Chelsea in the 2006 -- 07 Champions League semi-finals on penalties , to return to their second final in three seasons , which they lost 2 -- 1 to Milan in Athens . Gerrard suffered a toe fracture in an August 2007 Champions League qualifier against Toulouse , but returned four days later to play the entirety of a 1 -- 1 league draw against Chelsea . On 28 October 2007 , Gerrard played his 400th game for Liverpool in a league match against Arsenal , in which he scored . He scored in all but one of Liverpool 's domestic and European matches during the month of November , and after scoring the only goal in a Champions League away tie against Olympique de Marseille on 11 December , he became the first Liverpool player since John Aldridge in 1989 to score in seven consecutive games in all competitions . In December 2007 , Gerrard was voted sixth ( after Kaká , Lionel Messi , Cristiano Ronaldo , Didier Drogba and Ronaldinho ) for the 2007 FIFA World Player of the Year . 2007 -- 2012 : continued success and stardom Gerrard after scoring a hat - trick in the Merseyside derby in 2012 Gerrard made his 300th Premier League appearance on 13 April 2008 in a match against Blackburn Rovers , scoring the opening goal in a game which Liverpool won 3 -- 1 , and finished the season with twenty - one goals in all competitions , surpassing his total from the 2006 -- 07 season . Gerrard was selected for the PFA Team of the Year and he was also one of the nominees or the PFA Player of the Year , alongside teammate Fernando Torres . Gerrard needed to undergo groin surgery at the beginning of the 2008 -- 09 season , but the problem was not serious and he quickly returned to training . He scored what appeared to be his hundredth career Liverpool goal against Stoke City on 20 September , but it was disallowed after Dirk Kuyt was ruled offside . He achieved the milestone eleven days later in a 3 -- 1 Champions League group stage win over PSV . `` Is he the best in the world ? He might not get the attention of Messi and Ronaldo but yes , I think he just might be . He has great passing ability , can tackle and scores goals , but most importantly he gives the players around him confidence and belief . You ca n't learn that -- players like him are just born with that presence . '' -- Zinedine Zidane on Gerrard , 2009 . He made his 100th appearance in European club competition for Liverpool on 10 March 2009 against Real Madrid and scored twice in a 4 -- 0 win . Four days after the impressive victory over Real , Gerrard would score at Old Trafford for the first time from the penalty spot , putting Liverpool ahead on their way to a 4 -- 1 victory over Manchester United . Following these results , three - time FIFA World Player of the Year Zinedine Zidane hailed the Liverpool skipper as being the best player in the world . On 22 March 2009 , Gerrard scored his first ever hat - trick in the Premier League , against Aston Villa , in a 5 -- 0 victory . On 13 May 2009 , Gerrard was named as the 2009 Football Writers ' Association Footballer of the Year , beating Ryan Giggs by just 10 votes and becoming the first Liverpool player to win the award in nineteen years . Gerrard was delighted and `` a little bit surprised '' to win the award . On 5 December 2009 , Gerrard made his 500th appearance for Liverpool in a 0 -- 0 draw at Blackburn where he was accused of diving in an attempt to win a penalty . He ended the 2009 -- 10 season with a total of 12 goals and nine assists from 46 matches . Gerrard before Jamie Carragher 's testimonial in 2010 Following the 2009 -- 10 season , Rafael Benítez departed Liverpool after six years and was succeeded as manager by Roy Hodgson , who quickly assured fans that Gerrard would not be sold . To further eliminate any speculation surrounding his future at the club , Gerrard made a statement emphasising his excitement at the coming season with Liverpool and praising the signing of Joe Cole . Gerrard soon played his first pre-season match of the 2010 -- 11 season against Borussia Mönchengladbach on 1 August 2010 alongside new signing Joe Cole . Gerrard scored his first goal of the 2010 -- 11 season from the penalty spot in a Europa League qualifier against Macedonian side FK Rabotnički on 5 August 2010 . His next two goals came on 19 September at Old Trafford in a 3 -- 2 loss against Manchester United ; he scored from a penalty kick in the 64th minute and a free - kick six minutes later to level the game at 2 -- 2 . He followed this up one week later with the second equaliser in a 2 -- 2 home draw with Sunderland . Eleven days later , Gerrard came off the bench to score a second - half hat - trick in a 3 -- 1 win over Napoli in the Europa League . Gerrard missed the start of the 2011 -- 12 season due to a groin injury , which had also kept him out of action for large parts of the previous season . Gerrard later went on to reveal he rejected the chance to join Bayern Munich in the summer to focus on getting Liverpool back in the Champions League , saying `` ... a traditional club like Liverpool still has a value , that 's the reason why I have stuck around for so long ... it is more important to win a couple of trophies and achieve something that is a lot more difficult than go down the easy road and move to a club where it becomes easier . '' On 29 October , Gerrard underwent a treatment to clear an infection in his right ankle , which was placed in a protective plaster cast . He was forced to miss Liverpool 's league match against West Bromwich Albion that day and was ruled out for at least the match against Swansea City the following week and England 's friendly matches against Sweden and Spain the week after that . After a prolonged ankle injury recuperation , Gerrard finally returned to regular first team action in the match against Blackburn Rovers , coming off the bench . On 30 December , Gerrard came off the bench against Newcastle United and scored a fine goal . Gerrard went on to help Liverpool to reach their first cup final in 6 years , and their first at Wembley Stadium in 18 years , as Liverpool beat Manchester City 3 -- 2 on aggregate in the semi-finals . Gerrard scored a penalty in both legs to send Liverpool to the 2012 Football League Cup Final against Cardiff City on 26 February 2012 , which Liverpool won on penalties . On his 400th Premier League appearance for Liverpool , Gerrard scored a hat - trick to give Liverpool a 3 -- 0 victory over rivals Everton in the Merseyside derby on 13 March 2012 . 2012 -- 2015 : final seasons with Liverpool Gerrard during his testimonial in 2013 On 18 August 2012 , Gerrard played his 250th match as Liverpool captain . He scored his first Premier League goal of the season on 23 September , opening the scoring in a 2 -- 1 defeat against Manchester United . On 15 July 2013 , Gerrard signed a contract extension with Liverpool . On 3 August 2013 , Liverpool played Olympiacos , against whom Gerrard scored arguably his most celebrated goal , at Anfield for Gerrard 's charity fund - raising testimonial match . Liverpool won the match 2 -- 0 , in a game where past players such as Jamie Carragher and Robbie Fowler made appearances . Alder Hey Children 's Charity , of which Gerrard is a founding partner , received £ 500,000 from the proceeds . On 16 September , Gerrard captained Liverpool for the 400th time in a 2 -- 2 draw at Swansea City . On 5 October , Gerrard scored in a 3 -- 1 win over Crystal Palace , becoming Liverpool 's first ever player to score in 15 successive league campaigns , overtaking the record previously set by Billy Liddell . Also in October 2013 , he became the longest - serving Liverpool captain , 10 years after his appointment by Gerard Houllier on 15 October 2013 , breaking the previous record held by Alex Raisbeck , who captained Liverpool from 1899 to 1909 . On 19 October 2013 , Gerrard scored his 100th Premier League goal , a penalty against Newcastle United in a 2 -- 2 draw . Gerrard in 2014 On 16 March 2014 , Gerrard scored two penalties and missed another in Liverpool 's 3 -- 0 win over Manchester United at Old Trafford . On 6 April , he scored another two penalties as Liverpool beat West Ham United 2 -- 1 to go top of the Premier League table with five matches to play . These goals took him above Kenny Dalglish as Liverpool 's sixth - top goalscorer of all time . On 27 April , Gerrard was involved in what was later labelled as a defining moment of the 2013 -- 14 Premier League season ; where Liverpool would ultimately finish second . Liverpool originally topped the league when they faced Chelsea in their third last match of the season . Gerrard slipped while receiving a pass which allowed Demba Ba to score the opening goal for Chelsea ; Chelsea went on to win 2 -- 0 , which meant that Liverpool 's title hopes were no longer in their own hands . Gerrard finished the season with 13 goals and the League 's most assists at 13 . Gerrard was a nominee for the PFA Player of the Year award that year , while he won the 2014 Liverpool Echo Sports Personality Award . Gerrard would later refer to this period as `` the worst three months of my life '' . In October 2014 , Gerrard ruled out retiring at the end of the 2014 -- 15 season and said that he could join another club if he were not offered a new contract at Liverpool . On 1 January 2015 , Gerrard announced that he would leave Liverpool at the end of the season . Gerrard said he would have signed a new contract had it been offered in the offseason , but said the club did not make an offer until November . By that time , Brendan Rodgers had spoken to him about managing his playing time and he had been left out of the starting lineup against Real Madrid in the Champions League , contributing to his decision to leave Liverpool . On 6 January 2015 , Gerrard scored two goals in the 3rd round of the 2014 -- 15 FA Cup in a 2 -- 1 win at A.F.C. Wimbledon . This followed another two - goal performance in the previous match against Leicester , the first time he scored two or more goals in consecutive games since July 2005 . On 4 February 2015 , he made his 700th appearance for Liverpool , in FA Cup tie against Bolton . On 22 March , Gerrard was sent off 38 seconds after coming on as a half - time substitute in a match against Manchester United for stamping on Ander Herrera . Gerrard made his 500th league appearance for Liverpool in a goalless draw against West Brom on 25 April ; he became only the third player ever to achieve 500 or more Premier League appearances for one club , after Ryan Giggs and former teammate Jamie Carragher . His final appearance for Liverpool at Anfield was on 16 May against Crystal Palace in a 1 -- 3 loss . His final appearance for the club was eight days later in a 6 -- 1 defeat at Stoke although he scored in the game . LA Galaxy Gerrard playing for LA Galaxy in 2015 On 7 January 2015 , the LA Galaxy of Major League Soccer announced the signing of Gerrard to an 18 - month Designated Player contract , reportedly worth $9 million . He joined the team in July , following the end of the 2014 -- 15 Premier League season . On 11 July , Gerrard made his debut for the club in a mid-season friendly match against Club América , playing the first 45 minutes of the match in which Galaxy won 2 -- 1 . Three days later , Gerrard made his competitive debut for LA , coming on at half time for Ignacio Maganto in a 1 -- 0 loss at Real Salt Lake in the U.S. Open Cup quarter - finals . He made his MLS debut on 17 July , scoring once , while assisting one goal of his former Liverpool teammate Robbie Keane 's hat - trick , during a 5 -- 2 defeat of fellow Californians the San Jose Earthquakes at the StubHub Center . That month , Gerrard was one of the 22 players to be named to the 2015 MLS All - Star Game roster . He made 13 appearances across the regular season , scoring one more goal , the team 's last of a 3 -- 2 home win over FC Dallas on 27 September . After Galaxy was eliminated from the 2015 MLS Cup Playoffs by Seattle Sounders FC , Gerrard announced that he may retire in 2016 , saying that he found unexpected difficulty in the long journeys to away matches in the United States , and the diverse altitude and weather across the country . Gerrard played his final game for Galaxy on 6 November 2016 in a MLS Cup Playoff penalty - shootout loss to Colorado Rapids . Gerrard took and scored Los Angeles ' first spot - kick but the club were eliminated after Giovanni dos Santos and Ashley Cole failed to convert . Nine days later , he stated he would be leaving on the expiration of his contract . He then had an interview for the vacant managerial post at League One club Milton Keynes Dons , but said that he was not ready for the job . Gerrard announced his retirement from professional football on 24 November , at age 36 . In January 2017 , he was appointed youth coach at Liverpool , effective from February 2017 . International career Gerrard made his international debut against Ukraine on 31 May 2000 . That summer , he was called up for Euro 2000 , making only one appearance as a substitute in a 1 -- 0 win over Germany before England were eliminated in the group stage . Gerrard scored his first international goal in the famous 5 -- 1 victory over Germany in a 2002 World Cup qualifier in September 2001 , and while England qualified , Gerrard was forced to pull out of the squad due to his ongoing groin problems after pulling up in Liverpool 's final match of the season against Ipswich . Gerrard scored his second goal for the national team in the Euro 2004 qualifier against Macedonia on 16 October 2002 in a 2 -- 2 draw , his third goal was the opener in a 2 -- 1 win over Serbia and Montenegro on 3 June 2003 . He was a regular starter in Euro 2004 , scoring once to make it 3 -- 0 in England 's win over Switzerland in the second Group game of the tournament but England would be eliminated by the tournament hosts Portugal in the quarter - finals losing 6 -- 5 on penalties in a match when Gerrard was substituted off in the 81st minute for Owen Hargreaves . Gerrard warming up for England at UEFA Euro 2012 He participated in his first World Cup in 2006 and scored two goals , both in the group stage , against Trinidad & Tobago and Sweden , although his spot kick was one of three saved by goalkeeper Ricardo as England again bowed out to Portugal in the quarter - finals on penalties . He was England 's top scorer in the tournament . Gerrard was made vice-captain of the England team by coach Steve McClaren , and while he filled in for John Terry as captain , England suffered back - to - back losses to Russia and Croatia that ended their Euro 2008 qualifying hopes . After new coach Fabio Capello took over the team in early 2008 , Gerrard was given a trial run as captain but Capello settled on Terry for the role . Gerrard was subsequently replaced as England vice-captain by Rio Ferdinand . Gerrard helped England qualify for the 2010 World Cup , scoring two goals in England 's 5 -- 1 win over Croatia . John Terry was replaced by Rio Ferdinand as captain in 2010 , following revelations about the former 's private life , and Gerrard subsequently became vice-captain again . When the England team left for the 2010 World Cup , Gerrard was the most experienced player in the squad with 80 caps . During preparations for the 2010 FIFA World Cup , however , Rio Ferdinand was injured , meaning that Gerrard was appointed by Capello as captain for the tournament . After the tournament Gerrard , part of a group of England players dubbed the `` Golden Generation '' , confirmed that he would continue to be available for selection , despite suggestions from Capello that he would seek to re-build the team . Captain Gerrard ( second from left ) shaking hands with Uruguay 's Luis Suárez at the 2014 FIFA World Cup , 19 June 2014 . In August 2010 , Gerrard scored twice in a friendly match against Hungary and helped England to a 2 -- 1 win . Due to Ferdinand 's continued absence through injury , Gerrard retained the captaincy for the opening match of the Euro 2012 qualifying campaign against Bulgaria , which England won 4 -- 0 . He was later named permanent captain by new coach Roy Hodgson , in time for the tournament finals . This was the first time that he was named directly the captain of England and not in place of an injured or unavailable captain . He provided three assists and won two man of the match awards to help England finish top of their group in the qualifying round , and go through to the quarter - finals . Despite their exit on penalties to Italy , Gerrard was later the only England player to be named in the UEFA Team of the Tournament . On 14 November 2012 , Gerrard won his 100th cap for England in a friendly match against Sweden . For the 2014 FIFA World Cup , Gerrard captained England to their first group stage elimination since 1958 and their first elimination after only two matches , after two straight 1 -- 2 defeats against Italy and Uruguay . Gerrard had played a part in both goals conceded against Uruguay courtesy of his club - mate , Luis Suárez . For England 's final game against Costa Rica , Gerrard was replaced as captain by Frank Lampard and used as a substitute . On 21 July 2014 , Gerrard announced his retirement from international football . He represented England 114 times ( currently the fourth most capped player ever , after Peter Shilton ( 125 ) , Wayne Rooney ( 117 ) and David Beckham ( 115 ) ) scoring 21 times . Jordan Henderson described Gerrard as `` probably the best player this country has ever seen -- not only as a player , but also as a leader and a captain . '' Coaching career On 20 January 2017 , Gerrard rejoined Liverpool in an academy coaching role after rejecting the vacant managers job at MK Dons . On 11 April 2017 , it was reported that Gerrard would be taking charge of the Liverpool Under - 18 side ahead of the 2017 -- 18 season after impressing Jurgen Klopp and Alex Inglethorpe with his work ethic , knowledge and attitude towards academy coaching . However , before he took the next step on the path to receive his coaching credentials , Gerrard pulled on the Liverpool shirt one last time in a friendly against Australian club Sydney FC at the end of this Premier League campaign . On 7 September 2017 , the club announced Gerrard will manage the Under - 19 team in the 2017 -- 18 UEFA Youth League . Style of play Gerrard preparing to strike the ball Gerrard was capable of playing in a number of positions . A hardworking box - to - box player , he was usually deployed as a central midfielder , but he had also been used as a second striker , a holding midfielder , an attacking midfielder , a right back , and a right winger . Gerrard began his professional career as a wide midfielder on the right , although he did not excel in this position as he had a tendency to commit careless fouls in his youth . Nevertheless , Liverpool retained their faith in the youngster , and he was later shifted to a defensive midfield position as he matured , where he excelled as a ball - winner rather than as a playmaker . He continued to evolve tactically , coming into his own in a box - to - box central midfield role , which allowed him to be effective both offensively and defensively . Under Benítez , he was also used in a supporting and creative role , as an attacking midfielder behind the strikers , or even as a deep - lying playmaker . Gerrard , naturally right footed , had the ability to score goals due to his striking ability from distance with both feet . As he entered his mid 30s and his physical capability to get forward and join the attack declined , the number of long range strikes at goal decreased , with most of his goals coming from free kicks and penalty kicks . He possessed good technical and aerial ability , as well as notable defensive attributes . In particular , his tactical intelligence and ability to read the game allowed him to break down the opposition 's attacking plays . In addition to his footballing attributes , Gerrard was highly regarded for his leadership , determination , and influence on the pitch throughout his career . Despite being vocal in his criticism of diving , Gerrard was widely accused of diving himself . Outside Football Personal life Gerrard signing autographs in 2006 Gerrard was born with club foot . He is a practising Roman Catholic . He has an older brother , Paul ( not to be confused with former Everton goalkeeper Paul Gerrard ) , and a cousin , Anthony Gerrard , who last played for Oldham Athletic . Gerrard and his wife , Alex Curran , married in a Catholic ceremony in Wymondham on 16 June 2007 . They have four children together . Councillors of Knowsley voted to make Gerrard a Freeman of the Borough on 13 December 2007 , and two weeks later , he was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II in her New Year Honours List , for services to sport . He received an honorary fellowship from Liverpool John Moores University on 26 July 2008 as recognition for his contribution to sport . Autobiography In September 2006 , Gerrard published his autobiography , Gerrard : My Autobiography , ghost - written by journalist Henry Winter , which went on to win the Sports Book of the Year honour at the British Book Awards . Gerrard 's second volume of autobiography , My Story , written with Donald McRae , was published in September 2015 . The autobiography ends with `` I play for Jon - Paul . '' Gerrard 's cousin , Jon - Paul Gilhooley , was killed in the 1989 Hillsborough disaster , when Gerrard was eight . Jon - Paul , who was 10 when he died , was the youngest of the 96 victims of the tragedy . `` It was difficult knowing one of your cousins had lost his life '' , Gerrard said . `` Seeing his family 's reaction drove me on to become the player I am today . '' In his 2015 autobiography , he opined the four best players to have played alongside him are former Liverpool teammates Xabi Alonso , Fernando Torres and Luis Suárez and England teammate Wayne Rooney . Legal problems On 1 October 2007 , Gerrard was involved in a low - speed collision in Southport when the car he was driving hit a ten - year - old cyclist , who had shot into the street and inadvertently crossed Gerrard 's path . He later visited the boy in the hospital and presented him with a pair of boots signed by Wayne Rooney , the boy 's favourite player , after which he stayed to sign autographs for other young patients . On 29 December 2008 , Gerrard was taken into custody outside the Lounge Inn in Southport on suspicion of a section 20 assault . He and two other men were later charged with assault occasioning actual bodily harm and affray , relating to an incident which left the bar 's disc jockey with a broken tooth and cuts to his forehead . The three were given police to court bail and were required to appear at North Sefton Magistrates ' Court on 23 January 2009 , where they all pleaded not guilty . The case was adjourned until 20 March when the assault charge was dropped but Gerrard was required to attend Liverpool Crown Court to face trial for affray . On 3 April , Gerrard again pleaded not guilty . The case went to trial in Liverpool Crown Court . Gerrard 's co-defendants pleaded guilty before the trial but Gerrard maintained his innocence . Gerrard admitted hitting Marcus McGee but claimed it was in self - defence and on 24 July , Gerrard was found not guilty by the jury . Following the verdict , Gerrard said he was looking forward to getting back to playing football and putting the experience behind him . Entertainment In 2011 , Gerrard appeared in the film Will , about an orphaned young Liverpool fan who hitch - hikes to the 2005 UEFA Champions League Final . In August 2014 , Gerrard participated in the ALS Association 's Ice Bucket Challenge and went on to challenge Cardiff City F.C. winger , Craig Noone . Sponsorship Gerrard has had several different sponsorships in his career including current deals with Adidas , Jaguar Cars and Lucozade . In 2014 , Forbes listed his combined income from salaries , bonuses and off - field earnings at $17.2 million for the previous 12 months . While Gerrard has worn several football boots during his career , he first wore a pair of Nike boots on his Liverpool debut , but soon signed a deal with Adidas in 1998 and has gone on to appear in a number of Adidas commercials with the likes of Zinedine Zidane , David Beckham , Lionel Messi and Kaká . Gerrard has worn ten versions of the Adidas Predator boot , with the Accelerator being the first , and throughout his career he has been one of the brand 's major boot endorsees . In 2013 , Gerrard switched boot silos to the Nitrocharge 1.0 first wearing the boots in the League Cup clash against rivals Manchester United on 25 September 2013 . Career Statistics Club Appearances and goals by club , season and competition Club Season League National Cup League Cup Continental Other Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Liverpool 1998 -- 99 Premier League 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 -- 13 0 1999 -- 2000 Premier League 29 0 0 0 -- -- 31 2000 -- 01 Premier League 33 7 0 9 -- 50 10 2001 -- 02 Premier League 28 0 0 0 15 0 0 45 2002 -- 03 Premier League 34 5 0 6 11 0 0 54 7 2003 -- 04 Premier League 34 0 0 8 -- 47 6 2004 -- 05 Premier League 30 7 0 0 10 -- 43 13 2005 -- 06 Premier League 32 10 6 12 7 53 23 2006 -- 07 Premier League 36 7 0 12 0 51 11 2007 -- 08 Premier League 34 11 13 6 -- 52 21 2008 -- 09 Premier League 31 16 0 0 10 7 -- 44 24 2009 -- 10 Premier League 33 9 0 13 -- 49 12 2010 -- 11 Premier League 21 0 0 0 -- 24 8 2011 -- 12 Premier League 18 5 6 -- -- 28 9 2012 -- 13 Premier League 36 9 0 0 8 -- 46 10 2013 -- 14 Premier League 34 13 0 -- -- 39 14 2014 -- 15 Premier League 29 9 0 6 -- 41 13 Total 504 120 42 15 30 9 130 41 710 186 LA Galaxy 2015 Major League Soccer 13 0 -- 0 0 0 15 2016 Major League Soccer 21 0 0 -- 0 0 0 23 Total 34 5 0 -- 0 0 38 5 Career total 538 125 43 15 30 9 132 41 5 748 191 ^ Jump up to : Appearance ( s ) in UEFA Cup Jump up ^ Fourteen appearances and one goal in UEFA Champions League , one appearance in UEFA Super Cup ^ Jump up to : Appearances in UEFA Champions League ^ Jump up to : Appearance in FA Community Shield Jump up ^ Appearances in FIFA Club World Championship ^ Jump up to : Appearances in UEFA Europa League Jump up ^ Appearance in MLS Cup Playoffs Jump up ^ Appearances in CONCACAF Champions League International Gerrard ( left ) playing for England at UEFA Euro 2012 Appearances and goals by national team and year National team Year Apps Goals England 2000 0 2001 6 2002 5 2003 8 10 2005 8 2006 13 2007 11 2008 7 2009 7 12 2012 11 0 2013 8 2014 6 0 Total 114 21 International goals England score listed first , score column indicates score after each Gerrard goal . International goals by date , venue , cap , opponent , score , result and competition No . Date Venue Cap Opponent Score Result Competition Ref 1 September 2001 Olympiastadion , Munich , Germany 6 Germany 2 -- 1 5 -- 1 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification 16 October 2002 St Mary 's Stadium , Southampton , England 13 Macedonia 2 -- 2 2 -- 2 UEFA Euro 2004 qualification 3 June 2003 Walkers Stadium , Leicester , England 17 Serbia and Montenegro 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 Friendly 17 June 2004 Estádio Cidade de Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal 26 Switzerland 3 -- 0 3 -- 0 UEFA Euro 2004 5 4 September 2004 Ernst - Happel - Stadion , Vienna , Austria 30 Austria 2 -- 0 2 -- 2 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification 6 30 March 2005 St James ' Park , Newcastle , England 34 Azerbaijan 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification 7 30 May 2006 Old Trafford , Manchester , England 41 Hungary 1 -- 0 3 -- 1 Friendly 8 15 June 2006 Frankenstadion , Nuremberg , Germany 44 Trinidad and Tobago 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 2006 FIFA World Cup 9 20 June 2006 RheinEnergieStadion , Cologne , Germany 45 Sweden 2 -- 1 2 -- 2 2006 FIFA World Cup 10 2 September 2006 Old Trafford , Manchester , England 49 Andorra 2 -- 0 5 -- 0 UEFA Euro 2008 qualification 11 28 March 2007 Estadi Olímpic Lluís Companys , Barcelona , Spain 55 Andorra 1 -- 0 3 -- 0 UEFA Euro 2008 qualification 12 2 -- 0 13 28 May 2008 Wembley Stadium , London , England 66 United States 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 Friendly 14 15 October 2008 Dinamo Stadium , Minsk , Belarus 70 Belarus 1 -- 0 3 -- 1 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification 15 9 September 2009 Wembley Stadium , London , England 76 Croatia 2 -- 0 5 -- 1 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification 16 4 -- 0 17 12 June 2010 Royal Bafokeng Stadium , Rustenburg , South Africa 81 United States 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 2010 FIFA World Cup 18 11 August 2010 Wembley Stadium , London , England 85 Hungary 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 Friendly 19 2 -- 1 20 6 September 2013 Wembley Stadium , London , England 104 Moldova 1 -- 0 4 -- 0 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification 21 15 October 2013 Wembley Stadium , London , England 107 Poland 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification Honours Club Liverpool FA Cup : 2000 -- 01 , 2005 -- 06 Football League Cup : 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 , 2011 -- 12 FA Community Shield : 2006 UEFA Champions League : 2004 -- 05 UEFA Cup : 2000 -- 01 UEFA Super Cup : 2001 Individual Ballon d'Or third place : 2005 UEFA Club Footballer of the Year : 2005 PFA Players ' Player of the Year : 2005 -- 06 PFA Young Player of the Year : 2000 -- 01 PFA Premier League Team of the Year : 2000 -- 01 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2013 -- 14 PFA Fans ' Player of the Year : 2000 -- 01 , 2008 -- 09 PFA Merit Award : 2015 FWA Tribute Award : 2013 FWA Footballer of the Year : 2008 -- 09 IFFHS World 's Most Popular Footballer : 2006 FA England Player of the Year Award : 2007 , 2012 Liverpool F.C. Player of the Season : 2004 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 Liverpool F.C. Top Goal Scorer : 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2008 -- 09 , 2014 -- 15 BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award -- 3rd Place : 2005 BBC Goal of the Season : 2006 FIFA Club World Cup Silver Ball : 2005 FIFA FIFPro World XI : 2007 , 2008 , 2009 FIFA FIFPro World XI 5th team : 2013 UEFA Team of the Year : 2005 , 2006 , 2007 UEFA Ultimate Team of the Year UEFA Euro Team of the Tournament : 2012 UEFA European Championship Top Assist Provider : 2012 UEFA Champions League Final Man of The Match : 2005 ESM Team of the Year : 2008 -- 09 ECHO Sports Personality of the Year Award : 2014 Premier League Player of the Month : March 2001 , March 2003 , December 2004 , April 2006 , March 2009 , March 2014 Premier League 20 Seasons Awards ( 1992 -- 93 to 2011 -- 12 ) Fantasy Teams of the 20 Seasons ( Public choice ) MLS All - Star : 2015 English Football Hall of Fame : 2017 Match of the Day Premier League all - time XI : ( published 2017 ) Orders Member of the Order of the British Empire Special Awards Honorary Fellowship from Liverpool John Moores University to mark his contribution to sport Footnotes Jump up ^ Gerrard took over as manager of the club 's U18 side ahead of the 2017 -- 18 season . 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Retrieved 19 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Barrett , Tony ( 14 April 2008 ) . `` Steven Gerrard 's joy at 300 league appearances for Liverpool '' . Liverpool Echo . Retrieved 30 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Fernando Torres and Steven Gerrard shortlisted for PFA awards '' . Liverpool Daily Post . 12 April 2008 . Archived from the original on 29 June 2012 . Retrieved 19 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Harvey , Chris ( 27 April 2008 ) . `` Premier League team 07 / 08 '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 19 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Pearson , James ( 29 August 2008 ) . `` Gerrard set for surgery '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 19 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Gerrard `` robbed '' of 100th Liverpool goal `` . Liverpool Daily Post . 20 September 2008 . Archived from the original on 23 October 2008 . Retrieved 19 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Neale , Richard ( 1 October 2008 ) . `` Gerrard scores 100th goal for Liverpool '' . The Times . London . 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Jump up ^ `` Liverpool 1 -- 2 Man Utd '' BBC Sport. 23 September 2012 . Retrieved 30 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gerrard signs contract extension '' . Liverpool F.C. 15 July 2013 . Retrieved 15 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Whittell , Ian ( 3 August 2013 ) . `` Liverpool beat Olympiakos in Gerrard testimonial '' . Fox News . Agence France - Presse . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Gerrard named Founding Partner of Alder Hey Children 's Charity . Alder Hey Charity . Retrieved 30 May 2014 Jump up ^ Pearce , James ( 2 August 2013 ) . `` Steven Gerrard story : LFC captain looks to the future '' . Liverpool Echo . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Gerrard scores his 100th Premier League goal to prove he is still Liverpool 's key player aged 33 '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 25 February Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 0 -- 3 Liverpool '' . BBC Sport. 16 March 2014 . Retrieved 14 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` West Ham 1 -- 2 Liverpool '' . BBC Sport. 6 April 2014 . Retrieved 14 April 2014 . 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Jump up ^ Sutton , John ( 29 April 2014 ) . `` Liverpool FC captain Steven Gerrard scoops ECHO sports personality of the year award '' . Liverpool Echo . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Gerrard : the past three months have been the worst of my life '' . The Guardian . 30 July 2014 . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Bascombe , Chris ( 29 July 2014 ) . `` Liverpool captain Steven Gerrard admits ' this has been worst period of my life ' after seeing title hopes slip away '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Gerrard interview : Mario Balotelli can still turn it around at Liverpool following stuttering start '' . The Daily Telegraph . 31 October 2014 . Retrieved 31 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Captain Gerrard to leave Liverpool at end of season '' . ITV Sport. 1 January 2015 . Archived from the original on 2 January 2015 . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Gerrard would have signed new Liverpool contract in summer '' . ESPN FC. 7 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AFC Wimbledon 1 -- 2 Liverpool '' . BBC Football . Retrieved 6 January 2015 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 6 January 2015 ) . `` Steven Gerrard shows Liverpool what they will miss '' . BBC . Retrieved 6 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Upal , Sunni ( 4 February 2015 ) . `` Steven Gerrard makes 700th appearance for Liverpool in FA Cup tie against Bolton '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 5 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Gerrard : Liverpool captain sorry for 38 - second red card '' . BBC Sport. 22 March 2015 . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Rose , Gary ( 25 April 2015 ) . `` West Brom dent Liverpool top 4 hopes '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 25 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gerrard reflects on 17 years as a Red '' . Liverpool F.C. 14 May 2015 . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Gerrard on leaving Liverpool : ' I always knew this moment was going to be the toughest ' '' . The Guardian . 14 May 2015 . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool 's Steven Gerrard given inglorious send - off by Crystal Palace '' . The Guardian . 16 May 2015 . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Neil ( 24 May 2015 ) . `` Stoke 6 -- 1 Liverpool '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 24 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Baxter , Kevin ( 7 January 2015 ) . `` Galaxy announces Steven Gerrard 's 18 - month deal on Wednesday '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Gerrard makes LA Galaxy debut in pre-season friendly '' . BBC Sport. 11 July 2015 . Retrieved 12 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` LA Galaxy 5 -- 2 San Jose Earthquakes : Gerrard scores and assists on MLS debut '' . Goal.com. 18 July 2015 . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sebastian Giovinco , Kei Kamara among 22 players named to 2015 AT&T MLS All - Star Game roster '' . Major League Soccer. 18 July 2015 . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Mackay , Hamish ( 28 September 2015 ) . `` Watch Steven Gerrard score his second MLS goal as LA Galaxy beat FC Dallas 3 -- 2 '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved 3 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Gerrard : LA Galaxy midfielder may retire in 2016 '' . BBC Sport. 3 November 2015 . Retrieved 3 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Dobson , Mark ( 6 November 2016 ) . `` Steven Gerrard could be set to announce his retirement after Galaxy KO '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Gerrard : Ex-Liverpool captain to leave LA Galaxy '' . BBC Sport. 15 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Gerrard says MK Dons managerial vacancy came too soon for him '' . BBC Sport. 23 November 2016 . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Gerrard retires from football after ' incredible career ' '' . The Guardian . 24 November 2016 . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Gerrard : Liverpool to hire former captain as youth coach '' . BBC Sport. 20 January 2017 . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Victorious farewell for England '' . BBC Sport. 31 May 2000 . Retrieved 28 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Keegan names Euro 2000 squad '' . BBC Sport. 1 June 2000 . Retrieved 28 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` England beat Germany -- at last '' . BBC Sport. 17 June 2000 . Retrieved 28 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Gerrard ruled out of World Cup '' . BBC Sport. 14 May 2002 . Retrieved 28 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Gerrard '' . The Football Association . Retrieved 4 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal break England hearts '' . BBC Sport. 24 June 2004 . Retrieved 28 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` England beaten on penalties again '' . BBC Sport. 1 July 2006 . Retrieved 28 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Terry named new England skipper '' . BBC Sport. 10 August 2006 . Retrieved 19 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Johnathon ( 21 November 2007 ) . `` England 2 -- 3 Croatia '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 19 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Hodges , Vicki ( 5 February 2008 ) . `` Fabio Capello names Steven Gerrard captain '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 19 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Capello names Terry as captain '' . The Independent . London . 19 November 2008 . Retrieved 19 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Pearson , James ( 13 December 2007 ) . `` Terry keen to keep armband '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 19 December 2008 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 9 September 2009 ) . `` England 5 -- 1 Croatia '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 31 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rio Ferdinand out of England World Cup squad '' . BBC Sport. 4 June 2010 . Retrieved 11 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Gerrard eager to prolong England career '' . BBC Sport. 11 July 2010 . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Paul ( 11 August 2010 ) . `` England 2 -- 1 Hungary BBC report '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` England Euro 2012 squad : Steven Gerrard named captain '' . 16 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sweden 4 -- 2 England '' . BBC Sport. 14 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2014 : England knocked out of World Cup '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2014 : Gerrard faces reality that England dream is over '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil . `` Costa Rica 0 England 0 '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 25 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Gerrard RETIRES from international football after World Cup disappointment '' . Daily Mail . 21 July 2014 . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Gerrard : England captain quits international football '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Henderson : Stevie is England 's greatest '' . Liverpool F.C. 21 July 2014 . Retrieved 22 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Dobson , Mark ( 23 November 2016 ) . `` Steven Gerrard reveals the reason behind his MK Dons snub '' . the Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Steven Gerrard has officially returned to Liverpool '' . 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Gerrard to take charge of Liverpool Under 18s '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 11 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gerrard to take charge of U19s in UEFA Youth League '' . Liverpool F.C. 7 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kakà : `` Sta finendo un ciclo Milan , prendi Gerrard '' `` . Retrieved 18 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Football Liverpool News '' . TEAMtalk . Archived from the original on 30 March 2010 . Retrieved 13 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool captain Steven Gerrard 's greatest games '' . BBC Sports . 14 March 2012 . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` John Barnes : Liverpool 's Steven Gerrard world - class in new role '' . The Sports Review . 18 May 2014 . Retrieved 22 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A decade of Gerrard : from skinny lad to the hero of Anfield '' . Archived from the original on 4 February 2009 . Retrieved 18 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Steven Gerrard completes decade at Liverpool '' . The Times . Retrieved 18 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool vs. Basel 1 -- 1 '' . The Guardian . 9 December 2014 . Retrieved 18 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who is better : Scholes or Gerrard ? '' . Manchester Evening News . Retrieved 18 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gerrard has scored 10 penalties for Liverpool this season ... but how many should have been given ? '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 18 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gerrard , il capitano perfetto Corre , ragiona , segna . E ci crede '' ( in Italian ) . Il Corriere della Sera. 23 June 2012 . Retrieved 18 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Eriksson , lezione di calcio alla Germania '' ( in Italian ) . Il Corriere della Sera. 2 September 2001 . Retrieved 18 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Gerrard : The rare captain '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 18 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bellwood , Tom . `` Steven Gerrard : Liverpool captain , England international ... and serial diver '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Gerrard Slams Phil Neville For Diving ( VIDEO ) '' . The Huffington Post . 29 October 2012 . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Doyle , Paul ( 15 December 2009 ) . `` Why is diving by English footballers so often overlooked ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dive , dive , dive ! II : Watch 10 MORE of the weirdest , funniest and most outrageous simulations in history '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Penalty fuels Gerrard dive debate '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Wayman , Sheila ( 6 August 2013 ) . `` Straight into limbo land '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lyons Powell , Hannah ( 2 November 2011 ) . `` Steven Gerrard and Alex Curran welcome baby girl called Lourdes '' . Glamour . Archived from the original on 22 May 2012 . Retrieved 16 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Corless , Liam . `` '' Our family is complete `` : Liverpool legend Steven Gerrard confirms wife Alex has given birth to their first son '' . Retrieved 29 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gerrard honoured by home borough '' . BBC Sport. 14 December 2006 . Retrieved 30 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Woodward , Will ( 30 December 2006 ) . `` Rod and Zara winners in politics - free New Year honours '' . The Guardian . London , UK . Retrieved 30 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Footballer gets university honour '' . BBC Sport. 26 July 2008 . Retrieved 27 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` British Book Awards -- Winners 2007 '' . Galaxy British Book Awards . 2007 . Archived from the original on 24 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Steven Gerrard ( 24 September 2015 ) . My Story . Penguin Books Limited . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4059 - 2442 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Gerrard : ' I wish I was 25 again and captain , leading Liverpool out ' '' . The Guardian . 19 September 2015 . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Jo ( 15 April 2009 ) . `` Jon - Paul Gilhooley , 10 -- Liverpool FC '' . Liverpool Daily Post . Archived from the original on 25 May 2013 . Retrieved 4 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Gerrard pays Hillsborough tribute , BBC Sport , 11 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gerrard 's gifts for hospital boy '' . BBC Sport. 2 October 2007 . Retrieved 30 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Gerrard arrested in assault probe '' . BBC News . 29 December 2008 . Archived from the original on 30 December 2008 . Retrieved 29 December 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charged Gerrard offered support '' . BBC News . 30 December 2008 . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gerrard denies nightclub assault '' . BBC News . 23 January 2009 . Retrieved 23 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gerrard assault charge is dropped '' . BBC News . 20 March 2009 . Retrieved 20 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Gerrard pleads not guilty to affray '' , Liverpool Echo , 3 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gerrard cleared after bar brawl '' . BBC News . 24 July 2009 . Retrieved 24 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Will '' . Sky Movies . Retrieved 31 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Prenderville , Liam ( 18 August 2014 ) . `` Liverpool stars Daniel Sturridge and Steven Gerrard take on ice bucket challenge as craze continues '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved 22 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Gerrard Net Worth Salary 2013 , House , Cars Collection '' , TSM Plug , 7 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The world 's highest paid football players '' , Forbes.com ; retrieved 30 May 2014 Jump up ^ `` Behind the scenes at the new Adidas advert '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved 30 May 2014 Jump up ^ `` Gerrard 's Football Boots '' , FootballBoots.co.uk , 8 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` List of appearances in 1998 -- 1999 by Steven Gerrard '' . LFCHistory.net . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` List of appearances in 1999 -- 2000 by Steven Gerrard '' . LFCHistory.net . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` List of appearances in 2000 -- 2001 by Steven Gerrard '' . LFCHistory.net . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` List of appearances in 2001 -- 2002 by Steven Gerrard '' . LFCHistory.net . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` List of appearances in 2002 -- 2003 by Steven Gerrard '' . LFCHistory.net . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` List of appearances in 2003 -- 2004 by Steven Gerrard '' . LFCHistory.net . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` List of appearances in 2004 -- 2005 by Steven Gerrard '' . LFCHistory.net . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` List of appearances in 2005 -- 2006 by Steven Gerrard '' . LFCHistory.net . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` List of appearances in 2006 -- 2007 by Steven Gerrard '' . LFCHistory.net . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` List of appearances in 2007 -- 2008 by Steven Gerrard '' . LFCHistory.net . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` List of appearances in 2008 -- 2009 by Steven Gerrard '' . LFCHistory.net . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` List of appearances in 2009 -- 2010 by Steven Gerrard '' . LFCHistory.net . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` List of appearances in 2010 -- 2011 by Steven Gerrard '' . LFCHistory.net . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` List of appearances in 2011 -- 2012 by Steven Gerrard '' . LFCHistory.net . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` List of appearances in 2012 -- 2013 by Steven Gerrard '' . LFCHistory.net . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` List of appearances in 2013 -- 2014 by Steven Gerrard '' . LFCHistory.net . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` List of appearances in 2014 -- 2015 by Steven Gerrard '' . LFCHistory.net . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Steven Gerrard '' . Major League Soccer . Retrieved 14 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gerrard , Steven '' . National Football Teams . Benjamin Strack - Zimmerman . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Player Info : Steven George Gerrard '' . Englandstats.com . Davey Naylor . Retrieved 15 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Awesome England thrash Germany '' . BBC Sport. 1 September 2001 . Retrieved 19 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Macedonia hold ragged England '' . BBC Sport. 16 October 2002 . Retrieved 19 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` England seal late win '' . BBC Sport. 4 June 2003 . Retrieved 19 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` England 3 -- 0 Switzerland '' . BBC Sport. 17 June 2004 . Retrieved 19 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Austria 2 -- 2 England '' . BBC Sport. 4 September 2004 . Retrieved 19 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` England 2 -- 0 Azerbaijan '' . BBC Sport. 30 March 2005 . Retrieved 19 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` England 3 -- 1 Hungary '' . BBC Sport. 30 May 2006 . Retrieved 19 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` England 2 -- 0 Trinidad and Tobago '' . BBC Sport. 15 June 2006 . Retrieved 19 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sweden 2 -- 2 England '' . BBC Sport. 20 June 2006 . Retrieved 19 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` England 5 -- 0 Andorra '' . BBC Sport. 2 September 2006 . Retrieved 19 December 2008 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 28 March 2007 ) . `` Andorra 0 -- 3 England '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 19 December 2008 . Jump up ^ McKenzie , Andrew ( 28 May 2008 ) . `` England 2 -- 0 USA '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 15 October 2008 ) . `` Belarus 1 -- 3 England '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 9 September 2009 ) . `` England 5 -- 1 Croatia '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Glendenning , Barry ( 12 June 2010 ) . `` World Cup 2010 : England v USA -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Paul ( 11 August 2010 ) . `` England 2 -- 1 Hungary '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 6 September 2013 ) . `` England 4 -- 0 Moldova '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 15 October 2013 ) . `` England 2 -- 0 Poland '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Gerrard '' . thisisourhomeground.com . Archived from the original on 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Matchdetails from Liverpool -- Arsenal played on 12 May 2001 -- LFChistory -- Stats galore for Liverpool FC ! '' . LFCHistory.net . Jump up ^ `` Matchdetails from Liverpool -- West Ham United played on 13 May 2006 '' . LFCHistory.net . Jump up ^ `` Matchdetails from Liverpool -- Birmingham City played on 25 February 2001 '' . LFCHistory.net . Jump up ^ `` Matchdetails from Liverpool -- Manchester United played on 2 March 2003 '' . LFCHistory.net . Jump up ^ `` Matchdetails from Liverpool -- Cardiff City played on 26 February 2012 '' . LFCHistory.net . Jump up ^ `` Matchdetails from Liverpool -- Chelsea played on 13 August 2006 '' . LFCHistory.net . Jump up ^ `` Matchdetails from AC Milan -- Liverpool played on 25 May 2005 '' . LFCHistory.net . Jump up ^ `` Matchdetails from Liverpool -- Alaves played on 16 May 2001 -- LFChistory -- Stats galore for Liverpool FC ! '' . LFCHistory.net . Jump up ^ `` Matchdetails from Liverpool -- Bayern Munich played on 24 August 2001 '' . LFCHistory.net . Jump up ^ `` Goalscorers for the 2004 -- 2005 season '' . LFCHistory.net . Jump up ^ `` Goalscorers for the 2005 -- 2006 season '' . LFCHistory.net . Jump up ^ `` Goalscorers for the 2008 -- 2009 season '' . LFCHistory.net . Jump up ^ `` Goalscorers for the 2014 -- 2015 season '' . LFCHistory.net . Jump up ^ `` Goal of the season '' . BBC Sport. 31 May 2006 . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 FIFA Club World Championship awards '' . FIFA . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FifPro announces reserve Teams of the Year -- but Luis Suarez and Arjen Robben wo n't be laughing while Iker Casillas is somehow named the second best goalkeeper of 2013 '' . The Independent . 15 January 2014 . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultimate Team of the Year : The All - Time XI '' . UEFA. 22 November 2015 . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA EURO 2012 - History - Statistics '' . UEFA.com . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2 . Finals '' ( PDF ) . UEFA Champions League Statistics Handbook 2014 / 15 . Union of European Football Associations. 2015 . p. 10 . Retrieved 12 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sebastian Giovinco , Kei Kamara among 22 players named to 2015 AT&T MLS All - Star Game roster '' . Major League Soccer. 20 July 2015 . Retrieved 26 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Gerrard Hall of Fame profile '' . National Football Museum . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Match of the Day 's Premier League all - time XI -- BBC Sport '' . YouTube . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Member of the British Empire '' . nndb.com . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Gerrard is Awarded Honorary Degree Getty Images , 25 July 2008 ; retrieved 5 June 2015 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Steven Gerrard . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Steven Gerrard Steven Gerrard -- FIFA competition record Liverpool F.C. profile BBC Sport profile Steven Gerrard at Soccerbase Profile and stats at LFChistory.net ESPN profile at the Wayback Machine ( archived 13 February 2010 ) Awards 2000 -- 01 FA Premier League PFA Team of the Year GK : Fabien Barthez DF : Stephen Carr DF : Jaap Stam DF : Wes Brown DF : Sylvinho MF : Steven Gerrard MF : Roy Keane MF : Patrick Vieira MF : Ryan Giggs FW : Teddy Sheringham FW : Thierry Henry 2003 -- 04 FA Premier League PFA Team of the Year GK : Tim Howard DF : Lauren DF : Sol Campbell DF : John Terry DF : Ashley Cole MF : Steven Gerrard MF : Frank Lampard MF : Patrick Vieira MF : Robert Pirès FW : Thierry Henry FW : Ruud van Nistelrooy 2004 -- 05 FA Premier League PFA Team of the Year GK : Petr Čech DF : Gary Neville DF : John Terry DF : Rio Ferdinand DF : Ashley Cole MF : Shaun Wright - Phillips MF : Steven Gerrard MF : Frank Lampard MF : Arjen Robben FW : Andy Johnson FW : Thierry Henry 2005 -- 06 FA Premier League PFA Team of the Year GK : Shay Given DF : Pascal Chimbonda DF : John Terry DF : Jamie Carragher DF : William Gallas MF : Cristiano Ronaldo MF : Steven Gerrard MF : Frank Lampard MF : Joe Cole FW : Thierry Henry FW : Wayne Rooney 2006 -- 07 FA Premier League PFA Team of the Year GK : Edwin van der Sar DF : Gary Neville DF : Rio Ferdinand DF : Nemanja Vidić DF : Patrice Evra MF : Cristiano Ronaldo MF : Steven Gerrard MF : Paul Scholes MF : Ryan Giggs FW : Didier Drogba FW : Dimitar Berbatov 2007 -- 08 Premier League PFA Team of the Year GK : David James DF : Bacary Sagna DF : Rio Ferdinand DF : Nemanja Vidić DF : Gaël Clichy MF : Cristiano Ronaldo MF : Steven Gerrard MF : Cesc Fàbregas MF : Ashley Young FW : Emmanuel Adebayor FW : Fernando Torres 2008 -- 09 Premier League PFA Team of the Year GK : Edwin van der Sar DF : Glen Johnson DF : Rio Ferdinand DF : Nemanja Vidić DF : Patrice Evra MF : Cristiano Ronaldo MF : Steven Gerrard MF : Ryan Giggs MF : Ashley Young FW : Nicolas Anelka FW : Fernando Torres 2013 -- 14 Premier League PFA Team of the Year GK : Petr Čech DF : Séamus Coleman DF : Gary Cahill DF : Vincent Kompany DF : Luke Shaw MF : Adam Lallana MF : Steven Gerrard MF : Yaya Touré MF : Eden Hazard FW : Daniel Sturridge FW : Luis Suárez UEFA Euro 2012 Team of the Tournament Goalkeepers Gianluigi Buffon Iker Casillas Manuel Neuer Defenders Jordi Alba Fábio Coentrão Philipp Lahm Pepe Gerard Piqué Sergio Ramos Midfielders Xabi Alonso Sergio Busquets Daniele De Rossi Steven Gerrard Andrés Iniesta Sami Khedira Mesut Özil Andrea Pirlo Xavi Forwards Mario Balotelli Cesc Fàbregas Zlatan Ibrahimović Cristiano Ronaldo David Silva PFA Young Player of the Year 1974 : Beattie 1975 : Day 1976 : Barnes 1977 : Gray 1978 : Woodcock 1979 : Regis 1980 : Hoddle 1981 : Shaw 1982 : Moran 1983 : Rush 1984 : Walsh 1985 : Hughes 1986 : Cottee 1987 : Adams 1988 : Gascoigne 1989 : Merson 1990 : Le Tissier 1991 : Sharpe 1992 : Giggs 1993 : Giggs 1994 : Cole 1995 : Fowler 1996 : Fowler 1997 : Beckham 1998 : Owen 1999 : Anelka 2000 : Kewell 2001 : Gerrard 2002 : Bellamy 2003 : Jenas 2004 : Parker 2005 : Rooney 2006 : Rooney 2007 : Ronaldo 2008 : Fàbregas 2009 : Young 2010 : Milner 2011 : Wilshere 2012 : Walker 2013 : Bale 2014 : Hazard 2015 : Kane 2016 : Alli 2017 : Alli UEFA Club Footballer of the Year 1998 : Ronaldo 1999 : Beckham 2000 : Redondo 2001 : Effenberg 2002 : Zidane 2003 : Buffon 2004 : Deco 2005 : Gerrard 2006 : Ronaldinho 2007 : Kaká 2008 : C. Ronaldo 2009 : Messi 2010 : Milito 2005 UEFA Team of the Year GK : Petr Čech RB : Cafu CB : John Terry CB : Carles Puyol LB : Paolo Maldini MF : Luis García MF : Steven Gerrard MF : Ronaldinho MF : Pavel Nedvěd FW : Samuel Eto'o FW : Andriy Shevchenko Coach : José Mourinho 2006 UEFA Team of the Year GK : Gianluigi Buffon RB : Gianluca Zambrotta CB : Fabio Cannavaro CB : Carles Puyol LB : Philipp Lahm MF : Steven Gerrard MF : Kaká MF : Cesc Fàbregas MF : Ronaldinho FW : Samuel Eto'o FW : Thierry Henry Coach : Frank Rijkaard 2007 UEFA Team of the Year GK : Iker Casillas RB : Dani Alves CB : Alessandro Nesta CB : John Terry LB : Éric Abidal MF : Cristiano Ronaldo MF : Steven Gerrard MF : Kaká MF : Clarence Seedorf FW : Zlatan Ibrahimović FW : Didier Drogba Coach : Alex Ferguson PFA Players ' Player of the Year 1974 : Hunter 1975 : Todd 1976 : Jennings 1977 : Gray 1978 : Shilton 1979 : Brady 1980 : McDermott 1981 : Wark 1982 : Keegan 1983 : Dalglish 1984 : Rush 1985 : Reid 1986 : Lineker 1987 : Allen 1988 : Barnes 1989 : Hughes 1990 : Platt 1991 : Hughes 1992 : Pallister 1993 : McGrath 1994 : Cantona 1995 : Shearer 1996 : Ferdinand 1997 : Shearer 1998 : Bergkamp 1999 : Ginola 2000 : Keane 2001 : Sheringham 2002 : Van Nistelrooy 2003 : Henry 2004 : Henry 2005 : Terry 2006 : Gerrard 2007 : Ronaldo 2008 : Ronaldo 2009 : Giggs 2010 : Rooney 2011 : Bale 2012 : Van Persie 2013 : Bale 2014 : Suárez 2015 : Hazard 2016 : Mahrez 2017 : Kanté FWA Footballer of the Year 1948 : Matthews 1949 : Carey 1950 : Mercer 1951 : Johnston 1952 : Wright 1953 : Lofthouse 1954 : Finney 1955 : Revie 1956 : Trautmann 1957 : Finney 1958 : Blanchflower 1959 : Owen 1960 : Slater 1961 : Blanchflower 1962 : Adamson 1963 : Matthews 1964 : Moore 1965 : Collins 1966 : R. Charlton 1967 : J. Charlton 1968 : Best 1969 : Book & Mackay 1970 : Bremner 1971 : McLintock 1972 : Banks 1973 : Jennings 1974 : Callaghan 1975 : Mullery 1976 : Keegan 1977 : Hughes 1978 : Burns 1979 : Dalglish 1980 : McDermott 1981 : Thijssen 1982 : Perryman 1983 : Dalglish 1984 : Rush 1985 : Southall 1986 : Lineker 1987 : Allen 1988 : Barnes 1989 : Nicol 1990 : Barnes 1991 : Strachan 1992 : Lineker 1993 : Waddle 1994 : Shearer 1995 : Klinsmann 1996 : Cantona 1997 : Zola 1998 : Bergkamp 1999 : Ginola 2000 : Keane 2001 : Sheringham 2002 : Pirès 2003 : Henry 2004 : Henry 2005 : Lampard 2006 : Henry 2007 : Ronaldo 2008 : Ronaldo 2009 : Gerrard 2010 : Rooney 2011 : Parker 2012 : Van Persie 2013 : Bale 2014 : Suárez 2015 : Hazard 2016 : Vardy 2017 : Kanté PFA Fans ' Player of the Year 2001 : Gerrard 2002 : Van Nistelrooy 2003 : Henry 2004 : Henry 2005 : Lampard 2006 : Rooney 2007 : Ronaldo 2008 : Ronaldo 2009 : Gerrard 2010 : Rooney 2011 : Meireles 2012 : Van Persie 2013 : Suárez 2014 : Suárez 2015 : Sánchez 2016 : Mahrez 2017 : Kane Match of the Day 's Goal of the Season Award 1970 -- 71 : Hunt 1971 -- 72 : Radford 1972 -- 73 : Osgood 1973 -- 74 : Mullery 1974 -- 75 : Walsh 1975 -- 76 : Francis 1976 -- 77 : McDermott 1977 -- 78 : Gemmill 1978 -- 79 : Kennedy 1979 -- 80 : Fashanu 1980 -- 81 : Morley 1981 -- 82 : Regis 1982 -- 83 : Dalglish 1983 -- 84 : D. Wallace 1984 -- 85 : Sharp 1985 -- 86 : Robson 1986 -- 87 : Houchen 1987 -- 88 : Aldridge 1988 -- 89 : Aldridge 1989 -- 90 : Wright 1990 -- 91 : Gascoigne 1991 -- 92 : Thomas 1992 -- 93 : Atkinson 1993 -- 94 : R. Wallace 1994 -- 95 : Le Tissier 1995 -- 96 : Yeboah 1996 -- 97 : Sinclair 1997 -- 98 : Bergkamp 1998 -- 99 : Giggs 1999 -- 2000 : Di Canio 2000 -- 01 : Bartlett 2001 -- 02 : Bergkamp 2002 -- 03 : Henry 2003 -- 04 : Hamann 2004 -- 05 : Rooney 2005 -- 06 : Gerrard 2006 -- 07 : Rooney 2007 -- 08 : Adebayor 2008 -- 09 : Johnson 2009 -- 10 : Figueroa 2010 -- 11 : Rooney 2011 -- 12 : Cissé 2012 -- 13 : Van Persie 2013 -- 14 : Wilshere 2014 -- 15 : Wilshere 2015 -- 16 : Alli 2016 -- 17 : Can Due to a transfer of broadcast rights , the entries for the 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 and 2003 -- 04 seasons were decided on ITV 's The Premiership . England Player of the Year 2003 : Beckham 2004 : Lampard 2005 : Lampard 2006 : Hargreaves 2007 : Gerrard 2008 : Rooney 2009 : Rooney 2010 : Cole 2011 : Parker 2012 : Gerrard 2013 : Award not given 2014 : Rooney 2015 : Rooney 2016 : Lallana 2017 : Kane Liverpool F.C. Player of the Season 2002 : Hyypiä 2003 : Murphy 2004 : Gerrard 2005 : Carragher 2006 : Gerrard 2007 : Gerrard 2008 : Torres 2009 : Gerrard 2010 : Reina 2011 : Lucas 2012 : Škrtel 2013 : Suárez 2014 : Suárez 2015 : Coutinho 2016 : Coutinho 2017 : Mané Liverpool F.C. -- 100 players who shook the Kop Original list ( 2006 ) : A'Court Aldridge Alonso Anelka Babbel Balmer Barmby Barnes Beardsley Berger Bromilow Busby Byrne Callaghan Camara Carragher Case Chambers Cissé Clemence Clough Collymore Crouch Dalglish ( 1st ) Dudek Evans Fairclough Finnan Fowler L. García Gayle Gerrard ( 2nd ) Gillespie Grobbelaar Hall Hamann Hansen Hardy Heighway Henchoz Hodgson Houghton Hughes Hunt Hyypiä D. Johnson C. Johnston J. Jones R. Jones Keegan A. Kennedy R. Kennedy Lawler Lawrence Lawrenson Lee Liddell Lindsay Litmanen Longworth McAllister McDermott McKinlay McMahon McManaman Meijer Mellor Mølby Moran Murphy Neal Nicol Owen Paisley Raisbeck Raybould Redknapp Reina Riise Rosenthal Rush ( 3rd ) Scott Sissoko Šmicer Smith Souness St John Strong Stubbins Taylor Thomas Pe. Thompson Ph. Thompson Toshack Walsh Walters Wark Whelan Wright Yeats 2013 additions : Ablett Agger Baroš Benayoun Graham Hannah Hanson Hysén Ince James B. Jones Kuyt Lacey Lucas Mascherano Škrtel Suárez Torres English Football Hall of Fame Players Men Adams Allchurch Anderson Ardiles Armfield Ball Banks Barnes Bastin Beardsley Bell Bergkamp Beckham Best Blanchflower Bloomer Bonds Brady Bremner Brooking Buchan Callaghan Cantona Carter Charles J. Charlton R. Charlton Clemence Cohen Crompton Dalglish Dean Doherty Edwards Ferdinand Finney Francis Gallacher Gascoigne Gerrard Giggs Giles Gray Greaves Hansen Haynes Henry Hoddle E. Hughes L. Hughes Hunt Hunter Hurst Irwin James Jennings Jones Keane Keegan Lampard Law Lawrenson Lawton Lee Le Tissier Liddell Lineker Lofthouse Mackay Mannion Matthews McGrath McIlroy McLintock Meredith Milburn Moore Mortensen Mullery Neville Owen Pearce Peters Ramsey Roberts Robertson Robson Rush Schmeichel Scholes Seaman Shackleton Shearer Sheringham Shilton Souness Southall Speed Stephenson Stiles Strachan Summerbee Swift Trautmann Vieira Wharton Wilkins R. Wilson R.P. Wilson I. Wright W. Wright Zola Women Bampton Brown - Finnis Cope Coultard Gore Lopez Parker Parr Powell Sempare Spacey Smith Unitt Walker Whalley White Yankey Managers Allison Busby Catterick Clough Ferguson Gradi Greenwood Kendall Mee Mercer Paisley Ramsey Revie Shankly Venables Wenger Winterbottom England squads England squad -- UEFA Euro 2000 1 Seaman 2 G. Neville 3 P. Neville 4 Campbell 5 Adams 6 Keown 7 Beckham 8 Scholes 9 Shearer ( c ) 10 Owen 11 McManaman 12 Southgate 13 Martyn 14 Ince 15 Barry 16 Gerrard 17 Wise 18 Barmby 19 Heskey 20 Phillips 21 Fowler 22 Wright Coach : Keegan England squad -- UEFA Euro 2004 1 James 2 G. Neville 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard 5 Terry 6 Campbell 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Scholes 9 Rooney 10 Owen 11 Lampard 12 Bridge 13 Robinson 14 P. Neville 15 King 16 Carragher 17 Butt 18 Hargreaves 19 J. Cole 20 Dyer 21 Heskey 22 Walker 23 Vassell Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup 1 Robinson 2 Neville 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard 5 Ferdinand 6 Terry 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Lampard 9 Rooney 10 Owen 11 J. Cole 12 Campbell 13 James 14 Bridge 15 Carragher 16 Hargreaves 17 Jenas 18 Carrick 19 Lennon 20 Downing 21 Crouch 22 Carson 23 Walcott Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup 1 James 2 Johnson 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Dawson 6 Terry 7 Lennon 8 Lampard 9 Crouch 10 Rooney 11 J. Cole 12 Green 13 Warnock 14 Barry 15 Upson 16 Milner 17 Wright - Phillips 18 Carragher 19 Defoe 20 King 21 Heskey 22 Carrick 23 Hart Coach : Capello England squad -- UEFA Euro 2012 1 Hart 2 Johnson 3 Cole 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Kelly 6 Terry 7 Walcott 8 Henderson 9 Carroll 10 Rooney 11 Young 12 Baines 13 Green 14 Jones 15 Lescott 16 Milner 17 Parker 18 Jagielka 19 Downing 20 Oxlade - Chamberlain 21 Defoe 22 Welbeck 23 Butland Coach : Hodgson England squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Hart 2 Johnson 3 Baines 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Cahill 6 Jagielka 7 Wilshere 8 Lampard 9 Sturridge 10 Rooney 11 Welbeck 12 Smalling 13 Foster 14 Henderson 15 Oxlade - Chamberlain 16 Jones 17 Milner 18 Lambert 19 Sterling 20 Lallana 21 Barkley 22 Forster 23 Shaw Coach : Hodgson VIAF : 11829768 LCCN : nb2006015488 ISNI : 0000 0000 3741 8890 GND : 173959016 NDL : 001233400 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven_Gerrard&oldid=835723914 '' Categories : 1980 births Living people Association football midfielders English autobiographers English footballers English expatriate footballers England international footballers English people of Irish descent English Roman Catholics England under - 21 international footballers FIFA Century Club Liverpool F.C. players LA Galaxy players Members of the Order of the British Empire English Football Hall of Fame inductees People from Whiston , Merseyside Premier League players Major League Soccer players Major League Soccer All - Stars Designated Players ( MLS ) Expatriate soccer players in the United States English expatriates in the United States UEFA Euro 2000 players UEFA Euro 2004 players 2006 FIFA World Cup players 2010 FIFA World Cup players UEFA Euro 2012 players 2014 FIFA World Cup players UEFA Champions League winning players UEFA Cup winning players Liverpool F.C. non-playing staff Hidden categories : Webarchive template archiveis links Webarchive template wayback links All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2017 CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) NFT template with ID same as Wikidata Use dmy dates from October 2017 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 FIFA player ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Лезги Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Volapük 粵語 中文 66 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 11 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many premier league goals did steven gerrard score | [
"\nAppearances and goals by club, season and competition\n\nClub\nSeason\nLeague\nNational Cup\nLeague Cup\nContinental\nOther\nTotal\n\n\nDivision\nApps\nGoals\nApps\nGoals\nApps\nGoals\nApps\nGoals\nApps\nGoals\nApps\nGoals\n\n\nLiverpool\n1998–99[197]\nPremier League\n12\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n1[a]\n0\n—\n13\n0\n\n\n1999–2000[198]\nPremier League\n29\n1\n2\n0\n0\n0\n—\n—\n31\n1\n\n\n2000–01[199]\nPremier League\n33\n7\n4\n1\n4\n0\n9[a]\n2\n—\n50\n10\n\n\n2001–02[200]\nPremier League\n28\n3\n2\n0\n0\n0\n15[b]\n1\n0\n0\n45\n4\n\n\n2002–03[201]\nPremier League\n34\n5\n2\n0\n6\n2\n11[c]\n0\n1[d]\n0\n54\n7\n\n\n2003–04[202]\nPremier League\n34\n4\n3\n0\n2\n0\n8[a]\n2\n—\n47\n6\n\n\n2004–05[203]\nPremier League\n30\n7\n0\n0\n3\n2\n10[c]\n4\n—\n43\n13\n\n\n2005–06[204]\nPremier League\n32\n10\n6\n4\n1\n1\n12[c]\n7\n2[e]\n1\n53\n23\n\n\n2006–07[205]\nPremier League\n36\n7\n1\n0\n1\n1\n12[c]\n3\n1[d]\n0\n51\n11\n\n\n2007–08[206]\nPremier League\n34\n11\n3\n3\n2\n1\n13[c]\n6\n—\n52\n21\n\n\n2008–09[207]\nPremier League\n31\n16\n3\n1\n0\n0\n10[c]\n7\n—\n44\n24\n\n\n2009–10[208]\nPremier League\n33\n9\n2\n1\n1\n0\n13[c]\n2\n—\n49\n12\n\n\n2010–11[209]\nPremier League\n21\n4\n1\n0\n0\n0\n2[f]\n4\n—\n24\n8\n\n\n2011–12[210]\nPremier League\n18\n5\n6\n2\n4\n2\n—\n—\n28\n9\n\n\n2012–13[211]\nPremier League\n36\n9\n1\n0\n1\n0\n8[f]\n1\n—\n46\n10\n\n\n2013–14[212]\nPremier League\n34\n13\n3\n1\n2\n0\n—\n—\n39\n14\n\n\n2014–15[213]\nPremier League\n29\n9\n3\n2\n3\n0\n6[c]\n2\n—\n41\n13\n\n\nTotal\n504\n120\n42\n15\n30\n9\n130\n41\n4\n1\n710\n186\n\n\nLA Galaxy\n2015[214]\nMajor League Soccer\n13\n2\n1\n0\n—\n0\n0\n1[g]\n0\n15\n2\n\n\n2016[214]\nMajor League Soccer\n21\n3\n0\n0\n—\n2[h]\n0\n0\n0\n23\n3\n\n\nTotal\n34\n5\n1\n0\n—\n2\n0\n1\n0\n38\n5\n\n\nCareer total\n538\n125\n43\n15\n30\n9\n132\n41\n5\n1\n748\n191\n\n"
] | [
"120"
] |
4467217491531340651 | The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas | The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas - wikipedia The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas Jump to : navigation , search For the film , see The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas ( film ) . The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas Author John Boyne Country Ireland Language English Genre Historical / post modern Publisher David Fickling Books Publication date 5 January 2006 Media type Print ( hard cover & paper back ) Pages 216 ISBN 0 - 385 - 60940 - X OCLC 62132588 Dewey Decimal 823.914 22 LC Class CS 2006 / 45764 The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas is a 2006 Holocaust novel by Irish novelist John Boyne . Unlike the months of planning Boyne devoted to his other books , he said that he wrote the entire first draft of The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas in two and a half days , barely sleeping until he got to the end . As of March 2010 , the novel had sold more than five million copies around the world . In both 2007 and 2008 , it was the best selling book of the year in Spain , and it has also reached number one on the New York Times bestseller list , as well as in the UK , Ireland , and Australia . The book was adapted in 2008 as a film of the same name . Plot Bruno is a 9 - year - old boy growing up during World War II in Berlin . He lives with his parents , his 12 - year - old sister Gretel and maids , one of whom is called Maria . After a visit by Adolf Hitler , Bruno 's father is promoted to Commandant , and the family has to move to ' Out - With ' because of the orders of `` The Fury '' ( Bruno 's naïve interpretation of the word ' Führer ' ) . Bruno is initially upset about moving to Out - With ( never identified , but cf . Auschwitz ) and leaving his friends , Daniel , Karl , and Martin . From the house at Out - With , Bruno sees a camp . One day , Bruno decides to explore the strange wire fence . As he walks along the fence , he meets a Jewish boy named Shmuel , who he learns shares his birthday . Shmuel says that his father , grandfather , and brother are with him on this side of the fence , but he is separated from his mother . Bruno and Shmuel talk and become very good friends , although Bruno still does not understand very much about Shmuel and his side of the fence . Nearly every day , unless it 's raining Bruno goes to see Shmuel and sneaks him food . As the meetings go on , and Shmuel gets more and more skinny , Bruno 's naïveté means he never realizes he is living beside a death camp . When lice eggs are discovered in Bruno 's hair he is forced to get all of his hair shaved off . Bruno comments that he looks like Shmuel , and Shmuel agrees , except that Bruno is fatter . Bruno 's mother eventually persuades his father to take them back to Berlin and stay at Out - With without them . The next day Bruno concocts a plan with Shmuel to sneak into the camp to look for Shmuel 's father . Shmuel brings a set of prison clothes ( which look to Bruno like striped pyjamas ) , and Bruno leaves his own clothes outside the fence . As they search the camp , both children are rounded up along with a group of prisoners on a `` march '' . In the gas chamber , Bruno apologizes to Shmuel for not finding his father and tells Shmuel that he is Bruno 's best friend for life . Shmuel does not answer , as at that moment the door of the gas chamber is closed , it becomes dark , and all is chaos . Bruno 's mother and sister return to Berlin , where they hope to find Bruno sitting on the doorstep , but do not . His father stays at Out - With , where he finally works out what had happened . When soldiers come to take him away from Out - With , he is happy to be leaving . Critics ' reviews Some critics have called the premise of the book and subsequent film -- that there would be a child of Shmuel 's age in the camp -- erroneous . Reviewing the original book , Rabbi Benjamin Blech wrote : `` Note to the reader : There were no 9 - year - old Jewish boys in Auschwitz -- the Nazis immediately gassed those not old enough to work . '' Rabbi Blech affirmed the opinion of a Holocaust survivor friend that the book is `` not just a lie and not just a fairytale , but a profanation '' . Blech acknowledges the objection that a `` fable '' need not be factually accurate ; he counters that the book trivializes the conditions in and around the death camps and perpetuates the `` myth that those ( ... ) not directly involved can claim innocence '' , and thus undermines its moral authority . Students who read it , he warns , may believe the camps `` were n't that bad '' if a boy could conduct a clandestine friendship with a Jewish captive of the same age , unaware of `` the constant presence of death '' . Kathryn Hughes , whilst agreeing about the implausibility of the plot , argues that `` Bruno 's innocence comes to stand for the willful refusal of all adult Germans to see what was going on under their noses '' . References ^ Jump up to : `` Interview with Children 's Author John Boyne ( 2006 ) '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` BBC World Service - World Book Club - Downloads '' . Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Biography '' . John Boyne . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Kathryn ( 20 January 2006 ) . `` Educating Bruno '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 5 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Blech , Benjamin ( October 23 , 2008 ) . `` The Boy in the Striped Pajamas '' . Aish.com . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2009 . Retrieved August 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rabbi Benjamin Blech ( October 23 , 2008 ) . `` The Boy in the Striped Pajamas '' . aish.com . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Kathryn ( 21 January 2006 ) . `` Educating Bruno '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 8 February 2012 . Retrieved 8 February 2012 . VIAF : 182554061 LCCN : no2009181923 GND : 7719172 - 9 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Boy_in_the_Striped_Pyjamas&oldid=803363541 '' Categories : 2006 novels Historical novels Irish novels Irish novels adapted into films Novels set in Germany Novels set in Poland Novels about the Holocaust 21st - century Irish novels Works about the Holocaust Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Pages to import images to Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 01 : 56 . About Wikipedia | where does the boy in striped pajamas take place | [
"Bruno is a 9-year-old boy growing up during World War II in Berlin. He lives with his parents, his 12-year-old sister Gretel and maids, one of whom is called Maria. After a visit by Adolf Hitler, Bruno's father is promoted to Commandant, and the family has to move to 'Out-With' because of the orders of \"The Fury\" (Bruno's naïve interpretation of the word 'Führer'). Bruno is initially upset about moving to Out-With (never identified, but cf. Auschwitz[4]) and leaving his friends, Daniel, Karl, and Martin. From the house at Out-With, Bruno sees a camp. One day, Bruno decides to explore the strange wire fence. As he walks along the fence, he meets a Jewish boy named Shmuel, who he learns shares his birthday. Shmuel says that his father, grandfather, and brother are with him on this side of the fence, but he is separated from his mother. Bruno and Shmuel talk and become very good friends, although Bruno still does not understand very much about Shmuel and his side of the fence. Nearly every day, unless it's raining Bruno goes to see Shmuel and sneaks him food. As the meetings go on, and Shmuel gets more and more skinny, Bruno's naïveté means he never realizes he is living beside a death camp."
] | [
"Berlin"
] |
2084692071131698052 | Patton (film) | Patton ( film ) - wikipedia Patton ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Patton Theatrical release poster Directed by Franklin J. Schaffner Produced by Frank McCarthy Screenplay by Francis Ford Coppola Edmund H. North Story by Francis Ford Coppola Edmund H. North Based on Patton : Ordeal and Triumph by Ladislas Farago A Soldier 's Story by Omar N. Bradley Starring George C. Scott Karl Malden Music by Jerry Goldsmith Cinematography Fred J. Koenekamp Edited by Hugh Fowler Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date February 4 , 1970 ( 1970 - 02 - 04 ) ( New York City ) April 2 , 1970 ( 1970 - 04 - 02 ) ( United States ) Running time 170 minutes Country United States Language English German French Budget $12.6 million Box office $61.8 million ( United States ) Patton is a 1970 American epic biographical war film about U.S. General George S. Patton during World War II . It stars George C. Scott , Karl Malden , Michael Bates and Karl Michael Vogler . It was directed by Franklin J. Schaffner from a script by Francis Ford Coppola and Edmund H. North , who based their screenplay on the biography Patton : Ordeal and Triumph by Ladislas Farago and Omar Bradley 's memoir A Soldier 's Story . The film was shot in 65 mm Dimension 150 by cinematographer Fred J. Koenekamp and has a music score by Jerry Goldsmith . Patton won seven Academy Awards , including Best Picture , Best Director and Best Original Screenplay . Scott won Best Actor for his portrayal of General Patton , but declined to accept the award . The opening monologue , delivered by George C. Scott as General Patton with an enormous American flag behind him , remains an iconic and often quoted image in film . The film was successful , and in 2003 , Patton was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically or aesthetically significant '' . The Academy Film Archive preserved Patton in 2003 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Script preparation 3.2 Opening 3.3 Locations 3.4 Use of footage 3.5 Music 3.5. 1 2010 Intrada Records Album 3.5. 1.1 Disc One 3.5. 1.2 Disc Two 4 Distribution 4.1 First telecast 4.2 Home media 5 Reaction 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Accolades 6 Sequel 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Further reading 10 External links Plot ( edit ) As the film begins General George S. Patton addresses an unseen audience of American troops to raise their morale for the war effort , focusing in particular on the value placed on winning by American society . Following the humiliating American defeat at the Battle of the Kasserine Pass in 1943 , Patton is placed in charge of the American II Corps in North Africa . Upon his arrival , he enforces discipline amongst his troops , e.g. fining a cook $20 for not wearing his army issue leggings . Patton is then summoned to a meeting with Air Marshal Coningham of the Royal Air Force , where he claims that the American defeat was caused by lack of air cover . Coningham promises Patton that he will see no more German aircraft -- but seconds later the compound is strafed by Luftwaffe planes . Patton then defeats a German attack at the Battle of El Guettar ; his aide Captain Jenson is killed in the battle , and is replaced by Lieutenant Colonel Codman . Patton is bitterly disappointed to learn that Erwin Rommel , Commander of the German - Italian Panzer Army , was on medical leave due to having diphtheria , but Codman reassures him that : `` If you 've defeated Rommel 's plan , you 've defeated Rommel '' . After success in the North Africa campaign , Patton and Bernard Montgomery separately come up with plans for the Allied invasion of Sicily . Patton 's proposal to land his Seventh Army in the northwest of the island with Montgomery in the southeast ( therefore potentially trapping the German and Italian forces in a pincer movement ) initially impresses their superior General Alexander , however General Eisenhower rejects it in favor of Montgomery 's more cautious plan , which places Patton 's army in the southeast , covering Montgomery 's left flank . While the landing is successful , the Allied forces become bogged down , causing Patton to defy orders and push his army northwest to Palermo , and then to the port of Messina in the northeast , narrowly beating Montgomery to the prize , although several thousand German and Italian troops are able to flee the island . Patton insists that his feud with Montgomery is due to the latter 's determination to be the `` war - hero , '' and to deny the Americans any chance of glory . However , Patton 's aggression does not sit well with his subordinates Bradley and Lucian Truscott . While on a visit to a Field Hospital where many American soldiers lie wounded or dead , Patton notices a shell - shocked soldier crying . Calling him a coward , Patton slaps the soldier and even threatens to shoot him , before demanding his immediate return to the frontline . Because of this , Patton is relieved of command and by order of Eisenhower , forced to apologize to the soldier , to those present in the Field Hospital , and to his entire command , unit by unit . Because of this , and for being too liberal to the press , Patton is sidelined during the D - Day landings in 1944 . Instead , he is placed in command of the phantom First United States Army Group in southeast England as a decoy . German General Alfred Jodl is convinced that Patton will lead the invasion of Europe . After begging his former subordinate Bradley for a command before the war ends , Patton is placed under him in command of the Third Army and performs brilliantly by rapidly advancing through France , but his tanks are forced to a standstill after they run out of fuel -- the supplies being given to Montgomery 's bold Operation Market Garden , much to his fury . Later , during the Battle of the Bulge , Patton relieves the town of Bastogne and then smashes through the Siegfried Line and into Germany . At a war - drive in Knutsford , England , General Patton had remarked that the United States and the United Kingdom would dominate the post-war world , viewed as an insult to the Soviet Union . After Germany capitulates , Patton directly insults a Russian general at a post-war dinner ; fortunately , the Russian insults Patton back , defusing the situation . Patton then makes an offhand remark comparing the Nazi Party to the political parties in the US . In the end , Patton 's outspokenness loses him his command once again , though he is kept on to see to the rebuilding of Germany , with the disconcerting incident of a runaway ox - cart narrowly missing Patton foreshadowing the general 's actual death in a car accident in December 1945 . Patton is last seen walking Willie , his bull terrier , and relating in a voice over that a returning hero of ancient Rome was honored with a `` triumph , '' a victory parade in which `` a slave stood behind the conqueror , holding a golden crown , and whispering in his ear a warning : that all glory ... is fleeting . '' Cast ( edit ) George C. Scott as Major General ( later Lieutenant General , then General ) George S. Patton . ( Rod Steiger had first turned down the role , later admitting that it was the worst decision of his career . ) Karl Malden as Major General ( later Lieutenant General , then General ) Omar N. Bradley Michael Bates as General ( later Field Marshal ) Bernard Montgomery Edward Binns as Lieutenant General ( later General ) Walter Bedell Smith Lawrence Dobkin as Colonel Gaston Bell John Doucette as Major General Lucian Truscott James Edwards as Sergeant William George Meeks Frank Latimore as Lieutenant Colonel Henry Davenport Richard Münch as Colonel General Alfred Jodl Morgan Paull as Captain Richard N. Jenson Siegfried Rauch as Captain ( later Major ) Oskar Steiger Paul Stevens as Lieutenant Colonel ( later Colonel ) Charles R. Codman Michael Strong as Brigadier General Hobart Carver Karl Michael Vogler as Field Marshal Erwin Rommel Stephen Young as Captain Chester B. Hansen Peter Barkworth as Colonel John Welkin John Barrie as Air Vice-Marshal ( later Air Marshal ) Sir Arthur Coningham David Bauer as Lieutenant General Harry Buford Tim Considine as Private First Class Charles Kuhl Albert Dumortier as Moroccan minister ( voiced by Paul Frees ) Gerald Flood as Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Tedder Jack Gwillim as General ( later Field Marshal ) Sir Harold Alexander David Healy as Clergyman Bill Hickman as Patton 's driver Sandy McPeak as War correspondent ( credited as Sandy Kevin ) Carey Loftin as Bradley 's driver Alan MacNaughtan as British briefing officer Lionel Murton as Chaplain James Hugh O'Neill Clint Ritchie as Tank captain Douglas Wilmer as Major - General Freddie de Guingand Patrick J. Zurica as First Lieutenant Alexander Stiller Abraxas Aaran as Willy Florencio Amarilla as Soldier ( uncredited ) Brandon Brady as Lieutenant Young ( uncredited ) Charles Dennis as Soldier ( uncredited ) Paul Frees as Reporter No. 2 ( voice / uncredited ) Laurence Herder as Russian translator ( uncredited ) Dolores Judson as Knutsford Welcome Club Dignitary ( uncredited ) Hellmut Lange as Major Dorian von Haarenwege ( uncredited ) Edward Meeks as Surgeon ( uncredited ) Lowell Thomas as Himself - Movietone News Narrator ( voice / uncredited ) Production ( edit ) Script preparation ( edit ) Attempts to make a film about the life of Patton had been ongoing for over fifteen years , commencing in 1953 . Eventually , the Patton family was approached by the producers for help in making the film . The filmmakers desired access to Patton 's diaries , as well as input from family members . However , by unfortunate coincidence , the producers contacted the family the day after Beatrice Ayer Patton , the general 's widow , was laid to rest . After this encounter , the family refused to provide any assistance to the film 's producers . In the end , screenwriters Francis Ford Coppola and Edmund H. North wrote the script based largely on the biographies Patton : Ordeal and Triumph by Ladislas Farago and A Soldier 's Story by General of the Army Omar Bradley . Bradley served as a consultant for the film though the extent of his influence and input into the final script is largely unknown . While Bradley knew Patton personally , it was also well - known that the two men were polar opposites in personality , and there is evidence to conclude that Bradley despised Patton , both personally and professionally . As the film was made without access to General Patton 's diaries , it largely relied upon observations by Bradley and other military contemporaries when they attempted to reconstruct Patton 's thoughts and motives . In a review of the film , Brigadier General S.L.A. Marshall , who knew both Patton and Bradley , stated , `` The Bradley name gets heavy billing on a picture of ( a ) comrade that , while not caricature , is the likeness of a victorious , glory - seeking buffoon ... Patton in the flesh was an enigma . He so stays in the film ... Napoleon once said that the art of the general is not strategy but knowing how to mold human nature ... Maybe that is all producer Frank McCarthy and Gen. Bradley , his chief advisor , are trying to say . '' Although reference is made to Allied Commander General Dwight Eisenhower throughout the film , he is not portrayed on screen . At the time of production , Eisenhower was still alive , but he died in March 1969 , before the film was released . Opening ( edit ) The opening scene of the movie . The film opens with Scott 's rendering of Patton 's speech to the Third Army , set against a huge American flag . Coppola and North had to tone down Patton 's actual words and statements in the scene , as well as throughout the rest of the film , to avoid an R rating ; in the opening monologue , the word fornicating replaced fucking when he was criticizing The Saturday Evening Post . Also , Scott 's gravelly and scratchy voice is the opposite of Patton 's high - pitched , nasal and somewhat squeaky voice , a point noted by historian S.L.A. Marshall . However , Marshall also points out that the film contains `` too much cursing and obscenity ( by Patton ) . Patton was not habitually foul - mouthed . He used dirty words when he thought they were needed to impress . '' When Scott learned that the speech would open the film , he refused to do it , as he believed that it would overshadow the rest of his performance . Director Schaffner assured him that it would be shown at the end . The scene was shot in one afternoon at Sevilla Studios in Madrid , with the flag having been painted on the back of the stage wall . All the medals and decorations shown on Patton 's uniform in the monologue are replicas of those actually awarded to Patton . However , the general never wore all of them in public and was in any case not a four - star general at the time he made the famous speeches on which the opening is based . He wore them all on only one occasion , in his backyard in Virginia at the request of his wife , who wanted a picture of him with all his medals . The producers used a copy of this photo to help recreate this `` look '' for the opening scene . Locations ( edit ) Most of the film was shot in Spain . One scene , which depicts Patton driving up to an ancient city that is implied to be Carthage , was shot in the ancient Roman city of Volubilis , Morocco . The early scene , where Patton and Muhammed V are reviewing Moroccan troops including the Goumiers , was shot at the Royal Palace in Rabat . One unannounced battle scene was shot the night before , which raised fears in the Royal Palace neighborhood of a coup d'état . One paratrooper was electrocuted in power lines , but none of this battle footage appears in the film . The scene at the dedication of the welcome centre in Knutsford , Cheshire , England , was filmed at the actual site . The scenes set in Africa and Sicily were shot in the south of Spain ( Almeria ) , while the winter scenes in Belgium were shot near Segovia ( to which the production crew rushed when they were informed that snow had fallen ) . It has been noted that in the scene where Patton arrives to establish his North African command , a supposedly `` Arab '' woman is selling `` pollos y gallinas '' ( chickens and hens ) in Spanish , which is not normally spoken by local people in Tunisia ( though it is in the north of Morocco , Spanish Protectorate from 1912 to 1956 ) . Use of footage ( edit ) A sizeable amount of battle scene footage was left out of the final cut of Patton , but a use was soon found for it . Outtakes from Patton were used to provide battle scenes in the made - for - TV film Fireball Forward , which was first broadcast in 1972 . The film was produced by Patton producer Frank McCarthy and Edmund North wrote the screenplay . One of the cast members of Patton , Morgan Paull , appeared in this production . Music ( edit ) The critically acclaimed score for Patton was composed and conducted by the prolific composer Jerry Goldsmith . Goldsmith used a number of innovative methods to tie the music to the film , such as having an echoplex loop recorded sounds of `` call to war '' triplets played on the trumpet to musically represent General Patton 's belief in reincarnation . The main theme also consisted of a symphonic march accompanied by a pipe organ to represent the militaristic yet deeply religious nature of the protagonist . The music to Patton subsequently earned Goldsmith an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Score and was one of the American Film Institute 's 250 nominees for the top twenty - five American film scores . The original soundtrack has been released three times on disc and once on LP : through Twentieth - Century Fox Records in 1970 , Tsunami Records in 1992 , Film Score Monthly in 1999 , and a two - disc extended version through Intrada Records in 2010 . 2010 Intrada Records Album ( edit ) Disc One ( edit ) Original Motion Picture Soundtrack No . Title Length 1 . `` Patton Salute ( Solo Bugle ) '' 0 : 44 2 . `` Main Title '' 3 : 08 3 . `` The Battleground '' 2 : 14 4 . `` The Cemetery '' 2 : 42 5 . `` The First Battle '' 2 : 50 6 . `` The Funeral '' 1 : 54 7 . `` The Hospital '' 3 : 36 8 . `` The Prayer '' 1 : 11 9 . `` No Assignment '' 2 : 23 10 . `` Patton March '' 1 : 53 11 . `` Attack '' 3 : 15 12 . `` German Advance '' 2 : 32 13 . `` An Eloquent Man '' 1 : 43 14 . `` The Payoff '' 2 : 26 15 . `` A Change Of Weather '' 1 : 23 16 . `` Pensive Patton '' 0 : 16 17 . `` End Title '' 2 : 20 18 . `` Echoplex Session '' 5 : 29 Disc Two ( edit ) Original 1970 Score Album No . Title Length 1 . `` Patton Speech ( spoken by George C. Scott ) '' 4 : 54 2 . `` Main Title '' 2 : 17 3 . `` The Battleground '' 2 : 19 4 . `` The First Battle '' 2 : 48 5 . `` Attack '' 3 : 14 6 . `` The Funeral '' 1 : 53 7 . `` Winter March '' 1 : 55 8 . `` Patton March '' 2 : 04 9 . `` No Assignment '' 1 : 59 10 . `` German Advance '' 2 : 31 11 . `` The Hospital '' 3 : 18 12 . `` The Payoff '' 2 : 22 13 . `` End Title & Speech ( spoken by George C. Scott ) '' 1 : 01 14 . `` End Title ( sans dialogue ) '' 1 : 11 Distribution ( edit ) First telecast ( edit ) Patton was first telecast by ABC - TV as a three hours - plus color film special in the fall of 1972 , only two years after its theatrical release . That was highly unusual at the time , especially for a roadshow theatrical release , which had played in theatres for many months . Most theatrical films at that time had to wait at least five years for their first telecast . Another unusual element of the telecast was that almost none of Patton 's profanity - laced dialogue was cut ( only two sentences , one of which contained no profanity , were cut from the famous opening speech in front of the giant US flag ) . Home media ( edit ) Patton was first released on DVD in 1999 , featuring a partial audio commentary by a Patton historian , and again in 2006 , with a commentary by screenwriter Francis Ford Coppola and extra bonus features . The film made its Region A ( locked ) Blu - ray debut in 2008 to much criticism , for its excessive use of digital noise reduction on the picture quality . In 2012 , a remaster was released with much improved picture quality . In June 2013 , Fox UK released the film on Region B Blu - ray but reverted to the 2008 transfer . Reaction ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Roger Ebert said of George C. Scott , `` It is one of those sublime performances in which the personalities of the actor and the character are fulfilled in one another . '' Online film critic James Berardinelli has called Patton his favorite film of all time and `` to this day one of Hollywood 's most compelling biographical war pictures . '' According to Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein 's book The Final Days , it was also Richard Nixon 's favorite film . He screened it several times at the White House and during a cruise on the Presidential yacht . Before the 1972 Nixon visit to China , Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai watched this film in preparation for his meeting with Nixon . Review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 95 % of critics gave the film a positive review based on 44 reviews , with an average score of 8.4 / 10 . Rotten Tomatoes summarizes the critical consensus as , `` George C. Scott 's sympathetic , unflinching portrayal of the titular general in this sprawling epic is as definitive as any performance in the history of American biopics . '' Accolades ( edit ) In 1971 , Scott 's performance won him an Academy Award for Best Actor at the 43rd Academy Awards . He famously refused to accept it , citing a dislike of the voting process and the concept of acting competitions . He was the first actor to do so . The film won six additional Academy Awards , for Best Picture , Best Director , Best Original Screenplay , Best Film Editing , Best Sound ( Douglas Williams and Don Bassman ) , and Best Art Direction ( Art Direction : Urie McCleary and Gil Parrondo ; Set Decoration : Antonio Mateos and Pierre - Louis Thévenet ) . The Best Picture Oscar is on display at the George C. Marshall Museum at the Virginia Military Institute , courtesy of Frank McCarthy . It was nominated for Best Cinematography , Best Visual Effects and Best Music , Original Score . In 2006 , the Writers Guild of America selected Francis Ford Coppola and Edmund North 's adapted screenplay as the 94th best screenplay of all time . American Film Institute Lists AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies - # 89 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains : General George S. Patton - # 29 Hero AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : `` Now , I want you to remember that no bastard ever won a war by dying for his country . He won it by making the other poor dumb bastard die for his country . '' - Nominated AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores - Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers - Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) - Nominated AFI 's 10 Top 10 - Nominated Epic film Sequel ( edit ) A made - for - television sequel , The Last Days of Patton , was produced in 1986 . Scott reprised his title role . The film was based on Patton 's final weeks after being mortally injured in a car accident , with flashbacks of Patton 's life . See also ( edit ) Academy Award portal Film portal War portal List of American films of 1970 Notes ( edit ) ^ Solomon , Aubrey . Twentieth Century Fox : A Corporate and Financial History ( The Scarecrow Filmmakers Series ) . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow Press , 1989 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 4244 - 1 . p256 ^ `` Patton , Box Office Information '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . ^ TotalFilm . `` Review of Patton '' . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 24 . ^ Rabin , Nathan ( May 24 , 2006 ) . `` Patton '' . AV Club . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 07 . ^ `` Preserved Projects '' . Academy Film Archive . ^ Cornwell , Rupert ( 2002 - 07 - 10 ) . `` Rod Steiger , ' brooding and volatile ' Hollywood tough guy for more than 50 years , dies aged 77 '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 21 . ^ Travers , Steven ( 2014 ) . The Duke , the Longhorns , and Chairman Mao : John Wayne 's Political Odyssey . Taylor Trade Publishing . OCLC 857277430 . ^ D'Este , Carlo ( 1995 ) . Patton : A Genius For War . New York : HarperCollins . pp. 466 -- 467 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 016455 - 7 . ^ D'Este , Carlo ( 2002 ) . Eisenhower : A Soldier 's Life . New York : Henry Holt & Co. pp. 403 -- 404 . ^ Marshall , S.L.A. ( March 21 , 1970 ) . `` Great Georgie Redone '' . The Charleston Gazette. 4 : 4 . ^ ≠ ° Travers , Steven . The Duke , the Longhorns , and Chairman Mao : John Wayne 's Political Odyssey . '' ^ Mitchell , George J. ( 1975 ) . `` The Photography of Patton '' . After the Battle ( 7 ) : 38 -- 43 . ^ http://www.in70mm.com/news/2003/patton/index.htm ^ `` Fireball Forward - Rotten Tomatoes '' . Flixster , Inc . Retrieved 12 November 2012 . ^ Clemmensen , Christian . Patton soundtrack review at Filmtracks.com . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 22 . ^ AFI 's 100 Years Of Film Scores Archived 2011 - 07 - 16 at the Wayback Machine . from the American Film Institute . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 22 . ^ `` Patton '' . Intrada Records . Retrieved October 21 , 2012 . ^ Maxwell , Barrie ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` Patton ( Remastered ) '' . The Digital Bits . ^ Roger Ebert ( March 17 , 2002 ) . `` Patton ( 1970 ) '' . rogerebert.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2009 . ^ `` # 1 : Patton '' . reelviews.net . ^ James Berardinelli . `` Patton '' . reelviews.net . Retrieved December 1 , 2009 . ^ `` Patton '' . RottenTomatoes.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2014 . ^ Entertainment Weekly ^ `` The 43rd Academy Awards ( 1971 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 27 . ^ `` NY Times : Patton '' . NY Times . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 28 . Further reading ( edit ) In 2005 , Patton 's wife 's `` Button Box '' manuscript was finally released by his family , with the posthumous release of Ruth Ellen Patton Totten 's book , The Button Box : A Daughter 's Loving Memoir of Mrs. George S. Patton . Taylor , John M. ; Taylor , Priscilla S. ( July 23 , 2005 ) . `` Gen. Patton 's wife , a New York citizen '' . The Washington Times . Suid , Lawrence H. ( 2002 ) . Guts & Glory : The Making of the American Military Image in Film . University Press of Kentucky . pp. 260 -- 278 . ISBN 9780813190181 . Suid 's book contains an extended discussion of the production of Patton and of public and critical response to the film ; the discussion occupies most of the chapter , `` 13 . John Wayne , The Green Berets , and Other Heroes '' . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Patton ( film ) Patton on IMDb Patton at AllMovie Patton at the TCM Movie Database Patton at the American Film Institute Catalog Patton at Box Office Mojo Patton at Rotten Tomatoes Patton at Metacritic Opening Speech from the Movie in Text , Audio and Video from AmericanRhetoric.com Academy Award for Best Picture 1927 / 28 -- 1950 Wings ( 1927 / 28 ) The Broadway Melody ( 1928 / 29 ) All Quiet on the Western Front ( 1929 / 30 ) Cimarron ( 1930 / 31 ) Grand Hotel ( 1931 / 32 ) Cavalcade ( 1933 ) It Happened One Night ( 1934 ) Mutiny on the Bounty ( 1935 ) The Great Ziegfeld ( 1936 ) The Life of Emile Zola ( 1937 ) You Ca n't Take It with You ( 1938 ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) Rebecca ( 1940 ) How Green Was My Valley ( 1941 ) Mrs. Miniver ( 1942 ) Casablanca ( 1943 ) Going My Way ( 1944 ) The Lost Weekend ( 1945 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) Gentleman 's Agreement ( 1947 ) Hamlet ( 1948 ) All the King 's Men ( 1949 ) All About Eve ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 An American in Paris ( 1951 ) The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) From Here to Eternity ( 1953 ) On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) Marty ( 1955 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Gigi ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) Oliver ! ( 1968 ) Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) Patton ( 1970 ) The French Connection ( 1971 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) The Sting ( 1973 ) The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Rocky ( 1976 ) Annie Hall ( 1977 ) The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) Ordinary People ( 1980 ) Chariots of Fire ( 1981 ) Gandhi ( 1982 ) Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) Amadeus ( 1984 ) Out of Africa ( 1985 ) Platoon ( 1986 ) The Last Emperor ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) Unforgiven ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Braveheart ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Million Dollar Baby ( 2004 ) Crash ( 2005 ) The Departed ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) Spotlight ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) Films directed by Franklin J. Schaffner The Stripper ( 1963 ) The Best Man ( 1964 ) The War Lord ( 1965 ) The Double Man ( 1967 ) Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) Patton ( 1970 ) Nicholas and Alexandra ( 1971 ) Papillon ( 1973 ) Islands in the Stream ( 1977 ) The Boys from Brazil ( 1978 ) Sphinx ( 1981 ) Yes , Giorgio ( 1982 ) Lionheart ( 1987 ) Welcome Home ( 1989 ) Francis Ford Coppola Films directed The Bellboy and the Playgirls ( 1962 ) Tonight for Sure ( 1962 ) Battle Beyond the Sun ( 1962 ) Dementia 13 ( 1963 ) You 're a Big Boy Now ( 1966 ) Finian 's Rainbow ( 1968 ) The Rain People ( 1969 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) The Conversation ( 1974 ) The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) Apocalypse Now ( 1979 ; Redux , 2001 ) One from the Heart ( 1982 ) The Outsiders ( 1983 ) Rumble Fish ( 1983 ) The Cotton Club ( 1984 ) Captain EO ( 1986 ) Peggy Sue Got Married ( 1986 ) Gardens of Stone ( 1987 ) Tucker : The Man and His Dream ( 1988 ) New York Stories ( segment `` Life Without Zoë '' , 1989 ) The Godfather Part III ( 1990 ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula ( 1992 ) Jack ( 1996 ) The Rainmaker ( 1997 ) Youth Without Youth ( 2007 ) Tetro ( 2009 ) Twixt ( 2011 ) Written only Is Paris Burning ? ( 1966 ) This Property Is Condemned ( 1966 ) Patton ( 1970 ) The Great Gatsby ( 1974 ) Produced only American Graffiti ( 1973 ) The Junky 's Christmas ( 1993 ) Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein ( 1994 ) Don Juan DeMarco ( 1995 ) Lani Loa -- The Passage ( 1998 ) The Florentine ( 1999 ) The Virgin Suicides ( 1999 ) Enterprises American Zoetrope Zoetrope : All - Story Rubicon Estate Winery Francis Ford Coppola Presents VIAF : 270870827 GND : 1027788440 SUDOC : 130634298 BNF : cb16461240z ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patton_(film)&oldid=799474261 '' Categories : 1970 films 1970s drama films 1970s war films 1970s biographical films American films American drama films American biographical films American epic films American war films English - language films Cultural depictions of George S. Patton War epic films World War II films World War II films based on actual events North African Campaign films Best Picture Academy Award winners Biographical films about military leaders Films about armoured warfare Films set in the 1940s Films set in Morocco Films set in Tunisia Films set in Sicily Films set in France Films set in Belgium Films set in Germany Films shot in Algeria Films shot in Spain Films featuring a Best Actor Academy Award - winning performance Films featuring a Best Drama Actor Golden Globe winning performance Films that won the Best Sound Mixing Academy Award Films whose art director won the Best Art Direction Academy Award Films whose director won the Best Directing Academy Award Films whose editor won the Best Film Editing Academy Award Films whose writer won the Best Original Screenplay Academy Award 20th Century Fox films Films directed by Franklin J. Schaffner Screenplays by Francis Ford Coppola Film scores by Jerry Goldsmith United States National Film Registry films Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 September 2017 , at 23 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what book was the movie patton based on | [
"Patton is a 1970 American epic biographical war film about U.S. General George S. Patton during World War II. It stars George C. Scott, Karl Malden, Michael Bates and Karl Michael Vogler. It was directed by Franklin J. Schaffner from a script by Francis Ford Coppola and Edmund H. North, who based their screenplay on the biography Patton: Ordeal and Triumph by Ladislas Farago and Omar Bradley's memoir A Soldier's Story. The film was shot in 65 mm Dimension 150 by cinematographer Fred J. Koenekamp and has a music score by Jerry Goldsmith.",
"Patton is a 1970 American epic biographical war film about U.S. General George S. Patton during World War II. It stars George C. Scott, Karl Malden, Michael Bates and Karl Michael Vogler. It was directed by Franklin J. Schaffner from a script by Francis Ford Coppola and Edmund H. North, who based their screenplay on the biography Patton: Ordeal and Triumph by Ladislas Farago and Omar Bradley's memoir A Soldier's Story. The film was shot in 65 mm Dimension 150 by cinematographer Fred J. Koenekamp and has a music score by Jerry Goldsmith."
] | [
"Patton: Ordeal and Triumph",
"A Soldier's Story"
] |
-9199898379402576619 | Harvard University | Harvard University - wikipedia Harvard University Jump to : navigation , search `` Harvard '' redirects here . For other uses , see Harvard ( disambiguation ) . Harvard University Latin : Universitas Harvardiana Former names Harvard College Motto Veritas Motto in English Truth Type Private research Established 1636 ( 1636 ) Endowment $34.541 billion ( 2016 ) President Drew Gilpin Faust Academic staff 4,671 Students 21,000 Undergraduates 6,700 Postgraduates 14,500 Location Cambridge , Massachusetts , United States Campus Urban 210 acres ( 85 ha ) Newspaper The Harvard Crimson Colors Crimson Athletics NCAA Division I -- Ivy League Nickname Harvard Crimson Affiliations NAICU AICUM AAU URA Website harvard.edu Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge , Massachusetts , established in 1636 , whose history , influence , and wealth have made it one of the world 's most prestigious universities . Established originally by the Massachusetts legislature and soon thereafter named for John Harvard ( its first benefactor ) , Harvard is the United States ' oldest institution of higher learning , and the Harvard Corporation ( formally , the President and Fellows of Harvard College ) is its first chartered corporation . Although never formally affiliated with any denomination , the early College primarily trained Congregational and Unitarian clergy . Its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century , and by the 19th century Harvard had emerged as the central cultural establishment among Boston elites . Following the American Civil War , President Charles W. Eliot 's long tenure ( 1869 -- 1909 ) transformed the college and affiliated professional schools into a modern research university ; Harvard was a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900 . James Bryant Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II and began to reform the curriculum and liberalize admissions after the war . The undergraduate college became coeducational after its 1977 merger with Radcliffe College . The university is organized into eleven separate academic units -- ten faculties and the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study -- with campuses throughout the Boston metropolitan area : its 209 - acre ( 85 ha ) main campus is centered on Harvard Yard in Cambridge , approximately 3 miles ( 5 km ) northwest of Boston ; the business school and athletics facilities , including Harvard Stadium , are located across the Charles River in the Allston neighborhood of Boston and the medical , dental , and public health schools are in the Longwood Medical Area . Harvard 's $34.5 billion financial endowment is the largest of any academic institution . Harvard is a large , highly residential research university . The nominal cost of attendance is high , but the university 's large endowment allows it to offer generous financial aid packages . It operates several arts , cultural , and scientific museums , alongside the Harvard Library , which is the world 's largest academic and private library system , comprising 79 individual libraries with over 18 million volumes . Harvard 's alumni include eight U.S. presidents , several foreign heads of state , 62 living billionaires , 359 Rhodes Scholars , and 242 Marshall Scholars . To date , some 130 Nobel laureates , 18 Fields Medalists , and 13 Turing Award winners have been affiliated as students , faculty , or staff . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Colonial 1.2 19th century 1.3 20th century 1.4 21st century 2 Campuses 2.1 Cambridge 2.2 Allston 2.3 Longwood 2.4 Other 3 Organization and administration 3.1 Governance 3.2 Endowment 3.2. 1 Divestment 4 Academics 4.1 Admission 4.2 Teaching and learning 4.3 Research 4.4 Libraries and museums 4.5 University rankings 5 Student life 5.1 Student body 5.2 Athletics 5.3 Song 6 Notable people 6.1 Alumni 6.2 Faculty 7 Literature and popular culture 7.1 Literature 7.2 Film 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Citations 9.2 Further reading 10 External links History Main article : History of Harvard University Colonial The official seal of the Harvard Corporation . Found on Harvard diplomas , it carries the university 's original motto , Christo et Ecclesiae ( `` For Christ and Church '' ) , later changed to Veritas ( `` Truth '' ) . Engraving of Harvard College by Paul Revere , 1767 Harvard was established in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony . In 1638 , it obtained British North America 's first known printing press . In 1639 it was named Harvard College after deceased clergyman John Harvard an alumnus of the University of Cambridge who had left the school £ 779 and his scholar 's library of some 400 volumes . The charter creating the Harvard Corporation was granted in 1650 . A 1643 publication gave the school 's purpose as `` to advance learning and perpetuate it to posterity , dreading to leave an illiterate ministry to the churches when our present ministers shall lie in the dust '' ; in its early years trained many Puritan ministers . It offered a classic curriculum on the English university model -- many leaders in the colony had attended the University of Cambridge -- but conformed to the tenets of Puritanism . It was never affiliated with any particular denomination , but many of its earliest graduates went on to become clergymen in Congregational and Unitarian churches . The leading Boston divine Increase Mather served as president from 1685 to 1701 . In 1708 , John Leverett became the first president who was not also a clergyman , marking a turning of the college from Puritanism and toward intellectual independence . 19th century John Harvard statue , Harvard Yard Throughout the 18th century , Enlightenment ideas of the power of reason and free will became widespread among Congregational ministers , putting those ministers and their congregations in tension with more traditionalist , Calvinist parties . When the Hollis Professor of Divinity David Tappan died in 1803 and the president of Harvard Joseph Willard died a year later , in 1804 , a struggle broke out over their replacements . Henry Ware was elected to the chair in 1805 , and the liberal Samuel Webber was appointed to the presidency of Harvard two years later , which signaled the changing of the tide from the dominance of traditional ideas at Harvard to the dominance of liberal , Arminian ideas ( defined by traditionalists as Unitarian ideas ) . In 1846 , the natural history lectures of Louis Agassiz were acclaimed both in New York and on the campus at Harvard College . Agassiz 's approach was distinctly idealist and posited Americans ' `` participation in the Divine Nature '' and the possibility of understanding `` intellectual existences '' . Agassiz 's perspective on science combined observation with intuition and the assumption that a person can grasp the `` divine plan '' in all phenomena . When it came to explaining life - forms , Agassiz resorted to matters of shape based on a presumed archetype for his evidence . This dual view of knowledge was in concert with the teachings of Common Sense Realism derived from Scottish philosophers Thomas Reid and Dugald Stewart , whose works were part of the Harvard curriculum at the time . The popularity of Agassiz 's efforts to `` soar with Plato '' probably also derived from other writings to which Harvard students were exposed , including Platonic treatises by Ralph Cudworth , John Norris and , in a Romantic vein , Samuel Taylor Coleridge . The library records at Harvard reveal that the writings of Plato and his early modern and Romantic followers were almost as regularly read during the 19th century as those of the `` official philosophy '' of the more empirical and more deistic Scottish school . Charles W. Eliot , president 1869 -- 1909 , eliminated the favored position of Christianity from the curriculum while opening it to student self - direction . While Eliot was the most crucial figure in the secularization of American higher education , he was motivated not by a desire to secularize education , but by Transcendentalist Unitarian convictions . Derived from William Ellery Channing and Ralph Waldo Emerson , these convictions were focused on the dignity and worth of human nature , the right and ability of each person to perceive truth , and the indwelling God in each person . 20th century Richard Rummell 's 1906 watercolor landscape view , facing northeast . Harvard Yard as seen from Holyoke Center During the 20th century , Harvard 's international reputation grew as a burgeoning endowment and prominent professors expanded the university 's scope . Rapid enrollment growth continued as new graduate schools were begun and the undergraduate College expanded . Radcliffe College , established in 1879 as sister school of Harvard College , became one of the most prominent schools for women in the United States . Harvard became a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900 . In the early 20th century , the student body was predominately `` old - stock , high - status Protestants , especially Episcopalians , Congregationalists , and Presbyterians '' -- a group later called `` WASPs '' ( White Anglo - Saxon Protestants ) . In 1923 a proposal by president A. Lawrence Lowell that Jews be limited to 15 % of undergraduates was rejected , but Lowell did ban blacks from living in Harvard Yard ; Lowell believed that `` forcing '' blacks and whites to live together `` would increase a prejudice that ... is most unfortunate and probably growing . '' But by the 1970s , Harvard was much more diversified . James Bryant Conant ( president , 1933 -- 1953 ) reinvigorated creative scholarship to guarantee its preeminence among research institutions . He saw higher education as a vehicle of opportunity for the talented rather than an entitlement for the wealthy , so Conant devised programs to identify , recruit , and support talented youth . In 1943 , he asked the faculty make a definitive statement about what general education ought to be , at the secondary as well as the college level . The resulting Report , published in 1945 , was one of the most influential manifestos in the history of American education in the 20th century . In 1945 -- 1960 admissions policies were opened up to bring in students from a more diverse applicant pool . No longer drawing mostly from rich alumni of select New England prep schools , the undergraduate college was now open to striving middle class students from public schools ; many more Jews and Catholics were admitted , but few blacks , Hispanics or Asians . Harvard graduate schools began admitting women in small numbers in the late 19th century , and during World War II , students at Radcliffe College ( which since 1879 had been paying Harvard professors to repeat their lectures for women students ) began attending Harvard classes alongside men , The first class of women was admitted to Harvard Medical School in 1945 . Since the 1970s Harvard has been responsible for essentially all aspects of admission , instruction , and undergraduate life for women , and Radcliffe was formally merged into Harvard in 1999 . 21st century Drew Gilpin Faust , the Dean at Radcliffe , became the first female president of Harvard in 2007 . Campuses Cambridge University seal Harvard 's 209 - acre ( 85 ha ) main campus is centered on Harvard Yard in Cambridge , about 3 miles ( 5 km ) west - northwest of downtown Boston , and extends into the surrounding Harvard Square neighborhood . Harvard Yard itself contains the central administrative offices and main libraries of the university , academic buildings including Sever Hall and University Hall , Memorial Church , and the majority of the freshman dormitories . Sophomore , junior , and senior undergraduates live in twelve residential Houses , nine of which are south of Harvard Yard along or near the Charles River . The other three are located in a residential neighborhood half a mile northwest of the Yard at the Quadrangle ( commonly referred to as the Quad ) , which formerly housed Radcliffe College students until Radcliffe merged its residential system with Harvard . Each residential house contains rooms for undergraduates , House masters , and resident tutors , as well as a dining hall and library . The facilities were made possible by a gift from Yale University alumnus Edward Harkness . Radcliffe Yard , formerly the center of the campus of Radcliffe College and now home of the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard , is adjacent to the Graduate School of Education and the Cambridge Common . Memorial Hall Memorial Church Between 2011 and 2013 , Harvard University reported crime statistics for its main Cambridge campus that included 104 forcible sex offenses , 55 robberies , 83 aggravated assaults , 89 burglaries , and 43 cases of motor vehicle theft . Harvard also has commercial real estate holdings in Cambridge and Allston , on which it pays property taxes . This includes the Allston Doubletree Hotel , The Inn at Harvard , and the Harvard Square Hotel . Allston Main article : Harvard University 's expansion in Allston , Massachusetts The Harvard Business School and many of the university 's athletics facilities , including Harvard Stadium , are located on a 358 - acre ( 145 ha ) campus in Allston , a Boston neighborhood across the Charles River from the Cambridge campus . The John W. Weeks Bridge , a pedestrian bridge over the Charles River , connects the two campuses . Intending a major expansion , Harvard now owns more land in Allston than it does in Cambridge . A ten - year plan calls for 1.4 million square feet ( 130,000 square meters ) of new construction and 500,000 square feet ( 50,000 square meters ) of renovations , including new and renovated buildings at Harvard Business School ; a hotel and conference center ; a multipurpose institutional building ; renovations to graduate student housing and to Harvard Stadium ; new athletic facilities ; new laboratories and classrooms for the John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences ; expansion of the Harvard Education Portal ; and a district energy facility . Longwood Main article : Longwood Medical and Academic Area Further south , the Harvard Medical School , Harvard School of Dental Medicine , and the Harvard School of Public Health are located on a 21 - acre ( 8.5 ha ) campus in the Longwood Medical and Academic Area about 3.3 miles ( 5.3 km ) south of the Cambridge campus , and the same distance southwest of downtown Boston . The Arnold Arboretum , in the Jamaica Plain neighborhood of Boston , is also owned and operated by Harvard . Other Harvard also owns and operates the Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection , in Washington , D.C. ; the Harvard Forest in Petersham , Massachusetts ; the Concord Field Station in Estabrook Woods in Concord , Massachusetts and the Villa I Tatti research center in Florence , Italy . Harvard also operates the Harvard Shanghai Center in China . Organization and administration Governance College / school Year founded Harvard College 1636 Medicine 1782 Divinity 1816 Law 1817 Dental Medicine 1867 Arts and Sciences 1872 Business 1908 Extension 1910 Design 1914 Education 1920 Public Health 1922 Government 1936 Engineering and Applied Sciences 2007 Harvard Medical School Harvard is governed by a combination of its Board of Overseers and the President and Fellows of Harvard College ( also known as the Harvard Corporation ) , which in turn appoints the President of Harvard University . There are 16,000 staff and faculty , including 2,400 professors , lecturers , and instructors teaching 7,200 undergraduates and 14,000 graduate students . The Faculty of Arts and Sciences has primary responsibility for instruction in Harvard College , Graduate School of Arts and Sciences , and the Harvard Division of Continuing Education , which includes Harvard Summer School and Harvard Extension School . There are ten other graduate and professional school faculties , in addition to the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study . Joint programs with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology include the Harvard - MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology , the Broad Institute , The Observatory of Economic Complexity , and edX . Endowment Main article : Harvard University endowment Harvard has the largest university endowment in the world . As of September 2011 , it had nearly regained the loss suffered during the 2008 recession . It was worth $32 billion in 2011 , up from $28 billion in September 2010 and $26 billion in 2009 . It suffered about 30 % loss in 2008 -- 2009 . In December 2008 , Harvard announced that its endowment had lost 22 % ( approximately $8 billion ) from July to October 2008 , necessitating budget cuts . Later reports suggest the loss was actually more than double that figure , a reduction of nearly 50 % of its endowment in the first four months alone . Forbes in March 2009 estimated the loss to be in the range of $12 billion . One of the most visible results of Harvard 's attempt to re-balance its budget was their halting of construction of the $1.2 billion Allston Science Complex that had been scheduled to be completed by 2011 , resulting in protests from local residents . As of 2012 , Harvard University had a total financial aid reserve of $159 million for students , and a Pell Grant reserve of $4.093 million available for disbursement . Divestment Since the 1970s , several campaigns have sought to divest Harvard 's endowment from holdings the campaigns opposed , including investments in apartheid South Africa , the tobacco industry , Sudan during the Darfur genocide , and the fossil fuel industry . During the divestment from South Africa movement in the late 1980s , student activists erected a symbolic `` shantytown '' on Harvard Yard and blockaded a speech given by South African Vice Consul Duke Kent - Brown . The Harvard Management Company repeatedly refused to divest , stating that `` operating expenses must not be subject to financially unrealistic strictures or carping by the unsophisticated or by special interest groups . '' However , the university did eventually reduce its South African holdings by $230 million ( out of $400 million ) in response to the pressure . Academics Admission Undergraduate admission to Harvard is characterized by the Carnegie Foundation as `` more selective , lower transfer - in '' . Harvard College accepted 5.2 % of applicants for the class of 2021 , a record low and the second lowest acceptance rate among all national universities . Harvard College ended its early admissions program in 2007 as the program was believed to disadvantage low - income and under - represented minority applicants applying to selective universities , but for the class of 2016 , an early action program was reintroduced . Harvard 's undergraduate admission policies on preference for children of alumni have been the subject of scrutiny and debate as it has been claimed that it primarily aids Caucasians and the wealthy and seems to conflict with the concept of meritocratic admissions . The freshman class entering in the fall of 2017 will be the first to be predominantly ( 50.8 % ) nonwhite . Teaching and learning Massachusetts Hall ( 1720 ) , Harvard 's oldest building . Harvard Yard Harvard is a large , highly residential research university . The university has been accredited by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges since 1929 . The university offers 46 undergraduate concentrations ( majors ) , 134 graduate degrees , and 32 professional degrees . For the 2008 -- 2009 academic year , Harvard granted 1,664 baccalaureate degrees , 400 master 's degrees , 512 doctoral degrees , and 4,460 professional degrees . The four - year , full - time undergraduate program comprises a minority of enrollments at the university and emphasizes instruction with an `` arts and sciences focus '' . Between 1978 and 2008 , entering students were required to complete a core curriculum of seven classes outside of their concentration . Since 2008 , undergraduate students have been required to complete courses in eight General Education categories : Aesthetic and Interpretive Understanding , Culture and Belief , Empirical and Mathematical Reasoning , Ethical Reasoning , Science of Living Systems , Science of the Physical Universe , Societies of the World , and United States in the World . Harvard offers a comprehensive doctoral graduate program , and there is a high level of coexistence between graduate and undergraduate degrees . The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching , The New York Times , and some students have criticized Harvard for its reliance on teaching fellows for some aspects of undergraduate education ; they consider this to adversely affect the quality of education . Harvard 's academic programs operate on a semester calendar beginning in early September and ending in mid-May . Undergraduates typically take four half - courses per term and must maintain a four - course rate average to be considered full - time . In many concentrations , students can elect to pursue a basic program or an honors - eligible program requiring a senior thesis and / or advanced course work . Students graduating in the top 4 -- 5 % of the class are awarded degrees summa cum laude , students in the next 15 % of the class are awarded magna cum laude , and the next 30 % of the class are awarded cum laude . Harvard has chapters of academic honor societies such as Phi Beta Kappa and various committees and departments also award several hundred named prizes annually . Harvard , along with other universities , has been accused of grade inflation , although there is evidence that the quality of the student body and its motivation have also increased . Harvard College reduced the number of students who receive Latin honors from 90 % in 2004 to 60 % in 2005 . Moreover , the honors of `` John Harvard Scholar '' and `` Harvard College Scholar '' would now be given only to the top 5 percent and the next 5 percent of each class . University policy is to expel students engaging in academic dishonesty to discourage a `` culture of cheating . '' In 2012 , dozens of students were expelled for cheating after an investigation of more than 120 students . In 2013 , there was a report that as many as 42 % of incoming freshmen had cheated on homework prior to entering the university , and these incidents have prompted the university to consider adopting an honor code . For the 2012 -- 2013 school year , annual tuition was $38,000 , with a total cost of attendance of $57,000 . Beginning in 2007 , families with incomes below $60,000 pay nothing for their children to attend , including room and board . Families with incomes between $60,000 to $80,000 pay only a few thousand dollars per year , and families earning between $120,000 and $180,000 pay no more than 10 % of their annual incomes . In 2009 , Harvard offered grants totaling $414 million across all eleven divisions ; $340 million came from institutional funds , $35 million from federal support , and $39 million from other outside support . Grants total 88 % of Harvard 's aid for undergraduate students , with aid also provided by loans ( 8 % ) and work - study ( 4 % ) . Tuition only covers 6.4 % of Harvard 's operating costs Research This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2013 ) Harvard is a founding member of the Association of American Universities and remains a research university with `` very high '' research activity and a `` comprehensive '' doctoral program across the arts , sciences , engineering , and medicine . Research and development expenditures in 2011 totaled $649.7 million , 27th among American universities . Libraries and museums Widener Library anchors the Harvard University Library system . The Harvard University Library System is centered in Widener Library in Harvard Yard and comprises nearly 80 individual libraries holding over 18 million volumes . According to the American Library Association , this makes it the largest academic library in the United States , and one of the largest in the world . Cabot Science Library , Lamont Library , and Widener Library are three of the most popular libraries for undergraduates to use , with easy access and central locations . There are rare books , manuscripts and other special collections throughout Harvard 's libraries ; Houghton Library , the Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America , and the Harvard University Archives consist principally of rare and unique materials . America 's oldest collection of maps , gazetteers , and atlases both old and new is stored in Pusey Library and open to the public . The largest collection of East - Asian language material outside of East Asia is held in the Harvard - Yenching Library . Henry Moore 's sculpture Large Four Piece Reclining Figure , near Lamont Library Harvard operates several arts , cultural , and scientific museums . The Harvard Art Museums comprise three museums . The Arthur M. Sackler Museum includes collections of ancient , Asian , Islamic and later Indian art , the Busch - Reisinger Museum , formerly the Germanic Museum , covers central and northern European art , and the Fogg Museum of Art , covers Western art from the Middle Ages to the present emphasizing Italian early Renaissance , British pre-Raphaelite , and 19th - century French art . The Harvard Museum of Natural History includes the Harvard Mineralogical Museum , Harvard University Herbaria featuring the Blaschka Glass Flowers exhibit , and the Museum of Comparative Zoology . Other museums include the Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts , designed by Le Corbusier , housing the film archive , the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology , specializing in the cultural history and civilizations of the Western Hemisphere , and the Semitic Museum featuring artifacts from excavations in the Middle East . University Rankings University rankings National ARWU Forbes U.S. News & World Report Washington Monthly Global ARWU QS Times 6 U.S. News & World Report ( show ) National Program Rankings Program Ranking Biological Sciences Business Chemistry Clinical Psychology 16 Computer Science 18 Earth Sciences 8 Economics Education Engineering 23 English 8 History Law Mathematics Medicine : Primary Care 16 Medicine : Research Physics Political Science Psychology Public Affairs Public Health Sociology Statistics ( show ) Global Program Rankings Program Ranking Agricultural Sciences 13 Arts & Humanities Biology & Biochemistry Chemistry 9 Clinical Medicine Computer Science 6 Economics & Business Engineering 34 Environment / Ecology Geosciences 7 Immunology Materials Science 5 Mathematics 10 Microbiology Molecular Biology & Genetics Neuroscience & Behavior Pharmacology & Toxicology Physics Plant & Animal Science 5 Psychiatry / Psychology Social Sciences & Public Health Space Science Among overall rankings , the Academic Ranking of World Universities ( ARWU ) has ranked Harvard as the world 's best university every year since it was first released . When QS and Times Higher Education were published in partnership as the THE - QS World University Rankings during 2004 -- 2009 , Harvard had also held the top spot every year . Additionally , the THE World Reputation Rankings have consecutively ranked Harvard as the top institution among the world 's `` six super brand '' universities , the others being Berkeley , Cambridge , MIT , Oxford and Stanford . Regarding rankings of specific indicators , Harvard topped both University Ranking by Academic Performance 2015 -- 2016 and Mines ParisTech : Professional Ranking of World Universities ( 2011 ) , which measured universities ' numbers of alumni holding CEO positions in Fortune Global 500 companies . According to the 2016 poll done by The Princeton Review , Harvard is the second most commonly named `` dream college '' in the United States , both for students and parents . College ROI Report : Best Value Colleges by PayScale puts Harvard 22nd nationwide in the most recent 2016 edition . Student life Demographics of student body Undergraduate Graduate and professional U.S. census Asian / Pacific Islander 17 % 11 % 5 % Black / non-Hispanic 6 % 4 % 12 % Hispanics of any race 9 % 5 % 16 % White / non-Hispanic 46 % 43 % 64 % Mixed race / other 10 % 8 % 9 % International students 11 % 27 % N / A Student body In the last six years , Harvard 's student population ranged from 19,000 to 21,000 , across all programs . Harvard enrolled 6,655 students in undergraduate programs , 3,738 students in graduate programs , and 10,722 students in professional programs . The undergraduate population is 51 % female , the graduate population is 48 % female , and the professional population is 49 % female . Athletics Main article : Harvard Crimson Harvard Stadium , home of Harvard Crimson and the Boston Cannons Harvard men 's eight crew at Henley , 2004 The Cornell -- Harvard hockey rivalry match , 2006 The Harvard Crimson competes in 42 intercollegiate sports in the NCAA Division I Ivy League . Harvard has an intense athletic rivalry with Yale University culminating in The Game , although the Harvard -- Yale Regatta predates the football game . This rivalry is put aside every two years when the Harvard and Yale Track and Field teams come together to compete against a combined Oxford University and Cambridge University team , a competition that is the oldest continuous international amateur competition in the world . Harvard 's athletic rivalry with Yale is intense in every sport in which they meet , coming to a climax each fall in the annual football meeting , which dates back to 1875 and is usually called simply `` The Game '' . While Harvard 's football team is no longer one of the country 's best as it often was a century ago during football 's early days ( it won the Rose Bowl in 1920 ) , both it and Yale have influenced the way the game is played . In 1903 , Harvard Stadium introduced a new era into football with the first - ever permanent reinforced concrete stadium of its kind in the country . The stadium 's structure actually played a role in the evolution of the college game . Seeking to reduce the alarming number of deaths and serious injuries in the sport , Walter Camp ( former captain of the Yale football team ) , suggested widening the field to open up the game . But the stadium was too narrow to accommodate a wider playing surface . So , other steps had to be taken . Camp would instead support revolutionary new rules for the 1906 season . These included legalizing the forward pass , perhaps the most significant rule change in the sport 's history . Harvard has several athletic facilities , such as the Lavietes Pavilion , a multi-purpose arena and home to the Harvard basketball teams . The Malkin Athletic Center , known as the `` MAC '' , serves both as the university 's primary recreation facility and as a satellite location for several varsity sports . The five - story building includes two cardio rooms , an Olympic - size swimming pool , a smaller pool for aquaerobics and other activities , a mezzanine , where all types of classes are held , an indoor cycling studio , three weight rooms , and a three - court gym floor to play basketball . The MAC offers personal trainers and specialty classes . It is home to Harvard volleyball , fencing and wrestling . Weld Boathouse and Newell Boathouse house the women 's and men 's rowing teams , respectively . The men 's crew also uses the Red Top complex in Ledyard , Connecticut , as their training camp for the annual Harvard - Yale Regatta . The Bright Hockey Center hosts the Harvard hockey teams , and the Murr Center serves both as a home for Harvard 's squash and tennis teams as well as a strength and conditioning center for all athletic sports . As of 2013 , there were 42 Division I intercollegiate varsity sports teams for women and men at Harvard , more than at any other NCAA Division I college in the country . As with other Ivy League universities , Harvard does not offer athletic scholarships . Older than The Game by 23 years , the Harvard - Yale Regatta was the original source of the athletic rivalry between the two schools . It is held annually in June on the Thames River in eastern Connecticut . The Harvard crew is typically considered to be one of the top teams in the country in rowing . Today , Harvard fields top teams in several other sports , such as the Harvard Crimson men 's ice hockey team ( with a strong rivalry against Cornell ) , squash , and even recently won NCAA titles in Men 's and Women 's Fencing . Harvard also won the Intercollegiate Sailing Association National Championships in 2003 . Harvard 's men 's ice hockey team won the school 's first NCAA Championship in any team sport in 1989 . Harvard was also the first Ivy League institution to win a NCAA championship title in a women 's sport when its women 's lacrosse team won the NCAA Championship in 1990 . Harvard Undergraduate Television has footage from historical games and athletic events including the 2005 pep - rally before the Harvard - Yale Game . The school color is crimson , which is also the name of the Harvard sports teams and the daily newspaper , The Harvard Crimson . The color was unofficially adopted ( in preference to magenta ) by an 1875 vote of the student body , although the association with some form of red can be traced back to 1858 , when Charles William Eliot , a young graduate student who would later become Harvard 's 21st and longest - serving president ( 1869 -- 1909 ) , bought red bandanas for his crew so they could more easily be distinguished by spectators at a regatta . Song Harvard has several fight songs , the most played of which , especially at football , are `` Ten Thousand Men of Harvard '' and `` Harvardiana . '' While `` Fair Harvard '' is actually the alma mater , `` Ten Thousand Men '' is better known outside the university . The Harvard University Band performs these fight songs , and other cheers at football and hockey games . These were parodied by Harvard alumnus Tom Lehrer in his song `` Fight Fiercely , Harvard , '' which he composed while an undergraduate . Notable People Alumni Main articles : List of Harvard University people and Notable non-graduate alumni of Harvard 2nd President of the United States John Adams ( AB , 1755 ; AM , 1758 ) 6th President of the United States John Quincy Adams ( AB , 1787 ; AM , 1798 ) 19th President of the United States Rutherford B. Hayes ( LLB , 1845 ) 26th President of the United States and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Theodore Roosevelt ( AB , 1880 ) 32nd President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt ( AB , 1903 ) American author , political activist , and lecturer Helen Keller ( AB , Radcliffe College , 1904 ) 35th President of the United States John F. Kennedy ( SB , 1940 ) President of Liberia and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Ellen Johnson Sirleaf ( MPA , 1971 ) 11th Prime Minister of Pakistan Benazir Bhutto ( AB , 1973 ) 43rd President of the United States George W. Bush ( MBA , 1975 ) Founder of Microsoft Bill Gates ( COL , 1977 ; LLD , 2007 ) Secretary - General of the United Nations Ban Ki - moon ( MPA , 1984 ) Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Elena Kagan ( JD , Harvard Law School , 1986 ) 46th First Lady of the United States Michelle Obama ( JD , 1988 ) 44th President of the United States and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Barack Obama ( JD , 1991 ) Co-Founder of Facebook Mark Zuckerberg ( COL , 2006 ) Faculty Harvard 's faculty includes scholars such as biologist E.O. Wilson , cognitive scientist Steven Pinker , physicists Lisa Randall and Roy Glauber , chemists Elias Corey , Dudley R. Herschbach and George M. Whitesides , computer scientists Michael O. Rabin and Leslie Valiant , Shakespeare scholar Stephen Greenblatt , writer Louis Menand , critic Helen Vendler , historians Henry Louis Gates , Jr. and Niall Ferguson , economists Amartya Sen , N. Gregory Mankiw , Robert Barro , Stephen A. Marglin , Don M. Wilson III and Martin Feldstein , political philosophers Harvey Mansfield , Baroness Shirley Williams and Michael Sandel , Fields Medalist mathematician Shing - Tung Yau , political scientists Robert Putnam , Joseph Nye , and Stanley Hoffmann , scholar / composers Robert Levin and Bernard Rands , astrophysicist Alyssa A. Goodman , and legal scholars Alan Dershowitz and Lawrence Lessig . Past faculty members include Stephen Jay Gould , Robert Nozick , Stephan Thernstrom , Michael Walzer , and Cornel West . Literature and popular culture Tower at the University of Puerto Rico , showing ( right ) the emblem of Harvard University -- the oldest in the United States -- and ( left ) that of National University of San Marcos , Lima -- the oldest in the Americas Harvard 's legacy as a leading research and educational institution has a significant impact in both academy and popular culture . Furthermore , the perception of Harvard as a center of either elite achievement , or elitist privilege , has made it a frequent literary and cinematic backdrop . `` In the grammar of film , Harvard has come to mean both tradition , and a certain amount of stuffiness , '' film critic Paul Sherman has said . Literature William Faulkner 's The Sound and the Fury ( 1929 ) and Absalom ! Absalom ! ( 1936 ) both depict Harvard student life . Of Time and the River ( 1935 ) , Thomas Wolfe 's fictionalized autobiography , includes his alter ego 's student days at Harvard . The Late George Apley ( 1937 ; winner of the Pulitzer Prize ) , by John P. Marquand , parodies Harvard men at the opening of the 20th century . The Second Happiest Day ( 1953 ) , by John P. Marquand , Jr. , depicts the Harvard of the World War II generation . Film Harvard 's policy since 1970 has been to permit filming on its property only rarely , so most scenes set at Harvard ( especially indoor shots , but excepting aerial footage and shots of public areas such as Harvard Square ) are in fact shot elsewhere . Erich Segal 's Love Story ( 1970 ) , which concerns a romance between a wealthy hockey player ( Ryan O'Neal ) and a brilliant Radcliffe student of modest means ( Ali MacGraw ) , is screened annually for incoming freshmen . The Paper Chase ( 1973 ) Prozac Nation ( 2001 ) Legally Blonde ( 2001 ) Stealing Harvard ( 2002 ) The Social Network ( 2010 ) See also Boston portal Massachusetts portal University portal 2012 Harvard cheating scandal Academic regalia of Harvard University Gore Hall Harvard College Harvard University Police Department Harvard University Press Harvard / MIT Cooperative Society I , Too , Am Harvard List of universities by number of billionaire alumni Officially unrecognized Harvard College social clubs Outline of Harvard University Secret Court of 1920 References Citations Jump up ^ Harvard 's Veritas appears on the university 's arms ; heraldically speaking , however , a ' motto ' is a word or phrase displayed on a scroll in conjunction with a shield of arms . Since 1692 University seals have borne Christo et Ecclesiae ( for Christ and the Church ) in this manner , arguably making that phrase the university 's motto in a heraldic sense . This legend is otherwise not in general use today . ^ Jump up to : Julie A. Reuben ( 1996 ) . The Making of the Modern University : Intellectual Transformation and the Marginalization of Morality . University of Chicago Press . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 71020 - 4 . Jump up ^ An appropriation of £ 400 toward a `` school or college '' was voted on October 28 , 1636 ( OS ) , at a meeting which convened on September 8 and was adjourned to October 28 . Some sources consider October 28 , 1636 ( OS ) ( November 7 , 1636 NS ) to be the date of founding . Harvard 's 1936 tercentenary celebration treated September 18 as the founding date , though 1836 bicentennial was celebrated on September 8 , 1836 . Sources : meeting dates , Quincy , Josiah ( 1860 ) . History of Harvard University . 117 Washington Street , Boston : Crosby , Nichols , Lee and Co. , p. 586 , `` At a Court holden September 8th , 1636 and continued by adjournment to the 28th of the 8th month ( October , 1636 ) ... the Court agreed to give £ 400 towards a School or College , whereof £ 200 to be paid next year ... '' Tercentenary dates : `` Cambridge Birthday '' . Time . September 28 , 1936 . Retrieved September 8 , 2006 . : `` Harvard claims birth on the day the Massachusetts Great and General Court convened to authorize its founding . This was Sept. 8 , 1637 under the Julian calendar . Allowing for the ten - day advance of the Gregorian calendar , Tercentenary officials arrived at Sept. 18 as the date for the third and last big Day of the celebration ; '' `` on Oct. 28 , 1636 ... £ 400 for that ' school or college ' ( was voted by ) the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony . '' Bicentennial date : Marvin Hightower ( September 2 , 2003 ) . `` Harvard Gazette : This Month in Harvard History '' . Harvard University . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2006 . Retrieved September 15 , 2006 . , `` Sept. 8 , 1836 - Some 1,100 to 1,300 alumni flock to Harvard 's Bicentennial , at which a professional choir premieres `` Fair Harvard . '' ... guest speaker Josiah Quincy Jr. , Class of 1821 , makes a motion , unanimously adopted , ' that this assembly of the Alumni be adjourned to meet at this place on September 8 , 1936 . ' '' Tercentary opening of Quincy 's sealed package : The New York Times , September 9 , 1936 , p. 24 , `` Package Sealed in 1836 Opened at Harvard . It Held Letters Written at Bicentenary '' : `` September 8th , 1936 : As the first formal function in the celebration of Harvard 's tercentenary , the Harvard Alumni Association witnessed the opening by President Conant of the ' mysterious ' package sealed by President Josiah Quincy at the Harvard bicentennial in 1836 . '' Jump up ^ As of June 30 , 2016 . `` U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year ( FY ) 2016 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY 2015 to FY 2016 '' ( PDF ) . National Association of College and University Business Officers and Commonfund Institute . 2017 . Jump up ^ Office of Institutional Research . ( 2009 ) . `` Faculty '' . Harvard University Fact Book ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 25 , 2012 . ( `` Unduplicated , Paid Instructional Faculty Count : 2,107 . Unduplicated instructional faculty count is the most appropriate count for general reporting purposes . '' ) ^ Jump up to : As of 1 September 2014 . `` Harvard at a Glance '' . Harvard University . Retrieved November 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harvard at a Glance '' . Harvard University . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Keller , Morton ; Keller , Phyllis ( 2001 ) . Making Harvard Modern : The Rise of America 's University . Oxford University Press . pp. 463 -- 481 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 514457 - 0 . Harvard 's professional schools ... won world prestige of a sort rarely seen among social institutions . ( ... ) Harvard 's age , wealth , quality , and prestige may well shield it from any conceivable vicissitudes . Spaulding , Christina ( 1989 ) . `` Sexual Shakedown '' . In Trumpbour , John . How Harvard Rules : Reason in the Service of Empire . South End Press . pp. 326 -- 336 . ISBN 0 - 89608 - 284 - 9 ... ( Harvard 's ) tremendous institutional power and prestige ( ... ) Within the nation 's ( arguably ) most prestigious institution of higher learning ... David Altaner ( March 9 , 2011 ) . `` Harvard , MIT Ranked Most Prestigious Universities , Study Reports '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved March 1 , 2012 . Collier 's Encyclopedia . Macmillan Educational Co. 1986 . Harvard University , one of the world 's most prestigious institutions of higher learning , was founded in Massachusetts in 1636 . Newport , Frank . `` Harvard Number One University in Eyes of Public Stanford and Yale in second place '' . Gallup . `` ARWU - Harvard University '' . Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2015 . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . `` The Week in Review : Harvard Ends Early Admissions and Guess Who Wins '' . The New York Times . September 17 , 2006 . The most prestigious college in the world , of course , is Harvard , and the gap between it and every other university is often underestimated . Jump up ^ Rudolph , Frederick ( 1961 ) . The American College and University . University of Georgia Press . p. 3 . ISBN 0 - 8203 - 1285 - 1 . Jump up ^ Story , Ronald ( 1975 ) . `` Harvard and the Boston Brahmins : A Study in Institutional and Class Development , 1800 -- 1865 '' . Journal of Social History . 8 ( 3 ) : 94 -- 121 . doi : 10.1353 / jsh / 8.3. 94 . Jump up ^ Farrell , Betty G. ( 1993 ) . Elite Families : Class and Power in Nineteenth - Century Boston . State University of New York Press . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 1593 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` Member Institutions and years of Admission '' . Association of American Universities . Retrieved August 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Faculties and Allied Institutions '' ( PDF ) . Office of the Provost , Harvard University . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 11 , 2010 . Retrieved August 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Faculties and Allied Institutions '' ( PDF ) . Office of the Provost , Harvard University . 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 23 , 2013 . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carnegie Classifications - Harvard University '' . The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching . Retrieved August 28 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Rimer , Sara ; Finder , Alan ( December 10 , 2007 ) . `` Harvard Steps Up Financial Aid '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Harvard Library Annual Report FY 2013 '' . Harvard University Library . 2013 . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Nation 's Largest Libraries : A Listing By Volumes Held '' . American Library Association . May 2009 . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Speaking Volumes '' . Harvard Gazette . The President and Fellows of Harvard College . February 26 , 1998 . Jump up ^ `` Joining the ranks of Rhodes '' . Harvard Gazette . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Janhavi Kumar Sapra ( August 11 , 2010 ) . `` Billionaire Universities '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics '' . www.marshallscholarship.org . Jump up ^ `` The complete list of Fields Medal winners '' . areppim AG . 2014 . Retrieved September 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Harvard 's Veritas appears on the university 's arms ; heraldically speaking , however , a ' motto ' is a word or phrase displayed on a scroll in conjunction with a shield of arms . Since 1692 University seals have borne Christo et Ecclesiae ( for Christ and the Church ) in this manner , arguably making that phrase the university 's motto in a heraldic sense . This legend is otherwise not in general use today . Jump up ^ `` The instrument behind New England 's first literary flowering '' . Harvard University . Retrieved January 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rowley and Ezekiel Rogers , The First North American Printing Press '' ( PDF ) . Maritime Historical Studies Centre , University of Hull . Retrieved January 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` John Harvard Facts , Information . '' . The Columbia Encyclopedia , Sixth Edition . 2008 . Retrieved July 17 , 2009 . He bequeathed £ 780 ( half his estate ) and his library of 320 volumes to the new established college at Cambridge , Mass. , which was named in his honor . Jump up ^ Wright , Louis B. ( 2002 ) . The Cultural Life of the American Colonies . p. 116 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 42223 - 7 . Jump up ^ Grigg , John A. ; Mancall , Peter C. ( 2008 ) . British Colonial America : People and Perspectives . ABC - CLIO . p. 47 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 025 - 4 . Jump up ^ Harvard Office of News and Public Affairs ( July 26 , 2007 ) . `` Harvard guide intro '' . Harvard University . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2007 . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gary J. Dorrien . The Making of American Liberal Theology : Imagining Progressive Religion , 1805 - 1900 , Volume 1 . Westminster John Knox Press , 2001 Jump up ^ Peter S. Field Ralph Waldo Emerson : The Making of a Democratic Intellectual Rowman & Littlefield , 2003 ISBN 978 - 0847688425 Jump up ^ Nartonis , David K. ( 2005 ) . `` Louis Agassiz and the Platonist Story of Creation at Harvard , 1795 -- 1846 '' . Journal of the History of Ideas. 66 ( 3 ) : 437 -- 449 . JSTOR 3654189 . doi : 10.1353 / jhi. 2005.0045 . Jump up ^ Shoemaker , Stephen P. ( 2006 -- 2007 ) . `` The Theological Roots of Charles W. Eliot 's Educational Reforms '' . Journal of Unitarian Universalist History . 31 : 30 -- 45 . Jump up ^ `` Arader Galleries Iconic College Views '' , Rummell , Richard , Littig & Co. 1915 Jump up ^ Jerome Karabel ( 2006 ) . The Chosen : The Hidden History of Admission and Exclusion at Harvard , Yale , and Princeton . p. 23 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Stephen ( September 1 , 1971 ) . `` How Jewish Quotas Began '' . Commentary . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Dirk ( March 4 , 1986 ) . `` YALE 'S LIMIT ON JEWISH ENROLLMENT LASTED UNTIL EARLY 1960 'S , BOOK SAYS '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Lowell Tells Jews Limits at Colleges Might Help Them '' . The New York Times . June 17 , 1922 . Jump up ^ Anita Fay Kravitz , `` The Harvard Report of 1945 : An historical ethnography '' , Ph. D. dissertation , University of Pennsylvania , 1994 , 367 pages ; AAT 9427558 Jump up ^ Malka A. Older . ( 1996 ) . Preparatory schools and the admissions process . The Harvard Crimson , January 24 , 1996 Jump up ^ Schwager , Sally ( 2004 ) . `` Taking up the Challenge : The Origins of Radcliffe '' . In Laurel Thatcher Ulrich ( ed . ) . Yards and Gates : Gender in Harvard and Radcliffe History . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . p. 115 . ISBN 1 - 4039 - 6098 - 4 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Jump up ^ First class of women admitted to Harvard Medical School , 1945 ( Report ) . Countway Repository , Harvard University Library . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Radcliffe Enters Historic Merger With Harvard ( Report ) . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alan Finder ; Patrick D. Healy ; Kate Zernicke ( February 22 , 2006 ) . `` President of Harvard Resigns , Ending Stormy 5 - Year Tenure '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( February 11 , 2007 ) . `` Harvard Board Names First Woman President '' . NBC News . Retrieved August 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Biography Archived June 26 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . in the Exeter Bulletin Archived June 26 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard . Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard . President and Fellows of Harvard College . 2016 . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Appendix 1 -- Cambridge Campus Clery Act Criminal Statistics '' ( PDF ) . Harvard University Police Department . Retrieved August 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Institutional Ownership Map - Cambridge Massachusetts '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Harvard Purchases Doubletree Hotel Building - News - The Harvard Crimson '' . www.thecrimson.com . Jump up ^ Harvard continues its march into Allston , with science complex Tim Logan . Boston Globe . April 14 , 2016 . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Allston Planning and Development / Office of the Executive Vice President '' . Harvard University . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Harvard unveils big campus expansion Svea Herbst - Bayliss . Reuters . January 12 , 2007 . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Concord Field Station '' . mcz.harvard.edu . Harvard University . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Villa I Tatti : The Harvard University Center for Italian Renaissance Studies '' . Itatti.it . Retrieved June 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Shanghai Center '' . Harvard.edu . Jump up ^ Bethell , John T. ; Hunt , Richard M. ; Shenton , Robert ( 2009 ) . Harvard A to Z . Harvard University Press . pp. 166 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 02089 - 4 . Jump up ^ Burlington Free Press , June 24 , 2009 , page 11B , `` '' Harvard to cut 275 jobs '' Associated Press Jump up ^ Office of Institutional Research ( 2009 ) . Harvard University Fact Book 2009 -- 2010 ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 23 , 2011 . ( `` Faculty '' ) Jump up ^ Harvard University . ( 2010 ) . Financial Report , Fiscal Year 2010 ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 26 , 2011 . p. 20 . Jump up ^ `` Harvard Endowment Rises $4.4 Billion to $32 Billion '' . Harvard Magazine . Vol . November -- December . 2011 . Retrieved December 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2013 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY 2012 to FY 2013 '' ( PDF ) . National Association of College and University Business Officers and Commonfund Institute . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 1 , 2014 . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Beth Healy ( January 28 , 2010 ) . `` Harvard endowment leads others down '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hechinger , John ( December 4 , 2008 ) . `` Harvard Hit by Loss as Crisis Spreads to Colleges '' . Wall Street Journal . p . A1 . ^ Jump up to : Munk , Nina ( August 2009 ) . `` Nina Munk on Hard Times at Harvard '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Andrew M. Rosenfield ( March 4 , 2009 ) . `` Understanding Endowments , Part I '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Vidya B. Viswanathan and Peter F. Zhu ( March 5 , 2009 ) . `` Residents Protest Vacancies in Allston '' . Harvard Crimson . Retrieved February 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Locate Colleges Harvard University '' . Locatecolleges.com . Jump up ^ Alli Welton ( November 20 , 2012 ) . `` Harvard Students Vote 72 Percent Support for Fossil Fuel Divestment '' . The Nation . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Michael C. George ; David W. Kaufman ( May 23 , 2012 ) . `` Students Protest Investment in Apartheid South Africa '' . The Harvard Crimson . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anjali Cadambi ( September 19 , 2010 ) . `` Harvard University community campaigns for divestment from apartheid South Africa , 1977 - 1989 '' . Global Nonviolent Action Database . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ John Trumpbour ( 1989 ) . How Harvard Rules : Reason in the Service of Empire . South End Press . pp. 402 -- 418 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89608 - 283 - 0 . Jump up ^ Robert Anthony Waters Jr . ( March 20 , 2009 ) . Historical Dictionary of United States - Africa Relations . Scarecrow Press . p. 77 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6291 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` 2,056 Accepted to Harvard Class of 2021 '' . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yaqhubi , Zohra D. `` Harvard College Accepts Record Low of 5.8 Percent to the Class of 2017 News The Harvard Crimson '' . Thecrimson.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Finder , Alan ; Arenson , Karen W. ( September 12 , 2006 ) . `` Harvard Ends Early Admission '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Golden , Daniel ( January 15 , 2003 ) . `` Admissions Preferences Given to Alumni Children Draws Fire '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Golden , Daniel ( 2006 ) . The Price of Admission : How America 's Ruling Class Buys Its Way into Elite Colleges -- and Who Gets Left Outside the Gates . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 9796 - 7 . Jump up ^ Fernandes , Deirdre ( 2017 - 08 - 03 ) . `` The majority of Harvard 's incoming class is nonwhite '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ Harvard College . `` A Brief History of Harvard College '' . Harvard College . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Roster of Institutions '' . Commission on Institutions of Higher Education , New England Association of Schools and Colleges . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2013 . Retrieved August 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fields of Concentration '' . Handbook for Students . Harvard College . Retrieved August 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Degree Programs '' ( PDF ) . Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Handbook . pp. 28 -- 30 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 9 , 2015 . Retrieved August 28 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Degrees Conferred by Program : Academic Year 2008 -- 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Institutional Research , Office of the Provost , Harvard University . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 11 , 2010 . Retrieved August 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Academic Information : The Core Curriculum Requirement '' . Handbook for Students . Harvard College . Retrieved August 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Academic Information : Program in General Education Requirement '' . Handbook for Students . Harvard College . Retrieved August 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hicks , D.L. ( September 20 , 2002 ) . `` Should Our Colleges Be Ranked ? '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Merrow , J. ( 2004 ) . `` Grade Inflation : It 's Not Just an Issue for the Ivy League '' . Carnegie Perspectives . The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching . Jump up ^ `` 5 Year Academic Calendar '' . Harvard University . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2006 . Retrieved August 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Academic Information : Rate of Work '' . Handbook for Students . Harvard College . Retrieved August 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Academic Information : The Concentration Requirement '' . Handbook for Students . Harvard College . Retrieved August 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Academic Information : Requirements for Honors Degrees '' . Handbook for Students . Harvard College . Retrieved August 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Prizes '' . Faculty of Arts & Sciences . Harvard University . 2010 . Jump up ^ Primack , Phil ( October 5 , 2008 ) . `` Does n't Anybody Get a C Anymore ? '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Kohn , A ( November 8 , 2002 ) . `` The Dangerous Myth of Grade Inflation '' . The Chronicle of Higher Education . Jump up ^ No author given . ( 2003 ) . Brevia Archived March 26 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine ... Harvard Magazine , January -- February 2003 . Jump up ^ Milzoff , R.M. , Paley , A.R. , & Reed , B.J. ( 2001 ) . Grade Inflation is Real . Fifteen Minutes March 1 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Bombardieri , M. & Schweitzer , S. ( 2006 ) . `` At Harvard , more concern for top grades . '' The Boston Globe , February 12 , 2006 . p . B3 ( Benedict Gross quotes , 23.7 % A / 25 % A - figures , characterized as an `` all - time high . '' ) . Jump up ^ Associated Press . ( 2004 ) . Princeton becomes first to formally combat grade inflation . USA Today , April 26 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Davis , Kevin S. ( February 15 , 1994 ) . `` How Does Harvard Define Cheating ? '' . The Harvard Crimson , . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 ... Cheating incidences that appear before the Ad Board almost always result in requirement to withdraw by the student ... Jump up ^ Curry , Coleen ( August 31 , 2012 ) . `` Harvard Students Accused of Cheating on Final Exam Reflects ' Culture of Cheating , ' Grad Says '' . ABC News . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hu , Melody Y. ; Newcomer , Eric P. ( March 24 , 2010 ) . `` Administrators Discuss College Honor Code '' . The Harvard Crimson . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . `` ... one thing remains certain : many College administrators are looking for a way to combat academic dishonesty at Harvard -- which Harris recently called a real problem '' ... Jump up ^ Perez - Pena , Richard ( February 1 , 2013 ) . `` Students Disciplined in Harvard Scandal '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Moya - Smith , Simon ( September 6 , 2013 ) . `` Survey : 42 percent of Harvard 's incoming freshman class cheated on homework '' . NBC News . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harrington , Rebecca ( September 14 , 2012 ) . `` Song of the Cheaters '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . `` ... an honor code , a system ... Harvard has long resisted Jump up ^ `` Harvard University Tuition And Costs '' . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tuition at Harvard Schools : FY1990 -- FY2010 '' ( PDF ) . Harvard University . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 10 , 2010 . Retrieved August 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cowen , Tyler ( 8 September 2017 ) . `` Legacy Students Make Harvard 's Finances Work '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Member Institutions and Years of Admission '' . Association of American Universities . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2012 . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Table 14 : Higher education R&D expenditures , ranked by all R&D expenditures , by source of funds : FY 2011 '' ( PDF ) . National Science Foundation . 2011 . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ See the library portal listing of archives and special collections Harvard Libraries : Archives and Special Collections Listed Alphabetically by Name Archived June 26 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ `` Academic Ranking of World Universities 2017 : USA '' . Shanghai Ranking Consultancy . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Top Colleges '' . Forbes . July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Best Colleges 2017 : National Universities Rankings '' . U.S. News & World Report . September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Rankings - National Universities '' . Washington Monthly . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Academic Ranking of World Universities 2017 '' . Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` QS World University Rankings ® 2018 '' . Quacquarelli Symonds Limited . 2017 . Retrieved 25 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World University Rankings 2016 - 17 '' . THE Education Ltd . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Best Global Universities Rankings : 2017 '' . U.S. News & World Report LP . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harvard University - U.S. News Best Grad School Rankings '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harvard University - U.S. News Best Global University Rankings '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Academic Ranking of World Universities -- -- Harvard University Ranking Profile '' . Shanghai Ranking Consultancy . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ted Nesi ( October 9 , 2009 ) . `` Brown slips in world university rankings '' . Providence Business News . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2009 . Retrieved August 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Morgan , John . `` Top Six Universities Dominate THE World Reputation Rankings '' . `` The rankings suggest that the top six - ... Stanford University and the University of Oxford -- form a group of globally recognised `` super brands '' . Jump up ^ `` World Reputation Rankings 2016 '' . Times Higher Education . 2016 . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 - 2016 WORLD RANKING ( 1 - 250 ) '' . University Ranking by Academic Performance ( URAP ) Research Laboratory . 2015 . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` College Hopes & Worries Press Release '' . PR Newswire. 2016 . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` College ROI Report : Best Value Colleges '' . PayScale. 2016 . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Degree Student Head Count : Fall 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Harvard University . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 18 , 2013 . Retrieved March 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ See Demographics of the United States for references . Jump up ^ `` Fall Headcount Enrollment , 2008 - 2012 '' ( PDF ) . The Office of the Provost . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 16 , 2013 . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 23 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Yale and Harvard Defeat Oxford / Cambridge Team '' . Yale University Athletics . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` History of American Football '' . Newsdial.com . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Nelson , David M. , Anatomy of a Game : Football , the Rules , and the Men Who Made the Game , 1994 , pp. 127 -- 128 Jump up ^ `` Harvard : Women 's Rugby Becomes 42nd Varsity Sport at Harvard University '' . Gocrimson.com . August 9 , 2012 . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Harvard Guide : Financial Aid at Harvard '' . Harvard University . September 2 , 2006 . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2006 . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Sarah ( September 24 , 2010 ) . `` ' Social Network ' taps other campuses for Harvard role '' . Boston.com . ' In the grammar of film , Harvard has come to mean both tradition , and a certain amount of stuffiness ... Someone from Missouri who has never lived in Boston ... can get this idea that it 's all trust fund babies and ivy - covered walls . ' Jump up ^ King , Michael ( 2002 ) . Wrestling with the Angel . p. 371 ... praised as an iconic chronicle of his generation and his WASP - ish class . Jump up ^ Halberstam , Michael J. ( February 18 , 1953 ) . `` White Shoe and Weak Will '' . Harvard Crimson . The book is written slickly , but without distinction ... The book will be quick , enjoyable reading for all Harvard men . Jump up ^ Yardley , Jonathan ( December 23 , 2009 ) . `` Second Reading '' . The Washington Post . ' ... a balanced and impressive novel ... ' ( is ) a judgment with which I ( agree ) . Jump up ^ Du Bois , William ( February 1 , 1953 ) . `` Out of a Jitter - and - Fritter World '' . The New York Times . p . BR5 . exhibits Mr. Phillips ' talent at its finest Jump up ^ `` John Phillips , The Second Happiest Day '' . Southwest Review . 38 . p. 267 . So when the critics say the author of `` The Second Happiest Day '' is a new Fitzgerald , we think they may be right . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Nathaniel L. ( September 21 , 1999 ) . `` University , Hollywood Relationship Not Always a ' Love Story ' '' . Harvard Crimson . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sarah Thomas ( September 24 , 2010 ) . `` ' Social Network ' taps other campuses for Harvard role '' . boston.com . Jump up ^ `` Never Having To Say You 're Sorry for 25 Years ... '' . Harvard Crimson . June 3 , 1996 . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Vinciguerra , Thomas ( August 20 , 2010 ) . `` The Disease : Fatal . The Treatment : Mockery '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Gewertz , Ken ( February 8 , 1996 ) . `` A Many - Splendored ' Love Story ' . Movie filmed at Harvard 25 years ago helped to define a generation '' . Harvard University Gazette . Jump up ^ Walsh , Colleen ( October 2 , 2012 ) . `` The Paper Chase at 40 '' . Harvard Gazette . Further Reading Abelmann , Walter H. , ed . The Harvard - MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology : The First 25 Years , 1970 -- 1995 ( 2004 ) . 346 pp . Beecher , Henry K. and Altschule , Mark D. Medicine at Harvard : The First 300 Years ( 1977 ) . 569 pp . Bentinck - Smith , William , ed . The Harvard Book : Selections from Three Centuries ( 2d ed. 1982 ) . 499 pp . Bethell , John T. ; Hunt , Richard M. ; and Shenton , Robert . Harvard A to Z ( 2004 ) . 396 pp. excerpt and text search Bethell , John T. Harvard Observed : An Illustrated History of the University in the Twentieth Century , Harvard University Press , 1998 , ISBN 0 - 674 - 37733 - 8 Bunting , Bainbridge . Harvard : An Architectural History ( 1985 ) . 350 pp . Carpenter , Kenneth E. The First 350 Years of the Harvard University Library : Description of an Exhibition ( 1986 ) . 216 pp . Cuno , James et al. Harvard 's Art Museums : 100 Years of Collecting ( 1996 ) . 364 pp . Elliott , Clark A. and Rossiter , Margaret W. , eds . Science at Harvard University : Historical Perspectives ( 1992 ) . 380 pp . Hall , Max . Harvard University Press : A History ( 1986 ) . 257 pp . Hay , Ida . Science in the Pleasure Ground : A History of the Arnold Arboretum ( 1995 ) . 349 pp . Hoerr , John , We Ca n't Eat Prestige : The Women Who Organized Harvard ; Temple University Press , 1997 , ISBN 1 - 56639 - 535 - 6 Howells , Dorothy Elia . A Century to Celebrate : Radcliffe College , 1879 -- 1979 ( 1978 ) . 152 pp . Keller , Morton , and Phyllis Keller . Making Harvard Modern : The Rise of America 's University ( 2001 ) , major history covers 1933 to 2002 online edition Lewis , Harry R. Excellence Without a Soul : How a Great University Forgot Education ( 2006 ) ISBN 1 - 58648 - 393 - 5 Morison , Samuel Eliot . Three Centuries of Harvard , 1636 -- 1936 ( 1986 ) 512pp ; excerpt and text search Powell , Arthur G . The Uncertain Profession : Harvard and the Search for Educational Authority ( 1980 ) . 341 pp . Reid , Robert . Year One : An Intimate Look inside Harvard Business School ( 1994 ) . 331 pp . Rosovsky , Henry . The University : An Owner 's Manual ( 1991 ) . 312 pp . Rosovsky , Nitza . The Jewish Experience at Harvard and Radcliffe ( 1986 ) . 108 pp . Seligman , Joel . The High Citadel : The Influence of Harvard Law School ( 1978 ) . 262 pp . Sollors , Werner ; Titcomb , Caldwell ; and Underwood , Thomas A. , eds . Blacks at Harvard : A Documentary History of African - American Experience at Harvard and Radcliffe ( 1993 ) . 548 pp . Trumpbour , John , ed. , How Harvard Rules . Reason in the Service of Empire , Boston : South End Press , 1989 , ISBN 0 - 89608 - 283 - 0 Ulrich , Laurel Thatcher , ed. , Yards and Gates : Gender in Harvard and Radcliffe History , New York : Palgrave Macmillan , 2004 . 337 pp . Winsor , Mary P. Reading the Shape of Nature : Comparative Zoology at the Agassiz Museum ( 1991 ) . 324 pp . Wright , Conrad Edick . Revolutionary Generation : Harvard Men and the Consequences of Independence ( 2005 ) . 298 pp . External links Find more aboutHarvard Universityat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Official website Harvard Athletics website Harvard University at National Center for Education Statistics : College Navigator Coordinates : 42 ° 22 ′ 28 '' N 71 ° 07 ′ 01 '' W / 42.37444 ° N 71.11694 ° W / 42.37444 ; - 71.11694 Harvard University History John Harvard statue President Drew Gilpin Faust Board of Overseers President and Fellows of Harvard College Provost Alan M. Garber The Harvard Library Arts and Sciences Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences Dean Michael D. 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-1092975467725901790 | Viet Cong | Việt Cộng - wikipedia Việt Cộng `` Vietcong '' redirects here . For the video game , see Vietcong ( video game ) . For the Canadian rock band formerly known as Viet Cong , see Preoccupations . For their self - titled album under the name , see Viet Cong ( album ) . National Liberation Front of South Vietnam Participant in the Vietnam War The flag of the Việt Cộng , adopted in 1960 , is a variation on the flag of North Vietnam . Active 21 July 1954 -- 2 July 1976 Ideology Communism Marxism -- Leninism Left - wing nationalism Vietnamese nationalism Hồ Chí Minh Thought Anti-imperialism Anti-revisionism Groups HQ Group Central Office for South Vietnam Military Wing People 's Liberation Armed Forces of South Vietnam Independent Battalions Political Wings National Liberation Front for Southern Vietnam Alliance of National Democratic and Peace Forces Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam ( 1969 - 1976 ) Military leader PLAF Commanders Nguyễn Hữu Xuyến ( 1961 -- 63 ) Trần Văn Trà ( 1963 -- 67 , 1973 -- 75 ) Hoàng Văn Thái ( 1967 -- 73 ) PLAF Deputy Commander M Nguyễn Thị Định Political leader COSVN Party Secretary Nguyễn Văn Linh ( 1961 -- 64 ) Nguyễn Chí Thanh ( 1964 -- 67 ) Phạm Hùng ( 1967 -- 75 ) NLF Nguyễn Hữu Thọ , chairman Huỳnh Tấn Phát , vice-chairman Phung Van Cung , vice-chairman Võ Chí Công , vice-chairman PRG Nguyễn Hữu Thọ , president Huỳnh Tấn Phát , prime minister M Nguyễn Thị Bình , foreign minister Trần Nam Trung , defense minister Trương Như Tảng , justice minister Headquarters Mimot ( Memot ) , Cambodia ( 1966 -- 72 ) Lộc Ninh , South Vietnam ( 1972 -- 75 ) Area of operations Indochina , with a focus on South Vietnam Originated as Viet Minh Became Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam Vietnam Fatherland Front Allies North Vietnam , Soviet Union , China Opponents South Vietnam United States United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races ( FULRO ) Battles and wars See full list The National Liberation Front of South Vietnam ( Vietnamese : Mặt trận Dân tộc Giải phóng miền Nam Việt Nam ) also known as the Việt Cộng ( Vietnamese : ( vîət kə̂wŋmˀ ) ( listen ) ) was a mass political organization in South Vietnam and Cambodia with its own army -- the People 's Liberation Armed Forces of South Vietnam ( PLAF ) -- that fought against the United States and South Vietnamese governments during the Vietnam War , eventually emerging on the winning side . It had both guerrilla and regular army units , as well as a network of cadres who organized peasants in the territory it controlled . Many soldiers were recruited in South Vietnam , but others were attached to the People 's Army of Vietnam ( PAVN ) , the regular North Vietnamese army . During the war , communists and anti-war activists insisted the Việt Cộng was an insurgency indigenous to the South , while the U.S. and South Vietnamese governments portrayed the group as a tool of Hanoi . Although the terminology distinguishes northerners from the southerners , communist forces were under a single command structure set up in 1958 . The headquarters of the Viet Cong based at Memot came to be known as Central Office for South Vietnam or COSVN by its MACV and South Vietnamese counterparts , a near - mythical `` bamboo Pentagon '' from which the Việt Cộng 's entire war effort was being directed from . For nearly a decade the fabled COSVN headquarters , which directed the entire war effort of the Viet Cong was the target of the RVN / US war effort , and which would have collapsed the insurgency war effort . US and South Vietnamese Special Forces sent to capture them usually were killed very quickly or returned with heavy casualties to the point that teams refused to go . Daily B - 52 bombings had failed to kill any of the leadership during Operation Menu despite flattening the entire area , as Soviet trawlers were able to forewarn COSVN , whom used the data on speed , altitude and direction to move perpendicular and to move underground . North Vietnam established the National Liberation Front on December 20 , 1960 , to foment insurgency in the South . Many of the Việt Cộng 's core members were volunteer `` regroupees '' , southern Việt Minh who had resettled in the North after the Geneva Accord ( 1954 ) . Hanoi gave the regroupees military training and sent them back to the South along the Hồ Chí Minh trail in the early 1960s . The NLF called for southern Vietnamese to `` overthrow the camouflaged colonial regime of the American imperialists '' and to make `` efforts toward the peaceful unification '' . The PLAF 's best - known action was the Tết Offensive , a gigantic assault on more than 100 South Vietnamese urban centers in 1968 , including an attack on the U.S. embassy in Saigon . The offensive riveted the attention of the world 's media for weeks , but also overextended the Việt Cộng . Two further offensives were conducted in its wake , the mini-Tet and August Offensive . In 1969 the Việt Cộng would establish the Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam , a shadow - country in South Vietnam intended to represent the organisation on the world stage and was immediately recognised by the communist bloc and maintained diplomatic links with many nations in the Non-Aligned Movement . Later communist offensives were conducted predominantly by newly mechanised PAVN forces , as the ability of the Việt Cộng to recruit among the South Vietnamese became much more limited . The Việt Cộng remained an active military and political front . The organisation was dissolved in 1976 when North and South Vietnam were officially unified under a communist government . Political and military organization of the Việt Cộng was complex , with a series of well - constructed , overlapping networks , committees and organisations , see strategy , organization and structure . Material aid was primarily provided through the well - established , ingenious Hồ Chí Minh trail which withstood the most sustained bombing campaign in history while expanding the war effort , see logistics and equipment . They had further developed a complex insurgency warfare method capable of countering overwhelmingly superior numbers and technology , retaining the strategic initiative during much of the war . According to the Pentagon Papers , 90 % of large firefights were initiated by the PAVN / VC and 80 % were well - planned VC operations throughout most of the war and as early as 1966 US Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara expressed doubt about the US ability to win the war . See NLF and PAVN battle tactics Contents 1 Names 2 History 2.1 Origin 2.2 Launches `` armed struggle '' 2.3 Logistics and equipment 2.4 Tet Offensive 2.5 Post-Tet 2.6 Formation and Escape of the PRG 2.7 Fall of Saigon 3 Relationship with Hanoi 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Names The term Việt Cộng appeared in Saigon newspapers beginning in 1956 . It is a contraction of Việt Nam Cộng - sản ( Vietnamese communist ) , or alternatively Việt gian cộng sản ( `` Communist Traitor to Vietnam '' ) . The earliest citation for Việt Cộng in English is from 1957 . American soldiers referred to the Việt Cộng as Victor Charlie or V-C . `` Victor '' and `` Charlie '' are both letters in the NATO phonetic alphabet . `` Charlie '' referred to communist forces in general , both Việt Cộng and North Vietnamese . The official Vietnamese history gives the group 's name as the Liberation Army of South Vietnam or the National Liberation Front for South Vietnam ( NLFSV ; Mặt trận Dân tộc Giải phóng miền Nam Việt Nam ) . Many writers shorten this to National Liberation Front ( NLF ) . In 1969 , the Việt Cộng created the `` Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam '' ( Chính Phủ Cách Mạng Lâm Thời Cộng Hòa Miền Nam Việt Nam ) , abbreviated PRG . Although the NLF was not officially abolished until 1977 , the Việt Cộng no longer used the name after PRG was created . Members generally referred to the Việt Cộng as `` the Front '' ( Mặt trận ) . Today 's Vietnamese media most frequently refers to the group as the `` People 's Liberation Armed Forces of South Vietnam ( PLAF ) '' ( Quân Giải phóng Miền Nam Việt Nam ) . History Origin Soldiers and civilians took supplies south on the Ho Chi Minh trail ( 1959 ) By the terms of the Geneva Accord ( 1954 ) , which ended the Indochina War , France and the Việt Minh agreed to a truce and to a separation of forces . The Việt Minh had become the government of Democratic Republic of Vietnam since the Vietnamese 1946 general election , and military forces of the communists regrouped there . Military forces of the non-communists regrouped in South Vietnam , which became a separate state . Elections on reunification were scheduled for July 1956 . A divided Vietnam angered Vietnamese nationalists , but it made the country less of a threat to China . The Democratic Republic of Vietnam in the past and Vietnam in the present did not and do not recognize the division of Vietnam into two countries . Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai negotiated the terms of the ceasefire with France and then imposed them on the Việt Minh . Hoàng Văn Thái and Võ Nguyên Giáp in 1958 . Hoàng Văn Thái would later supplant the role of Giap and takeover considerable war - efforts , later becoming the senior-most PAVN General located south . About 90,000 Việt Minh were evacuated to the North while 5,000 to 10,000 cadre remained in the South , most of them with orders to refocus on political activity and agitation . The Saigon - Cholon Peace Committee , the first Việt Cộng front , was founded in 1954 to provide leadership for this group . Other front names used by the Việt Cộng in the 1950s implied that members were fighting for religious causes , for example , `` Executive Committee of the Fatherland Front '' , which suggested affiliation with the Hòa Hảo sect , or `` Vietnam - Cambodia Buddhist Association '' . Front groups were favored by the Việt Cộng to such an extent that its real leadership remained shadowy until long after the war was over , prompting the expression `` the faceless Việt Cộng '' . Led by Ngô Đình Diệm , South Vietnam refused to sign the Geneva Accord . Arguing that a free election was impossible under the conditions that existed in communist - held territory , Diệm announced in July 1955 that the scheduled election on reunification would not be held . After subduing the Bình Xuyên organized crime gang in the Battle for Saigon in 1955 , and the Hòa Hảo and other militant religious sects in early 1956 , Diệm turned his attention to the Việt Cộng . Within a few months , the Việt Cộng had been driven into remote swamps . The success of this campaign inspired U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower to dub Diệm the `` miracle man '' when he visited the U.S. in May 1957 . France withdrew its last soldiers from Vietnam in April 1956 . In March 1956 , southern communist leader Lê Duẩn presented a plan to revive the insurgency entitled `` The Road to the South '' to the other members of the Politburo in Hanoi . He argued adamantly that war with the United States was necessary to achieve unification . But as China and the Soviets both opposed confrontation at this time , Lê Duẩn 's plan was rejected and communists in the South were ordered to limit themselves to economic struggle . Leadership divided into a `` North first '' , or pro-Beijing , faction led by Trường Chinh , and a `` South first '' faction led by Lê Duẩn . As the Sino - Soviet split widened in the following months , Hanoi began to play the two communist giants off against each other . The North Vietnamese leadership approved tentative measures to revive the southern insurgency in December 1956 . Lê Duẩn 's blueprint for revolution in the South was approved in principle , but implementation was conditional on winning international support and on modernizing the army , which was expected to take at least until 1959 . President Hồ Chí Minh stressed that violence was still a last resort . Nguyễn Hữu Xuyên was assigned military command in the South , replacing Lê Duẩn , who was appointed North Vietnam 's acting party boss . This represented a loss of power for Hồ , who preferred the more moderate Võ Nguyên Giáp , who was defense minister . This 23 - year - old man , who had defected from the Communist forces and joined the South Vietnam Government side , was recaptured by the Việt Cộng and spent a month in a Việt Cộng internment camp , 1966 . An assassination campaign , referred to as `` extermination of traitors '' or `` armed propaganda '' in communist literature , began in April 1957 . Tales of sensational murder and mayhem soon crowded the headlines . Seventeen civilians were killed by machine gun fire at a bar in Châu Đốc in July and in September a district chief was killed with his entire family on a main highway in broad daylight . In October 1957 , a series of bombs exploded in Saigon and left 13 Americans wounded . In a speech given on September 2 , 1957 , Hồ reiterated the `` North first '' line of economic struggle . The launch of Sputnik in October boosted Soviet confidence and led to a reassessment of policy regarding Indochina , long treated as a Chinese sphere of influence . In November , Hồ traveled to Moscow with Lê Duẩn and gained approval for a more militant line . In early 1958 , Lê Duẩn met with the leaders of `` Inter-zone V '' ( northern South Vietnam ) and ordered the establishment of patrols and safe areas to provide logistical support for activity in the Mekong Delta and in urban areas . In June 1958 , the Việt Cộng created a command structure for the eastern Mekong Delta . French scholar Bernard Fall published an influential article in July 1958 which analyzed the pattern of rising violence and concluded that a new war had begun . Launches `` Armed struggle '' Situation of the Communist forces in South Vietnam in early 1964 The North Vietnamese Communist Party approved a `` people 's war '' on the South at a session in January 1959 and this decision was confirmed by the Politburo in March . In May 1959 , Group 559 was established to maintain and upgrade the Ho Chi Minh trail , at this time a six - month mountain trek through Laos . About 500 of the `` regroupees '' of 1954 were sent south on the trail during its first year of operation . The first arms delivery via the trail , a few dozen rifles , was completed in August 1959 . Brinks Hotel , Saigon , following a Việt Cộng bombing on Dec. 24 , 1964 . Two American officers were killed . Two regional command centers were merged to create the Central Office for South Vietnam ( Trung ương Cục miền Nam ) , a unified communist party headquarters for the South . COSVN was initially located in Tây Ninh Province near the Cambodian border . On July 8 , the Việt Cộng killed two U.S. military advisors at Biên Hòa , the first American dead of the Vietnam War . The `` 2d Liberation Battalion '' ambushed two companies of South Vietnamese soldiers in September 1959 , the first large unit military action of the war . This was considered the beginning of the `` armed struggle '' in communist accounts . A series of uprisings beginning in the Mekong Delta province of Bến Tre in January 1960 created `` liberated zones '' , models of Việt Cộng - style government . Propagandists celebrated their creation of battalions of `` long - hair troops '' ( women ) . The fiery declarations of 1959 were followed by a lull while Hanoi focused on events in Laos ( 1960 -- 61 ) . Moscow favored reducing international tensions in 1960 , as it was election year for the U.S. presidency . Despite this , 1960 was a year of unrest in South Vietnam , with pro-democracy demonstrations inspired by the South Korean student uprising that year and a failed military coup in November . Deputy Commander - in - Chief of the People 's Liberation Armed Forces Lê Đức Anh . To counter the accusation that North Vietnam was violating the Geneva Accord , the independence of the Việt Cộng was stressed in communist propaganda . The Việt Cộng created the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam in December 1960 at Tân Lập village in Tây Ninh as a `` united front '' , or political branch intended to encourage the participation of non-communists . The group 's formation was announced by Radio Hanoi and its ten - point manifesto called for , `` overthrow the disguised colonial regime of the imperialists and the dictatorial administration , and to form a national and democratic coalition administration . '' Thọ , a lawyer and the NLF 's `` neutralist '' chairman , was an isolated figure among cadres and soldiers . South Vietnam 's Law 10 / 59 , approved in May 1959 , authorized the death penalty for crimes `` against the security of the state '' and featured prominently in Việt Cộng propaganda . Violence between the Việt Cộng and government forces soon increased drastically from 180 clashes in January 1960 to 545 clashes in September . By 1960 , the Sino - Soviet split was a public rivalry , making China more supportive of Hanoi 's war effort . For Chinese leader Mao Zedong , aid to North Vietnam was a way to enhance his `` anti-imperialist '' credentials for both domestic and international audiences . About 40,000 communist soldiers infiltrated the South in 1961 -- 63 . The Việt Cộng grew rapidly ; an estimated 300,000 members were enrolled in `` liberation associations '' ( affiliated groups ) by early 1962 . The ratio of Việt Cộng to government soldiers jumped from 1 : 10 in 1961 to 1 : 5 a year later . U.S. Air Force Douglas A-1E Skyraider drops a white phosphorus bomb on a Việt Cộng position in South Vietnam in 1966 . The level of violence in the South jumped dramatically in the fall of 1961 , from 50 guerrilla attacks in September to 150 in October . U.S. President John F. Kennedy decided in November 1961 to substantially increase American military aid to South Vietnam . The USS Core arrived in Saigon with 35 helicopters in December 1961 . By mid-1962 , there were 12,000 U.S. military advisors in Vietnam . The `` special war '' and `` strategic hamlets '' policies allowed Saigon to push back in 1962 , but in 1963 the Việt Cộng regained the military initiative . The Việt Cộng won its first military victory against South Vietnamese forces at Ấp Bắc in January 1963 . A Viet Cong soldier poses inside a captured M48 tank . A landmark party meeting was held in December 1963 , shortly after a military coup in Saigon in which Diệm was assassinated . North Vietnamese leaders debated the issue of `` quick victory '' vs `` protracted war '' ( guerrilla warfare ) . After this meeting , the communist side geared up for a maximum military effort and PAVN troop strength increased from 174,000 at the end of 1963 to 300,000 in 1964 . The Soviets cut aid in 1964 as an expression of annoyance with Hanoi 's ties to China . Even as Hanoi embraced China 's international line , it continued to follow the Soviet model of reliance on technical specialists and bureaucratic management , as opposed to mass mobilization . The winter of 1964 -- 1965 was a high - water mark for the Việt Cộng , with the Saigon government on the verge of collapse . Soviet aid soared following a visit to Hanoi by Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin in February 1965 . Hanoi was soon receiving up - to - date surface - to - air missiles . The U.S. would have 200,000 soldiers in South Vietnam by the end of the year . In January 1966 , Australian troops uncovered a tunnel complex which had been used by COSVN . Six thousand documents were captured , revealing the inner workings of the Việt Cộng . As a result of an agreement with the Cambodian government made in 1966 , weapons for the Việt Cộng were shipped to the Cambodian port of Sihanoukville and then trucked to Việt Cộng bases near the border along the `` Sihanouk Trail '' , which replaced the Ho Chi Minh Trail . Many People 's Liberation Armed Forces of South Vietnam ( PLAF ) units operated at night , and employed terror as a standard tactic . Rice procured at gunpoint sustained the Việt Cộng . Squads were assigned monthly assassination quotas . Government employees , especially village and district heads , were the most common targets . But there were a wide variety of targets , including clinics and medical personnel . Notable Việt Cộng atrocities include the massacre of over 3,000 unarmed civilians at Huế , 48 killed in the bombing of My Canh floating restaurant in Saigon in June 1965 and a massacre of 252 Montagnards in the village of Đắk Sơn in December 1967 using flamethrowers . Việt Cộng death squads assassinated at least 37,000 civilians in South Vietnam ; the real figure was far higher since the data mostly cover 1967 - 72 . They also waged a mass murder campaign against civilian hamlets and refugee camps ; in the peak war years , nearly a third of all civilian deaths were the result of Việt Cộng atrocities . Ami Pedahzur has written that `` the overall volume and lethality of Vietcong terrorism rivals or exceeds all but a handful of terrorist campaigns waged over the last third of the twentieth century '' . Logistics and equipment Main article : Viet Cong and PAVN logistics and equipment People 's Liberation Armed Forces Sapper Units are sworn in before the General Offensive , General Uprising , Tet Offensive . Tet Offensive Major reversals in 1966 and 1967 , as well as the growing American presence in Vietnam , inspired Hanoi to consult its allies and reassess strategy in April 1967 . While Beijing urged a fight to the finish , Moscow suggested a negotiated settlement . Convinced that 1968 could be the last chance for decisive victory , General Nguyễn Chí Thanh , suggested an all - out offensive against urban centers . He submitted a plan to Hanoi in May 1967 . After Thanh 's death in July , Giáp was assigned to implement this plan , now known as the Tet Offensive . The Parrot 's Beak , an area in Cambodia only 30 miles from Saigon , was prepared as a base of operations . Funeral processions were used to smuggle weapons into Saigon . Việt Cộng entered the cities concealed among civilians returning home for Tết . The U.S. and South Vietnamese expected that an announced seven - day truce would be observed during Vietnam 's main holiday . A U.S. propaganda leaflet urges Việt Cộng to defect using the Chiêu Hồi Program . At this point , there were about 500,000 U.S. troops in Vietnam , as well as 900,000 allied forces . General William Westmoreland , the U.S. commander , received reports of heavy troop movements and understood that an offensive was being planned , but his attention was focused on Khe Sanh , a remote U.S. base near the DMZ . In January and February 1968 , some 80,000 Việt Cộng struck more than 100 towns with orders to `` crack the sky '' and `` shake the Earth . '' The offensive included a commando raid on the U.S. Embassy in Saigon and a massacre at Huế of about 3,500 residents . House - to - house fighting between Việt Cộng and South Vietnamese Rangers left much of Cholon , a section of Saigon , in ruins . The Việt Cộng used any available tactic to demoralize and intimidate the population , including the assassination of South Vietnamese commanders . A photo by Eddie Adams showing the summary execution of a Việt Cộng in Saigon on February 1 became a symbol of the brutality of the war . In an influential broadcast on February 27 , newsman Walter Cronkite stated that the war was a `` stalemate '' and could be ended only by negotiation . Two more offensives occurred later that year , known as the `` Mini-Tet '' Offensives . The offensive was undertaken in the hope of triggering a general uprising , but urban Vietnamese did not respond as the Việt Cộng anticipated . About 75,000 communist soldiers were killed or wounded across all three phases ending in August , according to Trần Văn Trà , commander of the `` B - 2 '' district , which consisted of southern South Vietnam . `` We did not base ourselves on scientific calculation or a careful weighing of all factors , but ... on an illusion based on our subjective desires '' , Trà concluded . Earle G. Wheeler , chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , claimed that Tet resulted in 40,000 communist dead ( compared to about 10,600 U.S. and South Vietnamese dead ) . `` It is a major irony of the Vietnam War that our propaganda transformed this debacle into a brilliant victory . The truth was that Tet cost us half our forces . Our losses were so immense that we were unable to replace them with new recruits '' , said PRG Justice Minister Trương Như Tảng . Tet had a profound psychological impact because South Vietnamese cities were otherwise safe areas during the war . U.S. President Lyndon Johnson and Westmoreland argued that panicky news coverage gave the public the unfair perception that America had been defeated . Guerrilla forces from North Vietnam 's Vietcong movement cross a river in 1966 during the Vietnam War Post-tet The Tet Offensive according to deputy commander Nguyễn Thị Định had set the Viet Cong back but did not destroy their power base . Aside from some districts in the Mekong Delta , the Việt Cộng failed to spurn popular uprising and create a governing apparatus in South Vietnam following Tet , according to an assessment of captured documents by the U.S. CIA . However the breakup of larger Việt Cộng units increased the effectiveness of the CIA 's Phoenix Program ( 1967 -- 72 ) , which targeted individual leaders although was known to often create civilian casualties . Further defections increased under the Chiêu Hồi Program following the failure of a General Uprising . Alongside defections , the expansion of voluntary Regional Force and Popular Force and expansion of the ARVN draft had deprived the Viet Cong of recruitment sources . Confining US forces to guarding bases , and an end to the destructive search and destroy had decreased motivations to join the VC and the effect of the South Vietnamese pacification program and programs such as the Land to the Tiller program had decreased some of the initial unpopularity of the RVN . By the end of 1969 , there was little communist - held territory , or `` liberated zones '' , in South Vietnam , according to the official communist military history . There were no predominantly southern units left and 70 percent of communist troops in the South were northerners . Following the Tet Offensive Lê Duẩn and Hoàng Văn Thái whom represented the `` Southern faction '' favoring quick and decisive campaigns lost to Trường Chinh and Võ Nguyên Giáp , representives of the `` Northern First '' faction whom favoured a strategy of continual protracted , guerrilla warfare favouring the previously effective quick - attack and quick - withdrawals that worn down US forces while mechanising and modernising the PAVN . The PAVN would later became field - tested at Operation Lam Son 719 and the Easter Offensive . The prominent role of the Viet Cong would be increasingly sidelined by the more able PAVN . Việt Cộng soldier stands beneath a Việt Cộng flag carrying his AK - 47 rifle . Formation and escape of the PRG The Việt Cộng created an urban front in 1968 called the Alliance of National , Democratic , and Peace Forces . The group 's manifesto called for an independent , non-aligned South Vietnam and stated that `` national reunification can not be achieved overnight . '' In June 1969 , the alliance merged with the NLF to form a `` Provisional Revolutionary Government . '' ( PRG ) The Tet Offensive increased public discontent with American participation in the Vietnam War and led the U.S. to gradually withdraw combat forces and to shift responsibility to the South Vietnamese , a process called Vietnamization . Pushed into Cambodia , the Việt Cộng could no longer draw South Vietnamese recruits . In May 1968 , Trường Chinh urged `` protracted war '' in a speech that was published prominently in the official media , so the fortunes of his `` North first '' fraction may have revived at this time . COSVN rejected this view as `` lacking resolution and absolute determination . '' The Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968 led to intense Sino - Soviet tension and to the withdrawal of Chinese forces from North Vietnam . The formation of the Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam however did see the Viet Cong leadership , as a front government of the Viet Cong , take a more prominent and pro-active international role . Near - daily US bombardment of COSVN headquarters from over a year beginning in 1969 had failed during Operation Menu , despite the massive amount of tonnage dropped . Not a single leader was killed , as they were able to intercept information on flight - speed , time and other data from Soviet ships in the South China Sea . This would later prompt a land - invasion by Lon Nol and Army of the Republic of Vietnam forces during the Escape of the Provisional Revolutionary Government . A very narrow campaign had nearly intercepted the Viet Cong leadership , and a follow - up campaign the Cambodian Campaign was then conducted Beginning in February 1970 , Lê Duẩn 's prominence in the official media increased , suggesting that he was again top leader and had regained the upper hand in his longstanding rivalry with Trường Chinh . After the overthrow of Prince Sihanouk in March 1970 , the Việt Cộng faced a hostile Cambodian government which authorized a U.S. offensive against its bases in April . However , the capture of the Plain of Jars and other territory in Laos , as well as five provinces in northeastern Cambodia , allowed the North Vietnamese to reopen the Ho Chi Minh trail . Although 1970 was a much better year for the Việt Cộng than 1969 , it would never again be more than an adjunct to the PAVN . The 1972 Easter Offensive was a direct North Vietnamese attack across the DMZ between North and South . Despite the Paris Peace Accords , signed by all parties in January 1973 , fighting continued . In March , Trà was recalled to Hanoi for a series of meetings to hammer out a plan for an enormous offense against Saigon . Việt Cộng soldiers carry an injured American POW to a prisoner swap in 1973 . The VC uniform was a floppy jungle hat , rubber sandals , and green fatigues without rank or insignia . Fall of Saigon For the full article , see Fall of Saigon . In response to the anti-war movement , the U.S. Congress passed the Case -- Church Amendment to prohibit further U.S. military intervention in Vietnam in June 1973 and reduced aid to South Vietnam in August 1974 . With U.S. bombing ended , communist logistical preparations could be accelerated . An oil pipeline was built from North Vietnam to Việt Cộng headquarters in Lộc Ninh , about 75 miles northwest of Saigon . ( COSVN was moved back to South Vietnam following the Easter Offensive . ) The Ho Chi Minh Trail , beginning as a series of treacherous mountain tracks at the start of the war , was upgraded throughout the war , first into a road network driveable by trucks in the dry season , and finally , into paved , all - weather roads that could be used year - round , even during the monsoon . Between the beginning of 1974 and April 1975 , with now - excellent roads and no fear of air interdiction , the communists delivered nearly 365,000 tons of war matériel to battlefields , 2.6 times the total for the previous 13 years . The success of the 1973 -- 74 dry season offensive convinced Hanoi to accelerate its timetable . When there was no U.S. response to a successful communist attack on Phước Bình in January 1975 , South Vietnamese morale collapsed . The next major battle , at Buôn Ma Thuột in March , was a communist walkover . After the fall of Saigon on April 30 , 1975 , the PRG moved into government offices there . At the victory parade , Tạng noticed that the units formerly dominated by southerners were missing , replaced by northerners years earlier . The bureaucracy of the Republic of Vietnam was uprooted and authority over the South was assigned to the PAVN . People considered tainted by association with the former South Vietnamese government were sent to reeducation camps , despite the protests of the non-communist PRG members including Tạng . Without consulting the PRG , North Vietnamese leaders decided to rapidly dissolve the PRG at a party meeting in August 1975 . North and South were merged as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in July 1976 and the PRG was dissolved . The NLF was merged with the Vietnamese Fatherland Front in February 1977 . Relationship with Hanoi The alleged 1966 martyrdom of Việt Cộng soldier Nguyễn Văn Bé is much celebrated in Vietnam , despite the fact that he later turned up alive . Activists opposing American involvement in Vietnam said that the Việt Cộng was a nationalist insurgency indigenous to the South . They claimed that the Việt Cộng was composed of several parties -- the People 's Revolutionary Party , the Democratic Party and the Radical Socialist Party -- and that NLF Chairman Nguyễn Hữu Thọ was not a communist . Anti-communists countered that the Việt Cộng was merely a front for Hanoi . They said some statements issued by communist leaders in the 1980s and 1990s suggested that southern communist forces were influenced by Hanoi . According to the memoirs of Trần Văn Trà , the Việt Cộng 's top commander and PRG defense minister , he followed orders issued by the `` Military Commission of the Party Central Committee '' in Hanoi , which in turn implemented resolutions of the Politburo . Trà himself was deputy chief of staff for the PAVN before being assigned to the South . The official Vietnamese history of the war states that `` The Liberation Army of South Vietnam ( Việt Cộng ) is a part of the People 's Army of Vietnam '' . See also Viet Cong and PAVN strategy , organization and structure Viet Cong and PAVN battle tactics Kit Carson Scouts , former Việt Cộng who worked with U.S. Marines Vietnam People 's Army , the North Vietnamese army . Notes Jump up ^ Radio Hanoi called it the `` National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam '' in a January 1961 broadcast announcing the group 's formation . In his memoirs , Võ Nguyên Giáp called the group the `` South Vietnam National Liberation Front '' ( Nguyên Giáp Võ , Russell Stetler ( 1970 ) . The Military Art of People 's War : Selected Writings of General Vo Nguyen Giap . pp. 206 , 208 , 210 . ) . See also the `` Program of the National Liberation Front of South Viet - Nam '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 26 . ( 1967 ) . Jump up ^ The terminology `` liberation front '' is adapted from the earlier Greek and Algerian National Liberation Fronts . Jump up ^ This also follows terminology used earlier by leftists in Greece ( Provisional Democratic Government ) and Algeria ( Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic ) . Jump up ^ Major Dale R. Buis and Master Sergeant Charles Ovnand , the first names to appear on the Vietnam Veterans Memorial . Jump up ^ This is sometimes referred to as the `` Genoa Policy '' and later inspired Khrushchev to take credit for Kennedy 's election. ( Lynn - Jones , Sean M. ; Steven E. Miller ; Stephen Van Evera ( 1989 ) . Soviet Military Policy : An International Security Reader . p. 28 . ISBN 0 - 262 - 62066 - 9. ) Jump up ^ There was also a U.S. presidential election in 1964 . Jump up ^ Disappointed with the results of the 1964 U.S. presidential election , the Kremlin did not try to influence the election of 1968 . Desiring `` businesslike '' relations , the Kremlin favored incumbent Richard Nixon against left - wing challenger George McGovern in 1972 . ( Lynn - Jones , p. 29 ) . Jump up ^ Trà begins , `` How did the B2 theater carry out the mission assigned it by the Military Commission of the Party Central Committee ? '' ( Trần Văn Trà ( 1982 ) , Vietnam : History of the Bulwark B2 Theatre , archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 02 ) References Jump up ^ `` National Liberation Front ( Viet Cong ) '' . ^ Jump up to : Burchett , Wilfred ( 1963 ) : `` Liberation Front : Formation of the NLF '' , The Furtive War , International Publishers , New York . Jump up ^ Also general secretary . Jump up ^ Possibly a pseudonym for Trần Văn Trà . `` Man in the News : Lt. - Gen. Tran Van Tra '' . February 2 , 1973 . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bolt , Dr. Ernest . `` Provisional Revolutionary Government of South Vietnam ( 1969 -- 1975 ) '' . University of Richmond . ^ Jump up to : Military History Institute of Vietnam , ( 2002 ) Victory in Vietnam : The Official History of the People 's Army of Vietnam , 1954 -- 1975 , translated by Merle L. Pribbenow . University Press of Kansas . p. 68 . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 1175 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Gibson , James William ( 2007 - 12 - 01 ) . The Perfect War : Technowar in Vietnam . Grove / Atlantic , Inc . pp. 400 -- 402 . ISBN 9780802196811 . Jump up ^ `` The Strategist Behind the Vietcong ; North Vietnam 's Commander in Chief breaks all the rules of conventional warfare . And for 20 years he has been confounding conventionally trained opponente '' . August 16 , 1964 . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Currey , Cecil B. ( 2005 ) . Victory at Any Cost : The Genius of Viet Nam 's Gen. Võ Nguyên Giáp . Potomac Books , Inc. p. 500 . ISBN 9781612340104 . Jump up ^ Paterson , Cameron ( 2013 - 03 - 14 ) , The infamous and ingenious Hồ Chí Minh Trail , TED - Ed , retrieved 2018 - 06 - 19 -- via YouTube ^ Jump up to : `` The Pentagon Papers '' ( Gravel Edition ed . ) . pp. 277 -- 604 , 4th section . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 19 -- via Mount Holyoke College . chapter = ignored ( help ) CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ `` McNamara stuck to Vietnam War despite doubts '' . Christian Science Monitor. 2009 - 07 - 06 . ISSN 0882 - 7729 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Prados , John ( 2009 ) . Vietnam : The History of an Unwinnable War , 1945 -- 1975 . University Press of Kansas . ISBN 9780700619405 . ^ Jump up to : `` Origins of the Insurgency in South Vietnam , 1954 -- 1960 '' . The Pentagon Papers. 1971 . pp. 242 -- 314 . Jump up ^ William S. Turley ( 2009 ) . The second Indochina War : a concise political and military history . Rowman & Littlefield . pp. xiv . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 5526 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Viet Cong '' , Oxford English Dictionary Jump up ^ See , for example , this story in Viet Nam News , the official English - language newspaper . Jump up ^ Karnow , p. 238 . ^ Jump up to : Karnow , p. 245 . ^ Jump up to : `` The History Place -- Vietnam War 1945 -- 1960 '' . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Ang , Cheng Guan ( 2002 ) . The Vietnam War from the Other Side . RoutledgeCurzon . p. 16 . ISBN 0 - 7007 - 1615 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Ang , p. 21 Jump up ^ Olson , James ; Randy Roberts ( 1991 ) . `` Where the Domino Fell : America and Vietnam , 1945 -- 1990 '' . New York : St. Martin 's Press : 67 . This decision was made at the 11th Plenary Session of the Lao Động Central Committee . Jump up ^ Ang , p. 19 Jump up ^ Võ Nguyên Giáp . The Political and Military Line of Our Party . The Military Art . pp. 179 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Ang , p. 20 . Jump up ^ McNamera , Robert S. ; Blight , James G. ; Brigham , Robert K. ( 1999 ) . Argument Without End . PublicAffairs . p. 35 . ISBN 1 - 891620 - 22 - 3 . Jump up ^ Ang , p. 23 . ^ Jump up to : Ang , p. 24 - 25 . Jump up ^ Karnow , p. 693 . Jump up ^ Victory in Vietnam , p. xi . Jump up ^ Prados , John , ( 2006 ) `` The Road South : The Ho Chi Minh Trail '' , Rolling Thunder in a Gentle Land , editor By Andrew A. Wiest , Osprey Publishing , ISBN 1 - 84603 - 020 - X . Jump up ^ Gettleman , Marvin E. ; Jane Franklin ; Marilyn Young ( 1995 ) . Vietnam and America . Grove Press . p. 187 . ISBN 0 - 8021 - 3362 - 2 . Jump up ^ Ang , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Ang , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Gettleman , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Francis John ( 1989 ) ( 1973 ) . History of Special Forces in Vietnam , 1961 -- 1971 . Washington , D.C. : United States Army Center of Military History . p. 4 . CMH Pub 90 - 23 . Jump up ^ Nghia M. Vo Saigon : A History 2011 - Page 140 `` ... on December 19 to 20 , 1960 , Nguyễn Hữu Thọ , a Saigon lawyer , Trương Như Tảng , chief comptroller of a bank , Drs . Dương Quỳnh Hoa and Phùng Văn Cung , along with other dissidents , met with communists to form the National Liberation Front ... '' Jump up ^ Zhai , Qiang ( 2000 ) . China and the Vietnam Wars , 1950 -- 1975 . p. 83 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 4842 - 5 . Jump up ^ Zhai , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Ang , p. 76 . ^ Jump up to : Victory in Vietnam , p. xii . Jump up ^ Ang , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Pribbenow , Merle ( August 1999 ) . `` North Vietnam 's Master Plan '' . Vietnam . Jump up ^ Karnow , p. 694 ^ Jump up to : Ang , p. 74 - 75 . ^ Jump up to : Zhai , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Victory in Vietnam , p. xiii . ^ Jump up to : Karnow , p. 427 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1957 -- 1975 : The Vietnam War '' . libcom . Jump up ^ `` VC Tunnels '' . Digger History . Jump up ^ Zumbro , Ralph ( 1986 ) . Tank Sergeant . Presidio Press . pp. 27 -- 28 , 115 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 517 - 07201 - 1 . The Viet Cong were commonly referred to by the Vietnamese rural population as `` night bandits '' or the `` night government '' . Jump up ^ Zumbro , pp. 25 , 33 Jump up ^ Zumbro , p. 32 . Jump up ^ U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee , The Human Cost of Communism in Vietnam ( 1972 ) , p. 49 . Jump up ^ U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee , The Human Cost of Communism in Vietnam ( 1972 ) , p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` The My Canh Restaurant bombing '' . Jump up ^ Krohn , Charles , A. , The Last Battalion : Controversies and Casualties of the Battle of Hue . pg. 30 . Westport 1993 . Jones , C. Don , Massacre at Dak Son Archived 2014 - 11 - 29 at the Wayback Machine. , United States Information Service , 1967 `` On the Other Side : Terror as Policy '' . Time . December 5 , 1969 . `` The Massacre of Dak Son '' . Time . December 15 , 1967 . Pictures of Dak Son can be viewed here . Jump up ^ Guenter Lewy , America in Vietnam , ( Oxford University Press , 1978 ) , pp272 - 3 , 448 - 9 . Jump up ^ Pedahzur , Ami ( 2006 ) , Root Causes of Suicide Terrorism : The Globalization of Martyrdom , Taylor & Francis , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Ang , p. 115 . ^ Jump up to : Ang , pp. 116 -- 117 . ^ Jump up to : Westmoreland , William . `` The Year of Decision -- 1968 '' . Gettleman , Marvin E ( 1995 ) . Marvin E. Gettleman , Jane Franklin , Marilyn Young , eds . Vietnam and America . p. 345 . ISBN 0 - 8021 - 3362 - 2 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Westmoreland , p. 344 ( editor 's note ) . Jump up ^ Dougan , Clark ; Stephen Weiss ( 1983 ) . Nineteen Sixty - Eight . Boston : Boston Publishing Company . pp. 8 , 10 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The Massacre of Hue '' . Time . October 31 , 1969 . Pike , Douglas . `` Viet Cong Strategy of Terror '' . pp. 23 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Kearny , Cresson H. ( Maj ) ( 1997 ) . `` Jungle Snafus ... and Remedies '' . Oregon Institute of Science and Medicine : 327 . Jump up ^ Lee , Nathan ( April 10 , 2009 ) . `` A Dark Glimpse From Eddie Adams 's Camera '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Walter Cronkite on the Tet Offensive , archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 19 Jump up ^ Tran Van Tra . `` Tet '' . in Warner , Jayne S. Warner ( 1993 ) . Luu Doan Huynh , eds . The Vietnam War : Vietnamese and American Perspectives . Armonk NY : M.E. Sharpe . pp. 49 -- 50 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) A map of the military districts can be found here . Jump up ^ Tran Van Tra . `` Comments on Tet ' 68 '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Vietnam Veterans for Academic Reform '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ Crowell , Todd Crowell ( October 29 , 2006 ) . `` The Tet Offensive and Iraq '' . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Aron , Paul ( 2005 - 11 - 07 ) . Mysteries in History . p. 404 . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 899 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Vietnam : A Television History ; Interview with Nguyen Thi Dinh , 1981 '' . openvault.wgbh.org . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Failure of the Viet Cong to establish liberation committees '' . Declassified CIA Documents on the Vietnam War . Created July 8 , 1968 . Declassified Feb. 22 , 1991 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Whitcomb , Col Darrel ( Summer 2003 ) . `` Victory in Vietnam : The Official History of the People 's Army of Vietnam , 1954 -- 1975 ( book review ) '' . Air & Space Power Journal . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Gareth ( 1993 ) . Vietnam : The Politics of Bureaucratic Socialism . p. 26 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 2168 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Currey , Cecil B. ( 2005 ) . Victory at Any Cost : The Genius of Viet Nam 's Gen. Vo Nguyen Giap . Potomac Books , Inc . pp. 272 -- 274 . ISBN 9781574887426 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , pp. 27 -- 29 Jump up ^ Ang , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Ang , p. 139 . Jump up ^ Ang , p. 53 . ^ Jump up to : Ang , p. 52 . Jump up ^ `` The Viet Cong '' . Jump up ^ Karnow , p. 673 . Jump up ^ Tran Van Tra . `` Vietnam : History of the Bulwark B2 Theatre '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ Karnow , pp 644 -- 645 . Jump up ^ Karnow . pp. 672 -- 74 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , p. 29 Jump up ^ Porter , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Friedman , SGM Herbert A . `` The Strange Case of the Vietnamese ' Late Hero ' Nguyen Van Be '' . ^ Jump up to : Ruane , Kevin ( 1998 ) , War and Revolution in Vietnam , 1930 -- 75 , p. 51 , ISBN 1 - 85728 - 323 - 6 Jump up ^ Karnow , Stanley ( 1991 ) . Vietnam : A history . Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 670 - 84218 - 4 . , p. 255 . Jump up ^ Bolt , Dr. Ernest . `` Who is Tran Van Tra ? '' . Further reading U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee , The Human Cost of Communism in Vietnam ( 1972 ) , part I , part II , part III , and part IV . Marvin Gettleman , et al. Vietnam and America : A Documented History . Grove Press . 1995 . ISBN 0 - 8021 - 3362 - 2 . See especially Part VII : The Decisive Year . Truong Nhu Tang . A Việt Cộng Memoir . Random House . ISBN 0 - 394 - 74309 - 1 . 1985 . See Chapter 7 on the forming of the Việt Cộng , and Chapter 21 on the communist take - over in 1975 . Frances Fitzgerald . Fire in the Lake : The Vietnamese and the Americans in Vietnam . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1972 . ISBN 0 - 316 - 28423 - 8 . See Chapter 4 . `` The National Liberation Front '' . Douglas Valentine . The Phoenix Program . New York : William Morrow and Company . 1990 . ISBN 0 - 688 - 09130 - X . Merle Pribbenow ( translation ) . Victory in Vietnam : The Official History of the People 's Army of Vietnam . University Press of Kansas . 2002 ISBN 0 - 7006 - 1175 - 4 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Liberation Front for South Vietnam . Tet Offensive 1968 , US Embassy & Saigon fighting . CBS News footage of the Tet Offensive . Vietnam War -- Hue Massacre 1968 . A tribute to the dead of Huế by Trịnh Công Sơn , one of wartime Vietnam 's most prominent composers . The Wars for Vietnam : 1945 -- 1975 . Primary documents concerning the Vietnam War , including peace proposals , treaties , and platforms . Digger History , VC Tunnels . At one point , Việt Cộng tunnels stretched from the Cambodia border to Saigon . The Viet Cong 1965 -- 1967 -- part 1 and The Viet Cong 1965 -- 1967 -- part 2 . What was it like to be a Việt Cộng ? This recruiting video shows one perspective . `` Tiên vê Sài Gòn '' ( Forward to Saigon . ) This propaganda video features singing Việt Cộng and newsreel footage from the 1975 offensive . hide Vietnam War timeline ↓ Battle of Saigon ↓ ARVN Formed ↓ Hòa Hảo defeated ↓ HCM trail established ↓ Laos Invasion ↓ NLF Formed ↓ 1960 Coup Attempt ↓ US Role Expanded ↓ Palace Bombing ↓ Buddhist Crisis ↓ 1963 Coup ↓ Gulf of Tonkin Incident ↓ Laos Bombing Begin ↓ US Forces Deployed ↓ Buddhist Uprising ↓ Sihanouk Trail Created ↓ Tet Offensive ↓ US Begins Withdrawal ↓ PRG Formed ↓ Cambodian Campaign ↓ Lam Son 719 ↓ Easter Offensive ↓ Paris Accords ↓ Spring Offensive ↓ Fall of Saigon ↓ Cambodian War Widens ↓ Christmas Bombings U.S President : Dwight D. Eisenhower John F. Kennedy Lyndon B. Johnson Richard Nixon G. Ford RVN Presidents : Ngô Đình Diệm Instability Nguyễn Văn Thiệu Trần Văn Hương DRV General Secretary : Lê Duẩn / President : Ho Chi Minh General Secretary : Lê Duẩn / President : Tôn Đức Thắng NLF Chairman : Nguyễn Hữu Thọ PRG President : Nguyễn Hữu Thọ │ 1955 │ 1956 │ 1957 │ 1958 │ 1959 │ 1960 │ 1961 │ 1962 │ 1963 │ 1964 │ 1965 │ 1966 │ 1967 │ 1968 │ 1969 │ 1970 │ 1971 │ 1972 │ 1973 │ │ 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 BNF : cb11960375t ( data ) GND : 2036190 - 7 ISNI : 0000 0001 2171 0755 SUDOC : 02759811X VIAF : 312738199 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viet_Cong&oldid=852924943 '' Categories : Viet Cong Vietnamese independence movement Communism in Vietnam Defunct communist militant groups Defunct political party alliances in Asia Guerrilla organizations History of South Vietnam History of the Communist Party of Vietnam Military units and formations of the Vietnam War National liberation armies Political party alliances in Vietnam Popular fronts Rebellions in Vietnam Vietnamese nationalism 1954 establishments in South Vietnam 1976 disestablishments in Vietnam Hidden categories : CS1 errors : chapter ignored CS1 maint : Extra text Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Pages with citations lacking titles CS1 errors : dates Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Pages using deprecated image syntax War faction articles using ambiguous parameters Articles containing Vietnamese - language text Articles with hAudio microformats Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 45 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 August 2018 , at 08 : 18 ( UTC ) . 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"National Liberation Front of South Vietnam\nParticipant in the Vietnam War\nThe flag of the Việt Cộng, adopted in 1960, is a variation on the flag of North Vietnam.[1]Active\n21 July 1954 – 2 July 1976Ideology\n\nCommunism\nMarxism–Leninism\nLeft-wing nationalism\nVietnamese nationalism\nHồ Chí Minh Thought\nAnti-imperialism\nAnti-revisionism\nGroups\nHQ GroupCentral Office for South Vietnam\nMilitary Wing\n\nPeople's Liberation Armed Forces of South Vietnam\nIndependent Battalions\nPolitical Wings\n\nNational Liberation Front for Southern Vietnam\nAlliance of National Democratic and Peace Forces\nProvisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam (1969-1976)Military leader\nPLAF Commanders Nguyễn Hữu Xuyến (1961–63)Trần Văn Trà (1963–67, 1973–75)Hoàng Văn Thái (1967–73)\nPLAF Deputy CommanderMme Nguyễn Thị ĐịnhPolitical leader\nCOSVN Party Secretary Nguyễn Văn Linh (1961–64)Nguyễn Chí Thanh (1964–67)Phạm Hùng (1967–75)\nNLF[2] Nguyễn Hữu Thọ, chairmanHuỳnh Tấn Phát, vice-chairman[3]Phung Van Cung, vice-chairmanVõ Chí Công, vice-chairman\nPRG Nguyễn Hữu Thọ, presidentHuỳnh Tấn Phát, prime ministerMme Nguyễn Thị Bình, foreign ministerTrần Nam Trung,[4] defense ministerTrương Như Tảng, justice minister[5]Headquarters\nMimot (Memot), Cambodia (1966–72)Lộc Ninh, South Vietnam (1972–75)Area of operations\nIndochina, with a focus on South VietnamOriginated as\nViet MinhBecame\nProvisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South VietnamVietnam Fatherland Front\nAllies\nNorth Vietnam, Soviet Union, ChinaOpponents\n\nSouth Vietnam\nUnited States\nUnited Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races (FULRO)\nBattles and wars\nSee full list",
"National Liberation Front of South Vietnam\nParticipant in the Vietnam War\nThe flag of the Việt Cộng, adopted in 1960, is a variation on the flag of North Vietnam.[1]Active\n21 July 1954 – 2 July 1976Ideology\n\nCommunism\nMarxism–Leninism\nLeft-wing nationalism\nVietnamese nationalism\nHồ Chí Minh Thought\nAnti-imperialism\nAnti-revisionism\nGroups\nHQ GroupCentral Office for South Vietnam\nMilitary Wing\n\nPeople's Liberation Armed Forces of South Vietnam\nIndependent Battalions\nPolitical Wings\n\nNational Liberation Front for Southern Vietnam\nAlliance of National Democratic and Peace Forces\nProvisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam (1969-1976)Military leader\nPLAF Commanders Nguyễn Hữu Xuyến (1961–63)Trần Văn Trà (1963–67, 1973–75)Hoàng Văn Thái (1967–73)\nPLAF Deputy CommanderMme Nguyễn Thị ĐịnhPolitical leader\nCOSVN Party Secretary Nguyễn Văn Linh (1961–64)Nguyễn Chí Thanh (1964–67)Phạm Hùng (1967–75)\nNLF[2] Nguyễn Hữu Thọ, chairmanHuỳnh Tấn Phát, vice-chairman[3]Phung Van Cung, vice-chairmanVõ Chí Công, vice-chairman\nPRG Nguyễn Hữu Thọ, presidentHuỳnh Tấn Phát, prime ministerMme Nguyễn Thị Bình, foreign ministerTrần Nam Trung,[4] defense ministerTrương Như Tảng, justice minister[5]Headquarters\nMimot (Memot), Cambodia (1966–72)Lộc Ninh, South Vietnam (1972–75)Area of operations\nIndochina, with a focus on South VietnamOriginated as\nViet MinhBecame\nProvisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South VietnamVietnam Fatherland Front\nAllies\nNorth Vietnam, Soviet Union, ChinaOpponents\n\nSouth Vietnam\nUnited States\nUnited Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races (FULRO)\nBattles and wars\nSee full list",
"National Liberation Front of South Vietnam\nParticipant in the Vietnam War\nThe flag of the Việt Cộng, adopted in 1960, is a variation on the flag of North Vietnam.[1]Active\n21 July 1954 – 2 July 1976Ideology\n\nCommunism\nMarxism–Leninism\nLeft-wing nationalism\nVietnamese nationalism\nHồ Chí Minh Thought\nAnti-imperialism\nAnti-revisionism\nGroups\nHQ GroupCentral Office for South Vietnam\nMilitary Wing\n\nPeople's Liberation Armed Forces of South Vietnam\nIndependent Battalions\nPolitical Wings\n\nNational Liberation Front for Southern Vietnam\nAlliance of National Democratic and Peace Forces\nProvisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam (1969-1976)Military leader\nPLAF Commanders Nguyễn Hữu Xuyến (1961–63)Trần Văn Trà (1963–67, 1973–75)Hoàng Văn Thái (1967–73)\nPLAF Deputy CommanderMme Nguyễn Thị ĐịnhPolitical leader\nCOSVN Party Secretary Nguyễn Văn Linh (1961–64)Nguyễn Chí Thanh (1964–67)Phạm Hùng (1967–75)\nNLF[2] Nguyễn Hữu Thọ, chairmanHuỳnh Tấn Phát, vice-chairman[3]Phung Van Cung, vice-chairmanVõ Chí Công, vice-chairman\nPRG Nguyễn Hữu Thọ, presidentHuỳnh Tấn Phát, prime ministerMme Nguyễn Thị Bình, foreign ministerTrần Nam Trung,[4] defense ministerTrương Như Tảng, justice minister[5]Headquarters\nMimot (Memot), Cambodia (1966–72)Lộc Ninh, South Vietnam (1972–75)Area of operations\nIndochina, with a focus on South VietnamOriginated as\nViet MinhBecame\nProvisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South VietnamVietnam Fatherland Front\nAllies\nNorth Vietnam, Soviet Union, ChinaOpponents\n\nSouth Vietnam\nUnited States\nUnited Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races (FULRO)\nBattles and wars\nSee full list"
] | [
"Nguyễn Hữu Xuyến",
"Trần Văn Trà",
"Hoàng Văn Thái"
] |
2054536745116975268 | The Phantom of the Opera (1986 musical) | The Phantom of the Opera ( 1986 musical ) - wikipedia The Phantom of the Opera ( 1986 musical ) Jump to : navigation , search `` The Phantom of the Opera ( musical ) '' redirects here . For other musicals based on the Gaston Leroux novel , see The Phantom of the Opera ( disambiguation ) . The Phantom of the Opera Poster Music Andrew Lloyd Webber Lyrics Charles Hart Richard Stilgoe ( additional ) Book Andrew Lloyd Webber Richard Stilgoe Basis Le Fantôme de l'Opéra by Gaston Leroux Premiere 9 October 1986 : Her Majesty 's Theatre , London Productions See list ( show ) 1986 West End 1988 Broadway 1988 Vienna 1988 Tokyo 1989 Toronto 1989 Stockholm 1989 Los Angeles 1990 Hamburg 1990 Melbourne 1991 First US Tour 1992 Second US Tour 1993 San Francisco 1993 Scheveningen 1996 Basel 1997 Auckland 1999 Mexico City 2000 Copenhagen 2001 South Korea 2002 Madrid 2003 Budapest 2004 Film adaptation 2005 São Paulo 2006 Las Vegas Spectacular 2007 Melbourne 2008 Third US Tour 2008 Warsaw 2009 Buenos Aires 2009 South Korea 2011 25th Anniversary 2012 UK Tour 2013 North American Tour 2013 Hamburg 2014 Moscow 2014 Tartu 2014 Prague 2015 Helsinki 2015 New Zealand Tour 2015 Puerto Rico 2016 Stockholm 2017 Belgrade Various international and amateur productions Awards Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Musical Tony Award for Best Musical The Phantom of the Opera is a musical with music by Andrew Lloyd Webber and lyrics by Charles Hart and Richard Stilgoe . Lloyd Webber and Stilgoe also wrote the musical 's book together . Based on the French novel Le Fantôme de l'Opéra by Gaston Leroux , its central plot revolves around a beautiful soprano , Christine Daaé , who becomes the obsession of a mysterious , disfigured musical genius living in the subterranean labyrinth beneath the Opera Populaire . The musical opened in London 's West End in 1986 , and on Broadway in 1988 . It won the 1986 Olivier Award and the 1988 Tony Award for Best Musical , and Michael Crawford ( in the title role ) won the Olivier and Tony Awards for Best Actor in a Musical . It is the longest running show in Broadway history by a wide margin , and celebrated its 10,000 th Broadway performance on 11 February 2012 , the first production ever to do so . It is the second longest - running West End musical , after Les Misérables , and the third longest - running West End show overall , after The Mousetrap . With total estimated worldwide gross receipts of over $ 5.6 billion and total Broadway gross of $845 million , Phantom was the most financially successful entertainment event until The Lion King surpassed it in 2014 . By 2011 , it had been seen by over 130 million people in 145 cities across 27 countries , and continues to play in London and New York . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 1.1 Idea 1.2 Lyricists 1.3 Score 1.4 Design , direction , and choreography 1.5 First preview at Sydmonton 1.6 West End 1.7 Broadway 1.8 Amateur productions 2 Synopsis 2.1 Prologue 2.2 Act I 2.3 Act II 3 Casting 3.1 Original casts 3.2 West End replacements 3.3 Broadway replacements 4 Musical numbers 5 Orchestra 6 Recordings 6.1 Sales and certifications 6.1. 1 Original 1986 London production 6.1. 2 Local productions 6.1. 3 Highlights From The Phantom of the Opera 7 Allegations of plagiarism 8 Other productions 8.1 Film version 8.2 Phantom : The Las Vegas Spectacular 9 Copyright release 10 Awards and nominations 10.1 Original London production 10.2 Original Broadway production 11 Sequel 12 See also 13 Notes 14 External links Development ( edit ) Idea ( edit ) In 1984 , Lloyd Webber contacted Cameron Mackintosh , the co-producer of Cats and Song and Dance , to propose a new musical . He was aiming for a romantic piece , and suggested Gaston Leroux 's book The Phantom of the Opera as a basis . They screened both the 1925 Lon Chaney and the 1943 Claude Rains motion picture versions , but neither saw an effective way to make the leap from film to stage . Later , in New York , Lloyd Webber found a second - hand copy of the original , long - out - of - print Leroux novel , which supplied the necessary inspiration to develop a musical : `` I was actually writing something else at the time , and I realised that the reason I was hung up was because I was trying to write a major romantic story , and I had been trying to do that ever since I started my career . Then with the Phantom , it was there ! '' Lyricists ( edit ) Lloyd Webber first approached Jim Steinman to write the lyrics because of his `` dark obsessive side '' , but he declined in order to fulfill his commitments on a Bonnie Tyler album . Alan Jay Lerner was then recruited , but he became seriously ill after joining the project and was forced to withdraw ; none of his contributions ( mostly involving the song `` Masquerade '' ) are credited in the show . Richard Stilgoe , the lyricist for Starlight Express , wrote most of the original lyrics for the production . Charles Hart , a young and then - relatively unknown lyricist , later rewrote many of the lyrics , along with original lyrics for `` Think of Me '' . Some of Stilgoe 's original contributions are still present in the final version , however . Score ( edit ) Inspired in part by an earlier musical version of the same story by Ken Hill , Lloyd Webber 's score is sometimes operatic in style but maintains the form and structure of a musical throughout . The full - fledged operatic passages are reserved principally for subsidiary characters such as Andre and Firmin , Carlotta , and Piangi . They are also used to provide the content of the fictional `` operas '' that are taking place within the show itself , viz. , Hannibal , Il Muto , and the Phantom 's masterwork , Don Juan Triumphant . `` Here , Lloyd Webber pastiched various styles from the grand operas of Meyerbeer through to Mozart and even Gilbert and Sullivan . '' These pieces are often presented as musical fragments , interrupted by dialogue or action sequences in order to clearly define the musical 's `` show within a show '' format . The musical extracts from the Phantom 's opera , `` Don Juan Triumphant '' , during the latter stages of the show , are dissonant and modern -- `` suggesting , perhaps , that the Phantom is ahead of his time artistically '' . Design , direction , and choreography ( edit ) Maria Björnson designed the sets and over 200 costumes , including the elaborate gowns in the `` Masquerade '' sequence . Her set designs , including the chandelier , subterranean gondola , and sweeping staircase , earned her multiple awards . Hal Prince , director of Cabaret , Candide , Follies , and Lloyd Webber 's Evita , directed the production , while Gillian Lynne , associate director and choreographer of Cats , provided the integral musical staging and choreography . First preview at Sydmonton ( edit ) A preview of the first act was staged at Sydmonton ( Lloyd Webber 's home ) in 1985 , starring Colm Wilkinson ( later the star of the Toronto production ) as the Phantom , Sarah Brightman as Kristin ( later Christine ) , and Clive Carter ( later a member of the London cast ) as Raoul . This very preliminary production used Richard Stilgoe 's original unaltered lyrics , and many songs sported names that were later changed , such as `` What Has Time Done to Me '' ( `` Think of Me '' ) , and `` Papers '' ( `` Notes '' ) . The Phantom 's original mask covered the entire face and remained in place throughout the performance , obscuring the actor 's vision and muffling his voice . Björnson designed the now - iconic half - mask to replace it , and the unmasking sequence was added . Clips of this preview performance were included on the DVD of the 2004 film production . West End ( edit ) Phantom began previews at Her Majesty 's Theatre in London 's West End on 27 September 1986 under the direction of Hal Prince , then opened on 9 October . It was choreographed by Gillian Lynne and the sets were designed by Maria Björnson , with lighting by Andrew Bridge . Michael Crawford starred in the title role with Sarah Brightman as Christine and Steve Barton as Raoul . The production , still playing at Her Majesty 's , celebrated its 10,000 th performance on 23 October 2010 , with Lloyd Webber and the original Phantom , Michael Crawford , in attendance . It is the second longest - running musical in West End ( and world ) history behind Les Misérables , and third overall behind The Mousetrap . A 25th - anniversary stage performance was held in London on 1 and 2 October 2011 at the Royal Albert Hall and was screened live in cinemas worldwide . The production was produced by Cameron Mackintosh , directed by Laurence Connor , musical staging & choreography by Gillian Lynne , set design by Matt Kinley , costume design by Maria Björnson , lighting design by Patrick Woodroffe , and sound design by Mick Potter . The cast included Ramin Karimloo as the Phantom , Sierra Boggess as Christine , Hadley Fraser as Raoul , Wynne Evans as Piangi , Wendy Ferguson as Carlotta , Barry James as Monsieur Firmin , Gareth Snook as Monsieur Andre , Liz Robertson as Madame Giry , and Daisy Maywood as Meg Giry . Lloyd Webber and several original cast members , including Crawford and Brightman , were in attendance . A DVD and Blu - ray of the performance was released in February 2012 , and it began airing in March 2012 on PBS 's `` Great Performances '' television series . In March 2012 , a new production directed by Laurence Connor began a UK and Ireland tour to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the show , beginning at the Theatre Royal Plymouth and travelled to Manchester , Bristol , Dublin , Leeds , Edinburgh , Milton Keynes , Cardiff , and Southampton . John Owen - Jones and Earl Carpenter alternated as the Phantom with Katie Hall and Olivia Brereton as Christine and Simon Bailey as Raoul . Broadway ( edit ) Phantom began Broadway previews at the Majestic Theatre on 9 January 1988 and opened on 26 January . Crawford , Brightman , and Barton reprised their respective roles from the West End . The production continues to play at the Majestic , where it became the first Broadway musical in history to surpass 10,000 performances on 11 February 2012 . On 26 January 2013 , the production celebrated its 25th anniversary with its 10,400 th performance . It is , by over 3,500 performances , the longest - running show in Broadway history . By November 2016 , Phantom had been staged over 12,000 times over 28 years . Amateur productions ( edit ) In 2013 , the rights to perform `` Phantom '' were released to non-professional groups . CLOC musical theatre staged the world amateur premiere in May 2013 at the National Theatre in Melbourne , Australia . In June 2013 , Windmill Theatre Company staged the production at the Drum Theatre in Dandenong . Also in June 2013 , Wellington Musical Theatre debuted the New Zealand premiere starring Chris Crowe and Barbara Graham . Synopsis ( edit ) Prologue ( edit ) In 1905 Paris , the Opéra Populaire hosts an auction of old theatrical props . Among the attendees is the Vicomte Raoul de Chagny , who purchases a papier - mâché music box and eyes it sadly , remarking how the details are `` exactly as she said . '' The auctioneer presents `` a chandelier in pieces '' as the next item up for bid , alluding to a connection with `` the Phantom of the Opera '' . As the porters remove the drop cloth covering the fixture , it flickers to life and ascends to the ceiling as the auditorium 's former grandeur is restored ( `` Overture '' ) . Act I ( edit ) It is now 1881 and the cast of a new production , Hannibal , are rehearsing onstage when they learn that new owners , Firmin and André , are taking over the Opéra Populaire . Carlotta , the Opéra 's resident soprano prima donna , begins to perform an aria for the new managers when a backdrop inexplicably falls from the flies , barely missing her and prompting anxious chorus girls to whisper , `` He 's here ! The Phantom of the Opera ! '' . The managers try to downplay the incident , but Carlotta angrily insists that such things happen all the time and she storms out . Madame Giry , the Opéra 's ballet mistress , informs Firmin and André that Christine Daaé , a chorus girl and orphaned daughter of a prominent violinist , has been `` well taught '' and can sing Carlotta 's role . With cancellation of the sold out show being their only other alternative , the managers reluctantly audition Christine and are surprised to discover that she is indeed up to the challenge . As Christine sings the aria during the evening performance , the Opéra 's new patron , Raoul , the Vicomte de Chagny , recognizes her as his childhood friend and playmate ( `` Think of Me '' ) . Michael Crawford and Sarah Brightman performing the title song Backstage after her triumphant début , Christine confesses to her best friend Meg ( Madame Giry 's daughter ) that she knows her mysterious teacher only as an invisible `` Angel of Music '' ( `` Angel of Music '' ) . Raoul pays a visit to Christine 's dressing room . The two reminisce about the `` Angel of Music '' stories that her late father used to tell them and Christine confides that the Angel has visited her and taught her to sing ( `` Little Lotte '' ) . Raoul indulges what he assumes are fantasies and insists on taking Christine to dinner . When Raoul leaves to fetch his hat , Christine hears the jealous Phantom 's voice and she entreats him to reveal himself . The Phantom obliges by appearing as a ghostly , partially masked face in her mirror ( `` The Mirror / Angel of Music ( Reprise ) '' ) . Believing him to be the Angel of Music sent by her deceased father , Christine is irresistibly drawn through the mirror to the Phantom , who leads her down into the cellars of the Opéra house . The two then board a small boat and cross a subterranean lake to his secret lair ( `` The Phantom of the Opera '' ) . The Phantom explains that he has chosen Christine to sing his music and serenades her . When he reveals a mirror that reflects an image of her in a wedding dress , the figure in the mirror gestures to Christine and she faints . The Phantom then covers her tenderly with his cloak ( `` The Music of the Night '' ) . As the Phantom is composing music at his organ , Christine awakens to the sound of the monkey music box ( `` I Remember '' ) . Overcome with curiosity , she slips behind the Phantom , lifts his mask , and beholds his grotesquely disfigured face . The Phantom rails at her prying gesture , as Christine hides in fear . He then ruefully expresses his longing to look normal , and to be loved by her ( `` Stranger Than You Dreamt It '' ) . Moved by pity , Christine returns the Phantom 's mask to him and the Phantom shepherds her back above ground . Meanwhile , Joseph Buquet , the Opéra 's chief stagehand , regales the chorus girls with tales of the `` Opéra Ghost '' and his terrible Punjab lasso ( `` Magical Lasso '' ) . Madame Giry arrives and warns Buquet to exercise restraint or face the Phantom 's wrath . In the managers ' office , André and Firman read notes from the Phantom aloud and are interrupted by Raoul , who accuses them of sending him a note saying that he should make no attempt to see Christine again . Carlotta and Piangi then burst into the office , demanding to know who sent Carlotta a note saying that her days at the Opera Populaire are numbered . As André and Firmin try to calm the distressed Carlotta , Madame Giry delivers another note from the Phantom : he demands that Christine replace Carlotta in the new opera , Il Muto , lest they face a `` disaster beyond imagination '' ( `` Notes ... '' ) . Firmin and André dismiss the threat and assure an enraged Carlotta that she will remain their star ( `` Prima Donna '' ) . The première of Il Muto initially goes well , until the voice of the Phantom suddenly cuts through the performance , enraged that Box 5 was not kept empty for him . As Christine whispers that she knows the Phantom is near , Carlotta reminds her that her role is silent , calling her a `` little toad '' . The Phantom states that it is Carlotta who is the toad and reduces Carlotta 's voice to a frog - like croak . Firmin quickly tries to calm the situation by telling the audience that Christine will take over the starring role , moving forward the ballet to keep the audience entertained . Suddenly , the corpse of Joseph Buquet drops from the rafters , hanging from the Punjab lasso . Firmin and André plead for calm as mayhem erupts and the Phantom 's diabolical laughter is heard throughout the auditorium ( `` Poor Fool , He Makes Me Laugh '' ) . In the ensuing chaos , Christine escapes with Raoul to the roof and tells him about her subterranean encounter with the Phantom ( `` Why Have You Brought Me Here ? / Raoul , I 've Been There '' ) . Raoul is skeptical but promises to love and protect her , and Christine reciprocates his vow ( `` All I Ask of You '' ) . The heartbroken Phantom , having overheard their entire conversation , angrily vows revenge before returning to the auditorium and brings down the chandelier , nearly killing Christine . ( `` All I Ask of You ( Reprise ) '' ) . Act II ( edit ) Steve Barton and Sarah Brightman in the final scene Six months later , in the midst of a masquerade ball , the Phantom makes his first appearance since the chandelier disaster , in costume as the Red Death . He announces that he has written an opera entitled Don Juan Triumphant and demands that it be produced immediately , with Christine ( who is now secretly engaged to Raoul ) in the lead role , and he warns of dire consequences if his demands are not met ( `` Masquerade / Why So Silent ? '' ) . Noticing an engagement ring on a chain around Christine 's neck , the Phantom angrily pulls it from her and vanishes in a blinding flash of light . As the masquerade attendees scatter in fear , Raoul accosts Madame Giry and demands that she reveal what she knows about the Phantom . Giry reluctantly explains that the Phantom is actually a brilliant scholar , magician , architect , inventor , and composer who was born with a terrifyingly deformed face . Feared and reviled by society , he was cruelly exhibited in a cage as part of a travelling fair until he eventually escaped and disappeared . He has since taken refuge beneath the opera house , which has now become his home . During rehearsals , Raoul -- tired of the tyranny with which the Phantom rules the Opera -- thinks to use the première of Don Juan Triumphant as a trap to capture the Phantom and put an end to his reign of terror once and for all . Carlotta falsely accuses Christine of being the mastermind and that it is her plan so she can be the star . Christine angrily defends herself , saying she is not the Phantom 's accomplice , but his victim . Raoul , knowing of the Phantom 's obsession with his fiancée , asserts that the Phantom will be sure to attend the opera 's première , and begs Christine to help him lure the Phantom into the trap ( `` Notes / Twisted Every Way '' ) . Torn between her love for Raoul and her fear of the Phantom , Christine visits her father 's grave , longing for his guidance but understanding that she must move on ( `` Wishing You Were Somehow Here Again '' ) . The Phantom appears atop the mausoleum , again under the guise of the Angel of Music ( `` Wandering Child '' ) , and sings to Christine . Christine , tired and heartbroken , once again accepts her `` Angel '' as a friend , nearly succumbing to the Phantom 's influence , but Raoul arrives to both rescue her and confront The Phantom . The Phantom taunts Raoul , hurling fire balls at him until Christine begs Raoul to leave with her ( `` Bravo Monsieur '' ) . Furious , the Phantom declares war upon them both and causes flames to spring up around the mausoleum . With armed policemen having secured the auditorium and watching for the Phantom , Don Juan Triumphant premieres with Christine and Piangi singing the lead roles . During Don Juan 's and Aminta 's duet , Christine comes to the sudden realization that she is singing not with Piangi , but with the Phantom himself ( `` The Point of No Return '' ) . Mimicking Raoul 's vow of devotion on the rooftop , the Phantom once again expresses love for Christine and forces his ring onto her finger ; Christine rips off his mask , exposing his horrifically deformed face to the shocked audience . The opera house is plunged into chaos . Piangi 's garroted body is revealed backstage , the cast and audience fly into a state of panic , and the Phantom seizes Christine and flees the theatre . An angry mob , vowing vengeance for the murders of Buquet and Piangi , searches the theatre for the Phantom , while Madame Giry tells Raoul how to find the Phantom 's subterranean lair , and warns him to beware his magical lasso. ( `` Down Once More / Track Down This Murderer '' ) . In the lair , Christine is forced to don a wedding dress . Raoul finds the lair and attempts to persuade the Phantom to spare Christine , begging him to show compassion . The Phantom refuses , and captures Raoul with the Punjab lasso . The Phantom tells Christine that he will free Raoul if she agrees to stay with him forever , but if she refuses , Raoul will die . Christine , heartbroken , tells the Phantom that it is his soul that is deformed , not his face . As the Phantom and Raoul both plead to her , Christine mournfully wonders what kind of life the Phantom has known . She tells the Phantom that he is not alone and kisses him , showing him compassion for the first time in his life . The Phantom , having experienced kindness at last , understands that he can not compel Christine to love him , and sets them both free . Raoul hurries Christine out of the lair , but she returns alone to give the Phantom back his ring . The Phantom tells Christine he loves her , before she tearfully exits with Raoul . The weeping Phantom huddles on his throne and covers himself with his cloak . The mob , led by Meg , enters the lair . Meg pulls the Phantom 's cloak from the throne , finding only his mask on the seat . She lifts the mask up into the light and gazes at in wonder as the curtain falls . Casting ( edit ) Original casts ( edit ) The original casts of the major productions of The Phantom of the Opera : Character Original West End Cast Original Broadway Cast Original Las Vegas Cast Royal Albert Hall 25th Anniversary Cast The Phantom of the Opera Michael Crawford Brent Barrett Anthony Crivello ‡ Ramin Karimloo Christine Daaé Sarah Brightman Claire Moore † Sarah Brightman Patti Cohenour † Sierra Boggess Elizabeth Loyacano ‡ Sierra Boggess Raoul , Vicomte de Chagny Steve Barton Tim Martin Gleason Hadley Fraser Carlotta Giudicelli Rosemary Ashe Judy Kaye Elena Jeanne Batman Geena Jeffries Mattox ‡ Wendy Ferguson Madame Giry Mary Millar Leila Martin Rebecca Spencer Liz Robertson Meg Giry Janet Devenish Elisa Heinsohn Brianne Kelly Morgan Daisy Maywood Monsieur Richard Firmin John Savident Nick Wyman Lawson Skala Barry James Monsieur Gilles André David Firth Cris Groenendaal John Leslie Wolfe Gareth Snook Ubaldo Piangi John Aron David Romano Larry Wayne Morbitt Wynne Evans † The role of Christine Daaé is double - cast in most professional productions . The secondary actress performs the role twice a week ( on Broadway , Thursday evening and Saturday matinée ) . ‡ Three roles ( The Phantom , Christine , and Carlotta ) were double - cast in the original Las Vegas production , with the two actors in each pair singing alternate performances . Later , Las Vegas casting became identical to that in the Broadway production , with single casting for all characters except Christine . West End replacements ( edit ) The Phantom : Peter Karrie , Dave Willetts , John Owen - Jones , Ramin Karimloo , Peter Jöback , Simon Bowman , Earl Carpenter , Marcus Lovett , Peter Polycarpou , Ben Forster , Ben Lewis Christine Daaé : Claire Moore , Rebecca Caine , Myrra Malmberg , Gina Beck , Rachel Barrell , Sofia Escobar , Leila Benn Harris , Robyn North , Anna O'Byrne , Meredith Braun , Celinde Schoenmaker Raoul , Vicomte de Chagny : Michael Ball , John Barrowman , Simon Bowman , Simon Burke , Clive Carter , Killian Donnelly , Ramin Karimloo , Robert Meadmore , Oliver Thornton , Sean Palmer , Gardar Thor Cortes Carlotta Giuducelli : Morag McLaren , Julia Goss , Margaret Preece , Shan Cothi Monsieur Richard Firmin : Andy Hockley Monsieur Gilles Andre : Martin Ball Broadway replacements ( edit ) The Phantom : Timothy Nolen , Steve Barton , Mark Jacoby , Kevin Grey , Marcus Lovett , Davis Gaines , Thomas James O'Leary , Marcus Lovett , Hugh Panaro , Howard McGillin , Gary Mauer , Brad Little , John Cudia , Peter Jöback , Norm Lewis , James Barbour , Amick Byram , Laird Mackintosh Christine Daaé : Lisa Vroman , Patti Cohenour , Rebecca Luker , Rebecca Pitcher , Jennifer Hope Wills , Kimilee Bryant , Sierra Boggess , Samantha Hill , Mary Michael Patterson , Julia Udine , Ali Ewoldt Raoul , Vicomte de Chagny : Davis Gaines , Kevin Grey Gary Mauer , Hugh Panaro , Brad Little , John Cudia , Tim Martin Gleason , Rodney Ingram Monsieur Gilles Andre : George Lee Andrews , Laird Mackintosh Musical numbers ( edit ) Prologue Prologue : The stage of the Paris Opéra House , 1911 -- Old Raoul Overture -- Orchestra Act I `` Think of Me '' -- Carlotta , Christine , Raoul `` Angel of Music '' -- Christine and Meg `` Little Lotte - Raoul , Christine The Mirror ( Angel of Music ) '' -- Christine , Phantom `` The Phantom of the Opera '' -- Phantom and Christine `` The Music of the Night '' -- Phantom `` I Remember / Stranger Than You Dreamt It -- Christine and Phantom `` Magical Lasso '' -- Buquet , Meg , Madame Giry and Ballet Girls `` Notes / Prima Donna '' -- Firmin , André , Raoul , Carlotta , Giry , Meg , Piangi and Phantom `` Poor Fool , He Makes Me Laugh '' -- Carlotta and Company `` Why Have You Brought Me Here / Raoul , I 've Been There '' -- Raoul and Christine `` All I Ask of You '' -- Raoul and Christine `` All I Ask of You '' ( Reprise ) -- Phantom Act II Entr'acte -- Orchestra `` Masquerade / Why So Silent ? '' -- Full Company `` Notes / Twisted Every Way '' -- André , Firmin , Carlotta , Piangi , Raoul , Christine , Giry , and Phantom `` Wishing You Were Somehow Here Again '' -- Christine `` Wandering Child / Bravo , Bravo '' -- Phantom , Christine and Raoul `` The Point of No Return '' -- Phantom and Christine `` Down Once More / Track Down This Murderer '' -- Full Company `` Finale '' - Phantom , Mob , Christine , Raoul Orchestra ( edit ) There are several orchestrations : 29 piece orchestra ( original score , used in London ) , 27 piece orchestra ( current Broadway score ) 13 piece orchestra ( Reduced score for tour ) , 45 piece orchestra ( 25th Anniversary score ) . The current Broadway orchestration is what is licensed by R&H Theatricals for amateur and professional productions . The only difference between the 29 - and 27 - piece orchestras is the lack of Violins VII & VIII in the 27 - piece orchestra . The Broadway production originally used a 29 - piece pit orchestra : Reed I : Flute / Piccolo Reed II : Flute / Clarinet Reed III : Oboe / English Horn Reed IV : B - flat Clarinet / Bass Clarinet / E-flat Clarinet Reed V : Bassoon French Horns I -- III Trumpets I -- II Trombone Percussion I - II ( see below ) Keyboards I -- II : Piano , Synthesizer Violins I - VIII ( currently only six violins ) Violas I -- II Cellos I -- II String Bass Harp Percussion is split between two books -- regular percussion and mallets 2 Timpani , Suspended cymbals , Crash Cymbals , Snare drum , Triangle , Tambourine , Bass Drum Glockenspiel , Xylophone , Vibes , Marimba , Tubular Bells , Bell Tree , Woodblock , Gong , Guiro , Finger Cymbals Recordings ( edit ) Cast recordings have been made of the London , Austrian , Dutch , German , Japanese , Swedish , Korean , Hungarian , Mexican , Polish , Russian and Canadian productions . The recording of the 1986 original London cast , released by Polydor Records in 1987 , was released in both a single CD Highlights From The Phantom of the Opera and a two CD Phantom of the Opera , both of which have been certified 4 × Platinum in the US and sold 4.97 million copies as of January 2017 . `` The Complete Recordings '' edition has sold 507,000 copies since 1991 . Phantom was also certified 3 × Platinum in the UK . The Canadian cast recording went 2 × Platinum in Canada . In Switzerland , Phantom was certified 3 × Platinum and Highlights was certified 2 × Platinum . Recordings of the Vienna cast and the Hamburg cast produced by Jimmy Bowien were certified Gold and triple Platinum , respectively , in Germany . The original album recording has sold an alleged 24 million copies worldwide . A live recording of The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall was released in the UK on 15 November 2011 and subsequently in the US and Canada on 7 February 2012 , along with Blu - ray and DVD videos , and a collectors ' box set of the Royal Albert concert , the original cast recording , and the sequel , Love Never Dies . Sales and certifications ( edit ) Original 1986 London production ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) 2 × Platinum 200,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 12 × Platinum 180,000 Poland ( ZPAV ) Gold 50,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Gold 50,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 3 × Platinum 900,000 United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 4,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Local productions ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Platinum 50,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 8 × Platinum 800,000 Germany ( BVMI ) 3 × Platinum 1,500,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 250,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Gold 50,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) 3 × Platinum 150,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Highlights From The Phantom of the Opera ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) 8 × Platinum 800,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) 2 × Platinum 100,000 United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 4,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Allegations of plagiarism ( edit ) In 1987 the heirs of Giacomo Puccini charged in a lawsuit that the climactic phrase in `` Music of the Night '' closely resembled a similar phrase in the sequence `` Quello che tacete '' from Puccini 's opera Girl of the Golden West . The litigation was settled out of court for an undisclosed amount . In 1990 a Baltimore songwriter named Ray Repp filed a lawsuit alleging that the title song from Phantom was based on a song that he wrote in 1978 called `` Till You '' . After eight years of litigation -- including an unsuccessful countersuit by Lloyd Webber claiming that `` Till You '' was itself a plagiarism of `` Close Every Door '' from Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat -- the jury found in Lloyd Webber 's favour . Former Pink Floyd vocalist Roger Waters has repeatedly claimed in interviews that the signature descending / ascending half - tone chord progression from Phantom 's title song was plagiarised from the bass line of a track on the 1971 Pink Floyd album Meddle called `` Echoes '' . He has never taken any legal action . `` Life 's too long to bother with suing Andrew fucking Lloyd Webber , '' he said . `` I think that might make me really gloomy . '' Other productions ( edit ) Phantom has been translated into several languages and produced in over 28 countries on 6 continents . With only the exception of Czech Republic , Estonia , Finland , Hungary , New Zealand , Panama , Poland , Romania , and the 25th Anniversary UK and US Tours , these productions have all been `` clones '' , using the original staging , direction , sets , and costume concepts . Notable international productions include the following : Australia : 1990 -- 1998 : Melbourne , Sydney , Brisbane , Adelaide , and Perth ; 2007 -- 2009 : Melbourne , Brisbane , Sydney , Auckland , Perth and Adelaide , both starring Anthony Warlow . Marina Prior starred as Christine in the original production . In the original Australian production , Rob Guest later took over the title role . The final leg of the recent tour was staged in Adelaide in an arena format featuring giant screens on either side of the stage that presented footage shot simultaneously with the performance . 2013 : Canberra starring Michael Cormick as The Phantom and with Julie Lea Goodwin starring as Christine from 9 to 23 August 2013 . Goodwin had previously played the role , as the `` Alternate Christine '' , in the 2007 to 2009 national tour . Austria : The German language production premiered at the Theater an der Wien in December 1988 . Canada : The Canadian production of Phantom ran from 20 September 1989 to 31 October 1999 in Toronto at the Pantages Theatre , with Colm Wilkinson originating the role of Phantom . The Canadian International Touring Company toured the musical in Canada , Hawaii , Alaska , Hong Kong , and Singapore from 11 March 1991 to October 1995 . The Music Box Tour ( Third US National Tour ) played dates across Canada in 2006 -- 2007 including Calgary , Vancouver , Edmonton , Winnipeg , Toronto , Saskatoon and Ottawa . China : The Shanghai production played 97 performances at the Shanghai Grand Theatre . The World Tour had their sixth season at the Culture Plaza Theatre at Shanghai Culture Square from 3 December 2013 to 26 January 2014 . The World Tour returned to China at the Guangzhou Opera House in Guangzhou from 26 September to 10 October 2015 and performed its final season at the Tianqiao Performing Arts Center in Beijing from 17 November 2015 to 10 January 2016 . Estonia : Production in Estonian language ( but with English and Finnish subtitles ) featuring original sets , costumes , and direction premiered on 4 October 2014 at Theatre Vanemuine in Tartu . In first season 2014 / 2015 there were 24 performances in total , eight of which took place in capital Tallinn at Nordea Concert Hall ( premiered there on 30 October 2014 ) . In spring 2017 there will be further 12 performances ( two of which in Tallinn ) . Finland : A Finnish production premiered in Helsinki in 2015 at the Finnish National Opera in English . Germany : `` Das Phantom der Oper '' opened at the Stage Neue Flora Theatre , Hamburg from 1990 to 2001 , the Palladium Theatre in Stuttgart from 2002 to 2004 , and at the Colosseum Theatre in Essen from 2005 to 2007 . A second Hamburg production ran from December 2013 until September 2015 at the Stage Theatre Neue Flora . A production in Oberhausen is currently running at the Metronom Theater from 17 November 2015 . Hungary : Madách Theatre , Budapest . This production , which began in 2003 , was the first to modify the original staging with new sets , costumes and direction . The five hundredth performance on 20 September 2007 featured four successive sets of casts . New Zealand : Opened at the Aotea Centre in Auckland in 1997 and at The Civic , The Edge - Auckland in 2008 . A local production ( with new designs ) opened on 13 June at the St. James Theatre in Wellington and closed on 16 July 2013 . Panama : For the first time in Central America , `` El Fantasma de la Opera '' played in Spanish at the Teatro Anayansi of the Atlapa Convention Center from 23 to 25 September 2016 , directed by Aaron Zebede . Randy Dominguez starred in the role of The Phantom , with Maria Fernanda Achurra as Christine and Leo Almengor as Raoul . Romania : The Romanian premiere was in January 2015 produced by the Romanian National Opereta . This new non-replica production was performed in Romanian with a local cast led by a British creative team . Russia : Moscow production cooproduced by Stage Entertainment and Really Useful Group premiered on 4 October 2014 in the MDM theatre starring Ivan Ozhogin and Dmitry Yermak as The Phantom . The stalls and the stage were modernised specially for the production . The premiere was attended by Richard Stilgoe and Charles Hart . Serbia : The Serbian premiere was in October 2017 produced by Belgrade - based Terazije Theatre. Production is performed in Serbian with a local cast . Singapore : First tour at the Kallang Theatre from 26 February 1995 to 20 May 1995 , second tour at the Esplanade - Theatres on the Bay from 23 March 2007 to 20 May 2007 . Turkey : The World Tour played in Istanbul at the Zorlu Center PSM from 7 April to 17 May 2015 . United States : Los Angeles ( 1989 -- 1993 ) , San Francisco ( 1993 -- 1999 ) . A US National tour commenced in 1991 in Los Angeles , and closed on 31 October 2010 at the Pantages Theatre in Hollywood , California , after nearly two decades . The closing night performance was attended by many former cast and crew members , including Andrew Lloyd Webber and Sarah Brightman . Film version ( edit ) A film version , directed by Joel Schumacher and starring Gerard Butler as the Phantom , Emmy Rossum as Christine , Patrick Wilson as Raoul , Minnie Driver as Carlotta , and Miranda Richardson as Madame Giry , opened on 22 December 2004 in the US . Phantom : the Las Vegas Spectacular ( edit ) An edited production renamed Phantom : The Las Vegas Spectacular opened 24 June 2006 at The Venetian in Las Vegas , Nevada , in a theatre built specifically for the show to resemble the Opéra Garnier in Paris . The production ran 95 minutes with no intermission , and was directed and choreographed by Harold Prince and Gillian Lynne , with scenic designs by David Rockwell . The show featured updated technology and effects , including a re-engineered chandelier capable of reassembling in midair during the overture while the entire interior of the venue ( not merely the stage ) returned to its 1880s halcyon days . Almost 45 minutes ' worth of material was eliminated , such as the Don Juan Triumphant rehearsal . `` Poor Fool , He Makes Me Laugh '' and `` The Point of No Return '' were significantly shortened . Other changes resembled those in the 2004 film , such as staging the chandelier crash at the plot 's climax ( during performance of `` The Point of No Return '' ) rather than mid-story . The Las Vegas production closed on 2 September 2012 . Copyright release ( edit ) In 2011 The Really Useful Group ( copyright owners of Phantom ) released certain rights to the play in celebration of its 25th anniversary . In March 2011 Reed - Custer High School in Braidwood , Illinois , became the first school to perform Phantom under the new rights . Later in 2011 , Stanwell School in Penarth became the first school in the UK to perform the show . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Original London production ( edit ) Year Award Ceremony Category Nominee Result 1986 Laurence Olivier Award Best New Musical Won Best Actor in a Musical Michael Crawford Won Designer of the Year Maria Björnson Nominated 2002 Most Popular Show Won Original Broadway production ( edit ) Year Award Ceremony Category Nominee Result 1988 Drama Desk Award Outstanding Musical Nominated Outstanding Actor in a Musical Michael Crawford Won Outstanding Actress in a Musical Sarah Brightman Nominated Outstanding Director of a Musical Harold Prince Won Outstanding Music Andrew Lloyd Webber Won Outstanding Orchestrations David Cullen and Andrew Lloyd Webber Won Outstanding Set Design Maria Björnson Won Outstanding Costume Design Won Outstanding Lighting Design Andrew Bridge Won Tony Award Best Musical Won Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical Michael Crawford Won Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical Judy Kaye Won Best Direction of a Musical Harold Prince Won Best Book of a Musical Richard Stilgoe and Andrew Lloyd Webber Nominated Best Original Score Andrew Lloyd Webber , Charles Hart and Richard Stilgoe Nominated Best Scenic Design Maria Björnson Won Best Costume Design Won Best Lighting Design Andrew Bridge Won Best Choreography Gillian Lynne Nominated Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Love Never Dies ( musical ) The sequel to Phantom , written by Lloyd Webber , Ben Elton , Frederick Forsyth and Glenn Slater , is called Love Never Dies . It was loosely adapted from the 1999 novel The Phantom of Manhattan , by Forsyth . Set in 1907 ( a decade after the conclusion of Phantom according to the production 's announcement , but actually 26 years later , as the original show was set in 1881 ) , Christine is invited to perform at Phantasma , a new attraction at Coney Island , by an anonymous impresario . With her husband , Raoul , and son , Gustave , in tow she journeys to Brooklyn , unaware that it is the Phantom who has arranged her appearance at the popular beach resort . The original production was directed by Jack O'Brien and choreographed by Jerry Mitchell with set and costume designs by Bob Crowley , and opened at the Adelphi Theatre in the West End on 9 March 2010 . Though it ran for over 17 months and closed on 27 August 2011 , the production received mixed reviews . A scheduled Broadway opening in November 2010 was postponed until Spring 2011 and later cancelled . A revamped Australian production , starring Ben Lewis and Anna O'Byrne , opened 21 May 2011 at the Regent Theatre in Melbourne to more favourable notices . After the Melbourne run ended on 12 December 2011 the production moved to the Capitol Theatre in Sydney where it played from January to April 2012 . See also ( edit ) Phantom List of best - selling albums in New Zealand List of best - selling albums Love Never Dies Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera : The most commercially successful stage musical ever '' . Really Useful Licensing . Retrieved 26 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Rich , Frank ( 27 January 1988 ) . `` Stage : ' Phantom of the Opera ' '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera -- The Show -- Awards '' . Archived from the original on 30 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Gerald Martin Bordman ( 2004 ) . The Oxford companion to American theatre p. 496 . Oxford University Press . `` A British musical based on Leroux 's famous novel '' . Jump up ^ Top 10 Longest - Running London Theatre Shows Londonist.com . Retrieved 11 February 2012 Jump up ^ The A to Z of the Broadway Musical p. 266 . Scarecrow Press , 2009 Jump up ^ Smith , Tim ( 11 April 2010 ) ' Phantom of the Opera ' at the Hippodrome The Baltimore Sun Jump up ^ Trueman , Matt ( 10 April 2012 ) . `` Lion King rules Broadway as highest grossing show of all time '' . The Guardian . London . ^ Jump up to : `` Phantom of the Opera Screening Earns Over £ 500,000 in the UK '' , BroadwayWorld.com , 5 October 2011 ^ Jump up to : Jones , Kenneth ( 25 January 2006 ) . `` Phantom turns 18 '' . Playbill . Retrieved 23 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew . `` The Lion King Is Now Top - Earner in Box - Office History '' , Playbill , 22 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Andrew Lloyd Webber , Martin Knowlden The Phantom of the Opera Companion Pavilion , 2007 Jump up ^ Bright , Spencer ( 8 December 1996 ) . `` Jim 'll Fix It '' . Sunday Times . Retrieved 9 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Citron , Stephen . Sondheim and Lloyd - Webber ( 2001 ) , Oxford University Press US , ISBN 0 - 19 - 509601 - 0 , p. 330 Jump up ^ Behr , Edward . The Complete Book of Les Misérables ( 1993 ) , Arcade Publishing , ISBN 1 - 55970 - 156 - 0 , p. 62 ^ Jump up to : Behind the Mask documentary , on the 2004 film DVD Jump up ^ Evans , Everett ( 2 December 1990 ) . `` You need program to keep ' Phantom ' productions straight '' . Houston Chronicle . Jump up ^ Coveney , M. Cats on a Chandelier : The Andrew Lloyd Webber Story . New York , Hutchinson ( 1999 ) . pp. 200 -- 206 . ISBN 978 - 0091801700 Jump up ^ Snelson , J. Andrew Lloyd Webber ( Yale Broadway Masters Series ) . New Haven , Yale University Press ( 2009 ) , p. 88 . ISBN 978 - 0300151138 Jump up ^ Maria Bjornson Dies ; Theatre Production Designer was 53 ( 16 December 2002 ) . LiveDesign archive Archived 22 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 3 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Maria Bjornson obituary . London times archive Retrieved 3 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Phantom of the Opera DVD ( 2004 film ) . Amazon.com Retrieved 3 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Propst , Andy . Broadway 's Phantom of the Opera to Reach Historic 9,000 th Performance on 17 September TheaterMania.com. 14 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera : Show awards '' . Andrew Lloyd Webber 's Really Useful Group . Archived from the original on 11 April 2008 . Retrieved 23 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Glendinning , Lee ( 3 May 2008 ) . `` Musical to return louder than ever '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 5 May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Phantom live in cinemas for 25th anniversary '' . The Phantom of the Opera . Archived from the original on 1 January 2015 . Retrieved 27 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall : Ramin Karimloo , Sierra Boggess , Hadley Fraser , Wendy Ferguson , Barry James , Gareth Snook , Liz Robertson , Wynne Evans , Sergei Polunin , Andrew Lloyd Webber : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.thephantomoftheoperatour.com Archived 17 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Lloyd Webber had hoped to open in Toronto prior to Broadway but political pressure forced the change. Phantom of the Opera , at the Internet Broadway Database . Retrieved 31 January 2008 Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth `` Broadway 's Phantom Hits 10,000 th Performance on Feb. 11 ; Milestone Benefits The Actors Fund '' Archived 16 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine. , Playbill.com , 11 February 2012 Jump up ^ `` '' Phantom '' Celebrates Its Silver Anniversary on Broadway `` . NY1 . Archived from the original on 8 February 2013 . Retrieved 27 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera hits a majestic new milestone '' playbill.com , 28 November 2016 Jump up ^ `` Theatre : The Phantom of the Opera '' . Newcastle Herald . Retrieved 20 February 2014 Jump up ^ BWW New Desk ( 5 September 2011 ) . `` Details Revealed for THE PHANTOM OF THE OPERA 25th Anniversary Box Set '' . Retrieved 19 April 2012 . Track Listing , Disc 1 ... Original London Cast -- Prologue ( The Stage of Paris Opera House , 1905 ) Jump up ^ `` Andrew Lloyd Webber -- The Phantom of the Opera '' . DiscOgs. 5 April 2012 . Retrieved 19 April 2012 . Tracklist ... Prologue : The Stage of the Paris Opéra , 1905 ^ Jump up to : Phantom Las Vegas : Musical Numbers Jump up ^ Perry , George . `` The Complete Phantom of the Opera '' . Owl Books , 1991 , ISBN 0 - 8050 - 1722 - 4 . Jump up ^ POTO Onstage Archived 8 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine. , phantom-media.info -- accessed 10 May 2009 Jump up ^ Phantom of the Opera Toronto Cast Jump up ^ Royal Albert Hall performance IMDb page Jump up ^ The Phantom of the Opera : opening night production credits . IBDB.com . Retrieved 16 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Westley , Christine : `` Phantom -- The Las Vegas Spectacular . TheatreMania.com . Retrieved 16 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Casting : PhantomLasVegas.com Retrieved 8 September 2011 Jump up ^ Discogs.com entry `` The Phantom Of The Opera '' Original London Cast Jump up ^ Discogs.com entry `` Das Phantom Der Oper '' Jump up ^ Discogs.com entry `` The Phantom Of The Opera '' Original Canadian Cast Jump up ^ `` American certifications -- Phantom of the Opera '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Jump up ^ Keith Caulfield. `` Hamilton passes 1 million sales plus chart highlights from James Arthur , Maren Morris and Taylor Swift '' . Billboard . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- Phantom of the Opera '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Phantom of the Opera in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` Canadian certifications -- Andrew Lloyd Webber -- Phantom of the Opera '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( ' Phantom of the Opera ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( ' Das Phantom der Oper ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ Murray , Rebecca . `` Phantom of the Opera Soundtrack List '' . Sony Classical Records . About.com . Retrieved 3 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Phantom live in cinemas for 25th anniversary '' . The Phantom of the Opera . 7 September 2011 . Archived from the original on 1 January 2015 . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ BWW News Desk . `` Details Revealed for THE PHANTOM OF THE OPERA 25th Anniversary Box Set '' . Broadwayworld.com . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian album certifications -- Andrew Lloyd Webber -- Phantom of the Opera '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Scapolo , Dean ( 2007 ) . The Complete New Zealand Music Charts : 1966 -- 2006 . Wellington : Dean Scapolo and Maurienne House . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 1877443 - 00 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Polish album certifications -- Andrew Lloyd Webber -- Phantom of the Opera '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat − År 1987 − 1998 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- Stage Cast Recordings -- Phantom of the Opera '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Enter Phantom of the Opera in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Andrew Lloyd Webber -- Phantom of the Opera '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Austrian album certifications -- Diverse -- Phantom der Oper '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Enter Diverse in the field Interpret . Enter Phantom der Oper in the field Titel . Select album in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Canadian album certifications -- Various Artists -- The Phantom of the Opera '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Musical Hamburg ; ' Musical Hamburg -- Das Phantom der Oper ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 8 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Musical ; ' Musical Wien -- Das Phantom der Oper ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 8 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat − År 1987 − 1998 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved 1 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Musical ; ' Phantom of the Opera ( Andrew Lloyd Webber ) ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian album certifications -- Various Artists -- The Phantom of the Opera ( Highlights ) '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Musical ; ' Phantom of the Opera ( Highlights ) ( Andrew Lloyd Webber ) ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Andrew Lloyd Webber -- Highlights from Phantom of the Opera _Loncon Cast_ '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Hear the Opera Andrew Lloyd Webber Allegedly Plagiarized . SFist . Archived 11 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 10 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Who 's Listening to Lloyd Webber ? Theatre Communications Group archive Archived 5 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 7 November 2011 Jump up ^ HOW THE WEST WON THE MET ( 13 June 2010 ) . San Jose Mercury News ( CA ) . Article ID : 1408078 Jump up ^ LET 'S HEAR ' GIRL OF THE GOLDEN WEST ' SING ( 12 June 2010 ) San Jose Mercury News ( CA ) . Article ID : 1408152 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 28 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Andrew Lloyd Webber Loses Round in Battle Over Allegedly Stolen Song ( 5 December 1996 ) . Seattle Post-Intelligencer Retrieved 10 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Lloyd Webber Wins Phantom Battle . BBC News Retrieved 10 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Who the hell does Roger Waters think he is ? '' . Q magazine . November 1992 . Archived from the original on 22 October 2015 . Retrieved 20 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official website of the Hungarian production '' . Theater Madách . Retrieved 23 April 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official homepage of the Theatre Vanemuine '' . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Broadcasting Corporation The world Today '' . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera -- Canberra Theatre Centre '' . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official website of the German production '' . Retrieved 23 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Toronto Phantom Disappears Oct. 31 After 10 Years & 4,226 Perfs ; Auction Follows . Playbill ( 29 October 1999 ) , retrieved 26 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 上海 文化 广场 演出 信息 演出 详细 '' . Shculturesquare.com. 26 January 2014 . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Guangzhou Premiere of The Phantom of the Opera Electrifies Opera House Stage_Life of Guangzhou '' . www.lifeofguangzhou.com . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Phantom of the Opera ' to Hold 64 Shows in Beijing '' . english.cri.cn . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official press release for production in Finland '' . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` DAS PHANTOM DER OPER Musical in Oberhausen Metronom Theater Tickets , Karten und Gutscheine '' . www.stage-entertainment.de . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Positively Wellington Venues : Single show '' . Pwv.co.nz . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera live in Wellington Scoop News '' . Scoop.co.nz. 4 December 2012 . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` El sombrío ángel de la música '' . Retrieved 26 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fantoma de la Operă -- Opereta '' . www.opereta.ro . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Phantom of the Opera premieres in Moscow '' . Stage-entertainment.com. 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` п ° я ▌ п ╥ п ╦ п ╨ п ╩ б ╚ п ÷ я ─ п ╦ п ╥ я ─ п ╟ п ╨ п пп ╣ я ─ я ▀ б ╩ . п я └ п ╦ я ├ п ╦ п ╟ п ╩ я ▄ п ╫ я ▀ п ╧ я │ п ╟ п ╧ я ┌ п2п ╬ п ╡ п ╬ я │ я ┌ п ╦ '' . Phantom-musical.ru . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera -- Terazije Theatre '' . www.pozoristeterazije.com . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Yong , Yvonne ( 3 October 2006 ) . `` Phantom of the Opera set to return to Singapore '' . Channel NewsAsia . Retrieved 23 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera -- ZORLU CENTER PSM '' . www.zorlucenterpsm.com . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Phantom '' To Close at Pantages . neontommy.com Retrieved 27 January 2011 . Jump up ^ The Phantom of the Opera ( 2004 ) on IMDb . Retrieved 31 January 2008 Jump up ^ `` Phantom : The Las Vegas Spectacular official site '' . Really Useful Group / Mackintosh Ltd . Retrieved 23 April 2008 . Jump up ^ McKenzie , Kristine ( 3 October 2006 ) . `` Phantom : The Las Vegas Spectacular show review -- Beloved show lives up to new name '' . LasVegas.com . Retrieved 23 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Jessica Boyd ( 20 March 2011 ) . `` RCHS Spring Musical '' . braidwoodparkdistrict.com . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Penarth school first to stage Lloyd Webber smash hit '' . Penarth Times . 15 December 2011 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` OLIVIER AWARDS 1986 '' . westendtheatre.com . Retrieved 19 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Laurence Olivier Awards : full list of winners 1976 -- 2008 '' ( PDF ) . officiallondontheatre.co.uk . Retrieved 19 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera Tony Award Info '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved 19 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Love Never Dies : The Show -- The Creative Team '' . LoveNeverDies.com Official Site . Archived from the original on 12 July 2010 . Retrieved 19 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Phantom Sequel , Love Never Dies , Now Due in London and on Broadway in March 2010 '' . Playbill. 18 May 2009 . Archived from the original on 18 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Love Never Dies : The Show -- Background '' . Love Never Dies ( official site ) . Archived from the original on 14 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Bamigboye , Baz . Ramin Karimloo originated the Phantom , and Sierra Boggess played Christine . Joseph Millson , Summer Strallen , and Charlie Manton were all in the original cast of Love Never Dies as well. Watch out for ... Daily Mail . 3 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Love Never Dies sees mixed reviews '' . CBC News . 10 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 23 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Broadway debut of Love Never Dies is postponed '' . BBC News . 7 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Healy , Patrick ( 7 April 2010 ) . `` Broadway Opening for ' Love Never Dies ' Is Delayed Until 2011 '' . NY Times . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( 6 April 2010 ) . `` Love Never Dies Postpones Broadway Opening to Spring 2011 '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 9 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Love Never Dies Scraps Plans for Spring Broadway Run '' . Broadway.com . Retrieved 27 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Bedford , Angie . `` Love Never Dies Review '' . The Theatre Channel at Webwombat . Retrieved 27 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Solomon , Les ( 30 May 2011 ) : `` Australia 's Creative Pride . '' AussieTheatre.com Retrieved 22 August 2001 Jump up ^ Herbert , Kate ( 30 May 2011 ) : `` Australia Never Dies '' review . Melbourne Herald Sun archive Retrieved 22 August 2011 Jump up ^ Boyd , Chris ( 30 May 2011 ) : Phantom sequel spectacularly unmasked . The Australian archive Retrieved 22 August 2011 Jump up ^ BWW News Desk . `` LOVE NEVER DIES Arrives at Sydney 's Capitol Theatre '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved 27 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Lloyd Webber 's Love Never Dies Ends Australian Run April 1 '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 4 January 2014 . Retrieved 27 March 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Phantom of the Opera Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Phantom of the Opera ( Webber musical ) . Official website The Phantom of the Opera at Playbill Vault The Phantom of the Opera at the Internet Broadway Database The Phantom of the Opera ( The Guide to Musical Theatre ) An interview with the makeup designer on the American Theatre Wing 's `` Working in the Theatre '' series . Preceded by Cats Longest - running Broadway show 2006 -- present Succeeded by -- Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Musical ( 1976 -- 2000 ) A Chorus Line ( 1976 ) The Comedy of Errors ( 1977 ) Evita ( 1978 ) Songbook ( 1979 ) Sweeney Todd ( 1980 ) Cats ( 1981 ) Poppy ( 1982 ) Blood Brothers ( 1983 ) 42nd Street ( 1984 ) Me and My Girl ( 1985 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1986 ) Follies ( 1987 ) Candide ( 1988 ) Return to the Forbidden Planet ( 1989 / 1990 ) Sunday in the Park with George ( 1991 ) Carmen Jones ( 1992 ) Crazy for You ( 1993 ) City of Angels ( 1994 ) Once on This Island ( 1995 ) Jolson ( 1996 ) Martin Guerre ( 1997 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1998 ) Kat and the Kings ( 1999 ) Honk ! ( 2000 ) Complete list ( 1976 -- 2000 ) ( 2001 -- 2025 ) Tony Award for Best Musical ( 1976 -- 2000 ) A Chorus Line ( 1976 ) Annie ( 1977 ) Ai n't Misbehavin ' ( 1978 ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 1979 ) Evita ( 1980 ) 42nd Street ( 1981 ) Nine ( 1982 ) Cats ( 1983 ) La Cage aux Folles ( 1984 ) Big River ( 1985 ) Drood ( 1986 ) Les Misérables ( 1987 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1988 ) Jerome Robbins ' Broadway ( 1989 ) City of Angels ( 1990 ) The Will Rogers Follies ( 1991 ) Crazy for You ( 1992 ) Kiss of the Spider Woman ( 1993 ) Passion ( 1994 ) Sunset Boulevard ( 1995 ) Rent ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) The Lion King ( 1998 ) Fosse ( 1999 ) Contact ( 2000 ) Complete list ( 1949 -- 1975 ) ( 1976 -- 2000 ) ( 2001 -- 2025 ) Andrew Lloyd Webber Musicals The Likes of Us Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat Jesus Christ Superstar Evita Tell Me on a Sunday Cats Song and Dance Starlight Express Cricket The Phantom of the Opera Aspects of Love Sunset Boulevard By Jeeves aka Jeeves Whistle Down the Wind The Beautiful Game ( aka The Boys in the Photograph ) The Woman in White Love Never Dies The Wizard of Oz Stephen Ward School of Rock Songs `` Any Dream Will Do '' `` Close Every Door '' `` Everything 's Alright '' `` This Jesus Must Die '' `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' `` Superstar '' `` Oh What a Circus '' `` Another Suitcase in Another Hall '' `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' `` You Must Love Me '' `` Take That Look Off Your Face '' `` Unexpected Song '' `` Memory '' `` Pie Jesu '' `` The Phantom of the Opera '' `` The Music of the Night '' `` All I Ask of You '' `` Anything But Lonely '' `` As If We Never Said Goodbye '' `` No Matter What '' `` ' Til I Hear You Sing '' Other compositions Variations Requiem Watership Down Film adaptations Jesus Christ Superstar Evita Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat The Phantom of the Opera Family William Lloyd Webber ( father ) Julian Lloyd Webber ( brother ) Imogen Lloyd Webber ( daughter ) Sarah Brightman ( second wife ) Madeleine Gurdon ( third wife ) Jiaxin Cheng ( sister - in - law ) Company Really Useful Group The Phantom of the Opera by Gaston Leroux Books The Phantom of the Opera ( 1909 -- 1910 ) Phantom ( 1990 ) The Canary Trainer ( 1993 ) The Phantom of Manhattan ( 1999 ) Stage adaptations Phantom of the Opera ( 1976 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1986 ) Phantom ( 1991 ) Love Never Dies ( 2010 ) Film and television The Phantom of the Opera ( 1925 ) Song at Midnight ( 1937 ) Phantom of the Opera ( 1943 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1962 ) The Phantom of Hollywood ( 1974 ) Phantom of the Paradise ( 1974 ) Opera ( 1987 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1989 ) Phantom of the Mall : Eric 's Revenge ( 1989 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1990 ) The Phantom Lover ( 1995 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1998 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 2004 ) The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall ( 2011 ) Characters Erik Christine Daaé Viscount Raoul de Chagny The Persian Carlotta Madame Giry Meg Giry Joseph Buquet Songs `` The Phantom of the Opera '' `` The Music of the Night '' `` All I Ask of You '' `` Learn to Be Lonely '' `` ' Til I Hear You Sing '' Other Don Juan Triumphant Punjab lasso Adaptations Return of the Phantom Palais Garnier Laurence Olivier Audience Award for Most Popular Show The Phantom of the Opera ( 2002 ) Wicked ( 2010 ) We Will Rock You ( 2011 ) Les Misérables ( 2012 ) Billy Elliot the Musical ( 2013 ) Les Misérables ( 2014 ) Wicked ( 2015 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 2016 ) VIAF : 177290176 LCCN : no2008177093 GND : 300095643 BNF : cb13939772q ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Phantom_of_the_Opera_(1986_musical)&oldid=821391512 '' Categories : 1986 musicals 1986 operas The Phantom of the Opera The Phantom of the Opera ( 1986 musical ) Broadway musicals Compositions by Andrew Lloyd Webber Laurence Olivier Award - winning musicals Musicals based on novels Plays set in the 19th century West End musicals Tony Award for Best Musical British musicals Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) EngvarB from November 2016 Use dmy dates from December 2017 Pages with timeline metadata Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Poland Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 January 2018 , at 05 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote lyrics to phantom of the opera | [
"\n\nThe Phantom of the Opera\n\n\n\nPoster\n\n\n\nMusic\nAndrew Lloyd Webber\n\n\nLyrics\n\n\n\nCharles Hart\n\nRichard Stilgoe (additional)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBook\n\n\n\nAndrew Lloyd Webber\nRichard Stilgoe\n\n\n\n\n\nBasis\nLe Fantôme de l'Opéra\nby Gaston Leroux\n\n\nPremiere\n9 October 1986: Her Majesty's Theatre, London\n\n\nProductions\n\n\nSee list [show]\n\n\n\n1986 West End\n1988 Broadway\n1988 Vienna\n1988 Tokyo\n1989 Toronto\n1989 Stockholm\n1989 Los Angeles\n1990 Hamburg\n1990 Melbourne\n1991 First US Tour\n1992 Second US Tour\n1993 San Francisco\n1993 Scheveningen\n1996 Basel\n1997 Auckland\n1999 Mexico City\n2000 Copenhagen\n2001 South Korea\n2002 Madrid\n2003 Budapest\n2004 Film adaptation\n2005 São Paulo\n2006 Las Vegas Spectacular\n2007 Melbourne\n2008 Third US Tour\n2008 Warsaw\n2009 Buenos Aires\n2009 South Korea\n2011 25th Anniversary\n2012 UK Tour\n2013 North American Tour\n2013 Hamburg\n2014 Moscow\n2014 Tartu\n2014 Prague\n2015 Helsinki\n2015 New Zealand Tour\n2015 Puerto Rico\n2016 Stockholm\n2017 Belgrade\nVarious international and amateur productions\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAwards\n\n\n\nLaurence Olivier Award for Best New Musical\nTony Award for Best Musical\n\n\n\n\n",
"\n\nThe Phantom of the Opera\n\n\n\nPoster\n\n\n\nMusic\nAndrew Lloyd Webber\n\n\nLyrics\n\n\n\nCharles Hart\n\nRichard Stilgoe (additional)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBook\n\n\n\nAndrew Lloyd Webber\nRichard Stilgoe\n\n\n\n\n\nBasis\nLe Fantôme de l'Opéra\nby Gaston Leroux\n\n\nPremiere\n9 October 1986: Her Majesty's Theatre, London\n\n\nProductions\n\n\nSee list [show]\n\n\n\n1986 West End\n1988 Broadway\n1988 Vienna\n1988 Tokyo\n1989 Toronto\n1989 Stockholm\n1989 Los Angeles\n1990 Hamburg\n1990 Melbourne\n1991 First US Tour\n1992 Second US Tour\n1993 San Francisco\n1993 Scheveningen\n1996 Basel\n1997 Auckland\n1999 Mexico City\n2000 Copenhagen\n2001 South Korea\n2002 Madrid\n2003 Budapest\n2004 Film adaptation\n2005 São Paulo\n2006 Las Vegas Spectacular\n2007 Melbourne\n2008 Third US Tour\n2008 Warsaw\n2009 Buenos Aires\n2009 South Korea\n2011 25th Anniversary\n2012 UK Tour\n2013 North American Tour\n2013 Hamburg\n2014 Moscow\n2014 Tartu\n2014 Prague\n2015 Helsinki\n2015 New Zealand Tour\n2015 Puerto Rico\n2016 Stockholm\n2017 Belgrade\nVarious international and amateur productions\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAwards\n\n\n\nLaurence Olivier Award for Best New Musical\nTony Award for Best Musical\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Charles Hart",
"Richard Stilgoe"
] |
-6001865748513216910 | How to Train Your Dragon (franchise) | How to Train Your Dragon ( franchise ) - Wikipedia How to Train Your Dragon ( franchise ) Jump to : navigation , search How to Train Your Dragon Created by DreamWorks Animation Print publications Graphic novel ( s ) How to Train Your Dragon : The Serpent 's Heir ( 2016 ) Films and television Film ( s ) How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 ) How to Train Your Dragon 2 ( 2014 ) How to Train Your Dragon : The Hidden World ( 2019 ) Short film ( s ) Legend of the Boneknapper Dragon ( 2010 ) Book of Dragons ( 2011 ) Gift of the Night Fury ( 2011 ) Dawn of the Dragon Racers ( 2014 ) Television series DreamWorks Dragons ( 2012 -- 2018 ) Theatrical presentations Play ( s ) How to Train Your Dragon Live Spectacular ( 2012 ) Games Video game ( s ) How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 ) Super Star Kartz ( 2011 ) Dragons : TapDragonDrop ( 2012 ) Dragons : Wild Skies ( 2012 ) School of Dragons ( 2013 ) Dragons : Rise of Berk ( 2014 ) How to Train Your Dragon 2 ( 2014 ) How to Train Your Dragon : Flight of the Night Fury Dragons Adventure : World Explorer DreamWorks Press : Dragons Audio Soundtrack ( s ) How to Train Your Dragon : Music from the Motion Picture How to Train Your Dragon 2 : Music from the Motion Picture Official website HowtoTrainYourDragon.com Crossover work The How to Train Your Dragon franchise from DreamWorks Animation consists of two feature films How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 ) and How to Train Your Dragon 2 ( 2014 ) , with a third feature film , How to Train Your Dragon : The Hidden World , set for a 2019 release . The franchise is loosely based on the British book series of the same name by Cressida Cowell . The franchise also consists of four short films : Legend of the Boneknapper Dragon ( 2010 ) , Book of Dragons ( 2011 ) , Gift of the Night Fury ( 2011 ) and Dawn of the Dragon Racers ( 2014 ) . A television series following the events of the first film , Dragons : Riders of Berk , began airing on Cartoon Network in September 2012 . Its second season was renamed Dragons : Defenders of Berk . Set several years later , and as a more immediate prequel to the second film , a new television series , titled Dragons : Race to the Edge , aired on Netflix in June 2015 . The second season of the show was added to Netflix in January 2016 and a third season in June 2016 . A fourth season aired on Netflix in February 2017 , a fifth season in August 2017 , and a sixth and final season on February 16 , 2018 . The franchise follows the adventures of a young Viking named Hiccup Horrendous Haddock III , son of Stoick the Vast , leader of the Viking island of Berk . Although initially dismissed as a clumsy and underweight misfit , he soon becomes renowned as a courageous expert in dragons , beginning with Toothless , a member of the rare Night Fury breed as his flying mount and his closest companion . Together with his friends , he manages the village 's allied dragon population in defense of his home as leader of a flying corps of dragon riders . Dean DeBlois , the director of the trilogy , described its story as `` Hiccup 's coming of age , '' taking a span of five years between the first and second film , while explaining in the third and final film why dragons no longer exist . The film series has been highly acclaimed with its first two features being nominated for the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature , in addition to the first film 's nomination for the Academy Award for Best Original Score . Contents ( hide ) 1 Literature 1.1 Comic books 1.2 Graphic novels 2 Films 2.1 How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 ) 2.2 How to Train Your Dragon 2 ( 2014 ) 2.3 How to Train Your Dragon : The Hidden World ( 2019 ) 3 Television series 3.1 DreamWorks Dragons 4 Short films 4.1 Legend of the Boneknapper Dragon 4.2 Book of Dragons 4.3 Gift of the Night Fury 4.4 Dawn of the Dragon Racers 5 Video games 6 Live performance 6.1 Ice show 6.2 Arena show 7 Reception 7.1 Box office performance 7.2 Critical and public response 7.3 Academy Awards 8 Production 8.1 Cast 8.2 Crew 9 References 10 External links Literature ( edit ) Main article : How to Train Your Dragon Comic books ( edit ) A series of comic books , titled Dragons : Riders of Berk , were released by Titan Comics , starting with the first volume , Dragon Down , on April 30 , 2014 . The comics were written by Simon Furman and drawn by Iwan Nazif . Other volumes are Dangers of the Deep ( 2014 ) , The Ice Castle ( 2015 ) , The Stowaway ( 2015 ) , The Legend of Ragnarok ( 2015 ) , and Underworld ( 2015 ) . Graphic novels ( edit ) Dark Horse Comics have released a series of graphic novels based on the franchise , starting with How to Train Your Dragon : The Serpent 's Heir in 2016 . The series will be co-written by Dean DeBlois , writer and director of the film series , and Richard Hamilton , writer of Dragons : Race to the Edge , with the production designer of How to Train Your Dragon 2 , Pierre - Olivier Vincent , providing cover artwork . The series will take place between the second and third film , with the first novel picking up right after the conclusion of the second film . Films ( edit ) How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : How to Train Your Dragon ( film ) How to Train Your Dragon , the first film in the series , was released on March 26 , 2010 . It was directed by Dean DeBlois and Chris Sanders . The film is loosely based on the 2003 book of the same name by Cressida Cowell . The film grossed nearly $500 million worldwide , and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature . The story takes place in a mythical Viking world where a young Viking teenager named Hiccup aspires to follow his tribe 's tradition of becoming a dragon slayer . After finally capturing his first dragon , and with his chance of finally gaining the tribe 's acceptance , he finds that he no longer has the desire to kill the dragon and instead befriends it . How to Train Your Dragon 2 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : How to Train Your Dragon 2 A sequel , How to Train Your Dragon 2 , was confirmed on April 27 , 2010 . The film was written and directed by Dean DeBlois , the co-director of the first film . Bonnie Arnold , the producer of the first film , also returned , with Chris Sanders , who co-directed the first film , only exec - producing this time due to his involvement with The Croods and its sequel until was temporarily cancelled . The film was released on June 13 , 2014 . It was announced that the entire original voice cast -- Baruchel , Butler , Ferguson , Ferrera , Hill , Mintz - Plasse , Miller and Wiig -- would return for the sequel . New cast includes Kit Harington as Eret , Cate Blanchett as Valka , and Djimon Hounsou as Drago Bludvist . John Powell , the composer of the first score , will also return for the second and third film . Set five years after the events of the original film , Hiccup and Toothless have successfully united dragons and Vikings . Now 20 years old , Hiccup is forced to take on the mantle of chief by his father . When he discovers a group of dragon trappers led by Drago Bludvist , he goes on a quest to find him . But first he comes across a masked stranger named Valka , his presumed - dead mother . How to Train Your Dragon : the Hidden world ( 2019 ) ( edit ) Main article : How to Train Your Dragon : The Hidden World In December 2010 , DreamWorks CEO Jeffrey Katzenberg confirmed that there would also be a third film in the series : `` How To Train Your Dragon is at least three : maybe more , but we know there are at least three chapters to that story . '' Dean DeBlois , the writer and director of the second and the third film , said that How to Train Your Dragon 2 is being intentionally designed as the second act of the trilogy : `` There are certain characters and situations that come into play in the second film that will become much more crucial to the story by the third . '' DeBlois said in an interview that the third part will be released in 2016 . Although the series has taken a different path of telling a story of Hiccup and Vikings , Cressida Cowell has revealed that the trilogy and the book series will have similar endings ( with `` an explanation as to why dragons are no more '' ) . The release date was delayed several times . In September 2012 , 20th Century Fox and DreamWorks Animation announced the release date for June 18 , 2016 , which was later changed to June 17 , 2016 . In September 2014 , the film 's release date was moved to June 9 , 2017 . DeBlois explained the release date shift : `` It 's just that these movies take three years . I think it was a little ambitious to say 2016 ( laughs ) . As is normally the case , they kind of throw darts out into the future and wherever they land they call that a release date until we start talking about it in practical terms , and then it 's like , ' Uh yeah that 's not enough time . So knowing that they take three years from this moment , from outlining and writing the screenplay through to the final lighting of it , it 's just a process of building models and doing tests and animating , storyboarding , the whole thing just adds up to about three years . '' In January 2015 , the release date was pushed back to June 29 , 2018 following corporate restructuring , massive lay - offs , and to maximize the company 's `` creative talent and resources , reduce costs , and drive profitability . '' On June 18 , 2016 , the release date was moved up to May 18 , 2018 , taking over the release date of Warner Animation Group 's The Lego Movie Sequel . On December 5 , 2016 , the release date was pushed back again to March 1 , 2019 . This will also be the first DreamWorks Animation film to be distributed by Universal Pictures , whose parent company NBCUniversal acquired DreamWorks Animation in 2016 , and since the end of their distribution deal with 20th Century Fox . The film is being produced by Bonnie Arnold , and exec - produced by Dean DeBlois and Chris Sanders . In 2012 , it was announced that Jay Baruchel , Gerard Butler , Craig Ferguson , America Ferrera , Jonah Hill , Christopher Mintz - Plasse , T.J. Miller and Kristen Wiig would return in the third and final film . Cate Blanchett and Djimon Hounsou will also reprise their roles as Valka and Drago respectively from the second film . In November 2017 , it was announced that Kit Harington will reprise his role as Eret from the second film , and F. Murray Abraham had joined the cast as the film 's main villain . In April 17 , 2018 , DreamWorks confirmed that the sequel 's title has changed to How to Train Your Dragon : The Hidden World . Television series ( edit ) DreamWorks Dragons ( edit ) Main article : DreamWorks Dragons On October 12 , 2010 , it was announced that Cartoon Network had acquired worldwide broadcast rights to a weekly animated series based on the movie , which was scheduled to begin sometime in 2012 . In January 2011 , producer Tim Johnson confirmed that work had begun on the series and that , unlike the TV series spin - offs of the films Madagascar , Kung Fu Panda and Monsters vs. Aliens , How To Train Your Dragon 's series is much darker and deeper , like the movie . The show is the first DreamWorks Animation series that airs on Cartoon Network instead of Nickelodeon , unlike previous series such as The Penguins of Madagascar , Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness and Monsters vs. Aliens . Although it was announced that the series would be called Dragons : The Series , TV promos shown in June 2012 revealed a new title - Dragons : Riders of Berk . The series began airing in the third quarter of 2012 . John Sanford , the director of seven episodes in the first season , confirmed that there would also be a second season . Jay Baruchel , who voiced Hiccup , also stars in the series , as well as America Ferrera ( Astrid ) , Christopher Mintz - Plasse ( Fishlegs ) , and T.J. Miller ( Tuffnut ) . The second season is accompanied with the new subtitle , Defenders of Berk , replacing the previous Riders of Berk subtitle . The show then moved to Netflix and was subtitled Race to the Edge . It consists , in total , of 8 seasons . Cartoon Network episodes Season Subtitle Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Riders of Berk 20 August 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 07 ) March 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 20 ) Defenders of Berk 20 September 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 19 ) March 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 05 ) Netflix episodes Season Subtitle Episodes Originally released Race to the Edge 13 June 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 26 ) 13 January 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 08 ) 13 June 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 24 ) 13 February 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 17 ) 5 13 August 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 25 ) 6 13 February 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 16 ) Short films ( edit ) Legend of the Boneknapper Dragon ( edit ) Main article : Legend of the Boneknapper Dragon Legend of the Boneknapper Dragon is a 16 minute sequel short film to the feature film , How to Train Your Dragon . The short was originally broadcast on television on October 14 , 2010 , on Cartoon Network , and released next day as a special feature on Blu - ray and double DVD edition of the original feature film . The film follows Hiccup and his young fellows accompanying their mentor , Gobber , on a quest to kill the legendary Boneknapper Dragon . About half the film is done in traditional animation , showing Gobber 's history and his encounters with the Boneknapper , and how he comes to look like he does now . Book of Dragons ( edit ) Main article : Book of Dragons Book of Dragons is an 18 - minute short film , based on How to Train Your Dragon , and was released on November 15 , 2011 , on DVD and Blu - ray , along with Gift of the Night Fury . The short shows Hiccup , Astrid , Fishlegs , Toothless and Gobber telling the legend behind the Book of Dragons and revealing insider training secrets about new , never before seen dragons . The short shows a total of 14 different dragons , each separated into 7 classes : Stoker ( Terrible Terror , Monstrous Nightmare ) , Boulder ( Gronckle , Whispering Death ) , Fear ( Hideous Zippleback , Snaptrapper ) , Sharp ( Deadly Nadder , Timberjack ) , Tidal ( Scauldron , Thunderdrum ) , Mystery ( Changewing , Boneknapper ) and Strike ( Skrill , Night Fury ) . Gift of the Night Fury ( edit ) Main article : Gift of the Night Fury Gift of the Night Fury is a 22 - minute How to Train Your Dragon Christmas special , directed by Tom Owens . It was released on November 15 , 2011 , on DVD and Blu - ray , along with Book of Dragons . Based on How to Train Your Dragon , the short takes place in the middle of preparing for the Viking winter holiday , ' Snoggletog ' , when suddenly all the dragons inexplicably go on a mass migration , except for Toothless , so Hiccup gives him something to help . Dawn of the Dragon Racers ( edit ) Main article : Dawn of the Dragon Racers A 25 - minute short film , titled Dawn of the Dragon Racers , was released on November 11 , 2014 , on the DVD / Blu - ray / digital release of How to Train Your Dragon 2 . It was released on DVD separately on March 3 , 2015 , and it also includes Book of Dragons and Legend of the Boneknapper Dragon . It was directed by John Sanford and Elaine Bogan , and it features the voices of Jay Baruchel and America Ferrera along with the cast from the television series . In the short , a hunt for a lost sheep turns into a competition between Hiccup and his friends for the first title of Dragon Racing Champion of Berk . Video games ( edit ) An action adventure video game released by Activision called How to Train Your Dragon was released for the Wii , Xbox 360 , PS3 and Nintendo DS gaming consoles . It is loosely based on the film and was released on March 23 , 2010 . Super Star Kartz video game was released by Activision on November 15 , 2011 , for PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , Nintendo Wii , Nintendo DS , and Nintendo 3DS . The game features 14 different characters from DreamWorks ' films - How to Train Your Dragon , Madagascar , Shrek , and Monsters vs. Aliens . Dragons : TapDragonDrop , a mobile video game , developed by PikPok , was released on May 3 , 2012 , on App Store for iPhone , iPad and iPod Touch . Dragons : Wild Skies , a 3D virtual world game based on the television series DreamWorks Dragons has been launched on August 27 , 2012 , on CartoonNetwork.com . The game allows players to find , train and ride wild dragons , including new ones as they are introduced in the series . School of Dragons , a 3D educational massively multiplayer online role - playing game produced by JumpStart , was released online in July 2013 , after a month - long beta testing . A Facebook version was released in October 2013 , followed by an iPad app in December 2013 , and a version for Android - powered tablets in March 2014 . In the game , each player is able to adopt , raise and train a dragon , while learning how they function . Dragons Adventure , an augmented reality game , was released in November 2013 , exclusively for Nokia Lumia 2520 . Dragons : Rise of Berk is a free game which allows players to build their own Berk village , send Hiccup and Toothless out on exploration , hatch and collect up to 30 dragons and train their own dragon at the academy . Developed by Ludia , it was released in May 2014 for iOS , and on June 20 , 2014 , for Android and Facebook . How to Train Your Dragon 2 , an action adventure game , was released in June 2014 for Xbox 360 , Nintendo 3DS , Wii , Wii U and PlayStation 3 . The game was published by Little Orbit . Live performance ( edit ) Ice show ( edit ) A Broadway - style production named How To Train Your Dragon ON ICE is currently on Royal Caribbean 's Allure of the Seas . Arena show ( edit ) Hiccup and a mechanical model of Toothless at How to Train Your Dragon Live Spectacular How to Train Your Dragon Live Spectacular or How To Train Your Dragon Arena Spectacular is an arena show adaptation of the feature film How to Train Your Dragon . The show is being produced in partnership with Global Creatures , the company behind another arena show Walking with Dinosaurs - The Arena Spectacular , and directed by Nigel Jamieson . The score was composed by John Powell and Jónsi from Sigur Rós . Arena Spectacular features 24 animatronic dragons - 10 different species in various sizes : Nadder , Gronckle , Monstrous Nightmare , Night Fury ( Toothless ) , Red Death , Skrill , Stinger , Kite Dragon , Zippleback and Egg Biter . It also features villagers and Vikings , including Hiccup ( Rarmian Newton / Riley Miner ) , Astrid ( Sarah McCreanor / Gemma Nguyen ) , Stoick ( Robert Morgan ) , and Gobber ( Will Watkins ) . The show premiered as How to Train Your Dragon Arena Spectacular on March 3 , 2012 , in Melbourne , Australia , and was followed by a New Zealand tour in April 2012 . Renamed to How to Train Your Dragon Live Spectacular , it toured United States and Canada between June 2012 and January 2013 , when it was cancelled in favour of taking the show to China where it premiered in July 2014 . Reception ( edit ) Further information on the reception of each film : How to Train Your Dragon ( film ) § Reception , and How to Train Your Dragon 2 § Reception Box Office performance ( edit ) Earning over a billion dollars , How to Train Your Dragon is the tenth highest - grossing animated franchise . Film Release date Box office gross Box office ranking Budget ( millions ) Ref ( s ) North America Other territories Worldwide All time North America All time worldwide How to Train Your Dragon March 26 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 26 ) $217,581,231 $277,297,528 $494,878,759 # 140 # 160 $165 How to Train Your Dragon 2 June 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 13 ) $177,002,924 $444,534,595 $621,537,519 # 224 # 109 $145 Total $394,584,155 $721,832,123 $1,116,416,278 $310 Critical and public response ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore How to Train Your Dragon 98 % ( 202 reviews ) 74 ( 33 reviews ) How to Train Your Dragon 2 92 % ( 165 reviews ) 76 ( 39 reviews ) Academy Awards ( edit ) Academy Awards Film How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 ) How to Train Your Dragon 2 ( 2014 ) Animated Feature Nominated Nominated Original Score Nominated Production ( edit ) Cast ( edit ) Characters Theatrical films Short films Television series How to Train Your Dragon How to Train Your Dragon 2 How to Train Your Dragon : The Hidden World Legend of the Boneknapper Dragon Gift of the Night Fury Book of Dragons Dawn of the Dragon Racers DreamWorks Dragons 2014 2019 2011 2014 2012 -- 2018 Hiccup Horrendous Hadock lll Jay Baruchel Toothless The Night Fury Chris Sanders Stoick the Vast Gerard Butler Nolan North Gobber the Belch Craig Ferguson Chris Edgerly Astrid Hofferson America Ferrera Snotlout Jorgensen Jonah Hill Zack Pearlman Fishlegs Ingerman Christopher Mintz - Plasse Tuffnut Thorston T.J. Miller T.J. Miller Ruffnut Thorston Kristen Wiig Andree Vermeulen Julie Marcus ( season 1 ) Andree Vermeulen ( season 2 onwards ) Spitelout David Tennant David Tennant ( uncredited ) David Tennant Valka Cate Blanchett Silent role Drago Bludvist Djimon Hounsou Djimon Hounsou Eret Kit Harington Grimmel F. Murray Abraham Alvin the Treacherous Mark Hamill Dagur the Deranged David Faustino Gustav Larson Lucas Grabeel Mildew Stephen Root Savage Paul Rugg Mulch Tim Conway Heather Mae Whitman Mala Adelaide Kane Throk James Arnold Taylor Atali Rose McIver Ryker Grimborn JB Blanc Viggo Grimborn Alfred Molina Johann Michael Goldstrom Krogan Hakeem Kae - Kazim Note : A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the film . Crew ( edit ) Role Film How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 ) How to Train Your Dragon 2 ( 2014 ) How to Train Your Dragon : The Hidden World ( 2019 ) Director ( s ) Chris Sanders Dean DeBlois Dean DeBlois Producer Bonnie Arnold Bonnie Arnold Brad Lewis Writer ( s ) Will Davies Chris Sanders Dean DeBlois Dean DeBlois Composer John Powell Editor ( s ) Darren T. Holmes Maryann Brandon John K. Carr References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : IcelandicEel ( February 14 , 2013 ) . `` Season 2 called `` Defenders of Berk '' `` . Berk 's Grapevine . Retrieved February 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hopewell , John ( June 11 , 2013 ) . `` DeBlois , Arnold Talk Up DWA 's ' How to Train Your Dragon 2 ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dragons : Riders of Berk Vol. 1 '' . Titan Comics . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anders , Charlie Jane ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Sometimes Even A Well - Trained Dragon Runs Away '' . io9 . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dragons : Riders of Berk Vol. 2 '' . Titan Comics . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dragons : Riders of Berk Vol. 3 '' . Titan Comcis . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dragons : Riders of Berk Vol. 4 '' . Titan Comics . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dragons : Riders of Berk Vol. 5 '' . Titan Comics . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dragons : Riders of Berk Vol. 6 '' . Titan Comics . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McMillan , Graeme ( October 9 , 2015 ) . `` Dark Horse Unveils New Line of Original ' How to Train Your Dragon ' Graphic Novels ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lu , Alexander ( October 21 , 2015 ) . `` INTERVIEW : Dean DeBlois and Richard Hamilton Reimagine Berk in `` How to Train Your Dragon '' GNs `` . The Beat . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bond , Paul ( April 27 , 2010 ) . `` Train Your Dragon ' sequel in the works '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 7 , 2011 ) . `` Details of ' How to Train Your Dragon ' Sequel Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave . `` Disney Updates Upcoming Movie Release Schedule ; DreamWorks Animation 's HOW TO TRAIN YOUR DRAGON 2 Now Opens One Week Earlier ( Updated ) '' . Collider.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` More How to Train Your Dragon Sequel Details '' . ComingSoon.net . October 11 , 2010 . Retrieved October 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Collura , Scott ( July 18 , 2013 ) . `` Comic - Con : Dreamworks Previews How to Train Your Dragon 2 and Peabody & Sherman '' . IGN . Retrieved August 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ V. , Erin ( April 2 , 2012 ) . `` Interview : Dean DeBlois , director of ' How To Train Your Dragon ' '' . One Movie , Five Reviews . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Hara , Helen ( December 3 , 2010 ) . `` Katzenberg Talks DreamWorks Sequels '' . Empire . Retrieved September 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( June 2 , 2011 ) . `` Storyboarding Has Begun on ' How to Train Your Dragon ' Sequel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rao , Priya ( April 5 , 2012 ) . `` THIS WEEK IN TORONTO -- PART 3 '' . First Weekend Club . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Neish , Steven ( August 14 , 2012 ) . `` Author Cressida Cowell Talks How To Train Your Dragon Sequels '' . Hey U Guys . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : DreamWorks Animation ( September 9 , 2012 ) . `` New Distributor Twentieth Century Fox Unveils DreamWorks Animation 's Release Slate Through 2016 '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( June 13 , 2013 ) . `` ' Monsters , ' ' Despicable Me 2 , ' ' Turbo ' : Summer 's Brutal Animation War '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Upcoming Releases '' . DreamWorks Animation . Retrieved August 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` How to Train Your Dragon 3 Pushed Back to 2017 '' . ComingSoon.net . September 2 , 2014 . Retrieved September 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( October 17 , 2014 ) . `` Dean DeBlois Talks HOW TO TRAIN YOUR DRAGON 3 and Potential Spinoffs ; Says He 's Talked Jeffrey Katzenberg Down from the Idea of DRAGON 4 '' . Collider.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Maas , Jennifer ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation cuts back to two films a year , delays ' How to Train Your Dragon 3 ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` Jeffrey Katzenberg on DWA 's Cutbacks : ' 3 Films a Year Was Too Ambitious ' '' . Variety . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Sandy ( June 19 , 2016 ) . `` How to Train Your Dragon 3 Takes LEGO Movie 2 's Old Release Date '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' How To Train Your Dragon 3 ' Flies To 2019 ; Uni 's DWA To Scale ' Everest ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' How To Train Your Dragon 3 ' & ' Larrikins ' Move From Fox To Uni Release Schedule '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` Director Dean DeBlois Talks HOW TO TRAIN YOUR DRAGON 3 at VES Awards '' . Collider . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` F. Murray Abraham To Get Evil For DreamWorks Animation 's ' How To Train Your Dragon 3 ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://variety.com/2018/film/news/how-to-train-your-dragon-3-1202753864/ Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network Soars With Worldwide Broadcast Rights To DreamWorks Animation 's How To Train Your Dragon Television Series '' . Cartoon Network via Business Wire . October 12 , 2010 . Retrieved October 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Russ ( January 17 , 2011 ) . `` ' How to Train Your Dragon ' Producer Offers Details on First Sequel and TV Series '' . Slash Film . Retrieved October 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cartoon Network Celebrates 20th Anniversary with Ratings Growth and a New Generation of Content for a New Generation of Kids '' . Reuters . March 28 , 2012 . Retrieved March 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ BlackRose108 ( June 12 , 2012 ) . `` TV Series name changed to `` Dragons : Riders of Berk '' `` . Berk 's Grapevine . Retrieved June 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sanford , John ( October 23 , 2011 ) . `` Yet another Mea Culpa and other things ... '' Chippy & Loopus . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2012 . Retrieved February 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Liu , Ed ( October 5 , 2010 ) . `` '' How to Train Your Dragon '' on DVD and Blu - ray October 15 , 2010 `` . ToonZone . Retrieved August 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Smith , Matthew ( September 7 , 2011 ) . `` Dreamworks Dragons Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved September 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` How to Train Your Dragon Continues On DVD '' . DreamWorks Animation via ComingSoon.net . September 7 , 2011 . Retrieved September 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dawn of the Dragon Racers ( Additional Material , How to Train Your Dragon 2 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` How to Train Your Dragon 2 Available Digitally on October 21 '' . ComingSoon.net . August 29 , 2014 . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragons : Dawn of the Dragon Racers '' . amazon.com . Jump up ^ `` DreamWorks Super Star Kartz '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Alice ( September 8 , 2011 ) . `` DreamWorks Super Star Kartz announced '' . Shacknews . Retrieved October 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ DreamWorks Animation ( May 4 , 2012 ) . `` DreamWorks Dragons : TapDragonDrop Swoops onto the App Store '' . PR Newswire . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` WHAT 'S UP : DRAGONS SOAR AND BEN 10 GOES BIG '' . Cartoon Network . August 27 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2012 . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NEW DRAGONS GAME IS ONE WILD RIDE ! '' . Cartoon Network . August 23 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2012 . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : JumpStart ( March 18 , 2014 ) . `` JumpStart 's School of Dragons ® Now on Android for Seamless Multiplatform Gameplay '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : IcelandicEel ( June 8 , 2013 ) . `` School of Dragons : Exclusive Beta of New HTTYD Game '' . Berk 's Grapevine . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barker , Philip ( October 24 , 2013 ) . `` Dragons Adventure -- the Future of Gaming ? '' . Nokia . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ludia Inc . ( May 22 , 2014 ) . `` Ludia and DreamWorks Animation Take Flight with Dragons : Rise of Berk for iOS '' ( Press release ) . Business Wire . Retrieved May 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ DreamWorks Dragons : Rise Of Berk ( June 20 , 2014 ) . `` Calling all Vikings ! DreamWorks Dragons : Rise of Berk is NOW AVAILABLE on Google Play , Amazon , iOS & Facebook ! ! ! '' . Facebook . Retrieved June 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Little Orbit ( March 18 , 2014 ) . `` Little Orbit to Publish How to Train Your Dragon 2 video games based on the upcoming film from DreamWorks Animation '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` From the big screen to the high seas : Royal Caribbean and DreamWorks Animation unveil an unprecedented strategic alliance '' ( Press release ) . Royal Caribbean International . June 4 , 2010 . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Clare ( August 9 , 2011 ) . `` Craft and heart breathe fiery life into dragons '' . Brisbane Times . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Global Creatures and DreamWorks bring high - lying fire - breathing Dragons to life in the `` How To Train Your Dragon Arena Spectacular '' `` . DreamWorks Animation via Vector Aren . Retrieved September 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : DreamWorks Animation ( May 10 , 2012 ) . `` DREAMWORKS ' HOW TO TRAIN YOUR DRAGON LIVE SPECTACULAR Launches In North America This Summer ! '' . PR Newswire . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Deery , Shannon ( March 2 , 2012 ) . `` How To Train Your Dragon Arena Spectacular cancelled at Hisense Arena '' . Herald Sun . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` HOW TO TRAIN YOUR DRAGON ARENA SPECTACULAR AUCKLAND PREMIERE TONIGHT ! SAT . APR. 21 11.00 am SHOW NOW SOLD OUT '' . Vector Arena. April 18 , 2012 . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` How to Train Your Dragon Live Spectacular ( CANCELLED ) '' . Spokane7 . February 1 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2013 . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Zhuoqiong , Wang ( March 28 , 2014 ) . `` Dragons soar through Beijing '' . China Daily . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` How to Train Your Dragon 2 ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` Will ' How to Train Your Dragon 2 ' Help Get DreamWorks Animation ' Back on Track ' ? '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Insiders say the $145 million - budgeted sequel needs to gross ... Jump up ^ `` Franchises -- How to Train Your Dragon '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` How to Train Your Dragon '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How to Train Your Dragon 2 ( 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How to Train Your Dragon 2 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 25 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to How to Train Your Dragon and How to Train Your Dragon 2 . Official website DreamWorks Animation 's School of Dragons How to Train Your Dragon Books How to Train Your Dragon Films How to Train Your Dragon How to Train Your Dragon 2 How to Train Your Dragon : The Hidden World Short films Legend of the Boneknapper Dragon Gift of the Night Fury Book of Dragons Dawn of the Dragon Racers Television DreamWorks Dragons episodes Video games How to Train Your Dragon DreamWorks Super Star Kartz How to Train Your Dragon 2 Soundtracks How to Train Your Dragon : Music from the Motion Picture DreamWorks Animation A subsidiary of NBCUniversal , a Comcast company Feature films Antz ( 1998 ) The Prince of Egypt ( 1998 ) The Road to El Dorado ( 2000 ) Joseph : King of Dreams ( 2000 ) Shrek ( 2001 ) Spirit : Stallion of the Cimarron ( 2002 ) Sinbad : Legend of the Seven Seas ( 2003 ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) Shark Tale ( 2004 ) Madagascar ( 2005 ) Over the Hedge ( 2006 ) Shrek the Third ( 2007 ) Bee Movie ( 2007 ) Kung Fu Panda ( 2008 ) Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa ( 2008 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2009 ) How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 ) Shrek Forever After ( 2010 ) Megamind ( 2010 ) Kung Fu Panda 2 ( 2011 ) Puss in Boots ( 2011 ) Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted ( 2012 ) Rise of the Guardians ( 2012 ) The Croods ( 2013 ) Turbo ( 2013 ) Mr. Peabody & Sherman ( 2014 ) How to Train Your Dragon 2 ( 2014 ) Penguins of Madagascar ( 2014 ) Home ( 2015 ) Kung Fu Panda 3 ( 2016 ) Trolls ( 2016 ) The Boss Baby ( 2017 ) Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie ( 2017 ) Produced with Aardman Chicken Run ( 2000 ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit ( 2005 ) Flushed Away ( 2006 ) Upcoming How to Train Your Dragon : The Hidden World ( 2019 ) Abominable ( 2019 ) Trolls 2 ( 2020 ) The Croods 2 ( 2020 ) The Boss Baby 2 ( 2021 ) Spooky Jack ( 2021 ) Franchises Shrek ( since 2001 ) Madagascar ( since 2005 ) Kung Fu Panda ( since 2008 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2009 -- 14 ) How to Train Your Dragon ( since 2010 ) Tales of Arcadia ( since 2016 ) TV series Toonsylvania ( 1998 ) Invasion America ( 1998 ) Alienators : Evolution Continues ( 2001 -- 02 ) Father of the Pride ( 2004 -- 05 ) The Penguins of Madagascar ( 2008 -- 15 ) Neighbors from Hell ( 2010 ) Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness ( 2011 -- 16 ) DreamWorks Dragons ( 2012 -- 18 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2013 -- 14 ) Turbo FAST ( 2013 -- 16 ) VeggieTales in the House ( 2014 -- 16 ) All Hail King Julien ( 2014 -- 17 ) The Adventures of Puss in Boots ( 2015 -- 18 ) Dawn of the Croods ( 2015 - 2017 ) Dinotrux ( since 2015 ) The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show ( 2015 - 17 ) Home : Adventures with Tip & Oh ( since 2016 ) Noddy , Toyland Detective ( since 2016 ) Trollhunters ( 2016 - 2018 ) Voltron : Legendary Defender ( since 2016 ) VeggieTales in the City ( 2017 ) Spirit Riding Free ( since 2017 ) Trolls : The Beat Goes On ! ( since 2018 ) The Boss Baby : Back in Business ( since 2018 ) The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle ( since 2018 ) Upcoming Kung Fu Panda : The Paws of Destiny ( 2018 ) The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants ( 2018 ) She - Ra and the Princesses of Power ( 2018 ) Harvey Street Kids ( 2018 ) 3 Below ( 2018 ) Wizards ( 2019 ) Fast & Furious ( TBA ) Television specials Shrek the Halls ( 2007 ) Monsters vs. Aliens : Mutant Pumpkins from Outer Space ( 2009 ) Merry Madagascar ( 2009 ) Scared Shrekless ( 2010 ) Kung Fu Panda Holiday ( 2010 ) Madly Madagascar ( 2013 ) Trolls Holiday ( 2017 ) Short films Shrek 4 - D ( 2003 ) Far Far Away Idol ( 2004 ) The Madagascar Penguins in a Christmas Caper ( 2005 ) First Flight ( 2006 ) Hammy 's Boomerang Adventure ( 2006 ) Secrets of the Furious Five ( 2008 ) B.O.B. 's Big Break ( 2009 ) Legend of the Boneknapper Dragon ( 2010 ) Megamind : The Button of Doom ( 2011 ) Night of the Living Carrots ( 2011 ) Gift of the Night Fury ( 2011 ) Book of Dragons ( 2011 ) Kung Fu Panda : Secrets of the Masters ( 2011 ) Puss in Boots : The Three Diablos ( 2012 ) Rocky and Bullwinkle ( 2014 ) Dawn of the Dragon Racers ( 2014 ) Kung Fu Panda : Secrets of the Scroll ( 2016 ) People Bill Damaschke Chris Meledandri Jeffrey Katzenberg Subsidiaries DreamWorks Channel DreamWorks Classics Big Idea Entertainment Harvey Entertainment DreamWorks New Media ( AwesomenessTV ( 51 % ) ) Pearl Studio Related topics Amblimation DreamWorks DreamWorks Records DreamWorks Television DreamWorks Interactive Go Fish Pictures In amusement parks DreamWorks Experience Pacific Data Images List of DreamWorks Animation programs List of unproduced DreamWorks Animation projects Cartoon portal 2010s portal Animation portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_to_Train_Your_Dragon_(franchise)&oldid=841982897 '' Categories : How to Train Your Dragon Animated film series Computer - animated films DreamWorks Animation franchises Universal Studios franchises Films about dragons Film series introduced in 2010 Films set in the Viking Age Fictional Vikings American animated fantasy films Dragons in popular culture Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from October 2014 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Italiano עברית Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 May 2018 , at 11 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the order of how to train your dragon movies | [
"\n\nHow to Train Your Dragon\n\n\n\n\n\nCreated by\nDreamWorks Animation\n\n\nPrint publications\n\n\nGraphic novel(s)\nHow to Train Your Dragon: The Serpent's Heir (2016)\n\n\nFilms and television\n\n\nFilm(s)\n\n\n\nHow to Train Your Dragon (2010)\nHow to Train Your Dragon 2 (2014)\nHow to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World (2019)\n\n\n\n\n\nShort film(s)\n\n\n\nLegend of the Boneknapper Dragon (2010)\nBook of Dragons (2011)\nGift of the Night Fury (2011)\nDawn of the Dragon Racers (2014)\n\n\n\n\n\nTelevision series\nDreamWorks Dragons (2012–2018)\n\n\nTheatrical presentations\n\n\nPlay(s)\nHow to Train Your Dragon Live Spectacular (2012)\n\n\nGames\n\n\nVideo game(s)\n\n\n\nHow to Train Your Dragon (2010)\nSuper Star Kartz (2011)*\nDragons: TapDragonDrop (2012)\nDragons: Wild Skies (2012)\nSchool of Dragons (2013)\nDragons: Rise of Berk (2014)\nHow to Train Your Dragon 2 (2014)\nHow to Train Your Dragon: Flight of the Night Fury\nDragons Adventure: World Explorer\nDreamWorks Press: Dragons\n\n\n\n\n\nAudio\n\n\nSoundtrack(s)\n\n\n\nHow to Train Your Dragon: Music from the Motion Picture\nHow to Train Your Dragon 2: Music from the Motion Picture\n\n\n\n\n\nOfficial website\n\n\nHowtoTrainYourDragon.com\n\n\n* Crossover work\n\n",
"\n\nHow to Train Your Dragon\n\n\n\n\n\nCreated by\nDreamWorks Animation\n\n\nPrint publications\n\n\nGraphic novel(s)\nHow to Train Your Dragon: The Serpent's Heir (2016)\n\n\nFilms and television\n\n\nFilm(s)\n\n\n\nHow to Train Your Dragon (2010)\nHow to Train Your Dragon 2 (2014)\nHow to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World (2019)\n\n\n\n\n\nShort film(s)\n\n\n\nLegend of the Boneknapper Dragon (2010)\nBook of Dragons (2011)\nGift of the Night Fury (2011)\nDawn of the Dragon Racers (2014)\n\n\n\n\n\nTelevision series\nDreamWorks Dragons (2012–2018)\n\n\nTheatrical presentations\n\n\nPlay(s)\nHow to Train Your Dragon Live Spectacular (2012)\n\n\nGames\n\n\nVideo game(s)\n\n\n\nHow to Train Your Dragon (2010)\nSuper Star Kartz (2011)*\nDragons: TapDragonDrop (2012)\nDragons: Wild Skies (2012)\nSchool of Dragons (2013)\nDragons: Rise of Berk (2014)\nHow to Train Your Dragon 2 (2014)\nHow to Train Your Dragon: Flight of the Night Fury\nDragons Adventure: World Explorer\nDreamWorks Press: Dragons\n\n\n\n\n\nAudio\n\n\nSoundtrack(s)\n\n\n\nHow to Train Your Dragon: Music from the Motion Picture\nHow to Train Your Dragon 2: Music from the Motion Picture\n\n\n\n\n\nOfficial website\n\n\nHowtoTrainYourDragon.com\n\n\n* Crossover work\n\n",
"\n\nHow to Train Your Dragon\n\n\n\n\n\nCreated by\nDreamWorks Animation\n\n\nPrint publications\n\n\nGraphic novel(s)\nHow to Train Your Dragon: The Serpent's Heir (2016)\n\n\nFilms and television\n\n\nFilm(s)\n\n\n\nHow to Train Your Dragon (2010)\nHow to Train Your Dragon 2 (2014)\nHow to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World (2019)\n\n\n\n\n\nShort film(s)\n\n\n\nLegend of the Boneknapper Dragon (2010)\nBook of Dragons (2011)\nGift of the Night Fury (2011)\nDawn of the Dragon Racers (2014)\n\n\n\n\n\nTelevision series\nDreamWorks Dragons (2012–2018)\n\n\nTheatrical presentations\n\n\nPlay(s)\nHow to Train Your Dragon Live Spectacular (2012)\n\n\nGames\n\n\nVideo game(s)\n\n\n\nHow to Train Your Dragon (2010)\nSuper Star Kartz (2011)*\nDragons: TapDragonDrop (2012)\nDragons: Wild Skies (2012)\nSchool of Dragons (2013)\nDragons: Rise of Berk (2014)\nHow to Train Your Dragon 2 (2014)\nHow to Train Your Dragon: Flight of the Night Fury\nDragons Adventure: World Explorer\nDreamWorks Press: Dragons\n\n\n\n\n\nAudio\n\n\nSoundtrack(s)\n\n\n\nHow to Train Your Dragon: Music from the Motion Picture\nHow to Train Your Dragon 2: Music from the Motion Picture\n\n\n\n\n\nOfficial website\n\n\nHowtoTrainYourDragon.com\n\n\n* Crossover work\n\n"
] | [
"How to Train Your Dragon (2010)",
"How to Train Your Dragon 2 (2014)",
"How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World (2019)"
] |
-5867906890408326548 | Power (TV series) | Power ( TV series ) - wikipedia Power ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Powers ( U.S. TV series ) or Powers ( UK TV series ) . Power Genre Crime drama Created by Courtney Kemp Agboh Starring Omari Hardwick Michael Rainey Jr . Lela Loren Naturi Naughton Joseph Sikora Andy Bean Adam Huss Kathrine Narducci Luis Antonio Ramos Greg Serano Devante Townsend Sinqua Walls Lucy Walters Rotimi David Fumero Donshea Hopkins Shane Johnson J.R. Ramirez Jerry Ferrara 50 Cent Callan Mulvey La La Anthony Matt Cedeño Sung Kang William Sadler Larenz Tate Andrea - Rachel Parker Opening theme `` Big Rich Town '' Composer ( s ) 50 Cent & Joe Country of origin United States of America Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 38 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Courtney Kemp Agboh David Knoller Curtis Jackson Mark Canton Randall Emmett Location ( s ) New York City , New York Running time 48 -- 61 minutes Production company ( s ) End of Episode , Inc . Mawuli Productions Inc . Atmosphere Television G - Unit Film & Television Inc . CBS Television Studios Distributor Starz Originals Release Original network Starz Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release June 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 07 ) -- present External links Website Power is an American crime drama - thriller television series airing on Starz . The show was created by Courtney Kemp Agboh . It premiered on June 7 , 2014 . On June 11 , 2014 , Starz renewed Power for a ten - episode second season , which began on June 6 , 2015 and ended on August 15 , 2015 . On June 10 , 2015 , after a positive critical response to its season 2 premiere , Power was renewed for a ten - episode third season which premiered on July 17 , 2016 . On July 19 , 2016 , Starz renewed Power for a fourth and fifth season . Season four premiered on June 25 , 2017 . Season five is set to premiere on July 1 , 2018 . On March 13 , 2018 , Power is renewed for a sixth season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Broadcast 4 Accolades 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.1. 1 Season 1 5.1. 2 Season 2 6 References 7 External links Overview ( edit ) Main article : List of Power episodes The series follows James St. Patrick ( Hardwick ) , nicknamed `` Ghost '' , owner of `` Truth '' , a popular New York City nightclub . In addition , he is a major player in one of the city 's biggest illegal drug networks . He struggles to balance these two lives , and the balance topples when he realizes he wants to leave the drug ring in order to support his legitimate business . He also has to keep his marriage with Tasha , while pursuing his relationship with Angela . Tariq St. Patrick ( Michael Rainey Jr . ) , nicknamed `` Ghost , Jr . '' , He had a brief relationship with a girl Destiny , who betrayed him by telling her cousin Ray - Ray where to find him and in Season 4 episode 9 , Ray - Ray kills Tariq 's sister Raina ( Donshea Hopkins ) . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Actor Character Seasons 5 Omari Hardwick James St. Patrick Main Joseph Sikora Tommy Egan Main Lela Loren Angela Valdes Main Naturi Naughton Tasha St. Patrick Main Lucy Walters Holly Elizabeth Weaver Main Andy Bean Greg Knox Main Luis Antonio Ramos Carlos `` Vibora '' Ruiz Main Adam Huss Josh Kantos Main Recurring Sinqua Walls Shawn Starks Main Kathrine Narducci Frankie Main Recurring Greg Serano Agent Juan Julio Medina Main Recurring Shane Johnson Cooper Saxe Recurring Main J.R. Ramirez Julio Antonio Romano Recurring Main Rotimi Akinosho Andre `` Dre '' Coleman Main David Fumero Mike Sandoval Main Curtis `` 50 Cent '' Jackson Kanan Starks Recurring Main Michael Rainey Jr . Tariq St. Patrick Recurring Main Jerry Ferrara Joe Proctor Recurring Main Callan Mulvey Dean / Milan Main La La Anthony LaKeisha Grant Recurring Main Matt Cedeño Diego `` Cristobal '' Martinez Guest Recurring Main William Sadler Tony Teresi Main Sung Kang John Mak Main Recurring ( edit ) Actor Character Seasons 5 Donshea Hopkins Raina St. Patrick Recurring Elizabeth Rodriguez Paz Recurring Franky G Poncho Recurring Enrique Murciano Felipe Lobos Recurring Jerrell Lee Victor Recurring Victor Garber Simon Stern Recurring Recurring Leslie Lopez Pink Sneakers Recurring Debbi Morgan Estelle Recurring Danny Henriquez Ernesto Recurring Lucas Salvagno Javier Recurring Yainis Ynoa Isabel Ruiz Recurring Chance Kelly Collins Recurring Guest Recurring Jason Cerbone Officer Donato Recurring Guest Recurring Charlotte Booker Maggie Chambers Recurring Guest Recurring Vinicius Machado Nomar Arcielo Recurring Guest Diane Neal Cynthia Sheridan Recurring Darrell Britt - Gibson Rolla Recurring Dominic Colón Anabal Recurring Audrey Esparza Liliana Recurring Kelcy Griffin Dominique Guest Recurring William Popp Vladimir Jankovic Guest Recurring Sonya Walger Madeline Stern Guest Recurring Jamie Hector Drifty Guest Recurring McKinley Belcher III Marcus Guest Recurring Maria Rivera Maria Suarez Guest Recurring Patricia Kalember Kate Egan Recurring Michael J Ferguson 2 - Bit Recurring Tasha Smith Jarita Recurring Marc John Jefferies * QDub Recurring Ty Jones SAC Jerry Donovan Guest Recurring Craig DiFrancia Marshall Romano Guest Recurring Anika Noni Rose Laverne `` Jukebox '' Ganner Recurring Jim Norton Father Callahan Recurring Irina Dvorovenko Tatiana Recurring Sheena Sakai Soo Recurring Avery Mason Black Grimace Recurring Omar Scroggins Spanky Recurring Vincent Agnello Calvin Recurring Aleksandar Popovic Petar Recurring Lee Tergesen Bailey Markham Recurring C.S. Lee Jae Shin Recurring Jonathan Park Dylan Shin Recurring Sam Underwood Andy Recurring Gus Halper Alby Recurring Gabriel Sloyer Hugo Recurring Ivana Milicevic Karen Bassett Recurring John Hutton Horatio Bassett Recurring Arija Bareikis MJ Hazen Recurring Yaroslav Novikov Bratislav Recurring Marcus Callender Ray Ray Guest Recurring Charlie Murphy Marshal Clyde Williams Recurring Michael Gaston Judge Tapper Recurring Ian Paola Uriel Recurring Mercedes Ruehl Connie Teresi Recurring Brandon Victor Dixon Terry Silver Recurring Jermel Howard Brains Recurring Bill Sage Sammy Recurring Andrea - Rachel Parker Destiny Recurring Larenz Tate Councilman Tate Recurring Broadcast ( edit ) In Australia , all episodes are available to stream after their US airing on Stan . The show is available weekly after its US airing on Netflix in the United Kingdom and Ireland . In Scandinavia and Finland , all episodes are available to stream on HBO Nordic . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Category Recipient ( s ) Result 2016 47th NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Drama Series Power Nominated Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series Omari Hardwick Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Naturi Naughton Nominated 2017 48th NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Drama Series Power Nominated Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series Omari Hardwick Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Naturi Naughton Won 2018 49th NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Drama Series Power Won Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series Omari Hardwick Won Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Naturi Naughton Won Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) Season 1 of Power received mixed reviews from critics . Review aggregator Metacritic gives the season a score of 57 out of 100 , based on 15 reviews , indicating a mixed reaction to the series . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the season a rating of 44 % , based on 16 reviews , with an average rating of 6.2 / 10 . The site 's consensus states , `` Power suffers from excessive plotting and the use of overly familiar by - the - numbers story elements . '' Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter observed in his review , `` Power seemingly wants to be a show that tells a big , complicated , meaningful story about , well , the perils and problems of power and how one man deals with them . '' The New York Daily News staff writes in their review , `` Power hits on all cylinders as it returns for its second season . Throw a couple of great women into Ghost 's life -- his wife , Tasha ( Naturi Naughton ) , and his recently resurfaced lifelong flame Angela ( Lela Loren ) -- and you have drama that 's hard not to keep watching . '' Critic Brian Lowry of Variety states in his review , `` The three previewed episodes of the show , created by The Good Wife alumna Courtney Kemp Agboh , move briskly enough , but they 're still only moderately compelling . And while 50 Cent 's participation provides some promotional heft ( he has a cameo in a later episode ) , the allure of such behind - the - scenes marquee names is usually limited . Mostly , this is undemanding escapism with all the requisite pay - TV trappings , along the lines of what Cinemax is offering in episodic form . While that might be a formula to keep Ghost visible for some time to come , creatively speaking , it leaves Power a touch low on juice . Season 2 ( edit ) Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the season a rating of 100 % , based on 8 reviews , with an average rating of 7.8 / 10 . Review aggregator Metacritic gives the season a score of 75 out of 100 , based on 4 reviews , indicating a generally favorable reaction to the series . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie . `` Starz Sets Premiere Date For Drama ' Power ' , Releases Key Art , Theme Song By 50 Cent '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 14 , 2013 ) . `` Starz Greenlights Drama ' Power ' From Executive Producer Curtis ' 50 Cent ' Jackson '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 11 , 2014 ) . `` Starz 's ' Power ' Renewed For Season 2 '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - power on starz '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Power : Season Three for Starz Music Drama '' . TV Series Finale . June 30 , 2015 . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Latinos Post Staff ( September 10 , 2015 ) . `` ' Power ' Season 3 : Release Date , Cast , Plot , Rumors & Everything We Know So Far Here ! '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Power ' Renewed for Fourth and Fifth Seasons by Starz '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Power ' Gets Season 4 Premiere Date '' . , Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Power ' Renewed For Season 6 On Starz ; Gets Season 5 Premiere Date '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` Stan adding Power , Ash vs Evil Dead , Flesh & Bone '' . TVTonight . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Szalai , Georg ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` The first episode of the show from Curtis `` 50 Cent '' Jackson is available on Amazon , iTunes and other platforms Monday with a linear TV run in Britain still possible as Starz is holding out for a price tag it feels the show deserves `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ White , Peter ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` 50 Cent drug drama gets digital release '' . Broadcast Now . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Power '' . Netflix Media Center . Jump up ^ `` HBO Nordic '' . www.hbonordic.com . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Image Winners '' . Variety . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kinane , Ruth ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Beyonce leads the pack of 2017 NAACP Image Award Nominees '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.naacp.org/latest/nominees-announced-49th-naacp-image-awards/ . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Power : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive ( CBS Corporation ) . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Power : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Tim ( June 6 , 2014 ) . `` ' Power ' : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ New York Daily News Staff ( June 5 , 2015 ) . `` ' Power ' review : Omari Hardwick 's drug - lord drama is right up there with ' Empire ' '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` TV Review : ' Power ' '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Power : Season 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Power : Season 2 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive ( CBS Corporation ) . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website Power on IMDb Power ratings at TV by the Numbers 50 Cent Albums discography Singles discography Videography Awards and nominations G - Unit Studio albums Power of the Dollar Get Rich or Die Tryin ' The Massacre Curtis Before I Self Destruct Animal Ambition Street King Immortal Compilations Guess Who 's Back ? 24 Shots Best Of Soundtracks Get Rich or Die Tryin ' OST Mixtapes 50 Cent Is the Future No Mercy , No Fear God 's Plan War Angel LP Forever King The Big 10 The Lost Tape 5 ( Murder by Numbers ) The Kanan Tape Concert tours The Invitation Tour Video games Bulletproof Blood on the Sand Television 50 Cent : The Money and the Power 50 Central Power Films Get Rich or Die Tryin ' Home of the Brave Righteous Kill Before I Self Destruct Streets of Blood Dead Man Running Caught in the Crossfire 13 Gun Twelve Blood Out Setup All Things Fall Apart Freelancers Fire with Fire Escape Plan The Frozen Ground Vengeance The Prince Southpaw Related articles Formula 50 Cheetah Vision SMS Audio Street King The 50th Law G - Unit Records G - Note Records G - Unit Books G - Unit Clothing Company G - Unit Films and Television Inc . G - Unity Foundation Inc . Shady / Aftermath The Re-Up Shady XV Jam Master Jay Eminem Dr. Dre Book Category Starz original programming Current Power ( since 2014 ) Outlander ( since 2014 ) The Missing ( since 2014 ) Ash vs Evil Dead ( since 2015 ) The Girlfriend Experience ( since 2016 ) American Gods ( since 2017 ) Counterpart ( since 2017 ) Howards End ( since 2018 ) Former 2000s debuts The Bronx Bunny Show ( 2007 ) Head Case ( 2007 -- 09 ) Hollywood Residential ( 2008 ) Crash ( 2008 -- 09 ) Party Down ( 2009 -- 10 ) 2010s debuts Spartacus : Blood and Sand ( 2010 ) Gravity ( 2010 ) The Pillars of the Earth ( 2010 ) Spartacus : Gods of the Arena ( 2011 ) Camelot ( 2011 ) Torchwood : Miracle Day ( 2011 ) Boss ( 2011 -- 12 ) Spartacus : Vengeance ( 2012 ) Magic City ( 2012 -- 13 ) Spartacus : War of the Damned ( 2013 ) Da Vinci 's Demons ( 2013 -- 15 ) Black Sails ( 2014 -- 17 ) Survivor 's Remorse ( 2014 -- 17 ) Blunt Talk ( 2015 -- 16 ) Flesh and Bone ( 2015 ) Close to the Enemy ( 2016 ) The White Princess ( 2017 ) Upcoming Sweetbitter ( 2018 ) Vida ( 2018 ) The Continental ( TBA ) Now Apocalypse ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Power_(TV_series)&oldid=835613779 '' Categories : 50 Cent 2010s American crime television series 2010s American drama television series 2014 American television series debuts American crime drama television series English - language television programs Serial drama television series Starz network shows Television shows set in New York City Television shows filmed in New York ( state ) Television series by CBS Television Studios Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Polski Português Русский 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 19 : 12 . About Wikipedia | when does the new season of power start on netflix | [
"On June 11, 2014, Starz renewed Power for a ten-episode second season,[3] which began on June 6, 2015 and ended on August 15, 2015.[4] On June 10, 2015, after a positive critical response to its season 2 premiere, Power was renewed for a ten-episode third season[5][6] which premiered on July 17, 2016. On July 19, 2016, Starz renewed Power for a fourth and fifth season.[7] Season four premiered on June 25, 2017.[8] Season five is set to premiere on July 1, 2018. On March 13, 2018, Power is renewed for a sixth season.[9]"
] | [
"July 1, 2018"
] |
-3069452634357745829 | Personally identifiable information | Personally identifiable information - wikipedia Personally identifiable information Jump to : navigation , search For the 1952 British film , see Private Information . Personally identifiable information ( PII ) , or sensitive personal information ( SPI ) , as used in information security and privacy laws , is information that can be used on its own or with other information to identify , contact , or locate a single person , or to identify an individual in context . The abbreviation PII is widely accepted in the U.S. context , but the phrase it abbreviates has four common variants based on personal / personally , and identifiable / identifying . Not all are equivalent , and for legal purposes the effective definitions vary depending on the jurisdiction and the purposes for which the term is being used . ( In other countries with privacy protection laws derived from the OECD privacy principles , the term used is more often `` personal information '' , which may be somewhat broader : in Australia 's Privacy Act 1988 ( Cth ) `` personal information '' also includes information from which the person 's identity is `` reasonably ascertainable '' , potentially covering some information not covered by PII . ) NIST Special Publication 800 - 122 defines PII as `` any information about an individual maintained by an agency , including ( 1 ) any information that can be used to distinguish or trace an individual 's identity , such as name , social security number , date and place of birth , mother 's maiden name , or biometric records ; and ( 2 ) any other information that is linked or linkable to an individual , such as medical , educational , financial , and employment information . '' So , for example , a user 's IP address is not classed as PII on its own , but is classified as linked PII ( see Section 3.3. 3 Under `` Identifiability '' for more detail ) . Also see federal judge ruling in the District of New Jersey dismissed on the pleadings a VPPA claim against Viacom on the grounds that device identifiers , cookie IDs , and IP addresses when linked to video titles are not personally identifiable information . The concept of PII has become prevalent as information technology and the Internet have made it easier to collect PII through breaches of Internet security , network security and web browser security , leading to a profitable market in collecting and reselling PII . PII can also be exploited by criminals to stalk or steal the identity of a person , or to aid in the planning of criminal acts . As a response to these threats , many website privacy policies specifically address the gathering of PII , and lawmakers have enacted a series of legislations to limit the distribution and accessibility of PII . However , PII is a legal concept , not a technical concept . Because of the versatility and power of modern re-identification algorithms , the absence of PII data does not mean that the remaining data does not identify individuals . While some attributes may be uniquely identifying on their own , any attribute can be identifying in combination with others . These attributes have been referred to as quasi-identifiers or pseudo-identifiers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Examples 2 In privacy law 2.1 Australia 2.2 Canada 2.3 European Union ( member states ) 2.3. 1 United Kingdom 2.4 New Zealand 2.5 Switzerland 2.6 United States 2.6. 1 State laws and significant court rulings 2.6. 2 Federal law 3 Forensics 4 Personal safety 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Examples ( edit ) The following data , often used for the express purpose of distinguishing individual identity , clearly classify as PII under the definition used by the National Institute of Standards and Technology ( described in detail below ) : Full name ( if not common ) Home address Email address ( if private from an association / club membership , etc . ) National identification number Passport number IP address ( when linked , but not PII by itself in US ) Vehicle registration plate number Driver 's license number Face , fingerprints , or handwriting Credit card numbers Digital identity Date of birth Birthplace Genetic information Telephone number Login name , screen name , nickname , or handle The following are less often used to distinguish individual identity , because they are traits shared by many people . However , they are potentially PII , because they may be combined with other personal information to identify an individual . First or last name , if common Country , state , postcode or city of residence Age , especially if non-specific Gender or race Name of the school they attend or workplace Grades , salary , or job position Criminal record Web cookie When a person wishes to remain anonymous , descriptions of them will often employ several of the above , such as `` a 34 - year - old white male who works at Target '' . Note that information can still be private , in the sense that a person may not wish for it to become publicly known , without being personally identifiable . Moreover , sometimes multiple pieces of information , none sufficient by itself to uniquely identify an individual , may uniquely identify a person when combined ; this is one reason that multiple pieces of evidence are usually presented at criminal trials . It has been shown that , in 1990 , 87 % of the population of the United States could be uniquely identified by gender , ZIP code , and full date of birth . In hacker and Internet slang , the practice of finding and releasing such information is called `` doxing '' . It is sometimes used to deter collaboration with law enforcement . On occasion , the doxing can trigger an arrest , particularly if law enforcement agencies suspect that the `` doxed '' individual may panic and disappear . In Privacy law ( edit ) The U.S. government used the term `` personally identifiable '' in 2007 in a memorandum from the Executive Office of the President , Office of Management and Budget ( OMB ) , and that usage now appears in US standards such as the NIST Guide to Protecting the Confidentiality of Personally Identifiable Information ( SP 800 - 122 ) . The OMB memorandum defines PII as follows : Information which can be used to distinguish or trace an individual 's identity , such as their name , social security number , biometric records , etc. alone , or when combined with other personal or identifying information which is linked or linkable to a specific individual , such as date and place of birth , mother 's maiden name , etc . A term similar to PII , `` personal data '' is defined in EU directive 95 / 46 / EC , for the purposes of the directive : Article 2a : ' personal data ' shall mean any information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person ( ' data subject ' ) ; an identifiable person is one who can be identified , directly or indirectly , in particular by reference to an identification number or to one or more factors specific to his physical , physiological , mental , economic , cultural or social identity ; However , in the EU rules , there has been a clearer notion that the data subject can potentially be identified through additional processing of other attributes -- quasi - or pseudo-identifiers . In the proposed EU General Data Protection Regulation , this has been formalized in Article 4 : a `` data subject '' is one `` who can be identified , directly or indirectly , by means reasonably likely to be used by the controller or by any other natural or legal person '' . Another term similar to PII , `` personal information '' is defined in a section of the California data breach notification law , SB1386 : ( e ) For purposes of this section , `` personal information '' means an individual 's first name or first initial and last name in combination with any one or more of the following data elements , when either the name or the data elements are not encrypted : ( 1 ) Social security number . ( 2 ) Driver 's license number or California Identification Card number . ( 3 ) Account number , credit or debit card number , in combination with any required security code , access code , or password that would permit access to an individual 's financial account . ( f ) For purposes of this section , `` personal information '' does not include publicly available information that is lawfully made available to the general public from federal , state , or local government records . The concept of information combination given in the SB1386 definition is key to correctly distinguishing PII , as defined by OMB , from `` personal information '' , as defined by SB1386 . Information , such as a name , that lacks context can not be said to be SB1386 `` personal information '' , but it must be said to be PII as defined by OMB . For example , the name John Smith has no meaning in the current context and is therefore not SB1386 `` personal information '' , but it is PII . A Social Security Number ( SSN ) without a name or some other associated identity or context information is not SB1386 `` personal information '' , but it is PII . For example , the SSN 078 - 05 - 1120 by itself is PII , but it is not SB1386 `` personal information '' . However the combination of a valid name with the correct SSN is SB1386 `` personal information '' . The combination of a name with a context may also be considered PII ; for example , if a person 's name is on a list of patients for an HIV clinic . However , it is not necessary for the name to be combined with a context in order for it to be PII . The reason for this distinction is that bits of information such as names , although they may not be sufficient by themselves to make an identification , may later be combined with other information to identify persons and expose them to harm . According to the OMB , it is not always the case that PII is `` sensitive '' , and context may be taken into account in deciding whether certain PII is or is not sensitive . Australia ( edit ) In Australia , the Privacy Act 1988 deals with the protection of individual privacy , using the OECD Privacy Principles from the 1980s to set up a broad , principles - based regulatory model ( unlike in the US , where coverage is generally not based on broad principles but on specific technologies , business practices or data items ) . Section 6 has the relevant definition . The critical detail is that the definition of ' personal information ' also applies to where the individual can be indirectly identified : `` personal information '' means information or an opinion ( including information or an opinion forming part of a database ) , whether true or not , and whether recorded in a material form or not , about an individual whose identity is apparent , or can reasonably be ascertained , from the information or opinion . ( emphasis added ) This raises the question of reasonableness : assume it is theoretically possible to identify a person from core information which say does NOT include a simple name and address , but does contain clues which could be pursued to ascertain who it relates to . Just how much extra effort or difficulty would such a step need before we could clearly say that the identity could NOT be `` reasonably ascertained '' from it ? For instance , if the information involves an IP address , and the relevant ISP stores logs which could easily be inspected ( if you had sufficient legal justification ) to re-link the IP address to the account holder , can their identity be `` reasonably ascertained '' ? If such linking used to be expensive , slow and difficult , but becomes easier , does this change the answer at some point ? It appears that this definition is significantly broader than the Californian example given above , and thus that Australian privacy law , while in some respects weakly enforced , may cover a broader category of data and information than in some US law . In particular , online behavioral advertising businesses based in the US but surreptitiously collecting information from people in other countries in the form of cookies , bugs , trackers and the like may find that their preference to avoid the implications of wanting to build a psychographic profile of a particular person using the rubric of ' we do n't collect personal information ' may find that this does not make sense under a broader definition like that in the Australian Privacy Act . Canada ( edit ) Privacy Act governs the Federal Government agencies Ontario Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act and similar Provincial legislation governs Provincial Government agencies . Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act governs private corporations , unless there is equivalent Provincial legislation Ontario Personal Health Information Protection Act and other similar Provincial legislation governs health information European union ( member States ) ( edit ) Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights Directive 95 / 46 / EC ( Data Protection Directive ) The General Data Protection Regulation adopted in April 2016 will supersede the Data Protection Directive . Directive 2002 / 58 / EC ( the E-Privacy Directive ) Directive 2006 / 24 / EC Article 5 ( The Data Retention Directive ) Further examples can be found on the EU privacy website . United Kingdom ( edit ) The UK Data Protection Act 1998 General Data Protection Regulation ( Europe , 2016 ) Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights The UK Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 Employers ' Data Protection Code of Practice Model Contracts for Data Exports The Privacy and Electronic Communications ( EC Directive ) Regulations 2003 The UK Interception of Communications ( Lawful Business Practice ) Regulations 2000 The UK Anti-Terrorism , Crime and Security Act 2001 New zealand ( edit ) The twelve Information Privacy Principles of the Privacy Act 1993 apply . Switzerland ( edit ) The Federal Act on Data Protection of 19 June 1992 ( in force since 1993 ) has set up a strict protection of privacy by prohibiting virtually any processing of personal data which is not expressly authorized by the data subjects . The protection is subject to the authority of the Federal Data Protection and Information Commissioner . Additionally , any person may ask in writing a company ( managing data files ) the correction or deletion of any personal data . The company must respond within thirty days . United States ( edit ) The Privacy Act of 1974 ( Pub. L. 93 -- 579 , 88 Stat. 1896 , enacted December 31 , 1974 , 5 U.S.C. § 552a ) , a United States federal law , establishes a Code of Fair Information Practice that governs the collection , maintenance , use , and dissemination of personally identifiable information about individuals that is maintained in systems of records by federal agencies . One of the primary focuses of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act ( HIPAA ) , is to protect a patient 's Protected Health Information ( PHI ) , which is similar to PII . The U.S. Senate proposed the Privacy Act of 2005 , which attempted to strictly limit the display , purchase , or sale of PII without the person 's consent . Similarly , the ( proposed ) Anti-Phishing Act of 2005 attempted to prevent the acquiring of PII through phishing . U.S. lawmakers have paid special attention to the social security number because it can be easily used to commit identity theft . The ( proposed ) Social Security Number Protection Act of 2005 and ( proposed ) Identity Theft Prevention Act of 2005 each sought to limit the distribution of an individual 's social security number . State laws and significant Court rulings ( edit ) California The California state constitution declares privacy an inalienable right in Article 1 , Section 1 . California Online Privacy Protection Act ( OPPA ) of 2003 SB 1386 requires organizations to notify individuals when PII is known or believed to be acquired by an unauthorized person . In 2011 , the California State Supreme Court ruled that a person 's ZIP code is PII . Nevada Nevada Revised Statutes 603A - Security of Personal Information Massachusetts 201 CMR 17.00 : Standards for The Protection of Personal Information of Residents of the Commonwealth In 2013 , the Massachusetts Supreme Court ruled that ZIP codes are PII . Federal law ( edit ) Title 18 of the United States Code , section 1028d ( 7 ) The Privacy Act of 1974 , codified at 5 U.S.C. § 552a et seq . US `` Privacy Shield '' Rules ( EU Harmonisation ) Forensics ( edit ) In forensics , particularly the identification and prosecution of criminals , personally identifiable information is critical in establishing evidence in criminal procedure . Criminals may go to great trouble to avoid leaving any PII , such as by : wearing masks , sunglasses , or clothing to obscure or completely hide distinguishing features , such as eye , skin , and hair colour , facial features , and personal marks such as tattoos , birthmarks , moles and scars . wearing gloves to conceal fingerprints , which themselves are PII . However , gloves can also leave prints that are just as unique as human fingerprints . After collecting glove prints , law enforcement can then match them to gloves that they have collected as evidence . In many jurisdictions the act of wearing gloves itself while committing a crime can be prosecuted as an inchoate offense . avoiding writing anything in their own handwriting . masking their internet presence with methods such as using a proxy server to appear to be connecting from an IP address unassociated with oneself . Personal safety ( edit ) In some professions , it is dangerous for a person 's identity to become known , because this information might be exploited violently by their enemies ; for example , their enemies might hunt them down or kidnap loved ones to force them to cooperate . For this reason , the United States Department of Defense ( DoD ) has strict policies controlling release of PII of DoD personnel . Many intelligence agencies have similar policies , sometimes to the point where employees do not disclose to their friends that they work for the agency . Similar identity protection concerns exist for witness protection programs , women 's shelters , and victims of domestic violence and other threats . See also ( edit ) Anonymity Bundesdatenschutzgesetzajau De-identification Personal identifier Personal identity Pseudonymity Privacy Obfuscation Surveillance References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Management of Data Breaches Involving Sensitive Personal Information ( SPI ) '' . Va.gov . Washington , DC : Department OF Veterans Affairs . January 6 , 2012 . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stevens , Gina ( April 10 , 2012 ) . `` Data Security Breach Notification Laws '' ( PDF ) . fas.org . Retrieved Jun 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greene , Sari Stern ( 2014 ) . Security Program and Policies : Principles and Practices . Indianapolis , IN , US : Pearson IT Certification . p. 349 . ISBN 9780789751676 . OCLC 897789345 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ NIST Special Publication 800 - 122 Jump up ^ Are you protecting your customer 's personal data ? Jump up ^ de Montjoye , Yves - Alexandre ; César A. Hidalgo ; Michel Verleysen ; Vincent D. Blondel ( March 25 , 2013 ) . `` Unique in the Crowd : The privacy bounds of human mobility '' . Nature srep . doi : 10.1038 / srep01376 . Retrieved Jun 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Narayanan , A. ; Shmatikov , V. ( 2008 ) . `` Robust De-anonymization of Large Sparse Datasets '' . 2008 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy ( sp 2008 ) . p. 111 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7695 - 3168 - 7 . doi : 10.1109 / SP. 2008.33 . Jump up ^ Narayanan , A. ; Shmatikov , V. ( 2009 ) . `` De-anonymizing Social Networks '' . 2009 30th IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy . p. 173 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7695 - 3633 - 0 . doi : 10.1109 / SP. 2009.22 . Jump up ^ Narayanan , A. ; Shmatikov , V. ( 2010 ) . `` Myths and fallacies of `` personally identifiable information '' `` . Communications of the ACM. 53 ( 6 ) : 24 . doi : 10.1145 / 1743546.1743558 . Jump up ^ `` Broken Promises of Privacy : Responding to the Surprising Failure of Anonymization '' . SSRN 1450006 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Delanius , Tore ( 1986 ) . `` Finding a needle in a haystack -- or identifying anonymous census record '' . Journal of Official Statistics . Jump up ^ Opinion 05 / 2014 on Anonymisation Techniques Article 29 Data Protection Working Party ^ Jump up to : `` Guide to Protecting the Confidentiality of Personally Identifiable Information ( PII ) '' ( PDF ) . Special Publication 800 - 122 . NIST . Jump up ^ `` Anonymity and PII '' . cookieresearch.com . Retrieved 6 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Comments of Latanya Sweeney , Ph. D. on `` Standards of Privacy of Individually Identifiable Health Information '' `` . Carnegie Mellon University . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ James Wray and Ulf Stabe ( 2011 - 12 - 19 ) . `` The FBI 's warning about doxing was too little too late '' . Thetechherald.com . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Anonymous 's Operation Hiroshima : Inside the Doxing Coup the Media Ignored ( VIDEO ) '' . Ibtimes.com. 2012 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Did LulzSec Trick Police Into Arresting the Wrong Guy ? - Technology '' . The Atlantic Wire. 2011 - 07 - 28 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Bright , Peter ( 2012 - 03 - 07 ) . `` Doxed : how Sabu was outed by former Anons long before his arrest '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : M - 07 - 16 SUBJECT : Safeguarding Against and Responding to the Breach of Personally Identifiable Information FROM : Clay Johnson III , Deputy Director for Management ( 2007 / 05 / 22 ) Jump up ^ `` Directive 95 / 46 / EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data '' . Eur-lex.europa.eu . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ European Parliament legislative resolution of 12 March 2014 ( General Data Protection Regulation ) ^ Jump up to : `` Text of California Senate Bill SB 1386 ref paragraph SEC . 2 1798.29. ( e ) '' . California . Jump up ^ `` Privacy Act 1988 '' . Retrieved 14 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Protection of personal data - Justice '' . Ec.europa.eu. 2011 - 01 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Federal Act on Data Protection of 19 June 1992 ( status as of 1 January 2014 ) , Federal Chancellery of Switzerland ( page visited on 18 September 2016 ) . ^ Jump up to : ( in French ) Cesla Amarelle , Droit suisse , Éditions Loisirs et pédagogie , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` California Supreme Court Holds that Zip Code is Personal Identification Information - Bullivant Houser Bailey Business Matters eAlert '' . LexisNexis . Jump up ^ `` 201 CMR 17.00 : Standards for The Protection of Personal Information of Residents of the Commonwealth '' ( PDF ) . Commonwealth of Massachusetts . Jump up ^ Tyler v. Michaels Stores , Inc. , 984N. E. 2d 737 , 739 ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ Sawer , Patrick ( 2008 - 12 - 13 ) . `` Police use glove prints to catch criminals '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ James W.H. McCord and Sandra L. McCord , Criminal Law and Procedure for the paralegal : a systems approach , supra , p. 127 . Jump up ^ `` MEMORANDUM FOR DOD FOIA OFFICES '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of Defense . Archived 29 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine . External links ( edit ) Six things you need to know about the new EU privacy framework A legal analysis of the new European regulatory framework about data privacy ( 1 ) Network Advertising Initiative An internet advertising industry group defining guidelines to protect privacy , definitions of PII . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | pii is classified as what type of information | [
"Personally identifiable information (PII), or sensitive personal information (SPI),[1][2][3] as used in information security and privacy laws, is information that can be used on its own or with other information to identify, contact, or locate a single person, or to identify an individual in context. The abbreviation PII is widely accepted in the U.S. context, but the phrase it abbreviates has four common variants based on personal / personally, and identifiable / identifying. Not all are equivalent, and for legal purposes the effective definitions vary depending on the jurisdiction and the purposes for which the term is being used. (In other countries with privacy protection laws derived from the OECD privacy principles, the term used is more often \"personal information\", which may be somewhat broader: in Australia's Privacy Act 1988 (Cth) \"personal information\" also includes information from which the person's identity is \"reasonably ascertainable\", potentially covering some information not covered by PII.)"
] | [
"information that can be used on its own or with other information to identify, contact, or locate a single person, or to identify an individual in context"
] |
8006049774412973787 | Writing's on the Wall (Sam Smith song) | Writing 's on the Wall ( Sam Smith song ) - wikipedia Writing 's on the Wall ( Sam Smith song ) `` Writing 's on the Wall '' Single by Sam Smith Released 25 September 2015 Format 7 '' CD digital download Recorded 2015 Studio RAK Studios Abbey Road Studios The Pierce Rooms Studios ( London ) Genre Orchestral pop Length 4 : 38 Label Capitol Songwriter ( s ) Sam Smith Jimmy Napes Producer ( s ) Jimmy Napes Steve Fitzmaurice Disclosure Sam Smith singles chronology `` Omen '' ( 2015 ) `` Writing 's on the Wall '' ( 2015 ) `` Momentarily Mine '' ( 2016 ) `` Omen '' ( 2015 ) `` Writing 's on the Wall '' ( 2015 ) `` Momentarily Mine '' ( 2016 ) James Bond theme singles chronology `` Skyfall '' ( 2012 ) Skyfall 2012 `` Writing 's on the Wall '' ( 2015 ) Writing 's on the Wall2015 Music video `` Writing 's on the Wall '' on YouTube `` Writing 's on the Wall '' is a song by English singer Sam Smith , written for the release of the 2015 James Bond film Spectre . The song was released as a digital download on 25 September 2015 . The song was written by Smith and Jimmy Napes , and produced by the latter alongside Steve Fitzmaurice and Disclosure and released on 25 September 2015 . `` Writing 's on the Wall '' received mixed reviews , especially when compared to previous Bond theme songs . The mixed reception to the song led to Shirley Bassey trending on Twitter on the day it was released . The single became the first Bond movie theme to reach number one in the UK Singles Chart . It also reached the top 10 in a few other European countries , but unlike other James Bond themes , it was not as successful outside Europe , only peaking at number 43 in Canada and Australia and number 71 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Only the instrumental version of the song appeared on the film 's official soundtrack album . The song won the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song at the 73rd Golden Globe Awards and the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 88th Academy Awards , making it the second - ever Bond theme to win ( after `` Skyfall '' by Adele in 2012 ) . Contents 1 Background and composition 2 Critical reception 3 Commercial performance 4 Track listing 5 Credits and personnel 6 Charts and certifications 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Year - end charts 6.3 Certifications and sales 7 Release history 8 See also 9 References Background and composition ( edit ) `` Writing 's on the Wall '' was co-written by Smith and Jimmy Napes. Smith said that the song came together in one whirlwind session : he and Napes wrote it in under half an hour and quickly recorded a demo . When they listened back to that recording , they were so pleased with Smith 's vocal performance that they ended up using it on the final release -- albeit with some added muscle in the arrangement . On 8 September 2015 Sam Smith announced that he was singing the song for the James Bond film Spectre . He described performing the theme as `` one of the highlights of my career '' . The English band Radiohead also composed a song for the film , `` Spectre '' , which went unused . The song is written in the key of F minor with a tempo of 66 beats per minute ( Larghetto ) . Smith 's vocals range from A ♭ to D ♭ . The singer expressed some backlash at his vocal performance , feeling it was `` horrible to sing '' as the notes are `` just so high '' . Critical reception ( edit ) The song received a mixed response from critics at the time of its release . Alexis Petridis of The Guardian wrote the song `` attempts to capture the mood of Adele 's Skyfall theme '' and backed Sam Smith 's claim `` that it only took him 20 minutes to write . '' Lewis Corner of Digital Spy rated it 3 out of 5 stars . Neil McCormick of The Daily Telegraph called the song a `` monster Bond ballad '' , stating , `` ( The song ) is very , very slow and surprisingly restrained , at times floating by on resonant piano notes , the faintest brush stroke of orchestra , with all the focus on Smith 's intense , tremulous vocal , rising with controlled pace and tension to an audacious chorus pay - off '' . Commercial performance ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the United Kingdom , `` Writing 's on the Wall '' became the first James Bond theme to reach number one , on the issue dated 8 October 2015 . The previous highest - charting Bond themes were Adele 's `` Skyfall '' and Duran Duran 's `` A View to a Kill '' , which both reached number two . It also became Smith 's fifth UK number - one single within two years . The song spent a total of 16 consecutive weeks in the UK Singles Chart . In the United States , `` Writing 's on the Wall '' debuted and peaked at number 71 on the Billboard Hot 100 , compared to the previous Bond song , `` Skyfall '' , which debuted at number 8 in October 2012 . In Canada , the song debuted at and peaked number 43 . In Australia , the song performed moderately , debuting at number 44 , and later peaking at number 43 , but in Ireland , the song was a much bigger hit , debuting and peaking at number 9 . The song has also charted in several other European countries though to a far lesser degree than its predecessor . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` Writing 's on the Wall '' 4 : 38 CD single and vinyl No . Title Length 1 . `` Writing 's on the Wall '' 4 : 38 2 . `` Writing 's on the Wall '' ( Instrumental ) 4 : 38 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Recording and management Recorded at RAK Studios , Abbey Road Studios and The Pierce Rooms ( London , England ) Mixed at The Pierce Rooms ( London , England ) Mastered at Sterling Sound ( New York City , New York ) Cover photograph by Rankin Artwork and design by Studio Moross Published by Naughty Words Ltd . / Stellar Songs Ltd . / Sony / ATV Music Publishing / Salli Isaak Songs Limited / Universal Music Publishing Limited Personnel Sam Smith -- vocals , songwriter Jimmy Napes -- producer , songwriter , piano Steve Fitzmaurice -- producer , mixing and recording , additional programming Guy Lawrence -- co-producer , additional programming Howard Lawrence -- co-producer , additional programming Steve Price -- orchestra recording Simon Hale -- orchestra arrangement and conducting Darren Heelis -- Korg bass , additional recording engineer Charles Wong -- assistant recording engineer Mike Horner -- assistant recording engineer Gordon Davidson -- assistant recording engineer Matt Jones -- assistant recording engineer Toby Hulbert -- assistant recording engineer Charlie Paakkari -- assistant recording engineer Isobel Griffiths -- orchestra contractor Lucy Whalley -- assistant orchestra contractor Everton Nelson -- orchestra leader Tom Coyne -- mastering Aya Merrill -- mastering assistant Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 -- 16 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 43 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 11 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 5 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 43 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 39 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 52 Euro Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Finland Download ( Latauslista ) France ( SNEP ) 5 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 17 Greece Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Iceland ( RÚV ) 22 Ireland ( IRMA ) 9 Italy ( FIMI ) 32 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 50 Japan Physical Singles ( Oricon ) 81 Lebanon ( The Official Lebanese Top 20 ) Luxembourg Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Mexico Ingles Airplay ( Billboard ) 37 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 35 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 32 New Zealand Heatseekers ( Recorded Music NZ ) Portugal Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 10 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 36 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 32 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 36 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 24 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 63 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 71 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 20 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 ) Position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 88 Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 59 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 159 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 73 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 56 Certifications and sales ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 626,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Worldwide 25 September 2015 Digital download Capitol United Kingdom 23 October 2015 CD single 6 November 2015 7 '' vinyl See also ( edit ) James Bond portal Outline of James Bond References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sam Smith 's ' Writing 's on the Wall ' Is the Theme of New Bond Film Spectre '' . Time . Retrieved 8 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Smith Bond song splits opinion '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Petridis , Alexis ( 25 September 2015 ) . `` Sam Smith 's James Bond theme review -- ' It feels like an X Factor ballad ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Smith 's ' Writing On The Wall ' ' Spectre ' Song Has n't Impressed ' James Bond ' Fans '' . The Huffington Post UK . Jump up ^ `` The Writing 's on the Wall : Sam Smith 's James Bond Spectre theme panned online '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Smith 's James Bond theme song ' Writing 's On The Wall ' makes Shirley Bassey trend on Twitter because people hate it '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ `` Sam Smith Releases New Bond Theme But Twitter Reckons He 's No Shirley Bassey '' . MTV UK . Jump up ^ Merry , Stephanie ; Yahr , Emily ( 10 December 2015 ) . `` Golden Globes nominations 2016 : Complete list '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Guardian music ( 25 September 2015 ) . `` Sam Smith 's new Bond theme , Writing 's on the Wall -- listen here '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hear Sam Smith Break Down His Bond Theme , ' Writing 's On The Wall ' '' . NPR. 25 September 2015 . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram '' . Instagram . Jump up ^ `` Radiohead 's Bond theme the gift that fans did n't Spectre receive for Christmas '' . The Guardian . Agence France - Presse in New York . Retrieved 26 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Writing 's on the Wall ' sheet music '' . Salli Isaak Music Publishing . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Britton , Luke Morgan ( 26 October 2015 ) . `` Sam Smith ' almost regrets ' Bond theme : ' It 's so high that I have to grab my balls ' '' . NME . Retrieved 26 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Alexis Petridis . `` Sam Smith 's James Bond theme review -- ' It feels like an X Factor ballad ' '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` This week 's new singles reviewed : Little Mix , Sia , Sam Smith , Rudimental '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ `` Writing 's on the Wall review : ' Sam Smith 's monster Bond ballad ' '' . The Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` iTunes -- Music -- Writing 's on the Wall -- Single by Sam Smith '' . iTunes Store ( GB ) . Jump up ^ `` Writing 's On The Wall -- Theme from Spectre ( James Bond 007 ) '' . HMV . Jump up ^ `` Writing 's On The Wall -- Theme from Spectre ( James Bond 007 ) '' . HMV . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Sam Smith -- Writing 's on the Wall '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 23 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Sam Smith -- Writing 's on the Wall '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 18 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Sam Smith -- Writing 's on the Wall '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 13 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Sam Smith -- Writing 's on the Wall '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 20 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Smith Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 5 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201546 into search . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201540 into search . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Euro Digital Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved 10 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Smith : Writing 's On The Wall '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 2 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Sam Smith -- Writing 's on the Wall '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 22 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Sam Smith -- Writing 's on the Wall '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 2 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Greece Digital Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 3 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Smith Chart History '' . RÚV . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 40 , 2015 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 2 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Sam Smith -- Writing 's on the Wall '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved 13 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Smith Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 17 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ライティング ズ ・ オン ・ ザ ・ ウォール on Oricon '' ( in Japanese ) . Oricon . Retrieved 1 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Olt20.com : Artist Sam Smith '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . 18 October 2015 . Retrieved 24 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Luxembourg Digital Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved 14 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico Ingles Airplay '' . Billboard . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 42 , 2015 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 17 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Sam Smith -- Writing 's on the Wall '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 2 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Heatseekers Chart ( 23 November 2015 ) '' . Recorded Music NZ. 16 November 2015 . Archived from the original on 22 November 2015 . Retrieved 13 November 2015 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Portugal Digital Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 2 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201605 into search . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201546 into search . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 -- Slovenian official singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved 18 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Sam Smith -- Writing 's on the Wall '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved 24 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Sam Smith -- Writing 's on the Wall '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 2 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Sam Smith -- Writing 's on the Wall '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 14 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 2 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Smith Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 5 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Smith Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 18 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2015 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop & Hung Medien . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MAHASZ Single ( track ) TOP 100 -- eladási darabszám alapján -- 2015 '' ( in Hungarian ) . Association of Hungarian Record Companies . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaarlijsten 2015 '' ( in Dutch ) . Stichting Nederlandse Top 40 . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss Year - end Charts 2015 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 -- 2015 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Sam Smith -- Writing 's on the Wall '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Sam Smith -- Writing 's on the Wall '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Enter Writing 's on the Wall in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Justin Myers ( 7 September 2017 ) . `` Sam Smith : the story so far '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Sam Smith -- Writing 's on the Wall '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Sam Smith Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums In the Lonely Hour The Thrill of It All Remix albums The Lost Tapes -- Remixed Extended plays Nirvana Singles `` Bad Day All Week '' `` When It 's Alright '' `` Lay Me Down '' `` Money on My Mind '' `` Stay with Me '' `` I 'm Not the Only One '' `` Like I Can '' `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' `` Writing 's on the Wall '' `` Too Good at Goodbyes '' `` One Last Song '' `` Pray '' `` Baby , You Make Me Crazy '' `` Promises '' Featured singles `` Latch '' `` La La La '' `` Moments '' `` Omen '' Promotional singles `` Burning '' Other songs `` Safe with Me '' James Bond music Themes `` James Bond Theme '' ( Monty Norman ) `` James Bond Is Back '' ( John Barry ) `` 007 Theme '' ( John Barry ) `` On Her Majesty 's Secret Service '' ( John Barry ) `` Bond 77 '' ( Marvin Hamlisch ) `` James Bond Theme '' ( Moby ) Soundtracks Dr. No From Russia with Love Goldfinger Thunderball Casino Royale You Only Live Twice On Her Majesty 's Secret Service Diamonds Are Forever Live and Let Die The Man with the Golden Gun The Spy Who Loved Me Moonraker For Your Eyes Only Octopussy Never Say Never Again A View to a Kill The Living Daylights Licence to Kill GoldenEye Tomorrow Never Dies The World Is Not Enough Die Another Day Casino Royale Quantum of Solace Skyfall Spectre Composers Monty Norman John Barry Burt Bacharach George Martin Marvin Hamlisch Bill Conti Michel Legrand Michael Kamen Éric Serra David Arnold Thomas Newman Eon themes `` Kingston Calypso '' `` From Russia with Love '' `` Goldfinger '' `` Thunderball '' `` You Only Live Twice '' `` We Have All the Time in the World '' `` Diamonds Are Forever '' `` Live and Let Die '' `` The Man with the Golden Gun '' `` Nobody Does It Better '' `` Moonraker '' `` For Your Eyes Only '' `` All Time High '' `` A View to a Kill '' `` The Living Daylights '' `` Where Has Everybody Gone ? '' `` Licence to Kill '' `` If You Asked Me To '' `` GoldenEye '' `` Tomorrow Never Dies '' `` The World Is Not Enough '' `` Die Another Day '' `` You Know My Name '' `` Another Way to Die '' `` Skyfall '' `` Writing 's on the Wall '' Non-Eon themes `` Casino Royale '' `` The Look of Love '' `` Never Say Never Again '' Compilations Shaken and Stirred The Incredible World of James Bond The Best of Bond ... James Bond Related articles Eon films secondary songs Non-Eon films secondary songs Academy Award for Best Original Song 1934 -- 1940 `` The Continental '' Music : Con Conrad Lyrics : Herb Magidson ( 1934 ) `` Lullaby of Broadway '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Al Dubin ( 1935 ) `` The Way You Look Tonight '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Dorothy Fields ( 1936 ) `` Sweet Leilani '' Music and lyrics : Harry Owens ( 1937 ) `` Thanks for the Memory '' Music : Ralph Rainger Lyrics : Leo Robin ( 1938 ) `` Over the Rainbow '' Music : Harold Arlen Lyrics : E.Y. Harburg ( 1939 ) `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' Music : Leigh Harline Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1940 ) 1941 -- 1950 `` The Last Time I Saw Paris '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1941 ) `` White Christmas '' Music and lyrics : Irving Berlin ( 1942 ) `` You 'll Never Know '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Mack Gordon ( 1943 ) `` Swinging on a Star '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Johnny Burke ( 1944 ) `` It Might as Well Be Spring '' Music : Richard Rodgers Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1945 ) `` On the Atchison , Topeka and the Santa Fe '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1946 ) `` Zip - a-Dee - Doo - Dah '' Music : Allie Wrubel Lyrics : Ray Gilbert ( 1947 ) `` Buttons and Bows '' Music : Jay Livingston Lyrics : Ray Evans ( 1948 ) `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' Music and lyrics : Frank Loesser ( 1949 ) `` Mona Lisa '' Music and lyrics : Ray Evans and Jay Livingston ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1960 `` In the Cool , Cool , Cool of the Evening '' Music : Hoagy Carmichael Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1951 ) `` High Noon ( Do Not Forsake Me , Oh My Darlin ' ) '' Music : Dimitri Tiomkin Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1952 ) `` Secret Love '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1953 ) `` Three Coins in the Fountain '' Music : Jule Styne Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1954 ) `` Love Is a Many Splendored Thing '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1955 ) `` Que Sera , Sera ( Whatever Will Be , Will Be ) '' Music and lyrics : Jay Livingston and Ray Evans ( 1956 ) `` All the Way '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1957 ) `` Gigi '' Music : Frederick Loewe Lyrics : Alan Jay Lerner ( 1958 ) `` High Hopes '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1959 ) `` Never on Sunday '' Music and lyrics : Manos Hatzidakis ( 1960 ) 1961 -- 1970 `` Moon River '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1961 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1962 ) `` Call Me Irresponsible '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1963 ) `` Chim Chim Cher - ee '' Music and lyrics : Richard M. 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Sherman ( 1964 ) `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' Music : Johnny Mandel Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1965 ) `` Born Free '' Music : John Barry Lyrics : Don Black ( 1966 ) `` Talk to the Animals '' Music and lyrics : Leslie Bricusse ( 1967 ) `` The Windmills of Your Mind '' Music : Michel Legrand Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1968 ) `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' Music : Burt Bacharach Lyrics : Hal David ( 1969 ) `` For All We Know '' Music : Fred Karlin Lyrics : Robb Royer and Jimmy Griffin ( 1970 ) 1971 -- 1980 `` Theme from Shaft '' Music and lyrics : Isaac Hayes ( 1971 ) `` The Morning After '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1972 ) `` The Way We Were '' Music : Marvin Hamlisch Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1973 ) `` We May Never Love Like This Again '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1974 ) `` I 'm Easy '' Music and lyrics : Keith Carradine ( 1975 ) `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' Music : Barbra Streisand Lyrics : Paul Williams ( 1976 ) `` You Light Up My Life '' Music and lyrics : Joseph Brooks ( 1977 ) `` Last Dance '' Music and lyrics : Paul Jabara ( 1978 ) `` It Goes Like It Goes '' Music : David Shire Lyrics : Norman Gimbel ( 1979 ) `` Fame '' Music : Michael Gore Lyrics : Dean Pitchford ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 1990 `` Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do ) '' Music and lyrics : Burt Bacharach , Carole Bayer Sager , Christopher Cross and Peter Allen ( 1981 ) `` Up Where We Belong '' Music : Jack Nitzsche and Buffy Sainte - Marie Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1982 ) `` Flashdance ... What a Feeling '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Keith Forsey and Irene Cara ( 1983 ) `` I Just Called to Say I Love You '' Music and lyrics : Stevie Wonder ( 1984 ) `` Say You , Say Me '' Music and lyrics : Lionel Richie ( 1985 ) `` Take My Breath Away '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Tom Whitlock ( 1986 ) `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Music : Franke Previte , John DeNicola and Donald Markowitz Lyrics : Franke Previte ( 1987 ) `` Let the River Run '' Music and lyrics : Carly Simon ( 1988 ) `` Under the Sea '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1989 ) `` Sooner or Later ( I Always Get My Man ) '' Music and lyrics : Stephen Sondheim ( 1990 ) 1991 -- 2000 `` Beauty and the Beast '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1991 ) `` A Whole New World '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1992 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' Music and lyrics : Bruce Springsteen ( 1993 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' Music : Elton John Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1994 ) `` Colors of the Wind '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1995 ) `` You Must Love Me '' Music : Andrew Lloyd Webber Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1996 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' Music : James Horner Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1997 ) `` When You Believe '' Music and lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1998 ) `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' Music and lyrics : Phil Collins ( 1999 ) `` Things Have Changed '' Music and lyrics : Bob Dylan ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2010 `` If I Did n't Have You '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2001 ) `` Lose Yourself '' Music : Eminem , Jeff Bass and Luis Resto Lyrics : Eminem ( 2002 ) `` Into the West '' Music and lyrics : Fran Walsh , Howard Shore and Annie Lennox ( 2003 ) `` Al otro lado del río '' Music and lyrics : Jorge Drexler ( 2004 ) `` It 's Hard out Here for a Pimp '' Music and lyrics : Juicy J , Frayser Boy and DJ Paul ( 2005 ) `` I Need to Wake Up '' Music and lyrics : Melissa Etheridge ( 2006 ) `` Falling Slowly '' Music and lyrics : Glen Hansard and Markéta Irglová ( 2007 ) `` Jai Ho '' Music : A.R. Rahman Lyrics : Gulzar ( 2008 ) `` The Weary Kind '' Music and lyrics : Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett ( 2009 ) `` We Belong Together '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present `` Man or Muppet '' Music and lyrics : Bret McKenzie ( 2011 ) `` Skyfall '' Music and lyrics : Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) `` Let It Go '' Music and lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2013 ) `` Glory '' Music and lyrics : John Stephens and Lonnie Lynn ( 2014 ) `` Writing 's on the Wall '' Music and lyrics : James Napier and Sam Smith ( 2015 ) `` City of Stars '' Music : Justin Hurwitz Lyrics : Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) `` Remember Me '' Music and lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2017 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song 1960s `` Town Without Pity '' Lyrics by Ned Washington , Music by Dimitri Tiomkin ( 1961 ) `` Circus World '' Lyrics by Ned Washington , Music by Dimitri Tiomkin ( 1964 ) `` Forget Domani '' Lyrics by Norman Newell , Music by Riz Ortolani ( 1965 ) `` Strangers in the Night '' Lyrics by Charles Singleton , Eddie Snyder , Music by Bert Kaempfert ( 1966 ) `` If Ever I Would Leave You '' Lyrics by Alan Jay Lerner , Music by Frederick Loewe ( 1967 ) `` The Windmills of Your Mind '' Lyrics by Alan and Marilyn Bergman , Music by Michel Legrand ( 1968 ) `` Jean '' Music & Lyrics by Rod McKuen ( 1969 ) 1970s `` Whistling Away the Dark '' Lyrics by Johnny Mercer , Music by Henry Mancini ( 1970 ) `` Life Is What You Make It '' Lyrics by Johnny Mercer , Music by Marvin Hamlisch ( 1971 ) `` Ben '' Lyrics by Don Black , Music by Walter Scharf ( 1972 ) `` The Way We Were '' Lyrics by Alan and Marilyn Bergman , Music by Marvin Hamlisch ( 1973 ) `` I Feel Love '' Lyrics by Betty Box , Music by Euel Box ( 1974 ) `` I 'm Easy '' Music & Lyrics by Keith Carradine ( 1975 ) `` Evergreen '' Lyrics by Paul Williams , Music by Barbra Streisand ( 1976 ) `` You Light Up My Life '' Music & Lyrics by Joseph Brooks ( 1977 ) `` Last Dance '' Music & Lyrics by Paul Jabara ( 1978 ) `` The Rose '' Music & Lyrics by Amanda McBroom ( 1979 ) 1980s `` Fame '' Lyrics by Dean Pitchford , Music by Michael Gore ( 1980 ) `` Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do ) '' Music & Lyrics by Peter Allen , Burt Bacharach , Christopher Cross , & Carole Bayer Sager ( 1981 ) `` Up Where We Belong '' Lyrics by Wilbur Jennings , Music by Jack Nitzsche & Buffy Sainte - Marie ( 1982 ) `` Flashdance ... What a Feeling '' Lyrics by Irene Cara , Keith Forsey , Music by Giorgio Moroder ( 1983 ) `` I Just Called to Say I Love You '' Music & Lyrics by Stevie Wonder ( 1984 ) `` Say You , Say Me '' Music & Lyrics by Lionel Richie ( 1985 ) `` Take My Breath Away '' Lyrics by Tom Whitlock , Music by Giorgio Moroder ( 1986 ) `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Lyrics by Franke Previte , Music by John DeNicola & Donald Markowitz ( 1987 ) `` Let the River Run '' Music & Lyrics by Carly Simon / `` Two Hearts '' Lyrics by Phil Collins , Music by Lamont Dozier ( 1988 ) `` Under the Sea '' Lyrics by Howard Ashman , Music by Alan Menken ( 1989 ) 1990s `` Blaze of Glory '' Music & Lyrics by Jon Bon Jovi ( 1990 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' Lyrics by Howard Ashman , Music by Alan Menken ( 1991 ) `` A Whole New World '' Lyrics by Tim Rice , Music by Alan Menken ( 1992 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' Music & Lyrics by Bruce Springsteen ( 1993 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' Lyrics by Tim Rice , Music by Elton John ( 1994 ) `` Colors of the Wind '' Lyrics by Stephen Schwartz , Music by Alan Menken ( 1995 ) `` You Must Love Me '' Lyrics by Tim Rice , Music by Andrew Lloyd Webber ( 1996 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' Lyrics by Wilbur Jennings , Music by James Horner ( 1997 ) `` The Prayer '' Music & Lyrics by David Foster , Tony Renis , Carole Bayer Sager , Alberto Testa ( 1998 ) `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' Music & Lyrics by Phil Collins ( 1999 ) 2000s `` Things Have Changed '' Music and lyrics by Bob Dylan ( 2000 ) `` Until ... '' Music and lyrics by Sting ( 2001 ) `` The Hands That Built America '' Music and lyrics by Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge & Larry Mullen Jr. ( 2002 ) `` Into the West '' Music and lyrics by Annie Lennox , Howard Shore & Frances Walsh ( 2003 ) `` Old Habits Die Hard '' Music and lyrics by Mick Jagger & David A. Stewart ( 2004 ) `` A Love That Will Never Grow Old '' Lyrics by Bernie Taupin , Music by Gustavo Santaolalla ( 2005 ) `` The Song of the Heart '' Music and lyrics by Prince Rogers Nelson ( 2006 ) `` Guaranteed '' Music and lyrics by Eddie Vedder ( 2007 ) `` The Wrestler '' Music and lyrics by Bruce Springsteen ( 2008 ) `` The Weary Kind '' Music and lyrics by Ryan Bingham & T Bone Burnett ( 2009 ) 2010s `` You Have n't Seen the Last of Me '' Music & Lyrics by Diane Warren ( 2010 ) `` Masterpiece '' Music & Lyrics by Madonna , Julie Frost and Jimmy Harry ( 2011 ) `` Skyfall '' by Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) `` Ordinary Love '' by U2 and Danger Mouse ( 2013 ) `` Glory '' by Common and John Legend ( 2014 ) `` Writing 's on the Wall '' by Sam Smith and Jimmy Napes ( 2015 ) `` City of Stars '' by Justin Hurwitz , Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) `` This Is Me '' by Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2017 ) Complete List ( 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Writing%27s_on_the_Wall_(Sam_Smith_song)&oldid=852870149 '' Categories : 2015 singles 2010s ballads 2015 songs Sam Smith ( singer ) songs Songs from James Bond films Number - one singles in Scotland UK Singles Chart number - one singles Songs written by Sam Smith ( singer ) Songs written by Jimmy Napes Capitol Records singles Pop ballads Best Original Song Academy Award - winning songs Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 maint : Unfit url CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Hungarian - language sources ( hu ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Use British English from April 2013 Use dmy dates from April 2013 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from October 2016 All articles needing additional references Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Finnishdownload Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 31 July 2018 , at 22 : 53 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote writing on the wall sam smith | [
"\"Writing's on the Wall\" is a song by English singer Sam Smith, written for the release of the 2015 James Bond film Spectre. The song was released as a digital download on 25 September 2015.[1] The song was written by Smith and Jimmy Napes, and produced by the latter alongside Steve Fitzmaurice and Disclosure and released on 25 September 2015.\n",
"\"Writing's on the Wall\" is a song by English singer Sam Smith, written for the release of the 2015 James Bond film Spectre. The song was released as a digital download on 25 September 2015.[1] The song was written by Smith and Jimmy Napes, and produced by the latter alongside Steve Fitzmaurice and Disclosure and released on 25 September 2015.\n"
] | [
"Sam Smith",
"Jimmy Napes"
] |
-5690886014942684933 | Parliament of England | Parliament of England - wikipedia Parliament of England Jump to : navigation , search For the current debate on a devolved English legislature , see Devolved English parliament . Parliament of England Royal coat of arms of England , 1558 -- 1603 Type Type Unicameral ( 1215 -- 1341 / 1649 -- 1657 ) Bicameral ( 1341 -- 1649 / 1657 -- 1707 ) Houses Upper house : House of Lords ( 1341 -- 1649 / 1660 -- 1707 ) House of Peers ( 1657 -- 1660 ) Lower house : House of Commons ( 1341 -- 1707 ) History Established 15 June 1215 ( Lords only ) 20 January 1265 ( Lords and elected Commons ) Disbanded 1 May 1707 Preceded by Curia Regis Succeeded by Parliament of Great Britain Leadership Lord Keeper of the Great Seal William Cowper Since 1705 Speaker of the House of Commons John Smith Since 1705 Elections House of Lords voting system Ennoblement by the Sovereign or inheritance of an English peerage House of Commons voting system First past the post with limited suffrage Meeting place Palace of Westminster , Westminster , London Footnotes Reflecting Parliament as it stood in 1707 . See also : Parliament of Scotland , Parliament of Ireland The Parliament of England was the legislature of the Kingdom of England , existing from the early 13th century until 1707 , when it became the Parliament of Great Britain after the political union of England and Scotland created the Kingdom of Great Britain . In 1066 , William of Normandy introduced what , in later centuries , became referred to as a feudal system , by which he sought the advice of a council of tenants - in - chief ( a person who held land ) and ecclesiastics before making laws . In 1215 , the tenants - in - chief secured Magna Carta from King John , which established that the king may not levy or collect any taxes ( except the feudal taxes to which they were hitherto accustomed ) , save with the consent of his royal council , which gradually developed into a parliament . Over the centuries , the English Parliament progressively limited the power of the English monarchy which arguably culminated in the English Civil War and the trial and execution of Charles I in 1649 . After the restoration of the monarchy under Charles II , and the subsequent Glorious Revolution of 1688 , the supremacy of Parliament was a settled principle and all future English and later British sovereigns were restricted to the role of constitutional monarchs with limited executive authority . The Act of Union 1707 merged the English Parliament with the Parliament of Scotland to form the Parliament of Great Britain . When the Parliament of Ireland was abolished in 1801 , its former members were merged into what was now called the Parliament of the United Kingdom . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Parliament in the reign of Henry III 1.2 The emergence of parliament as an institution 1.3 King , Lords and Commons 1.4 Rebellion and revolution 1.5 Parliament from the Restoration to the Act of Settlement 1.6 Union : the Parliament of Great Britain 2 Places where Parliament has been held other than London 3 Representation on the English Parliament outside the British Isles 4 See also 5 References 6 Sources 7 External links History ( edit ) This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( February 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Under a monarchical system of government , monarchs usually must consult and seek a measure of acceptance for their policies if they are to enjoy the broad cooperation of their subjects . Early kings of England had no standing army or police , and so depended on the support of powerful subjects . The monarchy had agents in every part of the country . However , under the feudal system that evolved in England following the Norman Conquest of 1066 , the laws of the Crown could not have been upheld without the support of the nobility and the clergy . The former had economic and military power bases of their own through major ownership of land and the feudal obligations of their tenants ( some of whom held lands on condition of military service ) . The Church was virtually a law unto itself in this period as it had its own system of religious law courts . In order to seek consultation and consent from the nobility and the senior clergy on major decisions , post-Norman Conquest English monarchs called Great Councils . A typical Great Council would consist of archbishops , bishops , abbots , barons and earls , the pillars of the feudal system . When this system of consultation and consent broke down , it often became impossible for government to function effectively . The most prominent instances of this prior to the reign of Henry III are the disagreements between Thomas Becket and Henry II and between King John and the barons . Becket , who served as Archbishop of Canterbury between 1162 and 1170 , was murdered following a long running dispute with Henry II over the jurisdiction of the Church . John , who was king from 1199 to 1216 , aroused such hostility from many leading noblemen that they forced him to agree to Magna Carta in 1215 . John 's refusal to adhere to this charter led to civil war ( see First Barons ' War ) . The Great Council evolved into the Parliament of England . The term itself came into use during the early 13th century , deriving from the Latin and French words for discussion and speaking . The word first appears in official documents in the 1230s . As a result of the work by historians G.O. Sayles and H.G. Richardson , it is widely believed that the early parliaments had a judicial as well as a legislative function . During the 13th and 14th centuries , the kings began to call Knights of the Shire to meet when the monarch saw it as necessary . A notable example of this was in 1254 when sheriffs of counties were instructed to send Knights of the Shire to parliament to advise the king on finance . Initially , parliaments were mostly summoned when the king needed to raise money through taxes . Following the Magna Carta this became a convention . This was due in no small part to the fact that King John died in 1216 and was succeeded by his young son Henry III . Leading peers and clergy governed on Henry 's behalf until he came of age , giving them a taste for power that they would prove unwilling to relinquish . Among other things , they made sure that Magna Carta would be reaffirmed by the young king . Parliament in the reign of Henry III ( edit ) Once the minority of Henry III ended and he took full control of the government , leading peers became increasingly concerned with his style of government , specifically his unwillingness to consult them on decisions he took , and his seeming patronisation of his foreign relatives over his native subjects . Henry 's support of a disastrous papal invasion of Sicily was the last straw . In 1258 , seven leading barons forced Henry to swear to uphold the Provisions of Oxford , superseded , the following year , by the Provisions of Westminster . This effectively abolished the absolutist Anglo - Norman monarchy , giving power to a council of fifteen barons , and providing for a thrice - yearly meeting of parliament to monitor their performance . Parliament assembled six times between June 1258 and April 1262 , most notably at Oxford in 1258 . The French - born nobleman Simon de Montfort , Earl of Leicester , emerged as the leader of this characteristically English rebellion . In the following years , those supporting Montfort and those supporting the king grew more hostile to each other . Henry obtained a papal bull in 1263 exempting him from his oath and both sides began to raise armies . At the Battle of Lewes on 14 May 1264 , Henry was defeated and taken prisoner by Montfort 's army . However , many of the peers who had initially supported Montfort began to suspect that he had gone too far with his reforming zeal . His support amongst the nobility rapidly declined . So in 1264 , Montfort summoned the first parliament in English history without any prior royal authorisation . The archbishops , bishops , abbots , earls and barons were summoned , as were two knights from each shire and two burgesses from each borough . Knights had been summoned to previous councils , but the representation of the boroughs was unprecedented . This was purely a move to consolidate Montfort 's position as the legitimate governor of the kingdom , since he had captured Henry and his son Prince Edward ( later Edward I ) at the Battle of Lewes . A parliament consisting of representatives of the realm was the logical way for Montfort to establish his authority . In calling this parliament , in a bid to gain popular support , he summoned knights and burgesses from the emerging gentry class , thus turning to his advantage the fact that most of the nobility had abandoned his movement . This parliament was summoned on 14 December 1264 . It first met on 20 January 1265 in Westminster Hall and was dissolved on 15 February 1265 . It is not certain who actually attended this parliament . Nonetheless , Montfort 's scheme was formally adopted by Edward I in the so - called `` Model Parliament '' of 1295 . The attendance at parliament of knights and burgesses historically became known as the summoning of `` the Commons '' , a term derived from the Norman French word `` commune '' , literally translated as the `` community of the realm '' . Following Edward 's escape from captivity , Montfort was defeated and killed at the Battle of Evesham in 1265 . Henry 's authority was restored and the Provisions of Oxford were forgotten , but this was nonetheless a turning point in the history of the Parliament of England . Although he was not obliged by statute to do so , Henry summoned the Commons to parliament three times between September 1268 and April 1270 . However , this was not a significant turning point in the history of parliamentary democracy . Subsequently , very little is known about how representatives were selected because , at this time , being sent to parliament was not a prestigious undertaking . But Montfort 's decision to summon knights of the shires and burgesses to his parliament did mark the irreversible emergence of the landed gentry as a force in politics . From then on , monarchs could not ignore them , which explains Henry 's decision to summon the Commons to several of his post-1265 parliaments . Even though many peers who had supported the Provisions of Oxford remained active in English public life throughout Henry 's reign , the conditions they had laid down for regular parliaments were largely forgotten , as if to symbolise the historical development of the English Parliament via convention rather than statutes and written constitutions . The emergence of parliament as an institution ( edit ) A 16th - century depiction of Edward 's parliament During the reign of Edward I , which began in 1272 , the role of Parliament in the government of the English kingdom increased due to Edward 's determination to unite England , Wales and Scotland under his rule by force . He was also keen to unite his subjects in order to restore his authority and not face rebellion as was his father 's fate . Edward therefore encouraged all sectors of society to submit petitions to parliament detailing their grievances in order for them to be resolved . This seemingly gave all of Edward 's subjects a potential role in government and this helped Edward assert his authority . Both the Statute of Westminster 1275 and Statute of Westminster 1285 , with the assistance of Robert Burnell , codified the existing law in England . As the number of petitions being submitted to parliament increased , they came to be dealt with , and often ignored , more and more by ministers of the Crown so as not to block the passage of government business through parliament . However the emergence of petitioning is significant because it is some of the earliest evidence of parliament being used as a forum to address the general grievances of ordinary people . Submitting a petition to parliament is a tradition that continues to this day in the Parliament of the United Kingdom and in most Commonwealth realms . These developments symbolise the fact that parliament and government were by no means the same thing by this point . If monarchs were going to impose their will on their kingdom , they would have to control parliament rather than be subservient to it . From Edward 's reign onwards , the authority of the English Parliament would depend on the strength or weakness of the incumbent monarch . When the king or queen was strong he or she would wield enough influence to pass their legislation through parliament without much trouble . Some strong monarchs even bypassed it completely , although this was not often possible in the case of financial legislation due to the post-Magna Carta convention of parliament granting taxes . When weak monarchs governed , parliament often became the centre of opposition against them . Subsequently , the composition of parliaments in this period varied depending on the decisions that needed to be taken in them . The nobility and senior clergy were always summoned . From 1265 onwards , when the monarch needed to raise money through taxes , it was usual for knights and burgesses to be summoned too . However , when the king was merely seeking advice , he often only summoned the nobility and the clergy , sometimes with and sometimes without the knights of the shires . On some occasions the Commons were summoned and sent home again once the monarch was finished with them , allowing parliament to continue without them . It was not until the mid-14th century that summoning representatives of the shires and the boroughs became the norm for all parliaments . One of the moments that marked the emergence of parliament as a true institution in England was the deposition of Edward II . Even though it is debatable whether Edward II was deposed in parliament or by parliament , this remarkable sequence of events consolidated the importance of parliament in the English unwritten constitution . Parliament was also crucial in establishing the legitimacy of the king who replaced Edward II : his son Edward III . In 1341 the Commons met separately from the nobility and clergy for the first time , creating what was effectively an Upper Chamber and a Lower Chamber , with the knights and burgesses sitting in the latter . This Upper Chamber became known as the House of Lords from 1544 onward , and the Lower Chamber became known as the House of Commons , collectively known as the Houses of Parliament . The authority of parliament grew under Edward III ; it was established that no law could be made , nor any tax levied , without the consent of both Houses and the Sovereign . This development occurred during the reign of Edward III because he was involved in the Hundred Years ' War and needed finances . During his conduct of the war , Edward tried to circumvent parliament as much as possible , which caused this edict to be passed . The Commons came to act with increasing boldness during this period . During the Good Parliament ( 1376 ) , the Presiding Officer of the lower chamber , Sir Peter de la Mare , complained of heavy taxes , demanded an accounting of the royal expenditures , and criticised the king 's management of the military . The Commons even proceeded to impeach some of the king 's ministers . The bold Speaker was imprisoned , but was soon released after the death of Edward III . During the reign of the next monarch , Richard II , the Commons once again began to impeach errant ministers of the Crown . They insisted that they could not only control taxation , but also public expenditure . Despite such gains in authority , however , the Commons still remained much less powerful than the House of Lords and the Crown . This period also saw the introduction of a franchise which limited the number of people who could vote in elections for the House of Commons . From 1430 onwards , the franchise was limited to Forty Shilling Freeholders , that is men who owned freehold property worth forty shillings or more . The Parliament of England legislated the new uniform county franchise , in the statute 8 Hen. 6 , c. 7 . The Chronological Table of the Statutes does not mention such a 1430 law , as it was included in the Consolidated Statutes as a recital in the Electors of Knights of the Shire Act 1432 ( 10 Hen. 6 , c. 2 ) , which amended and re-enacted the 1430 law to make clear that the resident of a county had to have a forty shilling freehold in that county to be a voter there . King , Lords and Commons ( edit ) During the reign of the Tudor monarchs the modern structure of the English Parliament began to be created . The Tudor monarchy was powerful , and there were often periods of several years when parliament did not sit at all . However the Tudor monarchs were astute enough to realise that they needed parliament to legitimise many of their decisions , mostly out of a need to raise money through taxation legitimately without causing discontent . Thus they consolidated the state of affairs whereby monarchs would call and close parliament as and when they needed it . By the time Henry Tudor ( Henry VII ) came to the throne in 1485 the monarch was not a member of either the Upper Chamber or the Lower Chamber . Consequently , the monarch would have to make his or her feelings known to Parliament through his or her supporters in both houses . Proceedings were regulated by the presiding officer in either chamber . From the 1540s the presiding officer in the House of Commons became formally known as the `` Speaker '' , having previously been referred to as the `` prolocutor '' or `` parlour '' ( a semi-official position , often nominated by the monarch , that had existed ever since Peter de Montfort had acted as the presiding officer of the Oxford Parliament of 1258 ) . This was not an enviable job . When the House of Commons was unhappy it was the Speaker who had to deliver this news to the monarch . This began the tradition whereby the Speaker of the House of Commons is dragged to the Speaker 's Chair by other members once elected . A member of either chamber could present a `` bill '' to parliament . Bills supported by the monarch were often proposed by members of the Privy Council who sat in parliament . In order for a bill to become law it would have to be approved by a majority of both Houses of Parliament before it passed to the monarch for royal assent or veto . The royal veto was applied several times during the 16th and 17th centuries and it is still the right of the monarch of the United Kingdom and Commonwealth realms to veto legislation today , although it has not been exercised since 1707 ( today such exercise would presumably precipitate a constitutional crisis ) . When a bill was enacted into law , this process gave it the approval of each estate of the realm : the King , Lords , and Commons . In reality , this was not a democratic process . The Parliament of England was far from being a democratically representative institution in this period . It was possible to assemble the entire peerage and senior clergy of the realm in one place to form the estate of the Upper Chamber . However , the voting franchise for the House of Commons was small ; some historians estimate that it was as little as three per cent of the adult male population ; and there was no secret ballot . This meant that elections could be controlled by local grandees , because in many boroughs a majority of voters were in some way dependent on a powerful individual , or else could be bought by money or concessions . If these grandees were supporters of the incumbent monarch , this gave the Crown and its ministers considerable influence over the business of parliament . Many of the men elected to parliament did not relish the prospect of having to act in the interests of others . So a law was enacted , still on the statute book today , whereby it became unlawful for members of the House of Commons to resign their seat unless they were granted a position directly within the patronage of the monarchy ( today this latter restriction leads to a legal fiction allowing de facto resignation despite the prohibition , but nevertheless it is a resignation which needs the permission of the Crown ) . However , it must be emphasised that while several elections to parliament in this period were in some way corrupt by modern standards , many elections involved genuine contests between rival candidates , even though the ballot was not secret . It was in this period that the Palace of Westminster was established as the seat of the English Parliament . In 1548 , the House of Commons was granted a regular meeting place by the Crown , St Stephen 's Chapel . This had been a royal chapel . It was made into a debating chamber after Henry VIII became the last monarch to use the Palace of Westminster as a place of residence and following the suppression of the college there . This room became the home of the House of Commons until it was destroyed by fire in 1834 , although the interior was altered several times up until then . The structure of this room was pivotal in the development of the Parliament of England . While most modern legislatures sit in a circular chamber , the benches of the British Houses of Parliament are laid out in the form of choir stalls in a chapel , simply because this is the part of the original room that the members of the House of Commons utilised when they were granted use of St Stephen 's Chapel . This structure took on a new significance with the emergence of political parties in the late 17th and early 18th centuries , as the tradition began whereby the members of the governing party would sit on the benches to the right of the Speaker and the opposition members on the benches to the left . It is said that the Speaker 's chair was placed in front of the chapel 's altar . As Members came and went they observed the custom of bowing to the altar and continued to do so , even when it had been taken away , thus then bowing to the Chair , as is still the custom today . The numbers of the Lords Spiritual diminished under Henry VIII , who commanded the Dissolution of the Monasteries , thereby depriving the abbots and priors of their seats in the Upper House . For the first time , the Lords Temporal were more numerous than the Lords Spiritual . Currently , the Lords Spiritual consist of the Archbishops of Canterbury and York , the Bishops of London , Durham and Winchester , and twenty - one other English diocesan bishops in seniority of appointment to a diocese . The Laws in Wales Acts of 1535 -- 42 annexed Wales as part of England and this brought Welsh representatives into the Parliament of England , first elected in 1542 . Rebellion and Revolution ( edit ) Parliaments of England 1604 -- 1705 Parliament Date Blessed Parliament 1604 Addled Parliament 1614 3rd Parliament of King James I 1621 Happy Parliament 1624 Useless Parliament 1625 2nd Parliament of King Charles I 1626 3rd Parliament of King Charles I 1628 Short Parliament 1640 Apr Long Parliament ( 1 ) 1640 Nov Oxford Parliament 1644 Long Parliament ( 2 ) 1645 Rump Parliament ( 1 ) 1648 Barebone 's Parliament 1653 First Protectorate Parliament 1654 Second Protectorate Parliament 1656 Third Protectorate Parliament 1659 Rump Parliament ( 2 ) 1659 Long Parliament ( 3 ) 1660 Convention Parliament 1660 Cavalier Parliament 1661 Habeas Corpus Parliament 1679 Exclusion Bill Parliament 1680 Oxford Parliament 1681 Loyal Parliament 1685 Convention Parliament 1689 2nd Parliament of William and Mary 1690 3rd Parliament of King William III 1695 4th Parliament of King William III 1698 5th Parliament of King William III 1701 6th Parliament of King William III 1701 Dec 1st Parliament of Queen Anne 1702 2nd Parliament of Queen Anne 1705 List of Parliaments of England Parliament had not always submitted to the wishes of the Tudor monarchs . But parliamentary criticism of the monarchy reached new levels in the 17th century . When the last Tudor monarch , Elizabeth I , died in 1603 , King James VI of Scotland came to power as King James I , founding the Stuart monarchy . In 1628 , alarmed by the arbitrary exercise of royal power , the House of Commons submitted to Charles I the Petition of Right , demanding the restoration of their liberties . Though he accepted the petition , Charles later dissolved parliament and ruled without them for eleven years . It was only after the financial disaster of the Scottish Bishops ' Wars ( 1639 -- 1640 ) that he was forced to recall Parliament so that they could authorise new taxes . This resulted in the calling of the assemblies known historically as the Short Parliament of 1640 and the Long Parliament , which sat with several breaks and in various forms between 1640 and 1660 . The Long Parliament was characterised by the growing number of critics of the king who sat in it . The most prominent of these critics in the House of Commons was John Pym . Tensions between the king and his parliament reached boiling point in January 1642 when Charles entered the House of Commons and tried , unsuccessfully , to arrest Pym and four other members for their alleged treason . The five members had been tipped off about this , and by the time Charles came into the chamber with a group of soldiers they had disappeared . Charles was further humiliated when he asked the Speaker , William Lenthall , to give their whereabouts , which Lenthall famously refused to do . From then on relations between the king and his parliament deteriorated further . When trouble started to brew in Ireland , both Charles and his parliament raised armies to quell the uprisings by native Catholics there . It was not long before it was clear that these forces would end up fighting each other , leading to the English Civil War which began with the Battle of Edgehill in October 1642 : those supporting the cause of parliament were called Parliamentarians ( or Roundheads ) . Battles between Crown and Parliament would continue throughout the 17th and 18th centuries , but parliament was no longer subservient to the English monarchy . This change was symbolised in the execution of Charles I in January 1649 . It is somewhat ironic that this event was not instigated by the elected representatives of the realm . In Pride 's Purge of December 1648 , the New Model Army ( which by then had emerged as the leading force in the parliamentary alliance ) purged Parliament of members that did not support them . The remaining `` Rump Parliament '' , as it was later referred to by critics , enacted legislation to put the king on trial for treason . This trial , the outcome of which was a foregone conclusion , led to the execution of the king and the start of an 11 - year republic . The House of Lords was abolished and the purged House of Commons governed England until April 1653 , when army chief Oliver Cromwell dissolved it following disagreements over religious policy and how to carry out elections to parliament . Cromwell later convened a parliament of religious radicals in 1653 , commonly known as Barebone 's Parliament , followed by the unicameral First Protectorate Parliament that sat from September 1654 to January 1655 and the Second Protectorate Parliament that sat in two sessions between 1656 and 1658 , the first session was unicameral and the second session was bicameral . Although it is easy to dismiss the English Republic of 1649 - 60 as nothing more than a Cromwellian military dictatorship , the events that took place in this decade were hugely important in determining the future of parliament . First , it was during the sitting of the first Rump Parliament that members of the House of Commons became known as `` MPs '' ( Members of Parliament ) . Second , Cromwell gave a huge degree of freedom to his parliaments , although royalists were barred from sitting in all but a handful of cases . His vision of parliament appears to have been largely based on the example of the Elizabethan parliaments . However , he underestimated the extent to which Elizabeth I and her ministers had directly and indirectly influenced the decision - making process of her parliaments . He was thus always surprised when they became troublesome . He ended up dissolving each parliament that he convened . Yet it is worth noting that the structure of the second session of the Second Protectorate Parliament of 1658 was almost identical to the parliamentary structure consolidated in the Glorious Revolution Settlement of 1689 . In 1653 Cromwell had been made head of state with the title Lord Protector of the Realm . The Second Protectorate Parliament offered him the crown . Cromwell rejected this offer , but the governmental structure embodied in the final version of the Humble Petition and Advice was a basis for all future parliaments . It proposed an elected House of Commons as the Lower Chamber , a House of Lords containing peers of the realm as the Upper Chamber , and a constitutional monarchy , subservient to parliament and the laws of the nation , as the executive arm of the state at the top of the tree , assisted in carrying out their duties by a Privy Council . Oliver Cromwell had thus inadvertently presided over the creation of a basis for the future parliamentary government of England . In 1657 he had the Parliament of Scotland unified with the English Parliament . In terms of the evolution of parliament as an institution , by far the most important development during the republic was the sitting of the Rump Parliament between 1649 and 1653 . This proved that parliament could survive without a monarchy and a House of Lords if it wanted to . Future English monarchs would never forget this . Charles I was the last English monarch ever to enter the House of Commons . Even to this day , a Member of the Parliament of the United Kingdom is sent to Buckingham Palace as a ceremonial hostage during the State Opening of Parliament , in order to ensure the safe return of the sovereign from a potentially hostile parliament . During the ceremony the monarch sits on the throne in the House of Lords and signals for the Lord Great Chamberlain to summon the House of Commons to the Lords Chamber . The Lord Great Chamberlain then raises his wand of office to signal to the Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod , who has been waiting in the central lobby . Black Rod turns and , escorted by the doorkeeper of the House of Lords and an inspector of police , approaches the doors to the chamber of the Commons . The doors are slammed in his face -- symbolising the right of the Commons to debate without the presence of the Queen 's representative . He then strikes three times with his staff ( the Black Rod ) , and he is admitted . Parliament from the restoration to the Act of Settlement ( edit ) The revolutionary events that occurred between 1620 and 1689 all took place in the name of parliament . The new status of parliament as the central governmental organ of the English state was consolidated during the events surrounding the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 . Following the death of Oliver Cromwell in September 1658 , his son Richard Cromwell succeeded him as Lord Protector , summoning the Third Protectorate Parliament in the process . When this parliament was dissolved following pressure from the army in April 1659 , the Rump Parliament was recalled at the insistence of the surviving army grandees . This in turn was dissolved in a coup led by army general John Lambert , leading to the formation of the Committee of Safety , dominated by Lambert and his supporters . When the breakaway forces of George Monck invaded England from Scotland where they had been stationed -- without Lambert 's supporters putting up a fight -- Monck temporarily recalled the Rump Parliament and reversed Pride 's Purge by recalling the entirety of the Long Parliament . They then voted to dissolve themselves and call new elections , which were arguably the most democratic for 20 years although the franchise was still very small . This led to the calling of the Convention Parliament which was dominated by royalists . This parliament voted to reinstate the monarchy and the House of Lords . Charles II returned to England as king in May 1660 . The Anglo - Scottish parliamentary union that Cromwell had established was dissolved in 1661 when the Scottish Parliament resumed its separate meeting place in Edinburgh . The Restoration began the tradition whereby all governments looked to parliament for legitimacy . In 1681 Charles II dissolved parliament and ruled without them for the last four years of his reign . This followed bitter disagreements between the king and parliament that had occurred between 1679 and 1681 . Charles took a big gamble by doing this . He risked the possibility of a military showdown akin to that of 1642 . However he rightly predicted that the nation did not want another civil war . Parliament disbanded without a fight . Events that followed ensured that this would be nothing but a temporary blip . Charles II died in 1685 and he was succeeded by his brother James II . During his lifetime Charles had always pledged loyalty to the Protestant Church of England , despite his private Catholic sympathies . James was openly Catholic . He attempted to lift restrictions on Catholics taking up public offices . This was bitterly opposed by Protestants in his kingdom . They invited William of Orange , a Protestant who had married Mary , daughter of James II and Anne Hyde to invade England and claim the throne . William assembled an army estimated at 15,000 soldiers ( 11,000 foot and 4000 horse ) and landed at Brixham in southwest England in November , 1688 . When many Protestant officers , including James 's close adviser , John Churchill , 1st Duke of Marlborough , defected from the English army to William 's invasion force , James fled the country . Parliament then offered the Crown to his Protestant daughter Mary , instead of his son ( James Francis Edward Stuart ) . Mary refused the offer , and instead William and Mary ruled jointly , with both having the right to rule alone on the other 's death . As part of the compromise in allowing William to be King -- called the Glorious Revolution -- Parliament was able to have the 1689 Bill of Rights enacted . Later the 1701 Act of Settlement was approved . These were statutes that lawfully upheld the prominence of parliament for the first time in English history . These events marked the beginning of the English constitutional monarchy and its role as one of the three elements of parliament . Union : the parliament of Great Britain ( edit ) Main article : Parliament of Great Britain Following the Treaty of Union in 1707 , Acts of Parliament passed in the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland created a new Kingdom of Great Britain and dissolved both parliaments , replacing them with a new Parliament of Great Britain based in the former home of the English parliament . The Parliament of Great Britain later became the Parliament of the United Kingdom in 1801 when the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was formed through the Act of Union 1800 . Places where Parliament has been held other than London ( edit ) York , various Lincoln , various Oxford , 1258 ( Mad Parliament ) , 1681 Kenilworth , 1266 Acton Burnell Castle , 1283 Shrewsbury , 1283 ( trial of Dafydd ap Gruffydd ) , 1397 ( ' Great ' Parliament ) Lincoln , 1301 Carlisle , 1307 Northampton 1328 New Sarum ( Salisbury ) , 1330 Winchester , 1332 , 1449 Leicester , 1414 ( Fire and Faggot Parliament ) , 1426 ( Parliament of Bats ) Reading Abbey , 1453 Coventry , 1459 ( Parliament of Devils ) Representation on the English parliament outside the British isles ( edit ) Two European cities , both annexed from and later ceded to the Kingdom of France were represented in the Parliament as borough constituencies while they were English possessions : Calais , between 1372 and 1558 . Tournai between 1513 and 1519 . ( Now in Belgium . ) See also ( edit ) History of democracy History of local government in England List of Parliaments of England List of Acts of the Parliament of England to 1483 List of Acts of the Parliament of England , 1485 -- 1601 List of Acts of the Parliament of England , 1603 -- 1641 Witenagemot Magnum Concilium References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` A Brief Chronology of the House of Commons '' , Factsheet G3 , General Series , August 2010 , House of Commons Information Office Jump up ^ Wouter Troost , William III the Stadholder - King : A Political Biography ( 2004 ) ISBN 0 - 7546 - 5071 - 5 p 191 Jump up ^ Troost , pp 204 -- 205 Jump up ^ Virtual Shropshire Sources ( edit ) Blackstone , Sir William . ( 1765 ) . Commentaries on the Laws of England . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Davies , M. ( 2003 ) . Companion to the Standing Orders and guide to the Proceedings of the House of Lords , 19th ed . Farnborough , Thomas Erskine , 1st Baron. ( 1896 ) . Constitutional History of England since the Accession of George the Third , 11th ed. vol 1 online ; vol 2 online Maddicott , John . The Origins of the English Parliament , 924 - 1327 . Oxford : Oxford University Press ; 2010 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 958550 - 4 . Paul Brand . `` Review of Maddicott , John Robert , _The Origins of the English Parliament , 924 - 1327_ . '' in H - Albion , H - Net Reviews . September , 2011 . online Sayles , G.O. The King 's Parliament of England ( 1974 ) , brief survey `` Parliament . '' ( 1911 ) . Encyclopædia Britannica , 11th ed . London : Cambridge University Press . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Parliament of England . Birth of the English Parliament . UK Parliament Parliament and People . British Library Origins and growth of Parliament . National Archives Parliament of England Preceded by Curia Regis 1066 -- c. 1215 Parliament of England c. 1215 -- 1707 Succeeded by Parliament of Great Britain 1707 -- 1801 Kingdom of England History Timeline Anglo - Saxon England Heptarchy Kingdom of England Norman conquest Anglo - Normans Angevin Empire England in the Late Middle Ages Wars of the Roses Tudor period Stuart period English Renaissance English Reformation Elizabethan era Union of the Crowns Overseas possessions Gunpowder Plot Jacobean era Civil War Interregnum Commonwealth of England The Protectorate Restoration Popish Plot Glorious Revolution Maritime history Economy in the Middle Ages Union with Scotland Royal Houses Wessex Knýtlinga Normandy Angevin Plantagenet Lancaster York Tudor Stuart Orange - Nassau Politics Law Witenagemot Curia regis Parliament House of Lords House of Commons Monarchy Council of State Lord Protector Peerage Privy Council Ministries Secretary of State Governance Elizabethan Star Chamber Whigs Tories Acts of Parliament : to 1483 1485 -- 1601 1603 -- 1641 1642 -- 1660 1660 -- 1699 1700 -- 1706 Military Anglo - Saxon military Warfare English Army New Model Army Royal Navy Ships History Geography Counties Islands Places Towns Castles Palaces Demographics English language English people list Culture Religion Church of England Cuisine Folklore Morris dance Country dance Architecture Anglo - Saxon English Gothic Tudor Elizabethan Jacobean Queen Anne Georgian Symbols National flag ( list ) Heraldry Coat of arms College of Arms Royal Badges Royal Supporters Royal Standard Crown Jewels Tudor rose Oak tree St George St George 's Day Articles on the history of England Parliament of Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Other entities European Union Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_England&oldid=810123383 '' Categories : Parliament of England 1707 disestablishments in Great Britain Defunct bicameral legislatures Historical legislatures Westminster system parliaments Hidden categories : Use British English from December 2010 Use dmy dates from December 2010 Articles lacking in - text citations from February 2013 All articles lacking in - text citations All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano Македонски Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017 , at 13 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what document was created to limit the kings power in england | [
"In 1066, William of Normandy introduced what, in later centuries, became referred to as a feudal system, by which he sought the advice of a council of tenants-in-chief (a person who held land) and ecclesiastics before making laws. In 1215, the tenants-in-chief secured Magna Carta from King John, which established that the king may not levy or collect any taxes (except the feudal taxes to which they were hitherto accustomed), save with the consent of his royal council, which gradually developed into a parliament."
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3006487746105077644 | U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by state | U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by State - wikipedia U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by State Jump to : navigation , search Minimum legal drinking age as of 1969 ( two years before the 26th Amendment was passed ) : Minimum age is 21 Minimum age is 20 Minimum age is 19 and 21 Minimum age is 19 Minimum age is 18 and 21 Minimum age is 18 Minimum legal drinking age as of 1975 ( when almost all states had their lowest age limit ) : Minimum age is 21 Minimum age is 20 Minimum age is 19 and 21 ; see below Minimum age is 19 Minimum age is 18 and 21 ; see below Minimum age is 18 Detail on dual age limits ( show ) Both age limits apply for following states : Washington , D.C. : The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine , and 21 for liquor . Illinois : The legal drinking age is 19 for beer and wine , and 21 for liquor . Kansas : The legal drinking age is 18 for 3.2 % ABW beer , and 21 for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABW , wine and liquor . Maryland : The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine , and 21 for liquor . North Carolina : The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine , and 21 for liquor . Oklahoma : The legal drinking age is 18 for 3.2 % ABW beer , and 21 for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABW , wine and liquor . South Carolina : The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine , and 21 for liquor . South Dakota : The legal drinking age is 18 for 3.2 % ABW beer , and 21 for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABW , wine and liquor . Virginia : The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine , and 21 for liquor . Minimum legal drinking age as of 1983 ( one year before the Drinking Age Act of 1984 was passed ) : Minimum age is 21 Minimum age is 20 Minimum age is 19 and 21 Minimum age is 19 Minimum age is 18 and 21 Minimum age is 18 The alcohol laws of the United States regarding minimum age for purchase have changed over time . The history is given in the table below . Unless otherwise noted , if different alcohol categories have different minimum purchase ages , the age listed below is set at the lowest age given ( e.g. if the purchase age is 18 for beer and 21 for wine or spirits , as was the case in several states , the age in the table will read as `` 18 '' , not `` 21 '' ) . In addition , the purchase age is not necessarily the same as the minimum age for consumption of alcoholic beverages , although they have often been the same . As one can see in the table below , there has been much volatility in the states ' drinking ages since the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 . Shortly after the ratification of the 21st amendment in December , most states set their purchase ages at 21 since that was the Voting age at the time . Most of these limits remained constant until the early 1970s . From 1969 to 1976 , some 30 states lowered their purchase ages , generally to 18 . This was primarily because the voting age was lowered from 21 to 18 in 1971 with the 26th amendment . A lot of states started to lower their minimum drinking age in response , most of this occurring in 1972 or 1973 . Twelve states kept their purchase ages at 21 since repeal of Prohibition and never changed them . From 1976 to 1983 , several states voluntarily raised their purchase ages to 19 ( or , less commonly , 20 or 21 ) , in part to combat drunk driving fatalities . In 1984 , Congress passed the National Minimum Drinking Age Act , which required states to raise their ages for purchase and public possession to 21 by October 1986 or lose 10 % of their federal highway funds . By mid-1988 , all 50 states and the District of Columbia had raised their purchase ages to 21 ( but not Puerto Rico , Guam , or the Virgin Islands , see Additional Notes below ) . South Dakota and Wyoming were the final two states to comply with the age 21 mandate . The current drinking age of 21 remains a point of contention among many Americans , because of it being higher than the age of majority ( 18 in most states ) and higher than the drinking ages of most other countries . The National Minimum Drinking Age Act is also seen as a congressional sidestep of the tenth amendment . Although debates have not been highly publicized , a few states have proposed legislation to lower their drinking age , while Guam has raised its drinking age to 21 in July 2010 . State Pre-Prohibition ( prior to 1919 ) Post-Prohibition ( after 1933 ) 1970s / 26th Amendment ( adopted in 1971 ) 1980s / Drinking Age Act of 1984 21st century Alabama Pre 1881 : None 1881 : 21 ( none with consent of parent ) 21 1970 : Lowered to 19 1986 : Raised to 21 21 ( no one underage is allowed consumption Section 28 - 1 ) Alaska ? 21 1970 : Lowered to 19 1984 : Raised to 21 with grandfather clause ( if born before January 1 , 1965 ) 21 Arizona ? 21 1972 : Lowered to 19 1985 : Raised to 21 21 Arkansas Pre 1925 : None 1925 : 21 21 21 21 21 California Pre 1891 : Regulated by municipality / county ( common age was 16 ) 1891 : 18 ( statewide ) 1933 : 21 21 21 21 ( except small amounts for religious ceremonies ) Colorado None 1945 : 18 : for beer 21 : for wine and liquor 18 Raised to 21 in 1987 21 Connecticut ? 21 1972 : Lowered to 18 1982 : Raised to 19 1983 : Raised to 20 1985 : Raised to 21 21 ( exemptions : ( 1 ) a person over age eighteen who is an employee or permit holder under section 30 - 90a and who possesses alcoholic liquor in the course of such person 's employment or business , ( 2 ) a minor who possesses alcoholic liquor on the order of a practicing physician , or ( 3 ) a minor who possesses alcoholic liquor while accompanied by a parent , guardian or spouse of the minor , who has attained the age of twenty - one . Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to burden a person 's exercise of religion under section 3 of article first of the Constitution of the state in violation of subsection ( a ) of section 52 - 571b . Delaware ? 21 1972 : Lowered to 20 1984 : Raised to 21 21 District of Columbia ? 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1986 : Raised to 21 with grandfather clause . 21 Florida ? 18 1972 : 19 1985 : Raised to 21 with grandfather clause 21 Georgia ? 21 1972 : Lowered to 18 1984 : Raised to 19 1985 : Raised to 20 1986 : Raised to 21 21 Hawaii ? 21 1972 : Lowered to 18 1986 : Raised to 21 21 Idaho ? 20 : for beer 21 : for wine and liquor 1972 : Lowered to 19 ( all ) 1987 : Raised to 21 in 1987 ( Apr 11 ) with grandfather clause 21 Illinois 1872 : Age of majority ( none with written consent of parent ) pre 1961 : Age of majority 1961 : Raised to 21 1973 : Lowered to 19 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1980 : Raised to 21 21 Indiana ? Post-1934 : 21 21 21 21 Iowa ? 21 1972 : Lowered to 19 in 1972 ( Jul 1 ) 1973 : Lowered to 18 in 1973 ( Jul 1 ) 1978 : Raised to 19 in 1978 ( Jul 1 ) 1986 : Raised to 21 in 1986 ( Jul 1 ) with grandfather clause . 21 Kansas ? 1949 : 18 : for beer and wine with less than 4 % ABV 21 : for liquor 18 : for beer and wine with less than 4 % ABV 21 : for beer and wine with 4 % ABV or more 21 : for liquor 1985 : Raised to 21 21 ( However , anyone under 21 may consume cereal malt beverages with parental supervision on their own property ) Kentucky ? 1938 : 21 21 21 21 Louisiana ? As of 1948 : 18 18 1987 : Raised to 21 de jure in 1987 , but de facto age was still 18 until 1995 due to a sale loophole . 1995 : De facto age raised to 21 in 1995 when loophole was closed . 1996 : In 1996 , briefly lowered by Louisiana Supreme Court to 18 until it reversed its decision , raising to 21 three months later . Other exceptions still remain . 21 Maine ? 21 1969 : Lowered to 20 1972 : Lowered to 18 1977 : Raised to 20 1985 : Raised to 21 21 Maryland ? 21 1974 : Lowered to 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1982 : Raised to 21 with grandfather clause 21 ( however anyone can drink when parents , spouses , teachers are present ) Massachusetts ? 21 1973 : Lowered to 18 1979 : Raised to 20 in 1979 ( Apr 16 ) Raised to 21 in 1985 21 Michigan ? 21 1972 : Lowered to 18 in 1972 ( Jan 1 ) 1978 : Raised to 19 in 1978 ( Dec 3 ) 1978 : Raised to 21 in 1978 ( Dec 21 ) , 18 days later . First state to raise age to 21 since it was lowered 21 Minnesota ? 21 1973 : Lowered to 18 1976 : Raised to 19 First state to raise age after lowering . 1986 : Raised to 21 21 Mississippi ? 1966 : 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor ( alcohol not legalized until 1966 ) 18 Raised to 21 in 1986 21 Missouri ? 1945 : 21 21 21 21 Montana ? 21 1971 : Lowered to 19 1973 : Lowered to 18 1979 : Raised to 19 1987 : Raised to 21 21 Nebraska ? 21 1969 : Lowered to 20 1972 : Lowered to 19 1980 : Raised to 20 1985 : Raised to 21 21 Nevada ? 1933 : 21 21 21 21 New Hampshire ? 21 1973 : Lowered to 18 1979 : Raised to 20 1985 : Raised to 21 21 New Jersey Before 1880 : None Post-1880 : 18 ( penalties only against businesses ) 21 1973 : Lowered to 18 1980 : Raised to 19 1983 : Raised to 21 21 New Mexico ? 1934 : 21 21 21 21 New York 21 18 18 1982 : Raised to 19 in 1982 ( Dec ) 1985 : Raised to 21 in 1985 ( Dec ) 21 North Carolina ? 18 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1983 : 19 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1986 : Raised to 21 in 1986 ( Sep 1 ) 21 North Dakota ? 1936 : 21 21 21 21 Ohio ? 1935 : 18 : for 3.2 % ABW beer 21 : for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABW , wine and liquor 18 : for 3.2 % ABW beer 21 : for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABW , wine and liquor 1982 : 19 : for 3.2 % ABW beer 21 : for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABW , wine and liquor 1982 : 19 : beer 21 : wine and liquor 1988 : 21 21 ( However , anyone can drink with parents or legal - age spouse ) Oklahoma ? Men : 21 Women : 18 : 3.2 % ABW beer 21 : for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABW , wine and liquor 1976 : Lowered to 18 ( for 3.2 % ABW beer ) for both sexes in 1976 ( Dec ) Last state to lower the drinking age . 1983 : Raised to 21 21 Oregon ? 1933 : 21 21 21 21 Pennsylvania ? 1935 : 21 21 21 21 Rhode Island ? 21 1970 : Lowered to 18 1980 : Raised to 19 1981 : Raised to 20 1984 : Raised to 21 21 South Carolina 21 1935 : 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1984 : 19 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1986 : Raised to 21 21 South Dakota ? 1934 : 21 ( all ) 1939 : Lowered to 18 : for 3.2 % beer Raised to 19 : for 3.2 % beer 1972 : 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1984 : 19 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1988 : Raised to 21 21 Tennessee Pre 1881 : None 1881 : 21 21 1964 : Lowered to 18 1979 : Raised to 19 1984 : Raised to 21 21 Texas Pre 1909 : 21 None ( with written permission of parent or guardian ) Post 1909 : 21 21 1973 : Lowered to 18 1981 : Raised to 19 1986 : Raised to 21 in 1986 ( Sep 1 ) 21 Utah ? 1935 : 21 21 21 21 Vermont ? 21 1971 : Lowered to 18 1986 : Raised to 21 21 Virginia ? 21 1974 : Lowered to 18 : for beer and wine ( 21 : for liquor remained ) 1981 : Raised to 19 for off - premises consumption 1983 : Raised to 19 ( all beer ) 1985 : Raised to 21 21 Washington `` Age of majority '' since 1877 21 21 21 21 West Virginia ? 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1972 : Lowered to 18 ( all ) 1983 : Raised to 19 ( & 21 for non-residents ) 1986 : Raised to 21 21 Wisconsin 1839 -- 1866 : 18 : for wine and liquor None : for beer Post-1866 : 21 ( all ) 18 : for beer 21 : for wine and spirits 1957 : 21 : for residents of bordering states with age limit 21 . 1963 : Raised to 21 ( off - premises beer sales , remained 18 for on - premises ) . 1972 : Lowered to 18 ( all ) in 1972 ( Mar ) 1977 : Border state restriction lifted . 1984 : Raised to 19 1986 : Raised to 21 ( September 1 , 1986 ) 21 ( however anyone can drink when parents , spouses , teachers are present ) Wyoming ? 21 1973 : Lowered to 19 1988 : Raised to 21 in 1988 ( Jul 1 ) Last state to raise de jure drinking age to 21 21 American Samoa ? ? ? 21 ? 21 Northern Mariana Islands -- -- ? 21 ? 21 Puerto Rico ? 18 18 Kept at 18 despite 10 % highway funding penalty under Drinking Age Act . 18 Virgin Islands ? ? ? 18 18 Guam ? 21 ? 18 18 Raised to 21 in 2010 Additional Notes ( edit ) Contrary to popular belief , since the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 , not all states specifically prohibit minors ' and young adults ' consumption of alcohol in private settings . That is because the federal law is concerned only with purchase and public possession , not private consumption , and contains several exceptions . As of January 1 , 2007 , 14 states and the District of Columbia ban underage consumption outright , 19 states do not specifically ban underage consumption outright , and 17 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage consumption laws . Federal law explicitly provides for religious , medical , employment and private club possession exceptions ; as of 2005 , 31 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage possession laws . In the 1960s the age for buying or drinking beer and wine in the District of Columbia ( Washington , D.C. ) was 18 ; the age for hard liquor was 21 . Residents from Virginia and Maryland would often drive to D.C. to obtain alcohol . In Louisiana , the 1987 law raising the age from 18 to 21 was deliberately written solely to comply with the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 to avoid losing highway funding , while still allowing 18 - to 20 - year - olds to drink as before . Not only did it still allow 18 - to 20 - year - olds to consume in private , it contained a major loophole allowing bars and stores to sell alcohol to 18 - to 20 - year - olds without penalty ( despite purchase being technically illegal ) which meant that the de facto age was still 18 . In other words , the drinking age was 21 only on paper . This loophole was closed in 1995 , but in 1996 the Louisiana Supreme Court declared a drinking age of 21 unconstitutional . That briefly lowered the de jure purchase age to 18 , causing an uproar which prompted the Louisiana Supreme Court to reverse its decision , raising the age to 21 three months later . Other exceptions still remain to this day , including drinking in a private residence , and Louisiana still has some of the most liberal general alcohol laws of any state . Some states were `` dry '' well before national Prohibition was enacted in 1919 , in some cases since achieving statehood . Also , some states did not become fully `` wet '' until several years after the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 ( e.g. Mississippi in 1966 ) . Since 1966 , all states and territories of the USA have been `` wet '' , but dry counties and towns still exist in some states . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NIH Fact Sheets - Underage Drinking '' . Report.nih.gov. 2013 - 03 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Hunter . `` Lowered Drinking Age of the 1970 's history 128 blog '' . History128.web.unc.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Toomey , Traci L. ; Nelson , Toben F. ; Lenk , Kathleen M. ( 2009 ) . `` The age - 21 minimum legal drinking age : a case study linking past and current debates '' . Addiction. 104 ( 12 ) : 1958 -- 65 . PMID 19922564 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1360 - 0443.2009. 02742. x . Jump up ^ Keen , Judy ( 2008 - 04 - 01 ) . `` States weigh lowering drinking age '' . Usatoday.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ramon Someros Oberiano Act '' ( PDF ) . 8 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Birmingham Iron Age : § 4205 Code of Alabama '' . bplonline.cdmhost.com . Birmingham Public Library . 1881 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Statistical Analysis of the Effects of a Uniform Minimum Drinking Age '' ( PDF ) . ntl.bts.gov. April 1987 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` MLDA21 Law Effective Data - NHTSA '' . Nhtsa.dot.gov . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The Effects of Government Regulation on Teenage Vehicle Mortality , McCornac , 1982 '' . Papers.ssrn.com. 2004 - 07 - 07 . SSRN 304765 . Jump up ^ `` Petersburg Pilot , Petersburg , Alaska : NEW DRINKING AGE '' . nber.org . Petersburg Public Library . October 19 , 1983 . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Does the Minimum Drinking Age Save Lives ? Jeffrey A. Miron and Elina Tetelbaum , 2007 '' . Nber.org. 2007 - 07 - 12 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : New York Times , December 4 , 1972 , `` State Braces for Lowering Drinking Age to 18 Jan. 1 '' ( NYT online archive ) ^ Jump up to : National Transportation Safety Board , 1982 ^ Jump up to : MINIMUM DRINKING AGE LAWS , 1990 Jump up ^ `` Daily Alta California , Volume 42 , Number 14092 : SELLING LIQUOR TO MINORS '' . cdnc.ucr.edu . California Digital Newspaper Collection . 1888 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Alta California , Volume 42 , Number 13780 : Selling Liquor to Minors . '' . cdnc.ucr.edu . California Digital Newspaper Collection . 1887 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Alta California , Volume 37 , Number 12646 : THE NEXT GRAND JURY . '' . cdnc.ucr.edu . California Digital Newspaper Collection . 1884 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco Call , Volume 69 , Number 144 : NO LIQUOR FOR MINORS . '' . cdnc.ucr.edu . California Digital Newspaper Collection . 1891 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Behavioral Policies and Teen Traffic Safety on JSTOR '' . jstor.org . Jump up ^ OLR Research Report - Lowering the Drinking Age , 2009 . Cga.ct.gov . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Department of Transportation final report ( DOT HS 809 348 ) `` Determine Why There Are Fewer Young Alcohol - Impaired Drivers , '' section III. B. , `` What happened : regional & state experience . '' Jump up ^ `` Chapter 545 - Liquor Control Act '' . Cga.ct.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` D.C. debate continuing on alcohol '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune . UPI . September 29 , 1966 . p. 10C . ^ Jump up to : `` Bill filed to lower drinking age to 18 '' . The Day . New London , CT . January 22 , 1971 . p. 9 . Jump up ^ `` D.C. to get new drinking age '' . Lawrence Journal - World . Associated Press . September 24 , 1986 . p. 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Texas and North Carolina Raise Drinking Age to 21 '' . New York Times . Associated Press . September 1 , 1986 . ^ Jump up to : `` For Some , New Drinking Law Hard To Swallow '' . sun-sentinel.com . June 30 , 1985 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Florida Alcohol Laws '' . Alcohollaws.org . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Bills lower drinking age to 19 in Idaho '' . Spokesman - Review . Associated Press . March 18 , 1972 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Idaho gears for younger drinkers '' . Deseret News . UPI . June 26 , 1972 . p. 8C . Jump up ^ `` Idaho 's legislature : Young jurors '' . Lewiston ( ID ) Morning Tribune . January 18 , 1972 . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Taverns await new customers : age drops to 19 '' . Lewiston Morning Tribune . June 30 , 1972 . p. 20 . Jump up ^ `` Idaho drinking : new law will allow some under 21 to keep imbibing '' . Spokane Chronicle. April 10 , 1987 . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` The new Northwest . ( Portland , Or . ) 1871 - 1887 , March 15 , 1872 , Image 4 : The Illinois Temperance Law . '' . oregonnews.uoregon.edu . University of Oregon Libraries . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chicago Daily Tribune , August 3 , 1961 , `` Girl , 19 , sues for right to have a drink '' ( ProQuest archive ) Jump up ^ Chicago Tribune , June 14 , 1973 , `` Beer at 19 Signed by Walker . '' ( ProQuest archive ) Jump up ^ `` History of DUI Laws In Illinois '' , Illinois Secretary of State website ^ Jump up to : `` State of Iowa Alcoholic Beverages Division , Historical Highlights '' . iowaabd.com . ^ Jump up to : Bragg , Rick ( 1996 - 03 - 23 ) . `` Louisiana Stands Alone on Drinking at 18 '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : AP ( 1996 - 07 - 03 ) . `` Louisiana Court Upholds Drinking Age of 18 '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Exceptions to Minimum Age of 21 for Possession of Alcohol as of January 1 , 2010 , Alcohol Policy Information System ^ Jump up to : `` Drinking ages set by the states '' . New York Times . June 27 , 1984 . Jump up ^ The Years of the Rat . Magazine.loyola.edu ( 2009 - 08 - 18 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Effects of Drunk Driving . Drivingdrunk.org . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Maryland increases drinking age to 21 '' . Gettysburg Times . Associated Press . February 26 , 1982 . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Legal drinking age going up '' . Eugene Register - Guard . Associated Press . April 15 , 1979 . p. 16A . Jump up ^ `` Senate of Massachusetts Sets 19 as Drinking Age '' . New York Times . February 18 , 1979 . Jump up ^ Hingson , RW ; Scotch , N ; Mangione , T ; Meyers , A ; Glantz , L ; Heeren , T ; Lin , N ; Mucatel , M ; Pierce , G ( 1983 ) . `` Impact of legislation raising the legal drinking age in Massachusetts from 18 to 20 '' . American Journal of Public Health . 73 ( 2 ) : 163 -- 170 . PMC 1650505 . PMID 6849474 . doi : 10.2105 / AJPH. 73.2. 163 . Jump up ^ Chicago Daily Defender , January 4 , 1972 , `` Drinking age lowered in Michigan '' ( ProQuest archive ) . Jump up ^ 1978 State Ballot Issues . ( PDF ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Daily Collegian , March 16 , 1979 , `` Pennsylvania drinking age follows national trend . '' ( Penn State library ActivePaper online archive ( 2 ) ) Jump up ^ Resources on Minnesota Legislative Issues , Legal Age in Minnesota , 2009 . Leg.state.mn.us . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Twin Cities.com , Pioneer Press , August 20 , 2008 -- B8 Editorial , `` A lower legal drinking age ? '' ( 3 ) ( twincities.com website ) Jump up ^ `` Montana drops drinking age to 19 for those with permit '' . Sarasota Herald = Tribune . Associated Press . June 28 , 1971 . p. 7B . Jump up ^ `` Drinking age opposed '' . Spokesman - Review . Associated Press . October 23 , 1975 . p. 14 . Jump up ^ Platform plank : Dems want to lower drinking age to 18 . Helenair.com ( 2008 - 07 - 27 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : New York Times , March 10 , 1987 , `` Drinking age is fiery issue in West '' ( ProQuest archive ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Drinking Age History '' , Nebraska Liquor Control Commission Jump up ^ AlcoholEdu : Above the Law . The Dartmouth Review 2002 Archived December 4 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ P.L. 1880 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ `` P.L. 1888 , p. 253 . '' ( PDF ) . rutgers.edu . Jump up ^ Jersey , New ( 19 September 2017 ) . `` Compiled Statutes of New Jersey '' . Soney & Sage -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` THE REGION - Drinking Age of 21 Gains in Jersey '' . NYTimes.com . New Jersey . 1982 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Barbanel , Josh ( May 28 , 1984 ) . `` Raising New York Drinking Age to 21 '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Drinking Age of 21 Gains in Jersey '' . New York Times . June 11 , 1982 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 30 . `` New York will raise its legal age of 18 to 19 on Dec. 4 . Jump up ^ `` New York raising its drinking age to 21 in December '' . New York Times . June 19 , 1985 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 20 . The minimum legal drinking age in New York State is rising from 19 to 21 on Dec. 1 . Jump up ^ `` North Dakota Century Code TITLE 5 ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES CHAPTER 5 - 01 - 08 '' ( PDF ) . nd.gov . Jump up ^ `` Daily Kent Stater , Volume LIV , Number 15 : 3.2 Beer Floats into Senate '' . dks.library.kent.edu . Kent State University . October 17 , 1968 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ RAY SWENSON ( Staff Writer ) ( August 23 , 1982 ) . `` Daily Kent Stater , Volume III , Number 15 : New liquor law unpopular with local bar owners '' . dks.library.kent.edu . Kent State University . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Craig v. Boren , 429 U.S. 190 ( 1976 ) Jump up ^ Craig v. Boren , 429 U.S. 190 ( 1976 ) ; Atlantic Economic Journal , Volume 13 , Number 1 / March , 1985 , `` Drinking age and the 55 MPH speed limit '' by Paul M. Sommers ( SpringerLink online abstract ) Jump up ^ Daily Collegian , February 9 , 1984 , `` Lawmakers across nation debate raising legal drinking age . '' ( Penn State library ActivePaper online archive ( 4 ) ) Jump up ^ Rhode Island College Timeline . Ric.edu . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Sacramento Daily Union , Volume 85 , Number 94 : SOUTH CAROLINA 'S LIQUOR LAW . '' . cdnc.ucr.edu . California Digital Newspaper Collection . 1893 . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` South Dakota v. Dole '' . Oyez.org . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The home journal. , April 27 , 1881 , Image 2 : The Minor Liquor Law . '' . chroniclingamerica.loc.gov . Library of Congress . April 27 , 1881 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Brownsville daily herald. , April 23 , 1909 , Image 4 '' . chroniclingamerica.loc.gov . The Library of Congress . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Lubbock avalanche. , September 26 , 1912 , Image 9 '' . chroniclingamerica.loc.gov . The Library of Congress . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lower drinking age to 18 ? 2007 . M.reporternews.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Winckler , Suzanne . `` The Street of Vrrrrmmmms '' ( in `` The Reporter '' ) . Texas Monthly . Emmis Communications , January 1984 . Volume 12 , No. 1 . ISSN 0148 - 7736 . Start : p. 74 . CITED : p. 76 . Jump up ^ `` Drinking at Midd : past and present '' . Media.www.middleburycampus.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Health Care in Vermont Database and Timeline '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of the Legal Drinking Age '' . Abc.state.va.us. 1966 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ What was the first legal drinking age in Wash. ? . Blog.seattlepi.com ( 2009 - 11 - 09 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Legal Age Cut to 18 , New York Times , June 10 , 1972 Jump up ^ Wisconsin Brief 95 - 3 , January 1995 , `` The Minimum Drinking Age in Wisconsin '' ^ Jump up to : `` Wisconsin Brief 95 - 3 , January 1995 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` State Raises Drinking Age '' . New York Times . March 12 , 1988 . Jump up ^ Knudson , Thomas J. `` Drinking age is fiery issue in West '' . New York Times , March 10 , 1987 . Jump up ^ Fast Facts in Samoa at Frommer 's . Frommers.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Marianas Visitors Authority - Trip Essentials . Mymarianas.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Vieques Travel Guide . Vieques Travel Guide . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Virgin Islands Vacation Tips . Virginislandsmap.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S._history_of_alcohol_minimum_purchase_age_by_state&oldid=801329980 '' Categories : Alcohol law in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 01 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the drinking age change in ny | [
"\nNew York\n21\n18[64]\n18\n1982:\nRaised to 19 in 1982 (Dec)\n1985:\nRaised to 21 in 1985 (Dec)[21][65][66]\n21\n"
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"1985"
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289220420483629156 | List of The Transformers episodes | List of the Transformers episodes - wikipedia List of the Transformers episodes Jump to : navigation , search This article relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( June 2012 ) This is a list containing the episodes of The Transformers , an animated television series depicting a war among the Autobots and Decepticons who could transform into vehicles , other objects and animals . Written and recorded in America , the series was animated in Japan and later South Korea . The entire series was based upon the line of transforming toys originally created by Japanese toy manufacturer Takara , which were developed into the Transformers line by American company Hasbro . In the United States , the show aired a total of 98 episodes between 1984 and 1987 . The episodes are ordered chronologically by broadcast date . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Generation 1 2.1 Miniseries ( 1984 ) 2.2 Season 1 ( 1984 ) 2.3 Season 2 ( 1985 -- 86 ) 2.4 Scramble City ( 1986 ) 2.5 The Transformers : The Movie ( 1986 ) 2.6 Season 3 ( 1986 -- 87 ) 2.7 Season 4 ( 1987 ) 2.8 Epilogue 3 Generation 2 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Miniseries September 17 , 1984 ( 1984 - 09 - 17 ) September 19 , 1984 ( 1984 - 09 - 19 ) 13 October 6 , 1984 ( 1984 - 10 - 06 ) December 15 , 1984 ( 1984 - 12 - 15 ) 49 September 23 , 1985 ( 1985 - 09 - 23 ) January 9 , 1986 ( 1986 - 01 - 09 ) Feature film August 8 , 1986 ( 1986 - 08 - 08 ) 30 September 15 , 1986 ( 1986 - 09 - 15 ) February 25 , 1987 ( 1987 - 02 - 25 ) November 9 , 1987 ( 1987 - 11 - 09 ) November 11 , 1987 ( 1987 - 11 - 11 ) Generation 1 ( edit ) Miniseries ( 1984 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Written by Original air date Prod . code `` More Than Meets the Eye , Part 1 '' George Arthur Bloom September 17 , 1984 ( 1984 - 09 - 17 ) MP4023 Constant war between the Autobots and the Decepticons on Cybertron has caused great hardship . Both need supplies , and select numbers from each side and intend to get them . The Autobots were n't looking for a fight with the Decepticons , but they get one out in space anyway . When the Decepticons board the Autobots ' ship it takes a beating and crashes onto Primitive Earth and knocks everyone unconscious . Four million years later , in 1984 , a volcano eruption causes a probe to give them all new forms which come from vehicles in the surrounding area . They all get awoken - leading to a renewed conflict and the inclusion of humans . Note : The probe sequence is longer in the original VHS release , being abridged in the TV airings likely to make room for more commercials . The abridged episode has remained the standard for all rereleases and rebroadcasts . Second Note : This episode and it 's other two parts have similarities and differences with the first live action Transformers film . `` More Than Meets the Eye , Part 2 '' George Arthur Bloom September 18 , 1984 ( 1984 - 09 - 18 ) MP4024 Things continue to progress ; with the Decepticons on the move , and the Autobots gaining Spike and Sparkplug Witwicky as allies . Still , two humans may not make a difference . The long dormancy has merely delayed Megatron and the Decepticons ' ambitions , and they prove increasingly proficient in making up for lost time . Repeated clashes lead to a bigger one in a Decepticon ruby mine and even bigger danger . `` More Than Meets the Eye , Part 3 '' George Arthur Bloom September 19 , 1984 ( 1984 - 09 - 19 ) MP4025 Following the latest action , both sides are basically back to where they started . The Autobots use Ravage and some holograms in an attempt to lure the Decepticons into a final defeat . Ravage escapes informing Megatron proves even sneakier seeing through Optimus ' ruse and keeping them distracted from interfering in his own plans . Even worse , the Decepticons are done plundering Earth . With a ship ready and Cybertron in great danger , an all - out battle between the Autobots and the Decepticons looms . Season 1 ( 1984 ) ( edit ) Order # is the correct chronological story order for the episodes of this season , which aired out of order . No . overall No. in season Title Written by Original air date Prod . code Order # `` Transport to Oblivion '' Dick Robbins & Bryce Malek October 6 , 1984 ( 1984 - 10 - 06 ) 700 - 01 Returning to Cybertron with energy is the Decepticons ' top priority . The new space bridge could do that , but it has problems like possibly being fatal to whoever tries to go through it . Finding where the Decepticons are hiding , Bumblebee and Spike discover what they are doing only they do n't have a chance to warn Optimus . The Decepticons instead have nasty plans for them . A space bridge trip awaits Spike , while a little reprogramming on Bumblebee threatens to see the Decepticons finally destroy the other Autobots . 5 `` Roll for It '' Douglas Booth October 13 , 1984 ( 1984 - 10 - 13 ) 700 - 02 With Megatron assumed dead , Starscream seizes power and does things his way . Naturally , only the Autobots benefit from his ' command ' style . This also gives Bumblebee and Spike time to relax with Chip Chase . They end up getting involved in a scientist 's new anti-matter experiments . Megatron is back and again in charge of the Decepticons . It turns out that he has big plans for the anti-matter meaning big trouble for everyone , especially Chip . 6 `` Divide and Conquer '' Donald F. Glut October 20 , 1984 ( 1984 - 10 - 20 ) 700 - 03 The Autobots prevent the Decepticons from harming a weapons factory , but at a heavy price : Optimus himself . His life is on the line , but Wheeljack knows exactly how to save him before it 's too late . Problem is , the required part is back on Cybertron in his old laboratory . Bumblebee , Trailbreaker , Ironhide , Bluestreak , and Chip Chase leave to save Optimus . Without Optimus Prime in command , the Autobots are left vulnerable as Megatron hatches a plan to destroy the team on Cybertron . 7 `` S.O.S. Dinobots '' Donald F. Glut October 27 , 1984 ( 1984 - 10 - 27 ) 700 - 05 5 A little extra muscle in the Autobot ranks would certainly be welcome . Coincidentally , nearby dinosaur fossils provide the necessary means . Soon enough , Wheeljack unveils Grimlock , Slag and Sludge . Their poor intelligence and great strength make for an uncomfortable combination . Optimus sees all of this as a mistake shutting down the Dinobots before they can harm themselves or anyone else . However , a sudden and devastating Decepticon attack , fronted by their new forces of Constructicons , a group of Decepticons with the ability to combine into a giant robot called Devastator , prompts reconsidering this policy . 8 5 `` The Ultimate Doom : Brainwash ( Part 1 ) '' Story : Dick Robbins , Bryce Malek , Douglas Booth , and Larry Strauss Teleplay : Larry Strauss November 3 , 1984 ( 1984 - 11 - 03 ) 700 - 08 8 Sparkplug gets left behind when all of the Autobots believe they have a major Decepticon problem at Maharaja . In truth , the Decepticons put one over on them to leave their base vulnerable and kidnap Sparkplug . Dr. Arkeville enslaves Sparkplug for Megatron with a hypno - chip as a test of the device . It works and more humans will soon follow . Megatron has a dangerous new scheme in the works , and it includes a new space bridge . As for Sparkplug , it is decided that he can better serve Megatron when among the Autobots , ultimately making them vulnerable to a new attack . Note : This episode and its other 2 parts have events similar to Transformers : Dark of the Moon . 9 6 `` The Ultimate Doom : Search ( Part 2 ) '' Story : Dick Robbins , Bryce Malek , Douglas Booth , and Earl Kress Teleplay : Earl Kress November 10 , 1984 ( 1984 - 11 - 10 ) 700 - 09 9 Cybertron 's nearby presence has sent Earth and everyone on it into chaos . The Autobots and the Dinobots have their hands full trying to protect innocents and themselves from every possible natural disaster . Undoing what Megatron has done is a major priority , but so is rescuing Sparkplug . He is currently a Decepticon prisoner on Cybertron , and the Autobots are n't about to hang him out to dry . Spike and an Autobot team are sent out , but Sparkplug is still wearing a hypno - chip meaning more danger than expected . Meanwhile , the Earth - bound Autobots try to stop Megatron . 10 7 `` The Ultimate Doom : Revival ( Part 3 ) '' Story : Dick Robbins , Bryce Malek , Douglas Booth , and Leo D. Paur Teleplay : Leo D. Paur November 17 , 1984 ( 1984 - 11 - 17 ) 700 -- 10 10 Cybertron is proving most unwelcome to Spike and the team of Autobots . However , the only chance of disabling the hypno - chips can be found there . Wheeljack quickly gets to work on that in his laboratory . Sparkplug is soon free , but numerous others are n't so lucky at the moment . Meanwhile , Megatron has nearly succeeded and is preparing the final stages of his energy plan . The site is an island and massive tidal waves threaten the human slaves there . Optimus leads his remaining team into battle to stop Megatron once and for all . 11 8 `` War of the Dinobots '' Donald F. Glut November 24 , 1984 ( 1984 - 11 - 24 ) 700 - 07 7 Certainly , the Dinobots give the Autobots something of an advantage over the Decepticons in battle . Naturally , Megatron wants that advantage to be his instead . That does n't prove very difficult to do , so the Autobots are soon facing the battle fury of Grimlock , Slag and Sludge . The only chance of setting things right lies with the construction and success of the newest set of Dinobots Snarl and Swoop . 12 9 `` Countdown to Extinction '' Reed Robbins & Peter Salas December 1 , 1984 ( 1984 - 12 - 01 ) 700 -- 11 11 Starscream plans to destroy Earth to gather energy from the destruction and make Cybertron his . He sets a timer in Dr. Arkeville 's lab . Dr. Arkeville tries to save Earth , but only Decepticons can use their computer . Optimus shoots a pebble from Megatron 's gun form , making Starscream return to Earth where he is punished by Megatron . 13 10 `` Fire in the Sky '' Dick Robbins , Bryce Malek , and Alfred A. Pegal December 8 , 1984 ( 1984 - 12 - 08 ) 700 - 04 Megatron believes that the key to a Decepticon victory lies in the North Pole , but quite suddenly not just via a new energy scheme . The brilliant , frozen Skyfire awaits , and it turns out he has been there for millions of years . It also turns out that he and Starscream shared something of a friendship in the past , something he has n't forgotten . Now , the Autobots face Skyfire and the results are n't pretty . It seems like Megatron 's victory is assured , but the key to convincing Skyfire of the truth involves the captured Spike and Sparkplug . 14 11 `` Heavy Metal War '' Donald F. Glut December 15 , 1984 ( 1984 - 12 - 15 ) 700 -- 13 13 The war gets more crowded with the sudden introduction of the Constructicons . However , rather than simply just providing raw numbers , they serve a greater purpose for Megatron . Their construction ingenuity ultimately gives Megatron every unique ability his team possesses . Of course , Optimus Prime is his primary target and in official combat . Per the terms , the loser must take his team off Earth forever . Given Megatron 's current power and the Autobots being kept in the dark about it , how can Optimus possibly win this challenge ? 15 12 `` Fire on the Mountain '' Douglas Booth December 22 , 1984 ( 1984 - 12 - 22 ) 700 - 06 6 There is a crystal of massive power out there . Both sides become aware of it and the Decepticons reach it first . It can power a weapon destructive enough to eliminate the Autobots and decide the fate of Earth once and for all . Only Windcharger , Brawn and Skyfire are in range to stop them before it 's too late . 16 13 `` A Plague of Insecticons '' Douglas Booth December 29 , 1984 ( 1984 - 12 - 29 ) 700 -- 12 12 The Insecticons have come to Earth . They certainly give the Autobots and the Decepticons good reason to take notice . The Insecticons have more in common with the latter than the former . These collective enemies do n't scare the Autobots into submission , but bravery is hardly enough . Faced with such sheer power , the Autobots must rely on their intelligence and all of their resources to win . Season 2 ( 1985 -- 86 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Written by Original air date Prod . code Order # 17 `` Autobot Spike '' Donald F. Glut September 23 , 1985 ( 1985 - 09 - 23 ) 700 -- 16 A Decepticon attack leaves Spike wounded . To save his son 's life , Sparkplug helps the Autobots transfer Spike 's mind to the body of an experimental robot called Autobot X while the doctors at the hospital work on repairing Spike 's real body . The experiment works like a charm and Spike 's mind is in Autobot X , temporarily becoming Autobot Spike . Unfortunately , the procedure has a side effect , making the state of Spike 's mind to become questionable . 18 `` The Immobilizer '' Earl Kress September 24 , 1985 ( 1985 - 09 - 24 ) 700 -- 21 6 An opportunity to defeat the Decepticons arises , courtesy of Wheeljack and a new invention . The effects may only be temporary , but the Immobilizer lives up to its name against any Transformer . Little time passes before the Decepticons learn about it . A new friend to the Autobots Carly unwittingly helps them . Now , the soon - modified Immobilizer gives the Decepticons the means to end the war once and for all . Pretty soon , only Brawn and Jazz are left standing leaving them , Spike and Carly a lot of work to do . 19 `` Dinobot Island , Part 1 '' Donald F. Glut September 25 , 1985 ( 1985 - 09 - 25 ) 700 -- 29 14 Despite possessing great power , the well - meaning Dinobots prove to be just as dangerous as Decepticons . The latest instance shows Optimus and the other Autobots just how much this needs to change . Some serious training should clear this up , but they need a place where no one else will get caught in the middle . A new island seems to fit the bill , but the Dinobots wo n't be alone there . Dinosaurs are very much alive there , and even worse its natural resources soon garner Decepticon attention . 20 `` Dinobot Island , Part 2 '' Donald F. Glut September 26 , 1985 ( 1985 - 09 - 26 ) 700 -- 30 15 The energy - hungry Decepticons get down to business on Dinobot Island . As bad as that is for everything on the island , the rest of the world suffers even more . Somehow , various temporal displacements occur and all sorts of things emerge . This mess distracts the Autobots from the real problem the Decepticons . It is ultimately up to the Dinobots to save the day , but have they finally gotten their act together ? 21 5 `` Traitor '' George Hampton & Mike Moore September 27 , 1985 ( 1985 - 09 - 27 ) 700 -- 20 5 It is believed that the electrocells could be very valuable assets in the war . The lure of this power brings the Decepticons and the Insecticons together again . They 've had problems with each other in the past , however problems that Mirage tries to exploit to the Autobots ' advantage . He is found out and Bombshell attaches a cerebro - shell to him . With Mirage their puppet , the Decepticons and the Insecticons intend to finish the Autobots once and for all . 22 6 `` Enter the Nightbird '' Richard Milton & Sylvia Wilson September 30 , 1985 ( 1985 - 09 - 30 ) 700 -- 25 10 The Autobots have been busy marking crucial energy locations for easy use and protection purposes . Naturally , this is something that the Decepticons desperately want . This is a solo mission , and they need someone that get in and out quickly . Meanwhile , word spreads about the new , powerful Nightbird being developed giving Megatron an idea . Under Decepticon control , Nightbird embarks on her mission into the Autobot base . Can the Autobots thwart the Decepticon plot and overcome Nightbird 's martial arts techniques ? 23 7 `` Changing Gears '' Larry Parr October 1 , 1985 ( 1985 - 10 - 01 ) 700 -- 17 Gears is in one very foul mood , so nothing is really new there . However , the Decepticons suddenly strike and get the drop on him . The thing is , all they want from him is his personality cartridge . Now , Gears has one heck of a sunny disposition no matter who he is around . Meanwhile , the Decepticons have the final component for the space needle . If they are n't stopped , the sun itself will be destroyed . Note : This episode has similarities to Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen . 24 8 `` A Prime Problem '' Dick Robbins & Bryce Malek October 2 , 1985 ( 1985 - 10 - 02 ) 700 -- 26 11 Megatron plans to destroy the Autobots by creating a clone of Optimus Prime to lead them into a deadly trap he has set for them . When Spike is captured by the Decepticons , the Autobots must figure out which Optimus Prime is the real Optimus Prime and save Spike 's life . But can they foil Megatron 's plan ? 25 9 `` Atlantis , Arise ! '' Douglas Booth October 3 , 1985 ( 1985 - 10 - 03 ) 700 -- 23 8 The Decepticons stumble upon a magnificent find : the legendary Atlantis . They believe that Atlantean forces could prove invaluable to them finally winning the war . Once at the surface level , the battle - hungry Atlanteans strike and strike hard . The Autobots face tough times and Washington , D.C. is next . However , while enjoying the sights , the Decepticons had better keep their own guard up around their supposed Atlantean allies . 26 10 `` Attack of the Autobots '' David Wise October 4 , 1985 ( 1985 - 10 - 04 ) 700 -- 19 A solar power satellite is desired by the Decepticons . To pull off the theft , they need the Autobots out of the way . Rather than try to destroy them , however , Megatron hatches a plan to change their loyalties instead . The keys to this plot are sabotaged energy rechargers in the Autobot base . Now , when they use them , the unknowing Autobots are imprinted with Decepticon ideals and forced to act just like them . Only Bumblebee and Jazz escape this fate . Sparkplug comes up with an invention to change the Autobots back , but they still have to stop the Decepticons . 27 11 `` Microbots '' David Wise October 7 , 1985 ( 1985 - 10 - 07 ) 700 -- 33 18 The Decepticons finally locate their old ship missing since the crash on Earth millions of years ago . Above all else on it , Megatron wants and claims the Heart Of Cybertron . He becomes more powerful than ever and easily crushes anyone who stands against him . This is all very bad , but it threatens to get worse . The Autobots learn that the Heart Of Cybertron will soon explode and take many with it including Megatron himself . The only way to tamp down this threat is for Perceptor , Bumblebee and Brawn to embark on a ' fantastic voyage . ' Megatron 's body proves most inhospitable to the three Autobots , but inner conflicts also threaten their mission . 28 12 `` The Master Builder '' David N. Gottlieb & Herb Engelhart October 8 , 1985 ( 1985 - 10 - 08 ) 700 -- 31 16 The Constructicons suddenly get the drop on the desert - bound Grapple and Hoist . However , they claim to not be looking for a fight , but instead looking to help in the Autobot cause . They prove their newfound loyalties by using their skills on Grapple 's powerful solar energy - collection tower schematics . Grapple is thrilled at the opportunity , especially since Optimus turned it down earlier . The Constructicons are lying and Megatron plans to use the powerful tower for himself . 29 13 `` The Insecticon Syndrome '' Douglas Booth October 9 , 1985 ( 1985 - 10 - 09 ) 700 -- 28 13 The Insecticons feed on a new energy source that proves to be unstable , threatening to blow them to smithereens . With the power core inside them , the Autobots must find an antidote and prevent the Insecticons from exploding inside Iron Mountain . 30 14 `` Day of the Machines '' David Wise October 10 , 1985 ( 1985 - 10 - 10 ) 700 -- 24 9 The Torq III supercomputer is online and promises to be of good use to humanity . Torq III is n't a secret from Megatron . In short order , a little reprogramming grants the Decepticons practically endless supplies of oil . The Autobots quickly go to work in order to try to foil Megatron 's current plan , but a difficult choice must be made . 31 15 `` Megatron 's Master Plan , Part 1 '' Donald F. Glut October 14 , 1985 ( 1985 - 10 - 14 ) 700 -- 34 19 With the help of the wealthy Shawn Berger , Megatron turns the public against the Autobots . But Spike discovers the tape as a Decepticon trick . But before the boy can reveal the truth , the Autobots are found guilty and banished from Earth . Megatron reprograms Teletran One , sending the Autobots on a one way journey into the sun . Note : This episode and its other 2 parts have events similar to Transformers : Dark of the Moon . 32 16 `` Megatron 's Master Plan , Part 2 '' Donald F. Glut October 15 , 1985 ( 1985 - 10 - 15 ) 700 -- 35 20 With the Autobots banished from Earth , the Decepticons are free to do as they desire . Megatron betrays Shawn Berger and imprisons him along with Spike , Sparkplug , Chip , and the mayor of Central City . Meanwhile , the Autobots struggle to escape from their predicament and return to Earth to save it from the Decepticons . 33 17 `` Auto Berserk '' Antoni Zalewski October 16 , 1985 ( 1985 - 10 - 16 ) 700 -- 32 17 A battle with the Decepticons leaves Red Alert 's logic and reason circuits fried . As a result , Red becomes paranoid and believes that his own fellow Autobots are plotting to betray him . Starscream discovers the situation and he tricks the paranoid Red Alert into helping him steal an experimental weapon . Now , the Autobots must save Red Alert before he explodes . 34 18 `` City of Steel '' Douglas Booth October 17 , 1985 ( 1985 - 10 - 17 ) 700 -- 18 The Decepticons hit New York City , and most definitely not for the sights . Instead , New Yorkers may have to get used to living in vastly different conditions . Even worse , the Decepticons foil Optimus ' attempt to stop them and exact a vicious toll on him . Now , in addition to undoing what has been done to New York City , the other Autobots must rebuild their leader from numerous parts . Problem is , they will have to scour the city first to do so . 35 19 `` Desertion of the Dinobots , Part 1 '' Earl Kress October 21 , 1985 ( 1985 - 10 - 21 ) 700 -- 36 21 The Dinobots feel taken for granted for lately . This could n't have come at a worse time , though , as a deadly scourge strikes every other Transformer . Only Cybertronium can cure their collective ills , but only the Decepticons have easy access to it . With the Autobots in serious trouble , the Dinobots are practically left to decide whether they will live or die . 36 20 `` Desertion of the Dinobots , Part 2 '' Earl Kress October 22 , 1985 ( 1985 - 10 - 22 ) 700 -- 37 22 Things get worse for the Autobots , while the Decepticons are back to full strength . With the Dinobots gone , hope certainly seems lost . On Cybertron , Spike and Carly appeal to the Dinobots for their help . Even if the two humans can succeed , though , the Decepticons intend to make sure that the Autobots never even lay eyes on Cybertronium under any circumstances . Saving the day ends up falling to Swoop and the two humans . 37 21 `` Blaster Blues '' Larry Strauss October 23 , 1985 ( 1985 - 10 - 23 ) 700 -- 38 23 Radios across Earth suddenly experience ' technical difficulties . ' Once alerted to this trouble , the Autobots trace the source of the trouble the moon - located Megatron and Decepticons . With all sorts of human matters experiencing trouble , many Autobots have a lot on their plates . Fighting the Decepticons head - on , though , falls to Blaster who has been itching to prove the worth of his unique power and Cosmos . Omega Supreme also takes on Astrotrain . However , can they all get the job done ? 38 22 `` A Decepticon Raider in King Arthur 's Court '' Douglas Booth October 24 , 1985 ( 1985 - 10 - 24 ) 700 -- 39 24 The discovery of a mysterious time transporter sends Spike and the Transformers to medieval times , where Starscream plots to take over the home of a knight named Sir Aethling the Red . With the help of their new friends in the past , Spike and the Autobots defeat the Decepticons and take them back to their own time with them . Note 1 : This episode has similarities to Transformers : The Last Knight . Note 2 : Optimus Prime is not in this episode . 39 23 `` The God Gambit '' Buzz Dixon October 28 , 1985 ( 1985 - 10 - 28 ) 700 -- 41 26 The Decepticons arrive on a planet called Titan , where Astrotrain tricks its natives into worshiping him and the other Decepticons as sky gods . When Cosmos is captured , Jazz , Perceptor , and Omega Supreme travel to Titan to rescue him . There , they must reveal the truth to the people of Titan about the Decepticons ' deception . Note : Megatron is not in this episode . 40 24 `` The Core '' Dennis Marks October 29 , 1985 ( 1985 - 10 - 29 ) 700 -- 27 12 A means to forcibly use Devastator for the side of good is found . This proves quite fortuitous , as Megatron and the Decepticons are embarking on a new , dangerous plan . Regardless of the consequences to the planet , they want energy from the Earth 's core itself . Worse , they have nearly drilled the whole way there . A showdown is looming underground , but both sides ' attempts to use Devastator for their benefit spell disaster for all of them . Can both sides save the day and themselves from Devastator ? 41 25 `` Make Tracks '' David Wise October 30 , 1985 ( 1985 - 10 - 30 ) 700 -- 42 27 A rash of car thefts suddenly occurs . The latest theft Tracks in vehicle mode . He is briefly damaged in the process and is unable to save himself . Later , he shows his thief the error of his ways and convinces him to do good . It turns out that all of the thieves are really working for the Decepticons . The stolen cars will be used to create an army against the Autobots . Can Tracks and his new friend foil their plan before it 's too late ? 42 26 `` The Autobot Run '' Donald F. Glut October 31 , 1985 ( 1985 - 10 - 31 ) 700 -- 22 7 Megatron believes that if the Autobots could n't transform to robot mode , they would be easy prey for the Decepticons . A new weapon is about to give him the chance to find out . Meanwhile , charity work gives a number of Autobots the chance to help humanity without having to fight in the process . Simple car activities await them , but so does a Decepticon attack . Little time passes before the Autobots are unable to transform and are at the Decepticons ' mercy . Saving the day falls to just a handful of Autobots . 43 27 `` The Golden Lagoon '' Dennis Marks November 4 , 1985 ( 1985 - 11 - 04 ) 700 -- 40 25 Fierce action leads both Beachcomber and Thrust to stumble upon electrum , a liquid key to invincibility . There is a forest lagoon 's worth of the stuff , but only the Decepticons succeed in making a claim . The results , of course , render the Autobots ' weapons essentially useless . The only hope that the Autobots have is to try to fight fire with fire , but Megatron is n't about to give them the chance . What price must be paid for victory ? 44 28 `` Quest for Survival '' David Wise November 5 , 1985 ( 1985 - 11 - 05 ) 700 -- 44 29 Though the Insecticons are a growing threat , a new insecticide may be able to stop them in their tracks . A trip into space is required to get it , but Bumblebee , Cosmos and Spike easily succeed . The path back to Earth means a confrontation with the Morphobots , dangerous hybrids of plants and robots . As bad as a space confrontation is , things get worse when some Morphobots secretly arrive on Earth with Spike and the two Autobots . The whole team will have to find a way to tamp down this threat a task made more difficult by the Decepticons now after the insecticide . 45 29 `` The Secret of Omega Supreme '' David Wise November 6 , 1985 ( 1985 - 11 - 06 ) 700 -- 45 30 Omega Supreme seems a bit off lately and Optimus wants to know why . After having to order Omega Supreme , Optimus gets more than he bargained for . Long ago , Omega Supreme defended Crystal City , where he was once friends with the Constructicons . Times were good . But their friendship came to an abrupt end because of Megatron and a little reprogramming . Becoming evil , the Constructicons set out to follow his orders , bringing them into conflict with their former friend , Omega Supreme . 46 30 `` Child 's Play '' Beth Bornstein November 7 , 1985 ( 1985 - 11 - 07 ) 700 -- 43 28 During a Transformer battle , the space bridge malfunctions . A strange world of massive giants awaits Autobots and Decepticons alike . Such a situation is n't easy for those used to being among the tallest around . The Transformers need to find a way back home and one local child is the key . However , this planet is otherwise unwelcome to outsiders . If the Transformers do n't hurry , they will be in big trouble . 47 31 `` The Gambler '' Michael Charles Hill November 11 , 1985 ( 1985 - 11 - 11 ) 700 -- 46 31 The Autobots are eager to put recent experiences behind them , but rest - and - relaxation is n't likely to happen . An alien trap leaves everyone but Smokescreen powerless , as well as the ship itself . A little energon can fix this , but the only way to get some presents certain challenges . He is even forced to trust an alien that helped get him into this mess . Now , can Smokescreen master the art of gambling and win big ? And can Dirge , Ramjet and Astrotrain be kept at bay throughout all of this ? Note : This is technically a continuation of the previous episode `` Child 's Play '' . However , it is not considered a part two . Megatron is not in this episode . 48 32 `` The Search for Alpha Trion '' Beth Bornstein November 12 , 1985 ( 1985 - 11 - 12 ) 700 -- 52 37 Realizing that the Decepticons have capture his long lost love , Elita One , Optimus travels to Cybertron to rescue her . While traveling to Cybertron , Optimus is captured as well . Elita uses her special power to save him , but her special power drains her of all her life force . Optimus takes her to Alpha Trion , hoping that he could save her before it 's too late . 49 33 `` Auto - Bop '' David Wise November 13 , 1985 ( 1985 - 11 - 13 ) 700 -- 51 36 People are partying to music at a local dance club . They are really subtly being mind - controlled to obey Megatron 's orders . Soundwave , unsurprisingly , is overseeing this project . The Decepticon - controlled humans soon start seeming weird to casual observers prompting the Autobots to get involved . It will take Tracks , Blaster , Raul and other humans to undo this Decepticon plot . Can they take down Soundwave and find a way to break the mind control ? Note : Optimus Prime is not in this episode . 50 34 `` Prime Target '' Flint Dille & Buzz Dixon November 14 , 1985 ( 1985 - 11 - 14 ) 700 -- 50 35 Across the globe , one British hunter has amassed an impressive collection of dead animals . The desire for a challenge , though , has prompted him to set sights on the most challenging prey of all , Optimus Prime . However , this hunter is no fool and intends to confront his quarry on his own terms . A number of captured Autobots certainly provides the bait to lure Optimus in . Can the Autobot leader survive what awaits him in the hunter 's castle and save the day ? 51 35 `` The Girl Who Loved Powerglide '' David Wise November 18 , 1985 ( 1985 - 11 - 18 ) 700 -- 53 38 Powerglide befriends a young woman named Astoria who is being targeted by the Decepticons . It would stand to reason the Decepticons are targeting Astoria is because she might have a secret formula her father was working on before he died and left his company to her . When the Decepticons abduct Astoria , Powerglide must find her and rescue her . But can they stop Megatron from getting his hands on Astoria 's father 's formula ? 52 36 `` Triple Takeover '' Larry Strauss November 19 , 1985 ( 1985 - 11 - 19 ) 700 -- 49 34 In their attempt to take command of the Decepticons , Astrotrain and Blitzwing decide to trick Starscream into leading himself and Megatron into a trap , which results in chaos on Earth , where they proceed to wreak havoc , threatening to endanger innocent humans in the process as well . But can the Autobots put a stop to Astrotrain and Blitzwing 's plan ? 53 37 `` Sea Change '' Douglas Booth November 20 , 1985 ( 1985 - 11 - 20 ) 700 -- 48 33 The evil Deceptitran has been making life miserable for an alien world and resistance efforts have been slow going . However , one female fighter 's encounter with Seaspray may help tip the scales . Head over heels in love , Seaspray is all - too happy to help her . Still , a bigger transformation than anything Transformers regularly do awaits him . Even then , is Seaspray up to the task of defeating Deceptitran ? 54 38 `` Hoist Goes Hollywood '' Earl Kress November 21 , 1985 ( 1985 - 11 - 21 ) 700 -- 54 39 Hollywood productions do n't always run smoothly , and one case almost sees stuntmen in for real - life trouble . Fortunately , tragedy is averted in the nick of time by Hoist . Since mere thanks are n't enough , Hoist now has a shot at being on the silver screen . Could Hollywood be ready for Hoist and his entourage Sunstreaker , Powerglide , Warpath and Tracks ? More importantly , can they overcome a Decepticon plot involving Dirge and one of Wheeljack 's inventions ? The answers may be more exciting than the movie itself . Note : Optimus Prime is not in this episode . 55 39 `` The Key to Vector Sigma , Part 1 '' David Wise November 25 , 1985 ( 1985 - 11 - 25 ) 700 -- 55 40 With the Stunticons ( Motormaster , Dead End , Breakdown , Drag Strip , and Wildrider ) at their disposal , the Decepticons hope to crush the Autobots once and for all . Problem is , the Stunticons will always be lifeless pieces of metal without the Cybertron - located Vector Sigma . Finding Vector Sigma is n't really the challenge . Finding the Key is . Upon learning that something is up , the Autobots quickly jump into action and the search . It is practically a race to see who will be first to find the Key and use it to access Vector Sigma . 56 40 `` The Key to Vector Sigma , Part 2 '' David Wise November 26 , 1985 ( 1985 - 11 - 26 ) 700 -- 56 41 With the Stunticons operational and the Key in hand , the situation is definitely in the Decepticons ' favor . Most severe of all , the Key will allow Megatron to eliminate all organic life on Earth replacing it with technology . The Autobots need new allies the Aerialbots ( Silverbolt , Air Raid , Fireflight , Skydive , and Slingshot ) and quickly . Being unable to use Vector Sigma , though , complicates that idea . It will take sacrificing one life to give the Aerialbots ' theirs . This episode reveals the Aerialbots and Stunticons combined modes : Superion and Menasor . On top of that , despite his status , Silverbolt has acrophobia . 57 41 `` Aerial Assault '' Douglas Booth December 10 , 1985 ( 1985 - 12 - 10 ) 700 -- 57 42 Plans for an air fortress currently take up the Decepticons and Combaticons ' time . An arms smuggler helps them ' acquire ' a Middle Eastern palace and airplanes essential to the plot . It 's rather complicated , but necessary to maintain secrecy as best as possible . Upon arriving into the region themselves , the Aerialbots try to take care of business . Slingshot and Sky Dive get into big trouble , but are saved by Hassan who has a personal stake in this situation . Will he be enough to help the Aerialbots come out on top ? Note : This episode takes place sometime after the events in Starscream 's Brigade and The Revenge of Bruticus , because the Combaticons are in this episode and they have already been reprogrammed to obey only Megatron . 58 42 `` Masquerade '' Donald F. Glut December 16 , 1985 ( 1985 - 12 - 16 ) 700 -- 63 48 The Decepticons are up to something and a series of thefts by the Stunticons are related . The Stunticons themselves end up biting off more than they can chew against some Autobots and get locked up . The Autobots are still in the dark about Megatron 's latest plan , though , but there is a remedy from unsurprisingly Wheeljack . Advanced paint makes Optimus ( as Motormaster ) , Jazz ( as Dead End ) , Mirage ( as Drag Strip ) , Sideswipe ( as Breakdown ) and Windcharger ( as Wildrider ) look exactly like each of the Stunticons . The plan is infiltrate , learn about and foil Megatron 's plan . It wo n't be easy to pass for the Stunticons while surrounded by Decepticons , though , especially when the real ones escape Autobot captivity . 59 43 `` Trans - Europe Express '' David Wise December 23 , 1985 ( 1985 - 12 - 23 ) 700 -- 59 44 Autobots are suddenly Europe - bound for a charity race . They and every human driver including Augie Canay intend to win and leave the others in their dust . No one realizes that the Decepticons and the Stunticons are lurking about masterminding the whole thing . The Pearl of Bahoudin and Augie 's unique car play roles in their latest plot against Earth . The former is especially dangerous if in the wrong hands . It is ultimately up to Bumblebee , Bluestreak , Tracks and Augie to foil them and their plot . Note : Optimus Prime is not in this episode . 60 44 `` War Dawn '' David Wise December 25 , 1985 ( 1985 - 12 - 25 ) 700 -- 58 43 The Aerialbots are in trouble when they become trapped in the distant past of Cybertron via a time machine . There , they end up 9 million years in the past , where they befriend and save the life of a gentle robot named Orion Pax . Back in the present , the Autobots are battling the Decepticons who have reactivated a headless Guardian robot . But will the Aerialbots be able to return to their own time and stop Megatron from destroying the Autobots ? 61 45 `` Cosmic Rust '' Paul Davids December 26 , 1985 ( 1985 - 12 - 26 ) 700 -- 60 45 When Megatron becomes infected with a plague that threatens to wipe out entire races of robots , he decides to kidnap Perceptor and force him to cure him of his infection . But of course , even if Perceptor gives him the cure for this plague , Megatron has no intention of maintaining his part of the bargain . When Megatron is cured , he uses the same plague as a weapon against Perceptor and the other Autobots . But will the Autobots be able to get the antidote for the infection before it 's too late ? 62 46 `` Kremzeek ! '' David Wise December 27 , 1985 ( 1985 - 12 - 27 ) 700 -- 47 32 Routine matters accidentally result in Kremzeek , who is small , seemingly sentient and made of pure energy . However , this little guy proves to be rather annoying quickly and scrambles all but Optimus , Bumblebee , Blaster and Inferno . Worse , he proves to be exceedingly dangerous and the people of Japan are about to learn that firsthand . The four Autobots and a local scientist have to move it to counter this literally growing threat . Meanwhile , an energy magnet plays a role in the Decepticons ' latest plan . 63 47 `` Starscream 's Brigade '' Michael Charles Hill January 7 , 1986 ( 1986 - 01 - 07 ) 700 -- 61 46 Another failure to topple Megatron and a prompt island exile hardly deters Starscream . Abandoned World War II - era vehicles and stolen personality components provide the ' tools ' that he needs . In no time , the five Combaticons are online and serving Starscream . These five quickly prove formidable when they are apart and also when they are united in their giant robot mode which is named Bruticus . Can Megatron possibly overcome Starscream and Bruticus ? 64 48 `` The Revenge of Bruticus '' Larry Parr January 8 , 1986 ( 1986 - 01 - 08 ) 700 -- 62 47 The recent defeat has not dampened Starscream and the Combaticons ' resolve , which spells bad news for everyone else . They tamper with the space bridge to bring Earth and the sun a lot closer together . All is indeed going well for Starscream , until the Combaticons start thinking for themselves . With Cybertron soon also in danger , a battle royal involving Optimus , Megatron and Bruticus awaits . Meanwhile , chaos on Earth leaves the Protectobots with their hands full . 65 49 `` B.O.T. '' Earl Kress January 9 , 1986 ( 1986 - 01 - 09 ) 700 -- 64 49 The Combaticons pursue a personal agenda , which the Protectobots gladly interrupt . The only one to make it out in one piece , Swindle cuts his losses at the other Combaticons ' expense by selling them off piece by piece . Megatron , however , wants all of the Combaticons back and gives Swindle proper motivation a timed bomb placed in his head . Racing against time , Swindle finds his efforts complicated by three college students and their B.O.T. science project . It turns out that they unknowingly used Brawl 's personality component , which not only makes B.O.T. ' unique ' it also makes it deadly dangerous . All this and another deadly Megatron plot against the Autobots , too . Note : Jerrica and Kimber Benton , characters from Jem and the Holograms , make cameos in this episode . Scramble City ( 1986 ) ( edit ) Main article : Transformers : Scramble City Scramble City was released as an OVA ( Original Video Animation ) only in Japan in April 1986 . It was created as a promotional video for the new line of Japan - exclusive `` Scramble City '' taking place years directly after Season 2 during the early stages of construction on Autobot City . Beginning with a recap of the coming of the Transformers to Earth and the story of Devastator , the OVA then gets its original story underway , as the Autobots are shown to be in the midst of constructing the powerful `` Scramble City '' , overseen by their newest arrival , Ultra Magnus . The Decepticons have a new member of their own , a mini cassette named Ratbat . When the Decepticons learn of `` Scramble City '' , their combiner robots are deployed to attack , and a battle between them and their Autobot counterparts ensues , focusing on their `` Scramble Power '' -- the interchangeability of the individual limbs -- to the extent that at one point , Breakdown of the Stunticons connects to Superion to damage him . At the OVA 's conclusion , Scramble City is activated and assumes its robot mode of Metroplex to rout the Decepticons . However , from the ocean depths , the Decepticons ' own city , Trypticon , rises . The Transformers : the movie ( 1986 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Transformers : The Movie The Transformers : The Movie is a 1986 animated feature film . It was released in North America on August 8 , 1986 . Set to an upbeat rock music soundtrack , the movie has a decidedly darker tone than the television series , with detailed visuals in Toei Animation 's typical animated feature film styling . The film features several grand battles in which a handful of major characters meet their end . The story takes place in 2005 , twenty years after the events of the TV series ' second season and serves as a bridge to the third season . Decepticon villains are more menacing , killing Ironhide , Ratchet , Prowl , Brawn , Windcharger and Wheeljack without hesitation . Optimus Prime dies following a battle with Megatron . Later , Megatron is reformed into Galvatron by Unicron , while Skywarp , Thundercracker , Shrapnel , Kickback and Bombshell are reformed as Cyclonus , Scourge and the Sweeps . Starscream is destroyed by Galvatron . Blaster gets four cassettes of his own like Soundwave known as Ramhorn , Steeljaw , Eject and Rewind ; however , Soundwave gets a new cassette called Ratbat . At the end of the film , Hot Rod becomes Rodimus Prime and uses the Matrix of leadership to destroy Unicron . He then becomes the new leader of the Autobots . Season 3 ( 1986 -- 87 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Written by Original air date Prod . code Order # 66 `` Five Faces of Darkness , Part 1 '' Flint Dille September 15 , 1986 ( 1986 - 09 - 15 ) 700 -- 86 Under Rodimus Prime 's leadership , the Autobots have freed their home planet of Cybertron from Decepticon control , which results in a new age of peace and happiness . But this does not last forever . When Spike , Kup , and Ultra Magnus are kidnapped by an unknown enemy , the Autobots suspect that the Decepticons are behind the kidnapping . But what happens when they discover that the Decepticons are not the ones who abducted their friends ? 67 `` Five Faces of Darkness , Part 2 '' Flint Dille September 16 , 1986 ( 1986 - 09 - 16 ) 700 -- 87 Rodimus enters the Matrix of Leadership to discover the identity of the ones who kidnapped Kup , Spike , and Ultra Magnus . Meanwhile , Cyclonus and Scourge retrieve their fallen leader , Galvatron to make matters worse . But when the Autobots come to the rescue of their kidnapped friends , the Quintessons decide to blow up their home planet of Quintessa to try to prevent their enemies from escaping . 68 `` Five Faces of Darkness , Part 3 '' Flint Dille September 17 , 1986 ( 1986 - 09 - 17 ) 700 -- 88 In their attempt to destroy the Autobots , the Quintessons decide to form an alliance with the Decepticons to complicate matters . Meanwhile , Rodimus and his friends end up on an unknown planet called Goo after the Quintessons destroyed their own home world of Quintessa . But what the Decepticons do n't know is that their new allies are planning to betray them once they destroy the Autobots . 69 `` Five Faces of Darkness , Part 4 '' Flint Dille September 18 , 1986 ( 1986 - 09 - 18 ) 700 -- 89 Galvatron returns to assume his leadership of the Decepticons once more . He meets the Quintessons , who offer him a deal he ca n't refuse . Meanwhile , Rodimus enters the Matrix , where he makes a discovery about what role the Quintessons played in the Transformers ' creation on Cybertron eons ago . Now , the Quintessons ' goal is to regain control of Cybertron and destroy every Transformer in the galaxy . 70 5 `` Five Faces of Darkness , Part 5 '' Flint Dille September 19 , 1986 ( 1986 - 09 - 19 ) 700 -- 90 5 The Autobots struggle to defend Cybertron and Earth from the Decepticons and the Quintessons , whose goal is to destroy the Transformers . While Metroplex battles Trypticon on Earth , Blitzwing makes a discovery about the Quintessons ' true intentions , and the Autobots are forced to team up with Blitzwing to stop the Quintessons from destroying the Transformers . But do the Autobots have what it takes to defeat the alien race that played a part in their creation ? 71 6 `` The Killing Jar '' Michael Charles Hill & Joey Kurihara Piedra September 29 , 1986 ( 1986 - 09 - 29 ) 700 -- 91 6 Ultra Magnus , Cyclonus , Wreck - Gar and Marissa Faireborn are captured by a Quintesson scientist for his experiments in behavioral study . However , the Transformers , Marissa , and the Quintesson scientist become trapped in some kind of negative universe , where they are forced to work together to escape their predicament . 72 7 `` Chaos '' Paul Davids September 30 , 1986 ( 1986 - 09 - 30 ) 700 -- 92 7 The Decepticons create an experimental weapon and they plan to use it against the Autobots . But the Decepticons are the least of their worries . The monstrous Chaos has awakened and Kup must overcome his fears of this ferocious beast to help his friends destroy the Decepticons ' new weapon . Note : Rodimus Prime is not in this episode . 73 8 `` Dark Awakening '' Antoni Zalewski October 1 , 1986 ( 1986 - 10 - 01 ) 700 -- 93 8 Optimus Prime returns from the grave to assume his leadership of the Autobots once again . Upon seeing his mentor again , Rodimus Prime returns the Matrix of Leadership to Optimus , reverting to carefree Hot Rod once again . But things turn ugly when it becomes clear that this is not the same Optimus Prime they once knew . Will the Autobots be able to discover who brought Optimus back to life and why ? Note : This Episode and its events with Optimus Prime turning evil and violent have a few similarities with Transformers : The Last Knight . 74 9 `` Starscream 's Ghost '' Megeen McLaughlin October 2 , 1986 ( 1986 - 10 - 02 ) 700 -- 95 10 Octane , a Decepticon traitor , is on the run and the Decepticons are pursuing him across the galaxy . Despite Sandstorm 's help , there is little protection that the Autobots can actually offer him . Then , Octane takes refuge in some kind of ancient Decepticon crypt on Cybertron , where he encounters the vengeful ghost of his former comrade , Starscream , who is scheming to seek his revenge against Galvatron for destroying him . Note : This episode takes place after Thief in the Night and Fight or Flee . 75 10 `` Thief in the Night '' Paul Davids October 6 , 1986 ( 1986 - 10 - 06 ) 700 -- 96 11 Desperate for power , Octane and Trypticon secretly conspire with Abdul Fakkadi to steal monuments from around the world . But when the Autobots are blamed for the theft , they must find them and return them to their rightful places . 76 11 `` Forever Is a Long Time Coming '' Gerry Conway & Carla Conway October 8 , 1986 ( 1986 - 10 - 08 ) 700 -- 94 9 The Quintessons construct a time machine to try to stop the Autobot Rebellion in the past , intending to change history forever . But when five of the Autobots are trapped in the past , the Autobots in the present are forced to work with the Quintessons to save the universe when their meddling with the past threatens to jeopardize the stability of reality itself . But can they succeed in rescuing their missing friends and returning A-3 ( Alpha Trion ) , the leader of the Autobot Rebellion to his time ? Note : The Decepticons are not in this episode . 77 12 `` Surprise Party '' Steve Mitchell & Barbara Petty October 9 , 1986 ( 1986 - 10 - 09 ) 700 -- 97 12 Daniel and Wheelie travel to an Autobot records asteroid to find out the date of Ultra Magnus ' origin . Unfortunately , they get into trouble when they are captured by the Decepticons who set the asteroid on a collision course with Cybertron and only the Autobots can rescue their friends . 78 13 `` Madman 's Paradise '' Craig Rand October 13 , 1986 ( 1986 - 10 - 13 ) 700 -- 98 13 Daniel and Grimlock are accidentally transported to another dimension , where they meet the mysterious Red Wizard . But what they do n't know is that their host is not what he seems . Will the Autobots be able to find their missing friends and unmask the Red Wizard ? Note : The Decepticons are not in this episode . 79 14 `` Carnage in C - Minor '' Buzz Dixon October 14 , 1986 ( 1986 - 10 - 14 ) 700 -- 102 17 On an alien world , Galvatron hatches a vile plot against the Autobots . The conniving villain steals the power of 3 peaceful harmonics and he intends to use it to destroy Metroplex . To stop Galvatron and foil his plot , the Autobots and their new friends on that alien planet must join forces to stop him from destroying Metroplex . Note : Rodimus Prime is not in this episode . 80 15 `` Fight or Flee '' Tony Cinciripini & Larry Leahy October 15 , 1986 ( 1986 - 10 - 15 ) 700 -- 106 21 The Decepticons arrive on a planet that is inhabited by Autobot pacifists . There , they invade the planet and enslave its inhabitants . To stop the Decepticons , the Autobots gain an ally of their own named Sandstorm . But can the Autobots stop the Decepticons before they could use Paradron 's resources to attack Cybertron ? 81 16 `` Webworld '' Len Wein & Diane Duane October 20 , 1986 ( 1986 - 10 - 20 ) 700 -- 101 16 Cyclonus tricks Galvatron into going to an alien planet , where the doctors begin Galvatron 's treatment , hoping that they can cure him of his own madness . But when their attempts to cure Galvatron fail , they decide to initiate an operation that threatens to destroy Galvatron 's mind , reducing him to a shell of his former self . Note : Rodimus Prime is not in this episode . 82 17 `` Ghost in the Machine '' Michael Charles Hill & Joey Kurihara Piedra October 21 , 1986 ( 1986 - 10 - 21 ) 700 -- 100 15 Requiring a body of his own , Starscream possesses Scourge , and strikes a bargain with Unicron to get his body back . The Chaos Bringer , who wants a body as well , agrees to grant the sly Decepticon his request , but only after he performs 3 labors . But can the Autobots discover the true nature of Unicron 's intentions ? Note : This episode takes place after Starscream 's Ghost . 83 18 `` The Dweller in the Depths '' Paul Dini October 30 , 1986 ( 1986 - 10 - 30 ) 700 -- 107 22 In their attempt to destroy the Transformers , the Quintessons decide to trick the Decepticons into releasing the Dweller , a vampire - like creature that drains robots of their energy . The Dweller targets Autobots and Decepticons alike , turning some of their forces into energy vampires as well , and threatens to latch on to Cybertron 's power core , which will make it unstoppable . But can the Autobots stop this beast from draining their home planet completely dry ? 84 19 `` Nightmare Planet '' Beth Bornstein October 31 , 1986 ( 1986 - 10 - 31 ) 700 -- 99 14 Daniel is troubled by recurring dreams of being chased by a gigantic version of Galvatron . Meanwhile , the Autobots become trapped in a nightmare fantasy world , where they are forced to team up with the Predacons to escape their predicament when they discover that their weapons have no effect on the monsters that they encounter . But will the Transformers be able to figure out who 's behind Daniel 's bad dreams and why ? 85 20 `` The Ultimate Weapon '' Arthur Byron Cover November 10 , 1986 ( 1986 - 11 - 10 ) 700 -- 104 19 First Aid is having doubts after Swindle steals Metroplex 's transformation cog for Galvatron . But of course , First Aid will soon learn how much his friends really need him when Trypticon threatens to crush Metroplex , who is unable to transform without his transformation cog . But will the Autobots be able to get Metroplex 's transformation cog back from the Decepticons ? 86 21 `` The Quintesson Journal '' Richard Merwin November 11 , 1986 ( 1986 - 11 - 11 ) 700 -- 103 18 Knowing of a destructive war between 2 alien planets , the Autobots decide to broker a peace treaty between both worlds , which includes finding the journal that once belonged to the Quintessons . Unfortunately , the Quintessons want it back and they are trying to keep the Autobots from discovering its secrets . Now , the Autobots must prevent the Quintessons from getting their journal back . But will they be able to figure out why the journal is so important to the Quintesson race ? Note : This episode takes place after The Big Broadcast of 2006 . 87 22 `` The Big Broadcast of 2006 '' Michael Reaves November 12 , 1986 ( 1986 - 11 - 12 ) 700 -- 105 20 The universe is plunged into chaos when every living being is pitted against each other , which will threaten to result in a war that could threaten to spell doom for the entire universe and all of its inhabitants . But will the Autobots be able to restore the natural order ? What is the secret of the journal that the Quintessons want to prevent from being discovered ? 88 23 `` Only Human '' Susan K. Williams November 13 , 1986 ( 1986 - 11 - 13 ) 700 -- 108 23 Victor Drath has had enough of the Autobots ruining his plans . He secures help from a mysterious man named Old Snake in making for the beginning of a deadly plot against Autobot City . A sneak attack disables Rodimus and his comrades . Then , they are surprised to wake up in artificial human bodies . Drath and Old Snake intend to finish them off and strike the city with the Autobots ' own robotic bodies . Lacking their usual weapons and abilities , the Autobots must get by as humans and foil their enemies ' plot to destroy Autobot City in order to regain their bodies . Note : The Decepticons are not in this episode . Old Snake apparently is the former and older version of Cobra Commander from sister show G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero . He does the Cobra cry but coughs at the end of the episode . 89 24 `` Grimlock 's New Brain '' Paul Davids November 14 , 1986 ( 1986 - 11 - 14 ) 700 -- 110 24 Grimlock becomes super smart while helping his Autobot friends deal with a problem that involves anti-electrons . Meanwhile , the Decepticons travel to the head of Unicron to find more of the anti-electrons that they need to destroy the Autobots . To help his friends , Grimlock gives life to the Technobots in order to battle Galvatron 's deadly allies , the Terrorcons . But will Grimlock be able to return to normal when they stop Galvatron from getting the anti-electrons from inside Unicron 's brain ? 90 25 `` Money Is Everything '' Gerry Conway & Carla Conway November 17 , 1986 ( 1986 - 11 - 17 ) 700 -- 111 25 The conniving Dirk Manus runs into a lot of trouble from Marissa Faireborn and the Technobots . While Dirk is in custody , it is revealed that he somehow got a hold of a dangerous weapon and intended to sell it to the highest bidder . It also turns out that the Quintessons expressed the most interest in it , but they did n't pay for it . Now , Marissa , the Technobots , and Dirk need to get the weapon back from the Quintessons before it 's too late . Note : Rodimus Prime and Galvatron are not in this episode . 91 26 `` Call of the Primitives '' Donald F. Glut November 18 , 1986 ( 1986 - 11 - 18 ) 700 -- 112 26 The evil Primacron has plans for universal conquest , which includes giving life to Tornadron , a cloud - like entity that threatens to destroy every Transformer and whatever else gets in his way . Now , Grimlock must stop Tornedron and save the universe before it 's too late . But can Grimlock find Primacron 's laboratory and prevent his twisted dream from becoming a reality ? 92 27 `` The Burden Hardest to Bear '' Michael Charles Hill November 19 , 1986 ( 1986 - 11 - 19 ) 700 -- 114 28 Rodimus is feeling the pressures of leadership . But when he is attacked by the Decepticons , they steal the Matrix of Leadership . As a result , he reverts to carefree Hot Rod once again . As Hot Rod , he does not want the Matrix back . Eventually , Hot Rod will realize his obligation if he is to defeat a mutated Scourge to regain the Matrix . But will he be able to accept his obligation ? Note : This episode features a partial recreation of a scene from the film The Yakuza , in which Hot Rod attends a Kendo class where a sensei tells his student to ' expect nothing ' when he is defeated in a sparring match . The sensei then explains the philosophy to Hot Rod , which leads in part to his reconciliation with his obligations as the bearer of the Matrix . 93 28 `` The Face of the Nijika '' Mary Skrenes & Steve Skeates November 20 , 1986 ( 1986 - 11 - 20 ) 700 -- 113 27 While battling Decepticon and Quintesson forces , the Autobots end up on an unknown alien world . There , they meet the natives of this world who have been imprisoned by the Quintessons for a long time . But when Perceptor goes missing , the other Autobots must find him before the Quintessons do and free the natives from their imprisonment . But will they be able to find Perceptor and stop the Quintessons from destroying the natives ? 94 29 `` The Return of Optimus Prime , Part 1 '' Story : Cherie Wilkerson & Marv Wolfman Teleplay : Michael Charles Hill February 24 , 1987 ( 1987 - 02 - 24 ) 700 -- 115 29 An embittered scientist and his partner decide to use Optimus Prime 's lifeless body to lure the Autobots into a trap . There , they infect Ultra Magnus and the other Autobots with a deadly plague from space that pits Autobot against Autobot . But soon , the infection spreads to the entire galaxy as well . Unless a cure is found , no one is safe from the outbreak of the Hate Plague . But can Sky Lynx and a lone Quintesson restore life to Optimus Prime , hoping that he can find a cure for the infection ? 95 30 `` The Return of Optimus Prime , Part 2 '' Story : Cherie Wilkerson & Marv Wolfman Teleplay : Michael Charles Hill February 25 , 1987 ( 1987 - 02 - 25 ) 700 -- 116 30 Sky Lynx and the Quintesson succeed in restoring Optimus Prime to life , hoping he can find a cure for the Hate Plague . Back from the dead once again , Optimus and his team of uninfected Autobots set out to retrieve an experimental metal that shields its user from heat and radiation . Once Optimus is coated with that metal , it will protect him from the infection and enable him to reclaim the Matrix of Leadership from Rodimus Prime , who is now a victim of the Hate Plague as well . But can Optimus succeed in finding the cure for the Hate Plague ? Season 4 's title sequence was made of parts from the others and TV commercials with Season 3 music . Season 4 ( 1987 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Written by Original air date Prod . code Order # 96 `` The Rebirth , Part 1 '' David Wise November 9 , 1987 ( 1987 - 11 - 09 ) 6701 - 0001 The Decepticons decide to steal the key to the Plasma Energy Chamber , the forge where the original Autobots were created millions of years ago . The Autobots regain the key , but a volt of Plasma Energy strikes their ship , sending them millions of miles into space . They crash land on a planet called Nebulos , where some transformations are about to take place , which will result in uniting the Autobots with a band of Nebulan rebels to become a new breed of Transformer known as the Headmasters . 97 `` The Rebirth , Part 2 '' David Wise November 10 , 1987 ( 1987 - 11 - 10 ) 6701 - 0002 The operation to merge the Autobots and Nebulans into Headmasters proves to be a success when they go to rescue their captured friends . But the Decepticons join forces with the merciless Hive to counter-attack as Decepticon Headmasters and Targetmasters . While on Cybertron , Optimus Prime merges with Vector Sigma and discovers the deadly secret of Plasma Energy . But while on Nebulos , Zarak , evil leader of the Nebulan Hive , succeeds in turning the Hive 's entire city into a Decepticon super robot , the most powerful ever created , the deadly Scorponok . 98 `` The Rebirth , Part 3 '' David Wise November 11 , 1987 ( 1987 - 11 - 11 ) 6701 - 0003 With Daniel and the Autobots captured , Spike finds a way to stop the Decepticons once and for all . The answer to saving his son and friends lies in the lost city of the Hive . With the help of Cerebros , Spike changes the lost city into an Autobot Headmaster named Fortress Maximus . Unfortunately , Galvatron opens the Plasma Energy Chamber and its energy overloads the Autobots as well as Earth 's sun , causing it to go nova . Now , Spike is the only one who can save the Autobots and the universe . But will Spike be able to succeed in shutting down the Plasma Energy Chamber ? Epilogue ( edit ) Season 4 is the end of the American series . The Transformers continued in Japan as Transformers : The Headmasters with 35 new episodes , however , it ignores the events of `` The Rebirth '' and is set in a different continuity . A fifth season was aired in the United States but consisted entirely of re-runs of previous episodes being told as stories by Powermaster Optimus Prime . Generation 2 ( edit ) Main article : Transformers : Generation 2 Generation 2 episodes were all taken from the Generation 1 television series which had been previously produced , but with added effects and editing . These episodes aired between 1993 and 1995 . See also ( edit ) List of Beast Wars episodes List of Beast Machines episodes List of Transformers : Armada episodes List of Transformers : Energon episodes List of Transformers : Cybertron episodes List of Transformers : Animated episodes List of Transformers : Prime episodes List of Transformers : Rescue Bots episodes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Alex Kurtzman ( June 27 , 2011 ) . `` The History of Transformers on TV -- Page 2 of 3 '' . IGN . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 08 . External links ( edit ) The Transformers on IMDb The Transformers at TV.com Transformers at Cartoon Encyclopedia Screen captures from the Transformers Cartoon on Seibertron.com http://www.portents.com/marek/transformers/tfepgd.txt Transformers Universe Autobots Optimus Prime Ultra Magnus Rodimus Optimus Primal Arcee Blaster Blurr Brawn Bulkhead Bumblebee Cliffjumper Drift Fireflight Grapple Grimlock Hoist Hot Shot Hound Inferno Ironhide Jazz Jetfire Kup Metroplex Mudflap Omega Supreme Outback Perceptor Powerglide Quickmix Ratchet Red Alert Roadbuster Seaspray Sentinel Prime Side Burn Sideswipe Skids Sky High Sky Lynx Skydive Sludge Smokescreen Snarl Sunstreaker Tow - Line Trench Vector Prime Windblade Wheeljack Wreck - Gar Decepticons Megatron / Galvatron Starscream Barricade Blackout Blast Off Blitzwing Bludgeon Bombshell Brawl Demolishor Dirge The Fallen Frenzy Inferno Kickback Knock Out Lugnut Motormaster Octane Onslaught Over-Run Overbite Ramjet Ransack Ravage Rumble Scorponok Shrapnel Skyquake Slipstream Shockwave Soundwave Thrust Vortex Waspinator Wildrider Subgroups Dinobots Female Autobots Gobots Monsterbots Powermasters Predacons Pretenders Seacons Targetmasters Thirteen Primes Throttlebots Supporting characters Primus Unicron Scourge Circuit Breaker Spike Witwicky Sparkplug Carly Witwicky Marissa Faireborn Character lists Primes and Matrix holders Female Transformers Technology and physiology Cybertron Matrix of Leadership Spark List of planets Media Toy lines Transformers : Generation 1 Battle Beasts Action Masters Transformers : Generation 2 Machine Wars Beast Wars Beast Machines Transtech ( unreleased ) Robots in Disguise Armada Robot Masters Energon Alternators Cybertron Legends Titanium Classics Film Animated Revenge of the Fallen Alternity Generations Dark of the Moon Prime Rescue Bots Prime Wars Trilogy Power of the Primes Crossovers Built to Rule Transformers Label Star Wars Transformers Comic series Marvel The Transformers Generation 2 New Avengers / Transformers Dreamwave Generation 1 Armada / Energon The War Within Micromasters IDW The Transformers Infiltration Strombringer Escalation Spotlight Megatron Origin Devastation Revelation All Hail Megatron Maximum Dinobots Bumblebee Last Stand of the Wreckers Ironhide Infestation Heart of Darkness Chaos The Death of Optimus Prime More than Meets the Eye Autocracy Robots in Disguise Monstrosity Windblade Primacy Revolution Lost Light First Strike Beast Wars The Gathering The Ascending Generations Hearts of Steel Infestation 2 Transformers ( film comic series ) Lists Comics characters UK comics Animated series Main group Generation 1 Characters Episodes Scramble City Generation 2 Beast Wars Characters Episodes Beast Machines Episodes Robots in Disguise ( 2001 series ) Characters Armada Characters Episodes Energon Characters Episodes Cybertron Characters Episodes Animated Characters Episodes Prime Characters Episodes Rescue Bots Characters Episodes Robots in Disguise ( 2015 series ) Characters Episodes Cyberverse Japanese exclusive The Headmasters Characters Super-God Masterforce Characters Victory Characters Zone Characters Beast Wars II Characters Beast Wars Neo Characters Robot Masters Go ! Web series Cyber Missions Prime Wars Trilogy Characters Combiner Wars Titans Return Power of the Primes Feature films Animated films The Transformers : The Movie Beast Wars II : Lio Convoy 's Close Call ! Transformers Prime Beast Hunters : Predacons Rising Live - action films ( cast and characters ) Transformers Revenge of the Fallen Dark of the Moon Age of Extinction The Last Knight Bumblebee : The Movie Audio releases The Transformers : The Movie Theme Song Collection History of Music 1984 -- 1990 The Album Song Universe The Score Revenge of the Fallen -- The Album Revenge of the Fallen -- The Score Dark of the Moon -- The Album Dark of the Moon -- The Score Age of Extinction - The Score The Last Knight -- The Score Video games The Transformers ( 1986 ) Battle to Save the Earth Mystery of Convoy Beast Wars Beast Senshi Saikyō Ketteisen Beast Wars Transmetals DreamMix TV World Fighters Transformers ( 2003 ) Transformers ( 2004 ) The Game Autobots Decepticons Animated : The Game G1 : Awakening Revenge of the Fallen Autobots Decepticons War for Cybertron DS version Cybertron Adventures Dark of the Moon Universe Fall of Cybertron Prime -- The Game Rise of the Dark Spark Angry Birds Transformers Transformers : Devastation Novels Ghosts of Yesterday The Veiled Threat Exodus Dark of the Moon : The Junior Novel Exiles Retribution The Covenant of Primus Engagement BotCon Fun Publications Transformers : The Ride 3D The Transformers Experience HasCon Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Transformers_episodes&oldid=825349103 '' Categories : Transformers episodes Lists of American children 's animated television series episodes Transformers : Generation 1 Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Italiano Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 12 February 2018 , at 22 : 04 . 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"\n\nNo.\noverall\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nWritten by\nOriginal air date\nProd.\ncode\nOrder #\n\n\n17\n1\n\"Autobot Spike\"\nDonald F. Glut\nSeptember 23, 1985 (1985-09-23)\n700–16\n1\n\n\nA Decepticon attack leaves Spike wounded. To save his son's life, Sparkplug helps the Autobots transfer Spike's mind to the body of an experimental robot called Autobot X while the doctors at the hospital work on repairing Spike's real body. The experiment works like a charm and Spike's mind is in Autobot X, temporarily becoming Autobot Spike. Unfortunately, the procedure has a side effect, making the state of Spike's mind to become questionable.\n\n\n18\n2\n\"The Immobilizer\"\nEarl Kress\nSeptember 24, 1985 (1985-09-24)\n700–21\n6\n\n\nAn opportunity to defeat the Decepticons arises, courtesy of Wheeljack and a new invention. The effects may only be temporary, but the Immobilizer lives up to its name against any Transformer. Little time passes before the Decepticons learn about it. A new friend to the Autobots Carly unwittingly helps them. Now, the soon-modified Immobilizer gives the Decepticons the means to end the war once and for all. Pretty soon, only Brawn and Jazz are left standing leaving them, Spike and Carly a lot of work to do.\n\n\n19\n3\n\"Dinobot Island, Part 1\"\nDonald F. Glut\nSeptember 25, 1985 (1985-09-25)\n700–29\n14\n\n\nDespite possessing great power, the well-meaning Dinobots prove to be just as dangerous as Decepticons. The latest instance shows Optimus and the other Autobots just how much this needs to change. Some serious training should clear this up, but they need a place where no one else will get caught in the middle. A new island seems to fit the bill, but the Dinobots won't be alone there. Dinosaurs are very much alive there, and even worse its natural resources soon garner Decepticon attention.\n\n\n20\n4\n\"Dinobot Island, Part 2\"\nDonald F. Glut\nSeptember 26, 1985 (1985-09-26)\n700–30\n15\n\n\nThe energy-hungry Decepticons get down to business on Dinobot Island. As bad as that is for everything on the island, the rest of the world suffers even more. Somehow, various temporal displacements occur and all sorts of things emerge. This mess distracts the Autobots from the real problem the Decepticons. It is ultimately up to the Dinobots to save the day, but have they finally gotten their act together?\n\n\n21\n5\n\"Traitor\"\nGeorge Hampton & Mike Moore\nSeptember 27, 1985 (1985-09-27)\n700–20\n5\n\n\nIt is believed that the electrocells could be very valuable assets in the war. The lure of this power brings the Decepticons and the Insecticons together again. They've had problems with each other in the past, however problems that Mirage tries to exploit to the Autobots' advantage. He is found out and Bombshell attaches a cerebro-shell to him. With Mirage their puppet, the Decepticons and the Insecticons intend to finish the Autobots once and for all.\n\n\n22\n6\n\"Enter the Nightbird\"\nRichard Milton & Sylvia Wilson\nSeptember 30, 1985 (1985-09-30)\n700–25\n10\n\n\nThe Autobots have been busy marking crucial energy locations for easy use and protection purposes. Naturally, this is something that the Decepticons desperately want. This is a solo mission, and they need someone that get in and out quickly. Meanwhile, word spreads about the new, powerful Nightbird being developed giving Megatron an idea. Under Decepticon control, Nightbird embarks on her mission into the Autobot base. Can the Autobots thwart the Decepticon plot and overcome Nightbird's martial arts techniques?\n\n\n23\n7\n\"Changing Gears\"\nLarry Parr\nOctober 1, 1985 (1985-10-01)\n700–17\n2\n\n\n\nGears is in one very foul mood, so nothing is really new there. However, the Decepticons suddenly strike and get the drop on him. The thing is, all they want from him is his personality cartridge. Now, Gears has one heck of a sunny disposition no matter who he is around. Meanwhile, the Decepticons have the final component for the space needle. If they aren't stopped, the sun itself will be destroyed.\nNote: This episode has similarities to Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen.\n\n\n24\n8\n\"A Prime Problem\"\nDick Robbins & Bryce Malek\nOctober 2, 1985 (1985-10-02)\n700–26\n11\n\n\nMegatron plans to destroy the Autobots by creating a clone of Optimus Prime to lead them into a deadly trap he has set for them. When Spike is captured by the Decepticons, the Autobots must figure out which Optimus Prime is the real Optimus Prime and save Spike's life. But can they foil Megatron's plan?\n\n\n25\n9\n\"Atlantis, Arise!\"\nDouglas Booth\nOctober 3, 1985 (1985-10-03)\n700–23\n8\n\n\nThe Decepticons stumble upon a magnificent find: the legendary Atlantis. They believe that Atlantean forces could prove invaluable to them finally winning the war. Once at the surface level, the battle-hungry Atlanteans strike and strike hard. The Autobots face tough times and Washington, D.C. is next. However, while enjoying the sights, the Decepticons had better keep their own guard up around their supposed Atlantean allies.\n\n\n26\n10\n\"Attack of the Autobots\"\nDavid Wise\nOctober 4, 1985 (1985-10-04)\n700–19\n4\n\n\nA solar power satellite is desired by the Decepticons. To pull off the theft, they need the Autobots out of the way. Rather than try to destroy them, however, Megatron hatches a plan to change their loyalties instead. The keys to this plot are sabotaged energy rechargers in the Autobot base. Now, when they use them, the unknowing Autobots are imprinted with Decepticon ideals and forced to act just like them. Only Bumblebee and Jazz escape this fate. Sparkplug comes up with an invention to change the Autobots back, but they still have to stop the Decepticons.\n\n\n27\n11\n\"Microbots\"\nDavid Wise\nOctober 7, 1985 (1985-10-07)\n700–33\n18\n\n\nThe Decepticons finally locate their old ship missing since the crash on Earth millions of years ago. Above all else on it, Megatron wants and claims the Heart Of Cybertron. He becomes more powerful than ever and easily crushes anyone who stands against him. This is all very bad, but it threatens to get worse. The Autobots learn that the Heart Of Cybertron will soon explode and take many with it including Megatron himself. The only way to tamp down this threat is for Perceptor, Bumblebee and Brawn to embark on a 'fantastic voyage.' Megatron's body proves most inhospitable to the three Autobots, but inner conflicts also threaten their mission.\n\n\n28\n12\n\"The Master Builder\"\nDavid N. Gottlieb & Herb Engelhart\nOctober 8, 1985 (1985-10-08)\n700–31\n16\n\n\nThe Constructicons suddenly get the drop on the desert-bound Grapple and Hoist. However, they claim to not be looking for a fight, but instead looking to help in the Autobot cause. They prove their newfound loyalties by using their skills on Grapple's powerful solar energy-collection tower schematics. Grapple is thrilled at the opportunity, especially since Optimus turned it down earlier. The Constructicons are lying and Megatron plans to use the powerful tower for himself.\n\n\n29\n13\n\"The Insecticon Syndrome\"\nDouglas Booth\nOctober 9, 1985 (1985-10-09)\n700–28\n13\n\n\nThe Insecticons feed on a new energy source that proves to be unstable, threatening to blow them to smithereens. With the power core inside them, the Autobots must find an antidote and prevent the Insecticons from exploding inside Iron Mountain.\n\n\n30\n14\n\"Day of the Machines\"\nDavid Wise\nOctober 10, 1985 (1985-10-10)\n700–24\n9\n\n\nThe Torq III supercomputer is online and promises to be of good use to humanity. Torq III isn't a secret from Megatron. In short order, a little reprogramming grants the Decepticons practically endless supplies of oil. The Autobots quickly go to work in order to try to foil Megatron's current plan, but a difficult choice must be made.\n\n\n31\n15\n\"Megatron's Master Plan, Part 1\"\nDonald F. Glut\nOctober 14, 1985 (1985-10-14)\n700–34\n19\n\n\n\nWith the help of the wealthy Shawn Berger, Megatron turns the public against the Autobots. But Spike discovers the tape as a Decepticon trick. But before the boy can reveal the truth, the Autobots are found guilty and banished from Earth. Megatron reprograms Teletran One, sending the Autobots on a one way journey into the sun.\nNote: This episode and its other 2 parts have events similar to Transformers: Dark of the Moon.\n\n\n32\n16\n\"Megatron's Master Plan, Part 2\"\nDonald F. Glut\nOctober 15, 1985 (1985-10-15)\n700–35\n20\n\n\nWith the Autobots banished from Earth, the Decepticons are free to do as they desire. Megatron betrays Shawn Berger and imprisons him along with Spike, Sparkplug, Chip, and the mayor of Central City. Meanwhile, the Autobots struggle to escape from their predicament and return to Earth to save it from the Decepticons.\n\n\n33\n17\n\"Auto Berserk\"\nAntoni Zalewski\nOctober 16, 1985 (1985-10-16)\n700–32\n17\n\n\nA battle with the Decepticons leaves Red Alert's logic and reason circuits fried. As a result, Red becomes paranoid and believes that his own fellow Autobots are plotting to betray him. Starscream discovers the situation and he tricks the paranoid Red Alert into helping him steal an experimental weapon. Now, the Autobots must save Red Alert before he explodes.\n\n\n34\n18\n\"City of Steel\"\nDouglas Booth\nOctober 17, 1985 (1985-10-17)\n700–18\n3\n\n\nThe Decepticons hit New York City, and most definitely not for the sights. Instead, New Yorkers may have to get used to living in vastly different conditions. Even worse, the Decepticons foil Optimus' attempt to stop them and exact a vicious toll on him. Now, in addition to undoing what has been done to New York City, the other Autobots must rebuild their leader from numerous parts. Problem is, they will have to scour the city first to do so.\n\n\n35\n19\n\"Desertion of the Dinobots, Part 1\"\nEarl Kress\nOctober 21, 1985 (1985-10-21)\n700–36\n21\n\n\nThe Dinobots feel taken for granted for lately. This couldn't have come at a worse time, though, as a deadly scourge strikes every other Transformer. Only Cybertronium can cure their collective ills, but only the Decepticons have easy access to it. With the Autobots in serious trouble, the Dinobots are practically left to decide whether they will live or die.\n\n\n36\n20\n\"Desertion of the Dinobots, Part 2\"\nEarl Kress\nOctober 22, 1985 (1985-10-22)\n700–37\n22\n\n\nThings get worse for the Autobots, while the Decepticons are back to full strength. With the Dinobots gone, hope certainly seems lost. On Cybertron, Spike and Carly appeal to the Dinobots for their help. Even if the two humans can succeed, though, the Decepticons intend to make sure that the Autobots never even lay eyes on Cybertronium under any circumstances. Saving the day ends up falling to Swoop and the two humans.\n\n\n37\n21\n\"Blaster Blues\"\nLarry Strauss\nOctober 23, 1985 (1985-10-23)\n700–38\n23\n\n\nRadios across Earth suddenly experience 'technical difficulties.' Once alerted to this trouble, the Autobots trace the source of the trouble the moon-located Megatron and Decepticons. With all sorts of human matters experiencing trouble, many Autobots have a lot on their plates. Fighting the Decepticons head-on, though, falls to Blaster who has been itching to prove the worth of his unique power and Cosmos. Omega Supreme also takes on Astrotrain. However, can they all get the job done?\n\n\n38\n22\n\"A Decepticon Raider in King Arthur's Court\"\nDouglas Booth\nOctober 24, 1985 (1985-10-24)\n700–39\n24\n\n\n\nThe discovery of a mysterious time transporter sends Spike and the Transformers to medieval times, where Starscream plots to take over the home of a knight named Sir Aethling the Red. With the help of their new friends in the past, Spike and the Autobots defeat the Decepticons and take them back to their own time with them.\nNote 1: This episode has similarities to Transformers: The Last Knight.\nNote 2: Optimus Prime is not in this episode.\n\n\n39\n23\n\"The God Gambit\"\nBuzz Dixon\nOctober 28, 1985 (1985-10-28)\n700–41\n26\n\n\n\nThe Decepticons arrive on a planet called Titan, where Astrotrain tricks its natives into worshiping him and the other Decepticons as sky gods. When Cosmos is captured, Jazz, Perceptor, and Omega Supreme travel to Titan to rescue him. There, they must reveal the truth to the people of Titan about the Decepticons' deception.\nNote: Megatron is not in this episode.\n\n\n40\n24\n\"The Core\"\nDennis Marks\nOctober 29, 1985 (1985-10-29)\n700–27\n12\n\n\nA means to forcibly use Devastator for the side of good is found. This proves quite fortuitous, as Megatron and the Decepticons are embarking on a new, dangerous plan. Regardless of the consequences to the planet, they want energy from the Earth's core itself. Worse, they have nearly drilled the whole way there. A showdown is looming underground, but both sides' attempts to use Devastator for their benefit spell disaster for all of them. Can both sides save the day and themselves from Devastator?\n\n\n41\n25\n\"Make Tracks\"\nDavid Wise\nOctober 30, 1985 (1985-10-30)\n700–42\n27\n\n\nA rash of car thefts suddenly occurs. The latest theft Tracks in vehicle mode. He is briefly damaged in the process and is unable to save himself. Later, he shows his thief the error of his ways and convinces him to do good. It turns out that all of the thieves are really working for the Decepticons. The stolen cars will be used to create an army against the Autobots. Can Tracks and his new friend foil their plan before it's too late?\n\n\n42\n26\n\"The Autobot Run\"\nDonald F. Glut\nOctober 31, 1985 (1985-10-31)\n700–22\n7\n\n\nMegatron believes that if the Autobots couldn't transform to robot mode, they would be easy prey for the Decepticons. A new weapon is about to give him the chance to find out. Meanwhile, charity work gives a number of Autobots the chance to help humanity without having to fight in the process. Simple car activities await them, but so does a Decepticon attack. Little time passes before the Autobots are unable to transform and are at the Decepticons' mercy. Saving the day falls to just a handful of Autobots.\n\n\n43\n27\n\"The Golden Lagoon\"\nDennis Marks\nNovember 4, 1985 (1985-11-04)\n700–40\n25\n\n\nFierce action leads both Beachcomber and Thrust to stumble upon electrum, a liquid key to invincibility. There is a forest lagoon's worth of the stuff, but only the Decepticons succeed in making a claim. The results, of course, render the Autobots' weapons essentially useless. The only hope that the Autobots have is to try to fight fire with fire, but Megatron isn't about to give them the chance. What price must be paid for victory?\n\n\n44\n28\n\"Quest for Survival\"\nDavid Wise\nNovember 5, 1985 (1985-11-05)\n700–44\n29\n\n\nThough the Insecticons are a growing threat, a new insecticide may be able to stop them in their tracks. A trip into space is required to get it, but Bumblebee, Cosmos and Spike easily succeed. The path back to Earth means a confrontation with the Morphobots, dangerous hybrids of plants and robots. As bad as a space confrontation is, things get worse when some Morphobots secretly arrive on Earth with Spike and the two Autobots. The whole team will have to find a way to tamp down this threat a task made more difficult by the Decepticons now after the insecticide.\n\n\n45\n29\n\"The Secret of Omega Supreme\"\nDavid Wise\nNovember 6, 1985 (1985-11-06)\n700–45\n30\n\n\nOmega Supreme seems a bit off lately and Optimus wants to know why. After having to order Omega Supreme, Optimus gets more than he bargained for. Long ago, Omega Supreme defended Crystal City, where he was once friends with the Constructicons. Times were good. But their friendship came to an abrupt end because of Megatron and a little reprogramming. Becoming evil, the Constructicons set out to follow his orders, bringing them into conflict with their former friend, Omega Supreme.\n\n\n46\n30\n\"Child's Play\"\nBeth Bornstein\nNovember 7, 1985 (1985-11-07)\n700–43\n28\n\n\nDuring a Transformer battle, the space bridge malfunctions. A strange world of massive giants awaits Autobots and Decepticons alike. Such a situation isn't easy for those used to being among the tallest around. The Transformers need to find a way back home and one local child is the key. However, this planet is otherwise unwelcome to outsiders. If the Transformers don't hurry, they will be in big trouble.\n\n\n47\n31\n\"The Gambler\"\nMichael Charles Hill\nNovember 11, 1985 (1985-11-11)\n700–46\n31\n\n\n\nThe Autobots are eager to put recent experiences behind them, but rest-and-relaxation isn't likely to happen. An alien trap leaves everyone but Smokescreen powerless, as well as the ship itself. A little energon can fix this, but the only way to get some presents certain challenges. He is even forced to trust an alien that helped get him into this mess. Now, can Smokescreen master the art of gambling and win big? And can Dirge, Ramjet and Astrotrain be kept at bay throughout all of this?\nNote: This is technically a continuation of the previous episode \"Child's Play\". However, it is not considered a part two. Megatron is not in this episode.\n\n\n48\n32\n\"The Search for Alpha Trion\"\nBeth Bornstein\nNovember 12, 1985 (1985-11-12)\n700–52\n37\n\n\nRealizing that the Decepticons have capture his long lost love, Elita One, Optimus travels to Cybertron to rescue her. While traveling to Cybertron, Optimus is captured as well. Elita uses her special power to save him, but her special power drains her of all her life force. Optimus takes her to Alpha Trion, hoping that he could save her before it's too late.\n\n\n49\n33\n\"Auto-Bop\"\nDavid Wise\nNovember 13, 1985 (1985-11-13)\n700–51\n36\n\n\n\nPeople are partying to music at a local dance club. They are really subtly being mind-controlled to obey Megatron's orders. Soundwave, unsurprisingly, is overseeing this project. The Decepticon-controlled humans soon start seeming weird to casual observers prompting the Autobots to get involved. It will take Tracks, Blaster, Raul and other humans to undo this Decepticon plot. Can they take down Soundwave and find a way to break the mind control?\nNote: Optimus Prime is not in this episode.\n\n\n50\n34\n\"Prime Target\"\nFlint Dille & Buzz Dixon\nNovember 14, 1985 (1985-11-14)\n700–50\n35\n\n\nAcross the globe, one British hunter has amassed an impressive collection of dead animals. The desire for a challenge, though, has prompted him to set sights on the most challenging prey of all, Optimus Prime. However, this hunter is no fool and intends to confront his quarry on his own terms. A number of captured Autobots certainly provides the bait to lure Optimus in. Can the Autobot leader survive what awaits him in the hunter's castle and save the day?\n\n\n51\n35\n\"The Girl Who Loved Powerglide\"\nDavid Wise\nNovember 18, 1985 (1985-11-18)\n700–53\n38\n\n\nPowerglide befriends a young woman named Astoria who is being targeted by the Decepticons. It would stand to reason the Decepticons are targeting Astoria is because she might have a secret formula her father was working on before he died and left his company to her. When the Decepticons abduct Astoria, Powerglide must find her and rescue her. But can they stop Megatron from getting his hands on Astoria's father's formula?\n\n\n52\n36\n\"Triple Takeover\"\nLarry Strauss\nNovember 19, 1985 (1985-11-19)\n700–49\n34\n\n\nIn their attempt to take command of the Decepticons, Astrotrain and Blitzwing decide to trick Starscream into leading himself and Megatron into a trap, which results in chaos on Earth, where they proceed to wreak havoc, threatening to endanger innocent humans in the process as well. But can the Autobots put a stop to Astrotrain and Blitzwing's plan?\n\n\n53\n37\n\"Sea Change\"\nDouglas Booth\nNovember 20, 1985 (1985-11-20)\n700–48\n33\n\n\nThe evil Deceptitran has been making life miserable for an alien world and resistance efforts have been slow going. However, one female fighter's encounter with Seaspray may help tip the scales. Head over heels in love, Seaspray is all-too happy to help her. Still, a bigger transformation than anything Transformers regularly do awaits him. Even then, is Seaspray up to the task of defeating Deceptitran?\n\n\n54\n38\n\"Hoist Goes Hollywood\"\nEarl Kress\nNovember 21, 1985 (1985-11-21)\n700–54\n39\n\n\n\nHollywood productions don't always run smoothly, and one case almost sees stuntmen in for real-life trouble. Fortunately, tragedy is averted in the nick of time by Hoist. Since mere thanks aren't enough, Hoist now has a shot at being on the silver screen. Could Hollywood be ready for Hoist and his entourage Sunstreaker, Powerglide, Warpath and Tracks? More importantly, can they overcome a Decepticon plot involving Dirge and one of Wheeljack's inventions? The answers may be more exciting than the movie itself.\nNote: Optimus Prime is not in this episode.\n\n\n55\n39\n\"The Key to Vector Sigma, Part 1\"\nDavid Wise\nNovember 25, 1985 (1985-11-25)\n700–55\n40\n\n\nWith the Stunticons (Motormaster, Dead End, Breakdown, Drag Strip, and Wildrider) at their disposal, the Decepticons hope to crush the Autobots once and for all. Problem is, the Stunticons will always be lifeless pieces of metal without the Cybertron-located Vector Sigma. Finding Vector Sigma isn't really the challenge. Finding the Key is. Upon learning that something is up, the Autobots quickly jump into action and the search. It is practically a race to see who will be first to find the Key and use it to access Vector Sigma.\n\n\n56\n40\n\"The Key to Vector Sigma, Part 2\"\nDavid Wise\nNovember 26, 1985 (1985-11-26)\n700–56\n41\n\n\nWith the Stunticons operational and the Key in hand, the situation is definitely in the Decepticons' favor. Most severe of all, the Key will allow Megatron to eliminate all organic life on Earth replacing it with technology. The Autobots need new allies the Aerialbots (Silverbolt, Air Raid, Fireflight, Skydive, and Slingshot) and quickly. Being unable to use Vector Sigma, though, complicates that idea. It will take sacrificing one life to give the Aerialbots' theirs. This episode reveals the Aerialbots and Stunticons combined modes: Superion and Menasor. On top of that, despite his status, Silverbolt has acrophobia.\n\n\n57\n41\n\"Aerial Assault\"\nDouglas Booth\nDecember 10, 1985 (1985-12-10)\n700–57\n42\n\n\n\nPlans for an air fortress currently take up the Decepticons and Combaticons' time. An arms smuggler helps them 'acquire' a Middle Eastern palace and airplanes essential to the plot. It's rather complicated, but necessary to maintain secrecy as best as possible. Upon arriving into the region themselves, the Aerialbots try to take care of business. Slingshot and Sky Dive get into big trouble, but are saved by Hassan who has a personal stake in this situation. Will he be enough to help the Aerialbots come out on top?\nNote: This episode takes place sometime after the events in Starscream's Brigade and The Revenge of Bruticus, because the Combaticons are in this episode and they have already been reprogrammed to obey only Megatron.\n\n\n58\n42\n\"Masquerade\"\nDonald F. Glut\nDecember 16, 1985 (1985-12-16)\n700–63\n48\n\n\nThe Decepticons are up to something and a series of thefts by the Stunticons are related. The Stunticons themselves end up biting off more than they can chew against some Autobots and get locked up. The Autobots are still in the dark about Megatron's latest plan, though, but there is a remedy from unsurprisingly Wheeljack. Advanced paint makes Optimus (as Motormaster), Jazz (as Dead End), Mirage (as Drag Strip), Sideswipe (as Breakdown) and Windcharger (as Wildrider) look exactly like each of the Stunticons. The plan is infiltrate, learn about and foil Megatron's plan. It won't be easy to pass for the Stunticons while surrounded by Decepticons, though, especially when the real ones escape Autobot captivity.\n\n\n59\n43\n\"Trans-Europe Express\"\nDavid Wise\nDecember 23, 1985 (1985-12-23)\n700–59\n44\n\n\n\nAutobots are suddenly Europe-bound for a charity race. They and every human driver including Augie Canay intend to win and leave the others in their dust. No one realizes that the Decepticons and the Stunticons are lurking about masterminding the whole thing. The Pearl of Bahoudin and Augie's unique car play roles in their latest plot against Earth. The former is especially dangerous if in the wrong hands. It is ultimately up to Bumblebee, Bluestreak, Tracks and Augie to foil them and their plot.\nNote: Optimus Prime is not in this episode.\n\n\n60\n44\n\"War Dawn\"\nDavid Wise\nDecember 25, 1985 (1985-12-25)\n700–58\n43\n\n\nThe Aerialbots are in trouble when they become trapped in the distant past of Cybertron via a time machine. There, they end up 9 million years in the past, where they befriend and save the life of a gentle robot named Orion Pax. Back in the present, the Autobots are battling the Decepticons who have reactivated a headless Guardian robot. But will the Aerialbots be able to return to their own time and stop Megatron from destroying the Autobots?\n\n\n61\n45\n\"Cosmic Rust\"\nPaul Davids\nDecember 26, 1985 (1985-12-26)\n700–60\n45\n\n\nWhen Megatron becomes infected with a plague that threatens to wipe out entire races of robots, he decides to kidnap Perceptor and force him to cure him of his infection. But of course, even if Perceptor gives him the cure for this plague, Megatron has no intention of maintaining his part of the bargain. When Megatron is cured, he uses the same plague as a weapon against Perceptor and the other Autobots. But will the Autobots be able to get the antidote for the infection before it's too late?\n\n\n62\n46\n\"Kremzeek!\"\nDavid Wise\nDecember 27, 1985 (1985-12-27)\n700–47\n32\n\n\nRoutine matters accidentally result in Kremzeek, who is small, seemingly sentient and made of pure energy. However, this little guy proves to be rather annoying quickly and scrambles all but Optimus, Bumblebee, Blaster and Inferno. Worse, he proves to be exceedingly dangerous and the people of Japan are about to learn that firsthand. The four Autobots and a local scientist have to move it to counter this literally growing threat. Meanwhile, an energy magnet plays a role in the Decepticons' latest plan.\n\n\n63\n47\n\"Starscream's Brigade\"\nMichael Charles Hill\nJanuary 7, 1986 (1986-01-07)\n700–61\n46\n\n\nAnother failure to topple Megatron and a prompt island exile hardly deters Starscream. Abandoned World War II-era vehicles and stolen personality components provide the 'tools' that he needs. In no time, the five Combaticons are online and serving Starscream. These five quickly prove formidable when they are apart and also when they are united in their giant robot mode which is named Bruticus. Can Megatron possibly overcome Starscream and Bruticus?\n\n\n64\n48\n\"The Revenge of Bruticus\"\nLarry Parr\nJanuary 8, 1986 (1986-01-08)\n700–62\n47\n\n\nThe recent defeat has not dampened Starscream and the Combaticons' resolve, which spells bad news for everyone else. They tamper with the space bridge to bring Earth and the sun a lot closer together. All is indeed going well for Starscream, until the Combaticons start thinking for themselves. With Cybertron soon also in danger, a battle royal involving Optimus, Megatron and Bruticus awaits. Meanwhile, chaos on Earth leaves the Protectobots with their hands full.\n\n\n65\n49\n\"B.O.T.\"\nEarl Kress\nJanuary 9, 1986 (1986-01-09)\n700–64\n49\n\n\n\nThe Combaticons pursue a personal agenda, which the Protectobots gladly interrupt. The only one to make it out in one piece, Swindle cuts his losses at the other Combaticons' expense by selling them off piece by piece. Megatron, however, wants all of the Combaticons back and gives Swindle proper motivation a timed bomb placed in his head. Racing against time, Swindle finds his efforts complicated by three college students and their B.O.T. science project. It turns out that they unknowingly used Brawl's personality component, which not only makes B.O.T. 'unique' it also makes it deadly dangerous. All this and another deadly Megatron plot against the Autobots, too.\nNote: Jerrica and Kimber Benton, characters from Jem and the Holograms, make cameos in this episode.\n\n"
] | [
"\"B.O.T.\""
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8864358630752427391 | List of Chief Justices of India | List of Chief Justices of India - wikipedia List of Chief Justices of India Jump to : navigation , search Contents ( hide ) 1 List of Chief Justices 1.1 Federal Court of India ( 1937 - 1950 ) 1.2 Supreme Court of India 2 Notes 3 See also 4 References List of Chief Justices ( edit ) Federal Court of India ( 1937 - 1950 ) ( edit ) The Federal Court came into being on 1 September 1937 . The seat of the court was the Chamber of Princes in the Parliament building in Delhi . It began with a Chief Justice and two puisne judges . The first Chief Justice was Sir Maurice Gwyer and the other two judges were Sir Shah Muhammad Sulaiman and M.R. Jayakar . It functioned until the establishment of the Supreme Court of India on 28 January 1950 . Number Name Period of office Length of term ( days ) Bar Appointed by Sir Maurice Gwyer 000000001937 - 10 - 01 - 0000 1 October 1937 000000001943 - 04 - 25 - 0000 25 April 1943 2,032 Inner Temple The Marquess of Linlithgow Acting Sir Srinivas Vardachariar 000000001943 - 04 - 25 - 0000 25 April 1943 000000001943 - 06 - 07 - 0000 7 June 1943 43 Sir Patrick Spens 000000001943 - 06 - 07 - 0000 7 June 1943 000000001947 - 08 - 14 - 0000 14 August 1947 1,529 Inner Temple Sir H.J. Kania 000000001947 - 08 - 14 - 0000 14 August 1947 000000001950 - 01 - 26 - 0000 26 January 1950 896 Bombay High Court The Viscount Mountbatten of Burma ‡ -- Date of Resignation Supreme Court of India ( edit ) Since the birth of the Republic of India on 26 January 1950 , 45 people have served as the Chief Justice of India ( CJI ) . While H.J. Kania is the inaugural CJI , the current incumbent is Dipak Misra who was appointed as Chief Justice of India on 28 August 2017 . Justice Y.V. Chandrachud is the longest serving Chief Justice ( 000000001978 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1978 - 000000001985 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1985 ) . Number Name Period of office Length of term ( days ) Bar Appointed by H.J. Kania 000000001950 - 01 - 26 - 0000 26 January 1950 000000001951 - 11 - 06 - 0000 6 November 1951 649 Bombay High Court Rajendra Prasad M. Patanjali Sastri 000000001951 - 11 - 07 - 0000 7 November 1951 000000001954 - 01 - 03 - 0000 3 January 1954 788 Madras High Court Mehr Chand Mahajan 000000001954 - 01 - 04 - 0000 4 January 1954 000000001954 - 12 - 22 - 0000 22 December 1954 352 Punjab and Haryana High Court Bijan Kumar Mukherjea 000000001954 - 12 - 23 - 0000 23 December 1954 000000001956 - 01 - 31 - 0000 31 January 1956 404 Calcutta High Court 5 Sudhi Ranjan Das 000000001956 - 02 - 01 - 0000 1 February 1956 000000001959 - 09 - 30 - 0000 30 September 1959 1337 Calcutta High Court 6 Bhuvaneshwar Prasad Sinha 000000001959 - 10 - 01 - 0000 1 October 1959 000000001964 - 01 - 31 - 0000 31 January 1964 1583 Patna High Court 7 P.B. Gajendragadkar 000000001964 - 02 - 01 - 0000 1 February 1964 000000001966 - 03 - 15 - 0000 15 March 1966 773 Bombay High Court Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan 8 Amal Kumar Sarkar 000000001966 - 03 - 16 - 0000 16 March 1966 000000001966 - 06 - 29 - 0000 29 June 1966 105 Calcutta High Court 9 Koka Subba Rao 000000001966 - 06 - 30 - 0000 30 June 1966 000000001967 - 04 - 11 - 0000 11 April 1967 285 Madras High Court 10 Kailas Nath Wanchoo 000000001967 - 04 - 12 - 0000 12 April 1967 000000001968 - 02 - 24 - 0000 24 February 1968 318 Allahabad High Court 11 Mohammad Hidayatullah 000000001968 - 02 - 25 - 0000 25 February 1968 000000001970 - 12 - 16 - 0000 16 December 1970 1025 Bombay High Court Zakir Hussain 12 Jayantilal Chhotalal Shah 000000001970 - 12 - 17 - 0000 17 December 1970 000000001971 - 01 - 21 - 0000 21 January 1971 35 Bombay High Court Varahagiri Venkata Giri 13 Sarv Mittra Sikri 000000001971 - 01 - 22 - 0000 22 January 1971 000000001973 - 04 - 25 - 0000 25 April 1973 824 Lahore High Court 14 Ajit Nath Ray 000000001973 - 04 - 26 - 0000 26 April 1973 000000001977 - 01 - 27 - 0000 27 January 1977 1372 Calcutta High Court 15 Mirza Hameedullah Beg 000000001977 - 01 - 28 - 0000 28 January 1977 000000001978 - 02 - 21 - 0000 21 February 1978 389 Allahabad High Court Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed 16 Yeshwant Vishnu Chandrachud 000000001978 - 02 - 22 - 0000 22 February 1978 000000001985 - 07 - 11 - 0000 11 July 1985 2696 Bombay High Court Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 17 Prafullachandra Natwarlal Bhagwati 000000001985 - 07 - 12 - 0000 12 July 1985 000000001986 - 12 - 20 - 0000 20 December 1986 526 Gujarat High Court Gyani Zail Singh 18 Raghunandan Swarup Pathak 000000001986 - 12 - 21 - 0000 21 December 1986 000000001989 - 06 - 18 - 0000 18 June 1989 940 Allahabad High Court 19 Engalaguppe Seetharamiah Venkataramiah 000000001989 - 06 - 19 - 0000 19 June 1989 000000001989 - 12 - 17 - 0000 17 December 1989 181 Karnataka High Court Ramaswamy Venkataraman 20 Sabyasachi Mukharji 000000001989 - 12 - 18 - 0000 18 December 1989 000000001990 - 09 - 25 - 0000 25 September 1990 281 Calcutta High Court 21 Ranganath Misra 000000001990 - 09 - 26 - 0000 26 September 1990 000000001991 - 11 - 24 - 0000 24 November 1991 424 Odisha High Court 22 Kamal Narain Singh 000000001991 - 11 - 25 - 0000 25 November 1991 000000001991 - 12 - 12 - 0000 12 December 1991 17 Allahabad High Court 23 Madhukar Hiralal Kania 000000001991 - 12 - 13 - 0000 13 December 1991 000000001992 - 11 - 17 - 0000 17 November 1992 340 Bombay High Court 24 Lalit Mohan Sharma 000000001992 - 11 - 18 - 0000 18 November 1992 000000001993 - 02 - 11 - 0000 11 February 1993 85 Patna High Court Shankar Dayal Sharma 25 Manepalli Narayana Rao Venkatachaliah 000000001993 - 02 - 12 - 0000 12 February 1993 000000001994 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1994 619 Karnataka High Court 26 Aziz Mushabber Ahmadi 000000001994 - 10 - 25 - 0000 25 October 1994 000000001997 - 03 - 24 - 0000 24 March 1997 881 Gujarat High Court 27 Jagdish Sharan Verma 000000001997 - 03 - 25 - 0000 25 March 1997 000000001998 - 01 - 17 - 0000 17 January 1998 298 Madhya Pradesh High Court 28 Madan Mohan Punchhi 000000001998 - 01 - 18 - 0000 18 January 1998 000000001998 - 10 - 09 - 0000 9 October 1998 264 Punjab and Haryana High Court Kocheril Raman Narayanan 29 Adarsh Sein Anand 000000001998 - 10 - 10 - 0000 10 October 1998 000000002001 - 10 - 31 - 0000 31 October 2001 1,117 Jammu and Kashmir High Court 30 Sam Piroj Bharucha 000000002001 - 11 - 01 - 0000 1 November 2001 000000002002 - 05 - 05 - 0000 5 May 2002 185 Bombay High Court 31 Bhupinder Nath Kirpal 000000002002 - 05 - 06 - 0000 6 May 2002 000000002002 - 11 - 07 - 0000 7 November 2002 185 Delhi High Court 32 Gopal Ballav Pattanaik 000000002002 - 11 - 08 - 0000 8 November 2002 000000002002 - 12 - 18 - 0000 18 December 2002 40 Odisha High Court A.P.J. Abdul Kalam 33 V.N. Khare 000000002002 - 12 - 19 - 0000 19 December 2002 000000002004 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May 2004 499 Allahabad High Court 34 S. Rajendra Babu 000000002004 - 05 - 02 - 0000 2 May 2004 000000002004 - 05 - 31 - 0000 31 May 2004 29 Karnataka High Court 35 Ramesh Chandra Lahoti 000000002004 - 06 - 01 - 0000 1 June 2004 000000002005 - 10 - 31 - 0000 31 October 2005 517 Madhya Pradesh High Court 36 Yogesh Kumar Sabharwal 000000002005 - 11 - 01 - 0000 1 November 2005 000000002007 - 01 - 13 - 0000 13 January 2007 438 Delhi High Court 37 K.G. Balakrishnan 000000002007 - 01 - 14 - 0000 14 January 2007 000000002010 - 05 - 12 - 0000 12 May 2010 1,214 Kerala High Court 38 S.H. Kapadia 000000002010 - 05 - 12 - 0000 12 May 2010 000000002012 - 09 - 28 - 0000 28 September 2012 870 Bombay High Court Pratibha Patil 39 Altamas Kabir 000000002012 - 09 - 29 - 0000 29 September 2012 000000002013 - 07 - 18 - 0000 18 July 2013 292 Calcutta High Court Pranab Mukherjee 40 P. Sathasivam 000000002013 - 07 - 19 - 0000 19 July 2013 000000002014 - 04 - 26 - 0000 26 April 2014 281 Madras High Court 41 Rajendra Mal Lodha 000000002014 - 04 - 27 - 0000 27 April 2014 000000002014 - 09 - 27 - 0000 27 September 2014 153 Rajasthan High Court 42 H.L. Dattu 000000002014 - 09 - 28 - 0000 28 September 2014 000000002015 - 12 - 02 - 0000 2 December 2015 430 Karnataka High Court 43 T.S. Thakur 000000002015 - 12 - 03 - 0000 3 December 2015 000000002017 - 01 - 03 - 0000 3 January 2017 397 Jammu and Kashmir High Court 44 Jagdish Singh Khehar 000000002017 - 01 - 04 - 0000 4 January 2017 000000002017 - 08 - 27 - 0000 27 August 2017 236 Punjab and Haryana High Court 45 Dipak Misra 000000002017 - 08 - 28 - 0000 28 August 2017 Incumbent 43 Odisha High Court Ram Nath Kovind Notes ( edit ) - Date of Resignation - Date of Death See also ( edit ) List of current Indian chief justices List of former justices of the Supreme Court of India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` List of Retired Hon'ble Chief Justices '' . Retrieved 6 Jan 2012 . Jump up ^ Also served as Acting President of India and Vice-President of India . Judiciary of India Supreme Court Supreme Court of India Chief Justice of India List of Chief Justices of India List of sitting judges High Courts High Courts of India Chief Justices of High Courts of India District Courts District Courts of India List of district courts of India Judicial Magistrate of First Class Courts of Judicial Magistrate of First Class Gram Nyayalayas Judicial Magistrate of Second Class Courts of Judicial Magistrate of Second Class Constitution Constitution of India Law of India Indian Penal Code Appointment of Judges National Judicial Appointments Commission Collegium System Chief Justices of the Territories of the British Empire and the United Kingdom Legend Current territory Former territory * Now a Commonwealth realm Now a member of the Commonwealth of Nations Europe Since 1234 England and Wales Since c. 1200 Scotland 1175 - 1921 Ireland 1708 -- 1757 Menorca Since 1713 Gibraltar 1763 -- 1782 Menorca 1798 -- 1802 Menorca 1800 -- 1813 Malta ( Protectorate ) 1813 -- 1964 Malta ( Colony ) 1807 -- 1890 Heligoland 1809 -- 1864 Ionian Islands 1878 -- 1960 Cyprus 1921 -- 1937 Irish Free State Since 1922 Northern Ireland North America 17th century and before 18th century 19th and 20th century 1579 New Albion 1583 -- 1907 Newfoundland 1605 -- 1979 * Saint Lucia 1607 -- 1776 Virginia Since 1619 Bermuda 1620 -- 1691 Plymouth Colony 1623 -- 1883 Saint Kitts * ( Saint Kitts & Nevis ) 1624 -- 1966 * Barbados 1625 -- 1650 Saint Croix 1627 -- 1979 * Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1628 -- 1883 Nevis * ( Saint Kitts & Nevis ) 1629 -- 1691 Massachusetts Bay Colony 1632 -- 1776 Maryland since 1632 Montserrat 1632 -- 1860 Antigua * ( Antigua & Barbuda ) 1636 -- 1776 Connecticut 1636 -- 1776 Rhode Island 1637 -- 1662 New Haven Colony 1643 -- 1860 Bay Islands Since 1650 Anguilla 1655 -- 1850 Mosquito Coast ( protectorate ) 1655 -- 1962 * Jamaica 1663 -- 1712 Carolina 1664 -- 1776 New York 1665 -- 1674 and 1702 -- 1776 New Jersey Since 1666 British Virgin Islands Since 1670 Cayman Islands 1670 -- 1973 * Bahamas 1670 -- 1870 Rupert 's Land 1671 -- 1816 Leeward Islands 1674 -- 1702 East Jersey 1674 -- 1702 West Jersey 1680 -- 1776 New Hampshire 1681 -- 1776 Pennsylvania 1686 -- 1689 Dominion of New England 1691 -- 1776 Massachusetts 1701 -- 1776 Delaware 1712 -- 1776 North Carolina 1712 -- 1776 South Carolina 1713 -- 1867 Nova Scotia 1733 -- 1776 Georgia 1754 -- 1820 Cape Breton Island 1762 -- 1974 * Grenada 1763 -- 1978 Dominica 1763 -- 1873 Prince Edward Island 1763 -- 1791 Quebec 1763 -- 1783 East Florida 1763 -- 1783 West Florida 1784 -- 1867 New Brunswick 1791 -- 1841 Lower Canada 1791 -- 1841 Upper Canada Since 1799 Turks and Caicos Islands 1818 -- 1846 Columbia District / Oregon Country 1833 -- 1960 Windward Islands 1833 -- 1960 Leeward Islands 1841 -- 1867 Province of Canada 1849 -- 1866 Vancouver Island 1853 -- 1863 Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands 1858 -- 1866 British Columbia 1859 -- 1870 North - Western Territory 1860 -- 1981 * British Antigua and Barbuda 1862 -- 1863 Stikine Territory 1866 -- 1871 Vancouver Island and British Columbia 1867 -- 1931 * Dominion of Canada 1871 -- 1964 British Honduras ( * Belize ) 1882 -- 1983 * Saint Kitts and Nevis 1889 -- 1962 Trinidad and Tobago 1907 -- 1949 Dominion of Newfoundland 1958 -- 1962 West Indies Federation 1 . 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Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Chief_Justices_of_India&oldid=800959607 '' Categories : Indian judges Chief Justices of India Judiciary of India Hidden categories : Dts templates with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 20 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the first cheif justice of the supreme court | [
"Since the birth of the Republic of India on 26 January 1950, 45 people have served as the Chief Justice of India (CJI).[1] While H. J. Kania is the inaugural CJI, the current incumbent is Dipak Misra who was appointed as Chief Justice of India on 28 August 2017. Justice Y. V. Chandrachud is the longest serving Chief Justice (000000001978-02-01-0000February 1978 - 000000001985-07-01-0000July 1985)."
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"H. J. Kania"
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486381116569685108 | Peter Cullen | Peter Cullen - wikipedia Peter Cullen Jump to : navigation , search For the Australian water scientist , see Peter Cullen ( scientist ) . For the British Olympic athlete , see Peter Cullen ( athlete ) . Peter Cullen Cullen at the January 2015 Sac - Anime Peter Claver Cullen ( 1941 - 07 - 28 ) July 28 , 1941 ( age 76 ) Montreal , Quebec , Canada Nationality Canadian Occupation Voice actor Years active 1962 -- present Known for Voice of Optimus Prime and Eeyore Children Peter Claver Cullen ( born July 28 , 1941 ) is a Canadian voice actor . He is best known as the voice of Optimus Prime ( as well as Ironhide ) in the original 1980s Transformers animated series , and most other incarnations of the character , as well , and Eeyore in the Winnie the Pooh franchise . He also voiced Monterey Jack in Chip ' n Dale Rescue Rangers from season one through some of season two . In 2007 , Cullen returned to the role of Optimus Prime in various Transformers media , starting with the first live - action film . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 1960s -- 1970s 2.2 As Optimus Prime 2.3 Other work 3 Personal life 4 Honors 5 Filmography 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 5.3 Video games 5.4 Theme park rides 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Cullen was born on July 28 , 1941 in Montreal , Quebec , to Henry L. and Muriel ( née McCann ) Cullen . He has three siblings : Michaela , Sonny , and Larry . Cullen attended Regiopolis - Notre Dame Catholic Secondary School . He is a member of the first graduating class of the National Theatre School of Canada , which graduated in 1963 . His brother , Larry Cullen , was a retired Captain in the United States Marine Corps , and helped inspire the voice of Optimus Prime . Career ( edit ) 1960s -- 1970s ( edit ) In 1968 , he and Joan Stuart appeared as `` Giles '' and `` Penelope '' in L'Anglaise , a recurring segment about a French - Canadian man with an English - Canadian wife , on the CBC Radio comedy series , Funny You Should Say That . Cullen played a French - Canadian astronaut character named Commander Bi Bi Latuque alongside Ted Zeigler for the 1969 children 's show , The Buddies on CFCF - TV in Montreal . He honed his voice skills by working as a radio announcer , notably in his home town of Montreal on ( then ) MOR station CKGM doing the overnight and weekend swing shifts . From 1967 - 69 , he was the announcer for Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour . From 1971 - 74 , he , Zeigler and Billy Van were series regulars on The Sonny and Cher Comedy Hour . In 1974 , Cullen was the announcer and a series regular ( with Ted Zeigler and Billy Van ) on The Hudson Brothers Razzle Dazzle Show . He lent his voice to a character in the album `` The Story of Halloween Horror '' in 1977 . As Optimus Prime ( edit ) Cullen recalls auditioning for the role of the robot superhero Optimus Prime at a casting house in Burbank , California , explaining that as he read Prime 's character breakdown , he saw that it was `` the opportunity of the year '' , and heeded his brother Larry 's advice : `` Peter , do n't be a Hollywood superhero , be a real superhero . Real superheroes do n't yell and act tough ; they are tough enough to be gentle , so control yourself . '' Cullen later learned from his agent , Steve Tisherman , that he not only won the part of Prime , but also , to his surprise , the role of Ironhide as well , which he saw as a `` home run '' . He has stated that Optimus is his favorite voice role , and that he based the voice of the Autobot leader on his older brother Larry , who served in Vietnam . `` When he came home , I could see a change . He was quieter and he was a man and a superhero to me , '' says the actor . `` I watched him and listened to him . I 'd never had an opportunity to do a superhero , and when that came , ( that voice ) just came right out of me and I sounded like Optimus . '' Cullen putting his handprints in wet concrete at the Optimus Prime Chinese Theatre Handprint Ceremony in September 2014 He has also stated that he had no idea of Prime 's popularity until the character 's controversial death in the 1986 animated film , as the studio had never given him fan letters from children addressed to Optimus . The public backlash over Optimus ' death surprised producers greatly . Children were leaving the theaters because of the character 's death . The writers temporarily revived the character for a single episode in Season 3 called `` Dark Awakening '' . Initially , this was intended to be his final appearance , but after fan requests continued , `` The Return of Optimus Prime '' , a two - part episode was produced . The original ending of `` Dark Awakening '' was altered in reruns to include a teaser about the return of the character . Cullen reprised the role of Optimus Prime in the 2007 Transformers live - action film , and its sequels Revenge of the Fallen , Dark of the Moon , Age of Extinction , and The Last Knight , as well as the video games based on them . Cullen will also voice Optimus in the spin - off Bumblebee film , set to be released in 2018 . He is contractually obligated to voice Optimus in at least one more sequel . Cullen again reprised his role as Optimus Prime in the video games Transformers : War for Cybertron , Transformers : Fall of Cybertron and Transformers : Devastation , and in the recent television series Transformers : Rescue Bots , Transformers Prime and Transformers : Robots in Disguise . His performance in the premiere season of Transformers : Prime earned him a nomination for a 2011 Daytime Emmy Award in the Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program category . Other work ( edit ) Cullen in 2011 In the 1980s and the 1990s , Cullen appeared on a number of television shows . He has played Coran , Stride the Tiger Fighter , and King Alfor in the Lion Voltron series , the transforming spaceship / robot Ramrod in the 1980s anime series Saber Rider and the Star Sheriffs , Commander James Hawkins in the Vehicle Voltron series , Eeyore in the Winnie the Pooh franchise , KARR in Knight Rider , Antor and Bomba , and Gunner , in Dino - Riders , Airbourne , Nemesis Enforcer and Zandar in G.I. Joe , He played `` Mantor / Mantys '' in Coleco 's 5 episode mini-series Sectaurs in 1986 ; Red Skull in the 1981 cartoon series of Spider - Man , Klaar and Zanzoar in Megas XLR and Mantus in The Pirates of Dark Water . He also had a voice part in the 1984 motion picture Gremlins , as a gremlin , and the first season of the 2008 Knight Rider series as KARR . He also did voicework in The Greatest Adventure : Stories from the Bible series , notably as Japheth , one of Noah 's sons in the `` Noah 's Ark '' episode , and the King of Nineveh in the `` Jonah '' episode . He was well known by some as the main villain Venger in the animated series of Dungeons and Dragons . He played the evil sorcerer Renwick in the lesser known series Little Wizards and played Cindarr in the short - lived series Visionaries : Knights of the Magical Light . Among many other television series and films , he has also lent his basso voice to many film trailers and television commercials , including announcing for the Toonami and You Are Here blocks on the Cartoon Network . Cullen spent some of his early professional years in Montreal as a radio announcer / DJ on CKGM ; and as a character in a then - popular local television kids show . He acted the role of a French - Canadian astronaut , along with writer and his partner on the show , Ted Ziegler . Both Ziegler and Cullen were in the supporting cast of The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour , as well as other network comedies of the era . He voiced Nintendo 's mascot Mario in the Donkey Kong segments on Saturday Supercade , making him the first person to ever provide a voice for the character . Cullen has done voicework on drum and bass DJ Dieselboy 's 2004 album , The Dungeonmaster 's Guide , and narration on the 2013 album Tetragrammaton by the Dutch extreme metal band The Monolith Deathcult . Tetragrammaton also featured Cullen on bass in `` God 's Among Insects . '' Additionally , he did voicework for the unreleased Blizzard Entertainment game Warcraft Adventures : Lord of the Clans , and provided narration for the Star Wars fan film series I.M.P.S. : The Relentless . Cullen is a voice announcer on Police Story 4 : First Strike in advertisements for New Line Cinema , lending his experience as an ex-cop for the Santa Monica division to the cast . Personal life ( edit ) Cullen has four children : Clay , Angus , Claire , Pilar and three grandchildren . He is a good friend of his Transformers co-star and fellow voice actor Frank Welker . Honors ( edit ) At BotCon 2010 , Hasbro named Cullen as one of the first four human inductees in the Transformers Hall of Fame for his role as the voice of Optimus Prime . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role 1970 Prologue Allen 1976 King Kong King Kong ( voice only ) 1982 Heidi 's Song Gruffle Deck the Halls with Wacky Walls Big Blue 1984 Voyage of the Rock Aliens 1359 Gallavants Antonim Warriors of the Wind General ( 1985 dub ) 1985 Robotix Bigfoot and the Muscle Machines Arthur Ravenscroft Rainbow Brite and the Star Stealer Various voices 1986 Voltron : Fleet of Doom Various voices Heathcliff : The Movie Pop GoBots : Battle of the Rock Lords Pincher , Tombstone , Stones My Little Pony : The Movie Grundle , Ahgg The Transformers : The Movie Optimus Prime , Ironhide ( voice ) G.I. Joe : The Movie Zandar , Nemesis Enforcer , Scientist ( voice ) Predator The Predator ( voice ) 1988 Rockin ' with Judy Jetson Gruff , Commander Comsat , Bouncer Yogi and the Invasion of the Space Bears Ranger Roubideux ( voice ) 1989 Vytor : The Starfire Champion Myzor , Chief Eldor 1991 The Little Engine That Could Pete , The Cave ( voice ) 1994 The Story of Christmas Ox ( voice ) Pooh 's Grand Adventure : The Search for Christopher Robin Eeyore ( voice ) 1999 Seasons of Giving Eeyore ( voice ; archive footage ) 2000 The Tigger Movie Eeyore ( voice ) The Book of Pooh : Stories from the Heart Eeyore ( voice ) Mickey 's Magical Christmas : Snowed in at the House of Mouse Eeyore ( voice ) 2002 A Very Merry Pooh Year Eeyore ( voice ) Treasure Planet Captain Flint ( voice ) 2003 Piglet 's Big Movie Eeyore ( voice ) Springtime with Roo Eeyore ( voice ) 2005 Pooh 's Heffalump Movie Eeyore ( voice ) Pooh 's Heffalump Halloween Movie Eeyore ( voice ) 2007 Transformers Optimus Prime ( voice ) Super Sleuth Christmas Movie Eeyore ( voice ) 2009 Tigger and Pooh and a Musical Too Eeyore ( voice ) Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen Optimus Prime ( voice ) 2011 Transformers : Dark of the Moon Optimus Prime ( voice ) 2014 Transformers : Age of Extinction Optimus Prime ( voice ) 2017 Transformers : The Last Knight Optimus Prime / Nemesis Prime ( voice ) 2018 Bumblebee Optimus Prime ( Voice ) Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1962 -- 63 The Jetsons Additional voices 1967 The Buddies Commander Bi Bi Latuque 1967 -- 68 The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour Announcer 1969 Comedy Cafe 1970 -- 71 Zut ! 1971 -- 74 The Sonny and Cher Comedy Hour Himself , various characters The Bobbie Gentry Show Announcer The Hudson Brothers Razzle Dazzle Show Himself The Sonny Comedy Revue Himself , various characters Down Home Country Luke Warm 1976 The Wolfman Jack Show 1979 The Plastic Man Comedy / Adventure Show Mighty Man 1979 Scooby - Doo and Scrappy - Doo Additional voices 1981 The Kwicky Koala Show 1981 The Smurfs Additional voices 1981 Spider - Man and His Amazing Friends Hulk / Dr. Bruce Banner , Mysterio , Red Skull 2 episodes 1982 The Scooby & Scrappy - Doo / Puppy Hour Lucky 1982 Spider - Man Red Skull , Stuntman , Jack Riven 1982 Meatballs & Spaghetti Additional voices 1982 Pac - Man Sour Puss 1982 The Little Rascals Officer Ed , Pete the Pup 1982 Knight Rider K.A.R.R. 1st voice Episode : `` Trust Does n't Rust '' Monchhichis Shreeker , Snitchitt , Gonker The Puppy 's Further Adventures Lucky The Biskitts Dog Foot , Fang , Scratch Saturday Supercade Mario The Dukes Additional voices 1983 -- 85 Dungeons & Dragons Venger 1984 Dragon 's Lair Bertram 1984 Heathcliff and the Catillac Cats Additional voices 1984 Snorks Additional voices 1984 -- 86 Rainbow Brite Murky Dismal 1984 -- 85 Alvin and the Chipmunks Additional voices 1984 -- 87 The Transformers Optimus Prime , Ironhide , Streetwise , Blowpipe , Slugslinger 1984 Voltron : Defender of the Universe Coran , King Alfor , Narrator 1984 Three 's a Crowd Sports Announcer , Airline Captain 2 episodes 1985 The 13 Ghosts of Scooby - Doo Maldor the Malevolent 1985 Challenge of the GoBots Spoiler , Tank , Pincher 1985 The Super Powers Team : Galactic Guardians Felix Faust Episode : `` Brainchild / The Case of the Stolen Super Powers '' 1985 -- 86 G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero Airborne , Ramar , Zandar 1986 MoonDreamers Igon , various characters Episode : `` Zodies on the Loose '' 1986 Rambo : The Force of Freedom Sergeant Havoc 1986 Muppet Babies Additional voices Episode : `` Fozzie 's Family Tree '' 1986 Ghostbusters Eddie Spenser , Jr. , Eddie Spenser , Sr. , Haunter , Floatzart 1986 Pound Puppies Captain Slaughter 4 episodes 1986 The New Adventures of Jonny Quest Patch Episode : `` Peril of the Reptilian '' 1986 Foofur Baby the Rat , Vinnie the Cat 1986 My Little Pony Captain Crabnasty Episode : `` Fugitive Flowers '' 1987 -- 88 BraveStarr Dr. Whiston , Dr. Watson , Hack 1987 -- 88 DuckTales Admiral Grimitz , Bankjob Beagle , Mad Dog McGirk , Lessdred The Little Wizards Renwick , various characters The Real Ghostbusters Doctor Destructo , Police Officer Episode : `` Captain Steel Saves the Day '' Visionaries : Knights of the Magical Light Cindarr 1987 -- 89 Saber Rider and the Star Sheriffs Commander Eagle , Narrator , Nemesis 1988 Dino - Riders Gunner , Antor , Bomba Episode : `` Toro Toro Torosaurus '' 1988 -- 89 The New Yogi Bear Show Ranger Roubideux 1988 Mickey 's 60th Birthday Yen Sid TV special 1988 -- 91 The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh Eeyore 1988 -- 90 Disney 's Adventures of the Gummi Bears Kerwin the Conqueror , Gritty 1988 -- 89 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Smash , Mugger , Napoleon 1989 Rude Dog and the Dweebs Herman , Winston 1989 -- 90 Chip ' n Dale Rescue Rangers Monterey Jack , additional voices TaleSpin Additional voices Episode : `` It Came from Beneath the Sea Duck '' 1990 -- 93 Tom & Jerry Kids Additional voices 1990 -- 91 Widget the World Watcher Bob the Poacher , Rooney Kangaroo , Gdunu 1991 -- 93 The Pirates of Dark Water Mantus 1991 In Living Color Episode : `` Dickie Peterson : Cherub of Justice '' Bonkers Abominable Snowman , Mackey McSlime 1994 Hardball Fox Announcer Episode : `` Lee 's Bad , Bad Day '' Boo to You Too ! Winnie the Pooh Eeyore 2001 -- 02 House of Mouse Eeyore 2001 - 03 The Book of Pooh Eeyore 2004 -- 05 Megas XLR Zanzoar , Klaar 2005 -- 06 IGPX : Immortal Grand Prix Narrator 2007 -- 10 My Friends Tigger & Pooh Eeyore 2009 Knight Rider K.A.R.R. Episode : `` Knight in King 's Pawn '' 2009 Bizarre Dinosaurs Narrator 2010 -- 13 Transformers : Prime Optimus Prime , Vehicon 2012 -- 16 Transformers : Rescue Bots Optimus Prime 2014 2014 Kids ' Choice Awards Optimus Prime 2015 -- 2017 Transformers : Robots in Disguise Optimus Prime 2017 Doc McStuffins Eeyore Episode : Into the Hundred Acre Wood 2017 Transformers : Titans Return Optimus Prime 2018 The Toys That Made Us Himself and Optimus Prime Video games ( edit ) Year Title Voice 2003 Piglet 's Big Game Eeyore 2007 Transformers : The Game Optimus Prime Transformers Autobots 2009 Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen Transformers Revenge of the Fallen : Autobots Transformers : War for Cybertron 2011 Transformers : Dark of the Moon 2012 Transformers : Fall of Cybertron Transformers : Prime -- The Game 2014 Transformers : Rise of the Dark Spark 2015 Transformers : Devastation 2016 Transformers : Earth Wars ) ) Theme park rides ( edit ) Year Title Role 2003 The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh Eeyore ( voice ) 2011 Transformers : The Ride Optimus Prime ( voice ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Film / TV Show Result Golden Raspberry Awards Worst Screen Combo Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen Nominated 2011 Daytime Emmy Awards Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program Transformers Prime Nominated 2012 Golden Raspberry Awards Worst Screen Ensemble Transformers : Dark of the Moon Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gilchrist , Todd ( June 8 , 2007 ) . `` Exclusive : Peter Cullen Interview '' . IGN . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ All Our Alumni Archived 2012 - 05 - 12 at the Wayback Machine. , National Theatre School of Canada , ent-nts.ca ; accessed August 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hidalgo , Pablo . Transformers Vault : The Complete Transformers Universe Showcasing Rare Collectibles and Memorabilia , Abrams , 2011 , Foreword by Peter Cullen , p. 7 Jump up ^ `` The Buddies '' . 4 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Chris ( Spring 2014 ) . `` An Optimal Voice for Optimus '' . Hero Complex , Los Angeles Times . p. 22 Jump up ^ Nguyen , Hanh . `` Prime Time : Cullen 's ' Transformers ' Resurrection '' , Zap2It , 7 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Optimus Prime Returning for the Bumblebee Spinoff Movie - Screen Rant Jump up ^ Review of Tetragrammaton by The Monolith Deathcult , Metal-fi.com Jump up ^ Blizzard Entertainment , Coming Soon magazine Jump up ^ `` IMPS Chapter One FAQ '' . Impstherelentless.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ Handout . `` Police Story 4 : First Strike '' . OrlandoSentinel.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Frank Welker '' . Behind The Voice Actors . Jump up ^ `` TRANSFORMERS Hall of Fame Peter Cullen '' ( video ) . Hasbro . Retrieved January 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Cullen '' . Behind The Voice Actors . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 18 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Peter Cullen Wikimedia Commons has media related to Peter Cullen . Peter Cullen on IMDb Peter Cullen at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia Peter Cullen at AllMovie Preceded by None Voice of Optimus Prime 1984 -- 1988 Original series and animated film Succeeded by Neil Kaplan 2001 -- 2002 Robots in Disguise Preceded by Garry Chalk 2002 -- 2006 Unicron Trilogy Voice of Optimus Prime 2007 Video game and live - action film Succeeded by David Kaye 2007 -- 2009 Animated Preceded by David Kaye 2007 -- 2009 Animated Voice of Optimus Prime 2009 Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen Succeeded by none Preceded by none Voice of Optimus Prime Transformers : Prime Succeeded by none Preceded by none Voice of Optimus Prime 2011 Transformers : Dark of the Moon Succeeded by none Preceded by none Voice of Optimus Prime 2014 Transformers : Age of Extinction Succeeded by none Preceded by Voice of Optimus Prime 2017 Transformers : The Last Knight Succeeded by none Preceded by None Voice of Ironhide Original series and animated film 1984 -- 1986 Succeeded by Michael McConnohie 2001 -- 2002 Robots in Disguise Preceded by None Voice of Mario 1983 -- 1985 Saturday Supercade Succeeded by Lou Albano 1989 -- 1990 Super Mario Brothers Super Show Preceded by None Voice of KARR 1982 Knight Rider episode `` Trust Does n't Rust '' Succeeded by Paul Frees 1984 Knight Rider episode `` K.I.T.T. vs. K.A.R.R. '' Preceded by Paul Frees 1984 Knight Rider episode `` K.I.T.T. vs. K.A.R.R. '' Voice of KARR 2009 Knight Rider episode `` Knight to King 's Pawn '' Succeeded by None Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Cullen&oldid=843197447 '' Categories : 1941 births Living people Male actors from Montreal Anglophone Quebec people Canadian expatriate male actors in the United States Canadian male film actors Canadian male television actors Canadian male video game actors Canadian male voice actors National Theatre School of Canada alumni Canadian Roman Catholics Canadian sketch comedians 20th - century Canadian male actors 21st - century Canadian male actors Hanna - Barbera people Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote تۆرکجه Български Cebuano Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe ייִדיש 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 15 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who does voice of optimus prime transformer movie | [
"Peter Claver Cullen (born July 28, 1941) is a Canadian voice actor. He is best known as the voice of Optimus Prime (as well as Ironhide) in the original 1980s Transformers animated series, and most other incarnations of the character, as well, and Eeyore in the Winnie the Pooh franchise. He also voiced Monterey Jack in Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers from season one through some of season two. In 2007, Cullen returned to the role of Optimus Prime in various Transformers media, starting with the first live-action film.[1]"
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"Peter Claver Cullen"
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3022498029851229176 | Psychosexual development | Psychosexual development - wikipedia Psychosexual development Part of a series of articles on Psychoanalysis Concepts ( hide ) Psychosexual development Psychosocial development ( Erikson ) Unconscious Preconscious Consciousness Psychic apparatus Id , ego and super-ego Libido Drive Transference Countertransference Ego defenses Resistance Projection Denial Dreamwork Important figures ( show ) Karl Abraham Alfred Adler Michael Balint Wilfred Bion Josef Breuer Nancy Chodorow Max Eitingon Erik Erikson Ronald Fairbairn Paul Federn Otto Fenichel Sándor Ferenczi Anna Freud Sigmund Freud Erich Fromm Harry Guntrip Karen Horney Edith Jacobson Ernest Jones Carl Jung Abram Kardiner Heinz Kohut Melanie Klein Jacques Lacan Ronald Laing Margaret Mahler Jacques - Alain Miller Sandor Rado Otto Rank Wilhelm Reich Joan Riviere Isidor Sadger Ernst Simmel Sabina Spielrein Wilhelm Stekel James Strachey Harry Stack Sullivan Susan Sutherland Isaacs Donald Winnicott Important works ( show ) The Interpretation of Dreams ( 1899 ) The Psychopathology of Everyday Life ( 1901 ) Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality ( 1905 ) Beyond the Pleasure Principle ( 1920 ) The Ego and the Id ( 1923 ) Schools of thought ( show ) Self psychology Lacanian Jungian Object relations Interpersonal Reichian Relational Ego psychology Training ( show ) Boston Graduate School of Psychoanalysis British Psychoanalytic Council British Psychoanalytical Society Columbia University Center for Psychoanalytic Training and Research International Psychoanalytical Association World Association of Psychoanalysis Psychology portal In Freudian psychology , psychosexual development is a central element of the psychoanalytic sexual drive theory , that human beings , from birth , possess an instinctual libido ( sexual energy ) that develops in five stages . Each stage -- the oral , the anal , the phallic , the latent , and the genital -- is characterized by the erogenous zone that is the source of the libidinal drive . Sigmund Freud proposed that if the child experienced sexual frustration in relation to any psychosexual developmental stage , he or she would experience anxiety that would persist into adulthood as a neurosis , a functional mental disorder . Contents 1 Background 2 Freudian psychosexual development 2.1 Oral stage 2.2 Anal stage 2.3 Phallic stage 2.4 Latency stage 2.5 Genital stage 3 Criticisms 3.1 Scientific 3.2 Feminist 3.3 Anthropologic 4 Medical sexological model 5 See also 6 References Background ( edit ) The neurologist Sigmund Freud , c. 1921 . Sigmund Freud ( 1856 -- 1939 ) observed that during the predictable stages of early childhood development , the child 's behavior is oriented towards certain parts of his or her body , e.g. the mouth during breast - feeding , the anus during toilet - training . He argued that adult neurosis ( functional mental disorder ) often is rooted in childhood sexuality , and consequently suggested that neurotic adult behaviors are manifestations of childhood sexual fantasy and desire . That is because human beings are born `` polymorphous perverse '' , infants can derive sexual pleasure from any part of their bodies , and that socialization directs the instinctual libidinal drives into adult heterosexuality . Given the predictable timeline of childhood behavior , he proposed `` libido development '' as a model of normal childhood sexual development , wherein the child progresses through five psychosexual stages -- the oral ; the anal ; the phallic ; the latent ; and the genital -- in which the source pleasure is in a different erogenous zone . Freudian psychosexual development ( edit ) Sexual infantilism : in pursuing and satisfying his or her libido ( sexual drive ) , the child might experience failure ( parental and societal disapproval ) and thus might associate anxiety with the given erogenous zone . To avoid anxiety , the child becomes fixated , preoccupied with the psychologic themes related to the erogenous zone in question , which persist into adulthood , and underlie the personality and psychopathology of the man or woman , as neurosis , hysteria , personality disorders , et cetera . Stage Age Range Erogenous zone Consequences of psychologic fixation Oral Birth -- 1 year Mouth Orally aggressive : chewing gum and the ends of pencils , etc . Orally passive : smoking , eating , kissing , oral sexual practices Oral stage fixation might result in a passive , gullible , immature , manipulative personality . Anal 1 -- 3 years Bowel and bladder elimination Anal retentive : Obsessively organized , or excessively neat Anal expulsive : reckless , careless , defiant , disorganized , coprophiliac Phallic 3 -- 6 years Genitalia Oedipus complex ( in boys and girls ) ; according to Sigmund Freud . Electra complex ( in girls ) ; according to Carl Jung . Latency 6 -- puberty Dormant sexual feelings Sexual unfulfillment if fixation occurs in this stage . Genital Puberty -- death Sexual interests mature Frigidity , impotence , unsatisfactory relationships Oral stage ( edit ) Main article : Oral stage The first stage of psychosexual development is the oral stage , spanning from birth until the age of one year , wherein the infant 's mouth is the focus of libidinal gratification derived from the pleasure of feeding at the mother 's breast , and from the oral exploration of his or her environment , i.e. the tendency to place objects in the mouth . The id dominates , because neither the ego nor the super ego is yet fully developed , and , since the infant has no personality ( identity ) , every action is based upon the pleasure principle . Nonetheless , the infantile ego is forming during the oral stage ; two factors contribute to its formation : ( i ) in developing a body image , he or she is discrete from the external world , e.g. the child understands pain when it is applied to his or her body , thus identifying the physical boundaries between body and environment ; ( ii ) experiencing delayed gratification leads to understanding that specific behaviors satisfy some needs , e.g. crying gratifies certain needs . Weaning is the key experience in the infant 's oral stage of psychosexual development , his or her first feeling of loss consequent to losing the physical intimacy of feeding at mother 's breast . Yet , weaning increases the infant 's self - awareness that he or she does not control the environment , and thus learns of delayed gratification , which leads to the formation of the capacities for independence ( awareness of the limits of the self ) and trust ( behaviors leading to gratification ) . Yet , thwarting of the oral - stage -- too much or too little gratification of desire -- might lead to an oral - stage fixation , characterised by passivity , gullibility , immaturity , unrealistic optimism , which is manifested in a manipulative personality consequent to ego malformation . In the case of too much gratification , the child does not learn that he or she does not control the environment , and that gratification is not always immediate , thereby forming an immature personality . In the case of too little gratification , the infant might become passive upon learning that gratification is not forthcoming , despite having produced the gratifying behavior . Anal stage ( edit ) Main article : Anal stage The second stage of psychosexual development is the anal stage , spanning from the age of eighteen months to three years , wherein the infant 's erogenous zone changes from the mouth ( the upper digestive tract ) to the anus ( the lower digestive tract ) , while the ego formation continues . Toilet training is the child 's key anal - stage experience , occurring at about the age of two years , and results in conflict between the id ( demanding immediate gratification ) and the ego ( demanding delayed gratification ) in eliminating bodily wastes , and handling related activities ( e.g. manipulating excrement , coping with parental demands ) . The style of parenting influences the resolution of the id -- ego conflict , which can be either gradual and psychologically uneventful , or which can be sudden and psychologically traumatic . The ideal resolution of the id -- ego conflict is in the child 's adjusting to moderate parental demands that teach the value and importance of physical cleanliness and environmental order , thus producing a self - controlled adult . Yet , if the parents make immoderate demands of the child , by over-emphasizing toilet training , it might lead to the development of a compulsive personality , a person too concerned with neatness and order . If the child obeys the id , and the parents yield , he or she might develop a self - indulgent personality characterized by personal slovenliness and environmental disorder . If the parents respond to that , the child must comply , but might develop a weak sense of self , because it was the parents ' will , and not the child 's ego , which controlled the toilet training . Phallic stage ( edit ) Main article : Phallic stage The third stage of psychosexual development is the phallic stage , spanning the ages of three to six years , wherein the child 's genitalia are his or her primary erogenous zone . It is in this third infantile development stage that children become aware of their bodies , the bodies of other children , and the bodies of their parents ; they gratify physical curiosity by undressing and exploring each other and their genitals , and so learn the physical ( sexual ) differences between `` male '' and `` female '' and the gender differences between `` boy '' and `` girl '' . In the phallic stage , a boy 's decisive psychosexual experience is the Oedipus complex , his son -- father competition for possession of mother . This psychological complex derives from the 5th - century BC Greek mythologic character Oedipus , who unwittingly killed his father , Laius , and sexually possessed his mother , Jocasta . Analogously , in the phallic stage , a girl 's decisive psychosexual experience is the Electra complex , her daughter -- mother competition for psychosexual possession of father . This psychological complex derives from the 5th - century BC Greek mythologic character Electra , who plotted matricidal revenge with Orestes , her brother , against Clytemnestra , their mother , and Aegisthus , their stepfather , for their murder of Agamemnon , their father , ( cf . Electra , by Sophocles ) . Initially , Freud equally applied the Oedipus complex to the psychosexual development of boys and girls , but later developed the female aspects of the theory as the feminine Oedipus attitude and the negative Oedipus complex ; yet , it was his student -- collaborator , Carl Jung , who coined the term Electra complex in 1913 . Nonetheless , Freud rejected Jung 's term as psychoanalytically inaccurate : `` that what we have said about the Oedipus complex applies with complete strictness to the male child only , and that we are right in rejecting the term ' Electra complex ' , which seeks to emphasize the analogy between the attitude of the two sexes '' . Oedipus complex : Oedipus explains the riddle of the Sphinx , Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres . ( ca . 1805 ) Electra complex : Electra at the Tomb of Agamemnon , by Frederic Leighton , c. 1869 Oedipus : Despite mother being the parent who primarily gratifies the child 's desires , the child begins forming a discrete sexual identity -- `` boy '' , `` girl '' -- that alters the dynamics of the parent and child relationship ; the parents become the focus of infantile libidinal energy . The boy focuses his libido ( sexual desire ) upon his mother , and focuses jealousy and emotional rivalry against his father -- because it is he who sleeps with mother . To facilitate uniting him with his mother , the boy 's id wants to kill father ( as did Oedipus ) , but the ego , pragmatically based upon the reality principle , knows that the father is the stronger of the two males competing to possess the one female . Nevertheless , the boy remains ambivalent about his father 's place in the family , which is manifested as fear of castration by the physically greater father ; the fear is an irrational , subconscious manifestation of the infantile Id . Electra : Whereas boys develop castration anxiety , girls develop penis envy that is rooted in anatomic fact : without a penis , she can not sexually possess mother , as the infantile id demands . As a result , the girl redirects her desire for sexual union upon father ; thus , she progresses towards heterosexual femininity that culminates in bearing a child who replaces the absent penis . Moreover , after the phallic stage , the girl 's psychosexual development includes transferring her primary erogenous zone from the infantile clitoris to the adult vagina . Freud thus considered a girl 's Oedipal conflict to be more emotionally intense than that of a boy , potentially resulting in a submissive woman of insecure personality . Psychologic defense : In both sexes , defense mechanisms provide transitory resolutions of the conflict between the drives of the Id and the drives of the Ego . The first defense mechanism is repression , the blocking of memories , emotional impulses , and ideas from the conscious mind ; yet it does not resolve the Id -- Ego conflict . The second defense mechanism is Identification , by which the child incorporates , to his or her ego , the personality characteristics of the same - sex parent ; in so adapting , the boy diminishes his castration anxiety , because his likeness to father protects him from father 's wrath as a rival for mother ; by so adapting , the girl facilitates identifying with mother , who understands that , in being females , neither of them possesses a penis , and thus they are not antagonists . Dénouement : Unresolved psychosexual competition for the opposite - sex parent might produce a phallic - stage fixation leading a girl to become a woman who continually strives to dominate men ( viz . penis envy ) , either as an unusually seductive woman ( high self - esteem ) or as an unusually submissive woman ( low self - esteem ) . In a boy , a phallic - stage fixation might lead him to become an aggressive , over-ambitious , vain man . Therefore , the satisfactory parental handling and resolution of the Oedipus complex and of the Electra complex are most important in developing the infantile super-ego , because , by identifying with a parent , the child internalizes morality , thereby , choosing to comply with societal rules , rather than having to reflexively comply in fear of punishment . Latency stage ( edit ) Main article : Latency stage The fourth stage of psychosexual development is the latency stage that spans from the age of six years until puberty , wherein the child consolidates the character habits he or she developed in the three , earlier stages of psychologic and sexual development . Whether or not the child has successfully resolved the Oedipal conflict , the instinctual drives of the id are inaccessible to the Ego , because his or her defense mechanisms repressed them during the phallic stage . Hence , because said drives are latent ( hidden ) and gratification is delayed -- unlike during the preceding oral , anal , and phallic stages -- the child must derive the pleasure of gratification from secondary process - thinking that directs the libidinal drives towards external activities , such as schooling , friendships , hobbies , etc . Any neuroses established during the fourth , latent stage , of psychosexual development might derive from the inadequate resolution either of the Oedipus conflict or of the Ego 's failure to direct his or her energies towards socially acceptable activities . Genital stage ( edit ) Main article : Genital stage The fifth stage of psychosexual development is the genital stage that spans puberty through adult life , and thus represents most of a person 's life ; its purpose is the psychological detachment and independence from the parents . The genital stage affords the person the ability to confront and resolve his or her remaining psychosexual childhood conflicts . As in the phallic stage , the genital stage is centered upon the genitalia , but the sexuality is consensual and adult , rather than solitary and infantile . The psychological difference between the phallic and genital stages is that the ego is established in the latter ; the person 's concern shifts from primary - drive gratification ( instinct ) to applying secondary process - thinking to gratify desire symbolically and intellectually by means of friendships , a love relationship , family and adult responsibilities . Criticisms ( edit ) Scientific ( edit ) A usual criticism of the scientific ( experimental ) validity of the Freudian psychology theory of human psychosexual development is that Sigmund Freud ( 1856 -- 1939 ) was personally fixated upon human sexuality ; therefore , he favored defining human development with a normative theory of psychologic and sexual development . Hence , the phallic stage proved controversial , for being based upon clinical observations of the Oedipus complex . In Analysis of a Phobia in a Five - year - old Boy ( 1909 ) , the case study of the boy `` Little Hans '' ( Herbert Graf , 1903 -- 73 ) who was afflicted with equinophobia , the relation between Hans 's fears - of horses and of father - derived from external factors such as the birth of his sister , and internal factors like the desire of the infantile id to replace father as companion to mother , as well as guilt for enjoying the masturbation normal to a boy of his age . Moreover , his admitting to wanting to procreate with mother was considered proof of the boy 's sexual attraction to the opposite - sex parent ; he was a heterosexual male . Yet , the boy Hans was unable to relate fearing horses to fearing his father . The psychoanalyst Freud noted that `` Hans had to be told many things that he could not say himself '' and that `` he had to be presented with thoughts , which he had , so far , shown no signs of possessing '' . Many Freud critics believe the memories and fantasies of childhood seduction Freud reported , were not real memories , but were constructs that Freud created and forced upon his patients . According to Frederick Crews , the seduction theory that Freud abandoned in the late 1890s acted as a precedent to the wave of false allegations of childhood sexual abuse in the 1980s and 1990s . Feminist ( edit ) Contemporaneously , Sigmund Freud 's psychosexual development theory is criticized as sexist , because it was informed with his introspection ( self - analysis ) . To integrate the female libido ( sexual desire ) to psychosexual development , he proposed that girls develop `` penis envy '' . In response , the German Neo-Freudian psychoanalyst Karen Horney , counter-proposed that girls instead develop `` Power envy '' , rather than penis envy . She further proposed the concept of `` womb and vagina envy '' , the male 's envy of the female ability to bear children ; yet , contemporary formulations further develop said envy from the biologic ( child - bearing ) to the psychologic ( nurturance ) , envy of women 's perceived right to be the kind parent . Anthropologic ( edit ) Psychosexual development : Bronisław Malinowski and natives , Trobriand Islands ( 1918 ) . Contemporary criticism also questions the universality of the Freudian theory of personality ( Id , Ego , Super-ego ) discussed in the essay On Narcissism ( 1914 ) , wherein he said that `` it is impossible to suppose that a unity , comparable to the ego can exist in the individual from the very start '' . Contemporary cultural considerations have questioned the normative presumptions of the Freudian psychodynamic perspective that posits the son -- father conflict of the Oedipal complex as universal and essential to human psychologic development . The anthropologist Bronisław Malinowski 's studies of the Trobriand islanders challenged the Freudian proposal that psychosexual development ( e.g. the Oedipus complex ) was universal . He reported that in the insular matriarchal society of the Trobriand , boys are disciplined by their maternal uncles , not their fathers ; impartial , avuncular discipline . In Sex and Repression in Savage Society ( 1927 ) , Malinowski reported that boys dreamed of feared uncles , not of beloved fathers , thus , power -- not sexual jealousy -- is the source of Oedipal conflict in such non -- Western societies . In Human Behavior in Global Perspective : an Introduction to Cross-Cultural Psychology ( 1999 ) , Marshall H. Segall et al. propose that Freud based the theory of psychosexual development upon a misinterpretation . Furthermore , contemporary research confirms that although personality traits corresponding to the oral stage , the anal stage , the phallic stage , the latent stage , and the genital stage are observable , they remain undetermined as fixed stages of childhood , and as adult personality traits derived from childhood . Medical Sexological Model ( edit ) Modern scientific ideas about psychosexual development were reflected in the Medical Sexological Model , which was formulated by the Ukrainian scientist Vyacheslav Kholodny in 2014 . Postulates of this Model : Psychosexual development includes constituents : sexual consciousness , stereotype of gender role and psychosexual orientations ( orientation of a libido and ways of its realization ) . The libido contains conceptual , Platonic , erotic and sexual components . Constituents and Components are formed through a phase of position formation and a realization phase . There are content ( semantic , scenario ) and body elements in the Model . Wikinews has related news : Dr. Joseph Merlino on sexuality , insanity , Freud , fetishes and apathy See also ( edit ) Amphimixis Herma Min ( god ) Fertility Bacchanalia Vanir Phallic monism Priapus Sigmund Freud Orgastic potency References ( edit ) Library resources about Psychosexual development Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Jump up ^ `` Introduction to Sigmund Freud , Module on Psychosexual Development '' . Cla.purdue.edu . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Bullock , A. , Trombley , S. ( 1999 ) The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought Harper Collins : London pp. 643 , 705 Jump up ^ Myre , Sim ( 1974 ) Guide to Psychiatry , 3rd ed . Churchill Livingstone : Edinburgh and London , p. 396 Jump up ^ Myre , Sim ( 1974 ) Guide to Psychiatry 3rd ed. , Churchill Livingstone : Edinburgh and London pp. 35 , 407 ^ Jump up to : Leach , P. ( 1997 ) Your Baby and Child : From Birth to Age Five 5th edition . New York : Knopf p. 000 Jump up ^ Murphy , Bruce ( 1996 ) . Benét 's Reader 's Encyclopedia Fourth edition , HarperCollins Publishers : New York p. 310 Jump up ^ Bell , Robert E. ( 1991 ) Women of Classical Mythology : A Biographical Dictionary Oxford University Press : California pp. 177 -- 78 Jump up ^ Hornblower , S. , Spawforth , A. ( 1998 ) The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization pp. 254 -- 55 Jump up ^ Freud , Sigmund ( 1991 ) . On Sexuality : Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality and Other Works . Penguin Books , Limited . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 013797 - 2 . Jump up ^ Scott , Jill ( 2005 ) Electra after Freud : Myth and Culture Cornell University Press p. 8 . Jump up ^ Jung , Carl ( 1970 ) . Psychoanalysis and Neurosis . Princeton University Press . Jump up ^ Sigmund Freud , On Sexuality ( London 1991 ) p. 375 Jump up ^ `` Sigmund Freud 1856 -- 1939 '' entry ( 2000 ) Encyclopaedia of German Literature Routledge : London Retrieved 2 September 2009 : http://www.credoreference.com.library.capella.edu/entry/routgermanlit/sigmund_freud_1856_1939 Jump up ^ Bullock , A. , Trombley , S. ( 1999 ) The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought Harper Collins : London pp. 607 , 705 Jump up ^ Bullock , A. , Trombley , S. ( 1999 ) The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought Harper Collins : London pp. 259 , 705 Jump up ^ Bullock , A. , Trombley , S. ( 1999 ) The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought Harper Collins : London pp. 205 , 107 ^ Jump up to : Frank Cioffi ( 2005 ) `` Sigmund Freud '' entry The Oxford Guide to Philosophy Oxford University Press : New York pp. 323 -- 324 ^ Jump up to : Crews , F.C. ( 2006 ) . Follies of the Wise : Dissenting Essays . Shoemaker & Hoard . ISBN 1 - 59376 - 101 - 5 . Jump up ^ Berzoff , Joan ; Flanagan , Laura Melano ; Hertz , Patricia ( 2008 ) . Inside Out and Outside in : Psychodynamic Clinical Theory and Psychopathology in Contemporary Multicultural Contexts . New York : Jason Aronson . pp. 229 -- 242 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7657 - 0432 - 0 . Retrieved 19 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Segall , Marshall H. ( 2 March 1999 ) . Human behavior in global perspective : an introduction to cross-cultural psychology . Allyn and Bacon . p. 399 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 205 - 18861 - 1 . Retrieved 19 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Seymour ; Greenberg , Roger P. ( 1977 ) . The scientific credibility of Freud 's theories and therapy . Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 07385 - 6 . PMC 1082294 . Jump up ^ Холодный В . А . Медико - сексологическая модель психосексуального развития / / Вестник неврологии , психиатрии и нейрохирургии. 2014 . No 10 . ISSN 2074 - 6822 . P. 3 -- 10 . Human psychological development Developmental psychology Antenatal Positive youth development Young adult Positive adult development Maturity Cognitive development of infants Theorists and theories Freud ( 1856 -- 1939 ) ( Psychosexual development ) Piaget ( 1896 -- 1980 ) ( Theory of cognitive development ) Vygotsky ( 1896 -- 1934 ) ( Cultural - historical psychology ) Erikson ( 1902 -- 1994 ) ( Psychosocial development ) Bowlby ( 1907 -- 1990 ) ( Attachment theory ) Bronfenbrenner ( 1917 -- 2005 ) ( Ecological systems theory ) Kohlberg ( 1927 -- 1987 ) ( Stages of moral development ) Commons ( b . 1939 ) , Fischer ( b . 1943 ) , Kegan ( b . 1946 ) , Demetriou ( b . 1950 ) , and others ( Neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development ) Evolutionary developmental psychology Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Psychosexual_development&oldid=852439821 '' Categories : Developmental psychology Freudian psychology Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা Български Dansk Eesti Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 July 2018 , at 00 : 58 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when do psychosexual maturity and the ability to love begin | [
"The fifth stage of psychosexual development is the genital stage that spans puberty through adult life, and thus represents most of a person's life; its purpose is the psychological detachment and independence from the parents. The genital stage affords the person the ability to confront and resolve his or her remaining psychosexual childhood conflicts. As in the phallic stage, the genital stage is centered upon the genitalia, but the sexuality is consensual and adult, rather than solitary and infantile. The psychological difference between the phallic and genital stages is that the ego is established in the latter; the person's concern shifts from primary-drive gratification (instinct) to applying secondary process-thinking to gratify desire symbolically and intellectually by means of friendships, a love relationship, family and adult responsibilities.\n"
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"genital stage"
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2487594769793736604 | The Lord of the Rings | The Lord of the Rings - wikipedia The Lord of the Rings This article is about the novel . For the film series , see The Lord of the Rings ( film series ) . For other uses , see The Lord of the Rings ( disambiguation ) . The Lord of the Rings The first single volume edition ( 1968 ) The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Author J.R.R. Tolkien Country United Kingdom Language English Genre Fantasy Adventure Publisher Allen & Unwin Published 29 July 1954 11 November 1954 20 October 1955 Media type Print ( Hardcover and Paperback ) Preceded by The Hobbit Followed by The Adventures of Tom Bombadil The Lord of the Rings is an epic high fantasy novel written by English author and scholar J.R.R. Tolkien . The story began as a sequel to Tolkien 's 1937 fantasy novel The Hobbit , but eventually developed into a much larger work . Written in stages between 1937 and 1949 , The Lord of the Rings is one of the best - selling novels ever written , with over 150 million copies sold . The title of the novel refers to the story 's main antagonist , the Dark Lord Sauron , who had in an earlier age created the One Ring to rule the other Rings of Power as the ultimate weapon in his campaign to conquer and rule all of Middle - earth . From quiet beginnings in the Shire , a hobbit land not unlike the English countryside , the story ranges across Middle - earth , following the course of the War of the Ring through the eyes of its characters , not only the hobbits Frodo Baggins , Samwise `` Sam '' Gamgee , Meriadoc `` Merry '' Brandybuck and Peregrin `` Pippin '' Took , but also the hobbits ' chief allies and travelling companions : the Men , Aragorn son of Arathorn , a Ranger of the North , and Boromir , a Captain of Gondor ; Gimli son of Glóin , a Dwarf warrior ; Legolas Greenleaf , an Elven prince ; and Gandalf , a wizard . The work was initially intended by Tolkien to be one volume of a two - volume set , the other to be The Silmarillion , but this idea was dismissed by his publisher . For economic reasons , The Lord of the Rings was published in three volumes over the course of a year from 29 July 1954 to 20 October 1955 . The three volumes were titled The Fellowship of the Ring , The Two Towers and The Return of the King . Structurally , the novel is divided internally into six books , two per volume , with several appendices of background material included at the end . Some editions combine the entire work into a single volume . The Lord of the Rings has since been reprinted numerous times and translated into 38 languages . Tolkien 's work has been the subject of extensive analysis of its themes and origins . Although a major work in itself , the story was only the last movement of a larger epic Tolkien had worked on since 1917 , in a process he described as mythopoeia . Influences on this earlier work , and on the story of The Lord of the Rings , include philology , mythology , religion and the author 's distaste for the effects of industrialization , as well as earlier fantasy works and Tolkien 's experiences in World War I . The Lord of the Rings in its turn is considered to have had a great effect on modern fantasy ; the impact of Tolkien 's works is such that the use of the words `` Tolkienian '' and `` Tolkienesque '' have been recorded in the Oxford English Dictionary . The enduring popularity of The Lord of the Rings has led to numerous references in popular culture , the founding of many societies by fans of Tolkien 's works , and the publication of many books about Tolkien and his works . The Lord of the Rings has inspired , and continues to inspire , artwork , music , films and television , video games , board games , and subsequent literature . Award - winning adaptations of The Lord of the Rings have been made for radio , theatre , and film . In 2003 , it was named Britain 's best - loved novel of all time in the BBC 's The Big Read . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 1.1 Prologue 1.2 The Fellowship of the Ring 1.3 The Two Towers 1.4 The Return of the King 2 Main characters 2.1 Protagonists 2.2 Antagonists 3 Concept and creation 3.1 Background 3.2 Writing 3.3 Influences 4 Publication history 4.1 Editions and revisions 4.2 Posthumous publication of drafts 4.3 Translations 5 Reception 6 Themes 7 Adaptations 7.1 Radio 7.2 Film 7.3 Television 7.4 Stage 8 Legacy 8.1 Influences on the fantasy genre 8.2 Music 8.3 Impact on popular culture 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Plot Summary ( edit ) See also : The Fellowship of the Ring , The Two Towers , and The Return of the King plot summaries Prologue ( edit ) Thousands of years before the events of the novel , the Dark Lord Sauron had forged the One Ring to rule the other Rings of Power and corrupt those who wore them : the leaders of Men , Elves and Dwarves . Sauron was defeated by an alliance of Elves and Men led by Gil - galad and Elendil , respectively . In the final battle , Isildur , son of Elendil , cut the One Ring from Sauron 's finger , causing Sauron to lose his physical form . Isildur claimed the Ring as an heirloom for his line , but when he was later ambushed and killed by the Orcs , the Ring was lost in the River Anduin . Over two thousand years later , the Ring was found by one of the river - folk called Déagol . His friend Sméagol fell under the Ring 's influence and strangled Déagol to acquire it . Sméagol was banished and hid under the Misty Mountains . The Ring gave him long life and changed him over hundreds of years into a twisted , corrupted creature called Gollum . Gollum lost the Ring , his `` precious '' , and as told in The Hobbit , Bilbo Baggins found it . Meanwhile , Sauron assumed a new form and took back his old realm of Mordor . When Gollum set out in search of the Ring , he was captured and tortured by Sauron . Sauron learned from Gollum that `` Baggins '' of the Shire had taken the Ring . Gollum was set loose . Sauron , who needed the Ring to regain his full power , sent forth his powerful servants , the Nazgûl , to seize it . The Fellowship of the Ring ( edit ) The story begins in the Shire , where the hobbit Frodo Baggins inherits the Ring from Bilbo Baggins , his cousin and guardian . Neither hobbit is aware of the Ring 's nature , but Gandalf the Grey , a wizard and an old friend of Bilbo , suspects it to be Sauron 's Ring . Seventeen years later , after Gandalf confirms his guess , he tells Frodo the history of the Ring and counsels him to take it away from the Shire . Frodo sets out , accompanied by his gardener , servant and friend , Samwise `` Sam '' Gamgee , and two cousins , Meriadoc `` Merry '' Brandybuck and Peregrin `` Pippin '' Took . They are nearly caught by the Black Riders , but shake off their pursuers by cutting through the Old Forest . There they are aided by Tom Bombadil , a strange and merry fellow who lives with his wife Goldberry in the forest . The hobbits reach the town of Bree , where they encounter a Ranger named Strider , whom Gandalf had mentioned in a letter . Strider persuades the hobbits to take him on as their guide and protector . Together , they leave Bree after another close escape from the Black Riders . On the hill of Weathertop , they are again attacked by the Black Riders , who wound Frodo with a cursed blade . Strider fights them off and leads the hobbits towards the Elven refuge of Rivendell . Frodo falls deathly ill from the wound . The Black Riders nearly capture him at the Ford of Bruinen , but flood waters summoned by Elrond , master of Rivendell , rise up and overwhelm them . Frodo recovers in Rivendell under Elrond 's care . The Council of Elrond discusses the history of Sauron and the Ring . Strider is revealed to be Aragorn , Isildur 's heir . Gandalf reports that Sauron has corrupted Saruman , chief of the wizards . The Council decides that the Ring must be destroyed , but that can only be done by sending it to the Fire of Mount Doom in Mordor , where it was forged . Frodo takes this task upon himself . Elrond , with the advice of Gandalf , chooses companions for him . The Company of the Ring are nine in number : Frodo , Sam , Merry , Pippin , Aragorn , Gandalf , Gimli the Dwarf , Legolas the Elf , and the Man Boromir , son of Denethor , the Ruling Steward of the land of Gondor . After a failed attempt to cross the Misty Mountains through the Redhorn Pass , the Company are forced to take a perilous path through the Mines of Moria . They are attacked by the Watcher in the Water before the doors of Moria . Inside Moria , they learn of the fate of Balin and his colony of Dwarves . After surviving an attack , they are pursued by Orcs and by an ancient demon called a Balrog . Gandalf faces the Balrog , and both of them fall into the abyss . The others escape and find refuge in the Elven forest of Lothlórien , where they are counselled by its rulers , Galadriel and Celeborn . With boats and gifts from Galadriel , the Company travel down the River Anduin to the hill of Amon Hen . There , Boromir tries to take the Ring from Frodo , but Frodo puts it on and disappears . Frodo chooses to go alone to Mordor , but Sam guesses what he intends and goes with him . The two Towers ( edit ) Orcs sent by Saruman and Sauron kill Boromir and capture Merry and Pippin . Aragorn , Gimli and Legolas debate which pair of hobbits to follow . They decide to pursue the Orcs taking Merry and Pippin to Saruman . In the kingdom of Rohan , the Orcs are slain by a company of Rohirrim . Merry and Pippin escape into Fangorn Forest , where they are befriended by Treebeard , the oldest of the tree - like Ents . Aragorn , Gimli and Legolas track the hobbits to Fangorn . There they unexpectedly meet Gandalf . Gandalf explains that he slew the Balrog ; darkness took him , but he was sent back to Middle - earth to complete his mission . He is clothed in white and is now Gandalf the White , for he has taken Saruman 's place as the chief of the wizards . Gandalf assures his friends that Merry and Pippin are safe . Together they ride to Edoras , capital of Rohan . Gandalf frees Théoden , King of Rohan , from the influence of Saruman 's spy Gríma Wormtongue . Théoden musters his fighting strength and rides with his men to the ancient fortress of Helm 's Deep , while Gandalf departs to seek help from Treebeard . Meanwhile , the Ents , roused by Merry and Pippin from their peaceful ways , attack Isengard , Saruman 's stronghold , and trap the wizard in the tower of Orthanc . Gandalf convinces Treebeard to send an army of Huorns to Théoden 's aid . Gandalf brings an army of Rohirrim to Helm 's Deep , and they defeat the Orcs , who flee into the `` forest '' of Huorns , never to be seen again . Gandalf offers Saruman a chance to turn away from evil . When Saruman refuses to listen , Gandalf strips him of his rank and most of his powers . After Saruman crawls back to his prison , Wormtongue drops a sphere to try and kill Gandalf . Pippin picks it up ; it is revealed to be a palantír , a seeing - stone that Saruman used to speak with Sauron and through which Saruman was ensnared . Pippin is seen by Sauron . Gandalf rides for Minas Tirith , chief city of Gondor , taking Pippin with him . Frodo and Sam capture Gollum , who has followed them from Moria . They force him to guide them to Mordor . They find that the Black Gate of Mordor is too well guarded , so instead they travel to a secret way Gollum knows . On the way , they encounter Faramir , who , unlike his brother Boromir , resists the temptation to seize the Ring . Gollum -- who is torn between his loyalty to Frodo and his desire for the Ring -- betrays Frodo by leading him to the great spider Shelob in the tunnels of Cirith Ungol . Frodo falls to Shelob 's sting . But with the help of Galadriel 's gifts , Sam fights off the spider . Believing Frodo to be dead , Sam takes the Ring to continue the quest alone . Orcs find Frodo ; Sam overhears them and learns that Frodo is still alive . The Return of the King ( edit ) Sauron sends a great army against Gondor . Gandalf arrives at Minas Tirith to warn Denethor of the attack , while Théoden musters the Rohirrim to ride to Gondor 's aid . Minas Tirith is besieged . Denethor is deceived by Sauron and falls into despair . He burns himself alive on a pyre , nearly taking his son Faramir with him . Aragorn , accompanied by Legolas , Gimli and the Rangers of the North , takes the Paths of the Dead to recruit the Dead Men of Dunharrow , who are bound by a curse which denies them rest until they fulfil their ancient forsworn oath to fight for the King of Gondor . Following Aragorn , the Army of the Dead strikes terror into the Corsairs of Umbar invading southern Gondor . Aragorn defeats the Corsairs and uses their ships to transport the men of southern Gondor up the Anduin , reaching Minas Tirith just in time to turn the tide of battle . Éowyn , Théoden 's niece , slays the Lord of the Nazgûl with help from Merry . Together , Gondor and Rohan defeat Sauron 's army in the Battle of the Pelennor Fields , though at great cost . Théoden is slain , and Éowyn and Merry are injured . Meanwhile , Sam rescues Frodo from the tower of Cirith Ungol . They set out across Mordor . Aragorn leads an army of men from Gondor and Rohan to march on the Black Gate to distract Sauron from his true danger . His army is vastly outnumbered by the great might of Sauron . Frodo and Sam reach the edge of the Cracks of Doom , but Frodo can not resist the Ring any longer . He claims it for himself and puts it on his finger . Gollum suddenly reappears . He struggles with Frodo and bites off Frodo 's finger with the Ring still on it . Celebrating wildly , Gollum loses his footing and falls into the Fire , taking the Ring with him . When the Ring is destroyed , Sauron loses his power forever . All he created collapses , the Nazgûl perish , and his armies are thrown into such disarray that Aragorn 's forces emerge victorious . Aragorn is crowned Elessar , King of Arnor and Gondor , and weds Arwen , daughter of Elrond . The four hobbits make their way back to the Shire , only to find out that it has been taken over by men led by Sharkey . The hobbits raise a rebellion and liberate the Shire , though 19 hobbits are killed and 30 wounded . Sharkey turns out to be Saruman . Frodo stops the hobbits from killing the wizard after Saruman attempts to stab Frodo , but Gríma turns on Saruman and kills him in front of Bag End , Frodo 's home . He is slain in turn by hobbit archers , and the War of the Ring comes to its true end on Frodo 's very doorstep . Merry and Pippin are celebrated as heroes . Sam marries Rosie Cotton and uses his gifts from Galadriel to help heal the Shire . But Frodo is still wounded in body and spirit , having borne the Ring for so long . A few years later , in the company of Bilbo and Gandalf , Frodo sails from the Grey Havens west over the Sea to the Undying Lands to find peace . In the appendices , Sam gives his daughter Elanor the Red Book of Westmarch , which contains the story of Bilbo 's adventures and the War of the Ring as witnessed by the hobbits . Sam is then said to have crossed west over the Sea himself , the last of the Ring - bearers . Main characters ( edit ) Some characters in The Lord of the Rings are unequivocal protagonists , and others are absolute antagonists . However despite criticism that the book 's characters `` are all either black or white '' , some of the ' good ' characters have darker sides that feature in the story , and likewise some of the villains have `` good impulses '' . Therefore the categorization of characters as either ' protagonists ' or ' antagonists ' below indicates their general role in the story . Protagonists ( edit ) The Company of the Ring : Frodo Baggins , bearer of the One Ring , given to him by Bilbo Baggins Samwise Gamgee , gardener and friend of the Bagginses Meriadoc Brandybuck ( Merry ) , Frodo 's cousin and friend Peregrin Took ( Pippin or Pip ) , Frodo 's cousin and friend Gandalf the Grey , a wizard , leads the Fellowship until his fall in Moria , returns from death as Gandalf the White to lead the armies of the West against Sauron Aragorn , ( aka Strider ) descendant of Isildur and rightful heir to the thrones of Arnor and Gondor Legolas Greenleaf , an Elf prince and son of King Thranduil of the Silvan Elves of Northern Mirkwood Gimli , son of Glóin , a dwarf Boromir , the eldest son and heir of Denethor Denethor , ruling Steward of Gondor and Lord of Minas Tirith Faramir , younger son of Denethor and brother of Boromir Galadriel , Elf co-ruler of Lothlórien , and grandmother of Arwen Celeborn , Elf co-ruler of Lothlórien , husband of Galadriel , and grandfather of Arwen Elrond , Half - elven Lord of Rivendell and father of Arwen Arwen Undómiel , daughter of Elrond , love interest of Aragorn Bilbo Baggins , Frodo 's cousin Théoden , King of Rohan , ally of Gondor Éomer , the 3rd Marshal of the Mark and Théoden 's nephew . Later King of Rohan after Théoden 's death . Éowyn , sister of Éomer , who disguises herself as a male warrior named Dernhelm to fight beside Théoden Treebeard , oldest of the Ents Tom Bombadil , lives at the edge of the Old Forest near the barrow - downs , a mysterious character with great powers Antagonists ( edit ) Sauron , the Dark Lord and titular Lord of the Rings , a fallen Maia , helped the Elves forge the Rings of Power in the Second Age . The Nazgûl or Ringwraiths , men enslaved by Sauron when they accepted his treacherous gifts of Rings of Power The Witch - king of Angmar , the Lord of the Nazgûl , and Sauron 's most powerful servant , who commands Sauron 's army Saruman the White , a wizard who seeks the One Ring for himself . Originally the chief of the order of wizards of which Gandalf is also a member ; corrupted by Sauron through the palantír . Gríma Wormtongue , a secret servant of Saruman and traitor to Rohan , who poisons Théoden 's perceptions with well placed `` advice '' Gollum , a river hobbit originally named Sméagol and an obsessive previous owner of the One Ring , planning to steal it back . Shelob , a giant spider who dwells in the passes above Minas Morgul Durin 's Bane , a Balrog dwelling beneath the Mines of Moria Mouth of Sauron , also known as the Lieutenant of Barad - dûr . The chief emissary of Sauron , he confronts the Army of the West outside the Black Gate . Concept and creation ( edit ) Background ( edit ) The Lord of the Rings started as a sequel to J.R.R. Tolkien 's work The Hobbit , published in 1937 . The popularity of The Hobbit had led George Allen & Unwin , the publishers , to request a sequel . Tolkien warned them that he wrote quite slowly , and responded with several stories he had already developed . Having rejected his contemporary drafts for The Silmarillion , putting on hold Roverandom , and accepting Farmer Giles of Ham , Allen & Unwin thought more stories about hobbits would be popular . So at the age of 45 , Tolkien began writing the story that would become The Lord of the Rings . The story would not be finished until 12 years later , in 1949 , and would not be fully published until 1955 , when Tolkien was 63 years old . Writing ( edit ) Persuaded by his publishers , he started `` a new Hobbit '' in December 1937 . After several false starts , the story of the One Ring emerged . The idea for the first chapter ( `` A Long - Expected Party '' ) arrived fully formed , although the reasons behind Bilbo 's disappearance , the significance of the Ring , and the title The Lord of the Rings did not arrive until the spring of 1938 . Originally , he planned to write a story in which Bilbo had used up all his treasure and was looking for another adventure to gain more ; however , he remembered the Ring and its powers and thought that would be a better focus for the new work . As the story progressed , he also brought in elements from The Silmarillion mythology . Writing was slow , because Tolkien had a full - time academic position , and needed to earn further money as a university examiner . Tolkien abandoned The Lord of the Rings during most of 1943 and only restarted it in April 1944 , as a serial for his son Christopher Tolkien , who was sent chapters as they were written while he was serving in South Africa with the Royal Air Force . Tolkien made another concerted effort in 1946 , and showed the manuscript to his publishers in 1947 . The story was effectively finished the next year , but Tolkien did not complete the revision of earlier parts of the work until 1949 . The original manuscripts , which total 9,250 pages , now reside in the J.R.R. Tolkien Collection at Marquette University . Influences ( edit ) Mentioned at the beginning of The Lord of the Rings , the Ivy Bush is the closest public house to Birmingham Oratory which Tolkien attended while living near Edgbaston Reservoir . Perrott 's Folly is nearby . Main article : J.R.R. Tolkien 's influences The influence of the Welsh language , which Tolkien had learned , is summarized in his essay English and Welsh : `` If I may once more refer to my work . The Lord of the Rings , in evidence : the names of persons and places in this story were mainly composed on patterns deliberately modelled on those of Welsh ( closely similar but not identical ) . This element in the tale has given perhaps more pleasure to more readers than anything else in it . '' The Lord of the Rings developed as a personal exploration by Tolkien of his interests in philology , religion ( particularly Roman Catholicism ) , fairy tales , Norse and general Germanic mythology , and also Celtic , Slavic , Persian , Greek , and Finnish mythology . Tolkien acknowledged , and external critics have verified , the influences of George MacDonald and William Morris and the Anglo - Saxon poem Beowulf . The question of a direct influence of Wagner 's The Nibelung 's Ring on Tolkien 's work is debated by critics . Tolkien included neither any explicit religion nor cult in his work . Rather the themes , moral philosophy , and cosmology of The Lord of the Rings reflect his Catholic worldview . In one of his letters Tolkien states , `` The Lord of the Rings is of course a fundamentally religious and Catholic work ; unconsciously so at first , but consciously in the revision . That is why I have not put in , or have cut out , practically all references to anything like ' religion ' , to cults or practices , in the imaginary world . For the religious element is absorbed into the story and the symbolism . '' Some locations and characters were inspired by Tolkien 's childhood in Birmingham , where he first lived near Sarehole Mill , and later near Edgbaston Reservoir . There are also hints of the Black Country , which is within easy reach of north west Edgbaston . This shows in such names as `` Underhill '' , and the description of Saruman 's industrialization of Isengard and The Shire . It has also been suggested that The Shire and its surroundings were based on the countryside around Stonyhurst College in Lancashire where Tolkien frequently stayed during the 1940s . The work was influenced by the effects of his military service during World War I , to the point that Frodo has been `` diagnosed '' as suffering from Posttraumatic Stress Disorder , or `` shell - shock '' , which was first diagnosed under that name at the Battle of the Somme , at which Tolkien served . Publication history ( edit ) A dispute with his publisher , George Allen & Unwin , led to the book being offered to Collins in 1950 . Tolkien intended The Silmarillion ( itself largely unrevised at this point ) to be published along with The Lord of the Rings , but A&U were unwilling to do this . After Milton Waldman , his contact at Collins , expressed the belief that The Lord of the Rings itself `` urgently wanted cutting '' , Tolkien eventually demanded that they publish the book in 1952 . Collins did not ; and so Tolkien wrote to Allen and Unwin , saying , `` I would gladly consider the publication of any part of the stuff '' , fearing his work would never see the light of day . For publication , the book was divided into three volumes to minimize any potential financial loss due to the high cost of type - setting and modest anticipated sales : The Fellowship of the Ring ( Books I and II ) , The Two Towers ( Books III and IV ) , and The Return of the King ( Books V and VI plus six appendices ) . Delays in producing appendices , maps and especially an index led to the volumes being published later than originally hoped -- on 29 July 1954 , on 11 November 1954 and on 20 October 1955 respectively in the United Kingdom . In the United States , Houghton Mifflin published The Fellowship of the Ring on 21 October 1954 , The Two Towers on 21 April 1955 , and The Return of the King on 5 January 1956 . The Return of the King was especially delayed due to Tolkien revising the ending and preparing appendices ( some of which had to be left out because of space constraints ) . Tolkien did not like the title The Return of the King , believing it gave away too much of the storyline , but deferred to his publisher 's preference . He suggested the title The Two Towers in a deliberately ambiguous attempt to link the unconnected books III and IV , and as such the eponymous towers could be either Orthanc and Barad - dûr , or Minas Tirith and Barad - dûr , or Orthanc and Cirith Ungol . Tolkien was initially opposed to titles being given to each two - book volume , preferring instead the use of book titles : e.g. The Lord of the Rings : Vol. 1 , The Ring Sets Out and The Ring Goes South ; Vol. 2 , The Treason of Isengard and The Ring Goes East ; Vol. 3 , The War of the Ring and The End of the Third Age . However these individual book titles were later scrapped , and after pressure from his publishers , Tolkien initially suggested the titles : Vol. 1 , The Shadow Grows ; Vol. 2 , The Ring in the Shadow ; Vol. 3 , The War of the Ring or The Return of the King . The books were published under a profit - sharing arrangement , whereby Tolkien would not receive an advance or royalties until the books had broken even , after which he would take a large share of the profits . It has ultimately become one of the best - selling novels ever written , with over 150 million copies sold . The book was published in the UK by Allen & Unwin until 1990 when the publisher and its assets were acquired by HarperCollins . Editions and revisions ( edit ) In the early 1960s Donald A. Wollheim , science fiction editor of the paperback publisher Ace Books , claimed that The Lord of the Rings was not protected in the United States under American copyright law because Houghton Mifflin , the US hardcover publisher , had neglected to copyright the work in the United States . Then , in 1965 , Ace Books proceeded to publish an edition , unauthorized by Tolkien and without paying royalties to him . Tolkien took issue with this and quickly notified his fans of this objection . Grass - roots pressure from these fans became so great that Ace Books withdrew their edition and made a nominal payment to Tolkien . Authorized editions followed from Ballantine Books and Houghton Mifflin to tremendous commercial success . Tolkien undertook various textual revisions to produce a version of the book that would be published with his consent and establish an unquestioned US copyright . This text became the Second Edition of The Lord of the Rings , published in 1965 . The first Ballantine paperback edition was printed in October that year , and sold a quarter of a million copies within ten months . On September 4 , 1966 , the novel debuted on New York Times ' Paperback Bestsellers list as number three , and was number one by December 4 , a position it held for eight weeks . Houghton Mifflin editions after 1994 consolidate variant revisions by Tolkien , and corrections supervised by Christopher Tolkien , which resulted , after some initial glitches , in a computer - based unified text . In 2004 , for the 50th Anniversary Edition , Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull , under supervision from Christopher Tolkien , studied and revised the text to eliminate as many errors and inconsistencies as possible , some of which had been introduced by well - meaning compositors of the first printing in 1954 , and never been corrected . The 2005 edition of the book contained further corrections noticed by the editors and submitted by readers . Further corrections were added to the 60th Anniversary Edition in 2014 . Several editions , notably the 50th Anniversary Edition , combine all three books into one volume , with the result that pagination varies widely over the various editions . Posthumous publication of drafts ( edit ) From 1988 to 1992 Christopher Tolkien published the surviving drafts of The Lord of The Rings , chronicling and illuminating with commentary the stages of the text 's development , in volumes 6 -- 9 of his History of Middle - earth series . The four volumes carry the titles The Return of the Shadow , The Treason of Isengard , The War of the Ring , and Sauron Defeated . Translations ( edit ) Main article : Translations of The Lord of the Rings The novel has been translated , with various degrees of success , into at least 56 languages . Tolkien , an expert in philology , examined many of these translations , and made comments on each that reflect both the translation process and his work . As he was unhappy with some choices made by early translators , such as the Swedish translation by Åke Ohlmarks , Tolkien wrote a `` Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings '' ( 1967 ) . Because The Lord of the Rings purports to be a translation of the fictitious Red Book of Westmarch , with the English language representing the Westron of the `` original '' , Tolkien suggested that translators attempt to capture the interplay between English and the invented nomenclature of the English work , and gave several examples along with general guidance . Reception ( edit ) Main article : Reception of J.R.R. Tolkien While early reviews for The Lord of the Rings were mixed , reviews in various media have been , on the whole , highly positive and acknowledge Tolkien 's literary achievement as a significant one . The initial review in the Sunday Telegraph described it as `` among the greatest works of imaginative fiction of the twentieth century '' . The Sunday Times echoed this sentiment , stating that `` the English - speaking world is divided into those who have read The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit and those who are going to read them '' . The New York Herald Tribune also seemed to have an idea of how popular the books would become , writing in its review that they were `` destined to outlast our time '' . W.H. Auden , an admirer of Tolkien 's writings , regarded The Lord of the Rings as a `` masterpiece '' , further stating that in some cases it outdid the achievement of John Milton 's Paradise Lost . New York Times reviewer Judith Shulevitz criticized the `` pedantry '' of Tolkien 's literary style , saying that he `` formulated a high - minded belief in the importance of his mission as a literary preservationist , which turns out to be death to literature itself '' . Critic Richard Jenkyns , writing in The New Republic , criticized the work for a lack of psychological depth . Both the characters and the work itself are , according to Jenkyns , `` anemic , and lacking in fibre '' . Even within Tolkien 's literary group , The Inklings , reviews were mixed . Hugo Dyson complained loudly at its readings . However , another Inkling , C.S. Lewis , had very different feelings , writing , `` here are beauties which pierce like swords or burn like cold iron . Here is a book which will break your heart . '' Despite these reviews and its lack of paperback printing until the 1960s , The Lord of the Rings initially sold well in hardback . In 1957 , The Lord of the Rings was awarded the International Fantasy Award . Despite its numerous detractors , the publication of the Ace Books and Ballantine paperbacks helped The Lord of the Rings become immensely popular in the United States in the 1960s . The book has remained so ever since , ranking as one of the most popular works of fiction of the twentieth century , judged by both sales and reader surveys . In the 2003 `` Big Read '' survey conducted in Britain by the BBC , The Lord of the Rings was found to be the `` Nation 's best - loved book '' . In similar 2004 polls both Germany and Australia also found The Lord of the Rings to be their favourite book . In a 1999 poll of Amazon.com customers , The Lord of the Rings was judged to be their favourite `` book of the millennium '' . The Lord of the Rings was awarded the Prometheus Hall of Fame Award in 2009 . Themes ( edit ) Main article : Themes of The Lord of the Rings Although The Lord of the Rings was published in the 1950s , Tolkien insisted that the One Ring was not an allegory for the atomic bomb , nor were his works a strict allegory of any kind , but were open to interpretation as the reader saw fit . A few critics have found what they consider to be racial elements in the story , generally based upon their views of how Tolkien 's imagery depicts good and evil , characters ' race ( e.g. Elf , Dwarf , Hobbit , Southron , Númenórean , Orc ) ; and that the character 's race is seen as determining their behaviour . Counter-arguments note that race - focused critiques often omit relevant textual evidence to the contrary , cite imagery from adaptations rather than the work itself ; ignore the absence of evidence of racist attitudes or events in the author 's personal life , and claim that the perception of racism is itself a marginal view . The opinions that pit races against one another are likely to reflect Tolkien 's critique on war rather than a racist perspective . In The Two Towers , the character Samwise sees a fallen foe and considers for a moment the humanity of this fallen Southron who , just moments before , is shown to be a man of color . Director Peter Jackson considers Sam this scene in the director 's commentary of the scene and argues that Tolkien is n't projecting any negative sentiments towards the individual soldier because of his race , but the evil that 's driving them from their authority , These sentiments , Jackson argues , were derived from Tolkien 's experience in the Great War and found their way into his writings to show the evils of war itself , not of other races . Critics have also seen social class rather than race as being the determining factor in the portrayal of good and evil . Commentators such as science fiction author David Brin have interpreted the work to hold unquestioning devotion to a traditional elitist social structure . In his essay `` Epic Pooh '' , science fiction and fantasy author Michael Moorcock critiques the world - view displayed by the book as deeply conservative , in both the `` paternalism '' of the narrative voice and the power - structures in the narrative . Tom Shippey cites the origin of this portrayal of evil as a reflection of the prejudices of European middle - classes during the inter-war years towards the industrial working class . Other observers have cited Christian , specifically Catholic , themes in The Lord of the Rings . The book has been read as fitting the model of Joseph Campbell 's `` monomyth '' . Adaptations ( edit ) Main article : Adaptations of The Lord of the Rings The Lord of the Rings has been adapted for film , radio and stage . Radio ( edit ) The book has been adapted for radio four times . In 1955 and 1956 , the BBC broadcast The Lord of the Rings , a 13 - part radio adaptation of the story . In the 1960s radio station WBAI produced a short radio adaptation . A 1979 dramatization of The Lord of the Rings was broadcast in the United States and subsequently issued on tape and CD . In 1981 , the BBC broadcast The Lord of the Rings , a new dramatization in 26 half - hour instalments . This dramatization of The Lord of the Rings has subsequently been made available on both tape and CD both by the BBC and other publishers . For this purpose it is generally edited into 13 one - hour episodes . Film ( edit ) Following J.R.R. Tolkien 's sale of the film rights for The Lord of the Rings to United Artists in 1969 , rock band The Beatles considered a corresponding film project and approached Stanley Kubrick as a potential director ; however , Kubrick turned down the offer , explaining to John Lennon that he thought the novel could not be adapted into a film due to its immensity . The eventual director of the film adaptation Peter Jackson further explained that a major hindrance to the project 's progression was Tolkien 's opposition to the involvement of the Beatles . Two film adaptations of the book have been made . The first was J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) , by animator Ralph Bakshi , the first part of what was originally intended to be a two - part adaptation of the story ; it covers The Fellowship of the Ring and part of The Two Towers . A three - issue comic book version of the movie was also published in Europe ( but not printed in English ) , with illustrations by Luis Bermejo . When Bakshi 's investors shied away of financing the second film that would complete the story , the remainder of the story was covered in an animated television special by Rankin - Bass . Stylistically , the two segments are very different . The second and more commercially successful adaptation was Peter Jackson 's live action The Lord of the Rings film trilogy , produced by New Line Cinema and released in three instalments as The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) , The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) , and The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) . All three parts won multiple Academy Awards , including consecutive Best Picture nominations . The final instalment of this trilogy was the second film to break the one - billion - dollar barrier and won a total of 11 Oscars ( something only two other films in history , Ben - Hur and Titanic , have accomplished ) , including Best Picture , Best Director and Best Adapted Screenplay . The Hunt for Gollum , a fan film based on elements of the appendices to The Lord of the Rings , was released on the internet in May 2009 and has been covered in major media . Born of Hope , written by Paula DiSante , directed by Kate Madison , and released in December 2009 , is a fan film based upon the appendices of The Lord of the Rings . Television ( edit ) On 13 November 2017 , it was announced that Amazon had acquired the global television rights to The Lord of the Rings , committing to a multi-season television series . The series will not be a direct adaptation of the books , but will instead introduce new stories that are set before The Fellowship of the Ring . Amazon said the deal included potential for spin - off series as well . The press release referred to `` previously unexplored stories based on J.R.R. Tolkien 's original writings '' . Amazon will be the producer in conjunction with the Tolkien Estate and the Tolkien Trust , HarperCollins and New Line Cinema . According to a 2018 report , it will be the most expensive TV show ever produced . Stage ( edit ) In 1990 , Recorded Books published an audio version of The Lord of the Rings , with British actor Rob Inglis -- who had previously starred in his own one - man stage productions of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings -- reading . A large - scale musical theatre adaptation , The Lord of the Rings was first staged in Toronto , Ontario , Canada in 2006 and opened in London in May 2007 . Legacy ( edit ) Main article : Works inspired by J.R.R. Tolkien Influences on the fantasy genre ( edit ) The enormous popularity of Tolkien 's work expanded the demand for fantasy fiction . Largely thanks to The Lord of the Rings , the genre flowered throughout the 1960s , and enjoys popularity to the present day . The opus has spawned many imitators , such as The Sword of Shannara , which Lin Carter called `` the single most cold - blooded , complete rip - off of another book that I have ever read '' . Dungeons & Dragons , which popularized the role - playing game ( RPG ) genre in the 1970s , features many races found in The Lord of the Rings , most notably halflings ( another term for hobbits ) , elves ( who are distinct from dark elves , following Tolkien 's example ) , dwarves , half - elves , orcs , and dragons . However , Gary Gygax , lead designer of the game , maintained that he was influenced very little by The Lord of the Rings , stating that he included these elements as a marketing move to draw on the popularity the work enjoyed at the time he was developing the game . Because D&D has gone on to influence many popular role - playing video games , the influence of The Lord of the Rings extends to many of them as well , with titles such as Dragon Quest , the Ultima series , EverQuest , the Warcraft series , and the Elder Scrolls series of games as well as video games set in Middle - earth itself . Research also suggests that some consumers of fantasy games derive their motivation from trying to create an epic fantasy narrative which is influenced by The Lord of the Rings . Music ( edit ) In 1965 , songwriter Donald Swann , who was best known for his collaboration with Michael Flanders as Flanders & Swann , set six poems from The Lord of the Rings and one from The Adventures of Tom Bombadil ( `` Errantry '' ) to music . When Swann met with Tolkien to play the songs for his approval , Tolkien suggested for `` Namárië '' ( Galadriel 's lament ) a setting reminiscent of plain chant , which Swann accepted . The songs were published in 1967 as The Road Goes Ever On : A Song Cycle , and a recording of the songs performed by singer William Elvin with Swann on piano was issued that same year by Caedmon Records as Poems and Songs of Middle Earth . Rock bands of the 1970s were musically and lyrically inspired by the fantasy embracing counter-culture of the time ; British 70s rock band Led Zeppelin recorded several songs that contain explicit references to The Lord of the Rings , such as mentioning Gollum in `` Ramble On '' , the Misty Mountains in `` Misty Mountain Hop '' , and Ringwraiths in `` The Battle of Evermore '' . In 1970 , the Swedish musician Bo Hansson released an instrumental concept album based on the book titled Sagan om ringen ( translated as `` The Saga of the Ring '' , which was the title of the Swedish translation of The Lord of the Rings at the time ) . The album was subsequently released internationally as Music Inspired by Lord of the Rings in 1972 . The songs `` Rivendell '' and `` The Necromancer '' by the progressive rock band Rush were inspired by Tolkien . Styx also paid homage to Tolkien on their album Pieces of Eight with the song `` Lords of the Ring '' , while Black Sabbath 's song , `` The Wizard '' , which appeared on their debut album , was influenced by Tolkien 's hero , Gandalf . The heavy metal bands Cirith Ungol and Amon Amarth took their names from landmarks in Mordor . Progressive rock group Camel paid homage to the text in their lengthy composition `` Nimrodel / The Procession / The White Rider '' , and progressive rock band Barclay James Harvest was inspired by the character Galadriel to write a song by that name , and used `` Bombadil '' , the name of another character , as a pseudonym under which their 1972 single `` Breathless '' / `` When the City Sleeps '' was released ; there are other references scattered through the BJH oeuvre . Later , from the 1980s to the present day , many heavy metal acts have been influenced by Tolkien . Blind Guardian has written many songs relating to Middle - earth , including the full concept album Nightfall in Middle Earth . Almost the entire discography of Battlelore are Tolkien - themed . Summoning 's music is based upon Tolkien and holds the distinction of the being the only artist to have crafted a song entirely in the Black Speech of Mordor . Gorgoroth and Amon Amarth take their names from an area of Mordor , and Burzum take their name from the Black Speech of Mordor . The Finnish metal band Nightwish and the Norwegian metal band Tristania have also incorporated many Tolkien references into their music . American heavy metal band Megadeth released two songs titled `` This Day We Fight ! '' and `` How the Story Ends '' , which were both inspired by The Lord of the Rings . German folk metal band Eichenschild is named for Thorin Oakenshield , a character in The Hobbit , and naturally has a number of Tolkien - themed songs . They are not to be confused with the ' 70s folk rock band Thorin Eichenschild . In 1988 , Dutch composer and trombonist Johan de Meij completed his Symphony No. 1 `` The Lord of the Rings '' , which encompassed 5 movements , titled `` Gandalf '' , `` Lothlórien '' , `` Gollum '' , `` Journey in the Dark '' , and `` Hobbits '' . In 1989 the symphony was awarded the Sudler Composition Award , awarded biennially for best wind band composition . The Danish Tolkien Ensemble have released a number of albums that feature the complete poems and songs of The Lord of the Rings set to music , with some featuring recitation by Christopher Lee . Enya wrote an instrumental piece called `` Lothlórien '' in 1991 , and composed two songs for the film The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring -- `` May It Be '' ( sung in English and Quenya ) and `` Aníron '' ( sung in Sindarin ) . Impact on popular culture ( edit ) `` Welcome to Hobbiton '' sign in Matamata , New Zealand , where the film trilogy was shot . The Lord of the Rings has had a profound and wide - ranging impact on popular culture , beginning with its publication in the 1950s , but especially throughout the 1960s and 1970s , during which time young people embraced it as a countercultural saga . `` Frodo Lives ! '' and `` Gandalf for President '' were two phrases popular amongst United States Tolkien fans during this time . Parodies like the Harvard Lampoon 's Bored of the Rings , the VeggieTales episode `` Lord of the Beans '' , the South Park episode `` The Return of the Fellowship of the Ring to the Two Towers '' , the Futurama film Bender 's Game , The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron : Boy Genius episode `` Lights ! Camera ! Danger ! '' , The Big Bang Theory episode `` The Precious Fragmentation '' , and the American Dad ! episode `` The Return of the Bling '' are testimony to the work 's continual presence in popular culture . In 1969 , Tolkien sold the merchandising rights to The Lord of The Rings ( and The Hobbit ) to United Artists under an agreement stipulating a lump sum payment of £ 10,000 plus a 7.5 % royalty after costs , payable to Allen & Unwin and the author . In 1976 , three years after the author 's death , United Artists sold the rights to Saul Zaentz Company , who now trade as Tolkien Enterprises . Since then all `` authorized '' merchandise has been signed - off by Tolkien Enterprises , although the intellectual property rights of the specific likenesses of characters and other imagery from various adaptations is generally held by the adaptors . Outside any commercial exploitation from adaptations , from the late 1960s onwards there has been an increasing variety of original licensed merchandise , from posters and calendars created by illustrators such as Pauline Baynes and the Brothers Hildebrandt , to figurines and miniatures to computer , video , tabletop and role - playing games . Recent examples include the Spiel des Jahres award winning ( for best use of literature in a game ) board game The Lord of the Rings by Reiner Knizia and the Golden Joystick award - winning massively multiplayer online role - playing game , The Lord of the Rings Online : Shadows of Angmar by Turbine , Inc ... The Lord of the Rings has been mentioned in numerous songs including The Ballad of Bilbo Baggins by Leonard Nimoy , Led Zeppelin 's Misty Mountain Hop , Over the Hills and Far Away , Ramble On , and The Battle of Evermore , Genesis ' song `` Stagnation '' ( from Trespass , 1970 ) was about Gollum , and Argent included the song `` Lothlorien '' on the 1971 album Ring of Hands . Steve Peregrin Took ( born Stephen Ross Porter ) of British rock band T. Rex took his name from the hobbit Peregrin Took ( better known as Pippin ) . Took later recorded under the pseudonym ' Shagrat the Vagrant ' , before forming a band called Shagrat in 1970 . See also ( edit ) Middle - earth portal Novels portal Le Monde 's 100 Books of the Century Norse mythology in popular culture 1954 in literature 1955 in literature Literature of the United Kingdom Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This is made clear in the chapter The Council of Elrond , where Glorfindel states : `` ( E ) ven if we could ( hide the Ring ) , soon or late the Lord of the Rings would learn of its hiding place and would bend all his power towards it . '' Jump up ^ Tolkien created the word to define a different view of myth from C.S. Lewis 's `` lies breathed through silver '' . Mythopoeia was also the title of one of his poems , first published in Tree and Leaf in 1988 . ^ Jump up to : Although Frodo referred to Bilbo as his `` uncle '' , they were in fact first and second cousins , once removed either way ( his paternal great - great - uncle 's son 's son and his maternal great - aunt 's son ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Wagner , Vit ( 16 April 2007 ) . `` Tolkien proves he 's still the king '' . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on 9 March 2011 . Retrieved 8 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1954 ) , The Fellowship of the Ring , The Lord of the Rings , Boston : Houghton Mifflin ( published 1987 ) , The Council of Elrond , ISBN 0 - 395 - 08254 - 4 ^ Jump up to : Reynolds , Pat . `` The Lord of the Rings : The Tale of a Text '' ( PDF ) . The Tolkien Society . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 24 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Humphrey , ed. ( 1981 ) , The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , # 126. , ISBN 0 - 395 - 31555 - 7 Jump up ^ `` The Life and Works for JRR Tolkien '' . BBC . 7 February 2002 . Archived from the original on 1 November 2010 . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Doughan , David . `` J.R.R. Tolkien : A Biographical Sketch '' . TolkienSociety.org . Archived from the original on 3 March 2006 . Retrieved 16 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Wayne G. ; Scull , Christina ( 2006 ) , The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide : II . Reader 's Guide , pp. 620 -- 622 Jump up ^ `` World War I and World War II '' . National Geographic . Archived from the original on 13 June 2006 . Retrieved 16 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Gilliver , Peter ( 2006 ) . The Ring of Words : Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 861069 - 6 . Jump up ^ Gilsdorf , Ethan ( 23 March 2007 ) . `` Elvish Impersonators '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 5 December 2007 . Retrieved 3 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings '' . The Lord of the Rings . Archived from the original on 25 August 2012 . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1954 ) , The Fellowship of the Ring , The Lord of the Rings , Boston : Houghton Mifflin ( published 1987 ) , `` The Shadow of the Past '' , ISBN 0 - 395 - 08254 - 4 They are popularly thought to be cousins , but Tolkien only calls them `` friends '' in The Lord of the Rings . In a later letter ( The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien , # 214 ) , he writes that they were `` evidently relatives '' . Jump up ^ C.S. Lewis , quoted in Christina Scull & Wayne Hammond ( 2006 ) , The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide , HarperCollins , article ' The Lord of the Rings ' , § Reviews , p. 549 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 39113 - 4 Jump up ^ The Fellowship of the Ring , `` The Shadow of the Past '' . ^ Jump up to : `` The Lord of the Rings : Genesis '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 February 2008 . Retrieved 14 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Carpenter 1977 , p. 195 Jump up ^ Rérolle , Raphaëlle ( 5 December 2012 ) . `` My Father 's ' Eviscerated ' Work -- Son Of Hobbit Scribe J.R.R. Tolkien Finally Speaks Out '' . Le Monde / Worldcrunch . Archived from the original on 10 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` I have spent nearly all the vacation - times of seventeen years examining ( ... ) Writing stories in prose or verse has been stolen , often guiltily , from time already mortgaged ... '' Carpenter , Humphrey , ed. ( 1981 ) , The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , # 17 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 31555 - 7 Jump up ^ `` J.R.R. Tolkien Collection Marquette Archives Raynor Memorial Libraries Marquette University '' . Archived from the original on 19 December 2013 . Jump up ^ The Fellowship of the Ring , Book 1 , Chapter 1 , paragraph 8 . Jump up ^ Readanybooks website ; English and Welsh essay Archived 3 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine. ; access - date 25 January 2014 ^ Jump up to : Carpenter , Humphrey ( 1995 ) . The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien , Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 618 - 05699 - 8 , Letter no . 142 , page 172 Jump up ^ Shippey , T.A. ( 2005 ( 1982 ) ) . The Road to Middle - earth , 3rd ed. , HarperCollins Publishers . ISBN 0 - 261 - 10275 - 3 . Jump up ^ T.A. Shippey : Tolkien , Author of the Century HarperCollins , 2000 Jump up ^ Gunnell , Terry ( 13 -- 14 September 2002 ) . `` Tívar in a timeless land : Tolkien 's Elves '' . Archived from the original on 2 June 2013 . Retrieved 4 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Lesniewski , Michal ( 3 September 2003 ) . `` Re Redigast Quid * cum Boromir ? '' ( in Polish ) . Archived from the original on 7 January 2012 . Retrieved 29 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Jason ( 20 October 2009 ) . `` Slavic echoes in Tolkien -- A response '' . Archived from the original on 6 January 2012 . Retrieved 28 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Kuzmenko , Dmitry . `` Slavic echoes in the works of J.R.R. Tolkien '' ( in Ukrainian ) . Archived from the original on 25 April 2012 . Retrieved 6 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Allen , Elizabeth M. ( 1985 ) . `` Persian Influences in J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings '' . In Reilly , Robert . The Transcendent Adventure : Studies of Religion in Science Fiction / Fantasy . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . pp. 189 -- 206 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 23062 - 5 . Jump up ^ Stanton , Michael ( 2001 ) . Hobbits , Elves , and Wizards : Exploring the Wonders and Worlds of J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . p. 18 . ISBN 1 - 4039 - 6025 - 9 . Jump up ^ Handwerk , Brian ( 1 March 2004 ) . `` Lord of the Rings Inspired by an Ancient Epic '' . National Geographic News . National Geographic Society . pp. 1 -- 2 . Archived from the original on 16 March 2006 . Retrieved 4 October 2006 . Jump up ^ The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien . Letter # 19 , 31 December 1960 Jump up ^ Shippey , Tom ( 2000 ) . J.R.R. Tolkien Author of the Century , HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 261 - 10401 - 2 Jump up ^ Carpenter , Humphrey , ed. ( 1981 ) , The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , # 178 & # 303 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 31555 - 7 Jump up ^ Edwards , Paul . `` In the Valley of the Hobbits '' . Travel Lady Magazine . Archived from the original on 22 June 2002 . Retrieved 5 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Livingston , Michael ( 2006 ) . `` The Shellshocked Hobbit : The First World War and Tolkien 's Trauma of the Ring '' . Mythlore . Mythopoeic Society . pp. 77 -- 92 . Retrieved 3 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Humphrey ( 1977 ) , Tolkien : A Biography , New York : Ballantine Books , p. 211 ff. , ISBN 0 - 04 - 928037 - 6 Jump up ^ Unwin , Rayner ( 1999 ) . George Allen & Unwin : A Remembrancer . Ludlow : Merlin Unwin Books . pp. 97 -- 99 . ISBN 1 - 873674 - 37 - 6 . Jump up ^ The Fellowship of the Ring : Being the First Part of The Lord of the Rings Archived 15 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Tolkien , John Ronald ( 2006 ) . The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien . London : Harper Collins . pp. 167 , 170 , 173 . ISBN 0261102656 . Jump up ^ Tolkien , Christopher ( 2000 ) . The War of the Ring : The History of The Lord of the Rings , Part Three . Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 618 - 08359 - 6 . Jump up ^ D.C. Drout , Michael ( 2007 ) . J.R.R. Tolkien encyclopedia . CRC Press . ISBN 9780415969420 . Jump up ^ Smith , Anthony ( 27 November 2000 ) . `` Rayner Unwin '' . London : Guardian . Retrieved 12 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Unwin , Rayner ( 1999 ) . George Allen & Unwin : A Remembrancer . Ludlow : Merlin Unwin Books . p. 288 . ISBN 1 - 873674 - 37 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Betsy Wollheim : The Family Trade '' . Locus Online . June 2006 . Archived from the original on 31 January 2011 . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Silverberg , Robert ( 1997 ) . Reflections & Refractions : Thoughts on Science Fiction , Science , and Other Matters . Grass Valley , Calif : Underwood . pp. 253 -- 6 . ISBN 1 - 887424 - 22 - 9 . Jump up ^ Joseph Ripp . `` Middle America Meets Middle - earth : American Publication and Discussion of J.R.R. Tolkien 's Lord of the Rings '' ( PDF ) . p. 38 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 5 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Reynolds , Pat . `` The Lord of the Rings : The Tale of a Text '' . The Tolkien Society . Archived from the original on 8 September 2006 . There was a campaign against Ace , who , as a result , agreed to pay royalties , and not to print any more copies . But , as a result of being advised that he had lost his copyright , even before the Ace edition was issued , Tolkien began to revise The Lord of the Rings , so that there could be an authorised paperback which would be a new edition , and more importantly , a new edition for which he would still own the copyright . This was published by Ballentine ( sic ) Books in October 1965 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Humphrey , ed. ( 1981 ) , The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , especially # 270 , # 273 and # 277 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 31555 - 7 Jump up ^ Medievalist Comics and the American Century Archived 15 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Notes on the text '' pp. xi -- xiii , Douglas A. Anderson , in the 1994 HarperCollins edition of The Fellowship of the Ring . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings : A Reader 's Companion '' , Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull , HarperCollins ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ `` Lord of the Rings Comparison '' . Archived from the original on 7 October 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.elrondslibrary.fr/ Jump up ^ Letters , 305f. ; c.f. Martin Andersson `` Lord of the Errors or , Who Really Killed the Witch - King ? '' Archived 6 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` The Lord of the Rings Boxed Set ( Lord of the Rings Trilogy Series ) section : Editorial reviews '' . Archived from the original on 10 December 2010 . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` From the Critics '' . Archived from the original on 29 September 2007 . Retrieved 30 May 2006 . Jump up ^ Auden , W.H. ( 22 January 1956 ) . `` At the End of the Quest , Victory '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 20 February 2011 . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Shulevitz , Judith ( 22 April 2001 ) . `` Hobbits in Hollywood '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 9 April 2009 . Retrieved 13 May 2006 . Jump up ^ Jenkyns , Richard ( 28 January 2002 ) . `` Bored of the Rings '' . The New Republic . Retrieved 13 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Derek Bailey ( Director ) and Judi Dench ( Narrator ) ( 1992 ) . A Film Portrait of J.R.R. Tolkien ( Television documentary ) . Visual Corporation . Jump up ^ Dyson 's actual comment , bowdlerized in the TV version , was `` Not another fucking Elf ! '' Grovier , Kelly ( 29 April 2007 ) . `` In the Name of the Father '' . The Observer . Archived from the original on 2 October 2013 . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Seiler , Andy ( 16 December 2003 ) . `` ' Rings ' comes full circle '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on 12 February 2006 . Retrieved 12 March 2006 . Jump up ^ Diver , Krysia ( 5 October 2004 ) . `` A lord for Germany '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on 28 March 2006 . Retrieved 12 March 2006 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Callista ( 5 December 2005 ) . `` Epic trilogy tops favourite film poll '' . ABC News Online . Archived from the original on 16 January 2006 . Retrieved 12 March 2006 . Jump up ^ O'Hehir , Andrew ( 4 June 2001 ) . `` The book of the century '' . Salon . Archived from the original on 13 February 2006 . Retrieved 12 March 2006 . Jump up ^ The Lord of the Rings : The Mythology of Power , ( Revised Edition , by Jane Chance , copyright 2001 ) . University Press of Kentucky , cited in `` Influences on `` The Lord of the Rings '' `` . National Geographic Society . Archived from the original on 4 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. from Encyclopedia of Science , Technology , and Ethics . Macmillan Reference USA . Cited in `` J.R.R. Tolkien Summary '' . BookRags . Archived from the original on 29 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1991 ) . The Lord of the Rings . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 261 - 10238 - 9 . Jump up ^ Yatt , John ( 2 December 2002 ) . `` Wraiths and Race '' . The Guardian . London . Archived from the original on 26 August 2013 . Retrieved 25 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Bhatia , Shyam ( 8 January 2003 ) . `` The Lord of the Rings rooted in racism '' . Rediff India Abroad . Archived from the original on 3 November 2010 . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Straubhaar , Sandra Ballif . `` Myth , Late Roman history and Multiculturalism in Tolkien 's Middle Earth '' . In Chance , Jane . Tolkien and the Invention of Myth : A Reader . p. 113 . ^ Jump up to : Curry , Patrick ( 2004 ) . Defending Middle - earth : Tolkien : Myth and Modernity . Houghton Mifflin . pp. 30 -- 33 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 17671 - 6 . Jump up ^ Chism , Christine ( 2007 ) . `` Race and Ethnicity in Tolkien 's Works '' . In Michael Drout . J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ Chism , Christine ( 2007 ) . `` Racism , Charges of '' . In Michael Drout . J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia . ^ Jump up to : Rearick , Anderson ( Winter 2004 ) . `` Why is the Only Good Orc a Dead Orc ? The Dark Face of Racism in Tolkien 's World '' . Modern Fiction Studies . p. 861 . ^ Jump up to : Magoun , John ( 2007 ) . `` The South '' . In Michael Drout . J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia . p. 622 . Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1987 ) . The Two Towers , The Lord of the Rings . Boston , MA : Houghton Mifflin . p. 661 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 544 - 27344 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers '' . IMDB. 2002 . Archived from the original on 16 March 2016 . Retrieved 29 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Brin , David ( December 2002 ) . `` We Hobbits are a Merry Folk : an incautious and heretical re-appraisal of J.R.R. Tolkien '' . Salon Magazine . Archived from the original on 23 March 2006 . Retrieved 9 January 2006 . Jump up ^ Moorcock , Michael . `` Epic Pooh '' . Archived from the original on 24 March 2008 . Retrieved 27 January 2006 . Jump up ^ Shippey , T.A. The Roots of Tolkien 's Middle Earth ( review ) Tolkien Studies -- Volume 4 , 2007 , pp. 307 -- 311 Jump up ^ Williams , Stan. `` 20 Ways ' The Lord of the Rings ' Is Both Christian and Catholic '' . Catholic Education Resource Center . Archived from the original on 20 December 2013 . Retrieved 20 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Bower , Jody G . `` ' The Lord of the Rings ' -- An Archetypal Hero 's Journey '' . Archived from the original on 23 April 2011 . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Drout 2006 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ See also interview in `` Show '' magazine vol. 1 , Number 1 1970 Jump up ^ `` Beatles plan for Rings film '' . CNN . 28 March 2002 . Archived from the original on 9 April 2002 . Jump up ^ Masters , Tim ( 30 April 2009 ) . `` Making Middle - earth on a shoestring '' . BBC News . BBC . Archived from the original on 3 May 2009 . Retrieved 1 May 2009 . Sydell , Laura ( 30 April 2009 ) . `` High - Def ' Hunt For Gollum ' New Lord of the Fanvids '' . All Things Considered . NPR . Archived from the original on 3 May 2009 . Retrieved 1 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Lamont , Tom ( 7 March 2010 ) . `` Born of Hope -- and a lot of charity '' . The Guardian . London , England : Guardian Media Group . Archived from the original on 5 January 2015 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Axon , Samuel ( 13 November 2017 ) . `` Amazon will run a multi-season Lord of the Rings prequel TV series '' . Ars Technica . Archived from the original on 14 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Sandra ( 13 November 2017 ) . `` Amazon announces ' Lord of the Rings ' TV show '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 14 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Koblin , John ( 13 November 2017 ) . `` ' Lord of the Rings ' Series Coming to Amazon '' . The New York Times . New York City : New York Times Company . Retrieved 7 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon 's ' Lord of the Rings ' Will Be the Most Expensive Television Show Ever Made '' . Fortune . Retrieved 8 April 2018 . Jump up ^ ISBN 1 - 4025 - 1627 - 4 Jump up ^ Carter , Lin ( 1978 ) . The Year 's Best Fantasy Stories : 4 . New York : DAW Books . pp. 207 -- 208 . Jump up ^ Gygax , Gary . `` Gary Gygax -- Creator of Dungeons & Dragons '' . The One Ring.net . Archived from the original on 27 June 2006 . Retrieved 28 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Gamasutra Quantum Leap Awards : Role - Playing Games '' . Honorable Mention : Dragon Warrior . Gamasutra. 6 October 2006 . Archived from the original on 13 March 2011 . Retrieved 28 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Kalata , Kurt . `` The History of Dragon Quest '' . Gamasutra . Archived from the original on 22 July 2015 . Retrieved 29 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Douglass , Perry ( 17 May 2006 ) . `` The Influence of Literature and Myth in Videogames '' . IGN . New York City : News Corp . Archived from the original on 18 January 2016 . Retrieved 4 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Martin , Brett A.S. ( 6 September 2012 ) . `` Using the Imagination : Consumer Evoking and Thematizing of the Fantastic Imaginary '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Consumer Research . 31 . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press . pp. 136 -- 14 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 6 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Tolkien had recorded a version of his theme on a friend 's tape recorder in 1952 . This was later issued by Caedmon Records in 1975 as part of J.R.R. Tolkien reads and sings The Lord of the Rings ( LP recording TC1478 ) . Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ; Swann , Donald ( 1967 ) . The Road Goes Ever On : A Song Cycle . New York City : Ballantine Books . Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ; Swann , Donald ( 1967 ) , Poems and Songs of Middle Earth ( LP recording ) , New York City : Caedmon Records , TC1231 / TC91231 ^ Jump up to : Snider , Charles ( 2008 ) . The Strawberry Bricks Guide to Progressive Rock . Strawberry Bricks . pp. 120 -- 121 . ISBN 0 - 615 - 17566 - X . Jump up ^ Greene , Andy ( 16 August 2017 ) . `` Ramble On : Rockers Who Love ' The Lord of the Rings ' '' . Rolling Stone . New York City : Wenner Media LLC . Archived from the original on 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Feist , Raymond ( 2001 ) . Meditations on Middle - earth . New York city : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 30290 - 8 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Humphrey ( 2000 ) . J.R.R. Tolkien : A Biography . Boston , Massachusetts : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . ISBN 0 - 618 - 05702 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Tolkien sold film rights for £ 10,000 '' . London Evening Standard . 12 July 2001 . Archived from the original on 14 September 2012 . Retrieved 20 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Pulley , Brett ( 15 July 2009 ) . `` ' Hobbit ' Heirs Seek $220 Million for ' Rings ' Rights ( Update1 ) '' . Bloomberg . Archived from the original on 2 August 2012 . Retrieved 20 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Harlow , John ( 28 May 2008 ) . `` Hobbit movies meet dire foe in son of Tolkien '' . The Times Online . London : The Times . Retrieved 24 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Mathijs , Ernest ( 2006 ) . The Lord of the Rings : Popular Culture in Global Context . Wallflower Press . p. 25 . ISBN 1 - 904764 - 82 - 7 . Further reading ( edit ) Carter , Lin ( 1969 ) . Tolkien : A Look Behind The Lord of the Rings . Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 345 - 27539 - X . Day , David ( 2004 ) . The World of Tolkien : Mythological Sources of the Lord of the Rings . Gramercy Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 517 - 22317 - 8 . Drout , Michael D.C. ( 2006 ) . J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 96942 - 0 . Foster , Robert ( 1978 ) . The Complete Guide to Middle - Earth : from `` The Hobbit '' through `` The lord of the Rings '' and Beyond . Rev. and enl . ed . Ballantine Books . N.B. : An alphabetical dictionary of personages and lore in this body of works by J.R.R. Tolkien . ISBN 0 - 7394 - 3297 - 4 hdbk . Hammond , Wayne G. ; Christina Scull ( 2005 ) . The Lord of the Rings : A Reader 's Companion . Houghton Mifflin Co . ISBN 0 - 618 - 64267 - 6 . Glyer , Diana Pavlac ( 2007 ) . The Company They Keep : C.S. Lewis and J.R.R. Tolkien as Writers in Community . Kent State University Press . ISBN 0 - 87338 - 890 - 9 . Christina Scull and Wayne G. Hammond , The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide ( 2006 ) , ISBN 0 - 618 - 39113 - 4 Christopher Tolkien ( ed . ) , The History of The Lord of the Rings , 4 vols ( 1988 -- 1992 ) . J.R.R. Tolkien , On Fairy Stories External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Lord of the Rings . Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Lord of the Rings Wikivoyage has a travel guide for The Lord of the Rings tourism . Tolkien website of Harper Collins ( the British publisher ) Tolkien website of Houghton Mifflin ( the American publisher ) The Encyclopedia of Arda : An Interactive Guide to the Works of J.R.R. Tolkien The Tolkien Library J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Production and reception Composition Themes Influences Translations Russian Swedish Reception Fandom Study Related works The Hobbit The Adventures of Tom Bombadil The Road Goes Ever On Bilbo 's Last Song The Silmarillion Unfinished Tales The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien The History of Middle - earth The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit Beren and Lúthien The Fall of Gondolin Characters Aragorn Arwen Bilbo Boromir Butterbur Celeborn Denethor Elladan and Elrohir Elrond Éomer Éowyn Faramir Frodo Galadriel Gandalf Gildor Gimli Glorfindel Gollum Legolas Merry Mouth of Sauron Old Man Willow Pippin Radagast Sam Saruman Sauron Shelob Théoden Tom Bombadil Treebeard Witch - king Wormtongue Adaptations and other derivative works Books Bored of the Rings ( 1969 ) The Last Ringbearer ( 1999 ) Muddle Earth ( 2003 ) Theatre Fellowship ! ( 2005 ) Lord of the Rings ( 2006 ) Radio The Lord of the Rings ( 1955 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1979 ) Hordes of the Things ( 1980 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1981 ) Der Herr der Ringe ( 1992 ) Film Animated The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) The Return of the King ( 1980 ) Peter Jackson series The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Fan - made The Hunt for Gollum ( 2009 ) Born of Hope ( 2009 ) Video games Journey to Rivendell Game One Game Two : Shadows of Mordor War in Middle Earth Vol . I ( 1990 ) Vol . I ( SNES ) Riders of Rohan Elendor Volume II The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King War of the Ring The Third Age The Battle for Middle - earth Tactics The Battle for Middle - earth II The Rise of the Witch - king The Lord of the Rings Online Mines of Moria Siege of Mirkwood Rise of Isengard Riders of Rohan Helm 's Deep Conquest Aragorn 's Quest War in the North Lego The Lord of the Rings Guardians of Middle - earth Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Middle - earth : Shadow of War Tabletop role - playing games The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game Middle - earth Role Playing The One Ring Roleplaying Game Board games Middle Earth Lord of the Rings Risk : The Lord of the Rings Trilogy Edition War of the Ring Other games The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game The Lord of the Rings : The Card Game The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game Middle - earth Collectible Card Game Toys Middle - earth Lego sets J.R.R. Tolkien 's legendarium Writings Principal works The Hobbit The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King The Silmarillion Other works The Adventures of Tom Bombadil The Road Goes Ever On Posthumous publications Bilbo 's Last Song Unfinished Tales The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien The History of Middle - earth ( 12 volumes ) The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit Beren and Lúthien The Fall of Gondolin Fictional universe Characters Peoples Individual Dwarves Individual Elves Individual Hobbits Hobbit families Individual Númenóreans Individual Orcs Kings of Arnor House of Isildur Rangers of the North Arvedui Aragorn Eldarion Kings of Dale Kings of Gondor House of Anárion Eärnil II Kings of Rohan Éomer Théoden Rulers of Númenor Realms Objects Rings of Power One Ring Three Rings Palantír Silmarils Mithril Weapons and armour Sting Concepts Cosmology Ages or timeline Animals Plants Food and drink Wars and battles Rivers Anduin Roads Languages Magic Hobbit Day Secondary works and legacy The Atlas of Middle - earth The Complete Guide to Middle - earth A Guide to Middle - earth The Individuated Hobbit J.R.R. Tolkien : Author of the Century J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia Journeys of Frodo The Lord of the Rings : A Reader 's Companion Images of Middle - Earth Related fiction video games Things named after Tolkien and his works Tolkien 's Ring Tolkien : A Look Behind `` The Lord of the Rings '' J.R.R. Tolkien Bibliography Fiction Songs for the Philologists ( 1936 ) The Hobbit ( 1937 ) Leaf by Niggle ( 1947 ) The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun ( 1945 / 2016 ) Farmer Giles of Ham ( 1949 ) The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm 's Son ( 1953 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 1954 ) The Two Towers ( 1954 ) The Return of the King ( 1955 ) The Adventures of Tom Bombadil ( 1962 ) Tree and Leaf ( 1964 ) The Tolkien Reader ( 1966 ) The Road Goes Ever On ( 1967 ) Smith of Wootton Major ( 1967 ) Posthumous fiction Bilbo 's Last Song ( 1974 ) The Father Christmas Letters ( 1976 ) The Silmarillion ( 1977 ) Poems and Stories ( 1980 ) Unfinished Tales ( 1980 ) Mr. Bliss ( 1982 ) The History of Middle - earth ( 1983 -- 1996 ) Tales from the Perilous Realm ( 1997 ) Roverandom ( 1998 ) The Children of Húrin ( 2007 ) The History of The Hobbit ( 2007 ) The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún ( 2009 ) The Fall of Arthur ( 2013 ) The Story of Kullervo ( 2015 ) Beren and Lúthien ( 2017 ) The Fall of Gondolin ( 2018 ) Academic works Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ( Middle English text , 1925 ) The Devil 's Coach Horses ( 1925 ) Ancrene Wisse and Hali Meiðhad ( 1929 ) Sigelwara Land ( 1932 -- 34 ) Chaucer as a Philologist : The Reeve 's Tale ( 1934 ) Beowulf : The Monsters and the Critics ( 1936 ) On Fairy - Stories ( 1939 ) On Translating Beowulf ( 1940 ) Sir Orfeo ( 1944 ) Ancrene Wisse ( 1962 ) English and Welsh ( 1963 ) Jerusalem Bible ( as translator and lexicographer , 1966 ) Posthumous academic Sir Gawain and the Green Knight , Pearl , and Sir Orfeo ( Modern English translations , 1975 ) Finn and Hengest ( 1982 ) The Monsters and the Critics , and Other Essays ( 1983 ) Beowulf and the Critics ( 2002 ) Beowulf : A Translation and Commentary with Sellic Spell ( 2014 ) A Secret Vice ( 1983 / 2016 ) List of Tolkien 's alliterative verse Related Influences Languages constructed by Tolkien Inklings Mythopoeic Society The Tolkien Society Tolkien Reading Day Tolkien Studies Memorials Tolkien research Works inspired by Tolkien J.R.R. Tolkien : A Biography ( 1977 , authorized biography ) Tolkien ( biographical film ) Tolkien : Maker of Middle - earth Family Edith Tolkien ( wife ) Christopher Tolkien ( son ) Simon Tolkien ( grandson ) Books I Love Best Yearly : Older Readers Award The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole , Aged 133⁄4 by Sue Townsend ( 1990 ) The Outsiders by S.E. Hinton ( 1991 ) Where 's Wally ? by Martin Handford ( 1992 ) Flowers in the Attic by V.C. Andrews ( 1993 ) Looking for Alibrandi by Melina Marchetta ( 1995 ) Jurassic Park by Michael Crichton ( 1996 ) The Hobbit by J.R.R. Tolkien ( 1997 ) Tomorrow , When the War Began by John Marsden ( 1998 ) Bumface by Morris Gleitzman ( 1999 ) Looking for Alibrandi by Melina Marchetta ( 2000 ) Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien ( 2002 ) Two of a Kind series by various authors ( 2003 ) Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix by J.K. Rowling ( 2004 ) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban by J.K. Rowling ( 2005 ) Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince by J.K. Rowling ( 2006 ) BNE : XX3049459 BNF : cb11939715m ( data ) GND : 4124318 - 3 LCCN : no97079452 VIAF : 184093601 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings&oldid=849325934 '' Categories : The Lord of the Rings Artificial mythology 1954 fantasy novels 1954 British novels English novels British adventure novels Fantasy books by series Sequel novels Epic novels British fantasy novels British novels adapted into films BILBY Award - winning works Prometheus Award - winning works Allen & Unwin books Three - volume novels Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Ukrainian - language sources ( uk ) All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from April 2011 Use dmy dates from April 2018 Use British English Oxford spelling from March 2014 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from December 2016 Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikivoyage Languages Alemannisch Ænglisc Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Эрзянь Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Runa Simi Русский Sardu Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 88 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 July 2018 , at 06 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what order do the lord of the rings books go in | [
"The work was initially intended by Tolkien to be one volume of a two-volume set, the other to be The Silmarillion, but this idea was dismissed by his publisher.[3][4] For economic reasons, The Lord of the Rings was published in three volumes over the course of a year from 29 July 1954 to 20 October 1955.[3][5] The three volumes were titled The Fellowship of the Ring, The Two Towers and The Return of the King. Structurally, the novel is divided internally into six books, two per volume, with several appendices of background material included at the end. Some editions combine the entire work into a single volume. The Lord of the Rings has since been reprinted numerous times and translated into 38 languages.\n"
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"The Fellowship of the Ring, The Two Towers and The Return of the King"
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-3190216498649761829 | Tintype | Tintype - wikipedia Tintype Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Tintype of two girls in front of a painted background of the Cliff House and Seal Rocks in San Francisco , circa 1900 A tintype , also known as a melainotype or ferrotype , is a photograph made by creating a direct positive on a thin sheet of metal coated with a dark lacquer or enamel and used as the support for the photographic emulsion . Tintypes enjoyed their widest use during the 1860s and 1870s , but lesser use of the medium persisted into the early 20th century and it has been revived as a novelty in the 21st . Tintype portraits were at first usually made in a formal photographic studio , like daguerreotypes and other early types of photographs , but later they were most commonly made by photographers working in booths or the open air at fairs and carnivals , as well as by itinerant sidewalk photographers . Because the lacquered iron support ( there is no actual tin used ) was resilient and did not need drying , a tintype could be developed and fixed and handed to the customer only a few minutes after the picture had been taken . The tintype photograph saw more uses and captured a wider variety of settings and subjects than any other photographic type . It was introduced while the daguerreotype was still popular , though its primary competition would have been the ambrotype . The tintype saw the Civil War come and go , documenting the individual soldier and horrific battle scenes . It captured scenes from the Wild West , as it was easy to produce by itinerant photographers working out of covered wagons . It began losing artistic and commercial ground to higher quality albumen prints on paper in the mid-1860s , yet survived for well over another 40 years , living mostly as a carnival novelty . The tintype 's immediate predecessor , the ambrotype , was done by the same process of using a sheet of glass as the support . The glass was either of a dark color or provided with a black backing so that , as with a tintype , the underexposed negative image in the emulsion appeared as a positive . Tintypes were sturdy and did not require mounting in a protective hard case like ambrotypes and daguerreotypes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Technical details 2 History 2.1 Ambrotype as a precursor 2.2 Success of the tintype 2.3 Contemporary usage 3 Ferrotyping 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Technical details ( edit ) There are two historic tintype processes : wet and dry . In the wet process , a collodion emulsion containing suspended silver halide crystals had to be formed on the plate just before it was exposed in the camera while still wet . Chemical treatment then reduced the crystals to microscopic particles of metallic silver in proportion to the intensity and duration of their exposure to light , resulting in a visible image . The later and more convenient dry process was similar but used a gelatin emulsion which could be applied to the plate long before use and exposed in the camera dry . In both processes , a very underexposed negative image was produced in the emulsion . Its densest areas , corresponding to the lightest parts of the subject , appeared gray by reflected light . The areas with the least amount of silver , corresponding to the darkest areas of the subject , were essentially transparent and appeared black when seen against the dark background provided by the lacquer . The image as a whole therefore appeared to be a dull - toned positive . This ability to employ underexposed images allowed shorter exposure times to be used , a great advantage in portraiture . To obtain as light - toned an image as possible , potassium cyanide , a very dangerous and powerful deadly poison , was normally employed as the photographic fixer . It was perhaps the most acutely hazardous of all the several highly toxic chemicals originally used in this and many other early photographic processes . One unusual piece of tintype equipment was a twelve - lensed camera that could make a dozen ⁄ - by - 1 - inch ( 19 mm × 25 mm ) `` gem '' portraits with one exposure , developed in 1858 . Portrait sizes ranged from gem - size to 11 in × 14 in ( 280 mm × 360 mm ) . From about 1865 to 1910 , the most popular size , called `` Bon - ton '' , ranged from 2 ⁄ in × 3 ⁄ in ( 60 mm × 89 mm ) to 4 in × 5 ⁄ in ( 100 mm × 150 mm ) . Each tintype is usually a camera original , so the image is usually a mirror image , reversed left to right from reality . Sometimes the camera was fitted with a mirror or right - angle prism so that the end result would be right - reading . History ( edit ) Tintype portrait in a paper mat , taken at Pease 's Nantasket Tintype Gallery , circa 1900 The process was first described by Adolphe - Alexandre Martin in France in 1853 . In 1856 it was patented by Hamilton Smith in the United States and by William Kloen in the United Kingdom . It was first called melainotype , then ferrotype by a rival manufacturer of the iron plates used , then finally tintype . Ambrotype as a precursor ( edit ) The ambrotype was the first use of the wet - plate collodion process as a positive image . Such collodion glass positives had been invented by Frederick Scott Archer in 1851 and the name Ambrotype was introduced in the United States by James Ambrose Cutting in 1854 when he patented a variation of Archer 's original process . The tintype was essentially a variant of the ambrotype , replacing the latter 's glass plate with a thin sheet of japanned iron ( hence ferro ) . Ambrotypes often exhibit some flaking of their black back coating , cracking or detachment of the image - bearing emulsion layer , or other deterioration , but the image layer on a tintype has proven to be typically very durable . Success of the tintype ( edit ) Compared to their most important predecessor , the daguerreotype , tintypes were not only very inexpensive , they were also relatively easy and quick to make . A photographer could prepare , expose , develop and varnish a tintype plate and have it ready for the customer in a few minutes . Although early tintypes were sometimes mounted in protective ornamental cases , like daguerreotypes and ambrotypes , uncased tintypes in simple paper mats were popular from the beginning . They were often later transferred into the precut openings provided in book - like photograph albums . One or more hardy , lightweight , thin tintypes could be carried conveniently in a jacket pocket . They became very popular in the United States during the American Civil War . Although prints on paper soon displaced them as the most common type of photograph , the tintype process continued to enjoy considerable use throughout the 19th century and beyond , especially for casual portraiture by novelty and street photographers . Contemporary usage ( edit ) ( hide ) This section has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This section contains content that is written like an advertisement . Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Tintypes were taken in Afghanistan during the Afghan War by U.S. Air Force personnel , the first taken in a war zone since the Civil War . John Coffer , a featured photographer in the New York Times , travels by horse - drawn wagon creating tintypes . The contemporary photographer Victoria Will created a series of tintypes of Hollywood stars at the 2014 Sundance Film Festival , including portraits of Kristen Stewart , Willem Dafoe , Anne Hathaway , Elijah Wood , William H. Macy , and Philip Seymour Hoffman . In the 1980s visitors to Busch Gardens could don Old West clothing , usually a studio provided hat and jacket , and sit for a period style tintype . Ferrotyping ( edit ) Ferrotyping is a finishing treatment applied to glossy photographic paper to bring out its reflective properties . Newly processed , still - wet photographic prints and enlargements that have been made on glossy - type paper are squeegeed onto a polished metal plate called a ferrotyping plate . When they dry and split off due to slight shrinkage , they retain a highly reflective gloss . See also ( edit ) Albumen print Ambrotype Calotype Collodion process Daguerreotype References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.phototree.com/id_tin.htm ^ Jump up to : Rinhart , Floyd ; Rinhart , Marion ( 1990 ) . The American Tintype . Ohio State University Press . ^ Jump up to : `` What Do You Know About Tintypes ? '' , Ohio Historical Society Collections Blog , 2011 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ Peres , Michael R . The Focal Encyclopedia of Photography , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Zhang , Michael ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` These Are the First Combat Zone Tintype Photos Created Since the Civil War '' . PetaPixel . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to tintypes . Step by Step Wet Plate Photography Making a Photograph During the Brady Era Civil War Photographs from the National Archive Tintypes Collection at the American Antiquarian Society Tintype street camera American Large Plate Tintypes https://vimeo.com/64989295 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tintype&oldid=800987311 '' Categories : Photographic processes dating from the 19th century Alternative photographic processes Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles with a promotional tone from February 2015 All articles with a promotional tone Articles needing additional references from February 2015 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Français Hrvatski Italiano Magyar Norsk Polski Português Русский Svenska ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 00 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did they stop making tin type photos | [
"A tintype, also known as a melainotype or ferrotype, is a photograph made by creating a direct positive on a thin sheet of metal coated with a dark lacquer or enamel and used as the support for the photographic emulsion. Tintypes enjoyed their widest use during the 1860s and 1870s, but lesser use of the medium persisted into the early 20th century and it has been revived as a novelty in the 21st."
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"early 20th century"
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3224206782218830588 | Deepwater Horizon explosion | Deepwater Horizon explosion - wikipedia Deepwater Horizon explosion Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the explosion of the drilling rig Deepwater Horizon . For the subsequent oil spill , see Deepwater Horizon oil spill . For other related articles , see Deepwater Horizon ( disambiguation ) . Deepwater Horizon explosion Anchor handling tugs and platform supply vessels combat the fire on the Deepwater Horizon while the U.S. Coast Guard searches for missing crew . Date April 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 20 ) Time 22 : 00 UTC - 6 Location Gulf of Mexico , Louisiana , United States 28 ° 44 ′ 12.01 '' N 88 ° 23 ′ 13.78 '' W / 28.7366694 ° N 88.3871611 ° W / 28.7366694 ; - 88.3871611 Coordinates : 28 ° 44 ′ 12.01 '' N 88 ° 23 ′ 13.78 '' W / 28.7366694 ° N 88.3871611 ° W / 28.7366694 ; - 88.3871611 Deaths 11 Non-fatal injuries 17 Crew 126 This article is part of a series about the Deepwater Horizon oil spill BP Deepwater Horizon Explosion Oil spill Timeline Volume and extent Closure Response Environmental impact Health consequences Economic effects Reactions Investigation Litigation Compensation The Deepwater Horizon drilling rig explosion was the April 20 , 2010 , explosion and subsequent fire on the Deepwater Horizon semi-submersible Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit ( MODU ) , which was owned and operated by Transocean and drilling for BP in the Macondo Prospect oil field about 40 miles ( 60 km ) southeast off the Louisiana coast . The explosion and subsequent fire resulted in the sinking of the Deepwater Horizon and the deaths of 11 workers ; 17 others were injured . The same blowout that caused the explosion also caused a massive offshore oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico , considered the largest accidental marine oil spill in the world , and the largest environmental disaster in U.S. history . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Deepwater Horizon 1.1. 1 Transocean safety record 1.2 Pre-explosion risks and precautions 1.3 Pre-explosion problems and warnings 2 Blowout 3 Casualties and rescue efforts 3.1 Survivors 3.2 Casualties 4 Discovery of oil spill 5 Investigation into explosion 6 Lawsuits 7 In popular culture 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Background ( edit ) Deepwater Horizon ( edit ) Main article : Deepwater Horizon Deepwater Horizon Location of the Deepwater Horizon on April 20 , 2010 The $560 million platform was built by Hyundai Heavy Industries in South Korea and completed in 2001 . It was owned by Transocean , operated under the Marshalese flag of convenience , and was under lease to BP until September 2013 . At the time of the explosion , the Deepwater Horizon was on Mississippi Canyon Block 252 , referred to as the Macondo Prospect , in the United States sector of the Gulf of Mexico , about 41 miles ( 66 km ) off the Louisiana coast . In March 2008 , the mineral rights to drill for oil on the Macondo Prospect were purchased by BP at the Minerals Management Service 's lease sale . The platform commenced drilling in February 2010 at a water depth of approximately 5,000 feet ( 1,500 m ) . At the time of the explosion the rig was drilling an exploratory well . The planned well was to be drilled to 18,360 feet ( 5,600 m ) below sea level , and was to be plugged and suspended for subsequent completion as a subsea producer . Production casing was being run and cemented at the time of the accident . Once the cementing was complete , it was due to be tested for integrity and a cement plug set to temporarily abandon the well . Transocean safety record ( edit ) The rig owner , Transocean , had a `` strong overall '' safety record with no major incidents for 7 years . However an analysts ' review `` painted a more equivocal picture '' with Transocean rigs being disproportionately responsible for safety related incidents in the Gulf and industry surveys reporting concerns over falling quality and performance . In the 3 years 2005 to 2007 , Transocean was the owner of 30 % of oil rigs active in the Gulf , and 33 % of incidents that triggered a Minerals Management Service ( MMS ) investigation were on Transocean rigs . However , in the 3 years from 2008 to February 15 , 2010 , it owned 42 % of rigs but was the owner for 73 % of incidents . Industry surveys saw this as an effect of its November 2007 merger with rival GlobalSantaFe . Transocean `` has had problems '' previously with both cement seals ( 2005 ) and blowout preventers ( 2006 ) , which are the suspected cause of the Deepwater Horizon loss , although Transocean states that cementing is a third party task and that it has `` a strong maintenance program to keep blowout preventers working '' . According to the Wall Street Journal online : `` In 2008 and 2009 , the surveys ranked Transocean last among deep - water drillers for `` job quality '' and second to last in ' overall satisfaction ' . For three years before the merger , Transocean was the leader or near the top in both measures . Transocean ranked first in 2008 and 2009 in a category that gauges its in - house safety and environmental policies . There were few indications of any trouble with the Deepwater Horizon before the explosion . The rig won an award from the MMS for its 2008 safety record , and on the day of the disaster , BP and Transocean managers were on board to celebrate seven years without a lost - time accident . A BP spokesman said rigs hired by BP have had better safety records than the industry average for six years running , according to MMS statistics that measure the number of citations per inspection . BP has been a finalist for a national safety award from the MMS for the past two years . Mr. Odone would n't comment on BP 's relationship with Transocean after the Gulf disaster but said BP continues to use Transocean rigs . '' Pre-explosion risks and precautions ( edit ) Deepwater Horizon drilling rig prior to the incident . In February 2009 , BP filed a 52 - page exploration and environmental impact plan for the Macondo well with the Minerals Management Service ( MMS ) , an arm of the United States Department of the Interior that oversees offshore drilling . The plan stated that it was `` unlikely that an accidental surface or subsurface oil spill would occur from the proposed activities '' . In the event an accident did take place , the plan stated that due to the well being 48 miles ( 77 km ) from shore and the response capabilities that would be implemented , no significant adverse impacts would be expected . The Department of the Interior exempted BP 's Gulf of Mexico drilling operation from a detailed environmental impact study after concluding that a massive oil spill was unlikely . In addition , following a loosening of regulations in 2008 , BP was not required to file a detailed blowout plan . The BP wellhead had been fitted with a blowout preventer ( BOP ) , but it was fitted with remote - control or acoustically activated triggers for use in case of an emergency requiring a platform to be evacuated . It did have a dead man 's switch designed to automatically cut the pipe and seal the well if communication from the platform is lost , but it was unknown whether the switch was activated . Documents discussed during congressional hearings June 17 , 2010 indicated that Transocean previously made modifications to the BOP for the Macondo site which increased the risk of BOP failure , in spite of warnings from their contractor to that effect . Regulators in both Norway and Brazil generally require acoustically activated triggers on all offshore platforms , but when the Minerals Management Service considered requiring the remote device , a report commissioned by the agency as well as drilling companies questioned its cost and effectiveness . In 2003 , the agency determined that the device would not be required because drilling rigs had other back - up systems to cut off a well . Pre-explosion problems and warnings ( edit ) The US Coast Guard had issued pollution citations for Deepwater Horizon 18 times between 2000 and 2010 , and had investigated 16 fires and other incidents . These incidents were considered typical for a Gulf platform and were not connected to the April 2010 explosion and spill . The Deepwater Horizon had other serious incidents , including one in 2008 in which 77 people were evacuated from the platform when it tilted and began to sink after a section of pipe was incorrectly removed from the platform 's ballast system . The American Bureau of Shipping last inspected the rig 's failed blowout preventer in 2005 . Internal BP documents show that BP engineers had concerns as early as 2009 that the metal casing that BP wanted to use might collapse under high pressure . According to a number of rig workers , it was understood that workers could get fired for raising safety concerns that might delay drilling . In March 2010 , the rig experienced problems that included drilling mud falling into the undersea oil formation , sudden gas releases , a pipe falling into the well and at least three occasions of the blowout preventer leaking fluid . The rig 's mechanic stated that the well had problems for months and that the drill repeatedly kicked due to resistance from high gas pressure . On March 10 , a BP executive e-mailed the Minerals Management Service about a stuck pipe and well control situation at the drilling site , and stated that BP would have to plugback the well . A confidential survey commissioned by Transocean weeks before the explosion stated that workers were concerned about safety practices and feared reprisals if they reported mistakes or other problems . The survey raised concerns `` about poor equipment reliability , which they believed was a result of drilling priorities taking precedence over maintenance . '' The survey found that `` many workers entered fake data to try to circumvent the system . As a result , the company 's perception of safety on the rig was distorted '' . The blowout preventer was damaged in a previously unreported accident in late March . According to Transocean , workers had been performing standard routines and had no indication of any problems prior to the explosion . By April 20 , the operation was running five weeks late . An April draft of a BP memo warned that the cementing of the casing was unlikely to be successful . Halliburton has said that it had finished cementing 20 hours before the blowout , but had not yet set the final cement plug . A nitrogen - foamed cement was used which is more difficult to handle than standard cement . BP Vice President of drilling , Patrick O'Bryan , was on the platform two hours prior to the explosion to celebrate seven years without a `` lost - time incident '' with the rig 's crew . A BP official on board the rig directed the crew to replace the drilling mud with lighter seawater even though the rig 's chief driller protested . Preliminary findings from BP 's internal investigation indicated several serious warning signs in the hours prior to the blowout . Equipment readings indicated gas bubbling into the well , which could signal an impending blowout . The heavy drilling mud in the pipes initially held down the gas . A House Energy and Commerce Committee statement in June 2010 noted that in a number of cases leading up to the explosion , BP appears to have chosen riskier procedures to save time or money , sometimes against the advice of its staff or contractors . Blowout ( edit ) Play media Supply boats continued to battle the fire , viewed from a Coast Guard helicopter The fire aboard the Deepwater Horizon reportedly started at 9 : 56 p.m. CDT on April 20 . At the time , 126 crew were on board : 7 employees of BP , 79 of Transocean , and employees of other companies , including Anadarko , Halliburton and M-I Swaco . Transocean employees on the vessel stated that the electric lights flickered , followed by two strong vibrations . Jim Ingram stated that `` on the second ( thud ) , we knew something was wrong . '' After the explosion , Adrian Rose stated that abnormal pressure had accumulated inside the marine riser and as it came up it `` expanded rapidly and ignited . '' According to BP 's internal investigation , a bubble of methane gas escaped from the well and shot up the drill column , expanding quickly as it burst through several seals and barriers before exploding . Rose said the event was basically a blowout . Survivors described the incident as a sudden explosion that gave them less than five minutes to escape as the alarm went off . The explosion was followed by a fire that engulfed the platform . After burning for more than a day , Deepwater Horizon sank on April 22 . The Coast Guard stated on April 22 that they received word of the sinking at approximately 10 : 21 am . On September 8 , BP published a report that suggested that the ignition source was the released gas entering the air intakes of the diesel generators , and engulfing the deck area where the exhaust outlets for the main generators were emitting hot exhaust gas . Casualties and rescue efforts ( edit ) A helicopter crew medevac survivors from Deepwater Horizon after the explosion . Survivors ( edit ) According to officials , 126 people were on board , of whom 79 were Transocean employees , seven were from BP , and 40 were contracted ; several of the BP and Transocean executives were on board for a tour of the rig , maintenance planning , annual goals review , a `` Drops '' safety campaign , and to congratulate the senior staff of the rig for 7 years of operations without a lost time incident . A total of 115 people were evacuated . Lifeboats took 94 workers to the Tidewater - owned supply boat Damon Bankston , with no major injuries , four were transported to another vessel , and 17 were evacuated by helicopter to trauma centers in Mobile , Alabama and Marrero , Louisiana . Most were soon released . The Coast Guard interviewed the uninjured workers on the Damon Bankston for several hours and then transferred them to another rig ; the workers arrived in Port Fourchon , Louisiana , more than 24 hours later . The workers were transported to a hotel in Kenner , Louisiana , where they were provided with food , medical attention , and rooms with showers , and asked to fill out incident response forms . An attorney for a worker who brought suit against Transocean claimed that once the workers got to shore , `` they were zipped into private buses , there was security there , there was no press , no lawyers allowed , nothing , no family members '' and were coerced into signing the forms before being released . Transocean responded , in part , as follows : `` Upon arrival at Port Fourchon , crew members were given an opportunity to leave , however , were encouraged to accept transportation to the Crowne Plaza Hotel in Kenner , Louisiana . Crew members were offered medical care , rooms and opportunity to go home upon arrival at hotel ... Upon arriving at the hotel , crew members were offered the opportunity to meet with qualified medical professionals , to retire to private rooms where they could eat , shower and sleep , or go home . Only then did Transocean and its representatives present crew members with a standard one - page document that asked them to describe where they were at the time of the incident , what they were doing , and to affirm , if true , that they were not a witness and / or that they were not injured . They were free to complete the form at their leisure , or not at all . Some crew members even took the forms home and returned them more than seven days after the incident . '' Casualties ( edit ) Initial reports indicated that between 12 and 15 workers were missing ; reports soon narrowed the number of missing to nine crew members on the platform floor and two engineers . The United States Coast Guard immediately launched a rescue operation involving two Coast Guard cutters , four helicopters , and a rescue plane . Two of the cutters continued searching through the night . By the morning of April 22 , the Coast Guard had surveyed nearly 1,940 square miles ( 5,000 km ) . On April 23 , the Coast Guard called off the search for the 11 missing persons , concluding that `` reasonable expectations of survival '' had passed . Officials concluded that the missing workers may have been near the blast and unable to escape the sudden explosion . The following eleven individuals died : Jason C. Anderson , age 35 Aaron Dale Burkeen , 37 Donald Clark , 49 Stephen Ray Curtis , 39 Gordon L. Jones , 28 Roy Wyatt Kemp , 27 Karl D. Kleppinger , Jr. , 38 Keith Blair Manuel , 56 Dewey A. Revette , 48 Shane M. Roshto , 22 Adam Weise , 24 Discovery of oil spill ( edit ) Main article : Deepwater Horizon oil spill A remotely operated underwater vehicle attempting to turn on the Deepwater Horizon blowout preventer On the morning of April 22 , Coast Guard Petty Officer Ashley Butler stated that `` oil was leaking from the rig at the rate of about 8,000 barrels ( 340,000 US gallons ; 1,300,000 litres ) of crude per day . '' That afternoon Coast Guard Senior Chief Petty Officer Michael O'Berry used the same figure . Two remotely operated underwater vehicles ( ROVs ) were unsuccessfully sent down to attempt to cap the well . Butler warned of a leak of up to 700,000 US gallons ( 17,000 bbl ) of diesel fuel , and BP Vice President David Rainey termed the incident as being a potential `` major spill . '' On April 23 a ROV reportedly found no oil leaking from the sunken rig and no oil flowing from the well . Coast Guard Rear Admiral Mary Landry expressed cautious optimism of zero environmental impact , stating that no oil was emanating from either the wellhead or the broken pipes and that oil spilled from the explosion and sinking was being contained . On April 24 Landry announced that a damaged wellhead was indeed leaking oil into the Gulf and described it as `` a very serious spill '' . Investigation into explosion ( edit ) In June , the House Committee on Energy and Commerce said BP should have tested cement at the well , which would have cost $128,000 and taken 8 -- 12 hours . On September 8 , 2010 , BP released a 193 - page report on its web site . The report says BP employees and those of Transocean did not correctly interpret a pressure test , and both companies neglected ominous signs such as a riser pipe losing fluid . It also says that while BP did not listen to recommendations by Halliburton for more centralizers ( devices to keep the casing from contacting the bore hole ) , the lack of centralizers probably did not affect the cement . BP also said the crew should have redirected the flow of flammable gases . The blowout preventer , removed on September 4 , had not reached a NASA facility in time for it to be part of the report . Transocean , responding to the report , blamed `` BP 's fatally flawed well design . '' On November 8 , 2010 , the inquiry by the Oil Spill Commission revealed its findings that BP had not sacrificed safety in attempts to make money , but that some decisions had increased risks on the rig . However , the panel said a day later that there had been `` a rush to completion '' on the well , criticizing poor management decisions . `` There was not a culture of safety on that rig , '' co-chair Bill Reilly said . One of the decisions that met with tough questions was that BP refuted the findings of advanced modelling software that had ascertained over three times as many centralizers were needed on the rig . It also decided not to rerun the software when it stuck with only six centralizers , and ignored or misread warnings from other key tests , the panel revealed . A slide briefly appeared on the Oil Spill Commission 's website which enumerated eight `` risky '' and `` unnecessary '' steps that BP was deemed to have taken . The New York Times newspaper has published a screenshot of the slide here . A review of seven reports on the causes of the blowout indicates that six operations , tests , or equipment functions went wrong in the final 32 hours : 1 . Small diameter hole obstructed dirt circulation . The 18,300 - foot , 400 - ton casing string had a 5,800 - foot lower portion with a 7 - inch diameter . Most of the hole over this portion of casing had a 9.875 inch diameter . However , the lowest 180 feet of 7 - inch casing with 4 equally spaced centralizers were squeezed into an 8.5 - inch hole with only 56 feet of rathole clearance ( space between the lower end of the casing string and the bottom of the drilled hole ) . Compressed sediment and granular infill in the 0.75 - inch wide annulus ( Halliburton 's best practices document recommends 1.5 to 2 - inch annular gap tolerance ) most probably explains the need for a much - higher - than - normal pressure of 3142 psi to liquefy it ( on the ninth attempt ) and allow mud to circulate . The unexpectedly high pressure and subsequent lower - than - specified mud flow led to problems 2 and 3 . 2 . Valves to prevent cement backflow did not close . Weatherford 's Auto - Fill float collar , which includes two flapper - type check valves , was installed at Macondo 180 ft above the reamer shoe at casing bottom . The valves are held open by a 2 - inch diameter auto - fill tube to allow the casing to fill with mud while it is lowered down the well . BP 's casing installation procedure stated : `` slowly increase ( mud ) pump rates greater than 8 bpm to convert the float equipment ( ~ 500 -- 700 psi ) per Weatherford recommendation '' . As the flow rate drag force during circulation and cementing was only around 30 % of that required , the auto - fill tube was almost certainly not ejected and the flapper valves never closed . Some evidence suggests that personnel on the Deepwater Horizon mistakenly believed that the high pressure needed to establish mud circulation had converted the float collar . 3 . Cementing inadequate . Cementing proceeded a ) without flushing the annulus around the shoe track at sufficiently high rate and duration to ensure full circumferential removal of compressed sediment and good distribution of cement , and b ) without converting the float collar to activate its two check valves to prevent cement backflow . Cement quality and strength may have been reduced by contamination on its way down the casing , or by mixing with lower density mud in the rathole . There was no cementing evaluation log at Macondo , which may have shown it to be inadequate . 4 . Pressure test wrongly interpreted . Drill pipe was run to 8,367 ft ready for mud displacement . During the `` negative pressure test '' , for which there was no detailed procedure , no flow from the kill line was accepted and 1,400 psi on the drill pipe was ignored . 5 . Rising oil and gas not monitored . While displacing the mud with seawater , reservoir fluids rising up the casing should have been detected by water inflow and mud outflow monitoring before arrival of hydrocarbons at the rig floor , but no reasonably accurate outflow versus inflow observations were made . 6 . Fail - safe on seabed wellhead was unable to close . After uncontrolled arrival of oil and gas at the rig floor , the blind - shear rams in the BOP stack failed to close due to the presence of off - center drill pipe . Lawsuits ( edit ) On April 21 , 2011 , BP filed $40 billion worth of lawsuits against rig owner Transocean , cementer Halliburton and blowout - preventer manufacturer Cameron . The oil firm alleged that failed safety systems and irresponsible behaviour of contractors had led to the explosion , including claims that Halliburton `` negligently '' failed to use cement - modelling software OptiCem properly to analyze safe well requirements . Part of the modelling concern was about the number of stabilising devices , known as centralisers , the well required : 21 called for v. 6 used . In May 2011 , MOEX Offshore , which owned a 10 % stake in the well through a subsidiary and which in turn itself was majority - owned by Mitsui & Co. , agreed to pay US $1.07 billion to settle BP claims against it over the accident . Some analysts had thought BP would realize a larger settlement from MOEX but there was also relief to have a first step toward resolving the multiple claims . BP 's most recent estimate at the time was that the spill would cost $41.3 billion . Anadarko Petroleum held a 25 % stake in the Macondo well and was an immediate focus of attention with MOEX 's agreement . Also the Department of Justice was still at the time investigating whether BP was `` grossly negligent '' in the spill . Such a determination could lead to a `` much larger liability under the Clean Water Act , '' a financial analyst said . With MOEX agreeing to share in the financial burden -- though `` the agreement is n't an admission of liability by either party '' -- the possibility of such a ruling by the Department of Justice seemed to some to be perhaps lessened . In June 2011 , supplier Weatherford International settled with BP for $75 million . In October 2011 , Anadarko Petroleum Corporation agreed to pay BP $4 billion and the two companies settled all claims between them . Anadarko yielded its 25 % stake in Mississippi Canyon Block 252 ( Macondo ) to BP in the agreement and BP will indemnify Anadarko for damage claims arising under the U.S. Oil Pollution Act , among other costs . In December 2011 , Cameron International agreed to pay a $250 million settlement to BP PLC to settle all claims related to the Deepwater Horizon with neither party admitting responsibility . `` BP still has not reached a settlement with Transocean ... nor Halliburton ... A trial date over lawsuits related to the accident awaits BP in February ( 2013 ) '' , the update continued . In September 2014 , Halliburton agreed to settle a large percentage of legal claims against it over the Deepwater spill by paying $1.1 billion into a trust by way of three installments over two years . On September 4 , 2014 , U.S. District Judge Carl Barbier ruled BP was guilty of gross negligence and willful misconduct under the Clean Water Act ( CWA ) . He described BP 's actions as `` reckless , '' while he said Transocean 's and Halliburton 's actions were `` negligent . '' He apportioned 67 % of the blame for the spill to BP , 30 % to Transocean , and 3 % to Halliburton . Fines would be apportioned commensurate with the degree of negligence of the parties , measured against the number of barrels of oil spilled . Under the Clean Water Act fines can be based on a cost per barrel of up to $4,300 , at the discretion of the judge . The number of barrels was in dispute at the conclusion of the trial with BP arguing 2.5 million barrels were spilled over the 87 days the spill lasted , while the court found that 4.2 million barrels were spilled . BP issued a statement disagreeing with the finding , and saying the court 's decision would be appealed . In July 2015 BP reached an $18.7 bn settlement with the US government , the states of Alabama , Florida , Louisiana , Mississippi and Texas , as well as 400 local authorities . To date BP 's cost for the clean - up , environmental and economic damages and penalties has reached $54 bn . In popular culture ( edit ) Deepwater Horizon is a 2016 film based on the explosion directed by Peter Berg and starring Mark Wahlberg . The event was also featured on the 24 June 2012 pilot episode of the HBO television series The Newsroom . See also ( edit ) Ixtoc I oil spill Offshore oil and gas in the Gulf of Mexico ( United States ) Timeline of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill References ( edit ) Jump up ^ United States Environmental Protection Agency . Deepwater Horizon Response April 2010 . Download KML Geographic Data . Jump up ^ Goldenberg , Suzanne ; MacAlister , Terry ( November 28 , 2012 ) . `` BP suspended from new US federal contracts over Deepwater disaster '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Zeller , Jr. , Tom ( May 28 , 2010 ) . `` Estimates Suggest Spill Is Biggest in U.S. History '' . The New York Times . 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Retrieved June 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Joe ( May 31 , 2010 ) . `` BP Cited ' Well Control Situation ' Six Weeks Before Blowout '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Urbina , Ian ( July 21 , 2010 ) . `` Workers on Doomed Rig Voiced Concern About Safety '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Gulf Of Mexico Oil Disaster : Transocean Reports Highlight Workers ' Concerns Over Deepwater Horizon Business Sky News '' . News.sky.com . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2011 . Retrieved July 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Blowout : The Deepwater Horizon Disaster '' . CBS News : 60 Minutes . May 16 , 2010 . Retrieved June 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Tom ( May 18 , 2010 ) . `` BP Prepared for Top Kill to Plug Well '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` At least 11 missing after blast on oil rig in Gulf '' . CNN . April 21 , 2010 . Retrieved April 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brenner , Noah ; Guegel , Anthony ; Hwee Hwee , Tan ; Pitt , Anthea ( April 30 , 2010 ) . `` Congress calls Halliburton on Macondo '' . Upstream Online . NHST Media Group . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gillis , Justin ; Broder , John ( May 10 , 2010 ) . `` Nitrogen - Cement Mix Is Focus of Gulf Inquiry '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Patrick Obryan testimony '' . C - Span . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hammer , David . `` Hearings : Rig master recounts explosion and abandoning ship '' . NOLA dot com . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Henry Fountain and Tom Seller , Jr . ( May 25 , 2010 ) . `` Panel Suggests Signs of Trouble Before Rig Explosion '' . New York Times . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Committee Releases Details of BP 's Internal Incident Investigation '' . United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce . May 25 , 2010 . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 . 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Retrieved April 22 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oil slick spreads from sunken rig ( video interview ) '' . CNN . April 22 , 2010 . Retrieved May 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Deepwater Horizon Accident Investigation Report '' ( PDF ) . BP . September 8 , 2010 . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ USCG & MMS Joint Investigation of Deepwater Horizon Explosion , Haire and Ezell Testimony May 28 , 2010 ( digital media ) . C - Span . May 28 , 2010 . Event occurs at 38 : 30 , 1 : 01 : 05 , 1 : 20 : 37 . Retrieved June 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Kirkham , Chris ( April 22 , 2010 ) . `` Rescued oil rig explosion workers arrive to meet families at Kenner hotel '' . New Orleans Metro Real - Time News . The Times - Picayune . Retrieved April 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lee , Lee ; Kofman , Jeffrey ; Murray , Michael ( April 22 , 2010 ) . `` Deepwater Horizon Is On fire ; Officials Say Burning Oil Rig in Gulf of Mexico Has Sunk '' . ABC . Retrieved April 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Search for Missing Workers After La . Oil Rig Blast '' . Fox News . Associated Press . April 21 , 2010 . Retrieved April 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Kaufman , Leslie ( April 24 , 2010 ) . `` Search Ends for Missing Oil Rig Workers '' . New York Times . p . A8 . Retrieved April 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Shapiro , Joseph ( May 6 , 2010 ) . `` Rig survivors felt coerced to sign waivers '' . National Public Radio . Retrieved May 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Transocean denies forcing crew to sign waivers '' . Upstream Online . NHST Media Group . May 12 , 2010 . Retrieved May 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Transocean news release -- Marketwire via Comtex '' . May 11 , 2010 . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Campbell ; Robbins , Liz ( April 21 , 2010 ) . `` Workers Missing After Oil Rig Blast '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Transocean Ltd . Reports Fire on Semisubmersible Drilling Rig Deepwater Horizon '' ( press release ) . Transocean. April 21 , 2010 . Retrieved April 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Ongoing Administration - Wide Response to the Deepwater BP Oil Spill '' ( press release ) . Whitehouse.gov . May 5 , 2010 . Retrieved May 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Coast guard calls off search for oil rig workers '' . CBC . Associated Press . April 23 , 2010 . Retrieved April 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McGill , Kevin ( April 22 , 2010 ) . `` 11 missing in oil rig blast may not have escaped '' . Salon Media . Associated Press . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2010 . Retrieved April 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Welch , William M. ; Joyner , Chris ( May 25 , 2010 ) . `` Memorial service honors 11 dead oil rig workers '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Coast Guard : Oil rig that exploded has sunk '' . CNN . April 22 , 2010 . Retrieved April 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Nichols , Bruce ( April 23 , 2010 ) . `` Oil spill not growing , search for 11 continues '' . Reuters . Retrieved April 30 , 2010 . 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Oil Spill News / Artesia News . Associated Press . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2011 . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Oil spill : BP ' did not sacrifice safety to save money ' '' . BBC . November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Gulf oil spill : President 's panel says firms complacent '' . BBC . November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Leo King ( November 12 , 2010 ) . `` Deepwater Horizon modelling software showed BP cement conditions unstable '' . Computerworld UK . Retrieved November 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Various Decisions That May Have Increased Risk '' ( PDF ) . eenews.net . November 23 , 2011 . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leo King ( November 26 , 2010 ) . `` BP ignored safety software advice , investigators find : Secret presentation slide emerges showing decisions taken '' . Computerworld UK . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2011 . Retrieved April 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.mdl2179trialdocs.com/releases/release201303141200012/TREX-00545.pdf Jump up ^ Leo King ( April 21 , 2011 ) . `` BP £ 24bn lawsuits claim contractors failed to use modelling software properly '' . Computerworld UK . Retrieved April 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Simon ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` BP settles with Mitsui arm over Macondo spill '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved May 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ FitzGerald , Drew , `` BP , Weatherford In Settlement on Deepwater Horizon '' , Dow Jones Newswires via Rigzone , June 20 , 2011 . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BP in $4 bn settlement with Anadarko '' . Financial Times . October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Daniel , Robert ( October 17 , 2011 ) . `` Anadarko and BP settle Deepwater Horizon dispute '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gelsi , Steve , `` Cameron rises on BP settlement ... '' , MarketWatch , December 16 , 2011 4 : 29 pm EST . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . 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Jump up ^ https://variety.com/2016/film/reviews/deepwater-horizon-review-mark-wahlberg-1201859869/ External links ( edit ) Find more aboutDeepwater Horizon explosionat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Texts from Wikisource Deepwater Horizon Response from the Deepwater Horizon Unified Command ( U.S. Government / BP / Transocean ) Deepwater Horizon Incident , Gulf of Mexico from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) Environmental Response Management Application ( ERMA ) Gomex site ( NOAA ) Public web mapping information about the spill Washburn , Mark ( May 14 , 2010 ) . `` A huff and boom ended Deepwater Horizon 's good luck '' . The McClatchy Company . Retrieved June 18 , 2010 . -- detailed media description of the events of the day of the Deepwater Horizon explosion ( Yahoo News mirror ) The Role of BP in the Deepwater Horizon Explosion and Oil Spill : Hearing before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on Energy and Commerce , House of Representatives , One Hundred Eleventh Congress , Second Session , June 17 , 2010 `` Deepwater Horizon Joint Investigation Team Report '' . Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement . 9 September 2011 . U.S. Chemical Safety Board Final report : Executive summary ( Archive ) and Volumes 1 ( Archive ) , 2 ( Archive ) , 3 ( Archive ) and 4 ( Archive ) The U.S. Chemical Safety Board 's Investigation into the Macondo Disaster Finds Offshore Risk Management and Regulatory Oversight still Inadequate in Gulf of Mexico The Deepwater Horizon Accident : What Happened and Why ? Prof Roland Horne of Stanford University video Deepwater Horizon oil spill caused lasting damage , report says BP Oil Spill , NPR BP Divisions Air Alaska Amoco Ampm Aral ARCO Australia BP Connect Britoil Burmah Canada Castrol Iraq National Rosneft ( 19.75 % ) Shell - Mex and BP Ohio Prudhoe Bay Solar Shipping Facilities Oil fields Amoco Building , Chicago Amoco Building , New Orleans ARCO Tower Atlantis Castrol Technology Centre Deepwater Horizon Helios House Kingsbury Iolair Mad Dog Northstar Richfield Tower Sangachal Sea Quest FPSO Noble Seillean Sullom Voe Sunbury Thunder Horse Sponsorships ARCO Arena BP Ford World Rally Team BP National Championships BP Natural World Book Prize BP Pedestrian Bridge BP Portrait Award BP Professor of Organic Chemistry BP Top 8 BP Ultimate Acropolis Rally People Robert Anderson Sylvia Baca Baron Browne Robert Dudley William Fraser William D'Arcy Tony Hayward Robert Horton Doug Suttles Carl - Henric Svanberg Controversies Abadan crisis Amoco Milford Haven Deepwater Horizon explosion Deepwater Horizon spill Invasion of Iran Iranian coup Torrey Canyon oil spill Prudhoe Bay spill Texas City explosion Other Anglo - Persian Oil Company BP America Production Co. v. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what was the cause of the deepwater horizon oil spill | [
"The Deepwater Horizon drilling rig explosion was the April 20, 2010, explosion and subsequent fire on the Deepwater Horizon semi-submersible Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit (MODU), which was owned and operated by Transocean and drilling for BP in the Macondo Prospect oil field about 40 miles (60 km) southeast off the Louisiana coast. The explosion and subsequent fire resulted in the sinking of the Deepwater Horizon and the deaths of 11 workers; 17 others were injured. The same blowout that caused the explosion also caused a massive offshore oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, considered the largest accidental marine oil spill in the world, and the largest environmental disaster in U.S. history.[2][3][4]"
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"Deepwater Horizon drilling rig explosion"
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7768188250734766627 | The Walking Dead (season 8) | The Walking Dead ( season 8 ) - Wikipedia The Walking Dead ( season 8 ) Jump to : navigation , search The Walking Dead ( season 8 ) Promotional poster Starring Andrew Lincoln Norman Reedus Lauren Cohan Chandler Riggs Danai Gurira Melissa McBride Lennie James Alanna Masterson Josh McDermitt Christian Serratos Seth Gilliam Ross Marquand Jeffrey Dean Morgan Austin Amelio Tom Payne Xander Berkeley Khary Payton Steven Ogg Katelyn Nacon Pollyanna McIntosh Country of origin United States No. of episodes 16 Release Original network AMC Original release October 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) -- April 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 15 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 7 List of The Walking Dead episodes The eighth season of The Walking Dead , an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC , premiered on October 22 , 2017 , and concluded on April 15 , 2018 , consisting of 16 episodes . Developed for television by Frank Darabont , the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman , Tony Moore , and Charlie Adlard . The executive producers are Kirkman , David Alpert , Scott M. Gimple , Greg Nicotero , Tom Luse , and Gale Anne Hurd , with Gimple as showrunner for his fifth and final season . This season adapts the `` All Out War '' story arc from the comics , with the survivors of the Alexandria Safe - Zone , the Hilltop , the Kingdom , and later the Scavengers taking on Negan ( Jeffrey Dean Morgan ) and the Saviors . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main cast 1.1. 1 Starring 1.1. 2 Also starring 1.2 Supporting cast 1.2. 1 Alexandria Safe - Zone 1.2. 2 The Hilltop 1.2. 3 The Saviors 1.2. 4 The Kingdom 1.2. 5 Oceanside 1.2. 6 The Scavengers 1.2. 7 Miscellaneous 2 Production 3 Episodes 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Ratings 6 References 7 External links Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of The Walking Dead ( TV series ) characters Main cast ( edit ) The primary characters of the eighth season include ( from left to right ) : Rick , Carol , Morgan , Daryl , Carl , Enid , Rosita , Tara , Michonne , Gabriel , Aaron , Maggie , Jesus , Gregory , Shiva , Ezekiel , Jadis , Eugene , Simon , Dwight , and Negan The eighth season features twenty series regulars overall . For this season , Katelyn Nacon , Khary Payton , Steven Ogg , and Pollyanna McIntosh were promoted to series regular status , after previously having recurring roles , while Seth Gilliam and Ross Marquand were added to the opening credits . Starring ( edit ) Andrew Lincoln as Rick Grimes , the series ' protagonist , a former sheriff and the leader of Alexandria , who is leading a new alliance to fight Negan and the Saviors . Norman Reedus as Daryl Dixon , Rick 's right - hand man , the group 's primary hunter and a recruiter for Alexandria . Lauren Cohan as Maggie Rhee , the pregnant widow of Glenn and a leading figure of the Hilltop . Chandler Riggs as Carl Grimes , Rick 's bold and courageous teenage son . Danai Gurira as Michonne , Rick 's katana - wielding girlfriend , who acts as a mother figure to Carl and Judith . Melissa McBride as Carol Peletier , a fierce survivor who is spurred into fighting the Saviors as revenge for the deaths of her friends . Lennie James as Morgan Jones , the first survivor Rick had ever encountered , who now resides in the Kingdom and fights for his sanity . Alanna Masterson as Tara Chambler , a caring , witty member of the group and supply runner for Alexandria who serves as a liaison with Oceanside . Josh McDermitt as Eugene Porter , a timorous former member of the group whose resourcefulness leads Negan to take him under his wing . Christian Serratos as Rosita Espinosa , an impulsive member of the group , who is motivated to avenge her ex-boyfriend Spencer and Abraham 's death . Seth Gilliam as Gabriel Stokes , a priest who has become hardened from his experiences with Rick 's group . Ross Marquand as Aaron , an Alexandrian recruiter who brought Rick 's group to Alexandria and is currently in the fight against the Saviors . Jeffrey Dean Morgan as Negan , the leader of the Saviors who serves as the season 's primary antagonist . Also starring ( edit ) Austin Amelio as Dwight , an ex-subordinate of Negan who now works for Rick as a double agent against the Saviors . Tom Payne as Paul `` Jesus '' Rovia , a scout for the Hilltop . Xander Berkeley as Gregory , the selfish and hypocritical leader of the Hilltop whose influence diminished with Maggie 's prominence . Khary Payton as Ezekiel , the charismatic leader of the Kingdom who allies with Rick against the Saviors . Steven Ogg as Simon , a former mortgage broker and Negan 's second - in - command , he does not hide his intentions to overthrow Negan . Katelyn Nacon as Enid , a former member of Alexandria who moved to Hilltop to be with Maggie , and has formed a relationship with Carl . Pollyanna McIntosh as Anne `` Jadis '' , the deceptive leader of the Scavengers who betrayed Rick 's group , and maintains a neutral stance in the war . Supporting cast ( edit ) Alexandria Safe - Zone ( edit ) Jason Douglas as Tobin , the foreman of Alexandria 's construction crew and member of Rick 's militia . Jordan Woods - Robinson as Eric Raleigh , Aaron 's boyfriend and his former recruiting partner , who is now a member of Rick 's militia . Kenric Green as Scott , a supply runner in Alexandria and member of Rick 's militia . Dahlia Legault as Francine , a member of Alexandria 's construction crew and member of Rick 's militia . Mandi Christine Kerr as Barbara , resident of Alexandria . Ted Huckabee as Bruce , resident and member of Alexandria 's construction . The Hilltop ( edit ) James Chen as Kal , a guard of the Hilltop . Peter Zimmerman as Eduardo , a guard of the Hilltop and soldier of the Hilltop 's militia . Karen Ceesay as Bertie , a resident of the Hilltop and soldier of the Hilltop 's militia . Jeremy Palko as Andy , a resident of the Hilltop and soldier of the Hilltop 's militia . Brett Gentile as Freddie , a resident of the Hilltop and soldier of the Hilltop 's militia . R. Keith Harris as Harlan Carson , is the doctor of the Hilltop , who was captured by Simon in the previous season . The Saviors ( edit ) Jayson Warner Smith as Gavin , one of Negan 's top lieutenants , who leads the weapons base . Traci Dinwiddie as Regina , one of Negan 's top lieutenants . Elizabeth Ludlow as Arat , one of Negan 's top lieutenants . Mike Seal as Gary , one of Negan 's top lieutenants . Lindsley Register as Laura , a member of the Saviors . Juan Pareja as Morales , a survivor from Rick 's original Atlanta camp who joined the Saviors . Joshua Mikel as Jared , Benjamin 's killer , and a hostile member of the Saviors who antagonizes Morgan . Callan McAuliffe as Alden , a member of the Saviors who surrenders to Jesus at the satellite station outpost . Lindsey Garrett as Mara , a Savior who guards one of many outposts . Lee Norris as Todd , a timid member of the Saviors who works at the same outpost as Mara . Whitmer Thomas as Gunther , a member of the Saviors who tortures Ezekiel . Charles Halford as Yago , a Savior who manages Gavin 's weapons base . Ciera L. Payton as Zia , a Savior whom Rosita and Michonne encounter at a supply warehouse . Adam Cronan as Leo , a Savior whom Rosita and Michonne encounter at a supply warehouse . Chloe Aktas as Tanya , one of Negan 's wives . Elyse Dufour as Frankie , one of Negan 's wives . Adam Fristoe as Dean , a savior who tried to kill Jesus . The Kingdom ( edit ) Cooper Andrews as Jerry , Ezekiel 's loyal and good - natured bodyguard . Kerry Cahill as Dianne , one of Ezekiel 's top soldiers and a skilled archer . Daniel Newman as Daniel , one of Ezekiel 's top soldiers . Carlos Navarro as Alvaro , one of Ezekiel 's top soldiers . Macsen Lintz as Henry , a resident of the Kingdom and younger brother of the deceased Benjamin . Jason Burkey as Kevin , a resident of the Kingdom . Nadine Marissa as Nabila , a resident and gardener of the Kingdom . Oceanside ( edit ) Deborah May as Natania , the vigilant leader of Oceanside . Sydney Park as Cyndie , Natania 's granddaughter . Briana Venskus as Beatrice , one of Oceanside 's top soldiers . Nicole Barré as Kathy , one of Oceanside 's top soldiers . Mimi Kirkland as Rachel , an aggressive young member of Oceanside . The Scavengers ( edit ) Sabrina Gennarino as Tamiel , a leading member of the Scavengers . Thomas Francis Murphy as Brion , a leading member of the Scavengers . Miscellaneous ( edit ) Avi Nash as Siddiq , a mysterious vagabond survivor who befriends Carl . Jayne Atkinson as Georgie , the leader of a mysterious humanitarian group . Production ( edit ) The Walking Dead was renewed by AMC for a 16 - episode eighth season on October 16 , 2016 . Production began on April 25 , 2017 , in Atlanta , Georgia . On July 12 , 2017 , production was shut down after stuntman John Bernecker was killed , after falling more than 20 feet onto a concrete floor . Production resumed on July 17 . The season premiere , which also serves as the series ' milestone 100th episode , was directed by executive producer Greg Nicotero . In November 2017 , it was announced that Lennie James who portrays Morgan Jones , would be leaving The Walking Dead after the conclusion of this season , and he will join the cast of the spin - off series Fear the Walking Dead . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Walking Dead episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 100 `` Mercy '' Greg Nicotero Scott M. Gimple October 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) 11.44 Rick , Maggie , and Ezekiel rally their communities together to take down Negan . Gregory attempts to have the Hilltop residents side with Negan , but they all firmly stand behind Maggie . The group attacks the Sanctuary , taking down its fences and flooding the compound with walkers . With the Sanctuary defaced , everyone leaves except Gabriel , who reluctantly stays to save Gregory , but is left behind when Gregory abandons him . Surrounded by walkers , Gabriel hides in a trailer , where he is trapped inside with Negan . 101 `` The Damned '' Rosemary Rodriguez Matthew Negrete & Channing Powell October 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 29 ) 8.92 Rick 's forces split into separate parties to attack several of the Saviors ' outposts , during which many members of the group are killed ; Eric is critically injured and rushed away by Aaron . Jesus stops Tara and Morgan from executing a group of surrendered Saviors . While clearing an outpost with Daryl , Rick is confronted and held at gunpoint by Morales , a survivor he met in the initial Atlanta camp , who is now with the Saviors . 102 `` Monsters '' Greg Nicotero Matthew Negrete & Channing Powell November 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) 8.52 Daryl finds Morales threatening Rick and kills him ; the duo then pursue a group of Saviors who are transporting weapons to another outpost . Gregory returns to Hilltop , and after a heated argument , Maggie ultimately allows him back in the community . Eric dies from his injuries , leaving Aaron distraught . Despite Tara and Morgan 's objections , Jesus leads the group of surrendered Saviors to Hilltop . Ezekiel 's group attacks another Savior compound , during which several Kingdommers are shot while protecting Ezekiel . 103 `` Some Guy '' Dan Liu David Leslie Johnson November 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) 8.69 Ezekiel 's group is overwhelmed by the Saviors , who kill all of them except for Ezekiel himself and Jerry . Carol clears the inside of the compound , killing all but two Saviors , who almost escape but are eventually caught by Rick and Daryl . En route to the Kingdom , Ezekiel , Jerry , and Carol are surrounded by walkers , but Shiva sacrifices herself to save them . The trio returns to the Kingdom , where Ezekiel 's confidence in himself as a leader has diminished . 104 5 `` The Big Scary U '' Michael E. Satrazemis Story by : Scott M. Gimple & David Leslie Johnson & Angela Kang Teleplay by : David Leslie Johnson & Angela Kang November 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 19 ) 7.85 After confessing their sins to each other , Gabriel and Negan manage to escape from the trailer . Simon and the other lieutenants grow suspicious of each other , knowing that Rick 's forces must have inside information . The workers in the Sanctuary become increasingly frustrated with their living conditions , and a riot nearly ensues , until Negan returns and restores order . Gabriel is locked in a cell , where Eugene discovers him sick and suffering . Meanwhile , Rick and Daryl argue over how to take out the Saviors , leading Daryl to abandon Rick . 105 6 `` The King , the Widow , and Rick '' John Polson Angela Kang & Corey Reed November 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 26 ) 8.28 Rick visits Jadis in hopes of convincing her to turn against Negan ; Jadis refuses , and locks Rick in a shipping container . Carl encounters Siddiq in the woods and recruits him to Alexandria . Daryl and Tara plot to deviate from Rick 's plans by destroying the Sanctuary . Ezekiel isolates himself at the Kingdom , where Carol tries to encourage him to be the leader his people need . Maggie has the group of captured Saviors placed in a holding area and forces Gregory to join them as punishment for betraying Hilltop . 106 7 `` Time for After '' Larry Teng Matthew Negrete & Corey Reed December 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 03 ) 7.47 After learning of Dwight 's association with Rick 's group , Eugene affirms his loyalty to Negan and outlines a plan to get rid of the walkers surrounding the Sanctuary . With help from Morgan and Tara , Daryl drives a truck through the Sanctuary 's walls , flooding its interior with walkers , killing many Saviors . Rick finally convinces Jadis and the Scavengers to align with him , and they plan to force the Saviors to surrender . However , when they arrive at the Sanctuary , Rick is horrified to see the breached walls and no sign of the walker herd . 107 8 `` How It 's Gotta Be '' Michael E. Satrazemis David Leslie Johnson & Angela Kang December 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 10 ) 7.89 Eugene 's plan allows the Saviors to escape the Sanctuary , and separately , the Saviors waylay the Alexandria , Hilltop , and Kingdom forces . The Scavengers abandon Rick , after which he returns to Alexandria . Aaron and Enid are ambushed by Oceanside soldiers , leading Enid to kill Natania . Ezekiel ensures that the Kingdom residents are able to escape before locking himself in the community with the Saviors . Eugene aids Gabriel and Doctor Carson in escaping the Sanctuary in order to ease his conscience . Negan attacks Alexandria , but Carl devises a plan to allow the Alexandria residents to escape into the sewers . Carl reveals he was bitten by a walker while escorting Siddiq to Alexandria . 108 9 `` Honor '' Greg Nicotero Matthew Negrete & Channing Powell February 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 25 ) 8.28 Realizing his time alive is limited , Carl writes several letters to his loved ones . After the Saviors leave Alexandria , the survivors make for the Hilltop while Rick and Michonne stay behind to say their final goodbyes to a dying Carl , who pleads with Rick to build a better future alongside the Saviors . Morgan and Carol launch a rescue mission for Ezekiel and successfully retake the Kingdom from the invading Saviors ; their lieutenant , Gavin , is killed by Benjamin 's vengeful younger brother , Henry . 109 10 `` The Lost and the Plunderers '' David Boyd Angela Kang & Channing Powell & Corey Reed March 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 04 ) 6.82 Aaron and Enid try to convince Oceanside to join the fight against the Saviors , but they refuse ; Enid returns to Hilltop while Aaron opts to stay at Oceanside until he can convince them to join . Upon learning of the Scavenger 's siding with Rick , Negan orders Simon to kill only one of Jadis ' people . Rick and Michonne travel to the junkyard to warn Jadis of the Saviors ' impending attack , but they are too late ; Simon had ordered the Saviors to slaughter the entire group ; Jadis , who managed to escape lures her reanimated comrades into a waste shredder to protect herself . 110 11 `` Dead or Alive Or '' Michael E. Satrazemis Eddie Guzelian March 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 11 ) 6.60 The Saviors hunt the surviving Alexandrians as they make their way to the Hilltop ; Dwight affirms his loyalty to Rick 's group as he distracts the Saviors and helps lead the group to safety . Eugene leads a crew of Saviors in crafting bullets at a new outpost while Negan plans to taint the Saviors ' weapons with walker blood , in order to make the others `` turn '' instead of killing them . Doctor Carson tries to help a feverish and nearly blind Gabriel to safety , but the Saviors eventually catch up , killing Carson and recapturing Gabriel . 111 12 `` The Key '' Greg Nicotero Corey Reed & Channing Powell March 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 18 ) 6.66 Maggie , Enid , Michonne and Rosita encounter a seemingly benevolent woman named Georgie , who gives them food and documents in exchange for phonograph records ; Georgie claims the documents to be `` a key to the future '' . Negan leads the Saviors to the Hilltop to send a warning via their newly tainted weapons ; Rick pursues the Saviors and chases Negan into a building . Negan eventually escapes , only to be captured at gunpoint by Jadis . Unable to find Negan , Simon instructs the Saviors to attack the Hilltop and `` expunge '' the community for good . 112 13 `` Do Not Send Us Astray '' Jeffrey F. January Angela Kang & Matthew Negrete March 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 25 ) 6.77 The Saviors attack the Hilltop with their tainted weapons , leading to a battle in which both sides suffer heavy casualties . Tara is non-fatally shot by Dwight in an effort to prevent Simon from killing her . Overnight , the injured die from their tainted wounds and attack the sleeping survivors after reanimating . Henry tries to take revenge for the murder of his brother , leading to the breakout of the Savior prisoners and the disappearance of Henry . Having seen the Saviors ' callous attitude for themselves , Alden and several other Saviors choose to remain at the Hilltop rather than return to the Saviors . 113 14 `` Still Gotta Mean Something '' Michael E. Satrazemis Eddie Guzelian April 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 01 ) 6.30 Carol and Morgan search for Henry while Rick hunts the escaped Savior prisoners ; Morgan abandons Carol and joins Rick , and together , they find and kill the prisoners . Jadis tortures Negan until he informs her that he had nothing to do with Simon massacring her people ; a helicopter flies nearby , but Jadis fails to catch its attention . Daryl and Rosita plot to stop Eugene from crafting ammunition for the Saviors . Carol finds Henry alive in the woods and they return to Hilltop . Upon Rick and Morgan 's return , Michonne encourages Rick to read Carl 's letter to him . 114 15 `` Worth '' Michael Slovis David Leslie Johnson & Corey Reed April 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 08 ) 6.67 Negan returns to the Sanctuary and regains control of the Saviors . Dwight secretly prepares notes to Rick about Negan 's plans , and later sends Gregory to deliver the notes . Daryl and Rosita capture Eugene from his outpost , but he manages to escape and continues pushing his workers to craft bullets . Dwight lures Simon into a meeting where Negan accosts him for going against his orders with the Scavengers , and kills him in a fist fight . Negan then reveals that Laura informed him of Dwight 's siding with Rick , and that his planning was a ruse upon knowing of Dwight 's disloyalty . Negan is contacted by Michonne - who reads Carl 's letter to him at the request of making peace ; Negan remains intent on killing Rick and his allies once and for all . 115 16 `` Wrath '' Greg Nicotero Scott M. Gimple & Angela Kang & Matthew Negrete April 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 15 ) 7.92 Rick 's group follows the false plans given to them by Gregory , leading them into a trap . As the Saviors fire , their weapons backfire due to their ammo being sabotaged by Eugene . The surviving Saviors surrender , while Rick chases down Negan ; the two brawl and Rick manages to slice Negan 's neck , but immediately has Siddiq tend to the wound , knowing that Carl wanted Negan to survive . Meanwhile , an attack at Hilltop is stopped with help from Aaron and the Oceanside soldiers . The survivors regroup and rebuild their communities , but Rick 's decision to spare Negan angers Maggie and she vows to take action against Rick in the future . Release ( edit ) The first trailer for the season was released on July 21 , 2017 at the San Diego Comic - Con . The second trailer was released on February 1 , 2018 for the second part of the season . On March 15 , 2018 , it was announced that the season finale and the fourth season premiere of Fear the Walking Dead would be screened at AMC , Regal , and Cinemark theaters across the United States on April 15 , the same day as the TV airing , for `` Survival Sunday : The Walking Dead & Fear the Walking Dead '' . The episodes marked the first crossover between the two series . The cinema screening also included an extra half - hour of exclusive bonus content . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The eighth season of The Walking Dead has received positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season holds a score of 71 % with an average rating of 6.94 out of 10 , based on 13 reviews , and an average episode score 72 % . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` The Walking Dead 's eighth season energizes its characters with some much - needed angst and action , though it 's still occasionally choppy and lacking forward - moving plot progression . '' The Walking Dead ( season 8 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 8 ( 2017 -- 18 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Mercy '' October 22 , 2017 5.0 11.44 2.2 4.28 7.2 15.74 `` The Damned '' October 29 , 2017 4.0 8.92 2.0 4.16 6.0 13.10 `` Monsters '' November 5 , 2017 3.8 8.52 2.2 4.47 6.0 13.01 `` Some Guy '' November 12 , 2017 3.9 8.69 1.8 3.66 5.7 12.36 5 `` The Big Scary U '' November 19 , 2017 3.4 7.85 TBD TBD TBD TBD 6 `` The King , the Widow , and Rick '' November 26 , 2017 3.6 8.28 4.44 5.7 12.73 7 `` Time for After '' December 3 , 2017 3.3 7.47 1.9 4.15 5.2 11.63 8 `` How It 's Gotta Be '' December 10 , 2017 3.4 7.89 2.0 4.23 5.4 12.13 9 `` Honor '' February 25 , 2018 3.6 8.28 N / A N / A N / A N / A 10 `` The Lost and the Plunderers '' March 4 , 2018 2.9 6.82 1.7 3.80 4.6 10.63 11 `` Dead or Alive Or '' March 11 , 2018 2.8 6.60 1.6 3.44 4.4 10.06 12 `` The Key '' March 18 , 2018 2.8 6.66 1.7 3.76 4.5 10.44 13 `` Do Not Send Us Astray '' March 25 , 2018 3.0 6.77 1.7 3.82 4.7 10.62 14 `` Still Gotta Mean Something '' April 1 , 2018 2.6 6.30 1.8 3.68 4.4 9.99 15 `` Worth '' April 8 , 2018 2.8 6.67 1.7 3.64 4.5 10.32 16 `` Wrath '' April 15 , 2018 3.4 7.92 TBD TBD TBD TBD ^ 1 Live + 7 ratings were not available , so Live + 3 ratings have been used instead . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' Promotes Trio to Series Regular for Season 8 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` The Walking Dead Promotes 3 Actors to Series Regular Ahead of Season 8 '' . TV Line . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( October 16 , 2016 ) . `` Walking Dead gets early season 8 renewal '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` The Walking Dead Cast And Crew Assemble For Season 8 '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' Stuntman Dies After On - Set Accident '' . Variety . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' Production Resumes After Stuntman 's Death '' . Deadline . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Greg Nicotero To Direct The Walking Dead Episode 100 , Season 8 Premiere '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ross , Dalton ( November 26 , 2017 ) . `` The Walking Dead : Lennie James will cross over to Fear The Walking Dead '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' has lowest - rated premiere since Season 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' stumbles to 5 - year low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Shameless ' has its best premiere in 4 - plus years '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' improves , ' Shameless ' dips in week 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : 6 - year low for ' The Walking Dead ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : Hallmark 's ' Switched for Christmas ' hits a high , ' Walking Dead ' rebounds some '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' goes low again '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Walking Dead ' fall finale ticks up , Season 8 still way down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' returns a little higher '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' at lowest point since Season 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' goes even lower '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' levels off '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Terror ' gets decent start behind ' The Walking Dead ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' falls , NCAA women 's championship off a little '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Walking Dead , ' ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' improve '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Fear the Walking Dead ' opens higher '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` The Walking Dead season 8 trailer teases surprise flash - forward '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nyren , Erin ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' Finale and ' Fear ' Premiere to Screen in Theaters '' . Variety . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Walking Dead : Season 8 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' premiere grows a lot , still trails Season 7 debut by a lot : Cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 16 - 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Walking Dead , ' ' AHS : Cult ' way above everything else in cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 23 - 29 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' American Horror Story : Cult ' triples in cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 30 - Nov. 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' keeps pace in cable Live + 3 ratings for Nov. 6 - 12 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' laps the field in cable Live + 7 ratings for Nov. 20 - 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' outpaces everything else in cable Live + 7 ratings for Nov. 27 - Dec. 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Top Chef ' premiere more than doubles in cable Live + 7 ratings for Dec. 4 - 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' stays atop the cable Live + 7 ratings for Feb. 26 - March 4 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Atlanta ' and ' The Alienist ' make more solid gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 5 - 11 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Fosters ' finale doubles in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 12 - 18 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Krypton ' premiere makes solid gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 19 - 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Siren ' premiere doubles in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 26 - April 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fixer Upper ' finale goes out strong : Cable Live + 7 ratings for April 2 - 8 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Horror fiction portal Television portal Official website List of The Walking Dead episodes on IMDb List of The Walking Dead episodes at TV.com The Walking Dead Robert Kirkman Tony Moore Charlie Adlard Comic books The Walking Dead Television series The Walking Dead Episodes season 1 5 6 7 8 Accolades Soundtrack Vol. 1 Talking Dead Fear the Walking Dead Episodes season 1 Web series The Walking Dead Torn Apart Cold Storage Fear the Walking Dead Flight 462 Miscellaneous Video Games Season One `` 400 Days '' Two Michonne Three : A New Frontier Other games Survival Instinct Road to Survival Rides The Walking Dead - The Ride Novels Rise of the Governor The Road to Woodbury The Fall of the Governor Descent Invasion Search and Destroy Return to Woodbury Characters Lists Comic book series Television series Aaron Alden Amy Jessie Anderson Andrea Axel Tara Chambler Clementine Daryl Dixon Merle Dixon Dwight Rosita Espinosa Lee Everett King Ezekiel Abraham Ford Gareth The Governor Gregory Beth Greene Hershel Greene Maggie Greene Carl Grimes Lori Grimes Rick Grimes Dale Horvath Jadis Morgan Jones Lilly Milton Mamet Caesar Martinez Deanna Monroe Paul `` Jesus '' Monroe Spencer Monroe Morales Michonne Negan Olivia The Prisoners Carol Peletier Sophia Peletier Eugene Porter Glenn Rhee Lizzie and Mika Samuels Simon Gabriel Stokes Bob Stookey T - Dog Tobin Shane Walsh Sasha Williams Tyreese Williams Category The Walking Dead episodes Season 1 `` Days Gone Bye '' `` Guts '' `` Tell It to the Frogs '' `` Vatos '' `` Wildfire '' `` TS - 19 '' Season 2 `` What Lies Ahead '' `` Bloodletting '' `` Save the Last One '' `` Cherokee Rose '' `` Chupacabra '' `` Secrets '' `` Pretty Much Dead Already '' `` Nebraska '' `` Triggerfinger '' `` 18 Miles Out '' `` Judge , Jury , Executioner '' `` Better Angels '' `` Beside the Dying Fire '' Season 3 `` Seed '' `` Sick '' `` Walk with Me '' `` Killer Within '' `` Say the Word '' `` Hounded '' `` When the Dead Come Knocking '' `` Made to Suffer '' `` The Suicide King '' `` Home '' `` I Ai n't a Judas '' `` Clear '' `` Arrow on the Doorpost '' `` Prey '' `` This Sorrowful Life '' `` Welcome to the Tombs '' Season 4 `` 30 Days Without an Accident '' `` Infected '' `` Isolation '' `` Indifference '' `` Internment '' `` Live Bait '' `` Dead Weight '' `` Too Far Gone '' `` After '' `` Inmates '' `` Claimed '' `` Still '' `` Alone '' `` The Grove '' `` Us '' `` A '' Season 5 `` No Sanctuary '' `` Strangers '' `` Four Walls and a Roof '' `` Slabtown '' `` Self Help '' `` Consumed '' `` Crossed '' `` Coda '' `` What Happened and What 's Going On '' `` Them '' `` The Distance '' `` Remember '' `` Forget '' `` Spend '' `` Try '' `` Conquer '' Season 6 `` First Time Again '' `` JSS '' `` Thank You '' `` Here 's Not Here '' `` Now '' `` Always Accountable '' `` Heads Up '' `` Start to Finish '' `` No Way Out '' `` The Next World '' `` Knots Untie '' `` Not Tomorrow Yet '' `` The Same Boat '' `` Twice as Far '' `` East '' `` Last Day on Earth '' Season 7 `` The Day Will Come When You Wo n't Be '' `` The Well '' `` The Cell '' `` Service '' `` Go Getters '' `` Swear '' `` Sing Me a Song '' `` Hearts Still Beating '' `` Rock in the Road '' `` New Best Friends '' `` Hostiles and Calamities '' `` Say Yes '' `` Bury Me Here '' `` The Other Side '' `` Something They Need '' `` The First Day of the Rest of Your Life '' Season 8 `` Mercy '' `` The Damned '' `` Monsters '' `` Some Guy '' `` The Big Scary U '' `` The King , the Widow , and Rick '' `` Time for After '' `` How It 's Gotta Be '' `` Honor '' `` The Lost and the Plunderers '' `` Dead or Alive Or '' `` The Key '' `` Do Not Send Us Astray '' `` Still Gotta Mean Something '' `` Worth '' `` Wrath '' Webisodes Torn Apart Cold Storage Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Walking_Dead_(season_8)&oldid=837273635 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons The Walking Dead ( TV series ) episodes Hidden categories : Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 20 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many episodes in the walking dead season8 | [
"\n\nThe Walking Dead (season 8)\n\n\n\nPromotional poster\n\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nAndrew Lincoln\nNorman Reedus\nLauren Cohan\nChandler Riggs\nDanai Gurira\nMelissa McBride\nLennie James\nAlanna Masterson\nJosh McDermitt\nChristian Serratos\nSeth Gilliam\nRoss Marquand\nJeffrey Dean Morgan\nAustin Amelio\nTom Payne\nXander Berkeley\nKhary Payton\nSteven Ogg\nKatelyn Nacon\nPollyanna McIntosh\n\n\n\n\n\nCountry of origin\nUnited States\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n16\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nAMC\n\n\nOriginal release\nOctober 22, 2017 (2017-10-22) – April 15, 2018 (2018-04-15)\n\n\nSeason chronology\n\n\n\n← Previous\nSeason 7\n\n\n\n\nList of The Walking Dead episodes\n\n"
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"16"
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3585156386199373639 | Hope Williams Brady | Hope Williams Brady - wikipedia Hope Williams Brady Hope Williams Brady Days of Our Lives character Portrayed by Kristina Osterhout ( 1974 ) Kimberly Weber ( 1974 -- 75 ) Natasha Ryan ( 1975 -- 80 ) Tammy Taylor ( 1981 -- 82 ) Kristian Alfonso ( 1983 -- ) Duration 1974 -- 87 1994 -- First appearance January 10 , 1974 Created by William J. Bell Introduced by Betty Corday Classification Present ; regular Profile Other names Hope Alice Williams Hope Hernandez Princess Gina Von Amberg Occupation Commissioner Detective Police officer Bounty hunter Private investigator Model Residence Salem , Illinois show Family Family Horton Father Doug Williams Mother Addie Horton Siblings Steven Olson Julie Olson Williams Douglas LeClaire Spouse Larry Welch ( 1984 -- 85 ) Bo Brady ( 1985 -- 95 , 2000 -- 12 , 2013 -- 14 ) John Black ( 1999 -- 2012 ) Aiden Jennings ( 2015 -- 16 ) Rafe Hernandez ( 2018 -- ) Children Shawn - Douglas Brady Zack Brady Ciara Brady Stepdaughters Chelsea Brady Grandchildren Claire Brady Grandparents Tom Horton Alice Horton Aunts and uncles Byron Carmichael Tom Horton Jr . Mickey Horton Bill Horton Marie Horton Nieces and nephews Spencer Olson David Banning Robert Anderson , Jr . Eli Grant First cousins Sandy Horton Melissa Horton ( adoptive ) Sarah Horton ( legal ) Mike Horton Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Jessica Blake Fallon Hope Williams Brady is a fictional character on the NBC soap opera Days of Our Lives . Created by writer William J. Bell , she has been portrayed by Kristian Alfonso since she was recast on April 14 , 1983 . Hope is a member of the Horton family , the long - running core fictional family on Days . She is the mother of Shawn - Douglas Brady , Zack Brady , and Ciara Brady . Hope is one half of the supercouple Bope . She works as a detective for the Salem , P.D. She has been promoted as Commissioner of Salem P.D. in 2017 . Alfonso was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actress in a Drama Series ( previously called Outstanding Ingenue ) in 1985 . She has also been nominated for eight Soap Opera Digest Awards and won four -- two with co-star Peter Reckell ( Bo ) for Favorite Couple ( 2001 , 2003 ) , Hottest Female Star ( 1999 ) and Favorite Newcomer ( 1984 ) . She was also nominated for three Young Artist Awards ( 1984 - ' 86 ) . In 2002 , she and Reckell won a Special Fan Award ( voted online ) at the Daytime Emmys for Favorite Couple . Contents 1 Casting 2 Storylines 3 See also 4 References 5 Notes 6 External links Casting ( edit ) The character of Hope Williams was originated by child actor Kristina Osterhout from January 10 to August 27 , 1974 . Child actor Kimberly Weber took over the role from October 25 , 1974 to April 29 , 1975 . Natasha Ryan was the child actor who played the young version of Hope the longest from June 4 , 1975 through June 27 , 1980 . From May 11 , 1981 until January 8 , 1982 , young adult actress Tammy Taylor played a teenaged Hope . Actress Kristian Alfonso assumed the role of Hope Williams on April 14 , 1983 , playing the role through April 20 , 1987 , reappearing from April 27 to August 3 , 1990 , and playing the role since May 6 , 1994 . Mila Kunis played a younger Hope in a flashback in June 1994 . Storylines ( edit ) Hope Alice Williams , the mother of Shawn - Douglas , Zack and Ciara Brady , was born on - screen on January 10 , 1974 to Doug Williams and Addie Horton . Not long after Addie marries Doug and becomes pregnant , she discovers she is suffering from leukemia , but declines treatment in order to save her unborn baby . Later that year while crossing the street , an oncoming car careens towards Hope and Addie , but Addie pushes Hope 's baby - carriage out of the way , just in time to save her baby daughter , but not herself . Addie dies , and Hope is taken in by her maternal grandparents , Tom and Alice Horton , until Doug is strong enough to take care of her . Addie , who was wealthy from her first marriage to Ben Olson , leaves Doug and Hope with financial security . Hope is sent off to boarding school in 1982 and is not seen again until a year later . She returns in the spring of 1983 when Roman Brady rescues her after she runs away from boarding school and later falls from a car driven by a drunk friend . She later develops a crush on Roman . Hope eventually becomes a cop , which she takes seriously . Roman spurns Hope 's advances , even after Hope attempts to seduce him , and the situation inflames the jealousy of Roman 's younger brother , local bad boy Bo Brady . Bo and Hope start to fall in love while working together in various dangerous situations . On Hope 's 18th birthday , she and Bo decide to make love but Doug tries to stop them and suffers a heart attack , and Hope agrees never to see Bo again . Bo hides the fact that his brother Roman is alive , and to protect Hope , pushes her away . Hope spends time with Larry Welch , ( a local politician ) and thinking that Bo loves Diane Parker and no longer loves her , Hope agrees to marry Larry . As Hope and Larry stand at the altar , Bo rides into the church on his motorbike and kidnaps Hope before the wedding can be completed . However , Hope is then kidnapped again , this time from the barn where Bo has taken her , and the kidnappers force her to marry Larry . Bo is devastated , but later discovers the true reason Hope married Larry ; the two vow never to be apart , and to work together to find out who is behind Larry . Larry takes the fall for Salem 's drug ring , leaving Bo and Hope free to finally marry in 1985 . During this time , it is revealed that Bo 's real father is Victor Kiriakis . The couple move into Victor 's home but they soon experience marital problems , and Hope disapproves of Bo 's sudden change of character to please his father . Hope becomes pregnant , but miscarries her child . They try again and have a son they name Shawn - Douglas , who is born in 1987 . Bo , Hope , and Shawn leave Salem later that year , and sail the world on their boat , Fancy Face . They return to Salem in 1990 , but soon after , Hope is embroiled in the schemes of the villainous Ernesto Toscano , who kidnaps Hope and holds her hostage in a cave . When the cave explodes , Hope is presumed dead . Four years later , Bo begins a new relationship with Billie Reed , who later proposes to him , but their plans are shattered after John Black finds an amnesiac woman at Stefano DiMera 's house , `` Maison Blache '' , who looks exactly like Hope . The woman calls herself `` Gina '' , but after Alice finds a puzzle box that only Hope could open , they learn that `` Gina '' is truly Hope . Bo later breaks up with Billie , and reconciles with Hope but just before they are to remarry , Hope catches Bo in a compromising position with Billie , and rejects Bo . She then moves in with Franco Kelly . It is revealed that during Hope 's four years of captivity at Maison Blanche , Stefano had the memories of the real Princess Gina Von Amberg , an accomplished art thief , saved on a chip and then installed in Hope 's head . Stefano , who is seeking to retrieve his art treasures from Vivian Alamain , turns Hope back into Gina to help him . He gets Hope to kidnap John , and they make love on Stefano 's yacht . When Stefano finds them , he ditches John and makes love to Hope himself . Hope and Stefano then travel to Paris where they are held prisoner by the real Gina as she tries to reclaim her life . They are finally rescued and Hope finds herself pregnant . Hope wishes that the baby is Bo 's but does n't believe it 's possible , so she comes to believe that the baby is John 's . In June 1999 , Princess Gina arrives in Salem and reveals herself to Greta at John and Marlena 's wedding . Meanwhile , Hope , still believing herself to be Princess Gina , arrives with Stefano ; Hope briefly recovers her identity , but Stefano and Princess Gina then capture Hope and the real Gina takes her place . The ruse is briefly successful but Marlena and Shawn discover the truth and rush to stop the wedding of Bo and the false `` Hope '' on News Year 's Eve 1999 . The truth is exposed and Princess Gina attempts to shoot Shawn and Marlena , but she is shot and killed instead . Bo does n't discover that Princess Gina was the one who died until the cremation . Bo rushes over and confronts Stefano , however Stefano brainwashes Bo to be evil . Bo eventually recovers and finds Hope in the Dimera Mansion in poor health . Bo discovers that when Hope thought she was Gina , she slept with both John and Stefano and ended up pregnant but it is revealed that Bo is the real father . However , it is also revealed that Gina is still alive , and she and Stefano plot their revenge by changing the test results of the paternity test and switch the babies with Rolf 's niece Marlo , who is having a child that will be adopted and given to Stefano 's daughter Lexie and her husband Abe , who is Stefano 's rival . Hope gives birth to her and Bo 's second child , Zack , in 2000 , but the babies are switched by Stefano , and Hope believes her son is J.T Reiber . The switch is later revealed , and they get Zack back . In 2002 , Larry Welch returns and he and Billie scheme to kidnap and kill Hope . Hope is rescued , and Larry and Billie are caught ; Billie is pardoned and asked to leave Salem but Larry is eventually murdered in January 2003 . In 2003 , Salem is rocked by a rash of apparent serial killings known as the Salem Stalker Murders , in which many close to Hope disappear and are presumed dead . Hope pursues the prime suspect , Patrick Lockhart , tracking him to Melaswen Island , where the two have an affair , and Hope discovers that all the missing victims are being held , alive . Bo tracks Hope to the island and they are reunited , but the situation is complicated by the fact that the group that disappeared includes Bo 's old flame Billie . Bo and Bille also learn that their daughter is actually alive , and is Chelsea Brady . On New Year 's Eve 2006 , Bo & Hope 's younger son , Zack , is killed in a hit - and - run accident and the killer is revealed to be Chelsea . Bo learns that Chelsea was driving the car that hit Zack , but he agrees to keep it a secret from everyone , including Hope , so his daughter does n't go to jail . When Hope finds out , she kicks Bo out of the house and asks for a divorce by email . Meddling Chelsea responds to the email , pretending to be Bo , and agrees to the divorce . Hope is devastated and begins a relationship with Patrick . Hope learns she is pregnant , and thinks the father is Patrick , but she learns that Patrick had paid the doctor to change the DNA tests , and that Bo is actually the father . The two again reconcile . In 2008 , Bo and Hope travel to Ireland to meet Colleen Brady after revealing the Brady - DiMera feud , but the group is involved in a plane crash ; Grandpa Shawn Brady is killed , and everyone else is injured . Bo is briefly diagnosed with mystery illness affecting his pancreas , he requires a partial pancreas transplant and makes a full recovery . Bo and Hope 's daughter Ciara Brady is kidnapped in the summer of 2009 , and Hope struggles with her memories of losing their son Zack . She moves out of their house , taking Ciara with her and Bo is devastated . Bo 's old flame Carly Manning comes back to Salem and pursues Bo , driving a new wedge between Bo and Hope . Because of her separation from Bo , and his relationship with Carly , Hope is unable to sleep and takes prescribed medication , but she suffers bizarre side - effects that cause her to assume an alter - ego who mugs men on the street . Hope is caught and sent to jail shortly after this . During her prison time , she uncovers an illegal organ ring , and Bo rescues her from prison . Whilst on the run , the two realize their relationship is far from over , and Bo ends his relationship with Carly . In 2011 , Bo and Hope renew their love for each other . On November 11 , 2011 , while searching through Alice 's effects , Hope and her cousin Jennifer Horton find a clock bearing the symbol of a phoenix , meaning Alice 's secrets point to Stefano . During a conversation between Hope and Marlena on December 17 , 2012 , it is revealed that John and Hope 's divorce was finalized . Bo and Hope 's problems move to employment , mainly due to budget cuts at the Salem P.D. , which meant that they are both asked to take a pay cut . Hope happily agrees , but Bo is very reluctant . After reassuring him that she will support his decision , Bo chooses to leave the police force . During this time , Bo 's mother Caroline Brady begins to show symptoms of Alzheimer 's disease . His sister Kayla Brady locates a clinic in California that will accept Caroline as a patient for a trial treatment . Bo leaves town with Caroline , and is reported to have returned to Salem a short while later , but is not seen on screen . Bo leaves Salem to work for the ISA and promises his family he will return , but after many months without hearing from him , Hope begin to doubt Bo is coming back . She meets lawyer Aiden Jennings in January 2014 and , after receiving no word from Bo , heartbrokenly files for divorce . She and Aiden begin a relationship and the two fall madly in love . He asks her to marry him and she accepts . They marry in a ceremony coinciding with the town 's bicentennial . On their wedding night , Aiden tries to strangle Hope ; a deal he made with Stefano DiMera to kill Hope and clear Stefano 's son Chad DiMera 's name after Chad is accused of being responsible for multiple murders around town . Aiden refused to do it until Stefano and Andre threatened to kill his son Chase if he did n't kill Hope . Bo arrives at the last minute , his absence 's reason being he was being held hostage for information in Mexico and Aiden is killed while the two are struggling when a gun Bo was holding goes off . Hope is surprised , yet happy , to see Bo , but is taken to the hospital to make sure she 's all right . Hope is later devastated by the news that Bo is dying from an inoperable brain tumor after he confesses his dismal prognosis that he 'd been keeping from her shortly after he arrived back in Salem . As they reminisce about their long epic romance , Bo passes away in Hope 's arms . Shortly before Bo died , he made a special request . He asked Rafe Hernandez ( Hope 's longtime work partner ) to look after Hope . Rafe reluctantly agreed . After Bo 's passing , Rafe kept his word and watched Hope from a distance ; remaining her friend and her work partner . When Hope believed that Stefano had a hand in Bo 's death , she confronted him which resulted in her shooting and killing him , in the Dimera living room . Hope and Rafe covered up the crime and dumped Stefano 's body in an abandoned building set to be blown up . Rafe kicked the body , and they left the building . Andre was later to find the body before it got blown up . Shortly after , Rafe began to develop feelings for one Hope . But those feelings were pushed to the back burner when Chase raped Ciara . Hope was devastated as was Ciara . Hope tried her best to be there for her daughter . Unable to suppress his feelings any further , Rafe kissed Hope , and though Hope was reluctant , and was n't sure she was ready for a relationship , Rafe assured her she was , and Hope gave in . They started dating . The relationship grew rocky soon after when Aiden turned up . As it turned out , he had been replaced by a Dimera doppelgänger before the wedding . Aiden lied and told Hope he had been replaced right after he proposed to her . In reality , Aiden had agreed to kill Hope ( only because Andre had threatened to kill Aiden 's son Chase if Aiden did n't kill Hope ) . However Aiden decided at the last moment he could n't do it . He was n't a killer , and he loved Hope too much . Andre had had his men kidnap Aiden when Aiden had tried to leave , and held him prisoner while the doppelgänger went in and tried to kill Hope . It was the doppelgänger - not Aiden - whom Bo ended up killing , and who had really tried to kill Hope . Hope struggled with her feelings and eventually , Rafe and Hope decided to part ways . When it came out that Aiden had originally agreed to kill Hope on their wedding night , and had been switched out after they got married and not after he proposed to her like he had said , Hope dumped Aiden . Hope and Rafe reunited immediately after . The two declared their love for one another . Once again , Aiden came between the two and Hope was blackmailed ( with her taped admission to murdering Stefano ) into breaking it off with Rafe . After going back and forth , the extortion ended after Aiden finally realized what he was doing was wrong , and left town . Upon Aiden 's departure from Salem , Hope believed she was in the clear . But Andre released a copy of Hope 's confession , which resulted in Hope being arrested for the murder of the Dimera Patriarch . Hope was sentenced to life in prison much to the dismay of many Salemites . Hope spent months in jail , before it was discovered that Stefano was actually `` Alive and living in Athens '' . In reality , it was Shane Donovan in a Stefano mask , but only he and Steve Johnson know it . They did it to get Hope free . Hope was exonerated of all charges and released . Returning to her life , Hope has dealt with Ciara 's rebellion , and getting her job back . In November of 2017 , Rafe broke up with Hope because she was n't ready yet to get married . She begged him not to break up with her , and to listen to her , but he could n't be with someone who was n't ready to marry him , so he made her give the ring back , and then slept with Sami the very same night . The next morning , Hope found him in the park and told him she was willing to marry him . He married her on February 26th in a private ceremony at the cabin , promising to always be honest with Hope when in fact , he had never told her the truth about sleeping with Sami . Claire , meanwhile , had overheard Ciara and Trip talking about Rafe cheating with Sami , and Claire announced to Hope in front of everyone at the reception that Rafe cheated . Hope slapped Rafe and ran off . She later told him she wanted an annulment , but eventually , she forgave Rafe enough to hold off on the annulment . They are still trying to work through Rafe 's lies and betrayal . See also ( edit ) Bo Brady and Hope Williams Supercouple Horton family Brady family References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( March 11 , 2013 ) . `` Kristian Alfonso Celebrates 30 Years on Days of Our Lives '' . TV Guide . Retrieved March 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kristian Alfonso Bio '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` About DAYS : Who 's Who in Salem - Hope Williams Brady - Days of our Lives @ soapcentral.com '' . Soapcentral . Retrieved 27 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hope Brady Bio '' . NBC.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hope Williams Brady Bio '' . Soaps.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2013 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Despite the 2012 retcon of John and Hope 's marriage . Bo and Hope were married in 2000 . External links ( edit ) Hope at soapcentral.com Days of Our Lives Current characters Susan Banks Belle Black Brady Black John Black Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Sami Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Abe Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Chad DiMera Kristen DiMera Stefan DiMera Eve Donovan Theresa Donovan Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Parker Jonas Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Notable past characters Alice Horton Tom Horton Lawrence Alamain Vivian Alamain Bo Brady Caroline Brady Carrie Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Shawn Brady Dr. Lexie Carver Theo Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Jack Deveraux Andre DiMera Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Johnny DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Shane Donovan Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Calliope Jones Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Ben Rogers Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Clyde Weston Related information Cast members Producers and writers Awards and nominations 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Will and Sonny Shane and Kimberly Salem Cruise of Deception Fictional families DiMera family Horton family Brady family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family Days of Our Lives characters Present and future characters Susan Banks Belle Black Brady Black John Black Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Sami Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Abe Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Chad DiMera Kristen DiMera Stefan DiMera Thomas DiMera Eve Donovan Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Arianna Horton Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Xander Kiriakis Chloe Lane Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Ben Weston Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Past characters Tom Horton Alice Horton Hattie Adams Lawrence Alamain Vivian Alamain Bart Beiderbecke Tate Black Peter Blake Eugene Bradford Bo Brady Caroline Brady Carrie Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Rex Brady Shawn Brady Lexie Carver Theo Carver Liz Chandler Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Anjelica Deveraux Jack Deveraux André DiMera Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Johnny DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Shane Donovan Theresa Donovan Lee DuMonde Renée DuMonde Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Dario Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Parker Jonas Calliope Jones Bradford Alexander Kiriakis Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Maxine Landis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Mia McCormick Jade Michaels Anne Milbauer Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Wilhelm Rolf Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Fay Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Clyde Weston Character lists 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Cast members Previous cast members Producers and writers Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Shane and Kimberly Will and Sonny Salem Cruise of Deception Horton family Brady family DiMera family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hope_Williams_Brady&oldid=854965419 '' Categories : Days of Our Lives characters Fictional police officers Fictional models Fictional characters introduced in 1974 Fictional murderers Fictional American people of Irish descent Fictional American people of English descent Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Nederlands Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 15 August 2018 , at 00 : 24 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played the original hope on days of our lives | [
"Hope Williams Brady\nDays of Our Lives characterPortrayed by\n\nKristina Osterhout (1974)\nKimberly Weber (1974–75)\nNatasha Ryan (1975–80)\nTammy Taylor (1981–82)\nKristian Alfonso (1983–)\nDuration\n\n1974–87\n1990\n1994–\nFirst appearance\nJanuary 10, 1974Created by\nWilliam J. BellIntroduced by\nBetty CordayClassification\nPresent; regularProfileOther names\n\n\nHope Alice Williams\nHope Hernandez\nPrincess Gina Von Amberg\nOccupation\n\nCommissioner\nDetective\nPolice officer\nBounty hunter\nPrivate investigator\nModel\nResidence\nSalem, Illinois\nshowFamilyFamily\nHortonFather\nDoug WilliamsMother\nAddie HortonSiblings\nSteven Olson Julie Olson Williams Douglas LeClaireSpouse\n\nLarry Welch (1984–85)\nBo Brady (1985–95, 2000–12, 2013–14)[a]\nJohn Black (1999–2012)\nAiden Jennings (2015–16)\nRafe Hernandez (2018–)\nChildren\nShawn-Douglas BradyZack Brady Ciara BradyStepdaughters\nChelsea BradyGrandchildren\nClaire BradyGrandparents\nTom Horton Alice HortonAunts and uncles\nByron Carmichael Tom Horton Jr. Mickey Horton Bill Horton Marie HortonNieces and nephews\nSpencer OlsonDavid BanningRobert Anderson, Jr.Eli GrantFirst cousins\nSandy HortonMelissa Horton (adoptive)Sarah Horton (legal)Mike HortonJennifer HortonLucas HortonJessica Blake Fallon"
] | [
"Kristina Osterhout"
] |
-4447593308005748551 | 1st & Ten (graphics system) | 1st & Ten ( graphics system ) - wikipedia 1st & Ten ( graphics system ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The 1st and Ten line displays the yard line needed for a first down during an ESPN Sunday Night Football broadcast . 1st & Ten is a computer system that augments televised coverage of football by inserting graphical elements on the field of play as if they were physically present : the inserted element stays fixed within the coordinates of the playing field , and obeys the visual rules of foreground objects occluding background objects . It is best known for its original application of generating and displaying the yellow first down line that a television viewer sees during a live broadcast of a football game to make it easier for them to follow play on the field , as pioneered by Sportvision . The line is not physically present on the field , and is seen only by the television audience . 1st & Ten is sometimes used to refer the class of systems capable of adding first down lines and similar visual elements , and not just the original Sportvision system . Over time , usage has evolved . Some television football broadcasts change the color of the line from yellow to red on 4th down , or show a second computer - generated line ( usually blue in color ) that marks the line of scrimmage . Other lines can also be projected to show other types of field position , including markings for the red zone and the optimum maximum distance for a placekicker 's statistical field goal range . In extreme situations , such as snowstorm or blizzard conditions , an entire virtual field with yard and boundary markers can be projected onto the field in order to allow league officials , broadcasters and viewers some way to follow action when all field markings are obscured by snow , fog or mud . The system makes use of a combination of motion sensors mounted on the broadcast cameras to record what they are viewing , and / or the use of match moving computer graphics technology and an enhanced version of chroma key or `` green screen '' technology . ( A competing system using different technology is called L - VIS for Live Video Insertion System . ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Conception 2 Before the game 3 Cameras 4 Crew 5 Data 6 The old way 7 Technology errors 8 Final result 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Conception ( edit ) The idea of creating an on - field marker to help TV viewers identify 1st down distances was conceived and patented in 1978 by David W. Crain , who presented the concept to Roone Arledge and Roger Goodman of ABC News and Sports and to the CBS Technology Center . At the time , both decided the broadcast industry was not ready to use Crain 's invention . In 1998 , ESPN programmer Gary Morgenstern and others revived the idea . ESPN 's NFL coordinating producer , Fred Gaudelli , was tasked with overseeing an implementation for his network . The 1st & Ten line was first broadcast by Sportvision , a private company , during ESPN 's coverage of a Cincinnati Bengals - Baltimore Ravens game on September 27 , 1998 . A few weeks later , on Thanksgiving Day in 1998 , Princeton Video Image ( PVI ) aired its version of the virtual yellow down line on a CBS broadcast of a Pittsburgh Steelers -- Detroit Lions game . Four years later , SportsMEDIA introduced a third version during NBC coverage of a Notre Dame game . The rivalry between PVI and Sportvision began with a collaboration . In July 1995 , PVI had successfully used its L - VIS ( Live Video Insertion System ) match moving technology to broadcast virtual advertising behind the home plate on a local broadcast of a Trenton Thunder baseball game . In January 1996 , Roy Rosser , director of special projects at PVI , saw Sportvision 's FoxTrax puck on the broadcast of the 1996 NHL All - Star Game and realized that a combination of L - VIS and FoxTrax would allow virtual insertions in a wider range of situations than either could do on its own , given the power of affordable computers . He contacted Stan Honey , CTO at Sportvision , and the two companies undertook a joint demonstration of their combined technologies during the 1996 World Series between the Atlanta Braves and the New York Yankees at the Atlanta -- Fulton County Stadium . The test was not a success and the two companies parted ways , each developing complementary systems that were eventually used to broadcast Sportvision 's `` First and Ten '' line and PVI 's `` Yellow Down Line '' . In October 1999 , SportVision sued PVI alleging that PVI 's virtual signage , first down line and other products infringed Fox / Sportvision patents . In August 2001 , PVI counterclaimed against Sportvision in the federal court action , alleging that Sportvision 's virtual strike zone and virtual signage products infringed a PVI patent . In 2002 , the companies settled the lawsuits out of court through a cross-licensing deal . Before the game ( edit ) Each football field has a unique crown and contour and is not perfectly flat in order to facilitate drainage , so a 3D model is made of the field prior to the game . Due to the low amount of change throughout a football season , this 3D model is usually only generated once a season at most . It also has a unique color palette , typically various shades of green , depending on the type of surface ( i.e. real or artificial grass ) and the weather ( e.g. bright , shady or even snowing ) . In addition , after cameras are set up , the position of the camera relative to the field is established to be used in conjunction with the previously created 3D model of the field . Cameras ( edit ) There are usually a number of cameras shooting the field , but typically only three main cameras are used for an American football broadcast ( one on the fifty - yard line , and one on each twenty - yard line ) . The cameras with video that will be used with the graphics system have electronic encoders within parts of the camera assembly ( in the lens and the moving platform the camera sits on , sometimes called a `` panhead '' ) that monitor how the camera is used during the game ( pan , tilt , zoom , focus and extender ) . The encoders transmit that info live 30 or more times per second to the broadcaster 's production truck , where it is processed by Sportvision computers ( typically one for each camera ) . A camera with this type of extra hardware is usually called an `` instrumented '' camera . This information helps keep the yellow 1st & ten line in the proper place without being distorted whenever the camera follows the players or the ball . In the larger productions , several other cameras can be `` instrumented '' to work with the graphics system , but these are usually restricted to following additional types : a camera usually placed in a high position to see all the field , typically called the `` all 22 '' camera , and a camera shooting from above one end zone , called an `` end zone camera '' , or in the industry often just `` camera 4 '' . The Skycam ( or moving camera attached to cables above the field ) can also be used to draw a yellow line over its video , but the mechanism has some major differences from the typical `` instrumented '' camera . Crew ( edit ) For the initial implementation , there were seven computers in total and a crew of four . Recent implementations require around four computers , one computer per camera plus a shared computer for chroma - keying and other tasks , that can be run by a single operator ( although two is optimal ) . The primary operator usually uses a KVM to switch between camera computers and has an extra monitor , keyboard , and mouse setup for the chroma - keying computer . Of the original four - member crew , two members , one inside the stadium and one in front of a computer , communicated the position of the real first down line to make sure everything was working . The third crew member was a troubleshooter . The last crew member monitored the various colors that make up the color palette onto which the line is drawn . In recent setups only a single operator is required for all cameras . The operator clicks on the ball in the video to set the line of scrimmage and right - clicks where the first down line should be ( or presses a button to automatically position it 10 yards in the direction of play ) . If lighting conditions do n't change that much , the primary operator can also monitor chroma - key settings , but often a secondary operator is used when conditions get too variable . Data ( edit ) Each set of camera encoders on a camera transmits position data to an aggregator box that translates the digital information into modulated audio where it is sent down to the corresponding camera computer in the truck . This data is synchronized with the video from that camera . At the camera computer the camera position data is demodulated back to digital data for use by the program that draws the `` yellow line '' over the video . Separately , the chroma - keying computer is told what colors of the field are okay to draw over ( basically grass ) and that information is sent to the camera computers . The old way ( edit ) The first computer in the truck gathers all the separate readings from the cameras and transmits a single , consolidated data stream to the central computer . The central computer takes these readings , the 3D field model and color palette , the knowledge of which camera is on the air , and together using a geometrical calculation determines which pixels in the video frame would make up the first down line . All pixels that are obstructed by a player , a referee , the ball or any other object are identified and not included in the calculation . This will ensure that the 1st & Ten line will be projected only onto the field . The PVI Virtual Media system relies on a single spotter to relay the down and distance , and a single operator at the studio as their vision system does not need camera data to perform the insertion . The primary operator of the Sportvision system does the spotting by merely clicking on the video to place the line . Technology errors ( edit ) The only pixels that should change are the ones that are the same color as the field , typically several shades of green . As a result , there are a few situations that are difficult . One is when the player 's uniform color nearly matches that of the field ( for example , the Green Bay Packers ' jersey on a bright , sunny day , or for Boise , Idaho 's Bronco Stadium , where the field and the home team uniform share the same blue shade ) . The other is when the field itself changes , like during a rain / snow storm or if the grass field becomes very muddy . In those cases , the field 's color palette would need to include brown and / or white shades . The most difficult situations are when the shade of the field is constantly changing as in situations where moving clouds are shadowing the field on some spots , but not others , but continue to move across the field . The data collection and computation also requires time . The audio feed goes to an audio delay to be synchronized with the delayed video . The total delay for the viewer from the live feed ends up being about 2 / 3 of a second . Final result ( edit ) After the camera computer has determined which pixels represent the 1st & Ten line , it takes that pixel information and draws the yellow line in video format at around 60 times per second ( depends on video refresh frequency ) . A 2011 study conducted by SportVision determined the yellow line has an average margin of error of 1.38 inches compared to the official first down marker . In recent years the system has been upgraded to add more features . During Fox broadcasts , the Sportvision system also generates an arrow - like graphic on the field with down and distance text information inside of an arrow pointing in the direction of play . Competitors have also added this feature in recent years . Additionally , the Sportvision system can also place virtual graphics that have another embedded video feed inside them like a video picture frame . This is sometimes called `` video - in - perspective '' . This technology is also the basis for showing ads where they may not appear ( i.e. behind home plate in baseball during national broadcasts ) , and Race F / X in which images can be displayed on the race track , and info can follow a specific car , no matter what the camera does . This technology is used by CBS , ESPN , Fox , NBC , NFL Network , RDS , TSN , and TNT . See also ( edit ) FoxTrax Match moving L - VIS References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) `` Kicking Reality Up a Notch '' , by Leslie Berlin , NY Times , July 11 , 2009 Jump up ^ Zedalis , Joe ( 1 September 2013 ) . `` Hamilton technology company changes the way college and professional sports are broadcast '' . Times of Trenton . Retrieved 13 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Football in the snow : Nasty weather hits several NFL games '' . Associated Press . 8 December 2013 . Retrieved 21 April 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) US Patent 5,917,553 `` Method and apparatus for enhancing the broadcast of a live event '' Jump up ^ ( 3 ) US Patent 6,100,925 `` Image insertion in video streams using a combination of physical sensors and pattern recognition '' Jump up ^ ( 4 ) U.S. Patent 5,953,076 `` System and method of real time insertions into video using adaptive occlusion with a static reference image '' Jump up ^ ( 5 ) `` When the Game 's on the Line , the Line 's on the Screen '' by Matt Lake , NY Times , January 27 , 2000 Jump up ^ ( 6 ) US Patent 4,084,184 `` TV Object locator and image identifier '' David W. Crain Jump up ^ Roone Arledge Jump up ^ Roger Goodman ( director ) Jump up ^ CBS Laboratories Jump up ^ ( 7 ) How Stuff Works - the first down line Jump up ^ ( 8 ) `` Football made simpler '' by Glen Dickson , Broadcasting & Cable , June 07 , 1999 Jump up ^ Sportvision , Inc. and Fox Sports Productions , Inc. v. Princeton Video Image , Inc. , Civil Action No. 99 - CV - 20998 ( N.D. Cal . ) Jump up ^ ( 9 ) Sportvision , Fox and PVI Settle Patent Litigation ; `` Lawsuits Resolved By Cross-Licenses and Interference Not Pursued , Business Wire '' February 21 , 2002 ^ Jump up to : `` Untitled Document '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 24 . External links ( edit ) ( 10 ) SportVision ( 11 ) PVI Virtual Media Services ( 12 ) Computing Basics - How Did They Do That ? 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how do they project images on football field | [
"The system makes use of a combination of motion sensors mounted on the broadcast cameras to record what they are viewing,[4] and/or the use of match moving computer graphics technology[5] and an enhanced version of chroma key or \"green screen\" technology.[6]"
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"a combination of motion sensors mounted on the broadcast cameras to record what they are viewing,[4] and/or the use of match moving computer graphics technology[5] and an enhanced version of chroma key or \"green screen\" technology"
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-4438400405884706774 | List of Major League Baseball perfect games | List of major League Baseball perfect games - wikipedia List of major League Baseball perfect games Jump to : navigation , search Lee Richmond , pitcher of the first perfect game in major league history Over the 140 years of Major League Baseball history , and over 210,000 games played , there have been 23 official perfect games by the current definition . No pitcher has ever thrown more than one . The perfect game thrown by Don Larsen in game 5 of the 1956 World Series is the only postseason perfect game in major league history and one of only two postseason no - hitters , the other being a no - hitter thrown by Roy Halladay in game 1 of the 2010 National League Division Series against the Cincinnati Reds . The first two major league perfect games , and the only two of the premodern era , were thrown in 1880 , five days apart . The most recent perfect game was thrown on August 15 , 2012 by Félix Hernández of the Seattle Mariners . There were three perfect games in 2012 , with no other year ever having more than two thrown . By contrast , there have been spans of 23 and 33 consecutive seasons in which not a single perfect game was thrown . The first two pitchers to accomplish the feat did so in 1880 , under rules that differed in many important respects from those of today 's game : for example , only underhand pitching -- from a flat , marked - out box 45 feet from home plate -- was allowed , it took eight balls to draw a walk , and a batter was not awarded first base if hit by a pitch . Lee Richmond , a left - handed pitcher for the Worcester Ruby Legs , threw the first perfect game . He played professional baseball for six years and pitched full - time for only three , finishing with a losing record . The second perfect game was thrown by John Montgomery Ward for the Providence Grays . Ward , an excellent pitcher who became an excellent position player , went on to be inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame . Though convention has it that the modern era of Major League Baseball begins in 1900 , the essential rules of the modern game were in place by the 1893 season . That year the pitching distance was moved back to 60 feet , 6 inches , where it remains , and the pitcher 's box was replaced by a rubber slab against which the pitcher was required to place his rear foot . Two other crucial rules changes had been made in recent years : In 1887 , the rule awarding a hit batsman first base was instituted in the National League ( this had been the rule in the American Association since 1884 : first by the umpire 's judgment of the impact ; as of the following year , virtually automatically ) . In 1889 , the number of balls required for a walk was reduced to four . Thus , from 1893 on , pitchers sought perfection in a game whose most important rules are the same as today , with two significant exceptions : counting a foul ball as a first or second strike , enforced by the National League as of 1901 and by the American League two years later , and the use of the designated hitter in American League games since the 1973 season . During baseball 's modern era , 21 pitchers have thrown perfect games . Most were accomplished major leaguers . Six have been inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame : Cy Young , Addie Joss , Jim Bunning , Sandy Koufax , Catfish Hunter , and Randy Johnson . Roy Halladay won two Cy Young Awards and was named to eight All - Star teams . David Cone won the Cy Young once and was named to five All - Star teams . Four other perfect - game throwers , Dennis Martínez , Kenny Rogers , David Wells and Mark Buehrle each won over 200 major league games . Matt Cain is a three - time All - Star and three - time World Series champion and has finished in the top ten of the Cy Young voting twice . Félix Hernández has also been a Cy Young Award winner , as well as a six - time All - Star . For a few , the perfect game was the highlight of an otherwise unremarkable career . Mike Witt and Tom Browning were solid major league pitchers ; Browning was a one - time all - star with a career record of 123 - 90 in 12 seasons , while Witt was a two - time all - star , going 117 - 116 in 12 seasons . Larsen , Charlie Robertson , and Len Barker were journeyman pitchers ; each finished his major - league career with a losing record . Dallas Braden retired with a losing record after five seasons due to a shoulder injury . Philip Humber had never before thrown so much as a complete game prior to his perfect game , and his 16 career wins through the 2013 season are less than a third of any other perfect game pitcher 's total aside from Braden . Contents ( hide ) 1 Major League Baseball perfect games 1.1 19th century 1.1. 1 Lee Richmond 1.1. 2 John Montgomery Ward 1.2 Modern era 1.2. 1 Cy Young 1.2. 2 Addie Joss 1.2. 3 Charlie Robertson 1.2. 4 Don Larsen 1.2. 5 Jim Bunning 1.2. 6 Sandy Koufax 1.2. 7 Catfish Hunter 1.2. 8 Len Barker 1.2. 9 Mike Witt 1.2. 10 Tom Browning 1.2. 11 Dennis Martínez 1.2. 12 Kenny Rogers 1.2. 13 David Wells 1.2. 14 David Cone 1.2. 15 Randy Johnson 1.2. 16 Mark Buehrle 1.2. 17 Dallas Braden 1.2. 18 Roy Halladay 1.2. 19 Philip Humber 1.2. 20 Matt Cain 1.2. 21 Félix Hernández 1.3 General notes 2 Perfect games by team 3 Unofficial perfect games 4 Perfect games spoiled by the 27th batter 5 Other notable near - perfect games 5.1 Nine or more consecutive innings of perfection 5.2 No - hitters with no walks issued and no batters hit by pitch 6 See also 7 References Major League Baseball perfect games ( edit ) 19th century ( edit ) Pitcher Date Game Lee Richmond ( Wor ) LHP , 23 5 K June 12 , 1880 Cleveland Blues , 0 at Worcester Worcesters , 1 Venue : Worcester Agricultural Fairgrounds Time : 1 : 26 Caught by : Charlie Bennett Umpired by : Foghorn Bradley Box score John Montgomery Ward ( Prov ) RHP , 20 5 K June 17 , 1880 Providence Grays , 5 vs. Buffalo Bisons , 0 Venue : Messer Street Grounds Attendance : n.a. Time : n.a. Caught by : Emil Gross Umpired by : Charles F. Daniels Box score Lee Richmond ( edit ) Scorecard for Richmond 's perfect game : `` R-A '' notation in fifth inning represents the 9 -- 3 putout Richmond was pitching in his first full season in the big leagues after appearing in one game in 1879 . He was apparently considered a good hitter , as he batted second in the lineup . His perfect game featured an unusual 9 -- 3 putout , with Worcester right fielder Lon Knight throwing out Cleveland 's Bill Phillips at first . The play came on one of three balls Cleveland hit out of the infield . Three outs were recorded on `` foul bounds '' : balls caught after bouncing once in foul territory ( the foul bound rule was eliminated three years later ) . In the seventh inning , the game was delayed for seven minutes due to rain ; Richmond dried the ball off with sawdust when he returned to the mound . A monument marks the site of the Worcester Agricultural Fairgrounds where the game took place , now part of the campus of Becker College . The feat was recognized as unusual : a newspaper report described it as `` the most wonderful game on record '' . John Montgomery Ward ( edit ) Monte Ward threw his perfect game at the Grays ' park in Providence , but Buffalo , by virtue of a coin toss , which was the custom under the rules at that time , was officially the `` home '' team , batting in the bottom of each inning . At the age of 20 years , 105 days , Ward is the youngest pitcher ever to throw a perfect game . He batted sixth in the lineup . Beginning in 1881 , the year after his perfect game , Ward spent more time as a position player than a pitcher ; in 1885 , following an arm injury , he became a full - time infielder . The five days between Ward 's game and Richmond 's is the shortest amount of time between major - league perfect games . Modern era ( edit ) Pitcher Date Game Cy Young ( BOS ) RHP , 37 8 K May 5 , 1904 Philadelphia A 's , 0 at Boston Americans , 3 Venue : Huntington Avenue Grounds , day game Attendance : 10,267 Time : 1 : 25 Caught by : Lou Criger Umpired by : Frank Dwyer Box score Addie Joss ( CLE ) RHP , 28 74 pitches , 3 K October 2 , 1908 Chicago White Sox , 0 at Cleveland Naps , 1 Venue : League Park , day game Attendance : 10,598 Time : 1 : 40 Caught by : Nig Clarke Umpired by : Tommy Connolly Box score Charlie Robertson ( CHW ) RHP , 26 90 pitches , 6 K April 30 , 1922 Chicago White Sox , 2 at Detroit Tigers , 0 Venue : Navin Field , day game Attendance : 25,000 Time : 1 : 55 Caught by : Ray Schalk Umpires : HP : Dick Nallin 1B : Billy Evans Box score Don Larsen ( NYY ) RHP , 27 97 pitches , 7 K October 8 , 1956 Brooklyn Dodgers , 0 at New York Yankees , 2 Venue : Yankee Stadium , day game ( Game 5 of the World Series ) Attendance : 64,519 Time : 2 : 06 Caught by : Yogi Berra Umpires : HP : Babe Pinelli 1B : Hank Soar 2B : Dusty Boggess 3B : Larry Napp LF : Tom Gorman RF : Ed Runge Box score and play - by - play Jim Bunning ( PHI ) RHP , 32 90 pitches , 10 K June 21 , 1964 Philadelphia Phillies , 6 at New York Mets , 0 Venue : Shea Stadium , day game ( first game of doubleheader ) Attendance : 32,026 Time : 2 : 19 Caught by : Gus Triandos Umpires : HP : Ed Sudol 1B : Paul Pryor 2B : Frank Secory 3B : Ken Burkhart Box score and play - by - play Sandy Koufax ( LAD ) LHP , 29 113 pitches , 14 K September 9 , 1965 Chicago Cubs , 0 at Los Angeles Dodgers , 1 Venue : Dodger Stadium , night game Attendance : 29,139 Time : 1 : 43 Caught by : Jeff Torborg Umpires : HP : Ed Vargo 1B : Chris Pelekoudas 2B : Bill Jackowski 3B : Paul Pryor Box score and play - by - play Catfish Hunter ( OAK ) RHP , 22 107 pitches , 11 K May 8 , 1968 Minnesota Twins , 0 at Oakland A 's , 4 Venue : Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum , night game Attendance : 6,298 Time : 2 : 28 Caught by : Jim Pagliaroni Umpires : HP : Jerry Neudecker 1B : Larry Napp 2B : Al Salerno 3B : Bill Haller Box score and play - by - play Len Barker ( CLE ) RHP , 25 103 pitches , 11 K May 15 , 1981 Toronto Blue Jays , 0 at Cleveland Indians , 3 Venue : Cleveland Stadium , night game Attendance : 7,290 Time : 2 : 09 Caught by : Ron Hassey ( 1 ) Umpires : HP : Rich Garcia 1B : Greg Kosc 2B : Don Denkinger 3B : Jim McKean Box score and play - by - play Mike Witt ( CAL ) RHP , 24 94 pitches , 10 K September 30 , 1984 California Angels , 1 at Texas Rangers , 0 Venue : Arlington Stadium , day game Attendance : 8,375 Time : 1 : 49 Caught by : Bob Boone Umpires : HP : Greg Kosc 1B : Ted Hendry 2B : Drew Coble 3B : Jim Evans Box score and play - by - play Tom Browning ( CIN ) LHP , 28 100 pitches , 7 K September 16 , 1988 Los Angeles Dodgers , 0 at Cincinnati Reds , 1 Venue : Riverfront Stadium , night game Attendance : 16,591 Time : 1 : 51 Caught by : Jeff Reed Umpires : HP : Jim Quick 1B : Mark Hirschbeck 2B : John Kibler 3B : Eric Gregg Box score and play - by - play Dennis Martínez ( MON ) RHP , 36 95 pitches , 5 K July 28 , 1991 Montreal Expos , 2 at Los Angeles Dodgers , 0 Venue : Dodger Stadium , day game Attendance : 45,560 Time : 2 : 14 Caught by : Ron Hassey ( 2 ) Umpires : HP : Larry Poncino 1B : Bruce Froemming 2B : Dana DeMuth 3B : Greg Bonin Box score and play - by - play Kenny Rogers ( TEX ) LHP , 29 98 pitches , 8 K July 28 , 1994 California Angels , 0 at Texas Rangers , 4 Venue : The Ballpark in Arlington , night game Attendance : 46,581 Time : 2 : 08 Caught by : Iván Rodríguez Umpires : HP : Ed Bean 1B : Don Denkinger 2B : John Shulock 3B : Tim Tschida Box score and play - by - play David Wells ( NYY ) LHP , 34 120 pitches , 11 K May 17 , 1998 Minnesota Twins , 0 at New York Yankees , 4 Venue : Yankee Stadium , day game Attendance : 49,820 Time : 2 : 40 Caught by : Jorge Posada Umpires : HP : Tim McClelland 1B : John Hirschbeck 2B : Rich Garcia 3B : Mike Reilly Box score and play - by - play David Cone ( NYY ) RHP , 36 88 pitches , 10 K July 18 , 1999 Montreal Expos , 0 at New York Yankees , 6 Venue : Yankee Stadium , day game Attendance : 41,930 Time : 2 : 16 ( with a 33 - minute rain delay ) Caught by : Joe Girardi Umpires : HP : Ted Barrett ( 1 ) 1B : Larry McCoy 2B : Jim Evans 3B : Chuck Meriwether Box score and play - by - play Randy Johnson ( ARI ) LHP , 40 117 pitches , 13 K May 18 , 2004 Arizona Diamondbacks , 2 at Atlanta Braves , 0 Venue : Turner Field , night game Attendance : 23,381 Time : 2 : 13 Caught by : Robby Hammock Umpires : HP : Greg Gibson 1B : Bruce Dreckman 2B : Gerry Davis 3B : Larry Poncino Box score and play - by - play Mark Buehrle ( CHW ) LHP , 30 116 pitches , 6 K July 23 , 2009 Tampa Bay Rays , 0 at Chicago White Sox , 5 Venue : U.S. Cellular Field , day game Attendance : 28,036 Time : 2 : 03 Caught by : Ramón Castro Umpires : HP : Eric Cooper 1B : Mike Reilly 2B : Chuck Meriwether 3B : Laz Díaz Box score and play - by - play Dallas Braden ( OAK ) LHP , 26 109 pitches , 6 K May 9 , 2010 Tampa Bay Rays , 0 at Oakland Athletics , 4 Venue : Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum , day game Attendance : 12,288 Time : 2 : 07 Caught by : Landon Powell Umpires : HP : Jim Wolf 1B : Derryl Cousins 2B : Jim Joyce 3B : Todd Tichenor Box score and play - by - play Roy Halladay ( PHI ) RHP , 34 115 pitches , 11 K May 29 , 2010 Philadelphia Phillies , 1 at Florida Marlins , 0 Venue : Sun Life Stadium , night game Attendance : 25,086 Time : 2 : 13 Caught by : Carlos Ruiz Umpires : HP : Mike DiMuro 1B : Tim Welke 2B : Jim Reynolds 3B : Bill Welke Box score and play - by - play Philip Humber ( CHW ) RHP , 29 96 pitches , 9 K April 21 , 2012 Chicago White Sox , 4 at Seattle Mariners , 0 Venue : Safeco Field , day game Attendance : 22,472 Time : 2 : 17 Caught by : A.J. Pierzynski Umpires : HP : Brian Runge 1B : Marvin Hudson 2B : Tim McClelland 3B : Ted Barrett Box score and play - by - play Matt Cain ( SF ) RHP , 27 125 pitches , 14 K June 13 , 2012 Houston Astros , 0 at San Francisco Giants , 10 Venue : AT&T Park , night game Attendance : 42,298 Time : 2 : 36 Caught by : Buster Posey Umpires : HP : Ted Barrett ( 2 ) 1B : Mike Muchlinski 2B : Angel Campos 3B : Brian Runge Box score and play - by - play Félix Hernández ( SEA ) RHP , 26 113 pitches , 12 K August 15 , 2012 Tampa Bay Rays , 0 at Seattle Mariners , 1 Venue : Safeco Field , day game Attendance : 21,889 Time : 2 : 22 Caught by : John Jaso Umpires : HP : Rob Drake 1B : Joe West 2B : Sam Holbrook 3B : Andy Fletcher Box score and play - by - play Cy Young ( edit ) Main article : Cy Young 's perfect game Young 's perfect game was part of a hitless streak of 24 or 251⁄3 straight innings -- depending on whether partial innings at either end of the streak are included . In either calculation , the streak remains a record . It was also part of a streak of 45 straight innings in which Young did not give up a run , which was then a record . Of the 20 perfect games for which pitch counts are available , Addie Joss 's was the most efficient -- 74 pitches , fewer than three per batter . Addie Joss ( edit ) Main article : Addie Joss ' perfect game Joss 's was the most pressure - packed of any regular - season perfect game . With just four games left on their schedule , the Cleveland Naps were involved in a three - way pennant race with the Tigers and the White Sox , that day 's opponents . Joss 's counterpart , the great Ed Walsh , struck out 15 and gave up just four scattered singles . The lone , unearned run scored as a result of a botched pickoff play and a wild pitch . The Naps ended the day tied with the Tigers for first , with the White Sox two games back ; the Tigers would ultimately win the league by a half game over the Naps . Joss would throw a second no - hitter against the White Sox in 1910 , making him and Tim Lincecum of the San Francisco Giants the only major league pitchers ever to throw two no - hitters against the same team . Charlie Robertson ( edit ) Main article : Charlie Robertson 's perfect game Robertson 's perfect game was only his fifth appearance , and fourth start , in the big leagues . He finished his career with the fewest wins and lowest winning percentage ( 49 -- 80 , . 380 ) of any perfect - game pitcher until Philip Humber , who pitched his perfect game in 2012 . The Tigers , led by player - manager Ty Cobb , accused Robertson of illegally doctoring the ball with oil or grease . In terms of the opposing team 's ability to get on base , this is statistically the most unlikely of perfectos : the 1922 Tigers had an on - base percentage ( OBP ) of . 373 . Don Larsen ( edit ) Main article : Don Larsen 's perfect game See also : 1956 World Series Larsen did not know he would pitch in Game 5 of the 1956 World Series until a few hours before gametime . This was his second start of the Series ; he 'd lasted less than two innings in Game 2 . In his perfect game , Larsen employed the style he had adopted in mid-season , working without a windup . Just one Dodgers batter -- Pee Wee Reese , in the first inning -- worked a three - ball count . The Dodgers had the highest season winning percentage of any team ever to lose a perfect game : . 604 . The image of catcher Yogi Berra leaping into Larsen 's arms after the final strike is one of the most famous in baseball history . The 34 years between Robertson 's feat and Larsen 's is the longest gap between perfect games . Jim Bunning ( edit ) Main article : Jim Bunning 's perfect game Bunning 's perfect game , pitched on Father 's Day , was the first in the National League since Ward 's 84 years before . Defying the baseball superstition that holds one should not talk about a no - hitter in progress , Bunning spoke to his teammates about the perfect game as it developed to loosen them up and relieve the pressure . Sandy Koufax ( edit ) Main article : Sandy Koufax 's perfect game Sandy Koufax 's perfect game was the last of his four no - hitters , pitched in four consecutive seasons . Koufax 's perfect game was the first one pitched at night . It was nearly a double no - hitter , as Cubs pitcher Bob Hendley gave up only one hit , a bloop double to left - fielder Lou Johnson in the seventh inning that did not figure in the scoring . The Dodgers scored their only run in the fifth inning : Lou Johnson reached first on a walk , advanced to second on a sacrifice bunt , stole third , and scored when Cubs catcher Chris Krug overthrew third base on the play . The game also set records for the fewest number of hits by both teams , one , and the fewest number of base runners by both teams , two ( both Johnson ) . Koufax 's 14 strikeouts are tied with Matt Cain for the most ever thrown by a perfect game pitcher . Catfish Hunter ( edit ) Main article : Catfish Hunter 's perfect game Hunter , a talented batter , was also the hitting star of his perfect game . He went 3 for 4 with a double and 3 RBIs , including a bunt single that drove home the first and thus winning run in the seventh inning -- easily the best offensive performance ever by a perfect game pitcher . This was the first no - hitter of the Athletics ' Oakland tenure , which was only 25 games old . He was also the youngest pitcher ever to pitch a modern - era perfect game , at 22 years and 30 days old . Len Barker ( edit ) Main article : Len Barker 's perfect game Barker 's perfect game was the first one in which designated hitters were used . He did n't reach a three - ball count in the entire game . Toronto shortstop Alfredo Griffin , who played for the losing team in this game , went on to play for the losers in the perfect games of Browning and Martínez . Also on the losing end of this game was Danny Ainge , who would play 14 seasons in the National Basketball Association . All 11 of Barker 's strikeouts were swinging . Mike Witt ( edit ) Main article : Mike Witt 's perfect game Witt 's perfect game came on the last day of the 1984 season . Reggie Jackson , who drove in the only run of the game on a seventh - inning fielder 's choice ground ball , was also on the winning team in Witt 's perfect game . On April 11 , 1990 , Witt , pitching out of the bullpen , combined with starting pitcher Mark Langston to throw a no - hitter for the California Angels . Tom Browning ( edit ) A ticket from Browning 's perfect game . Main article : Tom Browning 's perfect game Browning 's perfect game , for the Cincinnati Reds against the Los Angeles Dodgers in September 1988 , came against the team that eventually won that year 's World Series , the only time that has happened . A two - hour , twenty - seven - minute rain delay caused the game to start at approximately 10 PM . Right fielder Paul O'Neill , who played for the winning side in this game , also played for the winning side in the perfect games of Wells and Cone . The following July 4 , Browning came within an inning of becoming the first pitcher to throw two perfect games , retiring the first 24 batters in a game against the Phillies before surrendering a leadoff double in the ninth . Dennis Martínez ( edit ) Main article : Dennis Martínez 's perfect game Martínez , born in Granada , Nicaragua , was the first major league pitcher born outside of the United States to throw a perfect game . He achieved the feat for the Montreal Expos against the Los Angeles Dodgers in July 1991 . Martínez reached only one three - ball count . Opposing pitcher Mike Morgan was perfect through five full innings , the latest the opposing starter in a perfect game has remained perfect . Two days earlier , Expos pitcher Mark Gardner no - hit the Dodgers through nine innings but lost the no - hitter in the tenth , meaning the Expos narrowly missed throwing a no - hitter and a perfect game in the same series . Martínez 's catcher , Ron Hassey , had also caught Len Barker 's perfect game . This was the third perfect game pitched against the Brooklyn / Los Angeles Dodgers , joining those of Larsen and Browning ; the only other teams to lose more than one perfect game are the Twins ( Hunter and Wells ) and the Rays ( Buehrle , Hernandez and Braden ) . Kenny Rogers ( edit ) Main article : Kenny Rogers ' perfect game Rogers benefited from center fielder Rusty Greer 's fantastic diving catch of a line drive hit by Rex Hudler , leading off the ninth inning. Rogers ' performance against the Angels came 10 seasons after Witt 's perfect game against the Rangers . The Angels and Rangers are the only major league teams to record perfect games against each other . The home plate umpire was a minor league fill - in , Ed Bean , who was working his 29th Major League game and seventh behind the plate . Bean , who was substituting for 17 - year veteran Ken Kaiser , worked only seven more MLB games following Rogers ' performance . David Wells ( edit ) Main article : David Wells ' perfect game Wells attended the same high school as Don Larsen : Point Loma High School , San Diego , California . They also both enjoyed the night life . Casey Stengel once said of Larsen , `` The only thing he fears is sleep . '' Wells has claimed to have been `` half - drunk '' and suffering from a `` raging , skull - rattling hangover '' during his perfect game . Wells ' perfect game comprised the core of a streak of 38 consecutive retired batters ( May 12 -- 23 , 1998 ) , an American League record he held until 2007 . David Cone ( edit ) Main article : David Cone 's perfect game Cone 's perfect game occurred on Yogi Berra Day . Don Larsen threw out the ceremonial first pitch to Berra , who had been his catcher during the 1956 World Series perfect game . As the game wore on , television cameras showed Larsen , the only perfect game pitcher to attend another perfect game . No Expo worked even a three - ball count . Cone 's perfect game took only 88 pitches even though it was interrupted by a 33 - minute rain delay and is the only one to date in regular - season interleague play . Following teammate Wells ' perfect game the previous season , this also represents the only time two successive perfect games have been thrown by the same team . This was the third perfect game in Yankee history ; the Indians ( Joss and Barker ) , White Sox ( Robertson , Buehrle , and Humber ) , A 's ( Hunter and Braden ) , and Phillies ( Bunning and Halladay ) are the other teams to have more than one perfect game . In 2004 , Randy Johnson , then with the Arizona Diamondbacks , became the oldest pitcher ever to throw a perfect game . Randy Johnson ( edit ) Main article : Randy Johnson 's perfect game Johnson threw his perfect game at the age of 40 years , 256 days , becoming by more than three and a half years the oldest pitcher to achieve the feat . The former holder of the mark , Cy Young , threw his at the age of 37 years , 37 days . Johnson is also the tallest perfect game pitcher at 6 ' 10 `` , surpassing Mike Witt by three inches . Of the 20 teams to have a perfect game thrown against them , the 2004 Braves have the second - highest OBP (. 343 ) and are tied for the second - highest winning percentage (. 593 ) . In contrast , the Diamondbacks had by far the worst season winning percentage (. 315 ) of any team to benefit from a perfect game . Mark Buehrle ( edit ) Main article : Mark Buehrle 's perfect game Buehrle was assisted by a dramatic ninth - inning wall - climbing catch by center fielder DeWayne Wise to rob Gabe Kapler of a home run ; Wise had just entered the game as a defensive replacement before Kapler 's at - bat . This was the first major league perfect game in which the pitcher and catcher were battery - mates for the first time ; Ramón Castro had been acquired by the White Sox less than two months before . This was also the first perfect game to feature a grand slam , by Josh Fields in the bottom of the second inning . Umpire Eric Cooper , who called the game , had been behind the plate for Buehrle 's previous no - hitter . On July 28 , Buehrle followed up with another 5 2 / 3 perfect innings to set the major league record for consecutive batters retired at 45 ( this includes the final batter he faced in his appearance before the perfect game ) . That record was broken by Yusmeiro Petit of the San Francisco Giants in 2014 Dallas Braden ( edit ) Main article : Dallas Braden 's perfect game Braden 's perfect game , pitched on Mother 's Day , was the first complete game of his career . His grandmother attended the game and celebrated on the field with him . It was the first time a perfect game had been pitched against the team with the best record in the majors at the time ; coming into the contest , the Rays were 22 -- 8 . The 2010 Rays are tied for the second - highest winning percentage (. 593 ) of any team to be on the receiving end of a perfect game . MLB 's previous perfect game had also been thrown against the Rays , making them the second team to have successive perfect games against them ( the first was the Dodgers in 1988 and 1991 ) . This game came 290 days after Buehrle 's , the shortest period between modern - day perfect games -- a record which would last just three weeks until Halladay 's . Roy Halladay ( edit ) Main article : Roy Halladay 's perfect game Halladay pitched the second perfect game of the 2010 season 20 days after Braden 's , the shortest period between perfect games in the modern era . Mark Buehrle 's perfect game had been 10 months earlier , marking the first time that three perfect games occurred within a one - year span . Seven batters reached three - ball counts against Halladay . Halladay nearly pitched a second perfect game in the 2010 NL Division Series against the Reds but gave up a walk to Jay Bruce . The hurler had to settle for a no - hitter and became the only perfect game pitcher to throw another no - hitter in the same season , and the fifth with two no - hitters . Halladay is the second pitcher to throw a perfect game and win the Cy Young Award in the same season ; Sandy Koufax did so in 1965 . Philip Humber ( edit ) Main article : Philip Humber 's perfect game On April 21 , 2012 , Philip Humber of the Chicago White Sox pitched the third perfect game in White Sox history . The final out of Humber 's perfect game came after a full - count check - swing third strike to Brendan Ryan on a ball that catcher A.J. Pierzynski dropped . As Ryan disputed umpire Brian Runge 's decision that he had swung , Pierzynski threw the ball to first base for the final out . As with Braden , Humber 's perfect game was the first complete game of his career . Humber , who last pitched in Major League Baseball in 2013 , has a lifetime record of 16 - 23 , thus having the fewest career wins and lowest career winning percentage of any pitcher who has thrown a perfect game in the Major Leagues . The White Sox became the second franchise with three perfect games , joining the Yankees . Matt Cain ( edit ) Main article : Matt Cain 's perfect game On June 13 , 2012 , Matt Cain of the San Francisco Giants pitched the first perfect game in Giants franchise history , the second of 3 in 2012 , and the 22nd in MLB history . Third baseman Joaquín Árias threw out Jason Castro for the final out on a deep 1 - 2 ground ball . Buster Posey was the catcher . Cain tallied 14 strikeouts , tying Sandy Koufax for the most strikeouts in a perfect game . Cain 's 125 pitches are the most ever thrown in a perfect game . Cain was aided by a running catch at the wall by Melky Cabrera in the 6th and a diving catch by Gregor Blanco in the 7th . The winning Giants scored 10 runs , making this the highest scoring perfect game . Félix Hernández ( edit ) Main article : Félix Hernández 's perfect game On August 15 , 2012 , Félix Hernández of the Seattle Mariners threw the 23rd perfect game in MLB history ( and the first in August ) against the Tampa Bay Rays . This was the first perfect game in Mariners history , and the franchise 's fourth no - hitter . Hernandez 's performance was highlighted by 12 strikeouts and a career - high 26 swinging - strikes . In an on - field interview immediately following the last out , Hernandez said he had started thinking about the possibility of a perfect game in the second inning . It was the third time in the last four seasons that Tampa Bay was the losing side of a perfect game . Four Rays -- Evan Longoria , Carlos Peña , B.J. Upton and Ben Zobrist -- joined Alfredo Griffin in having played in three perfect games for the losing team ; all four players participated in Buehrle 's and Braden 's . General notes ( edit ) Three perfect - game pitchers had RBIs in their games : Hunter ( 3 ) , Bunning ( 2 ) , and Young ( 1 ) . Hunter had three hits ; Richmond , Ward , Bunning , Martínez , and Cain each had one . Cain is the only pitcher to score a run during a perfect game ( Gregor Blanco followed him in the order and hit a home run ) . Barker , Witt , Rogers , Wells , Cone , Buehrle , Braden , Humber , and Hernández did not bat in their perfect games , as the American League adopted the designated hitter rule in 1973 . The latest the winning runs have been scored in a perfect game is the seventh inning -- this occurred in the games of Hunter ( bottom ) , Witt ( top ) , and Martínez ( top ) . Seven perfect - game pitchers have also thrown at least one additional no - hitter : Young , Joss , Bunning , Koufax , Johnson , Buehrle , and Halladay . Witt participated in a combined no - hitter . Koufax has the most total no - hitters of any perfect - game pitcher , with four . Richmond and Robertson were rookies , though each had made a single appearance in a previous season . Although by the latter part of the twentieth century , major league games were being played predominantly at night , six of the last ten perfect games , and four of the last six , have taken place in the daytime . Since 1973 , nine perfect games have been thrown with the DH rule in effect ( including one interleague game held at an American League park ) and only five without it . Perfect games by team ( edit ) Of the thirty franchises that currently make up Major League Baseball , seven have never as of the end of the 2016 season been involved in a perfect game ( win or lose ) , including three of the `` Original 16 '' franchises ( the Cardinals , Pirates and Orioles ) and four of the fourteen teams that joined MLB in the expansion era ( the Royals , Brewers , Padres and Rockies ) . The number of perfect games won and lost by the remaining twenty - three extant franchises is as follows . Franchise Perfect games won Perfect games won against Angels Astros 0 Athletics / A 's Blue Jays 0 Braves 0 Cubs 0 Diamondbacks 0 Dodgers Giants 0 Indians 0 Mariners Marlins 0 Mets 0 Expos / Nationals Phillies 0 Senators / Rangers Devil Rays / Rays 0 Reds 0 Americans / Red Sox 0 Tigers 0 Senators / Twins 0 White Sox Yankees 0 Unofficial perfect games ( edit ) Boston Red Sox pitchers Babe Ruth and Ernie Shore . In a 1917 game , Ruth was ejected after walking the first batter . Shore replaced him , erased the baserunner , and completed the game without allowing another . There have been three instances in which a major league pitcher retired every player he faced over nine innings without allowing a baserunner , but , by the current definition , is not credited with a perfect game , either because there was already a baserunner when he took the mound , or because the game went into extra innings and an opposing player eventually reached base : On June 23 , 1917 , Babe Ruth , then a pitcher with the Boston Red Sox , walked the Washington Senators ' first batter , Ray Morgan , on four straight pitches . Ruth , who had already been shouting at umpire Brick Owens about the quality of his calls , became even angrier and , in short order , was ejected . Enraged , Ruth charged Owens , swung at him , and had to be led off the field by a policeman . Ernie Shore came in to replace Ruth , while catcher Sam Agnew took over behind the plate for Pinch Thomas . Morgan was caught stealing by Agnew on the first pitch by Shore , who proceeded to retire the next 26 batters . All 27 outs were made while Shore was on the mound . Once recognized as a perfect game by Major League Baseball , this still counts as a combined no - hitter . On May 26 , 1959 , Harvey Haddix of the Pittsburgh Pirates pitched what is often referred to as the greatest game in baseball history . Haddix carried a perfect game through 12 innings against the Milwaukee Braves , only to have it ruined when an error by third baseman Don Hoak allowed Félix Mantilla , the leadoff batter in the bottom of the 13th inning , to reach base . A sacrifice by Eddie Mathews and an intentional walk to Hank Aaron followed ; the next batter , Joe Adcock , hit a home run that became a double when he passed Aaron on the bases . Haddix and the Pirates had lost the game 1 -- 0 ; despite their 12 hits in the game , they could not bring a run home . The 12 perfect innings -- 36 consecutive batters retired in a single game -- remains a record . On June 3 , 1995 , Pedro Martínez of the Montreal Expos had a perfect game through nine innings against the San Diego Padres . The Expos scored a run in the top of the tenth inning , but in the bottom , Martínez gave up a leadoff double to Bip Roberts , and was relieved by Mel Rojas , who retired the next three batters . Martínez was therefore the winning pitcher in a 1 -- 0 Expos victory . Four other games in which one team failed to reach base are not official perfect games because they were called off before nine innings were played : On August 11 , 1907 , Ed Karger of the St. Louis Cardinals pitched seven perfect innings against the Boston Braves ; second game of doubleheader called by prior agreement . On October 5 , 1907 , Rube Vickers of the Philadelphia Athletics pitched five perfect innings against the Senators ; second game of doubleheader called on account of darkness . Vickers achieved his feat on the last day of the season . He also pitched the final 12 innings of the 15 - inning first game . His back - to - back victories were his only wins of the year . On August 6 , 1967 , Dean Chance of the Minnesota Twins pitched five perfect innings against the Red Sox ; game called on account of rain . On April 21 , 1984 , David Palmer of the Expos pitched five perfect innings against the Cardinals ; second game of doubleheader called on account of rain . On March 14 , 2000 , in a spring training game -- by definition unofficial -- the Red Sox used six pitchers to retire all 27 Toronto Blue Jays batters in a 5 -- 0 victory . The starting pitcher for the Red Sox was Pedro Martínez ( see above ) . Perfect games spoiled by the 27th batter ( edit ) On thirteen occasions in Major League Baseball history , a perfect game has been spoiled when the batter representing what would have been the third and final out in the ninth inning reached base . Unless otherwise noted , the pitcher in question finished and won the game without allowing any more baserunners : On July 4 , 1908 , Hooks Wiltse of the New York Giants hit Philadelphia Phillies pitcher George McQuillan on a 2 -- 2 count in a scoreless game -- the only time a 0 -- 0 perfect game has been broken up by the 27th batter . Umpire Cy Rigler later admitted that he should have called the previous pitch strike 3 . Wiltse pitched on , winning 1 -- 0 ; his ten - inning no - hitter set a record for longest complete game no - hitter that has been tied twice but never broken . On August 5 , 1932 , Tommy Bridges of the Detroit Tigers gave up a pinch - hit single to the Washington Senators ' Dave Harris . On June 27 , 1958 , Billy Pierce of the Chicago White Sox gave up a double , which landed just inches in fair territory , on his first pitch to Senators pinch hitter Ed Fitz Gerald . On September 2 , 1972 , Milt Pappas of the Chicago Cubs walked San Diego Padres pinch hitter Larry Stahl on a borderline 3 -- 2 pitch . Pappas finished with a no - hitter . The umpire , Bruce Froemming , was in his second year ; he went on to a 37 - year career in which he umpired a record 11 no - hitters . Pappas believed he had struck out Stahl , and years later continued to bear ill will toward Froemming . On April 15 , 1983 , Milt Wilcox of the Tigers surrendered a pinch - hit single to the White Sox ' Jerry Hairston , Sr . On May 2 , 1988 , Ron Robinson of the Cincinnati Reds gave up a two - strike single to the Montreal Expos ' Wallace Johnson . Robinson then allowed a two - run homer to Tim Raines and was removed from the game . The final score was 3 -- 2 , with Robinson the winner . ( Robinson 's teammate Tom Browning threw his perfect game later that season . ) On August 4 , 1989 , Dave Stieb of the Toronto Blue Jays gave up a double to the New York Yankees ' Roberto Kelly , followed by an RBI single by Steve Sax . Stieb finished with a 2 -- 1 victory . This was the third time Stieb had a no - hitter broken up with two outs in the ninth inning . On April 20 , 1990 , Brian Holman of the Seattle Mariners gave up a home run to Ken Phelps of the Oakland Athletics . On September 2 , 2001 , Mike Mussina of the Yankees gave up a two - strike single to Boston Red Sox pinch hitter Carl Everett . The opposing pitcher in the game was David Cone , who had thrown the most recent perfect game two years earlier as a Yankee . On June 2 , 2010 , Armando Galarraga of the Tigers was charged with a single when first - base umpire Jim Joyce incorrectly ruled Jason Donald of the Cleveland Indians safe on an infield grounder . After the game , Joyce acknowledged his mistake : `` I just cost that kid a perfect game . I thought he beat the throw . I was convinced he beat the throw , until I saw the replay . '' Tyler Kepner of the New York Times wrote that no call had been `` so important and so horribly botched '' since the 1985 World Series . Galarraga retired the next batter as Donald advanced to third base via defensive indifference . Having taken place just four days after Halladay 's feat , the game would have set a new mark for proximity had it been perfect ; it would also have been the third perfect game in a 25 - day span . Donald was awarded first base on Galarraga 's 83rd pitch , which would have made it the second most efficient perfect game on record . Main article : Armando Galarraga 's near - perfect game On April 2 , 2013 , Yu Darvish of the Texas Rangers gave up a first pitch single to Marwin González of the Astros on a ground ball between Darvish 's legs and through the middle infield . Darvish was removed from the game without facing another batter , having thrown 111 pitches . With 14 strikeouts through the first 26 batters , Darvish had a chance to tie ( or exceed , had he struck out González ) a record for a perfect game . The Rangers would go on to win the game 7 - 0 . On September 6 , 2013 , Yusmeiro Petit of the San Francisco Giants retired the first 26 Arizona Diamondbacks batters before giving up a single to pinch hitter Eric Chávez on a 3 - 2 pitch . Giants right fielder Hunter Pence dove for the ball but came up just a couple of inches short . Petit retired the next batter to finish the one - hit shutout . On June 20 , 2015 , Max Scherzer of the Washington Nationals retired the first 26 Pittsburgh Pirates batters before hitting pinch - hitter José Tábata with a pitch in a 2 - 2 count . It has been contested that Tábata intentionally leaned into the pitch , which , if called as such , would not have resulted in him being awarded first base , preserving the perfect game . Scherzer retired the following batter to achieve the no - hitter . Other notable near - perfect games ( edit ) Nine or more consecutive innings of perfection ( edit ) There have been fifteen occasions in Major League Baseball history when a pitcher -- or , in one case , multiple pitchers -- recorded at least 27 consecutive outs after one or more runners reached base . In four instances , the game went into extra innings and the pitcher ( s ) recorded more than 27 consecutive outs : On May 11 , 1919 , Walter Johnson , pitching for the Senators against the Yankees , retired 28 batters in row : After surrendering a one - out single in the first to Roger Peckinpaugh and then retiring the next two batters to end the inning , he was perfect in the second through the ninth . He recorded two outs in the tenth , before giving up a walk to Home Run Baker . The first Sunday game to be played legally in New York , it was ended after the 12th inning , still scoreless , because Yankee owner Jacob Ruppert mistakenly believed the new law barred play after 6 PM . On September 24 , 1919 , Waite Hoyt , pitching for the Red Sox against the Yankees in the second game of a doubleheader , gave up a run in the second inning . The Red Sox tied the game in the ninth on a solo home run by Babe Ruth , his then record - breaking 28th of the season . The game report in the New York Times states , `` Hoyt gave a remarkable performance of his pitching skill , and from the fourth inning to the thirteenth he did not allow a hit and not a Yankee runner reached first base . In these nine hitless innings the youngster was at the top of his form '' . The Yankees eventually won 2 -- 1 when , in the 13th , Wally Pipp tripled and was brought home by a sacrifice fly . ( The New York Times report states that Pipp tripled with `` two out '' -- evidently a typographical or counting error , as the subsequent sacrifice fly , which is described in detail , would not then have been possible . ) Play - by - play records are not currently available for the game , but it appears that Hoyt recorded no less than 28 consecutive outs -- the last out in the third inning and 27 in the perfect nine innings encompassing the fourth through the 12th . On September 18 , 1971 , Rick Wise , pitching for the Phillies against the Cubs , gave up a home run to the leadoff batter in the second inning , Frank Fernández . He did not allow another baserunner until Ron Santo singled with two outs in the top of the 12th . Wise retired the next batter and the Phillies scored in the bottom of the inning , making him the winner , 4 -- 3 . Wise had been perfect for 10 2 / 3 , retiring 32 consecutive batters -- the record for most consecutive outs in a game by a winning pitcher . At the plate , Wise helped his cause by going 3 for 6 , with a double and the game - winning RBI in the bottom of the 12th . The starting pitcher for the Cubs was Milt Pappas , who would have his near - perfect game one year later . On July 6 , 2005 , A.J. Burnett , then pitching for the Florida Marlins , surrendered a two - out single in the third inning that gave the Milwaukee Brewers a 4 -- 1 lead . It was the fourth hit he had given up , on top of five walks . He then retired the next ten batters before leaving the game with the Marlins trailing 4 -- 2 . In his six innings , he struck out 14 . Jim Mecir pitched a perfect seventh and Guillermo Mota pitched a perfect eighth and ninth as the Marlins rallied to send the game into extra innings . Todd Jones was perfect in the 10th and 11th and Valerio de los Santos picked up the win with a perfect 12th , for a total of 28 straight batters retired starting with the final batter of the third inning . Cy Young , first perfect game pitcher of the modern era . His 1908 no - hitter was a solo version of the Ruth -- Shore game of 1917 : a leadoff walk , a caught stealing , and perfection the rest of the way . In the eleven other instances , the leadoff batter ( or batters ) reached base in the first inning , followed by 27 consecutive batters ( or batters and baserunners ) being retired through the end of a nine - inning game . In one case , the leadoff baserunner was retired , meaning the pitcher faced the minimum : On June 30 , 1908 , Red Sox pitcher Cy Young walked the New York Highlanders ' leadoff batter , Harry Niles , who was caught stealing . No one else reached base against Young , who also had three hits and four RBIs in Boston 's 8 -- 0 win . It was the third no - hitter of Young 's career and about as close as possible to being his second perfect game . He is the only pitcher in major league history to retire 27 consecutive men in a game on two separate occasions . The remaining instances in which a pitcher recorded 27 consecutive outs in a game , noting how the opponent 's leadoff batter ( or batters ) reached base : May 24 , 1884 , Al Atkinson / Philadelphia Athletics ( Pittsburgh Alleghenys ' Ed Swartwood hit by pitch , stole second , reached third on a groundout , and scored on a passed ball ) On June 23 , 1917 , Babe Ruth and Ernie Shore pitched their combined no - hitter in which the leadoff hitter walked and was thrown out stealing second ( see `` Unofficial perfect games '' above ) . May 16 , 1953 , Curt Simmons / Philadelphia Phillies ( single by Milwaukee Braves ' Bill Bruton ) May 13 , 1954 , Robin Roberts / Phillies ( home run by Reds ' Bobby Adams ) July 1 , 1966 , Woodie Fryman / Pittsburgh Pirates ( single by New York Mets ' Ron Hunt ) May 19 , 1981 , Jim Bibby / Pirates ( single by Atlanta Braves ' Terry Harper ) June 11 , 1982 , Jerry Reuss / Los Angeles Dodgers ( double by Reds ' Eddie Milner , who reached third on a sacrifice bunt and scored on a fielder 's choice ) April 22 , 1993 , Chris Bosio / Seattle Mariners ( walks by Red Sox Ernest Riles and Carlos Quintana , the latter of whom was retired on a double play ) July 7 , 2006 , John Lackey / Los Angeles Angels ( double by Oakland Athletics ' Mark Kotsay ) May 10 , 2013 , Shelby Miller / St. Louis Cardinals ( single by Colorado Rockies ' Eric Young , Jr . ) No - hitters with no walks issued and no batters hit by pitch ( edit ) On eleven occasions in Major League Baseball history , a pitcher recorded 27 outs without surrendering a hit , walk , or having a batter reach on a hit - by - pitch , but lost a perfect game because a baserunner reached through a fielding error : Perfect games ruined by errors committed by the pitcher : July 19 , 1974 -- Dick Bosman , Cleveland Indians vs. Oakland Athletics ( throwing error by Bosman with two outs in the 4th inning ) Perfect games ruined by errors committed by other players : June 13 , 1905 -- Christy Mathewson , New York Giants vs. Chicago Cubs ( fielding error by Bill Dahlen with one out in the 4th inning , and fielding error by Billy Gilbert with one out in the 6th inning ) September 5 , 1908 -- Nap Rucker , Brooklyn Superbas vs. Boston Doves ( three errors ) July 1 , 1920 -- Walter Johnson , Washington Senators at Boston Red Sox ( fielding error by Bucky Harris with no outs in the 7th inning ) September 3 , 1947 -- Bill McCahan , Washington Senators at Philadelphia Athletics ( throwing error by Ferris Fain with one out in the 2nd inning ) June 27 , 1980 -- Jerry Reuss , Los Angeles Dodgers at San Francisco Giants ( throwing error by Bill Russell with two outs in the 1st inning ) August 15 , 1990 -- Terry Mulholland , Philadelphia Phillies vs. San Francisco Giants ( throwing error by Charlie Hayes with no outs in the 7th inning ) July 10 , 2009 -- Jonathan Sánchez , San Francisco Giants vs. San Diego Padres ( fielding error by Juan Uribe with one out in the 8th inning ) June 18 , 2014 -- Clayton Kershaw , Los Angeles Dodgers vs. Colorado Rockies ( throwing error by Hanley Ramírez with no outs in the 7th inning ) October 3 , 2015 -- Max Scherzer , Washington Nationals vs. New York Mets ( throwing error by Yunel Escobar with no outs in the 6th inning ) August 23 , 2017 -- Rich Hill , Los Angeles Dodgers vs. Pittsburgh Pirates ( fielding error by Logan Forsythe with no outs in the 9th inning ) There has never been an occasion in which a perfect game was solely ruined through an uncaught third strike . The closest instance of this happening was during Philip Humber 's perfect game . His 27th out was recorded on a dropped third strike ; however , catcher A.J. Pierzynski was able to retrieve the ball in time to throw to first base . See also ( edit ) Baseball portal List of Major League Baseball no - hitters Nippon Professional Baseball perfect games Golden set in tennis Maximum break in snooker Nine - dart finish in darts Perfect game in bowling References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Forman , Sean . `` MLB 's 200,000 th Game '' . Baseball Reference . Retrieved 10 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Nemec ( 2006 ) , pp. 21 -- 22 , 85 , 123 . Jump up ^ Dickson ( 2009 ) , p. 415 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Rules Chronology 1845 -- 1899 '' . BaseballLibrary.com . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2007 . Retrieved August 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Rules Chronology 1900 -- present '' . BaseballLibrary.com . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2014 . Retrieved November 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Akin , William ( 2003 ) . `` Bill Phillips '' . SABR Baseball Biography Project . Retrieved August 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hanlon ( 1968 ) . Jump up ^ `` J. Lee Richmond 's Remarkable 1879 Season '' Jump up ^ `` Becker College : History '' . Becker College . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2009 . Retrieved June 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Egan ( 2008 ) , pp. 100 , 295 n . 6 , quotes the line within a longer passage quoted from the Cleveland Leader , June 14 , 1880 . Buckley ( 2002 ) , p. 14 , credits the Chicago Tribune with the line . Deutsch ( 1975 ) , p. 14 , presents a clipping from the New York Herald with the line . Jump up ^ Okrent and Wulf ( 1989 ) , pp. 14 -- 15 , describe a story that later emerged that Richmond hurled his historic perfecto after staying up all night following a pre-graduation dinner at Brown University , pitching in an early morning class game , and taking a train to Worcester just in time to perform his professional duties . The BaseballLibrary.com entry on Richmond Archived July 28 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . claims that a similar sequence of events preceded not his perfect game , but a game he pitched against the Chicago White Stockings on June 16 . Egan ( 2008 ) , p. 101 , debunks the tale . Jump up ^ Buckley ( 2002 ) , p. 27 . Jump up ^ https://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9E05E1D9173EE033A25750C0A9669D946997D6CF Jump up ^ `` Charlie Robertson Perfect Game Box Score '' . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved May 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Browning ( 2003 ) , pp. 145 , 248 . Jump up ^ Coffey ( 2004 ) , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , pp. 185 -- 186 . BaseballLibrary.com claims it was a passed ball . Jump up ^ Buckley ( 2005 ) , pp. 58 , 61 -- 64 . Jump up ^ 1922 American League Season Summary . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved on September 16 , 2010 . See Coffey ( 2004 ) , p. 43 , for an analysis of Detroit 's relatively desultory hitting at the point in the season when the game was played . Jump up ^ Buckley ( 2002 ) , pp. 73 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Kennedy ( 1996 ) . Jump up ^ Lupica ( 1999 ) , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Buckley ( 2002 ) , p. vi . Jump up ^ 1968 Oakland Athletics Game Log . Retrosheet . Retrieved on July 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Newman ( 1981 ) . Jump up ^ Buckley ( 2002 ) , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Buckley ( 2002 ) , p. 169 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Most Memorable Reds Moments of the 20th Century '' . Cincinnati Enquirer. 1999 . Retrieved June 3 , 2010 . Box score : July 4 , 1989 -- Cincinnati Reds at Philadelphia Phillies Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved on June 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Buckley ( 2002 ) , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Nightengale , Bob ( July 29 , 1994 ) . `` The Pitcher Is Perfect , but Greer Gets the Save '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 7 , 2009 . Richards , Charles ( July 29 , 1994 ) . `` Rogers Fires Perfect Game For Rangers ; Diving Grab in 9th Saves Gem '' . Washington Post . Retrieved August 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Wells Claims `` 25 to 40 Percent '' of Players Use Steroids `` . ESPN / Associated Press . February 27 , 2003 . Retrieved March 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gallagher ( 2003 ) , p. 431 . Jump up ^ baseball almanac . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ; Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ The OBP of the 2009 Rays , against which Buehrle later threw his perfect game , also rounds to . 343. 2004 Atlanta Braves Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics . Baseball-Reference.com. 2009 Tampa Bay Rays Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved on July 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ 2004 National League Season Summary . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved on July 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Schlegel , John ( July 24 , 2009 ) . `` For Buehrle , a Perfect Day for History '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Just , David ( July 23 , 2009 ) . `` Same Ump Called Both Buehrle No - Nos '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Buehrle Breaks Record '' . ESPN.com . July 29 , 2009 . Retrieved July 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` SB Nation '' . SBNation.com . August 28 , 2014 . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Standings and Games on Saturday , May 8 , 2010 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . May 8 , 2010 . Retrieved May 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 2010 American League Season Summary . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved on October 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Braden 's Perfect Game 19th Ever and Second Straight Against Rays '' . ESPN . Associated Press . May 9 , 2010 . Retrieved May 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Perfect Phillie : Halladay Pitches Perfect Game '' . MSNBC . May 29 , 2010 . Retrieved May 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Halladay 's Perfect Game Is This Season 's Second '' . ESPN / Associated Press . May 29 , 2010 . Retrieved May 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Second Cy Young Boosts Halladay 's Hall of Fame Credentials '' . Sports Illustrated . November 16 , 2010 . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Phil Humber Completes Perfect Game , MLB.com. April 21 , 2012 . Caple , Jim . ( April 22 , 2012 ) . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , Powers , Scott ( April 21 , 2012 ) . ESPN.com . Retrieved April 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Felix Hernandez pitches perfect game '' . USA Today . August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vass ( 2002 ) . Jump up ^ Ernie Shore hastily relieves and Sam Agnew takes over behind the plate for Pinch Thomas Baseball Library . Retrieved on May 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Chen ( 2009 ) ; Reisler ( 2007 ) , p. 57 ; Thielman ( 2005 ) , p. 169 ; Sullivan ( 2002 ) , p. 139 . Jump up ^ Boxscore -- Game Played on Tuesday , May 26 , 1959 ( N ) at County Stadium Retrosheet . Retrieved on July 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Boxscore -- Game Played on Saturday , June 3 , 1995 ( N ) at Jack Murphy Stadium Retrosheet . Retrieved on June 6 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Robbins ( 2004 ) , p. 242 . ^ Jump up to : Rothe , Emil H. The Shortened No - Hitters Baseball Research Journal . SABR . Retrieved on June 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Zingg and Medeiros ( 1994 ) , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Boxscore -- Game Played on Saturday , April 21 , 1984 ( N ) at Busch Stadium II Retrosheet . Retrieved on June 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Pedro Martinez : Perfect Game -- Spring Training 1918RedSox.com . Retrieved on June 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Holtzman ( 2003 ) . Holtzman 's article was published before the near - perfect game by Armando Galarraga . Note that Coffey ( 2004 ) gives incorrect years for the near - perfect games of Wiltse , Stieb , Holman , and Mussina ( p. 279 ) . Jump up ^ Nemec ( 2006 ) , pp. 86 -- 87 ; Simon ( 2004 ) , p. 54 ; `` No Hitter Records '' . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved August 20 , 2007 . Vass ( 1998 ) notes that this is one of only three otherwise perfect games where the sole lapse was a hit batsman . The pitchers in the two other cases were Lew Burdette ( August 18 , 1960 ; fifth inning ) and Kevin Brown ( June 10 , 1997 ; eighth inning ) . Jump up ^ Deveaux ( 2001 ) , p. 111 ; James ( 2003 ) , p. 891 . Jump up ^ Boxscore -- Game Played on Friday , June 27 , 1958 ( N ) at Comiskey Park I Retrosheet ; Billy Pierce Interview Baseball Almanac . Retrieved on June 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Boxscore -- Game Played on Saturday , September 2 , 1972 ( D ) at Wrigley Field Retrosheet . Retrieved on June 6 , 2009 ; Amspacher , Bruce ( April 11 , 2003 ) . `` What Really Happened ? An Interview with Major League Pitching Great Milt Pappas '' . Professional Sports Authenticator . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved August 20 , 2007 . Weinbaum , William ( September 20 , 2007 ) . `` Froemming Draws Pappas ' Ire , 35 Years Later '' . ESPN . Retrieved September 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Boxscore -- Game Played on Friday , April 15 , 1983 ( N ) at Comiskey Park I Retrosheet . Retrieved on June 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Boxscore -- Game Played on Monday , May 2 , 1988 ( N ) at Riverfront Stadium Retrosheet . Retrieved on June 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Box score : August 4 , 1989 -- New York Yankees at Toronto Blue Jays Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved on May 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` David Brown , August 9 , 2010 . Retrieved August 9 , 2010 . '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Box score : April 20 , 1990 -- Seattle Mariners at Oakland Athletics Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved on May 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Larry Stone ( April 15 , 2010 ) . `` Losing a perfect game was tough -- but Brian Holman 's been through tougher '' . Seattle Times . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2011 . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Box score : September 2 , 2001 -- New York Yankees at Boston Red Sox Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved on May 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Umpire : ' I Just Cost That Kid a Perfect Game ' '' . ESPN / Associated Press . June 2 , 2010 . Retrieved June 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kepner , Tyler ( June 2 , 2010 ) . `` Pitcher Loses Perfect Game on Questionable Call '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` MLB.com At Bat '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/gameday/index.jsp?gid=2015_06_20_pitmlb_wasmlb_1#game=2015_06_20_pitmlb_wasmlb_1,game_state=Wrapup,game_tab=box Jump up ^ Deveaux ( 2001 ) , p. 49 ; Washington Post , `` The Game in Detail '' , May 12 , 1919 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ New York Times , `` Ruth Wallops Out His 28th Home Run '' , September 24 , 1919 , p. 23 ( available online ) . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Cook ( 2004 ) , p. 236 . Jump up ^ Nowlin ( 2005 ) , p. 69 ; Box score : September 18 , 1971 -- Chicago Cubs at Philadelphia Phillies Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved on May 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Burnett K 's 14 over Six Innings Associated Press via ESPN.com . Retrieved on August 13 , 2010 ; Box score : July 6 , 2005 -- Milwaukee Brewers at Florida Marlins Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Bill ( July 14 , 2006 ) . `` Beyond the Box Score -- Almost Perfect '' . MLB.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2009 . Arnold does not list Bosio 's 1993 game , as his list is restricted to games in which only the leadoff man reached base before the next 27 batters were retired . Jump up ^ Elston ( 2006 ) , pp. 173 -- 174 . Jump up ^ Charlton 's Baseball Chronology -- 1884 ( May ) Archived October 17 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Baseball Library . Retrieved on May 11 , 2009 . Note that this was an American Association game ; the National League had not yet instituted the rule awarding hit batsmen first base . Charlton 's Baseball Chronology , the source for this game , incorrectly describes Monte Ward retiring 27 straight batters after the first singled in a game of July 23 , 1880 . In fact , he also walked a batter and another reached on an error . See Boston Globe , `` Providence 5 , Cincinnati 0 '' , July 24 , 1880 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Boxscore -- Game Played on Saturday , May 16 , 1953 ( D ) at County Stadium Retrosheet . Retrieved on January 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Boxscore -- Game Played on Thursday , May 13 , 1954 ( N ) at Connie Mack Stadium Retrosheet . Retrieved on January 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Boxscore -- Game Played on Friday , July 1 , 1966 ( N ) at Shea Stadium Retrosheet . Retrieved on January 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Boxscore -- Game Played on Tuesday , May 19 , 1981 ( N ) at Three Rivers Stadium Retrosheet . Retrieved on January 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Boxscore -- Game Played on Friday , June 11 , 1982 ( N ) at Dodger Stadium Retrosheet . Retrieved on May 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Boxscore -- Game Played on Thursday , April 22 , 1993 ( N ) at Kingdome Retrosheet . Retrieved on January 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Boxscore -- Game Played on Friday , July 7 , 2006 ( N ) at Network Associates Coliseum Retrosheet . Retrieved on November 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Boxscore -- Game Played on Friday , May 10 , 2013 at Busch Stadium ESPN . Retrieved on May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ July 19 , 1974 Oakland Athletics at Cleveland Indians Box Score and Play by Play Baseball Reference . Retrieved on June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` M'Graw Put Matty In To Beat The Cubs '' . The Evening World . July 13 , 1905 . Jump up ^ `` National League '' . The San Francisco Call . September 6 , 1908 . Jump up ^ July 1 , 1920 Washington Senators at Boston Red Sox Box Score and Play by Play Baseball Reference . Retrieved on June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ September 3 , 1947 Washington Senators at Philadelphia Athletics Box Score and Play by Play Baseball Reference . Retrieved on June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ June 27 , 1980 Los Angeles Dodgers at San Francisco Giants Box Score and Play by Play Baseball Reference . Retrieved on June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ August 15 , 1990 San Francisco Giants at Philadelphia Phillies Box Score and Play by Play Baseball Reference . Retrieved on June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ July 10 , 2009 San Diego Padres at San Francisco Giants Box Score and Play by Play Baseball Reference . Retrieved on June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ( June 18 , 2014 ) . `` Kershaw tosses first no - no as Dodgers rout Rockies '' . mlb.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` October 3 , 2015 Washington Nationals at New York Mets Box Score and Play by Play '' . espn.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ August 23 , 2017 Los Angeles Dodgers at Pittsburgh Pirates Box Score and Play by Play Baseball Reference . Retrieved on August 24 , 2017 . Major League Baseball records Baseball statistics ( types of records ) General Record holders Single - game records Single - season records Record breakers by season Records considered unbreakable Batting leaders Career Batting average On - base percentage Times on base Slugging percentage OPS Hits 3,000 club Progressive Singles Doubles Triples Home runs 500 club Progressive Extra base hits RBIs Total bases Walks Intentional HBP Strikeouts Games played At - bats Plate appearances Annual Batting average Doubles Triples Home runs RBI Season Batting average Triples Home run Progressive Game Home runs Hitting for the cycle Grand slams RBI Game Inning Hits Misc Consecutive game hitting streak On - base plus slugging Hits Home runs Doubles Triples RBIs Baserunning leaders Career Runs Stolen bases Annual Runs Stolen bases Game Runs Misc Stolen bases Runs Pitching leaders Career Wins 300 club Losses Games started Games finished Innings pitched Strikeouts 3,000 club Saves Complete games Shutouts ERA WHIP Walks Hit batsmen Wild pitches Batters faced Annual Wins Saves Shutouts Strikeouts ERA Game No - hitter Perfect game List of perfect games Strikeouts Game Inning Immaculate innings Misc Wins Fielding leaders Career Putouts 1B 2B SS 3B OF LF CF RF Errors 1B Assists Passed balls Annual Putouts Errors Managing records Wins and winning percentage Multiple stat records Triple Crown 20 -- 20 -- 20 club 30 -- 30 club 40 -- 40 club Other Consecutive games played Longest winning streaks Longest losing streaks Major League Baseball pitchers who have pitched a perfect game Lee Richmond ( game ) John Montgomery Ward Cy Young ( game ) Addie Joss ( game ) Charlie Robertson ( game ) Don Larsen ( game ) Jim Bunning ( game ) Sandy Koufax ( game ) Catfish Hunter ( game ) Len Barker ( game ) Mike Witt ( game ) Tom Browning ( game ) Dennis Martínez ( game ) Kenny Rogers ( game ) David Wells ( game ) David Cone ( game ) Randy Johnson ( game ) Mark Buehrle ( game ) Dallas Braden ( game ) Roy Halladay ( game ) Philip Humber ( game ) Matt Cain ( game ) Félix Hernández ( game ) Italics denotes post-season perfect game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Major_League_Baseball_perfect_games&oldid=800306192 '' Categories : Major League Baseball lists Lists of Major League Baseball no - hitters by franchise Major League Baseball statistics Baseball pitching Major League Baseball perfect games Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages using web citations with no URL Use mdy dates from October 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 18 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the last perfect game pitched in major league baseball | [
"Over the 140 years of Major League Baseball history, and over 210,000 games played,[1] there have been 23 official perfect games by the current definition. No pitcher has ever thrown more than one. The perfect game thrown by Don Larsen in game 5 of the 1956 World Series is the only postseason perfect game in major league history and one of only two postseason no-hitters, the other being a no-hitter thrown by Roy Halladay in game 1 of the 2010 National League Division Series against the Cincinnati Reds. The first two major league perfect games, and the only two of the premodern era, were thrown in 1880, five days apart. The most recent perfect game was thrown on August 15, 2012 by Félix Hernández of the Seattle Mariners. There were three perfect games in 2012, with no other year ever having more than two thrown. By contrast, there have been spans of 23 and 33 consecutive seasons in which not a single perfect game was thrown."
] | [
"on August 15, 2012 by Félix Hernández of the Seattle Mariners"
] |
7691393804238958532 | A Cinderella Story | A Cinderella Story - wikipedia A Cinderella Story Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see A Cinderella Story ( disambiguation ) . A Cinderella Story Theatrical release poster Directed by Mark Rosman Produced by Clifford Werber Ilyssa Goodman Hunt Lowry Dylan Sellers Written by Leigh Dunlap Starring Hilary Duff Chad Michael Murray Jennifer Coolidge Regina King Music by Christophe Beck Cinematography Anthony B. Richmond Edited by Cara Silverman Production company Gaylord Films Clifford Werber Productions Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date July 10 , 2004 ( 2004 - 07 - 10 ) ( Hollywood ) July 16 , 2004 ( 2004 - 07 - 16 ) ( United States ) Running time 95 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $19 million Box office $70.1 million A Cinderella Story is a 2004 American teen romantic comedy film directed by Mark Rosman , written by Leigh Dunlap and stars Hilary Duff , Chad Michael Murray , Jennifer Coolidge and Regina King . A modernization of the classic Cinderella folklore , the film 's plot revolves around two Internet pen pals who plan to meet in person at their high school 's Halloween dance . The film was released on July 16 , 2004 . While it received negative reviews from critics , the film was a box office success , grossing $70 million against its $19 million budget , and spawned three straight - to - video sequels . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Reception 3.1 Box office 4 Soundtrack 5 Sequels 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Sam Montgomery lives in the San Fernando Valley area of Los Angeles , with her widowed father Hal , who runs a popular sports - themed diner . Hal soon marries a vain and selfish gold digger named Fiona , who has socially - awkward fraternal twin daughters , Brianna and Gabriella . During the 1994 Northridge earthquake , Hal is killed when he runs to save Fiona . Having supposedly left no will , Fiona receives all of his belongings , including the house , the diner , and to her dismay , Sam . Eight years later , Sam is employed as a waitress at the diner to save money to attend Princeton University , but she is regularly tormented by her stepfamily , who constantly insult her and treat her as if they were popular , despite being regarded as obnoxious . Sam struggles to cope socially at North Valley High School , where queen bee cheerleader Shelby Cummings also torments her and calls her `` Diner Girl '' , along with other members of the popular clique . Sam confides in her online pen pal `` Nomad '' about her dream to attend Princeton , a dream which he also shares . However , Nomad 's true identity is Austin Ames , the popular , yet unhappy , quarterback of the school 's football team and Shelby 's ex-boyfriend , although she refuses to accept that he has broken up with her . The reason why he is unhappy is because Austin 's father planned for him to go to the University of Southern California with a football scholarship rather than going to Princeton . Nomad proposes that they meet in person at the school 's Halloween themed homecoming dance . On the night of the dance , Fiona orders Sam to work the night shift at the diner , then leaves to drive Brianna and Gabriella to the dance . Initially reluctant , Sam is convinced by her best friend , Carter Ferrell , to go to the dance and meet her mysterious online friend . Rhonda , Sam 's other best friend , and the rest of the diner staff also convince her to disobey Fiona and go to the dance anyway . Sam , wearing a mask and a beautiful white dress , meets Nomad at the dance , and is surprised to learn that he is Austin , who had become smitten with her upon her entrance . The two decide to leave the party to walk alone and get to know each other a little better . While sharing a romantic dance , Sam and Austin begin to fall in love . But just as Austin is about to unmask her , Sam 's cell phone alarm goes off , warning her to return to the diner before Fiona returns at midnight . She leaves without revealing her identity to Austin , and drops her phone on the way out . Austin picks up her phone and begins a desperate search to figure out who his `` Cinderella '' really is , but every girl at school claims to be the mysterious owner of the phone . Sam is reluctant to reveal her identity to Austin , feeling that he will not accept her due to her being ordinary and Austin being popular . When Austin comes into the diner one day , Sam is forced to help him and , after a talk , she attempts to reveal her identity to him , but is cut off by Fiona . Sam 's stepsisters later discover Sam and Austin 's email relationship , and ( after failing to convince Austin that one of them is the owner of the phone ) convince Shelby that Sam tried to steal Austin from her . During a pep rally , they and the other cheerleaders humiliate Sam in front of the entire school and expose her identity as well as naming her an impostor . Austin , hurt by Sam 's secrecy , does not step up to defend her , and Sam leaves the pep rally in tears . Like Austin , Sam had been accepted at Princeton , only to be duped by Fiona into believing she was rejected by having a fake rejection letter made . Sam then decides to give up on her dreams and resigns herself to working at the diner , but Rhonda gives Sam a pep talk not to lose hope . When her stepsisters come into the diner , they slam the door , causing a guitar to fall off the wall , tearing the wallpaper down with it , and blame it on Sam . Sam then sees her father 's words , `` Never let the fear of striking out keep you from playing the game , '' on the wall and regains her confidence ( in real life , this quote came from Babe Ruth ) . She stands up to Fiona and her stepsisters stating that she will no longer put up with their emotional abuse , quits her job at the diner , and moves in with Rhonda , who also quits along with the entire diner staff , all of whom had only put up with so many years of Fiona 's abuse after Hal 's death for Sam 's sake . The customers , who witness the entire scene , promptly leave in disgust as well . Before the school 's homecoming football game , Sam confronts Austin about his cowardice and not defending her at the pep rally . Before the final play of the game , he sees Sam making her way out of the stands , and finally stands up to his father , saying he wants to attend Princeton rather than simply play football all his life . He chases after Sam and apologizes . She accepts his apology , and they share their first kiss as rain falls over the drought - plagued valley ( at the same time , the North Valley Fighting Frogs win the football game ) . Soon after , Sam finds Hal 's will hidden in her childhood fairy - tale book , stating that all of his money & possessions actually belong to her . Since this leaves her as the rightful and legal owner , Sam sells her stepfamily 's fancy cars so that she can pay for college , and Fiona , who signed the will as a witness but claims to have never seen it before , is arrested for financial fraud and violating California 's child labor laws for all the times she made Sam work long hours at the diner in spite of her being a minor . Sam finds that she was in fact accepted at Princeton ; the acceptance letter is retrieved from the garbage by her stepsisters , who knew where Fiona hid it . Fiona , Brianna , and Gabriella are made by the District Attorney to work off the money they stole from Sam at the diner , which is restored to its former glory by its new owners , Sam and Rhonda . Also , Austin 's father comes to accept his son 's desire to attend Princeton . Things even work out in the end for Carter as he makes a commercial for acne medication . Shelby , having previously rejected Carter for being an outcast even after he was a proper gentleman to her at the Halloween dance , aims to pursue him since he is now popular , but after finally seeing her true shallow and cruel nature , he turns her down for Astrid , the high school 's goth DJ and announcer . The film ends with Sam and Austin , now officially a couple , driving off to Princeton together after Sam gets her phone back from Austin . Cast ( edit ) Hilary Duff as Samantha `` Sam '' Montgomery Hannah Robinson as Young Sam Chad Michael Murray as Austin Ames Whip Hubley as Harold `` Hal '' Montgomery , Sam 's dad Jennifer Coolidge as Fiona , Sam 's stepmom Regina King as Rhonda Dan Byrd as Carter Farrell Madeline Zima as Brianna Carlie Westerman as Young Brianna Andrea Avery as Gabriella Lilli Babb as Young Gabriella Julie Gonzalo as Shelby Cummings Brad Bufanda as David Simon Helberg as Terry J.D. Pardo as Ryan Hanson Aimee Lynn Chadwick as Astrid , the campus DJ Erica Hubbard as Madison Kady Cole as Caitlyn Mary Pat Gleason as Eleanor Paul Rodriguez as Bobby Lin Shaye as Mrs. Wells Kevin Kilner as Andy Ames , Austin 's dad James Eckhouse as Mr. Farrell , Carter 's dad Reception ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 11 % based on 103 reviews , with an average rating of 3.6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` An uninspired , generic updating of the classic fairy tale . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score on 25 out of 100 , based on 30 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale . Roger Ebert called A Cinderella Story `` a lame , stupid movie '' . The film was nominated for five Teen Choice Awards at the 2005 ceremony , winning the award for Choice Movie Blush Scene , the same year Duff won the Kids Choice Awards for Favorite Movie Actress . In 2005 , Duff also received a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actress nomination . Box office ( edit ) In its opening weekend , the film grossed $13,623,350 in 2,625 theaters in the United States and Canada , ranking # 4 at the box office , behind I , Robot , Spider - Man 2 and Anchorman : The Legend of Ron Burgundy . By the end of its run , A Cinderella Story grossed $51,438,175 domestically and $18,629,734 internationally , totaling $70,067,909 worldwide . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : A Cinderella Story : Original Soundtrack Sequels ( edit ) The film was followed by three direct - to - video sequels , Another Cinderella Story ( 2008 ) , A Cinderella Story : Once Upon a Song ( 2011 ) and A Cinderella Story : If the Shoe Fits ( 2016 ) . The sequels use the themes and situations but do not contain any characters from the first film . Unlike the first film , the sequels also include musical and dance themes . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` A Cinderella Story ( 2004 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/cinderella_story/ Jump up ^ http://www.metacritic.com/movie/a-cinderella-story Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/a-cinderella-story-2004 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : A Cinderella Story Official website A Cinderella Story on IMDb A Cinderella Story at AllMovie A Cinderella Story at Box Office Mojo A Cinderella Story at Rotten Tomatoes A Cinderella Story at Metacritic A Cinderella Story Films A Cinderella Story ( 2004 ) Another Cinderella Story ( 2008 ) A Cinderella Story : Once Upon a Song ( 2011 ) A Cinderella Story : If the Shoe Fits ( 2016 ) Soundtracks A Cinderella Story : Original Soundtrack Another Cinderella Story A Cinderella Story : Once Upon a Song A Cinderella Story : If the Shoe Fits Songs `` Our Lips Are Sealed '' `` Tell Me Something I Do n't Know '' Films directed by Mark Rosman The House on Sorority Row ( 1983 ) The Blue Yonder ( 1985 ) Spot Marks the X ( 1986 ) The Force ( 1994 ) Evolver ( 1995 ) The Invader ( 1997 ) Life - Size ( 2000 ) Model Behavior ( 2000 ) A Cinderella Story ( 2004 ) The Perfect Man ( 2005 ) Princess ( 2008 ) Snow 2 : Brain Freeze ( 2008 ) William & Kate : The Movie ( 2011 ) A Wish Come True ( 2015 ) Time Toys ( 2016 ) Cinderella by Charles Perrault and the Brothers Grimm Characters Buttons Cinderella Ugly sisters Fairy godmother Wicked stepmother Prince Charming Films Cinderella ( 1899 ) Cinderella or the Glass Slipper ( 1912 ) Cinderella ( 1914 ) A Lowland Cinderella ( 1921 ) Ella Cinders ( 1926 ) The Cookie Carnival ( 1935 ) The Magic Shoes ( 1935 ) First Love ( 1939 ) Cinderella ( 1947 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) The Glass Slipper ( 1955 ) Cinderfella ( 1960 ) Stop ! Look ! and Laugh ( 1960 ) More Than a Miracle ( 1967 ) Tři oříšky pro Popelku ( 1973 ) The Slipper and the Rose ( 1976 ) Cinderella ( 1979 ) Cinderella ' 80 ( 1984 ) Maid to Order ( 1987 ) If the Shoe Fits ( 1990 ) Cinderella ( 1994 ) Ever After ( 1998 ) A Cinderella Story ( 2004 ) Ella Enchanted ( 2004 ) Cinderella ( 2006 ) Elle : A Modern Cinderella Tale ( 2010 ) Cinderella ( 2015 ) Animation Cinderella Blues ( 1931 ) Poor Cinderella ( 1934 ) Cinderella Meets Fella ( 1938 ) Swing Shift Cinderella ( 1945 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Señorella and the Glass Huarache ( 1964 ) Cinderella ( 1979 ) The Tender Tale of Cinderella Penguin ( 1981 ) The Magic Riddle ( 1991 ) Happily N'Ever After ( 2007 ) Year of the Fish ( 2008 ) Charming ( 2017 ) Sequels Princess Cinderella ( 1941 ) Cinderella II : Dreams Come True ( 2002 ) Cinderella III : A Twist in Time ( 2007 ) Another Cinderella Story ( 2008 ) A Cinderella Story : Once Upon a Song ( 2011 ) A Cinderella Story : If the Shoe Fits ( 2016 ) Television Hey , Cinderella ! ( 1968 ) Cindy ( 1978 ) Cinderella Monogatari ( 1996 ) Cinderella ( 1997 ) CinderElmo ( 1999 ) Cinderella ( 2000 ) La Cenicienta ( 2003 ) Bawang Merah Bawang Putih ( 2004 ) Floricienta ( 2004 ) Floribella ( 2005 Brazil ) Floribella ( 2006 Portugal ) Grazilda ( 2010 ) Rags ( 2012 ) Aik Nayee Cinderella ( 2012 ) Literary adaptations Celestina ( 1791 ) Cinderella , or the Little Glass Slipper ( 1954 ) Nine Coaches Waiting ( 1958 ) Carrie ( 1974 ) The Coachman Rat ( 1989 ) Witches Abroad ( 1991 ) Ella Enchanted ( 1997 ) I Was a Rat ! or The Scarlet Slippers ( 1999 ) Just Ella ( 1999 ) Confessions of an Ugly Stepsister ( 1999 ) Chinese Cinderella ( 1999 ) The Fairy Godmother ( 2004 ) Phoenix and Ashes ( 2004 ) Bella at Midnight ( 2006 ) Ash ( 2009 ) Princess of Glass ( 2010 ) Cinder ( 2012 ) Opera Cendrillon ( 1810 Isouard ) La Cenerentola ( 1817 Rossini ) Cendrillon ( 1899 Massenet ) Cendrillon ( 1904 Viardot ) La Cenicienta ( 1966 Hen ) Ballet Cinderella ( 1893 Fitinhof - Schell ) Aschenbrödel ( 1900 Strauss - Bayer ) Cinderella ( 1945 Prokofiev ) Cinderella ( 1948 Ashton ) Musicals Cinderella and the Prince , or The Castle of Heart 's Desire ( 1904 ) Stubborn Cinderella ( 1909 ) Mr. Cinders ( 1929 ) Cinderella ( 1957 ) Cindy ( 1964 ) The Penny Friend ( 1966 ) The Slipper and the Rose ( 1984 ) Soho Cinders ( 2008 ) Cinderella ( 2013 ) Plays A Kiss for Cinderella ( 1916 ) Comics Cinderella : From Fabletown with Love Cinderalla Songs `` Spread a Little Happiness '' ( 1929 ) `` Bibbidi - Bobbidi - Boo '' ( 1949 ) `` A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes '' ( 1950 ) `` Cinderella '' ( 1987 ) `` Hey Cinderella '' ( 1993 ) `` It 's Midnight Cinderella '' ( 1996 ) `` Cinderella '' ( 2001 ) `` Cinderella '' ( 2002 ) `` Cinderella '' ( 2003 ) `` Stealing Cinderella '' ( 2007 ) `` Cinderella '' ( 2007 ) `` C \ C ( Cinderella \ Complex ) '' ( 2008 ) Albums A Cinderella Story ( 2004 soundtrack ) Disney 's Princess Favorites ( 2002 ) Sociology Cinderella complex Cinderella effect The Cinderella Movement Commercials A Coach for Cinderella A Ride for Cinderella Adult Cinder Ellen up too Late Cinderella ( 1977 ) Naughty Cinderella National variation Bawang Merah Bawang Putih ( Malay and Indonesian ) Beauty and Pock Face ( Chinese ) Chūjō - hime ( Japanese ) Fair , Brown and Trembling ( Irish ) Finette Cendron ( French ) The Green Knight ( Danish ) Katie Woodencloak ( Norwegian ) Kongji and Patzzi ( Korean ) Ochikubo Monogatari ( Japanese ) `` Rhodopis '' ( Greek ) Rushen Coatie ( Scottish ) The Sharp Grey Sheep ( Scottish ) The Story of Tam and Cam ( Vietnamese ) Sumiyoshi Monogatari ( Japanese ) The True Bride ( German ) The Wonderful Birch ( Russian ) Ye Xian ( Chinese ) Games Cinders Related Catskin Into the Woods Into the Woods ( 2014 film ) A Kiss for Cinderella ( 1925 film ) Politically Correct Bedtime Stories Disney 's characters Stop ! Look ! and Laugh Waltz Suite Black Cinderella Two Goes East Cinderella Monogatari Cinderella 's Sister Cinderella ( sports ) Lying to Be Perfect Cinderella 's Eyes ( 2011 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Cinderella_Story&oldid=804937775 '' Categories : 2004 films English - language films 2000s romance films 2000s romantic comedy films 2000s teen comedy films 2000s teen romance films American films American romantic comedy films American teen comedy films American teen romance films Film scores by Christophe Beck Films based on Charles Perrault 's Cinderella Films based on Cinderella Films directed by Mark Rosman Films set in 1994 Films set in 2002 Films set in Los Angeles Films set in the San Fernando Valley Warner Bros. films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 01 : 23 . 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-4591053466471121364 | Judge Judy | Judge Judy - Wikipedia Judge Judy Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the court show . For the eponymous star of this court show , see Judy Sheindlin . Judge Judy Genre Arbitration - based reality court show Created by Kaye Switzer Sandi Spreckman Directed by Randy Douthit Judges Judy Sheindlin Narrated by Jerry Bishop Theme music composer Arden Hofheins , Lisle Moore , Randall Thornton Opening theme Symphony No. 5 , First movement Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 22 No. of episodes 5,909 ( as of May 12 , 2017 ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Randy Douthit Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Big Ticket Entertainment Queen Bee Productions ( CBS Primetime Special ) Distributor Worldvision Enterprises ( 1996 -- 1999 ) ( seasons 1 - 3 ) Paramount Domestic Television ( 1999 -- 2006 ) ( seasons 4 - 10 ) CBS Paramount Domestic Television ( 2006 -- 2007 ) ( seasons 10 - 12 ) CBS Television Distribution ( 2007 -- present ) ( season 12 - present ) Release Original network Syndication Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) ( seasons 1 -- 16 ) 1080i ( HDTV ) ( season 17 -- ) Original release September 16 , 1996 ( 1996 - 09 - 16 ) -- present External links Website Judge Judy is an American arbitration - based reality court show presided over by Judge Judy Sheindlin , a retired Manhattan family court judge . The show features Sheindlin adjudicating real - life small claim disputes within a simulated courtroom set . Prior to the proceedings , all parties involved must sign arbitration contracts agreeing to Sheindlin 's ruling , handling and production staff management . The series is in first - run syndication and distributed by CBS Television Distribution . Judge Judy , which premiered on September 16 , 1996 , reportedly revitalized the court show genre . Only two other arbitration - based reality court shows preceded it , The People 's Court ( its first life canceled in 1993 from low ratings ) and Jones & Jury ( lasting only the 1994 -- 95 season , short - lived from low ratings ) . Sheindlin has been credited with introducing the `` tough '' adjudicating approach into the judicial genre , which has led to several imitators . The only two court shows that outnumber Judge Judy 's seasons , The People 's Court and Divorce Court , have both lasted via multiple disunited lives of production and shifting arbiters . Thus Sheindlin 's span as a television jurist or arbitrator has lasted longer than any other -- a distinction that rewarded her a place in the Guinness World Records in September 2015 . With no cancellations or temporary endings in its series run , Judge Judy also enjoys the longest - lasting individual production life of any court show . A three time Emmy Award winner , Judge Judy won its first Daytime Emmy for Outstanding Legal / Courtroom Program in 2013 , its 15th nomination . It is the first long - running , highly rated court show to win an Emmy . The court show won again the distinction in 2016 and 2017 respectively . Since its premiere , Judge Judy has gained enormous popularity and has led the ratings in courtroom programming in the United States . The show was also the highest - rated daytime television program from its 3rd ( 1998 -- 99 ) through 5th ( 2000 -- 01 ) season . After that , the show lost this title but regained it by its 14th season ( 2009 -- 10 ) and has kept this reign to date . For its 16th season ( 2011 -- 12 ) , it was named the highest - rated program in all of daytime as well as syndication , averaging a 7.0 rating . It regained the position as leader in all of syndication for its 18th and has kept that title henceforth , 4 consecutive years to date . The court show 's 22nd season commenced on Monday , September 11 , 2017 ' Sheindlin and CBS Television Distribution had extended their contract for another four years , on March 2nd , 2015 , meaning it will continue to broadcast on air at least until completion of the shows 25th season in 2020 -- 21 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Court show background 1.1 Origins 1.2 On - air format 1.3 Inner workings 1.4 Recordings and airings 1.5 Location 1.6 Remodeling 2 Episode Specials 2.1 Primetime Judge Judy 2.2 Contrived case 2.3 Curb Your Enthusiasm pseudo-Judge Judy case featuring Sheindlin 3 Judge Judy Sheindlin 4 Reception 4.1 Nielsen Ratings by season 4.2 Pre-eminence and success in struggling genre 4.3 Judge Mathis 's emulation and admiration of Judge Judy 4.4 Audience makeup 4.5 Criticisms 4.5. 1 Sheindlin vs. Joseph Wapner 4.6 Acclaim 5 Lawsuits involving Sheindlin , executive producer , Big Ticket , and CBS 5.1 Racism termination lawsuit 5.2 Ageism lawsuit 5.3 Conspiracy / fraud allegations 5.4 Lawsuit by production against YouTube user 5.5 Copyright lawsuit filed by Judy Sheindlin 5.6 Lawsuit by Rebel Entertainment aimed at CBS and Sheindlin 's salary 5.6. 1 Lawsuit by Kaye Switzer and trust of Sandi Spreckman against Sheindlin , CBS and Big Ticket 6 References 7 External links Court show background ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) Sheindlin 's pre-court show reputation as one of the toughest family court judges in the country was the topic of a February 14 , 1993 edition of The Los Angeles Times written by -- perhaps the man responsible for initiating her entertainment career -- Josh Getlin ( copy of the article here ) . On May 21 , 1993 , Joseph Wapner was released from The People 's Court . Sheindlin called up the program and said , `` You know , if he does n't want to do this show any more , I can do it . '' The receptionist snapped , `` Are you crazy , lady ? '' and hung up . Getlin 's Los Angeles Times article on Sheindlin caught the attention of 60 Minutes , which aired a segment on her on October 24 , 1993 . The segment brought her national recognition and first led to an offer for her to write her own book . Sheindlin accepted the book offer , writing Do n't Pee On My Leg and Tell Me It 's Raining . In early 1995 two former People 's Court producers , Kaye Switzer and Sandi Spreckman ( now involved in a lawsuit against Sheindlin and CBS as of January 2018 , claiming they are owed compensation for discovering her ) , asked Sheindlin if she would like to preside over her own courtroom series , and she eventually accepted . Sheindlin and her producers originally wanted the show title to be `` Her Honor '' but the production company , Big Ticket Television , decided on calling it `` Hot Bench '' instead , even promoting the show as `` Hot Bench With Judge Judy '' for some time prior to the show 's début . However , Big Ticket ultimately decided on `` Judge Judy '' . Petri Hawkins - Byrd , the court show 's bailiff , was also Sheindlin 's bailiff throughout her career in the Manhattan Family Court system . When Byrd found out about Sheindlin 's show , he sent her a congratulatory letter , stating , `` If you ever need a bailiff , I still look good in uniform . '' She phoned Byrd at his home in California to accept his offer and he has been the show 's bailiff since its debut . Byrd is the longest - running bailiff in courtroom programming history . Sheindlin has stated that the show 's producers desired different individuals for the role , but she refused . Sheindlin appeared again on 60 Minutes on April 30 , 2003 . During the interview , Sheindlin stated : I have a contract with the company to do the program through the 2006 season . At that point , we will have produced this program for 10 years . Right now , I would be satisfied with a good 10 - year run . I think that would really be phenomenal . It would be lovely if we could end on a high note and for me to say `` 10 years and I still had people watching and I had a second career that was a blast . '' On September 14 , 2015 , Sheindlin began celebrating her 20th season anniversary presiding on Judge Judy . The program is the first in the court show genre to make it to 20 seasons without cancellation as well as the first to make it to this extent under one arbitrator . Her distinction as television 's longest serving judge or arbitrator rewarded Sheindlin a place in the Guinness World Records on September 14 , 2015 . On - air format ( edit ) Each episode of Judge Judy begins with an introductory preview of the main case , sensationalizing various moments of the case with dramatic music , voice - over commentary , graphics , etc . This is followed by the show 's opening music video . At the beginning of each court proceeding , information regarding who is suing whom and what for is revealed originally by voice - over artist Michael Stull , who was later replaced by the show 's current voice - over artist Jerry Bishop . Sheindlin typically begins each case by questioning the parties as to dates , times , locations and other facts central to the lawsuit . Monopolizing the discourse throughout the cases , Sheindlin will sometimes only listen to bits and pieces of each of the testimonies as she is quick to reply , impose her spiel and disallow responses that are not concise or made during her desire to speak . Sometimes , however , Sheindlin will allow one or both of the opposing litigants to recount the entirety of their testimony . While delivering their testimony , litigants are not allowed to hesitate and must maintain fixed eye contact with Sheindlin at all times . Further , litigants are not allowed to speak out of turn or talk to each other . Small children who do not testify are usually removed from the courtroom at the start of the litigation , and unruly co-litigants and witnesses ( and once an audience member who laughed too awkwardly during the proceedings ) are ejected for disobeying the judge . Like most modern court shows , cases on Judge Judy imitate small claims court cases in which civil trials ( non-criminal cases ) are heard and ruled on . Typically Sheindlin handles cases among former lovers , disputing neighbors , or family and friend relations . Disputes generally revolve around issues such as broken engagements , unpaid personal loans , contract breaches , personal injuries from other litigants or their pets , minor property damages ( e.g. , fender benders , carpet stains , etc . ) , the fate of jointly purchased household appliances and rightful ownership of property . As is standard practice in small claims court and most reality court shows alike , Judge Judy proceedings operate in the form of a bench trial ( as opposed to its more common counterpart , the jury trial ) . Moreover , lawyers are not present and litigants must defend themselves . When the show goes into the first two commercial breaks , the voice - over sounds , stating `` Judge Judy continues in a moment '' , followed by a preview of the remainder of the ongoing case , sometimes along with the following case , is typically shown . When the show comes out of the first two commercial breaks , the voice - over sounds , stating `` Real cases , Real people , Judge Judy '' , followed by a verbal recap of the ongoing case . When the show comes out of the last commercial break , the voice - over sounds again , this time providing the show 's telephone number and website to submit cases . Generally each show presents two cases , but infrequently , an episode will present a single long case , three shorter ones , or even four shorter ones . After expressing her views of the circumstances and behaviors of the litigants with regards to their testimonies , Sheindlin renders the judgment either by finding for the plaintiff ( typically with the statement , `` Judgment for the plaintiff in the amount of x dollars . We 're done . '' ) , by dismissing the case , or by dismissing the case specifically without prejudice . Any counterclaims filed are handled similarly to this . Counterclaims are handled subsequently in the same segment , though often cursorily by Sheindlin as many counterclaims on the program have been filed out of vindictiveness as opposed to legitimacy . At the end of each case , there is typically an afterthoughts segment for the litigants . In these segments , the plaintiff ( s ) , the defendant ( s ) , and sometimes their witnesses deliver a monologue , expressing their feelings regarding the case directly to the viewers at home by speaking into the camcorder . Sometimes , however , these segments are omitted , especially after cases involving resentful litigants , too upset over the circumstances to remain in the studio and provide comment . Inner workings ( edit ) The producers of Judge Judy hire extras from an audience service who compose the entire studio . Paid audience members are easier to control due to agreements and employment . They do n't have to be trained or debriefed as much as your average person on how to act to make those in the spotlight look good . Producers also seek a certain demographic of individuals and seat them strategically throughout their audience . Most of these paid extras are aspiring actors . Though tickets are not offered for the show , arrangements can sometimes be made with Sheindlin 's production staff to allow fans of the show into the audience . The extras must not dress casually , and no logos or brand names may be visible on their clothing . Extras are also instructed to appear as if they are having discussions with each other before and after each case , so the bailiff may make such announcements as `` Order ! All rise . '' Audience members are not to make any noises during the proceedings and , unlike other court shows , may not applaud the judge or rightful litigant upon praiseworthy remarks ; although on some occasions when Sheindlin delivers a crushing remark for a particularly egregious or ludicrous act , the audience is seen laughing or applauding without Sheindlin silencing them . For the most part , however , Sheindlin is seen bringing the audience to order ( with a fountain pen ; she never uses a gavel ) and admonishing them for engaging in any such noise throughout the cases . To acquire cases , the show generally uses one of the following three options : Its 60 to 65 researchers , spread out across the country , enter small claims courts and photocopy numerous cases . These photocopied cases are then sent to Judge Judy producers , who review them all in search of lawsuits they believe will make for good television . According to the show 's producers , only 3 % of the photocopied cases are worthy enough for television . Its telephone number posting / announcement presented on each episode for interested individuals to call in with lawsuits . Its website whereby lawsuits can be written out and submitted into the show . After one of these three processes , if the producers are interested , their employees will then call both parties and ask them questions relating to their lawsuit , making sure they 're suitable for Judge Judy . If the parties agree to be on the show and sign a waiver , agreeing that arbitration in Sheindlin 's court is final and can not be pursued elsewhere ( unless Sheindlin dismisses the lawsuit without prejudice ) , their case will air on Judge Judy . The award limit on Judge Judy , as on most `` syndi - court '' shows ( and most small claims courts in the U.S. ) , is $5,000 . The award for each judgment is paid by the producers of the show from a fund reserved for the purpose . Sheindlin rules by either A . ) issuing a verdict of a specific dollar amount ( not always in the full amount of what is requested and rarely if ever in excess of what is requested even if she believes complainants are deserving of more ) or B . ) by dismissing the lawsuit altogether . When ruled on in these manners , cases can not be refiled or retried elsewhere . However , if Sheindlin specifically dismisses the lawsuit `` without prejudice '' , that lawsuit may be refiled and retried in another forum . In some instances , Sheindlin has dismissed cases without prejudice deliberately so that complainants pursue defendants in an actual court of law so that the defendants themselves are held financially accountable , this as opposed to the show . In such cases , Sheindlin has expressed particular aversion to the defendants in question . Further , Sheindlin has dismissed cases without prejudice when she has suspected both the plaintiff ( s ) and defendant ( s ) of conspiring together just to gain monetary rewards from the program . Both the plaintiff ( s ) and the defendant ( s ) also receive an appearance fee . The appearance fee amount has varied as between different litigants of the show : certain litigants have reported receiving a $500 appearance fee while others have reported receiving $100 , and others $250 . In addition to the appearance fee amount , litigants are paid $35 a day by the show . The litigants ' stay lasts for the number of days that the show does taping for that week , which is two or three days . In addition , the airfare ( or other means of travel ) and hotel expenses of the litigants and their witnesses are covered by the show , and the experience is generally treated as an all - expense - paid vacation outside of the actual court case . If there is an exchange of property , Sheindlin signs an order , and a sheriff or marshal oversees the exchange . Sheindlin sees only a half - page complaint and a defense response prior to the taping of the cases , sometimes only moments before . Most of the cases , not including any footage deleted to meet the time constraints of the show , usually last anywhere from twelve to forty - five minutes . Judge Judy , like most court programs , is inexpensive to produce and thus creates considerable income . A budget for a week 's worth of Judge Judy episodes is half the cost of a single network sitcom episode . Recordings and airings ( edit ) Three days every other week ( two weeks a month ) , Sheindlin and her producers tape the court show . They usually produce ten to twelve cases for each day they tape the show . This makes for about a week 's worth of episodes , all done within one day . Anywhere from thirty to thirty - six cases are taped over three days during the week . Sheindlin appeared as a guest on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! on September 13 , 2011 . When asked by Kimmel how many days a month she works , Sheindlin replied , `` Five days . '' Sheindlin and her producers sometimes tape only five cases per day and two days per week . The show has fifty - two taping days a year . For each season , some 650 claims are brought to the set to be `` presided '' over by Judge Judy . This means approximately 8,450 claims have been brought to Judy Sheindlin 's Hollywood set as of the end of its thirteenth season ( 2008 -- 09 ) . For the most part , cases are taped all throughout the year except for two breaks Sheindlin and all of the staff members of her show have for the year . One of the two breaks includes an extra week off in December , as the show is only taped one week out of that month because of the holidays . The other break is from mid-July ( only taping one week in July ) and all through August . According to members of the show , the reason for this break is that people are more interested in taking vacations than in filing lawsuits around that time . When the show premieres in September , only the best episodes of the ones taped before Sheindlin 's break are selected to begin out the season . Thus , the first few weeks ( the first week in particular ) will consist of what the show feels to be its best episodes . In Sheindlin 's words , `` It 's like drinking wine . You do n't serve the really good bottle of wine third . '' Altogether , there are 260 new episodes each season . There is at least one new episode for every weekday , with the exception of a few hiatuses during most of the summer , a couple of holidays , and as of more recent seasons , early spring as well ( much of March and April ) . The cases are all pre-recorded for editing purposes and will usually air one to three months after being taped . The cases are mixed up and not shown in order of when they were recorded . While the cases taped in March end the seasons , the cases taped throughout April , May , June , and July start out each season in September and last through October . Throughout the very beginning of each season , two new Judge Judy episodes air per day . After two weeks , this is reduced to one new airing a day , followed by a repeat . There are also various other moments throughout the year where two new episodes are shown for a few weeks . This has sometimes included January when the show returns from its winter hiatus . Two new episodes are also shown daily during the `` sweeps '' months of November , February , and May . Unlike other television programs , the Judge Judy season finale does not air in April or May ; rather , it airs in June , July , or August . When the season finale is extended to July or August , most of the summer episodes preceding it are repeats with new episodes that are few and far in - between . Two DVDs , featuring `` memorable cases , '' have been released by the show : the first in 2007 , `` Judge Judy : Justice Served , '' and the second in 2008 , `` Judge Judy : Second To None . '' Location ( edit ) Judge Judy tapes at the Sunset Bronson Studios on Sunset Boulevard in Los Angeles , California . In alternating weeks , Sheindlin , who owns a home in New York among other cities / states , flies out on her private jet to tape Tuesday , Wednesday , and Thursday . As of 2014 , the Judge Judy set is located directly beside the set of the courtroom series Sheindlin created and produces , Hot Bench . Both shows are taped in the same studio . Previous to that , the space directly beside Sheindlin 's set was used for the courtroom series Paternity Court for the 2013 - 14 season . Prior to that , the space was used for Judge Judy 's long - running sister show Judge Joe Brown until Judge Joe Brown 's 2013 cancellation . Like Judge Judy , Judge Joe Brown was also produced by Big Ticket Entertainment . The two shows alternated taping weeks . Despite the show being taped primarily in California , it displays various images of New York City upon returning from commercial breaks , including a subway train and official signs bearing `` State of New York '' and `` Family Court '' ( Sheindlin was previously a New York family court judge ) within the letterbox - like graphics used going to and from breaks since the ninth season . The set features a New York state flag behind Sheindlin 's seat . Remodeling ( edit ) Over its existence , the show has changed very little from season to season . Most modifications to the program have been done in minute detail , such as to the show 's book shelf display seen near the courtroom entrance . Aesthetically , the show 's theme song , graphics , and color scheme are the only aspects that have changed repeatedly over the course of its lifespan . The ninth season ( 2004 -- 05 ) is one of few seasons in which the show underwent major remodeling when music for the show 's opening , closing , and to / from commercial portions were modified . A modern version of a melody from Beethoven 's 5th Symphony was then adopted as the show 's opening theme song . This arrangement was composed by Non-Stop Music Productions . For its scenes , Sheindlin is shown in a different courtroom from her own ( part of a proposed renovation to the courtroom that was rejected by Sheindlin for being too dark ) , approaching the camera , followed by folding her arms and smiling at the camera . This is followed by showing various scenes of her presiding over different cases . As part of these modifications , the show 's introductory previews , graphics , and images all began showing up in falu red . Prior to the ninth season , the show used an original tune for its theme song composed by Bill Bodine . From the show 's debut through its eighth season , various versions of this original tune were used , the show making moderate modifications to the tune every few seasons , as shown here and here . The actual full - length version of this original musical , which never played during the show 's intro , played during the lengthier litigant - afterthought - segments as shown ( full - length musical used for 1999 - 00 , 2000 - 01 , 2001 - 02 ) . From seasons four through eight , the opening music video commenced with an approaching scene towards a computer animated courthouse display up until that scene entered into the courthouse . From there , several shots of Sheindlin gesticulating from her bench -- as though presiding over various cases -- were displayed in motion . These motioning images eventually developed into the courthouse logo that represents the program ( the logo always displayed within the letter `` D '' in `` Judy '' ) by the end of this opening music video . The music video in seasons prior to this used relatively similar music with disparities in scenes , images , instrumental sound type and theme song length . Further , early seasons of the show used graphics and images that were sea green and saffron . Blue and saffron then came to represent multiple seasons of the show before the show 's current color scheme . By the show 's sixth season ( 2001 -- 02 ) , music and graphics used in the introductory previews no longer resembled the rest of the program as they had previously , but instead used a high blue color scheme and a different song for each episode / intro preview . While the introductory preview 's inconstant tunes have continued to the present season , the color scheme in the introductory previews began resembling the color scheme used in the rest of the program ( falu red ) once again by the ninth season . Each opening music video consists of Voice - Over Artist Jerry Bishop stating : `` You are about to enter the courtroom of Judge Judith Sheindlin . The people are real . The cases are real . The rulings are final . This is Judge Judy . '' Originally between the statements `` The rulings are final '' and `` This is Judge Judy '' was the statement , `` This is her courtroom . '' This was removed in 2004 . Beginning in September 2012 , the show made a switch to high definition with its 17th season . The bumpers between commercials are also in HD , although most on - screen graphics such as plaintiff and defendant descriptions are framed to fit a 4 : 3 aspect ratio . By the 20th season beginning in September 2015 , the show began using a shortened , scanty version of the same intro it had been using for 10 years since its 9th season . Both the Beethoven remix and lyrics have been curtailed . The present lyrics state only `` You are about to enter the courtroom of Judge Judith Sheindlin . This is Judge Judy . '' In addition to not using much of an intro theme any longer , a `` 20th anniversary '' caption is depicted above the `` Judge Judy '' logo in the intro . These are the only two updates for season 20 . Episode specials ( edit ) Primetime Judge Judy ( edit ) On May 20 , 2014 , CBS aired a one - hour special called Judge Judy Primetime which aired at 8 p.m. ET / PT . The special was a combination of reshown clips from the 1993 60 Minutes Special on Sheindlin , as well as a few never - previously - seen cases . The special marked Judge Judy 's first airing in primetime , a landmark for court shows which are typically limited to daytime or late night hours . Although the special did n't rank nearly as high as Dancing with the Stars ( 14.86 million ) and The Voice ( 11.57 million ) , it brought in 5.66 million viewers , enough to make it the night 's top rated show on CBS . In addition , the special came in just behind American Idol , which brought in 6.61 million viewers . Contrived case ( edit ) At least some of the cases on the series have been circumstances that were allegedly contrived by the litigants just to receive monetary payment from the program . In April 2013 , former litigants from a 2010 airing of the show revealed they conspired together in fabricating a lawsuit in which the logical outcome would be to grant payment to the plaintiff . The operation , devised by musicians Kate Levitt and Jonathan Coward , was successful : Sheindlin awarded the plaintiff ( Levitt ) $1,000 . The litigants involved also walked away with an appearance fee of $250 each and an all expense paid vacation to Hollywood , California . In reality , all the litigants in question -- plaintiffs and defendants alike -- were friends who split the earnings up among each other . It was also reported that the show 's producers were in on the sham and knew of the contrivance all along but went along with it . The lawsuit was over the fictitious death of a cat as a result of a television crushing it . Curb Your Enthusiasm pseudo-Judge Judy case featuring Sheindlin ( edit ) Sheindlin and her program appeared on the November 26 , 2017 broadcast of Curb Your Enthusiasm , presiding over a sketch comedy court case with Larry David as the plaintiff . The pseudo-Judge Judy case assumed the appearance of an actual case from Sheindlin 's program , taking place from the show 's courtroom set with trademarked voice - over briefs , theme music and audience response . Judge Judy Sheindlin ( edit ) Main article : Judy Sheindlin Judge Judy Sheindlin Judge Judy was born on October 21 , 1942 , in Brooklyn , New York , to German - Jewish parents Murray and Ethel Blum . Sheindlin described her father , a dentist , as `` the greatest thing since sliced bread '' and her mother as `` a meat - and - potatoes kind of gal . '' It was reported in October 2012 that Sheindlin had a $45 million yearly contract with CBS Television Distribution , in effect until 2015 and up $20 million from 2007 . It was later reported in October 2013 that Sheindlin is the highest paid TV star , earning $47 million per year for Judge Judy , which translates into just over $900,000 per workday ( she works 52 days per year ) . Judy has gained a reputation for her tough judicial approach in both the family court and televised court , also known widely for her no - nonsense fact - finding , restive nature , and incisive impositions that dismiss attempts at debate . In line with these attributes , her program has been touted as `` a show where justice is dispensed at the speed of light . '' Loosely related is her resoluteness in opinions and rulings , often resulting in the parties arguing , debating and excuse - making to no avail . Strict in her management of the proceedings , Sheindlin coerces precise compliance of rules and is very quick to scold or even punish what she perceives as disobedience , misbehavior or even annoyance . And as result of her gruff disposition , volatile temper , and cheeky treatment , taglines such as `` Justice with an Attitude '' have been used to characterize the program . As examples of this , Sheindlin has regularly made such remarks as : `` Baloney ! '' , `` Do I have ' stupid ' written over my forehead ? '' , `` I 'm here because I 'm smart , not because I 'm young and gorgeous , although I am '' , `` If you live to be 100 , you will never be as smart as I am , sir '' , `` Clearly you are not wrapped too tight '' , `` Where did you think you were coming to today , a tea party ? ! '' , `` I 'm speaking ! '' , `` If you interrupt again madam , your case is dismissed , and I 'm throwing you out . Do we understand each other ? '' , `` I 've been in this business for over 40 years '' , `` Do I look like I need help from you ? '' , `` That 's a lot of who shot John '' , `` This is my playpen '' , etc . Spawning from her `` Judge Judy : Justice Served '' DVD , Sheindlin 's regular phrases on the program have become known as `` Judyisms '' . Some of these Judyisms are intended to provide a lesson , such as `` A good deed never goes unpunished '' , `` Beauty fades , dumb is forever '' , `` If It does n't make sense , it 's not true '' , `` Do you know when teenagers are lying ? When their mouths move . '' Sheindlin has used the position of television arbitrator to impart guidance , direction , and life lessons not only to her litigants but her viewers and public at large . An example of guidance often stressed by Sheindlin is to be independent through employment , especially so as to not live off the government where unwarranted or other people directly where oppression from or friction with the provider may eventuate . In the former , Sheindlin can often be quoted as stating , `` No , you are n't supporting yourself . Byrd and I are supporting you . '' Sheindlin has stated that the main message she wants viewers to take from her program is that people must take responsibility for their actions and do the right thing . Reception ( edit ) Nielsen ratings by season ( edit ) 1996 -- 1998 Judge Judy went on the air in September 1996 . By the end of October of that year , the show was averaging only a 1.5 rating , putting it in the mid-rank of the 159 syndicated shows on the air . At that time , it was never expected that the show 's ratings would ever compete with highly successful daytime TV shows of the time , such as The Oprah Winfrey Show , The Rosie O'Donnell Show and The Jerry Springer Show . According to Biography 's documentary film on Sheindlin , `` Judge Judy : Sitting in Judgment '' ( aired February 21 , 2000 ) , producers of Judge Judy were disappointed that the show was barely making it on the radar . However , it did not take long for the court show to pick up momentum as Judge Judy rose to a 2.1 rating by the end of that first season . By its 2nd season ( 1997 -- 98 ) , the court show had already risen into the 4 ratings ranges , averaging a 4.3 . The 3rd season ( 1998 -- 99 ) of Judge Judy was the show 's first season as the highest - rated program in daytime television , having surpassed the highly rated Jerry Springer Show and even then daytime powerhouse The Oprah Winfrey Show for the first time ( King World Productions which launched Oprah was a corporate sibling of CBS Television Studios , which distributed Judge Judy ) : the program 's ratings more than doubled to a 5.6 for that season , marking Judge Judy as an early success . It was due , in part , to this early success that daytime television began to feature more court programming , such as a revival of The People 's Court that re-debuted in fall 1997 . In 1999 , Judge Judy moved from Worldvision Enterprises to Paramount Domestic Television , which also distributed her stablemate Judge Joe Brown and eventually Judge Mills Lane . Many other retired judges were given their own court shows in syndication due in large part to Sheindlin 's popularity . These include Greg Mathis , Glenda Hatchett , Alex Ferrer , Maria Lopez , Karen Mills - Frances , Cristina Perez , David Young , and many others . In addition , the series helped to spawn various nontraditional court programs . These include the reality - based revival of Divorce Court , which was originally presided over by Mablean Ephriam and now helmed by Lynn Toler ; the short - lived Power of Attorney , capturing various high - profile attorneys arguing cases for litigants in front of Andrew Napolitano ; Street Court , which took litigation outside of the courtroom ; Jury Duty , featuring an all - celebrity jury hearing cases presided over by Bruce Cutler ; etc . Furthermore , the role of Judge Judy in the rise in popularity of daytime court shows enabled several other non-real life judges to preside over courts , such as Nancy Grace , Jeanine Pirro , and Gloria Allred . Also , partly due to Sheindlin 's popularity , the producers of The People 's Court decided to replace Ed Koch with Sheindlin 's husband , Jerry Sheindlin , as their presiding judge during The People 's Court 's 3rd present life season / 15th overall season ( 1999 -- 2000 ) ; this meant that husband and wife would be either part of the same afternoon lineup or competing for ratings against each other . This experiment , however , did not last long as midway through The People 's Court 's fourth season , Sheindlin was replaced by the show 's current judge , Marilyn Milian . 1999 -- 2006 For its 4th season ( 1999 -- 00 ) , Judy 's ratings exploded to their highest to date , peaking at a 9.3 rating . At this point , Sheindlin 's courtroom series was still more than ever the highest rated program in daytime . It was also at this point that Judge Judy held a record of increasing its ratings for each successive season since its debut . Because of the program 's success , Judge Judy began airing at better time periods . It was by the show 's 5th season ( 2000 -- 01 ) that Judy 's streak of growing in ratings from season to season since its debut had ceased . However , the court show still remained the highest - rated program in daytime that season with a 5.6 rating . By the 6th season ( 2001 -- 02 ) , Judy was no longer the highest - rated program in daytime , beaten out by The Oprah Winfrey Show . The court show averaged a 5.0 rating that season . Likewise , for her 7th season ( 2002 -- 03 ) , she also averaged a 5.0 . For her 8th season ( 2003 -- 04 ) , Sheindlin finally reversed the season - to - season downward turn in her ratings by averaging a 7.1 . Of the seven running court shows during the 2004 -- 05 season , most of them earned a 3.63 rating ; however , Judge Judy pulled in a 7.5 rating for that season ( the show 's 9th ) . For her 10th season ( 2005 -- 06 ) , Judge Judy averaged a 4.8 rating . Judge Judy averaged 4.6 rating for her 11th season ( 2006 -- 07 ) . Meanwhile , other programs in the genre were trailing Sheindlin from a vast distance ( as has been the case since the debut of Judge Judy ) : Judge Joe Brown averaged a 2.9 rating ; The People 's Court averaged a 2.7 ; Judge Mathis averaged a 2.4 ; Divorce Court averaged a 2.0 ; Judge Alex averaged 1.9 ; Judge Hatchett averaged a 1.5 ; rookies -- Cristina 's Court averaged a 1.4 , and Judge Maria Lopez came in last , averaging a 1.0 rating . 2007 -- 2011 For its 12th season ( 2007 -- 08 ) , Judge Judy averaged a 4.8 rating ( 4.8 HH AA % / 7.4 HH GAA % rating ) and 9.9 million average daily viewers . Judy was the only first - run syndication program to increase in ratings for that season from the previous , leading CBS to immediately extend her contract through the 2012 -- 13 season . For its 13th season ( 2008 -- 09 ) , the show averaged a 4.2 rating ( 4.2 HH AA % / 6.5 HH GAA % rating ) and 9.02 million average daily viewers . Its 14th season ( 2009 -- 10 ) marked the first season in nearly a decade since the 2000 -- 01 season that any daytime television program had been able to surpass The Oprah Winfrey Show 's ratings ( Judge Judy is also the show in question that during the 2000 -- 01 television season surpassed The Oprah Winfrey Show in daytime TV ratings ) : Judy broke Winfrey 's near decade - long streak with a 4.4 rating ( 4.4 HH AA % / 6.9 HH GAA % rating ) and 9.6 million average daily viewers . It was also at that point that Sheindlin 's courtroom series became the highest rated show in all of daytime television programming . Judy secured this title in its 15th season ( 2010 -- 11 ) as the program remained ahead of Oprah in her ( Oprah ) final season and the highest - rated daytime television offering , averaging a 5.11 rating and 9.6 million viewers . During this season , Judy also became the highest rated show in first - run syndication . Late that same season in May 2011 , as a result of continued high ratings , CBS again extended Sheindlin 's contract , this time through the 2014 -- 15 season ( the show 's 19th ) . In the first post-Oprah television season , the court show continued its reign as the most dominant show in daytime and also became the top - rated show in syndication , its 16th season ( 2011 -- 12 ) racking up a 7.0 rating and 9.29 million average daily viewers . As the top - rated show in all of syndication at this point , Sheindlin defeated first - run syndication programs and off - network syndication programs ( rerun episodes of programs off their original network ) . The title of overall syndication leader was previously held by off - network syndicated program Two and a Half Men ( 2010 -- 11 ) and before that , first - run syndicated program Wheel of Fortune ( 2009 -- 10 ) . Judge Judy 's ratings boost in its 16th season and late in the show 's 15th season was at least partly due to Nielsen 's change in methodology , in April 2011 . This variation benefits programs that air multiple , differing episodes a day . The updated method is totalling ratings points through adding all viewings for each daily episode -- even if one of those viewings come from an individual already counted in as having watched another of the show 's daily episodes . For example , as Judge Judy airs two different episodes per day , two ratings points are counted for every one person who has watched both the first and second daily airings . This is as opposed to one person 's viewing of the two daily episodes amounting to only one ratings point . Prior to the convert , the latest method was only used in GAA numbers , while the previous method was used in average audience measure . Some court shows air in one hour blocks and thus do not benefit at all from the updated method . Worth noting , however , is that shows airing multiple daily episodes may not directly benefit monetarily as the rating system that local stations use to sell to advertisers is based upon the prior method . 2012 -- 2016 For its 17th season ( 2012 -- 13 ) , Judge Judy once again pulled in a 7.0 household rating . The series delivered 9.63 million average daily viewers that season , growing by + 32,000 viewers over the prior season . Despite this , Judy lost its 1st place spot as the ratings leader in all of syndication that season , descending to 2nd place , only a tad behind The Big Bang Theory ( off - network syndicate ) which took home a 7.1 for that season . Still and all , this was the 3rd season in a row that Judy earned the title of ratings leader in all of first - run syndication . Moreover , this was the 4th consecutive season that Judy was the ratings leader in all of daytime television programming . For the 18th season ( 2013 -- 14 ) , Judy rose to a 7.2 household rating and brought in 9.94 million viewers , gaining 8 % over its prior season . Also for this season , the show reclaimed the title as highest rated program in all of daytime ( 5th consecutive time , 8th time overall ) and all of syndication ( 3rd time ) . The show 's 19th season ( 2014 -- 15 ) pulled in a 7.0 household rating and remained the highest rated program in both daytime television as well as all of syndication . The 20th season ( 2015 -- 16 ) was Judy 's 3rd consecutive year as syndication 's top strip , the court show averaging a 7.0 full - season household rating . 2017 For its 21st season ( 2016 - 17 ) , Judge Judy trounced all of its competitors in daytime and all of syndication . The court show scored a 6.8 household rating for its 21st season . Pre-eminence and success in struggling genre ( edit ) The success of Judge Judy is particularly noteworthy in that , generally speaking , courtroom programming has a very limited shelf life . The shows in this genre are lucky to make it past a few seasons . In addition , most of the programs in this genre do not score very highly in ratings . The annual Forbes magazine Celebrity 100 for 2015 lists Judge Judy Sheindlin at number 43 , along with Vin Diesel , with estimated earnings last year of $47 million . Of the long list of court shows , the only programs still existent in the genre originating in the 1990s or prior are Divorce Court ( 1957 ) , The People 's Court ( 1981 ) , Judge Judy ( 1996 ) and Judge Mathis ( 1999 ) . Of those four , only Judge Judy and Judge Mathis have not suffered a temporary cancellation in their series run before a revival . Also of the four , Sheindlin and Mathis are the only two to have hosted their program for their entire run . This makes Sheindlin the genre 's longest serving courtroom arbitrator . Greg Mathis is the second longest serving court show arbitrator , trailing Sheindlin by three seasons . As Divorce Court and The People 's Court have both suffered temporary cancellation ( s ) , Judge Judy has had the longest individual life of any court show followed by Judge Mathis . Judge Judy producer Randy Douthit has stated that `` they are guilty of cannibalizing each other . Most of these court shows are lucky to get above a 1 rating today . '' Addressing the subject in a September 2015 interview , Sheindlin stated : `` It 's clearly not the format since there are many court shows . So it has to be the message and the messenger and some excellent directing , which is why the show looks so good . The message is a simple one : it 's your life , take responsibility for it , say you 're sorry and fess up when you do something wrong . That has to be delivered in an entertaining way and , fortunately , I do n't have to act . I do n't have a script . It is what it is . '' Judge Mathis 's emulation and admiration of Judge Judy ( edit ) In a January 2018 interview , Judge Mathis -- the second longest serving arbitrator in the court television genre , surpassed only by Judge Judy 's 3 year lead over him -- suggested that he tried emulating her early on and received input that his gender and race made this approach short lived . In speaking on the early days of his courtroom series , Mathis stated : `` I tried to be like Judge Judy . And she was mean all the time . And then ultimately ( my ) producers said , ' Well , no , an older white woman can talk to white folks like that , but a young black man ca n't . ' So I learned that lesson early on . White folks love to see black people sing and dance and crack jokes . They do not want you to be too serious and political . '' With that in mind , Mathis added that he decided to change things up and be `` a little comical and a little socially conscious . '' Mathis also took care to note of his high opinion of Sheindlin . Ever humbly , he stated that he did not deserve her salary , that Sheindlin 's salary is owed to her because of her impressive ratings and that she even `` ran Oprah off television '' with ratings that surpassed hers ( Oprah ) . He added ( laughingly ) that he is way behind Judge Judy . Audience makeup ( edit ) Judge Judy 's daytime audience is composed of approximately seventy - five percent women and twenty - five percent men . In February 2014 , it was reported that Judge Judy 's audience is mostly composed of older women , blacks , and Latinos . Criticisms ( edit ) Sheindlin vs. Joseph Wapner ( edit ) Despite her widespread popularity , Sheindlin 's behavior and treatment of the parties that have appeared before her has often been the subject of criticism . Regular viewers of the program have also been criticized as sadistic for their delight in watching Sheindlin engage in her typical behaviors . One such example of criticism has come from the first star of arbitration - based reality court shows , Joseph Wapner . Wapner , who presided over The People 's Court from 1981 to 1993 , was a long - time critic of Sheindlin . On November 26 , 2002 , Wapner criticized Judge Judy 's courtroom behavior , stating `` She is not portraying a judge as I view a judge should act . Judge Judy is discourteous , and she 's abrasive . She 's not slightly insulting . She 's insulting in capital letters . '' Judge Judy replied through her publicist , stating , `` I refuse to engage in similar mud slinging . I do n't know where or by whom Judge Wapner was raised . But my parents taught me when you do n't have something nice to say about someone , say nothing . Clearly , Judge Wapner was absent on the day that lesson was taught . '' Since then , Wapner has stated , `` She is a disgrace to the profession . She does things I do n't think a judge should do . She tells people to shut up . She 's rude . She 's arrogant . She demeans people . If she does this on purpose , then that 's even worse . Judges need to observe certain standards of conduct . She just does n't do it and I resent that . The public is apt to gain the impression that this is how actual judges conduct themselves . It says ' judge ' on the nameplate on the bench and she 's wearing a robe . '' Sheindlin has since stated , `` As a young person , when I had watched The People 's Court ... I said ' you know what , I could do that . ' And at least as well because while Joe Wapner is a very good judge , ( he ) did n't have much of a sense of humor . And I always knew from a very practical perspective that you have to marry those two things in order to be successful in entertainment . '' In a November 2013 interview with Larry King , Sheindlin was asked whether she enjoyed watching Wapner on The People 's Court . She replied , `` Meh ! Oatmeal ! '' Following this , King asked her what if any other television judges then did she enjoy , to which Sheindlin answered `` Mills Lane '' of Judge Mills Lane . Acclaim ( edit ) In a September 2014 Rickey Smiley Morning Show interview , Judge Mathis was asked what 3 other court show judges he 'd most enjoy sharing a meal with . For his first choice , he answered ( laughing ) `` Are you kidding ? ! It would be Judge Judy at the head of the table . Oh my goodness , that Judge Judy is something else . '' His second choice was Judge Marilyn Milian , and third Judge Mills Lane . In August , 2010 , rapper , singer and songwriter Nicki Minaj stated that she has an obsession with Judge Judy and that all of her free time is spent watching the program . In February 2013 , then head Football coach for the San Francisco 49ers , Jim Harbaugh , was asked about the importance of truthfulness and enthusiastically remarked , `` Somebody that 's not truthful ? That 's big to me . I 'm a big fan of the `` Judge Judy '' show . When you lie in Judge Judy 's courtroom , it 's over . Your credibility is completely lost , and you stand no chance of winning that case . So I learned that from her . It 's very powerful and true . If somebody lies to you , how can you trust anything they ever say after that ? '' A couple months later , Harbaugh would even attend tapings of Judge Judy along with his father as audience members . As part of the experience , Harbaugh and his father had lunch with Sheindlin and visited with her both before and after tapings . After meeting Sheindlin and seeing cases in person , Harbaugh stated , `` I 've never seen Judy adjudicate one improperly . She is so smart . She is so good . I could sit there and watch those cases all day . I really could . It 's fun to watch somebody that does their job well . I could watch Judge Judy do cases all day . I could watch people play football who do their job really well . People who direct traffic . I get a real kick out of watching people who direct traffic do it . I 've done it for hours . I like football the most , but Judge Judy is right up there . She 's the best . '' Brad Adgate , senior vice president of research for Horizon Media , said `` Judge Judy is the new Oprah of daytime TV - actually , she was ( already ) beating Oprah while Oprah was still on . '' President and CEO of CBS , Leslie Moonves , stated `` Over the last few decades , there have been very few shows that have achieved the remarkable success that she has . Not only has Judy sustained that success year after year , how many shows grow in their 15th or 16th year in syndication ? She started as a fresh voice and she 's been a remarkable presence in daytime television ever since . '' Many regular viewers and supporters of Judge Judy have defended Sheindlin 's treatment of the parties that have appeared before her by describing the parties as an `` endless parade of idiots '' that Sheindlin has had to put up with . Lawsuits involving Sheindlin , executive producer , Big Ticket , and CBS ( edit ) Judge Judy executive producer Randy Douthit has been sued twice by former staff members of the Judge Judy program for alleged wrongful termination , discriminatory practice , and mismanagement while on the job . Racism termination lawsuit ( edit ) In December 2007 , Jonathan Sebastien , a former producer of the Judge Judy show of 7 years , filed a lawsuit against the production company in L.A. County Superior Court for wrongful termination . Sebastien claimed that when he proposed certain cases for the show involving black litigants , Douthit turned them down with his alleged reasons being he did n't want to see any more black people ; their behaviors were too ghetto and more suited for then active television jurist Joe Brown ; and they needed more pretty , upscale white people . Sebastien claimed that in January 2007 , he objected to the alleged discrimination in a meeting and was verbally abused by Douthit . Three months later on March 30 , Sebastien stated he was fired with the reason given that rating numbers were down . Sebastien claimed that the real reason he was fired was because he opposed his boss 's alleged `` discriminatory selection process . '' Ageism lawsuit ( edit ) That same day in December 2007 , the show 's former associate producer Karen Needle was also fired . She later sued Douthit , claiming that she was wrongfully terminated because she was too old , 64 at the time . Sheindlin was not named as a defendant . Needle , who helped book audiences for the program , stated the reason she was given for being fired was `` unspecified conflict from her audience work . '' Needle said she began suffering from back pain , sometimes even resorting to lying on the ground in pain , and when she asked her bosses for a new chair , nothing was done . According to the complaint , two weeks before Needle was fired , she took off four days to assist her ailing 88 - year - old mother . Needle stated , `` There is a lot of terrible stuff going on if two people file separate lawsuits . It 's a toxic situation over there . This is supposed to be Judge Judy , the voice of justice , and yet her own staff is n't treated well . What is she getting paid all that money for if her own staff is treated with such little decency ? '' Conspiracy / fraud allegations ( edit ) In March 2013 , a lawsuit was filed against Sheindlin by Patric Jones , the estranged wife of Douthit . Jones alleged Douthit and Sheindlin had conspired to permit Sheindlin to buy Christofle fine china and Marley cutlery owned by Jones . She said Sheindlin had paid Douthit $50,815 for the items without her knowledge to deprive her of her valuables , and she sought $514,421 from Sheindlin . The suit ended after Sheindlin returned the tableware to Douthit and Jones agreed to pay Douthit $12,500 and have the tableware handed back to her . Lawsuit by production against YouTube user ( edit ) On October 17 , 2013 , Big Ticket Television and producers of Judge Judy filed a lawsuit against Ignacio De Los Angeles . The suit was made against the individual for posting an episode of Judge Judy on YouTube . According to the suit , Big Ticket directed Ignacio to remove the 2006 episode of Judge Judy that he had posted . Ignacio ignored the command . Copyright lawsuit filed by Judy Sheindlin ( edit ) On Wednesday , March 12 , 2014 , Sheindlin filed a lawsuit of her own for the first time in her life . The suit was filed against Hartford , Connecticut , personal injury lawyer John Haymond and his law firm . In the lawsuit , Sheindlin accused Haymond and his firm of using her television image without consent in advertisements that falsely suggested she endorsed him and his firm . In March 2013 , Sheindlin 's producer allegedly told the firm that the use of her image was not permitted , but ads continued . The lawsuit filed in federal court sought more than $75,000 in damages . Sheindlin said in her statement that any money she wins through the lawsuit will go toward college scholarships through the Her Honor Mentoring Program . Sheindlin described the unauthorized use of her name as `` outrageous '' , stating , `` Mr. Haymond is a lawyer and should know better . '' Haymond later filed a countersuit for punitive damages and attorney 's fees , alleging defamation of him and his firm by Sheindlin . Haymond insisted that local affiliates asked him to appear in Judge Judy promos to promote Sheindlin for which he obliged . On August 8 , 2014 , it was reported that the case between Sheindlin and Haymond settled out of court in a resolution that favored Sheindlin . Haymond will be donating money to Sheindlin 's charity , Her Honor Mentoring Program . Lawsuit by Rebel Entertainment aimed at CBS and Sheindlin 's salary ( edit ) On March 14 , 2016 , talent agency Rebel Entertainment and its president , Richard Lawrence , filed a multimillion - dollar lawsuit against CBS Television , claiming the media giant failed to pay the agency millions of dollars in profits . Rebel claims they are owed profits and contractually agreed to for their contributions to launching the program and discovering Sheindlin through their terminated employees Kaye Switzer and Sandi Spreckman . The lawsuit alleges CBS has n't paid Rebel for the past six years because CBS told them the net profits that go to `` Judge Judy '' have been wiped out due to Sheindlin 's annual salary boost to $45 and then $47 million . The lawsuit goes on to attack Sheindlin 's salary as being far too high . Rebel described it as `` exorbitant '' and `` grossly inconsistent with customary practice in the television industry , '' that similarly successful talk show hosts are n't paid nearly as much . Further , Rebel claims they were to be consulted before any spin - offs of the show were produced , but were not when Hot Bench ( another courtroom arbitrated show launched by Sheindlin and her producers ) was created . In response to the lawsuit , Sheindlin has stated : The fact that Richard Lawrence is complaining about my salary is actually hilarious . I met Mr. Lawrence for 2 hours some 21 years ago . Neither I nor anyone involved in the day - to - day production of my program has heard from him in 20 years . Not a card , not a gift , not a flower , not a congratulations . Yet he has somehow received over $17,000,000 from my program . My rudimentary math translates that into $8,500,000 an hour for Mr. Lawrence . Not a bad payday . Now complaining about not getting enough money , that 's real chutzpah . When Sheindlin was deposed for this case in the summer of 2016 , she matter - of - factly let CBS know as follows : `` CBS had no choice but to pay me what I wanted because otherwise I could take it wherever I wanted to take it or do it myself . Their back 's to the wall . They pay me the money that they do because they have no choice . They ca n't find another one . '' This case , which seeks widespread unspecified damages , is ongoing and faces a March 2018 trial start . In a April 2018 verdict on this case , Los Angeles Superior Court Judge Joanne O'Donnell found that Sheindlin is not grossly overpaid and that her salary does not constitute a breach of contract , rather her salary is as result of the `` resounding success of her program and without its namesake star would not continue . '' In another motion however , Judge O'Donnell ruled in Lawrence 's favor that it was a breach of contract for the Defendants to have failed to consult him before launching `` spin - off '' series Hot Bench . Dissatisfied with being granted one part of their motion while denied the other , attorney for Richard Lawrence , Bryan Freedman , has revealed that the Plaintiffs intend on appealing Judge O'Donnell's verdict . Freedman is quoted as stating , `` As for admitting and then ignoring Rebel 's uncontroverted expert opinion evidence that frontloading the 45 million dollar salary of Ms. Sheindlin was not consistent with the United States television industry , the court committed a reversible error . That issue will be decided by the court of appeal . '' Lawsuit by Kaye Switzer and trust of Sandi Spreckman against Sheindlin , CBS and Big Ticket ( edit ) On Friday , January 19 , 2018 , a breach - of - contract lawsuit -- similar and loosely related to the case filed by Rebel Entertainment -- was filed in the Los Angeles Superior Court against Sheindlin , CBS Corporation , CBS Studios and Big Ticket Television by Kaye Switzer and the trust of the now deceased Sandi Spreckman ( copy of the lawsuit here ) . Switzer and Sandi Spreckman are former employees of Rebel Entertainment , terminated by the employer . Switzer and Spreckman 's trustee , Jay Robinson , claim they discovered and introduced Sheindlin to producer Larry Little , asserting that if not for this move that there would be no Judge Judy and thus they are owed monetary royalties . The lawsuit also states that Sheindlin sold `` The Judge Judy Library '' to CBS Television Distribution for a sales price of over $95,000,000 to the House of Leslie Moonves . Switzer and the Spreckman 's trustee contend that they were not paid any monetary rewards by Sheindlin , CBS or Big Ticket in this transaction . It 's important to note that the two women have a long history of filing lawsuits over the same matter against Sheindlin and her Judge Judy business partners dating back to the year 2000 . Not taking the lawsuit as a concern , Sheindlin was quoted as regarding the subject of `` Who is owed what as just background noise , '' and that the monster success of her show came from nothing more than the sweat of her brow and the force of her personality . Sheindlin was also quoted as stating she has `` fond feelings of Kaye and Sandi '' but that they were fired before her show ever started and that she personally never entered into a contract with either of them . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Judge Judy Sheindlin , Host of Daytime 's # 1 Rated Show `` Judge Judy , '' Signs Multiyear Deal Through 2017 `` . The Futon Critic ( Press release ) . April 8 , 2013 . Retrieved November 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Judge Judy Episodes '' . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Robert ( May 3 , 2011 ) . `` In Her Tv Courtroom , ' Judge Judy ' Makes Case For Personal Responsibility '' . Articles.philly.com . 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Japp , Mark Meister , Debra K. Japp -- Google Books . Books.google.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Judge Wapner vs. Judge Judy : What A Match That Would Have Been '' . Metnews.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Judge Judy 's Favorite TV Judge Judge Judy Larry King Now -- Ora TV '' . YouTube . 2013 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Judge Mathis On Why Judge Joe Brown Is n't One Of His Favorite TV Judges ( EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW ) '' . September 11 , 2014 . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( August 07 , 2010 ) . `` Nicki Minaj Live Q&A Pt. 6 -- Cartoons , Favorite Shows & Spare Time '' . billboard.com . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Brinson , Will . `` Jim Harbaugh appearing on ' Judge Judy ' Monday '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harbaugh 's verdict : Judge Judy is the best '' . CSN Bay Area . June 4 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2013 . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . 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Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Baram , Marcus ( January 3 , 2008 ) . `` Disorder in the Court ? ' Judge Judy ' Show Sued -- ABC News '' . Abcnews.go.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-friend of Judge Judy : I 'll drop lawsuit if you give back my china set '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Judge Judy China Lawsuit SETTLES ! '' . TMZ.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Judge Judy Lawsuit -- I 've Been Jacked on the Internet ! '' . TMZ.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` OFF BEAT : YouTube user gets legal book thrown at him over ' Judge Judy ' '' . businessinsurance.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Judge Judy Sues P.I. Lawyer -- You Have ' Stupid ' on Your Forehead ... Stupid '' . TMZ.com. 2014 - 03 - 06 . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tables turned : Judge Judy files suit against lawyer '' . Usatoday.com . March 12 , 2014 . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Judge Judy Sues Local Personal - Injury Lawyer -- Hartford Courant '' . Articles.courant.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Press , Associated ( 8 August 2014 ) . `` Judge Judy settles lawsuit with Connecticut lawyer '' . pagesix.com . Jump up ^ `` Judge Judy -- P.I. Lawyer Fires Back ... I Was n't Promoting Me , I Was Promoting You ! '' . TMZ.com . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hartford Attorney Fires Back at Judge Judy '' . Courthouse News Service . July 14 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Judge Judy Wins One for the Girls In Lawsuit against Lawyer '' . tmz.com . ^ Jump up to : News , A.B.C. ( 16 March 2016 ) . `` ' Judge Judy ' at Center of Potential Multimillion - Dollar Lawsuit '' . go.com . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( 14 March 2016 ) . `` CBS Sued Over ' Judge Judy 's $47 M Salary & Profits From Syndicated Series '' . deadline.com . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( 22 January 2018 ) . `` Judge Judy & CBS Sued Again Over Profits For Syndication 's Biggest Court Show '' . deadline.com . Jump up ^ Maddaus , Gene ( 5 April 2018 ) . `` Judge Judy 's $45 Million Salary Is Not Unreasonable , Says New Ruling '' . Variety.com . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( 15 April 2016 ) . `` CBS Hits Back At ' Judge Judy ' Lawsuit ; Says $17 M Paid To Agent `` Not Entitled '' `` . deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` Judge Judy Takes the Stand in Producers ' Lawsuit '' . latimes.com. 3 June 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Judge Judy Thinks Lawsuit Over Her Show 's Syndication Profits Is Just `` Background Noise '' ( EXCLUSIVE ) `` . Closeweekly. 31 Jan 2018 . 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-7214506272375932 | List of best-selling books | List of best - selling books - wikipedia List of best - selling books Jump to : navigation , search This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness . You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries . This page provides lists of best - selling individual books and book series to date and in any language . `` Best selling '' refers to the estimated number of copies sold of each book , rather than the number of books printed or currently owned . Comics and textbooks are not included in this list . The books are listed according to the highest sales estimate as reported in reliable , independent sources . This list is incomplete because there are many books , such as The Betrothed by Alessandro Manzoni , The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexandre Dumas , or A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens , that are commonly cited as `` best - selling books '' yet have no reliable sales figures because of the many public domain re-releases . Similarly , many notable book series that sold very widely are poorly documented ( Land of Oz , Freddy the Pig ) , consist of multiple sub-series ( Tom Swift ) , or have lost sales due to being accused of promoting racist imagery ( Dr. Dolittle ) . According to Guinness World Records , the Bible is the best - selling book of all time with over 5 billion copies sold and distributed . However , the Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse - tung , also known as the Little Red Book , has produced a wide array of sales and distribution figures -- with some sources claiming over 6.5 billion printed volumes , others claiming the distribution ran into the `` billions , '' and others citing `` over a billion '' official volumes between 1966 and 1969 alone as well as `` untold numbers of unofficial local reprints and unofficial translations . '' The Qur'an is also widely reported to be one of the most printed and distributed books worldwide , with billions of copies believed to be in existence . Exact print figures for these and other books may also be missing or unreliable since these kinds of books may be produced by many different and unrelated publishers , in some cases over many centuries . All books of a religious , ideological , philosophical or political nature have been excluded from this list of best - selling books for these reasons . Having sold more than 500 million copies worldwide , Harry Potter by J.K. Rowling is the best - selling book series in history . The first novel in the series , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , has sold in excess of 120 million copies , making it one of the best - selling books of all time . As of June 2017 , the series has been translated into 80 languages , placing Harry Potter among history 's most translated literary works . The last four books in the series consecutively set records as the fastest - selling books of all time , where the final installment , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , sold roughly fifteen million copies worldwide within twenty - four hours of its release . With twelve million books printed in the first U.S. run , it also holds the record for the highest initial print run for any book in history . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of best - selling individual books 1.1 More than 100 million copies 1.2 Between 50 million and 100 million copies 1.3 Between 30 million and 50 million copies 1.4 Between 20 million and 30 million copies 1.5 Between 10 million and 20 million copies 2 List of best - selling book series 2.1 More than 100 million copies 2.2 Between 50 million and 100 million copies 2.3 Between 30 million and 50 million copies 2.4 Between 20 million and 30 million copies 2.5 Between 15 million and 20 million copies 2.6 Notes 3 List of best - selling regularly updated books 3.1 More than 100 million copies 3.2 Between 50 million and 100 million copies 3.3 Between 30 million and 50 million copies 3.4 Between 20 million and 30 million copies 3.5 Between 10 million and 20 million copies 4 See also 5 References 6 External links List of best - selling individual books ( edit ) More than 100 million copies ( edit ) Book Author ( s ) Original language First published Approximate sales Genre Don Quixote Miguel de Cervantes Spanish 1605 500 million fiction ( novel ) A Tale of Two Cities Charles Dickens English 1859 200 million fiction : historical fiction ( novel ) The Lord of the Rings J.R.R. Tolkien English 1954 -- 1955 150 million fiction : fantasy ( novel ) Le Petit Prince ( The Little Prince ) Antoine de Saint - Exupéry French 1943 140 million fiction ( novel ) Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone J.K. Rowling English 1997 120 million fiction : fantasy ( novel ) The Hobbit J.R.R. Tolkien English 1937 100 million fiction : fantasy ( novel ) And Then There Were None Agatha Christie English 1939 100 million fiction : mystery ( novel ) 紅樓夢 / 红楼梦 ( Dream of the Red Chamber ) Cao Xueqin Chinese 1754 -- 1791 100 million fiction : family saga ( novel ) Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland Lewis Carroll English 1865 100 million fiction : fantasy ( novel ) Between 50 million and 100 million copies ( edit ) Book Author ( s ) Original language First published Approximate sales Genre The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe C.S. Lewis English 1950 85 million fiction : fantasy ( novel ) She : A History of Adventure H. Rider Haggard English 1887 83 million fiction : fantasy , adventure , romance and Gothic ( novel ) Le avventure di Pinocchio . Storia di un burattino ( The Adventures of Pinocchio ) Carlo Collodi Italian 1881 > 80 million fiction ( novel ) Vardi Wala Gunda Ved Prakash Sharma Hindi 1992 > 80 million detective ( novel ) The Da Vinci Code Dan Brown English 2003 80 million fiction : mystery , thriller ( novel ) Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets J.K. Rowling English 1998 77 million fiction : fantasy ( novel ) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban J.K. Rowling English 1999 65 million fiction : fantasy ( novel ) Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire J.K. Rowling English 2000 65 million fiction : fantasy ( novel ) Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix J.K. Rowling English 2003 65 million fiction : fantasy ( novel ) Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince J.K. Rowling English 2005 65 million fiction : fantasy ( novel ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows J.K. Rowling English 2007 65 million fiction : fantasy ( novel ) The Alchemist Paulo Coelho Portuguese 1988 65 million fiction : fantasy ( novel ) The Catcher in the Rye J.D. Salinger English 1951 65 million fiction : realistic fiction , coming - of - age fiction Think and Grow Rich Napoleon Hill English 1937 60 million non-fiction ( novel ) The Bridges of Madison County Robert James Waller English 1992 60 million The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes Arthur Conan Doyle English 1887 60 million fiction : detective fiction , short stories ( novel ) 20,000 Leagues under the Sea Jules Verne French 1870 60 million fiction : adventures ( novel ) You Can Heal Your Life Louise Hay English 1984 50 million Self - help , spirituality Cien años de soledad ( One Hundred Years of Solitude ) Gabriel García Márquez Spanish 1967 50 million fiction : magic realism ( novel ) Lolita Vladimir Nabokov English 1955 50 million fiction : general fiction ( novel ) Heidis Lehr - und Wanderjahre ( Heidi 's Years of Learning and Travel ) Johanna Spyri German 1880 50 million fiction : children 's fiction ( novel ) The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care Dr. Benjamin Spock English 1946 50 million non-fiction ( novel ) Anne of Green Gables Lucy Maud Montgomery English 1908 50 million fiction : general fiction ( novel ) Black Beauty Anna Sewell English 1877 50 million fiction : children 's literature ( novel ) Il Nome della Rosa ( The Name of the Rose ) Umberto Eco Italian 1980 50 million historical novel , mystery The Eagle Has Landed Jack Higgins English 50 million fiction : war , thriller ( novel ) Watership Down Richard Adams English 1972 50 million fiction : fantasy ( novel ) The Hite Report Shere Hite English 1976 50 million Charlotte 's Web E.B. White ; illustrated by Garth Williams English 1952 50 million fiction : children 's fiction ( novel ) The Ginger Man J.P. Donleavy English 1955 50 million Ben - Hur : A Tale of the Christ Lew Wallace English 1880 50 million historical fiction ( novel ) The Curse of Capistrano ( also known as The Mark of Zorro ) Johnston McCulley English 1919 50 million californio ( novel ) Between 30 million and 50 million copies ( edit ) Book Author ( s ) Original language First published Approximate sales The Tale of Peter Rabbit Beatrix Potter English 1902 45 million The Odyssey Homer Ancient Greek 8th Century BC 45 million Jonathan Livingston Seagull Richard Bach English 1970 44 million The Very Hungry Caterpillar Eric Carle English 1969 43 million A Message to Garcia Elbert Hubbard English 1899 40 million Sofies verden ( Sophie 's World ) Jostein Gaarder Norwegian 1991 40 million Flowers in the Attic V.C. Andrews English 1979 40 million To Kill a Mockingbird Harper Lee English 1960 40 million Angels & Demons Dan Brown English 2000 39 million Kane and Abel Jeffrey Archer English 1979 37 million Как закалялась сталь ( Kak zakalyalas ' stal ' ; How the Steel Was Tempered ) Nikolai Ostrovsky Russian 1932 36.4 million copies in USSR Война и мир ( Voyna i mir ; War and Peace ) Leo Tolstoy Russian 1869 36.0 million copies in USSR Het Achterhuis ( The Diary of a Young Girl , The Diary of Anne Frank ) Anne Frank Dutch 1947 35 million Your Erroneous Zones Wayne Dyer English 1976 35 million The Late , Great Planet Earth Hal Lindsey , C.C. Carlson English 1970 35 million The Thorn Birds Colleen McCullough English 1977 33 million The Kite Runner Khaled Hosseini English 2003 31.5 million Valley of the Dolls Jacqueline Susann English 1966 31 million In His Steps : What Would Jesus Do ? Charles M. Sheldon English 1896 30 million The Lost Symbol Dan Brown English 2009 30 million Gone with the Wind Margaret Mitchell English 1936 30 million Nineteen Eighty - Four George Orwell English 1949 30 million The Purpose Driven Life Rick Warren English 2002 30 million The Revolt of Mamie Stover William Bradford Huie English 1951 30 million Män som hatar kvinnor ( The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ) Stieg Larsson Swedish 2005 30 million Between 20 million and 30 million copies ( edit ) Book Author ( s ) Original language First published Approximate sales Молодая гвардия ( Molodaya Gvardiya ; The Young Guard ) Alexander Alexandrovich Fadeyev Russian 1945 26 million copies in USSR Who Moved My Cheese ? Spencer Johnson English 1998 26 million The Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald English 1925 25 million The Wind in the Willows Kenneth Grahame English 1908 25 million The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People Stephen R. Covey English 1989 25 million Поднятая целина ( Podnyataya Tselina ; Virgin Soil Upturned ) Mikhail Sholokhov Russian 1935 24 million copies in USSR The Celestine Prophecy James Redfield English 1993 23 million The Hunger Games Suzanne Collins English 2008 23 million The Fault in Our Stars John Green English 2012 23 million The Shack William P. Young English 2007 22 million Дядя Степа ( Dyadya Styopa ; Uncle Styopa ) Sergey Mikhalkov Russian 1936 21 million copies in USSR The Godfather Mario Puzo English 1969 21 million Love Story Erich Segal English 1970 21 million Gone Girl Gillian Flynn English 2012 20 million The Girl on the Train Paula Hawkins English 2015 20 million All Quiet on the Western Front Erich Maria Remarque German 1929 20 million The Bermuda Triangle Charles Berlitz English 20 million Things Fall Apart Chinua Achebe English 1958 20 million Animal Farm George Orwell English 1945 20 million 狼 图腾 ( Wolf Totem ) Jiang Rong Chinese 20 million The Happy Hooker : My Own Story Xaviera Hollander English 1971 20 million Jaws Peter Benchley English 20 million Love You Forever Robert Munsch English 1986 20 million The Women 's Room Marilyn French English 1977 20 million What to Expect When You 're Expecting Arlene Eisenberg and Heidi Murkoff English 1984 20 million The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Mark Twain English 1885 20 million The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole , Aged 133⁄4 Sue Townsend English 1982 20 million Pride and Prejudice Jane Austen English 1813 20 million Kon - Tiki : Across the Pacific in a Raft Thor Heyerdahl Norwegian 1950 20 million Osudy dobrého vojáka Švejka za světové války ( The Good Soldier Švejk ) Jaroslav Hašek Czech 1923 20 million Where the Wild Things Are Maurice Sendak English 1963 20 million The Power of Positive Thinking Norman Vincent Peale English 1952 20 million The Secret Rhonda Byrne English 2006 20 million Fear of Flying Erica Jong English 1973 20 million Dune Frank Herbert English 1965 20 million Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Roald Dahl English 1964 20 million The Naked Ape Desmond Morris English 1968 20 million Between 10 million and 20 million copies ( edit ) Book Author ( s ) Original language First published Approximate sales 窓ぎわ の トット ちゃん ( Totto - chan , the Little Girl at the Window ) Tetsuko Kuroyanagi Japanese 1981 18 million ( in Japan and China ) The Horse Whisperer Nicholas Evans English 1995 16 million Goodnight Moon Margaret Wise Brown English 1947 16 million Die unendliche Geschichte ( The Neverending Story ) Michael Ende German 1979 16 million The Outsiders S.E. Hinton English 1967 15 million Guess How Much I Love You Sam McBratney English 1994 15 million Shōgun James Clavell English 15 million The Poky Little Puppy Janette Sebring Lowrey English 1942 15 million The Pillars of the Earth Ken Follett English 1989 15 million How to Win Friends and Influence People Dale Carnegie English 1936 15 million Das Parfum ( Perfume ) Patrick Süskind German 1985 15 million The Grapes of Wrath John Steinbeck English 1939 15 million La sombra del viento ( The Shadow of the Wind ) Carlos Ruiz Zafón Spanish 2001 15 million Interpreter of Maladies Jhumpa Lahiri English 2000 15 million The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Douglas Adams English 1979 14 million Tuesdays with Morrie Mitch Albom English 1997 14 million God 's Little Acre Erskine Caldwell English 1933 14 million Va ' dove ti porta il cuore ( Follow Your Heart ) Susanna Tamaro Italian 1994 14 million A Wrinkle in Time Madeleine L'Engle English 1962 14 million Long Walk to Freedom Nelson Mandela English 1994 14 million The Old Man and the Sea Ernest Hemingway English 1952 13 million Life After Life Raymond Moody English 13 million Me Before You Jojo Moyes English 2012 12 million ノルウェイ の 森 ( Noruwei no Mori ; Norwegian Wood ) Haruki Murakami Japanese 12 million Peyton Place Grace Metalious English 1956 12 million La Peste ( The Plague ) Albert Camus French 1947 12 million 人間 失格 ( Ningen Shikkaku ; No Longer Human ) Osamu Dazai Japanese 1948 12 million Ein Psychologe erlebt das Konzentrationslager ( Man 's Search for Meaning ) Viktor Frankl German 1946 12 million Divina Commedia ( Divine Comedy ) Dante Alighieri Italian 1304 11 - 12 million ( during 20th century ) The Prophet Kahlil Gibran English 1923 11 million The Exorcist William Peter Blatty English 1971 11 million The Gruffalo Julia Donaldson English 1999 10.5 million The Cat in the Hat Dr. Seuss English 1957 10.5 million Diana : Her True Story Andrew Morton English 1992 10 million The Help Kathryn Stockett English 2009 10 million Catch - 22 Joseph Heller English 1961 10 million L'Étranger ( The Stranger ( novel ) ) Albert Camus French 1942 10 million Eye of the Needle Ken Follett English 1978 10 million A Brief History of Time Stephen Hawking English 1988 10 million The Lovely Bones Alice Sebold English 2002 10 million Wild Swans Jung Chang English 1992 10 million Santa Evita Tomás Eloy Martínez Spanish 1995 10 million Un di Velt Hot Geshvign ( Night ) Elie Wiesel Yiddish 1958 10 million 于丹 《 论语 》 心得 ( Confucius from the Heart ) Yu Dan Chinese 2006 10 million The Total Woman Marabel Morgan English 10 million 知 価 革命 ( Knowledge - value Revolution ) Taichi Sakaiya Japanese 1985 10 million 中国 社会 主义 经济 问题 研究 ( Problems in China 's Socialist Economy ) Xue Muqiao Chinese 1979 10 million What Color is Your Parachute ? Richard Nelson Bolles English 1970 10 million The Dukan Diet Pierre Dukan French 2000 10 million The Joy of Sex Alex Comfort English 1972 10 million The Gospel According to Peanuts Robert L. Short English 1965 10 million Life of Pi Yann Martel English 2001 10 million The Giver Lois Lowry English 1993 10 million The Front Runner Patricia Nell Warren English 10 million The Goal Eliyahu M. Goldratt English 1984 10 million List of best - selling book series ( edit ) See also : List of best - selling comic series and List of best - selling manga More than 100 million copies ( edit ) Book series Author Original language No. of installments First published Approximate sales Harry Potter J.K. Rowling English 7 + 8 supplements 1997 -- present 500 million Goosebumps R.L. Stine English 62 + spin - off series 1992 -- present 350 million Perry Mason Erle Stanley Gardner English 82 + 4 short stories 1933 -- 1973 300 million Berenstain Bears Stan and Jan Berenstain English over 300 1962 -- present 260 million Choose Your Own Adventure various authors English 185 1979 -- 1998 250 million Sweet Valley High Francine Pascal and ghostwriters English 400 1983 -- 2003 250 million Noddy Enid Blyton English 24 1949 -- present 200 million Nancy Drew various authors as Carolyn Keene English 175 1930 -- present 200 million The Railway Series Rev. W. Awdry , Christopher Awdry English 41 1945 -- 2011 200 million San - Antonio Frédéric Dard French 173 1949 -- 2001 200 million Robert Langdon Dan Brown English 5 2000 -- present 200 million Diary of a Wimpy Kid Jeff Kinney English 12 2007 -- present 194 million The Baby - sitters Club Ann Martin English 335 1986 -- present 172 million Star Wars various authors English over 300 1977 -- present 160 million Little Critter Mercer Mayer English over 200 1975 -- present 150 million Peter Rabbit Beatrix Potter English 6 1902 -- 1930 150 million Fifty Shades E.L. James English 2011 -- 2015 150 million American Girl various authors English 1986 -- present 140 million Geronimo Stilton Elisabetta Dami Italian over 200 2000 -- present 140 million Chicken Soup for the Soul Jack Canfield , Mark Victor Hansen English 105 1997 -- present 130 million Clifford the Big Red Dog Norman Bridwell English over 80 1963 -- 2014 129 million Frank Merriwell Gilbert Patten English 209 1896 -- 125 million Dirk Pitt Clive Cussler English 24 1973 -- present 120 million 宮本 武蔵 ( Musashi ) Eiji Yoshikawa Japanese 7 1935 -- 1939 120 million The Chronicles of Narnia C.S. Lewis English 7 1949 -- 1954 120 million Mr. Men Roger Hargreaves , Adam Hargreaves English 43 1971 -- present 120 million Twilight Stephenie Meyer English 5 + 1 Novella + 1 Guide 2005 -- 2015 120 million James Bond Ian Fleming English 14 1953 -- 1966 100 million Martine Gilbert Delahaye , Marcel Marlier French 60 1954 -- present 100 million Between 50 million and 100 million copies ( edit ) Book series Author Original language No. of installments First published Approximate sales Nijntje ( Miffy ) Dick Bruna Dutch 119 1955 -- present 85 million Millennium Stieg Larsson , David Lagercrantz Swedish 5 2005 -- 2017 85 million Alex Cross James Patterson English 21 1993 -- present 81 million Fear Street R.L. Stine English 114 1989 -- present 80 million Pippi Långstrump ( Pippi Longstocking ) Astrid Lindgren Swedish 3 + 3 picture books 1945 -- 2001 80 million The Vampire Chronicles Anne Rice English 13 1976 -- present 80 million The Wheel of Time Robert Jordan , Brandon Sanderson English 15 1990 -- 2013 80 million OSS 117 Jean Bruce French 265 1949 -- 1992 75 million A Song of Ice and Fire George R.R. Martin English Currently 5 ; 7 Planned ; 3 novellas + 1 guide 1996 -- present 70 million Winnie - the - Pooh A.A. Milne ; illustrated by E.H. Shepard English 1926 -- 1928 70 million Discworld Terry Pratchett English 41 1983 -- 2015 70 million Magic Tree House series Mary Pope Osborne English 56 1992 -- present 70 million The Hunger Games trilogy Suzanne Collins English 2008 -- 2010 65 million in U.S. Left Behind Tim LaHaye , Jerry B. Jenkins English 16 1996 -- 2007 65 million A Series of Unfortunate Events Lemony Snicket aka Daniel Handler English 13 1999 -- 2006 65 million Little House on the Prairie Laura Ingalls Wilder English 12 1932 -- 2006 60 million Jack Reacher Lee Child English 22 Novels + 11 Short Stories 1997 -- present 60 million Where 's Wally ? Martin Handford English 13 1987 -- present 55 million Men Are from Mars , Women Are from Venus John Gray English 15 1992 -- present 50 million The Hardy Boys various authors as Franklin W. Dixon English 190 1927 -- present 50 million The Bobbsey Twins various authors as Laura Lee Hope English 72 1904 -- 1979 50 million Tarzan Edgar Rice Burroughs English 26 1914 -- 1995 50 million Between 30 million and 50 million copies ( edit ) Book series Author Original language No. of installments First published Approximate sales Earth 's Children Jean M. Auel English 6 1980 -- 2011 45 million A Child 's First Library Of Learning various authors English 29 1980 -- 45 million Junie B. Jones Barbara Park English 30 1992 -- 44 million Harry Bosch Michael Connelly English 15 1992 -- 42 million Harry Hole Jo Nesbø Norwegian 9 1997 -- present 40 million 连环画 铁道 游击 队 ( Picture - and - story book Railway Guerilla ) original author : Liu Zhixia Chinese 10 1955 -- 1962 36.52 million かい けつ ゾロリ ( Kaiketsu Zorori ) Yutaka Hara Japanese 60 1987 -- present 35 million Paddington Bear Michael Bond English 70 1958 -- present 35 million Divergent trilogy Veronica Roth English 2011 -- 2013 35 million The Inheritance Cycle Christopher Paolini English 2002 -- 2011 33 million 徳川 家康 ( Tokugawa Ieyasu ) Sohachi Yamaoka Japanese 26 1950 -- 1967 30 million Ramona Beverly Cleary English 8 1955 -- 1999 30 million The Dark Tower Stephen King English 8 1982 -- 2012 30 million The Destroyer Warren Murphy and Richard Sapir , various authors English 150 1971 -- present 30 million Between 20 million and 30 million copies ( edit ) Book series Author Original language No. of installments First published Approximate sales ノンタン ( Nontan ) Sachiko Kiyono Japanese 25 1976 -- 2006 28 million Curious George Hans Augusto Rey and Margret Rey English 58 1941 -- present 27 million グイン ・ サーガ ( Guin Saga ) Kaoru Kurimoto Japanese 118 1979 -- 2009 26 million Captain Underpants Dav Pilkey English 1997 -- present 26 million 三 毛 猫 ホームズ シリーズ ( Calico Cat Holmes series ) Jirō Akagawa Japanese 43 1978 -- present 26 million Rich Dad , Poor Dad Robert Kiyosaki , Sharon Lechter English 18 1997 -- 26 million Kurt Wallander Henning Mankell Swedish 10 1991 -- 2002 25 million Sagaen om Isfolket ( The Legend of the Ice People ) Margit Sandemo Norwegian 47 1982 -- 1989 25 million The Sword of Truth Terry Goodkind English 12 1998 -- present 25 million Outlander Diana Gabaldon English 8 1991 -- present 25 million Dork Diaries Rachel Renée Russell English 9 2009 -- present 25 million 鬼平 犯 科 帳 ( Onihei Hankachō ) Shōtarō Ikenami Japanese 24 1968 -- 1990 24.4 million , only bunkobon Brain Quest various authors English 1992 -- present 23.7 million South Beach Diet Arthur Agatston English 6 2003 -- present 22 million 竜馬 が ゆく ( Ryoma ga Yuku ) Ryōtarō Shiba Japanese 5 1963 -- 1966 21.5 million Artemis Fowl Eoin Colfer English 8 2001 -- 2012 21 million ズッコケ 三 人組 ( Zukkoke Sanningumi ) Masamoto Nasu Japanese 50 1978 -- 2004 21 million Shannara Terry Brooks English 20 1977 -- present 26 million Découvertes Gallimard various authors French more than 700 1986 -- present more than 20 million ソード アート ・ オンライン ( Sword Art Online ) Reki Kawahara Japanese 23 2009 - present 20 million Redwall Brian Jacques English 22 1986 -- 2011 20 million Maisy Lucy Cousins English 23 1990 -- present 20 million Dragonlance various authors English more than 150 1984 -- present 20 million 幻魔 大戦 ( Genma Taisen ) Kazumasa Hirai Japanese 20 1979 -- 1983 20 million 青春 の 門 ( The Gate of Youth ) Hiroyuki Itsuki Japanese 1970 -- present 20 million The Foundation Trilogy Isaac Asimov English 1950 -- 1953 20 million Percy Jackson & the Olympians Rick Riordan English 5 2005 -- 2009 20 million Horrible Histories Terry Deary English 24 1993 -- present 20 million Rainbow Magic Daisy Meadows English 80 + 2003 -- present 20 million Morgan Kane Louis Masterson Norwegian 90 1966 -- 20 million The Southern Vampire Mysteries Charlaine Harris English 13 2001 -- 2013 20 million Between 15 million and 20 million copies ( edit ) Book series Author Original language No. of installments First published Approximate sales Doc Savage Lester Dent , various authors English 203 1933 - present 20 million 涼宮 ハルヒ シリーズ ( Haruhi Suzumiya Series ) Nagaru Tanigawa Japanese 11 2003 -- present 20 million 科学 の アルバム ( Kagaku no album ) various authors Japanese 1970 -- present 19 million 剣客 商売 ( Kenkaku Shobai ) Shotaro Ikenami Japanese 18 1972 -- 1989 18 million Erast Fandorin Boris Akunin Russian 12 1998 -- present 18 million Dragonriders of Pern Anne McCaffrey English 23 1967 -- present 18 million 吸血鬼 ハンター D ( Vampire Hunter D ) Hideyuki Kikuchi Japanese 17 1983 -- present 17 million The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Douglas Adams , plus a final book by Eoin Colfer English 6 1979 -- 2008 16 million Bridget Jones Helen Fielding English 1996 -- present 15 million The Riftwar Cycle Raymond E. Feist English 25 1982 -- present 15 million The No. 1 Ladies Detective Agency Alexander McCall Smith English 9 1999 -- present 15 million ぼく ら シリーズ ( Bokura series ) Osamu Soda Japanese 36 1985 -- present 15 million His Dark Materials Philip Pullman English 1995 -- 2000 15 million 銀河 英雄 伝説 ( Legend of the Galactic Heroes ) Yoshiki Tanaka Japanese 14 1982 -- 1989 15 million Der Regenbogenfisch ( Rainbow Fish ) Marcus Pfister German 1992 -- present 15 million Notes ( edit ) The Perry Rhodan series has sold more than 1 billion copies , but is not listed because that figure includes magazine sales , not novels alone . Similarly , the Jerry Cotton series has sold over 300 million copies , but most of these were in magazine format . The figures given for some books are for the number printed instead of confirmed sales . List of best - selling regularly updated books ( edit ) More than 100 million copies ( edit ) Book Author ( s ) Original language First published Approximate sales 新华 字典 ( Xinhua Zidian / Xinhua Dictionary ) Chief editor : Wei Jiangong Chinese 1957 400 million Scouting for Boys Robert Baden - Powell English 1908 100 -- 150 million The McGuffey Readers William Holmes McGuffey English 1853 125 million Guinness World Records ( published every year ) various authors English 1955 -- present 115 million American Spelling Book ( Webster 's Dictionary ) Noah Webster English 1783 100 million Between 50 million and 100 million copies ( edit ) Book Author ( s ) Original language First published Approximate sales World Almanac ( published every year ) various authors English 1868 -- 76 ; 1886 -- present 80 million 六 星 占 術 による あなた の 運命 ( Rokusei Senjutsu ( Six - Star Astrology ) Tells Your Fortune ) Kazuko Hosoki Japanese 1986 -- present 79 million Merriam - Webster 's Collegiate Dictionary Merriam - Webster English 1898 55 million Between 30 million and 50 million copies ( edit ) Book Author ( s ) Original language First published Approximate sales Roget 's Thesaurus Peter Mark Roget English 1852 -- 40 million できる シリーズ ( Dekiru Series ) Impress Dekiru Series Editorial Desk Japanese 1994 -- present 40 million Better Homes and Gardens New Cook Book various authors English 1930 -- 38 million 수학 의 정석 ( The Art of Mathematics ) Hong Sung - dae Korean 1966 -- present 37 million ~ 40 million Oxford Advanced Learner 's Dictionary A.S. Hornby English 1948 30 million Alcoholics Anonymous Big Book Bill Wilson English 1939 30 million Le guide Michelin France ( The Michelin Guide France ) ( published every year ) various authors French 1900 -- present 30 million Between 20 million and 30 million copies ( edit ) Book Author ( s ) Original language First published Approximate sales Betty Crocker Cookbook various authors as Betty Crocker English 1955 -- 27 million 超 図解 シリーズ ( Cho - Zukai series ) X media Japanese 1996 -- 2007 25 million 自由 自在 ( Jiyu Jizai ) various authors Japanese 1953 -- present 24 million 新 明解 国語 辞典 ( Shin Meikai kokugo jiten ) Tadao Yamada Japanese 1972 20.4 million English Grammar Lindley Murray English 1795 20 million Between 10 million and 20 million copies ( edit ) Book Author ( s ) Original language First published Approximate sales The Joy of Cooking various authors English 1936 18 million スーパー マップル ( Super Mapple ) various authors Japanese 1991 -- present 18 million チャート 式 ( Chart Shiki ) various authors Japanese 1927 -- present 17.44 million , only for the first grade of high - school 英語 基本 単語 集 ( Eigo Kihon Tangoshu ) `` Compilation of basic English vocabulary '' Yoshio Akao Japanese , English 1942 17.2 million 試験 に 出る 英 単語 ( Siken Ni Deru Eitango ) `` English vocabulary in examinations '' Ichiro Mori Japanese , English 1967 15 million 新 英和 中 辞典 ( Shin Eiwa Chu Jiten ) `` New English - Japanese Dictionary '' Shigeru Takebayashi Japanese , English 1967 12 million 広辞苑 ( Kōjien ) Izuru Shinmura Japanese 1955 11.9 million 旺文社 古語 辞典 ( Obunsha Kogo Jiten ) `` Obunsha Dictionary of Archaisms '' Akira Matsumura Japanese 1960 11 million 三省堂 国語 辞典 ( Sanseido Kokugo Jiten ) `` Sanseido Dictionary of the Japanese Language '' Kenbō Hidetoshi Japanese 1960 10 million 家庭 に 於 ける 實際 的 看護 の 秘訣 ( Katei Ni Okeru Jissaiteki Kango No Hiketsu ) `` Key to Practical Personal Care at Home '' Takichi Tsukuda Japanese 1925 10 million C 程序 设计 ( C Program Design ) Tan , Haoqiang Chinese 1991 10 million See also ( edit ) Books portal List of best - selling manga List of best - selling comics List of best - selling fiction authors List of bestselling novels in the United States List of literary works by number of languages translated into Lists of books Literature Novel References ( edit ) Footnotes Jump up ^ Some confusion and controversy is commonly attached to the publication data for Le Petit Prince . Saint - Exupéry , its author , spoke almost no English and wrote exclusively in French . His handwritten ( and almost illegible ) French manuscript was converted by his secretary into a French typescript , which he submitted to his New York City publisher Reynal & Hitchcock in late 1942 , which was then translated to English by their own translator . The story was first published in New York City in English in April 1943 , followed a week later by its French counterpart . It was also licensed for publication in other countries by Reynal & Hitchcock before being published by Saint - Exupéry 's normal publisher in France after the end of the Second World War . Le Petit Prince would not be published in France until its liberation , with Gallimard 's first French printing in November 1945 , which they say they did not release for sale until 1946 . In approximately 1947 Gallimard sued Reynal & Hitchcock claiming it had an ' exclusive ' publishing agreement with Saint - Exupéry ( who was killed during the war ) , and later reached a rights agreement with them . Citations Jump up ^ Archibald Colquhoun . Manzoni and his Times . J.M. Dent & Sons , London , 1954 . Jump up ^ `` Best selling book of non-fiction '' . Guinness World Records . Archived from the original on 15 March 2015 . Retrieved 15 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Zhengyuan Fu , Autocratic Tradition and Chinese Politics , Cambridge University Press 1994 , p. 186 . Autocratic Tradition and Chinese Politics Archived 2016 - 01 - 12 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Allen Kent , Harold Lancour , Jay E. Daily , Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science , Volume 22 , CRC Press 1977 , p. 31 . Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science Jump up ^ Alexander C. Cook , Mao 's Little Red Book : A Global History , Cambridge University Press 2014 , p. xiii Mao 's Little Red Book : A Global History Archived 2016 - 01 - 12 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Daniel Leese , Mao Cult : Rhetoric and Ritual in China 's Cultural Revolution , Cambridge University Press 2013 , p. 108 Mao Cult : Rhetoric and Ritual in China 's Cultural Revolution Archived 2016 - 01 - 12 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Carr , Alexandra ( 30 July 2010 ) . `` After The Bible '' . Huffington Post . Archived from the original on 22 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 21 Best - selling Books of All Time '' . HowStuffWorks . Archived from the original on 2016 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Bible vs. Mao : A `` Best Guess '' of the Top 25 Bestselling Books of All Time - Publishing Perspectives `` . Publishing Perspectives . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Forbes Archived 2017 - 08 - 25 at the Wayback Machine . on Harry Potter : `` It and the six subsequent books have now sold 500 million copies worldwide . '' ( 22 May 2013 ) Jump up ^ Hybable Archived 2017 - 09 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . on Harry Potter : `` Collectively , the seven Harry Potter books have sold nearly 500 million copies since the publication of Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone in 1997 , making Harry Potter the bestselling book series of all time . '' ( 29 April 2012 ) Jump up ^ The Telegraph Archived 2017 - 10 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . on Harry Potter : `` More than 500 million copies of the books have been sold worldwide and the series has been translated into 79 languages . '' ( 26 June 2017 ) Jump up ^ Chalton , Nicola ; MacArdle , Meredith ( 2017 ) . 20th Century in Bite - Sized Chunks . Chartwell Books . p. 129 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7858 - 3510 - 3 . Archived from the original on 14 January 2018 . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . Jump up ^ J.K. Rowling Archived 2017 - 07 - 31 at the Wayback Machine . on Harry Potter : `` 20 years after it was first published in the UK in 1997 , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone is to be translated into its 80th language -- Scots ! '' ( 28 June 2017 ) Jump up ^ Forbes on Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows : `` The final one , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , has sold 44 million since it was published last July , including 15 million in the first 24 hours . '' ( 19 December 2008 ) Jump up ^ World Record Academy on Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows : `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - the seventh and last novel in the series - sold around 15 million copies worldwide in its first day and set the new world record for the fastest selling book . '' ( 23 July 2007 ) Jump up ^ BBC Archived 2008 - 11 - 28 at the Wayback Machine . on Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows : `` The book had a print run of 12 million in the US , compared with 10.8 million for the last book , according to Lisa Holton of the book 's US publisher Scholastic . '' ( 23 July 2007 ) Jump up ^ Inshorts on Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows : `` The final instalment of the Harry Potter series , ' The Deathly Hallows ' is recognised by Guinness World Records as ' the fastest selling book of fiction in 24 hours ' with a total of 15 million books sold . With 12 million books printed in the first run , it also holds a record for the ' highest initial print run for a fiction book ' . '' ( 4 July 2016 ) ^ Jump up to : `` The all - time most popular books in the world revealed '' . Stylist Magazine . Archived from the original on 2017 - 02 - 16 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 21 Best - selling Books of All Time '' . HowStuffWorks. 2011 - 12 - 19 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Charles Dickens inscribed book offered for £ 275,000 sale '' . BBC News . 2014 - 08 - 19 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 29 . A Tale of Two Cities is believed to be the best - selling novel of all time , having sold more than 200 million copies . Jump up ^ Mitchell , By David . `` David Mitchell on Historical Fiction '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Archived from the original on 2017 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 29 . Charles Dickens ' second stab at a historical novel , A Tale of Two Cities , has sold more than 200 million copies to date , making it the bestselling novel -- in any genre -- of all time . Jump up ^ Smith , Lydia ( 2014 - 09 - 08 ) . `` International Literacy Day 2014 : What Are the Bestselling Books of All Time ? '' . International Business Times UK . Archived from the original on 2017 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` The Bible vs. Mao : A `` Best Guess '' of the Top 25 Bestselling Books of All Time - Publishing Perspectives `` . Publishing Perspectives. 2010 - 09 - 07 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` A Tale Of Two Cities by Dickens , Charles '' . biblio.co.uk . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` A Tale of Two Cities '' . The Circumlocution Office . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ Flood , Alison ( 2014 - 08 - 21 ) . `` Charles Dickens novel inscribed to George Eliot up for sale '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ J.R.R. Tolkien : A Biography by Humphrey Carpenter Jump up ^ The Lord of the Rings is considered by many to be a single book , because it was written and planned by the author to be such . It is written in the preface to many editions that the book is sometimes ' erroneously ' referred to as a trilogy , and goes on to state that it is one book in three volumes . Some people consider it to instead be a trilogy or series of three books , because it was originally published as a series of three volumes : The Fellowship of the Ring , The Two Towers , and The Return of the King . Lord of the Rings Archived 2007 - 09 - 28 at the Wayback Machine. , Waterstones.com : This move by the publishing house was due largely to post-war paper shortages as well as to minimize the price of the first volume to aid sales . Wagner , Vit . `` Tolkien proves he 's still the king '' Archived 2011 - 03 - 09 at the Wayback Machine. , The Toronto Star , 16 April 2007 : In subsequent printings the book has sometimes appeared as a single volume , and in at least one case was split into seven . The figure of 150 million is a 2007 estimate of copies of the full story sold , whether published as one volume , three , or some other configuration . Jump up ^ THOMAS ADAMSON ( Associated Press ) . `` ' Little Prince ' discovery offers new insight into classic book '' . thetimes-tribune.com . Archived from the original on 2017 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Why `` The Little Prince '' Is Actually A New York Classic `` . Co. Create . Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Chalton , Nicola ; MacArdle , Meredith ( 2017 ) . 20th Century in Bite - Sized Chunks . Chartwell Books . p. 129 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7858 - 3510 - 3 . Archived from the original on 14 January 2018 . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Hobbit : What has made the book such an enduring success ? '' Archived 2016 - 11 - 13 at the Wayback Machine. , The Telegraph , 20 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Huang , Martin ( 1995 ) . Literati and Self - Re / Presentation : Autobiographical Sensibility in the Eighteenth - Century Chinese Novel . Stanford University Press . p. 212 . ISBN 9780804724623 . Jump up ^ `` Betting on The Red Mansions '' Archived 2008 - 04 - 12 at the Wayback Machine. , China.org : `` Sun said that the book has sold over 100 million copies worldwide so far . '' 14 December 2005 Jump up ^ The Telegraph Archived 2010 - 04 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . on The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe : `` This classic story has sold more than 85 million copies in 29 different languages since its publication in 1950 . '' ( 3 April 2010 ) Jump up ^ The Independent Archived 2016 - 01 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . on She : `` His next novel , She , about a beautiful ageless sorceress , was a smashing success , and by 1965 had sold 83 million copies . '' ( 3 April 2010 ) Jump up ^ `` Carlo Collodi , il papà del burattino più conformista della letteratura '' ( in Italian ) . artspecialday.com. April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Repubblica Italiana Archived 2009 - 04 - 28 at the Wayback Machine . on Le Avventure di pinocchio : `` `` The Adventures of Pinocchio '' translated in more of 260 languages . '' ( 1 July 2001 ) Jump up ^ Mandhwani , Aakriti ; Tripathi , Kartikeya ( 23 March 2017 ) . `` Forensic science in Hindi pulp fiction blockbusters '' . The Independent . Retrieved 28 April 2018 . ( Ved Prakash Sharma 's ) 1992 novel Vardi Wala Gunda ( The Uniformed Goon ) sold an unprecedented 1.5 million copies on publication day and went on to sell more than 80 million . Jump up ^ San José Mercury News Archived 2012 - 01 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . on The Da Vinci Code : `` That earlier book has sold more than 80 million copies worldwide , was adapted into a movie and made hits out of Brown 's previous novels , including `` Angels & Demons , '' whose film version is now in theaters . '' ( 5 June 2009 ) Jump up ^ Hypable Archived 2017 - 09 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . on Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets : `` As of 2012 , the book has sold 77 million copies worldwide and been translated into 72 languages . '' ( April 2012 ) ^ Jump up to : FanSided Archived 2017 - 08 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . on Harry Potter : `` The success of the books -- every one of which has sold over 65 million copies -- and the films -- which have done billions of dollars worth of box office sales worldwide -- is perhaps the easiest way to demonstrate the sheer size of the Harry Potter fandom . '' ( November 2016 ) Jump up ^ Forbes Archived 2017 - 10 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . on `` High Five With Paulo Coelho '' Jump up ^ `` Foyles '' . Foyles. 1994 - 08 - 04 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Book Depository Archived 2017 - 08 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . on Think and Grow Rich : `` Originally written in 1937 , Think and Grow Rich has sold over 60 million copies . '' ( 10 October 2012 ) Jump up ^ Carter , Alice T . `` ' The Bridges of Madison County ' novel springs to life as a musical '' . TribLIVE.com . Archived from the original on 2017 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ Genzlinger , Neil ( 2017 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Louise Hay , Widely Read Self - Help Author , Dies at 90 '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 11 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 03 . April 26 , 2014 Jump up ^ The Walrus Archived 2008 - 05 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . December 2007 issue Jump up ^ granma.cu Archived 2011 - 07 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . March 6 , 2007 Jump up ^ http://www.salon.com/entertainment/audiofile/2005/10/31/listens Archived 2011 - 06 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ABC Australia Archived 2014 - 04 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . on Heidi : `` Johanna Spyri 's story has been translated into fifty languages and sold fifty million copies , but the marketing juggernaut shows no signs of slowing down - fat from it . Heidi now has her own theme park . '' ( 5 August 2002 ) ^ Jump up to : The Top 10 of Everything 2002 by Russell Ash Jump up ^ Reuters Archived 2010 - 01 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . on Anne of Green Gables : `` '' Anne of Green Gables '' has sold more than 50 million copies and been translated into 20 languages , according to Penguin . '' ( 19 March 2008 ) Jump up ^ The Times Archived 2008 - 07 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . on Black Beauty : `` Fifty million copies of Black Beauty have been sold in the years since Anna Sewell 's publisher paid her £ 20 for the story . '' ( 29 February 2008 ) Jump up ^ Library Journal Archived 2008 - 09 - 21 at the Wayback Machine . ( no date ) Jump up ^ Crace , John ( 2010 - 07 - 30 ) . `` A life in writing : Jack Higgins '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ BBC News - Watership Down author Richard Adams criticises homes plan Archived 2012 - 01 - 11 at the Wayback Machine . on Watership Down : `` Watership Down sold more than 50 million copies . '' ( 13 December 2011 ) Jump up ^ Daily Mail Archived 2015 - 04 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . on The Hite Report : `` Author of the groundbreaking 1976 Hite Report : A Nationwide Study Of Female Sexuality , Shere Hite has sold more than 50 million copies worldwide . '' ( 06 December 2007 ) Jump up ^ Pocono Record Archived 2014 - 01 - 21 at the Wayback Machine . on Charlotte 's Web : `` It has sold over 50 million copies , been translated into 23 languages , and shown in three major movie versions . '' ( 06 July 2007 ) Jump up ^ Sunday World Archived 2014 - 01 - 18 at Archive.is on The Ginger Man : `` Donleavy , who lives near Mullingar , has previously rejected repeated attempts by Hollywood to make a film version of his book , which has sold 50 million copies worldwide and been translated into 18 languages . '' ( 5 August 2008 ) ^ Jump up to : Davies , Helen ; Dorfman , Marjorie ; Fons , Mary ; Hawkins , Deborah ; Hintz , Martin ; Lundgren , Linnea ; Priess , David ; Clark Robinson , Julia ; Seaburn , Paul ; Stevens , Heidi ; Theunissen , Steve ( 14 September 2007 ) . `` 21 Best - Selling Books of All Time '' . Editors of Publications International , Ltd . Archived from the original on 7 April 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Worker 's Press acknowledge Frederick Warne 's intellectual property rights '' . Prnewswire.co.uk. 2003 - 07 - 10 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 08 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Best - Sellers Initially Rejected '' . www.literaryrejections.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Very Hungry Caterpillar Show '' . The Very Hungry Caterpillar Show . Archived from the original on 2017 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ The National : Sophie 's World author turns from philosophy to climate change Archived 2011 - 03 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . on Sophie 's World : `` The novel has now been translated into 59 languages , and has sold an estimated 40 million copies . '' ( 14 March 2011 ) Jump up ^ Locker , Melissa ( January 17 , 2014 ) . `` More Flowers In the Attic , Please : Which V.C. Andrews Nightmare Novel Should TV Adapt Next ? '' . People . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ on To Kill a Mockingbird : `` ... has sold more than 40 million copies globally since it was published in 1960 . '' ( 03 Feb 2015 ) Archived 2015 - 07 - 11 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Michael Fleming ( 20 April 2009 ) . `` Columbia moves on ' Symbol ' '' . Variety Online . Archived from the original on 24 April 2009 . Retrieved 1 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Reporter , Noorhan Barakat , Staff ( 2013 - 03 - 09 ) . `` Best selling novelist charmed the audience at the Emirates Airline Festival of Literature '' . GulfNews . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Евгений Немировский ( 2000 - 01 - 03 ) . `` Журнал `` КомпьюАрт '' Подводя итоги XX столетия : книгоиздание . Бестселлер -- детище рекламы `` . Compuart.ru . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Berger , Joseph ( 2014 - 11 - 04 ) . `` Recalling Anne Frank , as Icon and Human Being '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Comfort , David ( 14 November 2013 ) . An Insider 's Guide to Publishing . Writer 's Digest Books . p. 244 . ISBN 9781599637815 . Archived from the original on 14 January 2018 . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ To Bryce Harper and Davey Johnson , ' play me or trade me ' is just a healthy joke Archived 2014 - 04 - 26 at the Wayback Machine ... Thomas Boswell for The Washington Post : `` If ( Johnson ) has to call on the wisdom of an old ' 70s self - help bestseller like `` Your Erroneous Zones , '' he 'll whip it out . He 's still got one of the 35 million copies sold . '' ( 8 July 2013 ) Jump up ^ ABC News Archived 2014 - 02 - 03 at the Wayback Machine . on The Late , Great Planet Earth : `` Hal Lindsey 's `` The Late Great Planet Earth '' was one of the best - selling nonfiction works of the 1970s , according to The New York Times , with publishers shipping out more than 35 million copies in 52 languages . '' ( 6 June 2006 ) Jump up ^ Thomsen , Simon ( 2015 - 01 - 30 ) . `` People Are Going Nuts Over This Obituary For Author Colleen McCullough Which Called Her ' Plain ' And ' Overweight ' '' . Business Insider Australia . Archived from the original on 2017 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ Playbill Archived 2017 - 03 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . on The Kite Runner : `` The Kite Runner , which has been published in 70 countries , selling 31.5 million copies in 60 languages . '' ( 2 September 2016 ) Jump up ^ Symonds , Alexandria . ' Valley of the Dolls , ' by the numbers . Archived 2016 - 07 - 09 at the Wayback Machine . T : The New York Times Style Magazine . February 9 , 2016 . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nicole Sperling ( 15 January 2013 ) . `` Dan Brown : What 's the film status of his book ' The Lost Symbol ' ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 8 December 2015 . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . Jump up ^ The Daily Mail on Gone with the Wind : `` The book has sold more than 30 million copies in the decades since the publication of Margaret Mitchell 's gripping tale of the Old South gasping its last breath , as the U.S. was torn apart by Civil War and its bitter aftermath . '' ( 4 April 2008 ) Jump up ^ Summer Broadway Opening Set for 1984 Archived 2017 - 04 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . The Hollywood Reporter 2017 Jump up ^ ABC News Archived 2008 - 05 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . on The Purpose - Driven Life : `` His book , `` The Purpose Driven Life , '' has been translated into 56 languages and has sold 30 million copies . '' ( 7 March 2007 ) Jump up ^ The Continuum Encyclopedia of American Literature Archived 2013 - 10 - 12 at the Wayback Machine. , p. 559 , on The Revolt of Mamie Stover : `` The Revolt of Mamie Stover ( 1951 ) , which sold almost thirty million copies worldwide , ( ... ) '' ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Winnipeg Free Press Archived 2010 - 05 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . on The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo : `` The first book sold 30 million copies and is available in 44 languages . '' ( 15 April 2010 ) Jump up ^ The Global Times Archived 2012 - 07 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . on Who Moved My Cheese : `` Who Moved My Cheese has sold over 26 million copies , staying on the New York Times bestseller list since its release in 1998 . '' ( 23 November 2009 Jump up ^ Donahue , Deirdre ( 7 May 2013 ) . `` The Great Gatsby by the numbers '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on 11 May 2013 . Retrieved 12 May 2013 . Jump up ^ The Columbus Dispatch on The Wind in the Willows : `` More than 25 million copies of the book have been sold in 70 countries since 1908 , according to the Copyrights Group , which is presently promoting a new edition . '' ( 4 May 2008 ) Jump up ^ Forbes Archived 2017 - 03 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . on Covey : `` Stephen Covey will be remembered most as the author of The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People , which sold over 25 million copies . '' ( 16 July 2012 ) Jump up ^ The Age Archived 2008 - 12 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . on The Celestine Prophecy : `` it has sold in the vicinity of 23 million copies since its publication in 1993 '' ( 22 March 2008 Jump up ^ `` ' The Hunger Games ' trilogy reaches 50 million copies in print milestone '' . thecelebritycafe.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` John Green ' Turtles ' book tour balances anxiety , laughs '' . Indianapolis Star . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ ( Grace Walk Canada Archived 2017 - 02 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . ) `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 21 . ( 21 February 2017 ) Jump up ^ The Toronto Star Archived 2012 - 11 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . on Mario Puzo : `` According to the Official Mario Puzo Library website , the book sold 21 million copies in hardback and paper by 1997 . '' ( 21 July 2007 ) Jump up ^ Playbill Archived 2010 - 07 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . on Love Story : `` Erich Segal 's best - selling novel , which has sold 21 million copies worldwide in 33 languages ( ... ) '' ( 23 July 2010 ) Jump up ^ Flynn , Gillian ( 2013 - 01 - 03 ) . Gone Girl ( in Anglais ) . London : W&N . ISBN 9780753827666 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 15 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Why success derailed Girl On The Train author Paula Hawkins '' . Mail Online . Archived from the original on 2017 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Marcel Behling : Bestsellerliste : Die meistverkauften Bücher aller Zeiten Archived 2016 - 08 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Bermuda Triangle : Whatever became of the myth '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Archived from the original on 2016 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ ( `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 10 - 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ The Floating Pig That Became a Sign of Protest Archived 2017 - 05 - 16 at the Wayback Machine . BBC Online 2017 Jump up ^ The Financial Times Archived 2008 - 05 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . on Wolf Totem : `` Since it first appeared in 2004 , Jiang Rong 's Wolf Totem has sold as many as 20 million copies . '' ( 15 March 2008 ) Jump up ^ The Philadelphia Inquirer on The Happy Hooker : `` He said he found it fascinating that her book , which has sold 20 million copies to date , is still being picked up today . '' ( 26 June 2008 ) Jump up ^ The Times Archived 2007 - 03 - 09 at the Wayback Machine . on Jaws : `` Jaws stayed for 40 weeks in the bestseller charts of The New York Times , eventually selling 20 million copies ( ... ) '' ( 13 February 2006 ) Jump up ^ The Huntsville Forester on Love You Forever : `` The children 's classic Love You Forever has sold over 20 million copies worldwide and is in its 65th printing . '' ( 29 October 2008 ) Jump up ^ CBC Archived 2009 - 05 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . on The Women 's Room : `` It sold 20 million copies and was widely translated , despite poor reviews . '' ( 5 May 2009 ) Jump up ^ The Australian Archived 2012 - 01 - 09 at the Wayback Machine . on What to Expect When You 're Expecting : `` What to Expect When You 're Expecting , in its fourth edition , was first published in 1984 and has sold more than 20 million copies . '' ( 27 October 2010 ) Jump up ^ New York Times Upfront Archived 2013 - 11 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . on The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn : `` This year marks the 125th anniversary of the publication of Huckleberry Finn in the U.S. , and the book is still selling -- more than 20 million copies worldwide to date -- and still generating controversy . '' ( 10 March 2010 ) Jump up ^ Eureka ! : Inventors describe the moment they realised they 'd created a hit Archived 2015 - 04 - 03 at the Wayback Machine . on The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole , Aged 133⁄4 : `` ' The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole Aged 133⁄4 ' has sold more than 20 million copies . '' ( 29 October 2011 ) Jump up ^ John J. Miller on Thor Heyerdahl on National Review Online Archived 2013 - 06 - 15 at the Wayback Machine . on Kon - Tiki : Across the Pacific in a Raft : `` '' Our intention was to test the performance and quality of the Inca raft , its seaworthiness and loading capacity , and to ascertain whether the elements would really propel it across the sea to Polynesia with its crew still on board , '' he wrote in Kon - Tiki , a book that has sold 20 million copies . '' ( April 19 , 2002 ) Jump up ^ The Voice of Russia : Švejkův otec stojí v Moskvě mezi světovou elitou Archived 2013 - 05 - 03 at the Wayback Machine . `` Jaroslav Hašek and his Švejk are still popular in Russia . More than 20 million copies were already produced . '' Jump up ^ USA Today Archived 2016 - 04 - 14 at the Wayback Machine . on Where the Wild Things are : `` More than 20 million copies have been sold in 32 languages . '' ( November 21 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ The New York Times Archived 2017 - 08 - 03 at the Wayback Machine . on The Power of Positive Thinking : `` Ruth Stafford Peale , the author 's widow ( he died last Christmas Eve ) feels that the book is as viable today as it was 20 million copies ago . '' ( May 31 , 1994 ) Jump up ^ Belfast Telegraph on The Secret : `` Publishers Simon & Schuster expect sales to be on a par with -- if not bigger than -- ' The Secret ' , which has so far notched up 20 million copies in 46 languages . '' ( 19 August 2010 ) Jump up ^ Washington Post Archived 2014 - 04 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . on Fear of Flying : `` It has been 40 years since `` Fear '' and its glamorous author landed like feminist blonde bombshells on American culture , selling 20 million copies here and abroad . '' ( 7 October 2013 ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 06 . Macmillan on Dune : `` Today the novel is more popular than ever , with new readers continually discovering it and telling their friends to pick up a copy . It has been translated into dozens of languages and has sold almost 20 million copies ; '' Jump up ^ Chocolate Factory book cover furore Archived 2016 - 06 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . ( 8 August 2014 ) Jump up ^ Dunbar , Robin ; Saini , Angela ; Garrod , Ben ; Rutherford , Adam ( 2017 - 09 - 24 ) . `` The Naked Ape at 50 : ' Its central claim has surely stood the test of time ' '' . The Observer . ISSN 0029 - 7712 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 11 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ 「 窓ぎわ の トット ちゃん 」 、 中国 で 1 千 万 部 突破 Archived 2017 - 05 - 16 at the Wayback Machine. , Asahi Shimbun ( 12 May 2017 ) Jump up ^ Hawtin , Fiona ( 2001 - 10 - 18 ) . `` Nicholas Evans : The Smoke Jumper '' . New Zealand Herald . ISSN 1170 - 0777 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Playthings Archived 2008 - 12 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . '' . Playthings. ( 1 April 2007 ) Jump up ^ OBITUARY : Michael Ende - People - News - The Independent Archived 2017 - 08 - 15 at the Wayback Machine . on The Neverending Story : `` Translated into 30 languages and selling over 16 million copies , it starts when 10 - year - old Bastian , overweight and undervalued , decides he will read a fantastic book rather than endure another day 's bullying at school . '' ( Friday 01 September 1995 ) Jump up ^ Krischer , Hayley ( 2017 - 03 - 12 ) . `` Why ' The Outsiders ' Lives On : A Teenage Novel Turns 50 '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 03 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : RJM Licensing Archived December 7 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Time 26 November 1990 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Books : Poky Little Puppy ( Little Golden Book ) '' . Jp.bookmooch.com. 1992 - 06 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ CBS Archived 2008 - 04 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . on Ken Follett : `` But since it was published in 1989 , `` The Pillars of the Earth '' has become an international sensation , selling 15 million copies worldwide . '' ( 7 October 2007 ) Jump up ^ The Financial Post Archived 2008 - 10 - 09 at the Wayback Machine . on Dale Carnegie : `` Dale Carnegie 's How to Win Friends and Influence People , the gold standard of the genre , has sold more than 15 million copies since it was first published in 1937 . '' ( 5 April 2008 ) Jump up ^ The Patriot Ledger on Perfume : `` Yet the scene , like the movie , is so daring , so challenging , you can not help but respect Tykwer 's unerring desire to remain true to the source novel , a book that has sold 15 million copies and has been credited with inspiring Kurt Cobain to write the Nirvana classic ' ' Scentless Apprentice . ' ' '' ( 5 January 2007 ) Jump up ^ `` Research The Grapes of Wrath - John Steinbeck - 1939 Literary Themes : The American Dream '' . www.bookrags.com . Archived from the original on 2017 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ Irish Times Archived 2012 - 01 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . on The Shadow of the Wind : `` ( ... ) his novel The Shadow of the Wind has sold more than 15 million copies worldwide , writes Arminta Wallace '' ( 13 June 2009 ) Jump up ^ The 30 Best Pulitzer Prize - Winning Novels and Short Story Collections Paste ( Magazine ) 2017 Jump up ^ `` Do n't Panic : Douglas Adams and the Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy by Neil Gaiman '' . Contemporarylit.about.com. 2005 - 04 - 29 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 14 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ USA Today Archived 2012 - 01 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . on Tuesdays with Morrie : `` The book has sold more than 14 million copies worldwide since 1997 and became an Oprah Winfrey - produced TV movie . '' ( 8 April 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Erskine Caldwell Biography '' . Id.mind.net. 1987 - 04 - 11 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 18 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ The International Herald Tribune on Follow Your Heart : `` But Susanna Tamaro 's `` Follow Your Heart , '' the biggest selling Italian postwar novel , with more than 14 million copies sold , according to its publisher , Baldini Castoldi , as it was known then , sold barely 25,000 copies in the United States . '' ( 3 August 2008 ) Jump up ^ The Wall Street Journal Archived 2017 - 03 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . on A Wrinkle in Time : `` Madeleine L'Engle's ' A Wrinkle in Time ' has sold 14 million copies since its publication in 1962 . '' ( 16 April 2015 ) Jump up ^ `` New Mandela memoir launched in S Africa '' . BBC News . 2017 - 10 - 19 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Towards the light '' . theage.com.au . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Me Before You fans ! JoJo Moyes confirms third instalment in the works '' . HOLA. 2017 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Associated Press Archived 2010 - 09 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . on Norwegian Wood : `` More than 10 million copies of the book have been sold in Japan alone , with 2.6 million more sold in another 33 languages . '' ( 2 September 2010 ) Jump up ^ The Toronto Star Archived 2012 - 11 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . on Grace Metalious : `` It sold 100,000 copies in its first month and went on to sell another 12 million copies , was made into a film and eventually into a prime - time television series that made the young Mia Farrow a star . '' ( 21 July 2007 ) Jump up ^ China View Archived 2009 - 01 - 10 at the Wayback Machine . on La Peste : `` Translated into 28 languages , the book has sold more than 12 million copies around the world . '' ( 9 April 2008 ) Jump up ^ Yomiuri Shimbun Archived 2009 - 08 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . ( 21 April 2009 ) Jump up ^ The Australian Archived 2012 - 01 - 09 at the Wayback Machine . on Man 's Search for Meaning : `` It 's the 75th edition of a book that has sold 12 million copies and is one of the most read Holocaust texts . '' ( 14 May 2011 ) Jump up ^ estimate of Giuliano Vigini Archived 2010 - 11 - 14 at the Wayback Machine . ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ `` Prophet Motive '' . The New Yorker . Archived from the original on 2017 - 04 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ The Wall Street Journal on The Exorcist : `` Back in the 1970s , those smaller , rack - sized paperbacks were the blockbusters of the business , led by such best sellers as William Peter Blatty 's `` The Exorcist '' ( 11 million copies sold ) ; Peter Benchley 's `` Jaws '' ( more than nine million copies ) , and Sidney Sheldon 's `` The Other Side of Midnight '' ( six million copies plus ) . '' ( 14 September 2007 ) Jump up ^ The Telegraph Archived 2010 - 04 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . on The Gruffalo : `` The Gruffalo has sold more than 10.5 million copies , been adapted for stage in both the West End and Broadway , and in 2009 was made into a 30 - minute animated film '' ( 3 April 2010 ) Jump up ^ `` After 50 years , a tip of the hat to one cool ' Cat ' - USATODAY.com '' . usatoday30.usatoday.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` My secret life as Princess Diana 's confidant '' . New York Post . 2017 - 08 - 26 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Mills , Fiona ( 2016 - 06 - 22 ) . Like One of the Family : Domestic Workers , Race , and In / Visibility in The Help . Cambridge Scholars Publishing . ISBN 9781443896399 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` ' Catch - 22 ' Author Joseph Heller Dies '' . Washingtonpost.com. 1999 - 12 - 13 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 17 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Looking for the Stranger '' . rusoffagency.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 11 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ Carlos Ramet in Ken Follett : The Transformation of a Writer Archived 2017 - 03 - 26 at the Wayback Machine. page 44 on Ken Follett : `` The first two editions alone sold over 10 million copies worldwide '' ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ The Telegraph Archived 2007 - 04 - 28 at the Wayback Machine . on Stephen Hawking : `` Prof Hawking is the author of A Brief History of Time -- which has sold 10 million copies -- and is currently writing two books . '' ( 27 April 2007 ) Jump up ^ TVNZ Archived 2009 - 09 - 25 at the Wayback Machine . on The Lovely Bones : `` Published in 2002 , Lovely Bones is the second novel by Alice Sebold , and has sold over 10 million copies worldwide , remaining on the New York Times hardback bestseller list for over a year . '' ( 5 May 2007 ) Jump up ^ The Telegraph on Wild Swans : `` Selling more than 10 million copies and topping the `` most borrowed historical biography '' chart in British libraries year after year , it proved a publishing phenomenon '' ( 21 July 2007 ) Jump up ^ Britannica Archived 2007 - 08 - 31 at the Wayback Machine . on Santa Evita : `` Martínez was best known as the author of two classics of Argentine and Latin American literature : La novela de Perón ( 1985 , The Perón Novel , 1988 ) and Santa Evita ( 1995 , Eng . trans. , 1995 ) ; the latter was translated into 30 languages and sold more than 10 million copies . '' ( 22 November 2007 ) Jump up ^ The New York Times Archived 2017 - 09 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . on Night : `` Indeed , since it appeared in 1960 , `` Night '' has sold an estimated 10 million copies -- three million of them since Winfrey chose the book in January 2006 ( and traveled with Wiesel to Auschwitz ) . '' ( 20 January 2008 ) Jump up ^ Flood , Alison ( April 14 , 2008 ) . `` Macmillan 's 100k Chinese deal '' . The Bookseller . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ABC News Archived 2008 - 04 - 16 at the Wayback Machine . on The Total Woman : `` One of the first books to address the issue was Marabel Morgan 's `` The Total Woman , '' which sold more than 10 million copies to women of all religious persuasions , making it the best - selling nonfiction book of 1974 . '' ( 15 April 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Waseda University '' . Waseda.jp . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ people.com.cn Archived 2006 - 01 - 09 at the Wayback Machine . ( 2 August 2005 ) Jump up ^ U.S. News & World Report Archived 2009 - 05 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . on What Color is Your Parachute : `` Today , Parachute is one of the all - time bestselling careers books , with more than 10 million copies of 37 editions snapped up since 1970 . '' ( 1 October 2008 ) Jump up ^ The Toronto Star Archived 2012 - 10 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . on The Dukan Diet : `` The book has sold 10 million copies worldwide , but did n't really make an impression on North America until ( ... ) '' ( 18 April 2011 ) Jump up ^ BBC Magazine Archived 2011 - 10 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . on The Joy of Sex : `` The Joy of Sex ended up selling more than 10 million copies around the world - more than five million in the United States alone , where it stayed in the New York Times best - seller list for a decade . '' ( 26 October 2011 ) . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 11 - 13 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 29 . on The Gospel according to Peanuts : `` The Gospel according to Peanuts ended up selling more than 10 million copies around the world . '' Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 25 . on Life of Pi : `` It was based on a popular novel by Yann Martel that has sold more than 10 million copies around the world . '' Jump up ^ New Trailer hits for ' The Giver ' Archived 2014 - 06 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . on The Giver : `` The film is based on Lois Lowry 's beloved young adult novel of the same name , which was the winner the 1994 Newbery Medal and has sold over 10 million copies worldwide . '' Jump up ^ Author Examines Gay Athletes Archived 2016 - 02 - 16 at the Wayback Machine . on The Front Runner : `` The Front Runner long ago leapt from the shelves of so - called ' gay fiction ' to become one of the best - selling novels of recent times , selling 10 million copies in eight languages . '' Jump up ^ Books Apart Archived 2017 - 08 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . on The Goal : `` The Goal is one of the best selling business novels . It has sold around 10 million copies and has been translated in over 35 languages . '' Jump up ^ Forbes Archived 2017 - 08 - 25 at the Wayback Machine . on Harry Potter : `` It and the six subsequent books have now sold 500 million copies worldwide . '' ( 22 May 2013 ) Jump up ^ Forbes Archived 2017 - 08 - 25 at the Wayback Machine . on Harry Potter and the Cursed Child : `` In June 2016 , J.K. Rowling 's latest book , Harry Potter and the Cursed Child , not only shifted 8.3 million units in the first 24 hours and 11.5 million in the first 10 days but , according to Barnes & Noble , it also became the most pre-ordered book since Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . '' ( 27 June 2017 ) Jump up ^ Bookseller Archived 2015 - 07 - 10 at the Wayback Machine . on Goosebumps : `` Goosebumps is the second - bestselling series of all time globally , selling over 350 million books across 32 languages ( ... ) '' ( 14 October 2014 ) Jump up ^ Serafin , Steven R. ; Bendixen , Alfred ( 2005 ) . The Continuum Encyclopedia of American Literature . Continuum International Publishing Group . p. 1305 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 1777 - 0 . Archived from the original on 12 October 2013 . Retrieved 5 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Variety Archived 2008 - 04 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . on the Berenstain Bears : `` The company also is offering a new animated series based on the Berenstain Bears , the hugely popular children 's brand that has sold more than 260 million books worldwide . '' ( 7 April 2002 ) Jump up ^ The Globe and Mail on Choose Your Own Adventure : `` The Choose Your Own Adventure DVD movies are adaptations of the original books , which sold more than 250 million copies . '' ( 22 August 2006 ) Jump up ^ Forbes Archived 2017 - 08 - 12 at the Wayback Machine . on Sweet Valley High : `` But despite 250 million copies in print , in 25 languages , Sweet Valley 's sugar rush has been on the decline . '' ( 28 October 2002 ) Jump up ^ `` Happy 50th birthday Noddy '' . BBC News . 1999 - 11 - 22 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ USA Today Archived 2012 - 01 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . on Nancy Drew : `` The series is still in print and has sold over 200 million books in 17 languages . '' ( 29 May 2002 ) Jump up ^ `` Thomas the Tank Engine 's new friend Hiro '' . ninemsn.com.au. 2010 - 04 - 14 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 17 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Keslassy , Elsa ( 20 February 2012 ) . `` AB lines up ' Waterloo ' miniseries : English - lingo battle drama to cost up to $15 million '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on 31 July 2012 . Retrieved 12 March 2012 . Published between 1949 and 2001 , the San Antonio anthology is one of the best - selling French novel series of all times , having sold an estimated 200 million copies . Jump up ^ Legge , James ( 14 May 2013 ) . `` Dan Brown 's Inferno : Publishers poised for biggest - sales since Harry Potter as Da Vinci Code author 's latest Robert Langdon story hits shelves '' . The Independent . London . Archived from the original on 9 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Read the new Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Getaway before anyone else '' . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid author Jeff Kinney is coming to Bath and tickets are on sale today '' . Jump up ^ Benjamin M. Compaine and Douglas Gomery Archived 2014 - 04 - 26 at the Wayback Machine. , ' Who Owns the Media ? : Competition and Concentration in the Mass Media Industry ' page 115 '' Jump up ^ The Wall Street Journal on the Star Wars books : `` According to a Random House spokesman , the publisher has more than 160 million copies of `` Star Wars '' books in print . '' ( 1 April 2005 ) Jump up ^ Mercer Mayer , HarperCollins , archived from the original on 24 October 2014 , retrieved 24 October 2014 , His most recognized character , the lovable and charismatic Little Critter ® , was born in 1975 in the book Just for You . Mercer 's Little Critter has since starred in more than two hundred books , which have sold over one hundred and fifty million copies . Jump up ^ `` Peter Rabbit in China copyright stew '' . BBC News . 2003 - 06 - 23 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ E.L. James has a new ' Fifty Shades ' : ' Darker ' from Christian 's point of view date = 2017 - 10 - 10 on Fifty Shades of Grey : `` The `` Fifty Shades '' trilogy , which began with the 2011 novel `` Fifty Shades of Grey , '' has been a publishing phenomenon . The books have sold more than 150 million copies and have spawned two film adaptations , with a third one slated for release next year . '' ( 4 February 2018 ) Jump up ^ `` American Girl Brands , LLC Company Profile Vault.com '' . Vault . Archived from the original on 2017 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 12 - 14 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ CityWire on Chicken Soup : `` His Chicken Soup for the Soul series , co-authored with Jack Canfield , has sold over 130 million copies in 54 languages and spans 105 different titles . '' ( 17 August 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Norman Bridwell National Book Festival - Library of Congress '' . www.loc.gov . Archived from the original on 2017 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ Weber , Bruce ( 2014 - 12 - 16 ) . `` Norman Bridwell , Creator of ' Clifford the Big Red Dog ' Books , Dies at 86 '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ Susan Edgerton e.a. in Imagining the Academy : Higher Education and Popular Culture Archived 2017 - 02 - 15 at the Wayback Machine. page 53 , on Gilbert Patten : `` It is estimated that at least 125 million copies of the Frank Merriwell series ( which itself ran to at least 209 books ) were sold . '' ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ `` Crusader Entertainment Acquires the Rights to Clive Cussler 's Best - Selling Dirk Pitt Book Series '' . Us.penguingroup.com. 2001 - 05 - 14 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 08 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Way Of The Samurai , Path Of The Tedious '' . New York Times . 1981 - 09 - 13 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 18 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Hollywood 's liberal losses Archived 2008 - 05 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . ( 20 November 2005 ) Jump up ^ BBC News Archived 2011 - 08 - 11 at the Wayback Machine . on Mr. Men : `` The famous books have gone on to sell 120 million copies and have been translated into 15 different languages . '' ( 11 August 2011 ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 08 - 16 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 18 . on Twilight : `` Stephanie Meyer dwarfed the success of Brown 's work with the Twilight series , selling over 120 million copies in less than seven years . '' ( 26 April 2012 ) Jump up ^ `` James Bond 007 - News '' . 007.info . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ RTBF Archived 2011 - 01 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . on Martine : `` Soixante albums de `` Martine '' ont été publiés dans la collection `` Farandole '' et 100 millions d'exemplaires vendus dans le monde . '' ( 21 January 2011 ) Jump up ^ `` Nijntje 's creator turns 80 '' . Expatica.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Knopf Announces Fifth Book In Larsson 's Millennium Series '' . Publishers Weekly . 11 April 2017 . Archived from the original on 23 October 2017 . Retrieved 22 October 2017 . Jump up ^ USA Today Archived 2016 - 06 - 10 at the Wayback Machine . on James Patterson 's Alex Cross by the numbers : `` 81 million : Copies sold of series , starting with Along Came a Spider in 1993 . '' `` with Alex , it just seems to come together so naturally that I 've kept him for myself . I suppose you could say Alex is the co-author . '' ( 27 November 2013 ) Jump up ^ Luisa Gerasimo e.a. in The Teacher 's Calendar of Famous Birthdays Archived 2017 - 04 - 01 at the Wayback Machine. page 8 , on R.L. Stine : `` That year he also created Fear Street , the first horror series for teenagers , which sold 80 million copies . '' ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ `` Children 's writer told £ 200,000 prize is no fantasy '' . Scotsman.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Husband , Stuart ( 2 November 2008 ) . `` Anne Rice : interview with the vampire writer '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Archived from the original on 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Robert Jordan Archived 2017 - 05 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . Bragelonne -- Jordan 's French publisher , 2017 Jump up ^ The Los AngelesDaily News Archived 2009 - 02 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . on OSS 117 : `` Jean Bruce wrote 265 OSS 117 novels , selling some 75 million copies and spawning seven movies between 1956 and 1970 . '' ( 1 August 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : an epic publishing story '' . The Guardian . 5 Aug 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Video and DVD Insider '' . Disney.go.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 12 - 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Amazon Archived 2012 - 05 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . on Terry Pratchett : `` Sir Terry Pratchett was the acclaimed creator of the global bestselling Discworld series , the first of which , The Colour of Magic , was published in 1983 . In all , he was the author of fifty bestselling books . His novels have been widely adapted for stage and screen , and he was the winner of multiple prizes , including the Carnegie Medal , as well as being awarded a knighthood for services to literature . Worldwide sales of his books now stand at 70 million , and they have been translated into thirty - seven languages . Sir Terry Pratchett died on 12th March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Join the Magic Tree House ! '' . magictreehouse.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ Lexington Herald - Leader on the Magic Tree House series : `` The series has sold 70 million copies in North America and has been translated into 28 different languages in 31 countries . '' ( 25 November 2010 ) Jump up ^ `` The Hunger Games Scholastic Media Room '' . mediaroom.scholastic.com . Archived from the original on 2017 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ Jerry B. Jenkins and Tim LaHaye ( 2001 - 09 - 11 ) . `` Home '' . Left Behind . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 30 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ The Globe and Mail on A Series of Unfortunate Events : `` whose 13 `` A Series of Unfortunate Events '' books for children have sold an astonishing 65 million copies . '' ( 10 January 2012 ) Jump up ^ The Green Bay Press Gazette on Little House on the Prairie : `` If there was any doubt that a love for `` Little House is an everlasting one , consider not only that 60 million copies of the Wisconsin - born Wilder 's books have been sold since 1932 ( ... ) '' ( 24 July 2010 ) Jump up ^ The Belfast Telegraph on the Jack Reacher books : `` 2012 marks a landmark year for Lee Child , whose Jack Reacher thrillers have now sold in excess of 60 million copies worldwide . '' ( 7 September 2012 ) Jump up ^ U.S. title : Where 's Waldo ? Jump up ^ Variety Archived 2011 - 11 - 09 at the Wayback Machine . on Where 's Waldo : `` The books have sold more than 55 million copies in more than 38 countries and been translated into more than 30 languages '' ( 7 November 2011 ) Jump up ^ The Star Archived 2011 - 05 - 21 at the Wayback Machine . on the Mars Venus series : `` You must be from another planet if you have not heard of Gray and his Mars Venus universe . Fifty million of his books have been sold in 40 different languages . '' ( 24 February 2008 ) Jump up ^ The Unofficial Hardy Boys Home Page , `` from the publisher McFarland & Company '' : Archived 2007 - 07 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . In its 80 year history , the Hardy Boys series has sold over 50 million books in over 25 languages ( 20 February 2008 ) Jump up ^ The New York Times : The Bobbsey Twins Carry On ( And On and On ) `` ... a series of more than 70 books for children 7 to 9 years old that has sold more than 50 million copies worldwide . '' ( 17 August 1987 ) Jump up ^ Screening Difference : How Hollywood 's Blockbuster Films Imagine Race Archived 2016 - 09 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . Jaap van Ginneken , 2007 Jump up ^ `` New Jean Auel '' . Publishers Weekly . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` A Child 's First Library of Learning '' . English-time.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ The Alameda Sun Archived 2008 - 09 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . on Junie B. Jones : `` The series , launched in 1992 , offers 27 books and an interactive journal , and has sold 44 million copies around the world . '' ( 27 June 2008 ) Jump up ^ The Irish Independent on Harry Bosch : `` Crime writer Michael Connelly 's Hieronymous ' Harry ' Bosch thrillers have sold 42 million copies , ( ... ) '' ( 5 November 2011 ) Jump up ^ The Anniston Star Archived 2011 - 10 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . on Harry Hole : `` The series has been translated into 40 languages and has sold more than 40 million copies worldwide . '' ( 29 July 2011 ) Jump up ^ China Pictorial Archived 2008 - 03 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . October 2006 Jump up ^ ORICON NEWS Archived 2017 - 06 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . ( 13 March 2017 ) Jump up ^ Daily Mail Archived 2008 - 06 - 03 at the Wayback Machine . on Paddington Bear : `` To date , Paddington books have sold more than 35 million copies worldwide and are available in more than 40 languages . '' ( 2 June 2008 ) Jump up ^ Movie Alert : `` The Divergent Series - Allegiant '' Archived 2017 - 10 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . Publishers Weekly 2016 Jump up ^ Fortini , Amanda ( 8 March 2012 ) . `` The Prince of Dragons : Christopher Paolini and the Rise of ' Inheritance ' '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 20 March 2012 . Retrieved 12 March 2012 . His four books have collectively sold more than 33 million copies worldwide . Jump up ^ `` 徳川 家康 ( 1 ) 出生 乱 離 の 巻 '' . Bookweb.kinokuniya.co.jp . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 30 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ ABC News Archived 2010 - 09 - 15 at the Wayback Machine . on Ramona : `` The film is adapted from Beverly Cleary 's series of `` Ramona '' books , which go back more than 50 years and have sold 30 million copies . '' ( 23 July 2010 ) Jump up ^ SuperHeroHype . `` The Dark Tower to Become a Film Trilogy and TV Series '' . Superhero Hype . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 15 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` From Grey To Gray In His New Film , Joel Grey Piles On Years With Makeup '' Archived 2013 - 11 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . on The Destroyer : `` The movie , by Dick Clark , Larry Spiegel and Mel Bergman Productions , is based on the Destroyer novel series of some 62 books which has sold 30 million copies . '' ( 11 October 1985 ) Jump up ^ Asahi.com Kids ( 11 December 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` How Curious George Escaped the Nazis '' . The New York Times . 13 September 2005 . Archived from the original on 3 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Asahi Shimbun Archived 2016 - 03 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . ( 9 April 2005 ) Jump up ^ Big Tent Entertainment Jump up ^ Yomiuri Shimbun ( 3 March 2003 ) Jump up ^ The Financial Express Archived 2013 - 11 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . on Rich Dad , Poor Dad : `` He has written 18 books , which have sold over 26 million copies . '' ( 6 July 2008 ) Jump up ^ The Guardian Archived 2016 - 04 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . on Wallander : `` ( ... ) the crime novels by Swedish author Henning Mankell , which have sold 25 million copies worldwide . '' ( 21 September 2008 ) Jump up ^ Norwegian best selling author to cast spell on the UK Archived 2012 - 01 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks . `` Swords and Sorcery Return to Syndication '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 4 September 2017 . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Outlander : Is this the new ' Game of Thrones ' ? '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 2017 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ The real - life family and tales behind best - seller `` Dork Diaries '' Archived 2015 - 10 - 31 at the Wayback Machine . CBS News October 28 , 2015 Jump up ^ Nifty.com Archived 2010 - 09 - 15 at the Wayback Machine . ( Gokujo No Tabi October 2003 ) Jump up ^ Storybook Cove Archived 2007 - 09 - 28 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Miami Herald on the South Beach Diet books : `` The South Beach Diet became a No. 1 New York Times Bestseller and the six books in the series have sold 22 million copies . '' ( 15 January 2008 Jump up ^ Japan Inc . Archived 2008 - 04 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . ( 22 June 2006 ) Jump up ^ Variety Archived 2017 - 08 - 16 at the Wayback Machine . on Artemis Fowl : `` The `` Artemis Fowl '' books have sold more than 21 million copies in print in 44 languages worldwide . '' ( 29 July 2013 ) Jump up ^ Yomiuri Shimbun Archived 2007 - 10 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . ( 16 January 2007 ) Jump up ^ ' Shannara ' Series in the works at MTV Archived 2016 - 01 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . The Hollywood Reporter 2013 Jump up ^ `` Livres Hebdo ( no 321 ) '' . Livres Hebdo , n ° 321 ( in French ) . Paris : Electre S.A. January 1999 . Jump up ^ Françoise Hache - Bissette ( 2002 ) . `` Découvertes Gallimard ou la culture encyclopédique à la française '' . ricochet-jeunes.org ( in French ) . Archived from the original on 21 September 2017 . Retrieved 15 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 06 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 04 . ( 5 January 2017 ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 09 - 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 12 . on Redwall : `` Brian Jacques ' award - winning books , which have sold more than 20 million copies worldwide in 28 languages . '' ( 8 May 2009 ) Jump up ^ IESB.net Archived 2008 - 10 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . 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Jump up ^ Publishers Weekly Archived 2008 - 10 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . on Vampire Hunter D: `` The books have sold more than 17 million copies around the world . '' ( 30 September 2008 ) Jump up ^ BBC Archived 2008 - 09 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . on The Hichhiker 's Guide : `` About 16 million copies of the books have been sold worldwide '' ( 17 September 2008 ) Jump up ^ Helen Fielding : Beyond Bridget Archived 2011 - 06 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . The Independent 2003 Jump up ^ `` Raymond E Feist biography , bibliography and reviews '' . www.fantasybookreview.co.uk . Archived from the original on 2017 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ BBC Archived 2008 - 03 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . on Alexander McCall Smith : `` His books , featuring the unconventional No. 1 Ladies Detective Agency , have sold 15 million copies in English , not counting the 42 languages they 've been published in elsewhere . '' 7 March 2008 Jump up ^ Kyodo Tsushin ( archive.org ) ( 20 December 2001 ) Jump up ^ The New York Times Archived 2017 - 09 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . on His Dark Materials : `` His Dark Materials , Philip Pullman 's trilogy inspired by Paradise Lost , has sold 15 million copies worldwide , while the film version of the first volume , The Golden Compass , has earned more than $150 million . '' ( 13 January 2008 ) Jump up ^ Impress Watch Archived 2008 - 04 - 30 at the Wayback Machine . ( 24 April 2008 ) Jump up ^ Publishers Weekly Archived 2008 - 05 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . ( 24 August 2006 ) Jump up ^ Perry Rhodan 35th anniversary Press Release Archived April 30 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . ( July 1996 ) Jump up ^ Stoehr , Ingo Roland ( 2001 ) . German literature of the twentieth century . History of German Literature. 10 . Boydell & Brewer . p. 529 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57113 - 157 - 7 . Archived from the original on 2 January 2014 . Retrieved 5 January 2010 . Jump up ^ 400 million copies of Chinese - character dictionary Archived 2011 - 06 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . -- People 's Daily Jump up ^ Extrapolation for global range of other language publications , and related to the number of Scouts , make a realistic estimate of 100 to 150 million books . Jeal , Tim . Baden - Powell . London : Hutchinson . ISBN 0 - 09 - 170670 - X . Jump up ^ Federer , William Joseph ( 1996 ) , `` William Holmes McGuffey '' , America 's God and Country : Encyclopedia of Quotations , p. 439 , archived from the original on 2017 - 04 - 02 , As of 1963 , 125 million copies had been sold . Jump up ^ `` Guinness World Records earmarks licensing growth '' , Licensing , 26 October 2010 , archived from the original on 29 October 2010 , The Guinness Book of World Records has been published in 30 languages in more than 100 countries and has sold in excess of 115 million copies , becoming the biggest selling copyright book of all time ... Jump up ^ `` Book of Facts '' . The World Almanac. 2008 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Shinbunka '' . JP : Shinbunka. 31 July 2009 . Archived from the original on 1 August 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Collegiate Dictionary ( 11th ed . ) , Merriam - Webster , 2003 , archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Mark Roget '' , The San Francisco Chronicle , 25 March 2008 , archived from the original on 14 September 2010 , More than 40 million copies have been sold . Jump up ^ News2u , 6 February 2009 , archived from the original on 5 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Meredith Corporation '' . Phx.corporate-ir.net . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` ` 정석 ` 40 년 3700 만 권 팔려 ... 에베레스트 125 개 높이 '' . Joongang Daily . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ 한국 경제 ( The Korean Financial Newspaper ) Archived 2007 - 09 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . 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This means that as at 2010 there have been about 30 million copies sold , ranking it high on the list of best - selling books ever . More impressive still , it has sold this many copies even though it is available free online in English , Spanish and French - links provided . '' Jump up ^ Map Repoat May 2004 Archived 2006 - 09 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . `` The Michelin Guide France 2004 Celebrates Its . 30 Millionth Copy '' , p. 20 Jump up ^ `` chapters.indigo.ca '' . chapters.indigo.ca. 2000 - 08 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 23 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Junkdo Shoten '' . Junkudo.co.jp . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Zoshindo Archived February 12 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Asahi Shimbun Archived 2008 - 04 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . 16 January 2008 Jump up ^ The New York Times Archived 2013 - 04 - 30 at the Wayback Machine . 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( June 29 , 2009 ) External links ( edit ) The Internet Public Library Frank Luther Mott Collection of American Best Sellers , 1662 - 1945 at the University of Missouri ( hide ) Books Production Authors Binding By date Decade Year Covers Jackets Design Editing Illustration Literature Printing History Incunabula Publishing By country Typesetting Consumption Awards Bestsellers Bibliography Bibliophilia Bibliotherapy Bookmarks Bookselling Blurbs Book towns Shops Censorship Clubs Collecting Digitizing Fairs Furniture Bookcases Bookends Libraries Legislation Lists Print culture Reading Literacy Reviews Other By country Brazil France Germany Italy Pakistan UK US Formats Audiobooks E-books Genres Children 's Fictional History of books Historians Intellectual property ISBN Outline Terminology Types Commons Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_best-selling_books&oldid=842967845 '' Categories : Top book lists Lists of bestsellers Literature records Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Webarchive template archiveis links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Unrecognized language Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with dead external links from June 2016 CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Dynamic lists All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from April 2017 Articles containing Chinese - language text Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from September 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Čeština Español Esperanto فارسی 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português Română Sicilianu Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018 , at 22 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which harry potter title has sold the most copies | [
"\n\nBook\nAuthor(s)\nOriginal language\nFirst published\nApproximate sales\nGenre\n\n\nDon Quixote\nMiguel de Cervantes\nSpanish\n1605\n500 million[19][20]\nfiction (novel)\n\n\nA Tale of Two Cities\nCharles Dickens\nEnglish\n1859\n200 million[19][21][22][20][23][24][25][26][27]\nfiction: historical fiction (novel)\n\n\nThe Lord of the Rings\nJ. R. R. Tolkien\nEnglish\n1954–1955\n150 million[28] [29]\nfiction: fantasy (novel)\n\n\nLe Petit Prince (The Little Prince)\nAntoine de Saint-Exupéry\nFrench[Note 1]\n1943\n140 million[30][31]\nfiction (novel)\n\n\nHarry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\nJ. K. Rowling\nEnglish\n1997\n120 million[32]\nfiction: fantasy (novel)\n\n\nThe Hobbit\nJ. R. R. Tolkien\nEnglish\n1937\n100 million[33]\nfiction: fantasy (novel)\n\n\nAnd Then There Were None\nAgatha Christie\nEnglish\n1939\n100 million[19]\nfiction: mystery (novel)\n\n\n紅樓夢/红楼梦 (Dream of the Red Chamber)\nCao Xueqin\nChinese\n1754[34]–1791\n100 million[19][35]\nfiction: family saga (novel)\n\n\nAlice's Adventures in Wonderland\nLewis Carroll\nEnglish\n1865\n100 million[19]\nfiction: fantasy (novel)\n\n"
] | [
"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone"
] |
-5198405517652328928 | Zoological Garden, Alipore | Zoological Garden , Alipore - wikipedia Zoological Garden , Alipore Jump to : navigation , search Zoological Garden , Alipore The New Main entrance Date opened 1 May 1876 Location No. 2 , Alipore Road , Alipore , Kolkata - 27 , West Bengal , India Coordinates 22 ° 32 ′ 09 '' N 88 ° 19 ′ 55 '' E / 22.535913 ° N 88.332053 ° E / 22.535913 ; 88.332053 Coordinates : 22 ° 32 ′ 09 '' N 88 ° 19 ′ 55 '' E / 22.535913 ° N 88.332053 ° E / 22.535913 ; 88.332053 Land area 18.81 ha ( 46.5 acres ) No. of animals 1266 No. of species 108 Annual visitors 3 million Memberships CZA , West Bengal Zoo Authority Website www.kolkatazoo.in The Zoological Garden , Alipore ( also informally called the Alipore Zoo or Calcutta Zoo ) is India 's oldest formally stated zoological park ( as opposed to royal and British menageries ) and a big tourist attraction in Kolkata , West Bengal . It has been open as a zoo since 1876 , and covers 18.81 ha ( 46.5 acres ) . It is probably best known as the home of the now expired Aldabra giant tortoise Adwaita , who was reputed to have been over 250 years old when he died in 2006 . It is also home to one of the few captive breeding projects involving the Manipur brow - antlered deer . One of the most popular tourist attractions in Kolkata , it draws huge crowds during the winter season , especially during December and January . The highest attendance till date was on December 25 , 2016 with 81,000 visitors . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Disrepute 2.1 Panthera hybrid program 3 Attractions 3.1 Layout 3.2 Adwaita 4 Animals 4.1 Mammals 4.2 Reptiles 4.3 Birds 4.4 Primates 5 Breeding programs 6 Adoption scheme 7 Reforms 8 Ecological significance of the zoo grounds 9 Notes 9.1 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Memorial to Carl Schwendler To those who can remember the dirty and rather dismal looking approach to Belvedere , the improved and satisfactory condition of the neighbourhood , at present , must afford a very striking contrast . Both east and west of the roadway leading from the Zeerut bridge were untidy , crowded unsavoury bustees . Today we shall find on the site of the old bustees the Calcutta ' Zoo . ' A very large share of the credit for the establishment of this pleasant resort is due to Sir Richard Temple , who was Lieutenant Governor of Bengal from 1874 to 1877 , but long before the scheme assumed any proper shape , Dr. Fayrer , C.S.I. , in 1867 and again in 1873 Mr. L. Schwendler ( known as the ' Father of the Zoo ' ) had brought forward and strongly urged the necessity of a Zoological Garden ... The visit to Calcutta of His Majesty King Edward the Seventh , then Prince of Wales , was seized upon as an auspicious occasion . On 1 January 1876 , the gardens were inaugurated by His Royal Highness , and in May of the same year they were opened to the public . Cotton , H.E.A ( 1909 ) The zoo had its roots in a private menagerie established by Governor General of India , Richard Wellesley , established around 1800 in his summer home at Barrackpore near Kolkata , as part of the Indian Natural History Project . The first superintendent of the menagerie was the famous Scottish physician zoologist Francis Buchanan - Hamilton . Buchanan - Hamilton returned to England with Wellesley in 1805 following the Governor - General 's recall by the Court of Directors in London . The collection from this era are documented by watercolours by Charles D'Oyly , and a visit by the famous French botanist Victor Jacquemont . Sir Stamford Raffles visited the menagerie in 1810 , encountering his first tapir there , and doubtless used some aspects of the menagerie as an inspiration for the London Zoo . The foundation of zoos in major cities around the world caused a growing thought among the British community in Kolkata that the menagerie should be upgraded to a formal zoological garden . Credence to such arguments was lent by an article in the now - defunct Calcutta Journal of Natural History 's July 1841 issue . In 1873 , the Lieutenant - Governor Sir Richard Temple formally proposed the formation of a zoo in Kolkata , and the Government finally allotted land for the zoo based on to the joint petition of the Asiatic Society and Agri - Horticultural Society . The zoo was formally opened in Alipore - a posh Kolkata suburb , and inaugurated on 1 January 1876 by Edward VII , then Prince of Wales . ( Some reports place the inauguration on an alternate date of 27 December 1875 ) . The initial stock consisted of the private menagerie of Carl Louis Schwendler ( 1838 -- 1882 ) , a German electrician who was posted in India for a feasibility study of electrically lighting Indian Railway stations . Gifts were also accepted from the general public . The initial collection consisted of the following animals : African buffalo , Zanzibar ram , domestic sheep , four - horned sheep , hybrid Kashmiri goat , Indian antelope , Indian gazelle , sambar deer , spotted deer and hog deer A rare photograph of R.B. Sanyal , the first superintendent of the zoo It is not clear whether the Aldabra giant tortoise Adwaita was among the opening stock of animals . The animals at Barrackpore Park were added to the collection over the first few months of 1886 , significantly increasing its size . The zoo was thrown open to the public on 6 May 1876 . It grew based on gifts from British and Indian nobility - like Raja Suryakanta Acharya of Mymensingh in whose honour the open air tiger enclosure is named the Mymensingh Enclosure . Other contributors who donated part or all of their private menagerie to the Alipore Zoo included the Maharaja of Mysore Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV . The park was initially run by an honorary managing committee which included Schwendler and the famous botanist George King . The first Indian superintendent of the zoo was Ram Brahma Sanyal , who did much to improve the standing of the Alipore Zoo and achieved good captive breeding success in an era when such initiatives were rarely heard of . One such success story of the zoo was a live birth of the rare Sumatran rhinoceros in 1889 . The next pregnancy in captivity occurred at the Cincinnati Zoo in 1997 , but ended with a miscarriage . Cincinnati Zoo finally recorded a live birth in 2001 . Alipore Zoo was a pioneer among zoos in the 19th century and the early part of the 20th century under Sanyal , who published the first handbook on captive animal keeping . The zoo had an unusually high scientific standard for its time , and the record of the Cladotaenia genus ( Cohn , 1901 ) of parasites are based upon cestodes ( flatworm ) found in an Australian bird that died at the zoo . Kalākaua , the last king of Hawaii , visited the zoo on 28 May 1881 during his world tour . Disrepute ( edit ) Pressed for space as Kolkata developed , and lacking adequate government funding , the zoo attracted a lot of controversy in the latter half of the 20th century due to cramped living conditions of the animals , lack of initiative at breeding rare species , and for cross-breeding experiments between species . The zoo has also , in the past , attracted a lot of criticism for keeping single and unpaired specimens of rare species like the banteng , great Indian one - horned rhinoceros , crowned crane and the lion - tailed macaque . Lack of breeding and exchange programs has led to the elimination of individuals and populations of environmentally vulnerable species like the southern cassowary , wild yak , giant eland , slow loris and echidna . The previously cramped , unsuitable and unhygienic conditions inside the cages , and in the zoo in general had been criticized for long . The death of a great Indian one - horned rhinoceros sparked off speculation about the veterinary efficiency at the zoo . ZooCheck Canada found conditions in the zoo unsatisfactory in 2004 . The zoo director Subir Choudhury has gone on record in 2006 saying : We are aware that the animals and birds are not well in the cages and moats . Efforts are on minimizing their agony . The zoo had also been criticized for the quality of its animal - visitor interaction . Teasing of animals was a common occurrence at the zoo , though corrective measures are now in place . On 1 January 1996 the tiger Shiva mauled two visitors as they tried to garland it , killing one , and earning him the runner - up for the Darwin Awards . Another mauling leading to a death occurred in 2000 . The zoo has also been criticized for its animal - keeper relations . A chimpanzee attacked and severely injured its keeper in Alipore Zoo , and numerous other incidents have been reported including the case of an elephant trampling its mahout to death in 1963 which had to be put down . In 2001 , it was revealed that zoo staff drugged the great Indian one - horned rhinoceros into relieving itself more often than normal , which enabled them to collect the urine and sell it on the black market as an anti-impotence medicine . Panthera hybrid program ( edit ) The zoo attracted flak from the scientific community in general , because of cross breeding experiments between lions and tigers to produce strains like tigons , and litigons ( see Panthera hybrid ) . The zoo bred two tigons in the 1970s -- Rudrani ( b . 1971 ) and Ranjini ( b . 1973 ) were bred from the cross between a royal Bengal tiger and an African lion . Rudrani went on to produce 7 offsprings by mating with an Asiatic lion , producing `` litigon '' s . One of these litigons , named Cubanacan survived to adulthood , stood over 5.5 feet ( 1.7 m ) tall , measured over 11.5 feet ( 3.5 m ) and weighed over 800 pounds . It died in 1991 at the age of 15 . It was marketed by the zoo as the world 's largest living big cat . All such hybrid males were sterile . Quite a few of these creatures suffered from genetic abnormalities and many died prematurely . Rangini , the last tigon in the zoo , died in 1999 as the oldest known tigon . The zoo has stopped breeding hybrids after the 1985 legislation passed by the Government of India banning breeding of panthera hybrids after a vigorous campaign by the World Wide Fund for Nature ( then World Wildlife Fund ) . Attractions ( edit ) Wild birds began nesting in large numbers within the zoo starting somewhere in the 1890s . An Indian muntjac or barking deer at the zoo . A crested serpent eagle at the zoo . Fallow deer in Alipore Zoo The zoo remains one of the most popular winter tourist attractions in Kolkata . The footfall figures in 2016 showed an annual visitation of almost 3 million -- more than any other tourist attraction in Kolkata , and a peak of over 81,000 on Christmas Day and New Year 's Day . The zoo displays a large number of crowd - pulling megafauna , including the royal Bengal tiger , African lion , Asiatic lion , jaguar , hippopotamus , great Indian one - horned rhinoceros , reticulated giraffe , Grant 's zebra , emu , and Indian elephant . Previously , other megafauna like the Panthera hybrids and the giant eland were present . The zoo sports a large collection of attractive birds , including some threatened species - large parrots including a number of macaw species , conures , lories and lorikeets ; other large birds like touracos and hornbills ; colourful game birds like the golden pheasant , Lady Amherst 's pheasant and Swinhoe 's pheasant and some large flightless birds like the emu , cassowary and ostrich . Layout ( edit ) Laid out on 45 acres ( 18 ha ) of land , the Calcutta zoo has been unable to expand or modify its layout for over 50 years , and thus has a rather backdated plan . It contains a Reptile House ( a new one has been built ) , a Primate House , an Elephant House , and a Panther House which opens out onto the open air enclosures for the lions and tigers . It also boasts of a glass - walled enclosure for tigers , the first of its kind in India . A separate Children 's zoo is present , and the central water bodies inside the zoo grounds attracts migratory birds . The Calcutta Aquarium lies across the street from the zoo , and is affiliated to the zoo . Adwaita ( edit ) Main article : Adwaita The most famous specimen in the zoo was probably the Aldabra giant tortoise `` Adwaita '' , gifted to the zoo in 1875 ( brought by British seafarers to Lord Clive 's menagerie from Seychelles ) , and reputedly over 250 years old when it died in 2006 -- a contender for the longest lived animal . Animals ( edit ) The zoo has around 1,266 individuals and about 108 species . Mammals ( edit ) Stereographic photograph ( 1903 ) , captioned ' Famous `` man - eater '' at Calcutta -- devoured 200 men , women and children before capture -- India ' Bengal tiger Asiatic lion African lion Jaguar Leopard Jungle cat Golden jackal White tiger Fishing cat Striped hyena Hippopotamus Asian elephant Fallow deer Swamp deer Axis deer Indian muntjac Sambar deer Dromedary camel Reticulated giraffe Grant 's zebra Brow - antlered deer Gaur Wild boar Brush - tailed porcupine Hog deer Great Indian one - horned rhinoceros Rhesus macaque Hanuman langur Banteng Lion - tailed macaque Himalayan black bear Sloth bear Assamese macaque Giant squirrel Blackbuck Bonnet macaque Red kangaroo Nilgai Reptiles ( edit ) Saltwater crocodile Gharial Mugger Galapagos giant tortoise King cobra Indian python Banded sea krait Ratsnake Rhinoceros iguana Indian star tortoise Marsh crocodile Indian cobra Chequered keelback Birds ( edit ) Crested serpent eagle Griffon vulture Great horned owl Osprey Domestic goose Lesser whistling teal Emu Painted stork Spot - billed pelican Eastern large egret Openbill stork White ibis Hill mynah Indian parakeet Quaker parakeet Red - breasted parakeet Blossom - headed parakeet Rose ringed parakeet Red - vented bulbul Red - whiskered bulbul Red - wattled lapwing Greater sulphur - crested cockatoo Citron - crested cockatoo Bare eyed cockatoo Budgerigar Cockatiel Moluccan cockatoo African grey parrot Blue rose ringed parakeet Lovebird White - capped pionus Lady Amherst 's pheasant Nepal kalij pheasant Golden pheasant Chinese silver pheasant Mandarin duck Bhutan grey cock pheasant Violaceous turaco Sarus crane Blue - winged macaw Blue and yellow macaw Scarlet macaw Green imperial pigeon Lesser pied hornbill Koel Adjutant stork Black crowned crane Pariah kite Brahminy kite Spoonbill Indian peafowl Ostrich White peafowl Primates ( edit ) Chimpanzee Common marmoset Slender loris Slow loris Hamadryas baboon Olive baboon Breeding programs ( edit ) The zoo was among the first zoos in the world to breed white tigers and the common reticulated giraffe . While it has successfully bred some megafauna , its rate of breeding rare species had not been very successful , often due to lack of initiative and funding . One notable exception is the breeding programme of the Manipur brow - antlered deer , or thamin which has been brought back from the brink of extinction by the breeding program at the Alipore Zoo . Open air lion enclosure Adoption scheme ( edit ) An `` Adopt an Animal '' scheme began at the Alipore Zoological Gardens in August 2013 as a way to obtain funding for the zoo . About 40 animals were adopted as of August 2013 The adopters receive tax benefits , are allowed to use photos of the animals in promotional materials , and get their name placed on a plaque at the animal 's enclosure . Sanjay Budhia , chairman of Confederation of Indian Industry ( CII ) national committee on exports , adopted a one - horned rhino . Ambuja Group chairman Harsh Neotia and Narayana Murthy of Infosys have requested to adopt animals . Reforms ( edit ) The zoo is presently downsizing to meet animal comfort requirements laid down by the Central Zoo Authority of India ( CZAI ) . It has also increased the number of open air enclosures . A move to a suburban location was also contemplated , but was not undertaken based on the recommendations of the CZAI , which claimed the Alipore site was of historical significance . The CZAI also cleared the zoo of malpractices in an evaluation performed in late 2005 , even though the zoo has continued to attract bad press . Ecological significance of the zoo grounds ( edit ) The zoo is also home for wintering migratory birds such as ducks , and sports a sizable wetland inside the zoo grounds . Since the zoo is enveloped by urban settlements for miles , the zoo wetlands are the only resting spot for some of the birds and are a focus of conservationists in Kolkata . However , the number of migratory bird visiting the zoo dropped from documented highs by over 40 % in the winter of 2004 -- 2005 . Experts attribute the causes of the decline to increased pollution , new construction of highrises in the area , increasing threats in the summer grounds of the birds and declining quality of the water bodies at the zoo . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Kolkata Zoo : History of the Zoological Garden '' . kolkatazoo.in . Kolkata Zoo . Retrieved 10 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Area Distribution '' . kolkatazoo.in . Kolkata Zoo . Retrieved 10 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Search Establishment '' . cza.nic.in . CZA . Retrieved 4 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Cotton , H.E.A. , Calcutta Old and New , 1909 / 1980 , pp783 - 784 , General Printers and Publishers Pvt. Ltd . ^ Jump up to : Sally R. Walker ; The Indian Natural History Project ( 1801 - 1808 ) and the Menagerie at Barrackpore ( 1803 - 1878 ) ; Lost , stolen or strayed : the fate of missing natural history collections ; Naturalis Museum , Leiden , The Netherlands . 10 -- 11 May 2001 Jump up ^ Sally R. Walker ; Descriptions and Drawings of Selected Quadrupeds of the Indian Natural History Project , Barrackpore ; Lost , stolen or strayed : the fate of missing natural history collections ; Naturalis Museum , Leiden , The Netherlands . 10 -- 11 May 2001 ^ Jump up to : Gautaman Bhaskaran , Where past overshadows present , The Hindu , 14 January 2001 ^ Jump up to : D.K. Mittra , Role of Ram Brahma Sanyal in initiating zoological researches on the animals in captivity , Indian Journal of History of Science , 27 ( 3 ) , 1992 Jump up ^ Article , The Wellsboro Gazette , 1 May 1919 Jump up ^ Rhino loses fetus , Cincinnati Post , 14 November 1997 Jump up ^ Walker , S. : Ram Brahma Sanyal -- the first zoo biologist . Zoos ' Print Journal Vol. 15 , No. 5 ( 1999 ) , Back when ... & then ? section , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Kisling , V.N. : Zoo history and the Sanyal legacy . Zoos ' Print Journal Vol. 14 , No. 4 ( 1999 ) , Back when ... & then ? section , p. 2 Jump up ^ Website of the Government of Australia Jump up ^ `` Ellora Caves '' . UNESCO World Heritage Centre . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Somdatta Basu , Endangered singles bug matchmakers , Times of India , 10 August 2005 Jump up ^ Madhumita Mookerji , Of beasts , men and the Central Zoo Authority , Daily News and Analysis , 12 November 2005 ^ Jump up to : In Indian zoos , life can be brutal and short Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , Lanka Business Online , 5 June 2006 Jump up ^ Staff reporter , Parched & pained : it 's a dog 's life at Alipore zoo , Times of India , 9 June 2003 Jump up ^ Richard Leiby , Lions and tigers and beers , Washington Post , 7 January 1996 Jump up ^ `` geocities '' . Archived from the original on 25 October 2009 . Jump up ^ big cats Jump up ^ Article , The Gleaner , Kingston , Jamaica , 22 August 1963 Jump up ^ Horn of plenty , Daily Mirror , 22 October 2001 Jump up ^ Kathy Moran , Dad 's a lion , mum 's a tiger , Sunday Mirror , 29 August 1999 Jump up ^ Finn , Frank , ( 1907 ) Ornithological and other oddities . John Lane , The Bodley Head . London . Jump up ^ City Lights , The Telegraph , Kolkata , 1 February 2003 Jump up ^ UNI , 255 year old giant tortoise Adwaita dead Archived 8 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , Deccan Herald , 24 March 2006 Jump up ^ `` Famous ' man - eater ' at Calcutta '' . Underwood & Underwood. 1903 . Retrieved 9 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Roy , Shobha ( 18 August 2013 ) . `` Under foster care '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 18 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Narayana Murthy to adopt animal at Kolkata zoo '' . 2 August 2013 . Retrieved 18 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Staff reporter , Fewer animals , more space in Alipore Zoo , 21 November 2004 Jump up ^ Q&A , Open enclosures in new wing , The Telegraph , 2 January 2006 Jump up ^ Jayanta Basu , Improved conditions in menagerie , The Telegraph , 15 November 2005 Jump up ^ Staff reporter , Bird headcount kicks off , The Telegraph , 9 January 2005 Jump up ^ Suchetana Haldar , Where have all the birds gone ? , Kolkata Newsline , 3 January 2006 References ( edit ) The official list of animals at the zoo , maintained by the Central Zoo Authority of India . The zoo does not have a website of its own . This serves as reference for all statements concerning single / unpaired animals , or animal deaths . Misc , 125 years of Calcutta Zoo , The Managing Committee , Zoological Gardens , Alipore , Calcutta , 2000 Mittra , D.K. ; The history of Zoological Gardens , Calcutta ; Zoos ' Print Journal Vol. 15 , No. 5 ( 1999 ) , Back when ... & then ? section , p. 3 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alipore Zoological Gardens . 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Pant High Altitude Zoo Warangal Zoo Aquariums Bangalore Aquarium Taraporewala Aquarium Organisations Central Zoo Authority of India Zoo Outreach Organisation Wildlife Institute of India Indian Institute of Forest Management South Asian Zoo Association for Regional Cooperation Related lists Botanical gardens in India Wildlife sanctuaries of India Tourist attractions in Kolkata Colonial Howrah Railway Station Metropolitan Building Fort William National Library Victoria Memorial Shaheed Minar St. John 's Church Raj Bhavan New Market Kolkata High Court Shobhabazar Rajbari Prinsep Ghat Geographical Hooghly River Lal Dighi Rabindra Sarobar Maidan Religious places Kalighat Kali Temple Dakshineswar Kali Temple Belur Math St. John 's Church St. James ' Church St. Paul 's Cathedral Tipu Sultan Mosque Church of the Lord Jesus South Park Street Cemetery Cultural Durga Puja Barowari Pujos Saraswati Puja Kali Puja The Asiatic Society Dol Yatra College Street Esplanade Chowringhee Metro Kolkata Film Festival Jorasanko Thakur Bari Poila Boisakh Chhau dance Football Rabindra Sangeet Kumortuli Sondesh Kolkata Book Fair National Library General Post Office Vintage & Classic Car Rally Boulevards AJC Bose Road & APC Road Amherst Street Ballygunge Circular Road Bowbazar Street Camac Street Chittaranjan Avenue College Street Eastern Metropolitan Bypass Garia Main Road Gariahat Road Gurusaday Dutta Road Grey Street The Chowringhee Lansdowne Road Mahatma Gandhi Road Mirza Ghalib Street Park Street Prince Anwar Shah Road Rabindra Sarani Raja Nabakrishna Street Raja SC Mullick Road Netaji Subash Chandra Bose Road Rashbehari Avenue Shakespeare Sarani Southern Avenue Strand Road Sudder Street V.I.P. Road Vivekananda Road Jawaharlal Nehru Road Shopping New Market College Street ( Books ) Mani Square South City Mall Quest Mall Forum Mall Other shopping malls Barnoporichoy Parks , riverfront , zoos and stadiums Alipore Zoo Central Park Millennium Park Mohor Kunja Aquatica Nicco park Science City Kolkata Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden ( The Great Banyan ) Maidan New Town Eco Park Eden Gardens Salt Lake Stadium Race Course Pavilions Netaji Indoor Stadium East Bengal Ground Mohammedan Sporting Ground Category Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zoological_Garden,_Alipore&oldid=803606765 '' Categories : Zoos in West Bengal Parks in Kolkata 1876 establishments in India Alipore Zoos established in 1876 Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Webarchive template wayback links EngvarB from January 2014 Use dmy dates from January 2014 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Article Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 14 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the oldest zoo in india situated | [
"The Zoological Garden, Alipore (also informally called the Alipore Zoo or Calcutta Zoo) is India's oldest formally stated zoological park (as opposed to royal and British menageries) and a big tourist attraction in Kolkata, West Bengal. It has been open as a zoo since 1876, and covers 18.81 ha (46.5 acres). It is probably best known as the home of the now expired Aldabra giant tortoise Adwaita, who was reputed to have been over 250 years old when he died in 2006. It is also home to one of the few captive breeding projects involving the Manipur brow-antlered deer. One of the most popular tourist attractions in Kolkata, it draws huge crowds during the winter season, especially during December and January. The highest attendance till date was on December 25, 2016 with 81,000 visitors."
] | [
"Kolkata, West Bengal"
] |
7126845444645292711 | This Is Us (TV series) | This Is Us ( TV series ) - wikipedia This Is Us ( TV series ) This Is Us Genre Comedy - drama Romantic drama Family drama Created by Dan Fogelman Starring Milo Ventimiglia Mandy Moore Sterling K. Brown Chrissy Metz Justin Hartley Susan Kelechi Watson Chris Sullivan Ron Cephas Jones Jon Huertas Alexandra Breckenridge Niles Fitch Logan Shroyer Hannah Zeile Mackenzie Hancsicsak Parker Bates Eris Baker Faithe Herman Lonnie Chavis Melanie Liburd Lyric Ross Composer ( s ) Siddhartha Khosla Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 41 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Dan Fogelman Jess Rosenthal Donald Todd Ken Olin Charlie Gogolak John Requa Glenn Ficarra Isaac Aptaker Elizabeth Berger Production location ( s ) Los Angeles , California Camera setup Single - camera Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) Rhode Island Ave . Productions Zaftig Films 20th Century Fox Television Distributor 20th Television Release Original network NBC Picture format HDTV 1080i Original release September 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) -- present External links Website This Is Us is an American comedy - drama television series created by Dan Fogelman that premiered on NBC on September 20 , 2016 . The series follows the lives and families of two parents , and their three children , born on their father 's birthday . The series stars an ensemble cast featuring Milo Ventimiglia , Mandy Moore , Sterling K. Brown , Chrissy Metz , Justin Hartley , Susan Kelechi Watson , Chris Sullivan , Ron Cephas Jones , Jon Huertas , Alexandra Breckenridge , Niles Fitch , Logan Shroyer , Hannah Zeile , Mackenzie Hancsicsak , Parker Bates , Lonnie Chavis , Eris Baker , and Faithe Herman . This Is Us is filmed in Los Angeles . The series has been nominated for Best Television Series -- Drama at the 74th Golden Globe Awards and Best Drama Series at the 7th Critics ' Choice Awards , as well as being chosen as a Top Television Program by the American Film Institute . Sterling K. Brown has received an Emmy , a Golden Globe , a Critics ' Choice Award , and an NAACP Image Award for his acting in the series . Mandy Moore and Chrissy Metz received Golden Globe nominations for Best Supporting Actress . In 2017 , the series received ten Emmy nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series , with Brown winning for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series . On September 27 , 2016 , NBC picked up the series for a full season of 18 episodes . In January 2017 , NBC renewed the series for two additional seasons of 18 episodes each . The second season premiered on September 26 , 2017 . The third season premiered on September 25 , 2018 . Contents 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Commitment to diversity 5 Release 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Ratings 6.3 Accolades 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Premise ( edit ) The series follows the lives of siblings Kevin , Kate , and Randall ( known as the `` Big Three '' ) , and their parents Jack and Rebecca Pearson . It takes place in the present and uses flashbacks to show the family during various moments in the past . Kevin and Kate are the two surviving members of a triplet pregnancy , born six weeks premature on Jack 's 36th birthday in 1980 ; their brother is stillborn . Believing they were meant to have three children , Jack and Rebecca , who are white , decide to adopt Randall , an African American child born the same day and brought to the same hospital after his biological father abandoned him at a fire station . Jack dies when his children are 17 . Most episodes feature a storyline taking place in the present ( 2016 -- 2018 , contemporaneous with airing ) and a storyline taking place at a set time in the past ; but some episodes are set in one time period or use multiple flashback time periods . Flashbacks often focus on Jack and Rebecca c. 1980 both before and after their babies ' birth , or on the family when the Big Three are children ( at least ages 8 -- 10 ) or adolescents ; these scenes usually take place in Pittsburgh , where the Big Three are born and raised . Various other time periods and locations have also served as settings . Recently , the show has flashed back to follow the lives of newer characters , such as Randall 's foster child , Deja . As adults , Kate lives in Los Angeles , Randall and his family are in New Jersey , and Kevin relocates from Los Angeles to New York City . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of This Is Us characters Main cast members ( left to right ) Jones , Watson , Brown , Ventimiglia , Moore , Hartley , Metz , and Sullivan at PaleyFest 2017 . Milo Ventimiglia as Jack Pearson : Rebecca 's husband , and Kate , Kevin , and Randall 's father . Mandy Moore as Rebecca Pearson : Jack 's wife , and Kate , Kevin , and Randall 's mother . Sterling K. Brown as Randall Pearson : Jack and Rebecca 's adopted son , and Kate and Kevin 's brother . Also played by Niles Fitch ( ages 15 -- 17 ) and Lonnie Chavis ( ages 8 -- 10 ) . Chrissy Metz as Kate Pearson : Jack and Rebecca 's daughter , and Kevin and Randall 's sister . Also played by Hannah Zeile ( ages 15 -- 17 ) and Mackenzie Hancsicsak ( ages 8 -- 10 ) . Justin Hartley as Kevin Pearson : Jack and Rebecca 's son , and Kate and Randall 's brother . Also played by Logan Shroyer ( ages 15 -- 17 ) and Parker Bates ( ages 8 -- 10 ) . Susan Kelechi Watson as Beth Pearson : Randall 's wife , and mother of Tess and Annie . Chris Sullivan as Toby Damon : Kate 's husband . Ron Cephas Jones as William `` Shakespeare '' Hill : Randall 's biological father . Also played by Jermel Nakia as a young adult . ( main seasons 1 -- 2 , special guest season 3 ) Jon Huertas as Miguel Rivas : Jack 's best friend and Rebecca 's second husband . ( recurring season 1 ; main season 2 -- present ) Alexandra Breckenridge as Sophie : Kate 's childhood best friend as well as Kevin 's childhood love and ex-wife . Also played by Amanda Leighton ( ages 15 -- 17 ) and Sophia Coto ( age 10 ) . ( recurring season 1 ; main season 2 ) Eris Baker as Tess Pearson : Randall and Beth 's older daughter . ( recurring season 1 ; main season 2 -- present ) Faithe Herman as Annie Pearson : Randall and Beth 's younger daughter . ( recurring season 1 ; main season 2 -- present ) Melanie Liburd as Zoe : Beth 's cousin and Kevin 's new girlfriend . ( guest season 2 ; main season 3 ) Lyric Ross as Deja : Randall and Beth 's foster child . ( recurring season 2 ; main season 3 ) Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of This Is Us episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Avg . viewership ( inc . DVR ) ( in millions ) 18 September 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) March 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 14 ) 6 14.70 18 September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) March 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) 17.43 18 September 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 25 ) TBA TBA TBA Production ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( May 2018 ) Development ( edit ) This is Us originally began as an 80 page movie script that Dan Fogelman was developing while working for ABC Studios in the spring of Spring 2015 . The story line , which Fogelman admitted to not having a definite direction , revolved around the lives of eight adults who , as it would be revealed , were octuplets . After moving to an eight - figure deal with 20th Television , Fogelman made the decision to develop a TV series from the characters of his original script , cutting a few characters and shortening the script to 45 pages before bringing it to the studio . Jennifer Salke , president at NBC , commented on the conception of atitle for the series , saying `` The title did n't come easy ... but This Is Us tapped into everything , and the show 's about us . '' It has been revealed that other ideas for the title included 36 , Happy Birthday , and The Story of Us. . Despite positive reviews from both 20th Television and sister company , Fox , there were concerns regarding the lack of views it would attract on the network , leading Fox to sell it to NBC . NBC is regarded by many networks as an ideal place for This Is Us due to the high volume of viewers it has previously attracted with shows such as The Voice and the Summer Olympics . Commitment to diversity ( edit ) Fogelman intentionally recruited behind - the - scenes talent that would reflect the diversity of his cast , with the goal of bringing greater authenticity to the dialog and storylines . These include black directors Regina King and George Tillman , Jr. and black female writers Kay Oyegun and Jas Waters ( part of a 30 % black core writing staff that far outpaces the industry standard of 5 % ) . In addition , Fogelman 's sister Deborah , whose struggles with weight were one of the initial inspirations for the show , serves as a consultant . Release ( edit ) In May 2017 , Hulu acquired the SVOD rights to new and past episodes of the series to air exclusively on Hulu , in addition to NBC.com and the NBC app . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reported an 89 % approval rating for the first season with an average rating of 7.72 / 10 based on 63 reviews . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Featuring full - tilt heartstring - tugging family drama , This Is Us will provide a suitable surrogate for those who have felt a void in their lives since Parenthood went off the air . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned the season a score of 76 out of 100 based on 34 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Season 2 received a 94 % approval rating from Rotten Tomatoes based on 17 reviews . Entertainment Weekly gave the first few episodes of This Is Us a rating of B , calling it `` a refreshing respite from the relational violence and pessimism that marks the other buzz soaps that have bubbled forth from a culture of divisiveness '' . Moreover , they praised all the actors , specifically Sterling K. Brown , for being able to navigate `` his scenes with such intelligence , authenticity , and charisma '' . Ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating ( average ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Tuesday 10 : 00 pm ( 1 -- 2 , 11 ) Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( 3 -- 10 , 12 -- 18 ) 18 September 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) 10.07 March 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 14 ) 12.84 2016 -- 17 6 9.843 2.68 / 16 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( 1 -- 13 , 15 -- 18 ) Sunday 10 : 30 pm ( 14 ) 18 September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) 12.94 March 13 , 2018 10.94 2017 -- 18 11.135 3.07 / 16 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm 18 September 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 25 ) 10.54 TBA TBD 2018 -- 19 TBD TBD TBD Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2016 African - American Critics Association Awards Top Ten TV Show This Is Us Won American Film Institute Awards Top 10 TV Programs of the Year This Is Us Won Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series This Is Us Nominated Most Exciting New Series This Is Us Won 2017 ACE Eddie Awards Best Edited One Hour Series for Commercial Television David L. Bertman ( for `` Pilot '' ) Won American Film Institute Awards Top 10 TV Programs of the Year This Is Us Won Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Drama Series Dan Fogelman , Jess Rosenthal , John Requa , Glenn Ficarra , Ken Olin , Donald Todd , Charles Gogolak , KJ Steinberg , Isaac Aptaker , Elizabeth Berger , Joe Lawson , Steve Beers , Vera Herbert , and Bekah Brunstetter Nominated Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series Sterling K. Brown ( for `` Memphis '' ) Won Milo Ventimiglia ( for `` Moonshadow '' ) Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Ron Cephas Jones ( for `` Memphis '' ) Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Chrissy Metz ( for `` Pilot '' ) Nominated Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series Brian Tyree Henry ( for `` Memphis '' ) Nominated Gerald McRaney ( for `` The Big Day '' ) Won Denis O'Hare ( for `` Last Christmas '' ) Nominated Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series Bernard Telsey and Tiffany Little Canfield Nominated Outstanding Makeup for a Single - Camera Series ( Non-Prosthetic ) Zoe Hay , Heather Plott , Elizabeth Hoel - Chang , Judith Lynn Staats , and John Damiani ( for `` I Call Marriage '' ) Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Chrissy Metz Nominated Mandy Moore Nominated Best Television Series -- Drama This Is Us Nominated Hollywood Music in Media Awards Outstanding Music Supervision -- Television Jennifer Pyken Nominated MTV Movie & TV Awards Best Actor in a Show Mandy Moore Nominated Show of the Year This Is Us Nominated Tearjerker Milo Ventimiglia and Lonnie Chavis ( Jack and Randall at Karate ) Won NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series Sterling K. Brown Won Outstanding Drama Series This Is Us Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Youth Lonnie Chavis Nominated Peabody Awards Entertainment and Children 's programs This Is Us Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite Actor in a New TV Series Milo Ventimiglia Nominated Favorite Actress in a New TV Series Mandy Moore Nominated Favorite New TV Drama This Is Us Won Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series Sterling K. Brown Nominated Seoul International Drama Awards Best Director Dan Fogelman Nominated Grand Prize This Is Us Won Teen Choice Awards Choice TV : Breakout Star Chrissy Metz Nominated Choice TV Actor : Drama Sterling K. Brown Nominated Milo Ventimiglia Nominated Choice TV Show : Drama This Is Us Nominated Television Critics Association Awards Individual Achievement in Drama Sterling K. Brown Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Drama This Is Us Nominated Outstanding New Program This Is Us Won Program of the Year This Is Us Nominated Writers Guild of America Awards Episodic Drama Vera Herbert ( for `` The Trip '' ) Won New Series This Is Us Nominated 2018 Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Actor in a Drama Series Sterling K. Brown Won Best Drama Series This Is Us Nominated Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Chrissy Metz Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Actor -- Television Series Drama Sterling K. Brown Won Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Chrissy Metz Nominated Best Television Series -- Drama This Is Us Nominated Guild of Music Supervisors Awards Best Music Supervision in a Television Drama Jennifer Pyken Nominated Best Song / Recording Created for Television `` We Can Always Come Back To This '' Nominated MTV Movie & TV Awards Best Musical Moment Kate sings `` Landslide '' Nominated NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series Sterling K. Brown Nominated Outstanding Drama Series This Is Us Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Youth Lonnie Chavis Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Susan Kelechi Watson Nominated Outstanding Writing in a Drama Series Vera Herbert ( for `` Still Here '' ) Nominated People 's Choice Awards The Drama Show of 2018 This Is Us Pending The Drama TV Star of 2018 Justin Hartley Pending Chrissy Metz Pending The Female TV Star of 2018 Mandy Moore Pending The Male TV Star of 2018 Sterling K. Brown Pending Milo Ventimiglia Pending The Show of 2018 This Is Us Pending Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Contemporary Costumes Hala Bahmet and Elinor Bardach Nominated Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series Ron Cephas Jones Won Gerald McRaney Nominated Outstanding Makeup for a Single - Camera Series ( Non-Prosthetic ) Zoe Hay , Heather Plott , Luis Garcia , Elizabeth Hoel - Chang , and Tania McComas Nominated Outstanding Music Supervision Jennifer Pyken Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Drama Series This Is Us Nominated Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series Sterling K. Brown Nominated Milo Ventimiglia Nominated Satellite Awards Best Musical Or Comedy Series This Is Us Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Eris Baker , Alexandra Breckenridge , Sterling K. Brown , Lonnie Chavis , Mackenzie Hancsicsak , Justin Hartley , Faithe Herman , Ron Cephas Jones , Chrissy Metz , Mandy Moore , Chris Sullivan , Milo Ventimiglia , Susan Kelechi Watson , Hannah Zeile Won Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series Sterling K. Brown Won Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In 2017 , Hala Bahmet , Marina Ray and Elinor Bardach were nominated for Outstanding Costumes for a Contemporary Series , Limited Series , or Movie . The nomination was rescinded after it was determined that the submitted episode `` Moonshadow '' was primarily set in the 1970s , violating the TV Academy 's rule that `` more than 50 percent '' of the episode must be contemporary ( within 25 years of the air date ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bianco , Robert ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Review : ' This is Us ' is heartfelt ( if sweet - toothed ) family drama '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.post-gazette.com/ae/tv-radio/2017/07/12/This-Is-Us-returns-to-Pittsburgh-in-spirit/stories/201707120146 Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' Gets Full - Season Order At NBC For Total Of 18 Episodes '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Roots , Kimberly ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` This Is Us Renewed for Seasons 2 and 3 '' . TVLine . Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Kelsie ( June 22 , 2018 ) . `` Get Ready to Cry Your Eyes Out -- Here 's When This Is Us Season 3 Will Premiere '' . PopSugar . Retrieved June 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' : Alexandra Breckenridge , & Jon Huertas Upped To Series Regulars For Season 2 Of NBC Drama '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 -- 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 - 18 TV Series Ratings Rankings : NFL Football , ' Big Bang ' Top Charts '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 22 , 2018 . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` This Is Us Renewed for Seasons 2 and 3 '' . TVLine . Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rose , Lacey . `` On Set With ' This Is Us ' : TV 's Feel - Good Megahit Ups the Stakes in Season '' . hollywoodreporter.com . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 24 October 2018 . Jump up ^ Rose , Lacey . `` On Set With ' This Is Us ' : TV 's Feel - Good Megahit Ups the Stakes in Season '' . hollywoodreporter.com . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 24 October 2018 . Jump up ^ Battaglio , Stephen . `` ' This is Us ' is TV 's biggest new hit . So why did Fox give it to NBC ? '' . www.latimes.com . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 24 October 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Black Writers Make Up Just 4.8 Percent of TV Writers ' Rooms -- Study '' . Jump up ^ `` IMDB : This is Us '' . Jump up ^ `` On Set With This is Us '' . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` This Is Us : Hulu acquires streaming rights to all episodes '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` This Is Us : Season 1 ( 2016 -- 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` This Is Us : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2016 . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` This Is Us : Season 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Jeff ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` This Is Us : EW Review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS , ' ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' adjust up , ' This Is Us ' & ' Bull ' steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' finishes with season highs : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Show on NBC Ratings . ' ' Tv Series Finale , ' ' Cancel or Renew . ' adjusts down : This Is Us : Season One Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . March 16 , 2017 . Retrieved October 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bull , ' ' Voice , ' ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' L&O True Crime ' and ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Voice , ' ' NCIS , ' ' Black - ish ' adjust up , ' Rise ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Show on NBC Ratings . ' ' Tv Series Finale , ' ' Cancel or Renew . ' adjusts down : This Is Us : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . March 14 , 2018 . Retrieved October 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( September 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' This is Us ' and ' Tv Series Final ' adjust up , ' Cancel or Renewed Tv Shows ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Awards 2016 -- Honorees '' . American Film Institute . December 2016 . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Critics ' Choice Television Awards : HBO Leads 22 Nominations '' . Indie Wire . November 14 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paul Sheehan ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` ACE Eddie Awards 2017 : Full list of nominations includes Oscar frontrunner ' La La Land ' '' . Gold Derby . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2017 . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Awards 2017 '' . American Film Institute . December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 69th Primetime Emmys Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Emmys.com . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved 13 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Feinberg , Scott ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Emmys : ' This Is Us ' Nomination Revoked ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` Golden Globes : People v. O.J. , Night Manager , This Is Us , black - ish Lead Early TV Nominees '' . TV Line . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Music in Media Awards : Full Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards Nominations List -- ' This Is Us , ' ' Stranger Things ' '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kinane , Ruth ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Beyonce leads the pack of 2017 NAACP Image Award Nominees '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2016 . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Seitz , Dan ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` The Peabody Awards Pretty Much Nailed Their List Of TV Nominees '' . Uproxx . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` People 's Choice Awards Nominees 2017 -- Full List '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ CNN , Lisa Respers France . `` ' Manchester by the Sea ' leads film SAG Award nominations '' . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' This is Us ' Wins Grand Prize at Seoul Int'l Drama Awards '' . KBS World . September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( 5 August 2017 ) . `` TCA Awards : The Handmaid 's Tale , Atlanta , Big Little Lies , Carrie Coon Among Big Winners '' . TVLine . Retrieved 6 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwindt , Oriana ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` Writers Guild TV Nominations : ' Stranger Things , ' ' Westworld , ' ' This Is Us , ' ' Atlanta ' Break Through '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2016 . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Aiello , McKenna ( February 19 , 2017 ) . `` Writers Guild Awards 2017 Winners : The Complete List '' . E ! News . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2017 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( December 2 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix , FX 's ' Feud ' Lead Critics ' Choice TV Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes Winners : Complete List '' . Variety . January 7 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2018 . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sufjan Stevens , ' Greatest Showman , ' ' Girls ' Among Guild of Music Supervisors Awards Nominees '' . Variety . January 11 , 2018 . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 MTV Movie & TV Award Winners '' . MTV . June 18 , 2018 . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ THR Staff ( 20 November 2017 ) . `` NAACP Image Awards : ' Marshall , ' ' Get Out , ' ' Girls Trip ' Dominate Film Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Macke , Johnni ( September 5 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 People 's Choice Awards : Complete List of Nominations '' . E ! News . Retrieved September 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael . `` Emmys : Samira Wiley and Ryan Eggold to Announce Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` SAG Awards Analysis : ' Three Billboards ' Rebounds From PGA Loss , But Oscar Race Still Too Close To Call ; NBC 's ' This Is Us ' Shakes Things Up On TV Side '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website This Is Us on IMDb Preceded by 24 : Legacy 2017 Super Bowl lead - out program This Is Us 2018 Succeeded by The World 's Best 2019 NBC programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime American Ninja Warrior ( since 2011 ) America 's Got Talent ( since 2006 ) A.P. 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"Fogelman intentionally recruited behind-the-scenes talent that would reflect the diversity of his cast, with the goal of bringing greater authenticity to the dialog and storylines. These include black directors Regina King and George Tillman, Jr. and black female writers Kay Oyegun and Jas Waters (part of a 30% black core writing staff that far outpaces the industry standard of 5%).[13][14] In addition, Fogelman's sister Deborah, whose struggles with weight were one of the initial inspirations for the show, serves as a consultant.[15]\n",
"Fogelman intentionally recruited behind-the-scenes talent that would reflect the diversity of his cast, with the goal of bringing greater authenticity to the dialog and storylines. These include black directors Regina King and George Tillman, Jr. and black female writers Kay Oyegun and Jas Waters (part of a 30% black core writing staff that far outpaces the industry standard of 5%).[13][14] In addition, Fogelman's sister Deborah, whose struggles with weight were one of the initial inspirations for the show, serves as a consultant.[15]\n"
] | [
"Kay Oyegun",
"Jas Waters"
] |
5362772869080832104 | INS Vikrant (2013) | INS Vikrant ( 2013 ) - wikipedia INS Vikrant ( 2013 ) Jump to : navigation , search For the decommissioned Majestic - class aircraft carrier , see INS Vikrant ( R11 ) . Vikrant being moved for fitting out in June 2015 History India Name : INS Vikrant Namesake : INS Vikrant ( R11 ) Owner : Ministry of Defence Operator : Indian Navy Ordered : 2004 Builder : Cochin Shipyard Limited Cost : $0.5 bn ( planned ) , $3.765 bn ( to date ) Laid down : 28 February 2009 Launched : 12 August 2013 Completed : December 2018 ( expected ) Commissioned : October 2020 ( expected ) Motto : `` I defeat those who fight against me '' . Sanskrit जयेम सं युधि स्पृध : Status : Fitting out General characteristics Class and type : Vikrant - class aircraft carrier Displacement : 40,000 tonnes ( 44,000 short tons ) Length : 262 m ( 860 ft ) Beam : 62 m ( 203 ft ) Draught : 8.4 m ( 28 ft ) Depth : 25.6 m ( 84 ft ) Installed power : 4 × General Electric LM2500+ gas turbines 2 × Elecon COGAG gearbox Propulsion : Two shafts Speed : 28 knots ( 52 km / h ; 32 mph ) Range : 8,000 nautical miles ( 15,000 km ; 9,200 mi ) Crew : 196 officers , 1,449 sailors ( including air crew ) Sensors and processing systems : Selex RAN - 40L long - range early warning and surveillance AESA radar . Elta EL / M - 2248 MF - STAR AESA multifunction radar . Armament : 4 × Otobreda 76 mm ( 3 in ) dual purpose cannons Barak 1 & Barak 8 surface - to - air missile launchers ( 2 x 32 cells VLS ) AK - 630 CIWS Aircraft carried : 30 - 40 Total Aircraft fixed - wing aircraft including 26 x Fixed Wing Aircraft including Mikoyan MiG - 29K rotatory - wing including 10 x Kamov Ka - 31 , Westland Sea King and HAL Dhruv . Aviation facilities : 10,000 m ( 110,000 sq ft ) flight deck INS Vikrant ( víkrānta `` courageous '' ) ( IAC - I ) is the first aircraft carrier built in India and the first Vikrant - class aircraft carrier built by Cochin Shipyard ( CSL ) in Kochi , Kerala for the Indian Navy . The motto of the ship is Jayema Sam Yudhi Sprdhah , which is taken from Rig Veda 1.8. 3 and is translated as `` I defeat those who fight against me '' . Work on the ship 's design began in 1999 , and the keel was laid in February 2009 . The carrier was floated out of its dry dock on 29 December 2011 and was launched in 2013 . As of 2018 , the ship is expected to be completed by December 2018 , after which it will be handed over to the Navy and undergo two years of sea trials before its expected commissioning in October 2020 . The project cost has escalated dramatically to ₹ 19,341 crore ( US $3.0 billion ) as of 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design 2 Construction 2.1 Launch 2.2 Undocking and fitting - out phase 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Design ( edit ) INS Vikrant during its launch in August 2013 INS Vikrant during its undocking in June 2015 INS Vikrant is the first ship of the Vikrant class of aircraft carriers . The name Vikrant ( Sanskrit vikrānta , literally `` stepping beyond '' ) means `` courageous '' or `` bold '' . It is 262 metres ( 860 ft ) long and 60 metres ( 200 ft ) wide , and displaces about 40,000 metric tons ( 39,000 long tons ) . It features a Short Take - Off But Arrested Recovery ( STOBAR ) configuration with a ski - jump . The deck is designed to enable aircraft such as the MiG - 29K to operate from the carrier . It is expected to carry an air group of up to thirty aircraft , which will include up to 24 -- 26 fixed - wing combat aircraft , primarily the Mikoyan MiG - 29K . The naval variant of the HAL Tejas was rejected by the navy on Dec 2 , 2016 for being overweight . Besides carrying 10 Kamov Ka - 31 or Westland Sea King helicopters . The Ka - 31 will fulfill the airborne early warning ( AEW ) role and the Sea King will provide anti-submarine warfare ( ASW ) capability . A schematic diagram of INS Vikrant Vikrant is powered by four General Electric LM2500+ gas turbines on two shafts , generating over 80 megawatts ( 110,000 hp ) of power . The gearboxes for the carriers were designed and supplied by Elecon Engineering . Construction ( edit ) Vikrant is the first aircraft carrier to be designed by the Directorate of Naval Design of the Indian Navy and the first warship to be built by Cochin Shipyard . Its construction involved participation of a large number of private and public firms . The keel for Vikrant was laid by Defence Minister A.K. Antony at the Cochin Shipyard on 28 February 2009 . The AB / A grade steel which was supposed to be supplied from Russia faced problems in delivery . To resolve this , the Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory ( DMRL ) and Steel Authority of India Limited ( SAIL ) created facilities to manufacture the steel in India . Reportedly , three types of special steel for the hull , flight deck and floor compartments were manufactured at the Bhilai Steel Plant , Chhattisgarh and Rourkela Steel Plant , Odisha . Due to this , this is the first ship of the Indian navy to be built completely using domestically - produced steel . The main switch board , steering gear and water tight hatches have been manufactured by Larsen & Toubro in Mumbai and Talegaon ; high - capacity air conditioning and refrigeration systems have been manufactured in Kirloskar Group 's plants in Pune ; most pumps have been supplied by Best and Crompton ; Bharat Heavy Electricals ( BHEL ) supplied the Integrated Platform Management System ( IPMS ) , which is being installed by Avio , an Italian company ; the gear box was supplied by Elecon Engineering ; and the electrical cables are being supplied by Nicco Industries. . Fincantieri provided consultancy for the propulsion package while Russia 's Nevskoye Design Bureau designed the aviation complex The ship uses modular construction , with 874 blocks joined together for the hull . By the time the keel was laid , 423 blocks weighing over 8,000 tons had been completed . The construction plan called for the carrier to be launched in 2010 , when it would displace some 20,000 tonnes , as a larger displacement could not be accommodated in the building bay . It was planned that after about a year 's development in the refit dock , the carrier would be launched when all the major components , including underwater systems , would be in place . Outfitting would then be carried out after launch . As per the Cabinet Committee on Security ( CCS ) , sea trials were initially planned to commence in 2013 , with the ship to be commissioned in 2014 . In March 2012 , it was reported that the project had been affected by the delay in the delivery of the main gearboxes for the carrier . The supplier , Elecon , attributed it to having to work around a number of technical complexities due to the length of the propulsion shafts . Other issues resulting in delays included an accident with a diesel generator and an issue with its alignment . In August 2011 , the Defence Ministry reported to the Lok Sabha that 75 % of the construction work for the hull of the lead carrier had been completed and the carrier would be first launched in December 2011 , following which further works would be completed until commissioning . On 29 December 2011 , the completed hull of the carrier was first floated out of its dry dock at CSL , with its displacement at over 14,000 tonnes . Interior works and fittings on the hull would be carried out until the second half of 2012 , when it would again be dry - docked for integration with its propulsion and power generation systems . In July 2012 , The Times of India reported that construction of Vikrant has been delayed by three years , and the ship would be ready for commissioning by 2018 . Later , in November 2012 , Indian English - language news channel NDTV reported that cost of the aircraft carrier had increased and the delivery has been delayed by at least five years and is expected to be with the Indian Navy only after 2018 as against the scheduled date of delivery of 2014 . Work then commenced for the next stage of construction , which included the installation of the integrated propulsion system , the superstructure , the upper decks , the cabling , sensors and weapons . Launch ( edit ) In July 2013 , the Defence Minister A.K. Antony announced that Vikrant would be launched on 12 August at the Cochin Shipyard . The ship was launched by his wife , Elizabeth Antony , on 12 August 2013 . Extensive sea trials are expected to begin in mid of 2017 and the ship will be inducted into the navy by late 2018 . According to Admiral Robin Dhowan , about 83 % of the fabrication work and 75 % of the construction work had been completed at the time of launching . He said that 90 % of the body work of the aircraft carrier had been designed and made in India , about 50 % of the propulsion system , and about 30 % of its weaponry . He also said that the ship would be equipped with a long range missile system with multi-function radar and a close - in weapon system ( CIWS ) . After the launch , Vikrant was re-docked for the second phase of construction , in which the ship will be fitted with various weapons and sensors , and the propulsion system , flight deck and the aircraft complex will be integrated . In December 2014 it was reported that Vikrant will be commissioned by 2018 . Undocking and fitting - out phase ( edit ) Vikrant was undocked on 10 June 2015 after the completion of structural work . Cabling , piping , heat and ventilation works will be completed by 2017 ; sea trials will begin thereafter . By October 2015 , the construction of the hull was close to 98 percent complete , with flight deck construction underway . The installation of machinery , piping and the propeller shafts was in progress by January 2016 ; it was reported , however , that there were delays in the delivery of equipment from Russia for the carrier 's aviation complex . By May 2017 , the procurement delays had been resolved and the carrier 's fitting - out was 62 % complete , with trials of the auxiliary systems scheduled by late 2017 . According to the Chief of Naval Staff , the ship is expected to be commissioned by the end of 2020 . In January 2018 , the Navy announced the remaining procurement delays stalling Vikrant ' s construction had been resolved , and that the carrier would be completed and delivered by December 2018 ; it would then undergo two years of sea trials before its expected commissioning in October 2020 . See also ( edit ) Future ships of the Indian Navy List of active Indian Navy ships References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Peri , Dinakar ( 19 January 2018 ) . `` Navy confident of commissioning aircraft carrier Vikrant in two years '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 4 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` India Floats out Its First Indigenous Aircraft Carrier '' . DefenceNow.com. 2 January 2012 . Archived from the original on 13 February 2015 . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Anandan , S. ( 13 May 2017 ) . `` In the heart of the iron beast '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 28 August 2017 . Retrieved 13 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` List of Aircraft Carriers Under Construction : 2013 '' . World Defense Review . Archived from the original on 19 May 2015 . Retrieved 17 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` India 's first indigenous aircraft carrier to be inducted in 2018 '' . Times of India . Archived from the original on 19 December 2016 . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cochin Shipyard undockes INS Vikrant '' . BUSINESS STANDARD. 11 June 2015 . Archived from the original on 28 August 2017 . Retrieved 12 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` India 's First Indigenous Aircraft Carrier - INS Vikrant '' . Archived from the original on 12 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Singh , Harmeet ( 12 August 2013 ) . `` India unveils home - built aircraft carrier , INS Vikrant '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 17 May 2015 . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Anandan , S. ; Martin , K.A. ( 30 December 2011 ) . `` Navy floats out first Indigenous Aircraft Carrier '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 4 January 2012 . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Mazumdar , Mrityunjoy ( 17 June 2015 ) . `` India 's indigenous carrier is floated out '' . IHS Jane 's Defence Weekly . 52 ( 24 ) : 8 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Shrivastava , Sanskar ( 25 August 2013 ) . `` Comparison of Chinese Aircraft Carrier Liaoning and Indian INS Vikrant '' . The World Reporter . Archived from the original on 28 August 2013 . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Ramsay , Sushil ( March 2014 ) . `` Force Projection and Modernization of Indian Navy '' . 9 ( 1 ) . SP 's Naval Forces : 4 -- 6 . Archived from the original on 4 May 2014 . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Navy rejects naval version of Tejas LCA , seeks alternative '' . IHS Jane 's 360 . Archived from the original on 20 December 2016 . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Anandan , S. ( 29 September 2008 ) . `` Keel - laying of indigenous aircraft carrier in December '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Simha , Rakesh Krishnan ( 5 December 2012 ) . `` Vikramaditya and Liaoning -- forces of the future '' . IndRus . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Vora , Rutan ( 26 December 2011 ) . `` Elecon to supply gears for India 's first aircraft carrier '' . Business Standard . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` India starts work on second indigenous aircraft carrier '' . The Economic Times . 16 July 2012 . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Govt overhauls coastal security ; gives overall charge to Navy '' . dnaindia . Archived from the original on 10 April 2016 . Retrieved 7 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` India to lay keel of new aircraft carrier on Saturday World RIA Novosti '' . sputniknews. 26 February 2009 . Archived from the original on 5 June 2011 . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Shukla , Ajai ( 7 August 2013 ) . `` INS Vikrant 's first victory : being built from Indian steel '' . Business Standard . Archived from the original on 11 August 2013 . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Vikrant ' Reborn in Indigenous Avtar '' . Indian Defence Review . 12 August 2013 . Archived from the original on 26 February 2014 . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` In the heart of the iron beast , INS Vikrant '' . The Hindu . 13 May 2017 . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Ray , Kaylan ( 1 March 2009 ) . `` India joins elite warships club '' . Deccan Herald . Archived from the original on 15 July 2012 . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Unnithan , Sandeep ( 18 February 2009 ) . `` Keel laying of indigenous aircraft carrier next week '' . Indiatoday . Archived from the original on 27 July 2009 . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Suman ( 7 October 2010 ) . `` Indigenous Aircraft Carrier 's nucleus ready '' . Dnaindia.com . Archived from the original on 10 February 2011 . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Anandan , S. ( 12 March 2011 ) . `` Indigenous aircraft carrier a year behind schedule '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 14 December 2013 . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Prasad , K.V. ( 3 December 2011 ) . `` INS Arihant on track '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 14 December 2013 . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Indigenous aircraft carrier launch this Dec ' '' . Zeenews. 2 August 2011 . Archived from the original on 9 June 2015 . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` First indigenous aircraft carrier to be completed by Dec : Govt '' . Ibnlive.in.com. 2 August 2011 . Archived from the original on 7 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` India 's first indigenous aircraft carrier to be inducted in 2018 - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 17 December 2016 . Retrieved 17 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Sen , Sudhi Ranjan ( 20 November 2012 ) . `` Indian aircraft carrier : More costly , already delayed '' . Ndtv.com . Archived from the original on 9 July 2014 . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Pandit , Rajat ( 16 August 2014 ) . `` PM Modi inducts India 's largest indigenously built warship INS Kolkata '' . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 2 October 2015 . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` India launches home - built , 37,500 - tonne aircraft carrier in a shot across the bow to China '' . National Post . Associated Press . 12 August 2013 . Archived from the original on 14 August 2013 . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . The 37,500 tonne INS Vikrant is expected to go for extensive trials in 2016 before being inducted into the navy by 2017 , reports say . With this , India joins the select group of countries comprising the United States , the United Kingdom , Russia and France capable of building such a vessel . Jump up ^ Sen , Sudhi Ranjan ( 11 August 2013 ) . `` INS Vikrant , first Indian - made aircraft carrier , enters water next week '' . NDTV . Archived from the original on 14 December 2013 . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Anandan , S. ( 10 June 2015 ) . `` Cochin Shipyard undocks INS Vikrant '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 17 July 2015 . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Gupta , Jayanta ( 15 October 2015 ) . `` Aircraft carrier INS Vikrant will be delivered to Navy on time : Cochin Shipyard chief '' . Times of India . Archived from the original on 18 October 2015 . Retrieved 18 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Navy chief reviews Vikrant project '' . The Hindu . 17 January 2016 . Archived from the original on 17 January 2016 . Retrieved 30 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Gurung , Shaurya Karanbir ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) . `` 14 Chinese navy ships spotted in Indian Ocean , Indian Navy monitoring locations '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 02 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to INS Vikrant ( ship , 2013 ) . Images during the launch of Vikrant ( hide ) Aircraft carriers of the Indian Navy In service INS Vikramaditya ( 2013 -- present ) Under construction INS Vikrant ( 2013 ) ( est. 2018 ) Proposed INS Vishal ( est. 2025 ) Retired INS Vikrant ( R11 ) ( 1961 -- 1997 ) INS Viraat ( 1987 -- 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=INS_Vikrant_(2013)&oldid=825580140 '' Categories : Aircraft carriers of the Indian Navy Vikrant - class aircraft carriers 2013 ships Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL EngvarB from August 2013 Use dmy dates from August 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia മലയാളം 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский Slovenščina தமிழ் తెలుగు Tiếng Việt 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 February 2018 , at 05 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the name of india's first aircraft carrier is | [
"INS Vikrant (víkrānta \"courageous\"[8]) (IAC-I) is the first aircraft carrier built in India and the first Vikrant-class aircraft carrier built by Cochin Shipyard (CSL) in Kochi, Kerala for the Indian Navy. The motto of the ship is Jayema Sam Yudhi Sprdhah, which is taken from Rig Veda 1.8.3 and is translated[by whom?] as \"I defeat those who fight against me\"."
] | [
"INS Vikrant"
] |
1883019385815567963 | Life Is Strange | Life is Strange - wikipedia Life is Strange Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2015 video game . For the 2012 documentary film , see Life Is Strange ( film ) . Life Is Strange Developer ( s ) Dontnod Entertainment Publisher ( s ) Square Enix Feral Interactive ( OS X , Linux ) Black Wing Foundation ( iOS , Android ) Director ( s ) Raoul Barbet Michel Koch Producer ( s ) Luc Baghadoust Designer ( s ) Baptiste Moisan Sebastien Judit Sebastien Gaillard Artist ( s ) Michel Koch Kenny Laurent Amaury Balandier Writer ( s ) Christian Divine Jean - Luc Cano Composer ( s ) Jonathan Morali Engine Unreal Engine 3 Platform ( s ) Android iOS Linux Microsoft Windows OS X PlayStation 3 PlayStation 4 Xbox 360 Xbox One Release Episode 1 WW : 30 January 2015 Episode 2 WW : 24 March 2015 Episode 3 WW : 19 May 2015 Episode 4 WW : 28 July 2015 Episode 5 WW : 20 October 2015 Genre ( s ) Graphic adventure Mode ( s ) Single - player Life Is Strange is an episodic graphic adventure video game developed by Dontnod Entertainment and published by Square Enix for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , Xbox 360 , and Xbox One . The game was released in five episodic parts periodically throughout 2015 . The game 's plot focuses on Max Caulfield , an 18 - year - old photography student who discovers that she has the ability to rewind time at any moment , leading her every choice to enact the butterfly effect . After having foreseen an approaching storm , Max must take on the responsibility to prevent it from destroying her town . The player 's actions will adjust the narrative as it unfolds , and reshape it once allowed to travel back in time . Fetch quests and making environmental changes represent the forms of puzzle solving in addition to using branching choices for conversation . Development of Life Is Strange began in April 2013 . It was formed with an episodic format in mind , for reasons both financial and creative . The developers conducted field research on the setting by travelling to the Pacific Northwest , and subverted known archetypes to make the characters . Player feedback influenced the adjustments made to the episodes . Story and character arc serve as the central point in the game rather than traditional graphic adventure tropes like point - and - click puzzles . The voice recording sessions took place in Los Angeles . During its release , Life Is Strange received generally favourable reviews commending the character development , rewind game mechanic and tackling of taboo subjects . It won the BAFTA Games Award for Best Story , the Peabody - Facebook Futures of Media Award and The Game Awards ' Games for Impact Award . Common criticisms included the slang that was used , poor lip - syncing in earlier episodes , and tonal inconsistencies in the story . It has sold over three million copies as of May 2017 . A prequel -- Before the Storm -- was released on 31 August 2017 . A digital series and a sequel -- Life Is Strange 2 -- are in development . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Plot 3 Development 3.1 Release 4 Reception 4.1 Sales 4.2 Awards 5 Legacy 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Players are able to rewind an event within a certain interval of time . Life Is Strange is a graphic adventure played from a third - person view . The mechanic of rewinding time allows the player to redo any action that has been taken . The player can examine and interact with objects , which enables puzzle solving in the form of fetch quests and making changes to the environment . Items that are collected before time travelling will be kept in the inventory after the fact . The player can explore various locations in the fictional setting of Arcadia Bay and communicate with non-playable characters . Dialogue exchanges can be rewound while branching options are used for conversation . Once an event is reset , the details provided earlier are permitted to avail themselves in the future . In some instances , choices in dialogue will alter and affect the story through short or long - term consequences . For each one of the choices , something good in the short - term could turn out worse later . Plot ( edit ) Life Is Strange is set in the fictional town of Arcadia Bay , Oregon , and is told from the perspective of Maxine `` Max '' Caulfield ( Hannah Telle ) , a twelfth grade student attending Blackwell Academy during October 2013 . During photography class with her teacher Mark Jefferson ( Derek Phillips ) , Max experiences a vision of a lighthouse being destroyed by a swelling tornado . Leaving for the restroom to regain her composure , she witnesses classmate Nathan Prescott ( Nik Shriner ) accidentally kill a woman in a fit of rage . In a single , sudden effort , she develops the ability to rewind time and rescues the girl ; revealed to be her childhood friend Chloe Price ( Ashly Burch ) . The two reunite and go for a walk at the lighthouse , where Max reveals to Chloe her capacity to travel back in time . It is established that the vision is rather the reckoning of a future event : a storm approaching the town . The next day , Max observes fellow student Kate Marsh ( Dayeanne Hutton ) being bullied for a viral video depicting her kissing several students at a party . It is implied that she was drugged , and Max suspects Nathan as the perpetrator . Meeting Chloe at the diner where her mother Joyce ( Cissy Jones ) works , they decide to experiment with Max 's power at Chloe 's secret scrapyard hideout . However , strain causes Max to have a nosebleed and faint . Chloe takes her back to Blackwell , but class is halted when everyone is called out to the courtyard . Kate commits suicide by jumping off the roof of the girls ' dorm . Max manages to rewind and time stops unexpectedly as she reaches Kate , giving Max the opportunity to convince her to come down . Max ultimately resolves to uncover what happened to Kate and Chloe 's missing friend Rachel Amber . Max and Chloe break into the principal 's office that night to investigate and enter the pool for a swim before evading David Madsen ( Don McManus ) , head of security at Blackwell and Chloe 's stepfather , and fleeing back to Chloe 's place . The next morning , they sneak into the motorhome of Frank Bowers ( Daniel Bonjour ) , drug dealer and friend of Rachel , and learn that Rachel was in a relationship with Frank and lied to Chloe about it , causing Chloe to storm off feeling betrayed . Max returns to her dormitory and examines a childhood photo of her and Chloe , but is suddenly transported to the day the picture was taken . Max prevents Chloe 's father William ( Joe Ochman ) from dying in a traffic collision , which inadvertently creates an alternative reality where William is alive but Chloe has been paralysed from the neck down as a result of a collision in her own car . Max uses the photo to undo her decision and return to the present day , restoring Chloe 's health . Continuing their investigation , Max and Chloe obtain clues leading them to an abandoned barn owned by the influential Prescott family . They discover a hidden bunker containing pictures of Kate and Rachel tied up and intoxicated , with Rachel being buried at Chloe 's secret hideout . They hurry back to the scrapyard and find Rachel 's grave , much to Chloe 's despair . Max follows Chloe at the school party to confront Nathan , believing he will target fellow student Victoria Chase ( Dani Knights ) . They receive a text from Nathan threatening to destroy the evidence , returning them to the scrapyard . All of a sudden , the two are ambushed by Jefferson , who anaesthetises Max and kills Chloe with a shot to the head . Max is kidnapped and held captive in the `` Dark Room '' , a place Jefferson has been drugging and photographing young girls to capture their innocence . Max escapes into a photograph and emerges back at the beginning in Jefferson 's class . She alerts David , getting Jefferson arrested . Max is given the opportunity to go to San Francisco and have one of her photos displayed in an art gallery . She calls Chloe from the event , realizing that , for all her effort , the storm has reached Arcadia Bay . Max travels back to the time at which she took the gallery photo , which eventually leads her to sojourn alternative realities as they devolve into a dreamscape nightmare . Max and Chloe finally return to the lighthouse and confront the fact that Max brought the storm into existence by availing herself of the time travel abilities in the first place . The only way to prevent it is for Max to go back to the beginning and allow Chloe to be killed by Nathan . Max must make a choice : sacrifice Chloe 's life to save Arcadia Bay , or sacrifice Arcadia Bay in order to spare Chloe . Development ( edit ) Co-game directors Raoul Barbet and Michel Koch present at the 2016 Game Developers Conference . Life Is Strange was Dontnod Entertainment 's second title with a female protagonist . Dontnod published a developer diary that said most prospective publishers were unwilling to publish a game unless it had a male protagonist . Most publishers had the same objection to Dontnod 's first project , Remember Me . Dontnod CEO Oskar Guilbert also challenged the idea at the start . Square Enix was the only publisher with no intention to change the female protagonist . Dontnod co-founder Jean - Maxime Moris said gender equality in video games was `` a great debate to have '' , but `` we 're not pretending to address the issue or use the issue to stand out from the rest '' . Development of Life Is Strange began in April 2013 with a team of 15 , and more people were added when the collaboration with Square Enix began . Dontnod told Square Enix about Life Is Strange only after Square Enix turned down a pitch for a larger game . Before signing with Square Enix , Life Is Strange was imagined as a full - length video game that Dontnod would self - publish . However , the publisher surmised that it would be more successful as an episodic title . The game was originally codenamed What If but then retitled to distinguish itself from the film of the same name . Life Is Strange was born of the idea for the rewind mechanic , which the developer had already experimented on with their last game Remember Me . The lead character Max was created with the ability to rewind time to supplement this mechanism . The episodic format was decided upon by the studio for creative reasons , financial restrictions and marketing purposes , allowing them to tell the story in its preferred slow pace . The Pacific Northwest was picked as the setting for the purpose of conveying a nostalgic and autumnal feel to the game . The development team visited the region , took photographs , looked at local newspapers and used Google Street View to make sure the environment was accurately portrayed . It was decided early on that most of the budget be spent on the writing and voice actors . The original story was written in French by Jean - Luc Cano , and converted into a game script by the co-directors and design team . It was subsequently handed over to Christian Divine and Cano to be fine tuned in English . Story and character development were highlighted over point - and - click puzzles , making choice and consequence integral to how the narrative unfolds . Hannah Telle auditioned for Max Caulfield in July 2014 and was offered the part ; Ashly Burch auditioned for both Max and her given role Chloe Price . The recording sessions were done in Los Angeles , California , with the French developer brought in via Skype . Key art for episode five from rough concept to final version . Although it holds significant differences from Remember Me , the game addresses similar themes of memory and identity . Life Is Strange was specified as an analogue look at human identity in contrast to Remember Me , the digital view of the same theme . Running on an improved version of Unreal Engine 3 , it makes use of the tools and special effects like lighting and depth of field engineered for Remember Me as well as subsequent advances . Visual effects like post-processes , double exposure and overlapping screen space particles were used as an artistic approach to be displayed while the lead character rewinds time . The textures seen in the game were entirely hand painted , adapted to achieve what art director Michel Koch called `` impressionistic rendering '' . Elements were adjusted based on player feedback , with influences like The Walking Dead , Gone Home and Heavy Rain in mind . The Catcher in the Rye was an additional source of inspiration , whose protagonist Holden Caulfield shares a surname with Max , the game 's lead . The characters were created using known archetypes , at first to establish an entry point for the player , and then to subvert them . For the sake of serving the realism , the supernatural elements were designed as a metaphor for the characters ' inner conflict , and experts were consulted to tackle the subject of teen suicide . Twin Peaks also influenced the setting and characters , and is referenced within the game . The score was composed by Jonathan Morali of the band Syd Matters . Inspired by modern indie folk music , the soundtrack was intended to inform the mood of the game . The music contains a blend of licensed tracks and composed pieces . Featured artists include José González , Mogwai , Breton , Amanda Palmer , Brian Viglione , Bright Eyes , Message to Bears , Local Natives , Syd Matters , Sparklehorse , Angus & Julia Stone , alt - J , Mud Flow and Foals . Release ( edit ) Square Enix and Dontnod announced Life Is Strange on 11 August 2014 . The episodes were released digitally on PC via Steam , PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 via PlayStation Network , and Xbox 360 and Xbox One via Xbox Live between 30 January 2015 and 20 October 2015 . In November 2014 , the publisher said they were interested in releasing physical copies of the game , but said that at that time they were `` 100 per cent focused on the digital release '' . One year later , the retail edition was set to be released for the PC , PS4 and Xbox One in North America on 19 January 2016 and in Europe on 22 January 2016 ; the limited edition had an artbook , the soundtrack , score , and a director 's commentary . A Japanese version was released for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 on 3 March 2016 . Feral Interactive ported Life Is Strange for OS X , released on 16 June 2016 , and Linux , released on 21 July 2016 . That same day , the first episode was made indefinitely available for free on Linux , Windows , OS X , PS3 , PS4 , Xbox 360 and Xbox One . It was released for iOS on 14 December 2017 , and launches on Android in early 2018 , both ported by Black Wing Foundation . Life Is Strange was included on PlayStation Plus for the month of June 2017 . Episode Release date `` Episode 1 : Chrysalis '' 30 January 2015 `` Episode 2 : Out of Time '' 24 March 2015 `` Episode 3 : Chaos Theory '' 19 May 2015 `` Episode 4 : Dark Room '' 28 July 2015 `` Episode 5 : Polarized '' 20 October 2015 Reception ( edit ) The developers accept the audience award at the 2016 Game Developers Choice Awards . Life Is Strange received generally favourable reviews , with a Metacritic score of 85 / 100 on PlayStation 4 and Xbox One . While reviewers criticised the games 's lip - syncing and use of dated slang , they lauded the character development and time travel component , suggesting that there should be more games like it . Eurogamer said it was `` one of the best interactive story games of this generation '' and Hardcore Gamer said it was the sleeper hit of 2015 . Life Is Strange received over 75 Game of the Year awards and listings . In April 2017 , Xbox One UK ranked Life Is Strange first in its list of Xbox One games priced under GB £ 20 . Game director Yoko Taro listed it as one of his favourite PlayStation 4 games . Aggregate review scores Game Metacritic Episode 1 : Chrysalis ( PC ) 77 / 100 ( PS4 ) 75 / 100 ( XOne ) 77 / 100 Episode 2 : Out of Time ( PC ) 77 / 100 ( PS4 ) 78 / 100 ( XOne ) 73 / 100 Episode 3 : Chaos Theory ( PC ) 80 / 100 ( PS4 ) 81 / 100 ( XOne ) 80 / 100 Episode 4 : Dark Room ( PC ) 76 / 100 ( PS4 ) 81 / 100 ( XOne ) 74 / 100 Episode 5 : Polarized ( PC ) 83 / 100 ( PS4 ) 81 / 100 ( XOne ) 80 / 100 Kevin VanOrd of GameSpot said Episode 1 : Chrysalis is `` an involving slice of life that works because its situations eloquently capture a peculiar early - college state of mind '' , while Game Informer 's Kimberley Wallace said the game 's tackling of `` subjects that are usually taboo for video games '' was impressive . Destructoid 's Brett Makedonski said the episode 's strongest characteristic was exploration -- both `` self - and worldly '' . Mitch Dyer of IGN said the story was ultimately obstructed by its `` laughable '' script and `` worse performances '' . In response to Episode 2 : Out of Time , Polygon 's Megan Farokhmanesh also said that the emphasis on self - exploration had considerable impact on the enjoyment of the game . Other critics said the ending was an `` emotional high point '' and that it brought meaning to the choices from both the first and second episodes . Mike Williams said in USgamer that the pacing of Episode 2 : Out of Time was `` slower and less exciting '' than that of episode one . Adnan Riaz of Hardcore Gamer said Episode 3 : Chaos Theory was a dramatic improvement that presented a `` thrilling , poignant , fascinating and ... enticing '' narrative whose outcome from past decisions also added a sense of realism . Peter Paras of Game Revolution complimented the character beats , particularly the development of Chloe Price , who he said `` really comes into her own as ( a ) fully - formed character '' . Though GameSpot 's Alexa Ray Corriea said that the fetch quests interfered with its emotional quality , the episode built up to a `` killer cliffhanger '' according to Farokhmanesh . GameZone 's Matt Liebl said Episode 4 : Dark Room was `` easily the most emotional episode '' and that the mystery of Rachel Amber had done a `` tremendous job in keeping us hooked '' . Tom Hoggins of The Telegraph said the developer 's venture into subjects like social division , online bullying , parental conflict and suicide as `` bold '' . Critics said there were tonal problems , caused by the game 's `` cheap ways '' of progressing the plot , such as character inconsistency and superfluous shocks . Critics were more favorable towards the episode 's puzzles and relationships . They said the final episode , Polarized , had a `` fitting conclusion '' to the coming of age story of Max Caulfield and the relationship between the two leads was carried out successfully . One stealth sequence was described as `` tedious '' and `` out - of - place '' while other aspects inhabiting the same course of events were favoured . Reviewers were essentially divided on the ending , citing the episode 's subtitle as something that mirrored their own feelings toward it . Sales ( edit ) The first episode was ranked fifth among the best selling PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 video games of February 2015 . Life Is Strange reached one million sales in July 2015 , having accumulated over 1.2 million unique players worldwide ; the attach rate to units between the complete season and season pass proved to be `` extremely strong '' , divulged Square Enix . The retail edition made seventh place in the top ten UK game sales chart for the week ending 23 January 2016 . Life Is Strange was one of the top 100 best - selling games on Steam in 2016 . As of May 2017 , more than three million copies have been sold . Awards ( edit ) Date Award Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2015 Develop Industry Excellence Awards New Games IP -- PC / console Life Is Strange Won Use of Narrative Won Golden Joystick Awards Best Original Game Runner - Up Best Storytelling Runner - Up Best Audio Runner - Up Best Gaming Moment Saving Kate Third Performance of the Year Ashly Burch as Chloe Won Game of the Year Life Is Strange Third Global Game Awards Best Adventure Life Is Strange -- Episode 1 Won Best Story Second Best Original Game Won Game of the Year Second The Game Awards Best Narrative Life Is Strange Nominated Best Performance Ashly Burch as Chloe Nominated Games for Impact Life Is Strange Won PlayStation Official Magazine Best Episodic Adventure Won Best Moment Episode 2 conclusion Won Vice Canada 's Top 20 video games of 2015 Best Game Life Is Strange Fourth Vulture 's Top 10 video games of 2015 Won Red Bull Games ' Top 10 video games of 2015 Second Polygon 's Games of the Year 2015 Game of the Year Seventh Destructoid 's Best of 2015 Best Xbox One Game Nominated Eurogamer 's Top 10 video games of 2015 Best Game Tenth Ars Technica Eighth Giant Bomb Best Moment or Sequence End of Episode 2 Runner - Up 2016 New Statesman 's Top 10 video games of 2015 Best Game Life Is Strange Won Hardcore Gamer 's Best of 2015 Best Adventure Game Runner - Up PlayStation Blog 's Best of 2015 Best PS4 Game Nominated Best Story Runner - Up Best Soundtrack Runner - Up Best Digital - Only Release Runner - Up D.I.C.E. Awards Outstanding Achievement in Game Direction Nominated Adventure Game of the Year Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Character Max Caulfield Nominated Game Developers Choice Awards Audience Award Life Is Strange Won SXSW Gaming Awards Excellence in Narrative Nominated Most Promising New Intellectual Property Nominated Matthew Crump Cultural Innovation Award Nominated National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Art Direction , Contemporary Nominated Character Design Won Direction in a Game Cinema Nominated Game Design , New IP Nominated Original Light Mix Score , New IP Won Song , Original or Adapted Life Is Strange -- `` To All of You '' Won Song Collection Life Is Strange Nominated Writing in a Drama Nominated Game , Original Adventure Nominated British Academy Games Awards Best Game Nominated Game Innovation Nominated Original Property Nominated Performer Ashly Burch Nominated Story Life Is Strange Won Peabody - Facebook Futures of Media Awards Excellence and Innovation in Digital Storytelling Won The Games for Change Awards Game of the Year Won Most Significant Impact Won Best Gameplay Nominated Most Innovative Nominated Japan Game Awards Game Designers Award Won Apple 's Best of 2016 Game of the Year Won Steam Awards `` I 'm Not Crying , There 's Something In My Eye '' Nominated Legacy ( edit ) After Life Is Strange achieved financial and commercial success , Dontnod Entertainment started to become more prominent in the video game industry ; publishers pursued the studio for the first time , whereas they previously had to pursue publishers themselves . CEO Oskar Guilbert said that the game saved his company financially after the mediocre sales of Remember Me . In July 2016 , Legendary Digital Studios and Square Enix , in conjunction with dj2 Entertainment announced that they would be adapting Life Is Strange as a digital series . Legendary said that , at the time of the announcement , they were meeting with potential writers for the series adaptation , which will be set in Arcadia Bay . On 18 May 2017 , Dontnod Entertainment said Life Is Strange 2 was in the works . It will have a new location and cast of characters . In early June 2017 , developer Deck Nine said they had `` signed a partnership deal with a leading AAA videogame publisher '' and were developing a title for a `` critically acclaimed franchise '' , and images of Life Is Strange characters appeared on Deck Nine 's website . The website Kotaku said this probably meant Square Enix was the publisher and Life Is Strange the game alluded to . Later that month , Square Enix announced Life Is Strange : Before the Storm , a three - part episodic title that launched for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on 31 August 2017 . Notes ( edit ) ^ Dontnod started working on the game before Gone Home was released . ^ The subtitle Chrysalis alludes to the transitional stage of butterflies as pupae , before they emerge into adulthood . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gaca , Christian ( 22 August 2014 ) . `` One of the oddest reveals of Gamescom also proved to be one of the most interesting . Here 's what the Remember Me developers did next '' . Gamereactor . Archived from the original on 21 December 2014 . Retrieved 11 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Purchese , Robert ( 12 September 2014 ) . `` Life is Strange : It takes time to be different '' . Eurogamer . Archived from the original on 6 February 2015 . Retrieved 11 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Colin ( 9 January 2015 ) . `` It 's time to pay attention to Life is Strange '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on 10 January 2015 . Retrieved 21 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Corriea , Alexa Ray ( 20 May 2015 ) . `` Life is Strange , Episode Three Review '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on 2 November 2015 . Retrieved 31 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Martin , Liam ( 23 January 2015 ) . `` Life Is Strange developer diary explores rewind feature '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on 28 January 2015 . Retrieved 24 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Paras , Peter ( 31 March 2015 ) . `` Life is Strange : Episode 2 -- Out of Time Review '' . Game Revolution . Archived from the original on 8 December 2015 . Retrieved 11 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Dyer , Mitch ( 19 May 2015 ) . `` Life Is Strange -- Episode 3 Review '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 29 October 2015 . Retrieved 11 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Makedonski , Brett ( 13 August 2014 ) . `` Life is Strange is a world you 'll want to lose yourself in '' . Destructoid . Archived from the original on 12 November 2014 . Retrieved 11 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Wong , Steven ( 14 October 2014 ) . `` Life is Strange impressions : Stranger by the minute '' . Shacknews . Archived from the original on 16 October 2014 . Retrieved 21 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Futter , Mike ( 23 January 2015 ) . `` Life Is Strange Has Strict Time Travel Rules And A Unique Photography Aesthetic '' . Game Informer . Archived from the original on 27 January 2015 . Retrieved 24 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sarkar , Samit ( 10 October 2014 ) . `` Do your choices matter if you can just rewind time and redo them ? '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on 12 November 2014 . Retrieved 12 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Dontnod Entertainment ( 30 January 2015 ) . Life Is Strange . Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , PlayStation 3 , Xbox One , Xbox 360 . Square Enix . Level / area : Chrysalis . ^ Jump up to : Dontnod Entertainment ( 24 March 2015 ) . Life Is Strange . Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , PlayStation 3 , Xbox One , Xbox 360 . Square Enix . Level / area : Out of Time . Jump up ^ Dontnod Entertainment ( 19 May 2015 ) . Life Is Strange . Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , PlayStation 3 , Xbox One , Xbox 360 . Square Enix . Level / area : Chaos Theory . Jump up ^ Dontnod Entertainment ( 28 July 2015 ) . Life Is Strange . Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , PlayStation 3 , Xbox One , Xbox 360 . Square Enix . Level / area : Dark Room . Jump up ^ Dontnod Entertainment ( 20 October 2015 ) . Life Is Strange . Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , PlayStation 3 , Xbox One , Xbox 360 . Square Enix . Level / area : Polarized . Jump up ^ Maiberg , Emanuel ( 10 January 2015 ) . `` '' Other Publishers Told Us to Make It a Male Lead Character , '' Life is Strange Dev Says `` . GameSpot . Archived from the original on 19 July 2015 . Retrieved 21 July 2015 . Jump up ^ LeBoeuf , Sarah ( 11 January 2015 ) . `` Publishers Wanted Life is Strange Devs to Make Leads Male '' . The Escapist . Archived from the original on 6 February 2015 . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( 19 March 2013 ) . `` Publishers said ' You ca n't have a female character , ' says Remember Me dev '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on 29 December 2013 . Retrieved 12 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Ben ( June 2016 ) . `` Edge # 293 '' . Edge . p. 94 - 97 : Future plc . Jump up ^ Rougeau , Mike ( 11 January 2015 ) . `` Publishers Wanted To Change Life Is Strange 's Protagonists Into Men '' . Kotaku . Archived from the original on 17 November 2015 . Retrieved 31 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Taveras , Joel ( 9 October 2014 ) . `` Life Is Strange Creative Director Jean - Maxime Moris Talks Atmosphere , Choices , and Female Leads '' . DualShockers . Archived from the original on 12 November 2014 . 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Life is Strange is a unique five - part adventure that explores complex issues with an innovative take on story - based '' . Gamasutra. 16 June 2016 . Archived from the original on 22 September 2016 . Retrieved 16 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Riaz , Adnan ( 1 June 2016 ) . `` Feral Interactive Confirms Life Is Strange is Coming to Mac , Linux '' . Hardcore Gamer . Archived from the original on 2 June 2016 . Retrieved 2 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Life Is Strange is out now on Steam for Mac and Linux , with the first episode available for free ! '' . Gamasutra. 21 July 2016 . Archived from the original on 25 July 2016 . Retrieved 22 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Martin , Liam ( 21 July 2016 ) . `` Life is Strange free download confirmed for PS4 and PS3 , regardless of PlayStation Plus '' . Daily Express . Archived from the original on 29 July 2016 . Retrieved 21 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Minotti , Mike ( 12 December 2017 ) . `` Life is Strange will launch for iOS on December 14 '' . GamesBeat . 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Jump up ^ Fisher , Cydney ( 23 December 2014 ) . `` VIDEO GAME SPOTLIGHT : `` Life Is Strange '' `` . Indiewire . Archived from the original on 27 December 2014 . Retrieved 29 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Balestriere , Vincent ( 31 January 2015 ) . `` ' Life Is Strange ' Episode One Review : Square Enix Gambles With Female Protagonists '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on 3 February 2015 . Retrieved 31 January 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Life Is Strange Wikimedia Commons has media related to Life Is Strange . Official website Life Is Strange Video games Life Is Strange Before the Storm Life Is Strange 2 Related Dontnod Entertainment Deck Nine Ashly Burch Dontnod Entertainment games Remember Me Life Is Strange Vampyr Life Is Strange 2 Video games portal 2010s portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Life_Is_Strange&oldid=815577742 '' Categories : 2015 video games Adventure games Cameras in fiction Coming - of - age fiction Dreams in fiction Episodic video games Interactive movie video games LGBT - related video games Linux games MacOS games Murder in fiction Paranormal in fiction PlayStation 3 games PlayStation 4 games PlayStation Network games Psychic powers in fiction Science fiction video games Single - player video games Square Enix games Suicide in fiction Time travel video games Unreal Engine games Video games adapted into television programs Video games developed in France Video games featuring female protagonists Video games featuring parallel universes PlayStation Plus games Video games set in 2013 Video games set in Oregon Video games set in the United States Video games with alternate endings Weird fiction video games Windows games Xbox 360 games Xbox 360 Live Arcade games Xbox One games Hidden categories : Good articles Use British English from October 2016 Use dmy dates from October 2017 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Bosanski Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 18 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when do life is strange episodes come out | [
"\n\nEpisode\nRelease date\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Episode 1: Chrysalis\"2\n30 January 2015[55]\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Episode 2: Out of Time\"\n24 March 2015[67]\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Episode 3: Chaos Theory\"\n19 May 2015[68]\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Episode 4: Dark Room\"\n28 July 2015[69]\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Episode 5: Polarized\"\n20 October 2015[56]\n\n",
"\n\nEpisode\nRelease date\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Episode 1: Chrysalis\"2\n30 January 2015[55]\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Episode 2: Out of Time\"\n24 March 2015[67]\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Episode 3: Chaos Theory\"\n19 May 2015[68]\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Episode 4: Dark Room\"\n28 July 2015[69]\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Episode 5: Polarized\"\n20 October 2015[56]\n\n",
"\n\nEpisode\nRelease date\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Episode 1: Chrysalis\"2\n30 January 2015[55]\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Episode 2: Out of Time\"\n24 March 2015[67]\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Episode 3: Chaos Theory\"\n19 May 2015[68]\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Episode 4: Dark Room\"\n28 July 2015[69]\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Episode 5: Polarized\"\n20 October 2015[56]\n\n",
"\n\nEpisode\nRelease date\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Episode 1: Chrysalis\"2\n30 January 2015[55]\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Episode 2: Out of Time\"\n24 March 2015[67]\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Episode 3: Chaos Theory\"\n19 May 2015[68]\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Episode 4: Dark Room\"\n28 July 2015[69]\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Episode 5: Polarized\"\n20 October 2015[56]\n\n",
"\n\nEpisode\nRelease date\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Episode 1: Chrysalis\"2\n30 January 2015[55]\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Episode 2: Out of Time\"\n24 March 2015[67]\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Episode 3: Chaos Theory\"\n19 May 2015[68]\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Episode 4: Dark Room\"\n28 July 2015[69]\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Episode 5: Polarized\"\n20 October 2015[56]\n\n"
] | [
"30 January 2015",
"24 March 2015",
"19 May 2015",
"28 July 2015",
"20 October 2015"
] |
7112876526600857547 | America's Got Talent | America 's Got Talent - Wikipedia America 's Got Talent Jump to : navigation , search For the recently concluded season , see America 's Got Talent ( season 12 ) . America 's Got Talent Genre Reality Talent contest Created by Simon Cowell Ken Warwick Cécile Frot - Coutaz Directed by Russell Norman Creative director ( s ) Brian Friedman Presented by Regis Philbin Jerry Springer Nick Cannon Tyra Banks Judges Piers Morgan David Hasselhoff Brandy Norwood Sharon Osbourne Howard Stern Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 12 No. of episodes 302 Production Executive producer ( s ) Simon Cowell Sam Donnelly Jason Raff Rob Wade Trish Kinane Richard Wallace Running time 44 -- 104 minutes Production company ( s ) FremantleMedia North America SYCOtv Distributor FremantleMedia Enterprises Release Original network NBC Picture format NTSC ( 480i ) ( 2006 -- 08 ) HDTV 1080i ( 2009 -- present ) Original release June 21 , 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 21 ) -- present ( present ) External links Official website www.nbc.com/americas-got-talent/ America 's Got Talent ( sometimes abbreviated as AGT ) is an American reality television series on the NBC television network , and part of the global Got Talent franchise . It is a talent show that features singers , dancers , magicians , comedians , and other performers of all ages competing for the advertised top prize of one million dollars . The show debuted in June 2006 for the summer television season . From season three ( 2008 ) onwards , the prize includes the one million dollars , payable in a financial annuity over 40 years , and a chance to headline a show on the Las Vegas Strip . Among its significant features is that it gives an opportunity to talented amateurs or unknown performers , with the results decided by an audience vote . The format is a popular one and has often been reworked for television in the United States and the United Kingdom . This incarnation was created by Simon Cowell , and was originally due to be a 2005 British series called Paul O'Grady 's Got Talent but was postponed due to O'Grady's acrimonious split with broadcaster ITV ( later launching as Britain 's Got Talent in 2007 ) . Therefore , the U.S. version became the first full series of the franchise . The original judging panel consisted of David Hasselhoff , Brandy Norwood , and Piers Morgan . Sharon Osbourne replaced Norwood in season two ( 2007 ) , and Howie Mandel replaced Hasselhoff in season five ( 2010 ) . Howard Stern replaced Morgan in season seven ( 2012 ) . Mel B replaced Osbourne in season eight ( 2013 ) , while Heidi Klum joined as a fourth judge . Simon Cowell replaced Stern in season eleven ( 2016 ) . Regis Philbin was the original host ( season one ) , followed by Jerry Springer for two seasons ( 2007 -- 2008 ) , followed by Nick Cannon for eight seasons ( 2009 -- 2016 ) . Supermodel and host Tyra Banks replaced Cannon for the twelfth season ( 2017 ) . On August 2 , 2016 , NBC renewed the series for a twelfth season , which premiered on May 30 , 2017 . The season concluded on September 20 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 1.1 Guest judges 2 Selection process 2.1 Producers ' auditions 2.2 Judges ' Auditions 2.2. 1 Golden Buzzer 2.3 Judge cuts 2.4 YouTube auditions 2.5 Live shows 3 Season synopses 3.1 Season 1 ( 2006 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2007 ) 3.3 Season 3 ( 2008 ) 3.4 Season 4 ( 2009 ) 3.5 Season 5 ( 2010 ) 3.6 Season 6 ( 2011 ) 3.7 Season 7 ( 2012 ) 3.8 Season 8 ( 2013 ) 3.9 Season 9 ( 2014 ) 3.10 Season 10 ( 2015 ) 3.11 Season 11 ( 2016 ) 3.12 Season 12 ( 2017 ) 4 Post-show 4.1 America 's Got Talent Live 4.2 Holiday Spectacular 5 Reception 5.1 U.S. television ratings 5.2 Awards and nominations 5.3 Top - selling albums by former contestants 5.4 Contestants who have competed on other reality shows 6 International broadcasts 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Duration Winner 's prize Finalists Presenter Judges Premiere Finale Winner Runner - up Third place June 21 , 2006 August 17 , 2006 $ 1,000,000 Bianca Ryan All That & The Millers Regis Philbin David Hasselhoff Piers Morgan Brandy Norwood N / A June 5 , 2007 August 21 , 2007 Terry Fator Cas Haley Butterscotch Jerry Springer Sharon Osbourne June 17 , 2008 October 1 , 2008 Neal E. Boyd Eli Mattson Nuttin ' But Stringz June 23 , 2009 September 16 , 2009 Kevin Skinner Bárbara Padilla Recycled Percussion Nick Cannon 5 June 1 , 2010 September 15 , 2010 Michael Grimm Jackie Evancho Fighting Gravity Howie Mandel 6 May 31 , 2011 September 14 , 2011 Landau Eugene Murphy , Jr . Silhouettes Team iLuminate 7 May 14 , 2012 September 13 , 2012 Olate Dogs Tom Cotter William Close Howard Stern 8 June 4 , 2013 September 18 , 2013 Kenichi Ebina Taylor Williamson Jimmy Rose Mel B Heidi Klum 9 May 27 , 2014 September 17 , 2014 Mat Franco Emily West AcroArmy 10 May 26 , 2015 September 16 , 2015 Paul Zerdin Drew Lynch Oz Pearlman 11 May 31 , 2016 September 14 , 2016 Grace VanderWaal The Clairvoyants Jon Dorenbos Simon Cowell 12 May 30 , 2017 September 20 , 2017 Darci Lynne Farmer Angelica Hale Light Balance Tyra Banks Notes ^ A fourth judge was added in season eight . ^ Beginning with season three , the prize includes the one million dollars , payable in a financial annuity over 40 years , and a chance to headline a show on the Las Vegas Strip . The length of the headlining stint has varied , with season four 's prize including a 10 - week schedule and season eleven 's lasting three days . A book was released in 2013 titled , Inside AGT : The Untold Stories of America 's Got Talent . It describes the seasons , contestants , judges , and production techniques of the show and contains detailed interviews with contestants from all seasons . Current judging panel and host Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell Tyra Banks Guest judges ( edit ) Starting with the tenth season , each of the main judges invited a guest judge to join the judging panel for one night during the Judge Cuts stage of the competition . The guest judges had the ability to employ the golden buzzer to bypass the other judges and advance an act to the live shows . The first guest judge , Neil Patrick Harris , appeared at the invitation of Howard Stern in episode eight of season ten , which aired on July 14 , 2015 . Michael Bublé appeared at the invitation of Heidi Klum in episode nine of season ten , which aired on July 21 , 2015 . Marlon Wayans appeared at the invitation of Howie Mandel in episode ten of season ten , which aired on July 28 , 2015 . Piers Morgan appeared at the invitation of Mel B in episode eleven of season ten , which aired on August 4 , 2015 . Beginning with the eleventh season the guest judges were announced without any indication if they were invited by one of the regular judges . This continued into the twelfth season when the guest judges were announced by NBC through various outlets . Season Guest Judge ( in order of appearance ) 10 Neil Patrick Harris Michael Bublé Marlon Wayans Piers Morgan 11 Ne - Yo Reba McEntire George Lopez Louis Tomlinson 12 Chris Hardwick DJ Khaled Laverne Cox Seal Selection process ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Producers ' auditions ( edit ) The general selection process of the show begins with separate producers ' auditions held in various cities across the United States , some of which host only the producers ' auditions , and some of which also host judges ' auditions held in theaters . This round is held several months before the judges ' audition . Acts that have made it through the producers ' audition then audition in front of the judges and a live audience . Judges ' auditions ( edit ) Following the producers ' auditions , acts audition in front of ( as of 2013 ) four celebrity judges . These auditions are held in theaters in various cities nationally and are later televised . Judges may individually register their disapproval of an act by pressing a red buzzer , which lights up their corresponding X above the stage . Any performer who receives X 's ( 3 from season 1 - 7 , or 4 from season 8 - ) from the judges must stop performing and is eliminated . Since season three ( 2008 ) , large audiences have also been a factor in the judging process , as their reaction to an act 's performance may swing or influence a judge 's vote . If an act receives three or more `` yes '' votes , they advance to the next round of competition . However , in the majority of seasons , several acts do not perform in the second round and are immediately sent home by the judges without a second performance . Golden buzzer ( edit ) Introduced in season nine , the `` Golden Buzzer '' is located on the center of the judges ' desk and may be used once per season by each judge . In season 9 , a judge could press the golden buzzer to save an act from elimination , regardless of the number of X 's earned from the other judges . Starting in season 10 and onward , any act that receives a golden buzzer advances directly to the live show ; and in season 11 , the hosts also were given the power to use the golden buzzer . The golden buzzer is also used in the Judge Cuts format . - Eliminated at Judgement Week / Judge Cuts - Quarterfinalist - Reached Semifinals - Reached Finals - Fifth Place - Fourth Place - Third Place - Runner - up - Won season Season Nick Cannon Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Howard Stern 9 N / A Emmanuel & Phillip Hudson N / A Dustin 's Dojo 10 Drew Lynch Sharon Irving Arielle Baril Freckled Sky Season Nick Cannon Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell 11 Dorothy Williams Grace VanderWaal Laura Bretan Sal Valentinetti Calysta Bevier Season Tyra Banks Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell 12 Light Balance Christian Guardino Darci Lynne Farmer Angelina Green Mandy Harvey Judge Cuts ( edit ) From season two ( 2007 ) to season eight ( 2013 ) , Las Vegas Week has been an intermediary televised taped round between the auditions and the live shows . This round takes place in a notable venue on the Las Vegas Strip . Names for this round in previous seasons have included `` Las Vegas Callbacks '' and `` Vegas Verdicts '' . The Las Vegas round generally consists of acts performing a second time for the judges ( except for season four in 2009 ) , who then pick select acts to move on to the live shows . An act eliminated in Las Vegas Week is not completely excluded from the live show competition , as several seasons have featured contestants being brought back from this round as `` wild card '' acts . Prior to the inclusion of this round , the judges would have a list containing a number of acts which advanced past the auditions during each live show . The judges would then pick ten acts from that group each week , leaving several acts without the chance to perform . In season nine ( 2014 ) , acts went to New York instead of Las Vegas to determine a place in the live shows . YouTube auditions ( edit ) Jackie Evancho , the first YouTube winner ; placed 2nd in season five ( 2010 ) From season five ( 2010 ) to season seven ( 2012 ) , acts who did not attend live auditions could instead submit a taped audition online via YouTube . Acts from the online auditions were then selected to compete in front of the judges and a live audience during the `` live shows '' part of the season , prior to the semi-finals . The most successful act of the YouTube auditions was Jackie Evancho , who went on to place second in season five . Before the inclusion of this round , the show had a separate audition episode in seasons three and four ( 2008 -- 2009 ) for contestants who posted videos on MySpace . Live shows ( edit ) During the live shows , a group of acts ranging from only a Top 20 ( season two ) , to as many as 60 , compete for viewers ' and judges ' votes . In the first season , the judges could not end an act 's performance , but could either `` check '' or `` X '' the performance during their critique . Since season two ( 2007 ) , judges have been able to end an act 's performance early , and the `` check '' was removed . Generally , acts each perform first in a live round consisting of a series of quarterfinals . In seasons with YouTube auditions , the round of live judging of YouTube finalists takes place then , as part of these quarterfinals . Then there may be additional shows for `` Wild Card '' acts -- acts that one or more of the judges select to be given one more chance for audience vote despite previous elimination . From these shows , the existing group is narrowed through votes by the public and / or the judges ( depending on the season ) . Acts then move on to a semifinal round , and even further rounds ( such as a `` Top 8 '' or a `` Top 10 '' , depending on the season ) through a series of weekly shows , which trim the number of acts down each time based on a public vote . In the majority of seasons , judges have had no vote from the semifinals . All these rounds culminate in a live final , which has consisted of anywhere from four to ten acts throughout the seasons . The act with the most votes is declared the winner , given $1 million , and , since season three ( 2008 ) , a chance to headline a show on the Las Vegas Strip . During seasons one through six ( 2006 -- 11 ) , the live shows were filmed at Stage 36 of CBS Television City in Los Angeles . In season seven ( 2012 ) , the live shows were held at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark . From seasons eight through ten ( 2013 -- 15 ) , live performances were held at Radio City Music Hall in New York . From season eleven ( 2016 ) onwards the live shows are being held at the Dolby Theatre . For seasons five through eight ( 2010 -- 13 ) , the show also made the winner the headline act of a national tour with runners up following the final show , stopping in 25 cities . For season nine , however ( 2014 ) , there was no tour ; two shows were held in Las Vegas for the winner and some of the runner - up acts . ( See # America 's Got Talent Live , below . ) Season synopses ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2006 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 1 ) Bianca Ryan , season one winner In May 2006 , NBC announced the new show . The audition tour took place in June . Auditions were held in the following locations : Los Angeles , New York , and Chicago . Some early ads for the show implied that the winning act would also headline a show at a casino , possibly in Las Vegas ; however , this was replaced with a million dollars due to concerns of minors playing in Las Vegas , should one become a champion . More than 12 million viewers watched the series premiere ( which is more than American Idol got during its premiere in 2002 ) . The two - hour broadcast was the night 's most - watched program on U.S. television and the highest - rated among viewers aged 18 to 49 ( the prime - time audience that matters most to advertisers ) , Nielsen Media Research reported . On the season finale , there was an unaired segment that was scheduled to appear after Aly & AJ . The segment featured Tom Green dressing in a parrot costume and squawking with a live parrot to communicate telepathically . Green then proceeded to fly up above the audience , shooting confetti streamers out of his costume onto the crowd below . In season one , the show was hosted by Regis Philbin and judged by actor David Hasselhoff , singer Brandy Norwood , and journalist Piers Morgan . The winner of the season was 11 - year - old singer Bianca Ryan , and the runners - up were clogging group All That and musical group The Millers . Season 2 ( 2007 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 2 ) Terry Fator , season two winner After initially announcing in June 2006 that season two would premiere in January 2007 and would air at 8 pm on Sunday nights , with no separate results show , the network changed that , pushing the show back to the summer , where the first season had enjoyed great success . This move kept the show out of direct competition with American Idol , which had a similar premise and was more popular . In AGT 's place , another reality - based talent show , Grease : You 're The One That I Want , began airing on Sunday nights in the same time slot on NBC beginning in January . In March , NBC announced that Philbin would not return as host of the show , and that Jerry Springer would succeed him as host , with Sharon Osbourne ( formerly a judge on Cowell 's UK show The X Factor ) succeeding Brandy Norwood as a judge . The season finale was shown Tuesday , August 21 , with the winner being Terry Fator , a singing impressionist ventriloquist . The runner - up was singer Cas Haley . Season 3 ( 2008 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 3 ) Neal E. Boyd , season three winner Season three premiered on June 17 , 2008 . Auditions took place in Charlotte , Nashville , Orlando , New York , Dallas , Los Angeles , Atlanta , and Chicago from January to April . A televised MySpace audition also took place . Season three differed from the previous two in many ways . Auditions were held in well - known theaters across the nation , and a new title card was introduced , featuring the American flag as background . The X 's matched the ones on Britain 's Got Talent as did the judges ' table . Like the previous season , the Las Vegas callbacks continued , but there were forty acts selected to compete in the live rounds , instead of twenty . This season also contained several results episodes , but not on a regular basis . The show took a hiatus for two - and - a-half weeks for the 2008 Summer Olympics , but returned with the live rounds on August 26 . Neal E. Boyd , an opera singer , was named the winner on October 1 . Eli Mattson , a singer and pianist , was runner - up . Season 4 ( 2009 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 4 ) Kevin Skinner , season four winner Season four premiered on Tuesday , June 23 , 2009 . It was the first to be broadcast in high definition . Auditions for this season were held in more than nine major cities including New York , Los Angeles , Chicago , Washington , D.C. , Atlanta , Miami , Tacoma , Boston , and Houston . Los Angeles auditions kicked off the January 29 -- 31 tour at the Los Angeles Convention Center , followed by the February 7 -- 8 Atlanta auditions . New York and Miami auditions were held during March . Tacoma auditions were held April 25 and 26 . In addition to live auditions and the ability to send in a home audition tape , season four offered the opportunity for acts to upload their video direct to NBC.com/agt with their registration . This year 's host was Nick Cannon . Jerry Springer said that he could not return as host due to other commitments . The audition process in season four was the same as the previous season , but the ' Las Vegas Callbacks ' was renamed ' Vegas Verdicts ' . This was the first season since season one where results episodes lasted one hour on a regular basis . The title card this year featured bands of the American flag and stars waving around the America 's Got Talent logo . On September 16 , country music singer Kevin Skinner was named the season 's winner . The grand prize was $1 million and a 10 - week headline show at the Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip . The runner - up was Bárbara Padilla , an opera singer . Season 5 ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 5 ) Michael Grimm , season five winner For season five , the network had considered moving the show to the fall , after rival series So You Think You Can Dance transferred from the summer to fall season in 2009 . NBC ultimately decided to keep Talent a summer show . Open auditions were held in the winter to early spring of 2010 in Chicago , Dallas , Los Angeles , New York , Orlando , and Portland ( Oregon ) . Non-televised producers ' auditions were also held in Atlanta and Philadelphia . For the first time , online auditions were also held via YouTube . David Hasselhoff left to host a new television show and was replaced by comedian and game show host Howie Mandel . This made Piers Morgan the only original judge left in the show . The show premiered Tuesday , June 1 , 2010 , at 8 pm ET . Afterward , Talent resumed the same time slot as the previous season . On September 15 , singer Michael Grimm was named the winner . He won a $1 million prize and a chance to perform at the Caesars Palace Casino and Resort on the Las Vegas Strip , as well as headline the 25 - city America 's Got Talent Live Tour along with runner - up Jackie Evancho , Fighting Gravity , Prince Poppycock , and the other top ten finalists . Season 6 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 6 ) Landau Eugene Murphy , Jr. , season six winner Season six premiered on Tuesday , May 31 , 2011 , with a two - hour special . Piers Morgan and Sharon Osbourne continued as judges after taking jobs on Piers Morgan Tonight and The Talk , respectively . On The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on July 27 , 2010 , Morgan officially stated that he had signed a three - year contract to stay on Talent . The show held televised auditions in Los Angeles , New York , Minneapolis , Atlanta , Seattle , and Houston . Non-televised producers ' auditions were also held in Denver and Chicago . Previews of auditions were shown during NBC 's The Voice premiere on April 26 . Online auditions via YouTube were also held for the second time in the show 's run , beginning on May 4 . Finalists for this audition circuit competed live on August 9 . On Wednesday , September 14 , Landau Eugene Murphy , Jr. , a Frank Sinatra - style singer , was named the winner . Dance group Silhouettes was runner - up . Season 7 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 7 ) Olate Dogs , season seven winners Season seven premiered on May 14 , 2012 . The first round of auditions , which are judged by producers , were held in New York , Washington , D.C. , Tampa , Charlotte , Austin , Anaheim , St. Louis , and San Francisco from October 2011 to February 2012 . The show began its live theater performances at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark on February 27 . Piers Morgan did not return as a judge for season seven , due to his work hosting CNN 's Piers Morgan Tonight , and he was replaced by Howard Stern . Since Stern hosts his SiriusXM radio show in New York City , the live rounds of the show were moved to nearby Newark , New Jersey . In December 2011 , Simon Cowell , the show 's executive producer , announced that the show would be receiving a `` top - to - bottom makeover '' , confirming that there would be new graphics , lighting , theme music , show intro , logo , and a larger live audience at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark . On July 2 , at the first live performance show of the season , their new location and stage were unveiled in a two - and - a-half - hour live special . A new set was also unveiled with a revised judges ' desk and a refreshed design of the `` X '' . On August 6 , Sharon Osbourne announced that she would leave America 's Got Talent after the current season , in response to allegations that her son Jack Osbourne was discriminated against by the producers of the upcoming NBC program Stars Earn Stripes . On September 13 , Olate Dogs were announced the winner of the season , becoming the show 's first completely non-singing act to win the competition and also the first non-solo act to win . Comedian Tom Cotter finished as the runner - up . Season 8 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 8 ) Season eight of AGT premiered on Tuesday , June 4 , 2013 . The new season was announced in a promotional video shown during a commercial break for season seven 's second live show . Sharon Osbourne initially stated that she would not return for the season , but later said that she was staying with the show `` for now . '' Osbourne confirmed that she would be leaving the show after a feud with NBC on August 6 , 2012 . On February 20 , 2013 , it was announced that one of the Spice Girls members , Mel B ( Melanie Brown ) , would replace Sharon Osbourne as the third judge . Entertainment Weekly also reported at the same time that NBC was looking at a possible fourth judge to be added . On March 3 , it was announced that supermodel Heidi Klum would be joining the show as the new fourth judge . An Audition Cities poll for the season was announced on July 11 , 2012 . The first batch of Audition Cities were announced as Los Angeles , Seattle , Portland ( Oregon ) , New Orleans , Birmingham , Memphis , Nashville , Savannah , Raleigh , Norfolk , San Antonio , New York , Columbus ( Ohio ) , and Chicago . This season , the auditions traveled to more cities than ever before . America 's Got Talent moved its live shows to Radio City Music Hall in New York for season eight . Auditions in front of the judges and an audience began taping on March 4 . The show traveled to New Orleans , New York , Chicago , Los Angeles , and San Antonio . On September 18 , 2013 , martial arts dancer / mime Kenichi Ebina was announced the winner of the season , the first dance act to win the competition . Stand - up comedian Taylor Williamson was the runner - up . Season 9 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 9 ) Mat Franco , season nine winner Season nine premiered on Tuesday , May 27 , 2014 , at 8 pm ET . The producers ' auditions began on October 26 , 2013 , in Miami . Other audition sites included Atlanta , Baltimore , Denver , Houston , Indianapolis , Los Angeles , and New York . Contestants could also submit a video of their audition online . Auditions in front of the judges were held February 20 -- 22 at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark , which also hosted the live shows during season seven . Judges ' auditions were held in New York City at Madison Square Garden from April 3 to 6 and in Los Angeles at the Dolby Theatre from April 21 to 26 . The live shows return to Radio City Music Hall on July 29 . There was also a new twist in the show , where `` Judgment Week '' was held in New York City instead of Las Vegas . Judgment Week was originally intended to be held in front of a live studio audience , but after three acts performed , the producers scrapped the live audience concept . This season also came with the addition of a `` Golden Buzzer , '' which was unveiled on that same year 's Britain 's Got Talent . Each judge can press the buzzer only once each season that can save an act , typically used when there is a tie . For this season , contestants were invited to submit a video of their performance to The Today Show website throughout June , and the top three entrants performed their acts on The Today Show on July 23 , 2014 . The performer with the most votes , Cornell Bhangra , filled the 48th spot in the quarterfinals . On September 17 , magician Mat Franco was announced the winner of the season , the first magic act to win the competition . Singer Emily West was the runner - up . Season 10 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 10 ) Season ten premiered on May 26 , 2015 . Producer auditions began on November 2 , 2014 , in Tampa . Other audition sites included Nashville , Richmond ( Virginia ) , New York , Chicago , St. Louis , San Antonio , Albuquerque , San Francisco , Seattle , Boise , Las Vegas , and Los Angeles . Online submissions were also accepted . Howard Stern rumored on his radio show on October 1 , 2014 , that he might not return , but announced on December 8 that he would return for the upcoming season . Nick Cannon returned for his seventh season as host . On February 9 , 2015 , Howie Mandel said he would return for season ten and Mel B announced the next day that she would be returning as well . It was revealed on February 11 that Heidi Klum would also be returning . It was announced on December 4 , 2014 , that Cris Judd would be named as a dance scout . He previously worked on the show as a choreographer behind the scenes , and on the New Zealand version of Got Talent as a judge . Auditions in front of the judges began on March 2 , 2015 , at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center . They continued at the Manhattan Center in New York City and the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles . A special `` extreme '' audition session was held outside at the Fairplex in Pomona , California , where danger acts performed outside for the judges , who were seated at an outdoor stage . During NBC 's summer press tour , it was announced that America 's Got Talent would be making their `` Golden Buzzer '' more like Britain 's Got Talent where the contestant that gets the buzzer will be sent directly to the live shows . An official trailer for the season was released , which showed that Dunkin Donuts was the show 's official sponsor for the season , with their cups prominently placed on the judges ' desk . Dunkin replaced Snapple , which sponsored the show since season seven . On June 24 , Howard Stern announced on The Howard Stern Show that season ten would be his last season as judge . Stern said , `` In all seriousness , I 've told you , I 'm just too f * cking busy ... something 's got to give ... NBC 's already asked me what my intentions are for next year , whether or not I 'd come back , I kind of have told them I think this is my last season . Not I think , this is my last season '' . On September 16 , Paul Zerdin was announced the winner of the season , making him the second ventriloquist to win . Comedian Drew Lynch was runner - up , and magician mentalist Oz Pearlman was in Third Place . Season 11 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 11 ) America 's Got Talent was renewed for an eleventh season on September 1 , 2015 . The season will have preliminary open call auditions in Detroit , New York , Phoenix , Salt Lake City , Las Vegas , San Jose , San Diego , Kansas City , Los Angeles , Atlanta , Orlando , and Dallas . As in years past , hopeful contestants may also submit auditions online . On October 22 , 2015 , it was announced that creator Simon Cowell would replace Howard Stern as a judge for season 11 . On January 12 , 2016 , it was announced that Mel B , Heidi Klum , and Howie Mandel would all return as judges , with Nick Cannon returning as host . The live shows will also move from New York back to Los Angeles , due to Howard Stern 's departure . The live shows will be held at the Dolby Theatre . Auditions in front of the judges began on March 3 , 2016 at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium in Pasadena , California . The season premiered on May 31 , 2016 . On September 14 , 12 - year - old singer - songwriter and ukulele player , Grace VanderWaal was announced as the winner making it the second time that a female act has won the show since Season 1 , and the second child act to win the competition . Magician mentalists The Clairvoyants was runner - up , and magician Jon Dorenbos was in Third Place . Season 12 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 12 ) On August 2 , 2016 , it was announced that host Nick Cannon and all four judges would be returning for season 12 . Later that year , on October 4 , Simon Cowell signed a contract to remain as a judge through to 2019 ( Season 14 ) . On February 13 , 2017 , Nick Cannon announced he would not return as host for the twelfth season , citing creative differences between him and executives at NBC . The resignation comes in the wake of news that the network considered firing Cannon after he made disparaging remarks about NBC in his recent Showtime comedy special , Stand Up , Do n't Shoot . Cannon , however , was technically under contract to host and could potentially have been sued by NBC for breach of contract , though this was ultimately considered unlikely . NBC executives did not accept his resignation and had expected Cannon to return , but ultimately began the search for a new host . NBC announced supermodel Tyra Banks as the new host on March 12 , 2017 after Cannon 's departure . The season premiered on Tuesday , May 30 , 2017 . On September 20 , Darci Lynne Farmer won the twelfth season , becoming the third ventriloquist , third child act and the third female act to win the competition ( second year in a row after VanderWaal 's win in 2016 ) . Child singer Angelica Hale was announced as the runner - up , Ukrainian dance act Light Balance finished in third place , deaf musician Mandy Harvey finished in fourth place and dog act Sara & Hero finished in fifth place . Post-show ( edit ) America 's Got Talent live ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) America 's Got Talent Live is a show on the Las Vegas Strip that features the winner of each season of America 's Got Talent as the main performance . In 2009 , America 's Got Talent Live appeared on the Las Vegas Strip appearing Wednesday through Sunday at the Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino in Las Vegas , in a limited ten - week run from October through January featuring winner Kevin Skinner , runner - up Barbara Padilla and fourth - place finisher The Texas Tenors . It featured the final ten acts which made it to the season four ( 2009 ) finale . Jerry Springer emceed , commuting weekly between Stamford , Connecticut , tapings of his self - named show and Las Vegas . In 2010 , on the first live show of season five , the winner headlined America 's Got Talent Live from Caesars Palace Casino and Resort on the Las Vegas Strip , which was part of a 25 - city tour that featured the season 's finalists . Jerry Springer returned as both host of the tour and the headline show . In 2012 , the tour returned , featuring winners Olate Dogs , Spencer Horsman , Joe Castillo , Lightwire Theater , David Garibaldi and his CMYK 's , Jarrett and Raja , Tom Cotter , and other fan favorites . In 2013 , after the success of the 2012 tour , another tour was scheduled , featuring season eight 's winner , Kenichi Ebina , and finalists Collins Key , Jimmy Rose , Taylor Williamson , Cami Bradley , The KriStef Brothers , and Tone the Chiefrocca . Tone hosted the tour . In 2014 , America 's Got Talent Live announced that performances in Las Vegas on September 26 and 27 would feature Taylor Williamson , the season eight ( 2013 ) runner - up , and the top finalists for season nine : Mat Franco , Emily West , Quintavious Johnson , AcroArmy , Emil and Dariel , Miguel Dakota , and Sons of Serendip . In 2015 , no tour was held . Instead , three shows were given at the Planet Hollywood Resort in Las Vegas featuring winner Paul Zerdin , runner - up Drew Lynch , and fan favorite Piff the Magic Dragon . In 2016 , four shows were given at the Planet Hollywood Resort in Las Vegas . They featured the top two finalists for season 11 , Grace VanderWaal and The Clairvoyants , as well as finalist Tape Face . In 2017 , four shows are planned at the Planet Hollywood Resort in Las Vegas . They will feature winner Darci Lynne , runner - up Angelica Hale , third - placed Light Balance , and finalist Preacher Lawson . Holiday Spectacular ( edit ) NBC broadcast the two - hour America 's Got Talent Holiday Spectacular on December 19 , 2016 , hosted by Cannon with performances by Grace VanderWaal , Jackie Evancho , Andra Day , Penn & Teller , Pentatonix , Terry Fator , Mat Franco , Piff the Magic Dragon , Olate Dogs , Professor Splash , Jon Dorenbos and others , and featuring the Season 11 judges , including Klum , who sang a duet with Season 11 finalist Sal Valentinetti . The special drew 9.5 million viewers . Reception ( edit ) U.S. television Ratings ( edit ) Since the show began , its ratings have been very high , ranging from 9 million viewers to as many as 16 million viewers , generally averaging around 11 million viewers . The show has also ranked high in the 18 -- 49 demographic , usually rating anywhere from as low as 1.6 to as high as 4.6 throughout its run . Audition shows and performance shows rate higher on average than results shows . Although the show 's ratings have been high , the network usually keeps the show 's run limited to before the official start of the next television season in the third week of September with some reductions or expansions depending on Olympic years , where finale ratings are usually lower due to returning programming on other networks . The highest rated season in overall viewers to date is season four ( 2009 ) . The most - watched episode has been the finale of season five ( 2010 ) , with 16.41 million viewers . The series premiere and an episode featuring the first part of Las Vegas Week in season six ( 2011 ) have each tied for highest rating among adults 18 -- 49 , both having a 4.6 rating . Season Premiered Ended TV season Timeslot ( ET ) Season viewers Season ranking Date Viewers ( in millions ) Date Viewers ( in millions ) June 21 , 2006 12.41 Final Performances : August 16 , 2006 2005 -- 06 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm Season Finale : August 17 , 2006 12.05 Thursday 9 : 00 pm June 5 , 2007 12.93 Final Performances : August 20 , 2007 2006 -- 07 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm Season Finale : August 21 , 2007 13.87 June 17 , 2008 12.80 Final Performances : September 30 , 2008 10.23 2007 -- 08 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( June 17 -- August 5 ) Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( after August 26 ) Season Finale : October 1 , 2008 12.55 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm ( after August 27 ) June 23 , 2009 11.30 Final Performances : September 15 , 2009 13.84 2008 -- 09 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm Season Finale : September 16 , 2009 15.53 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm 5 June 1 , 2010 12.35 Final Performances : September 14 , 2010 14.60 2009 -- 10 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm Season Finale : September 15 , 2010 16.41 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm 6 May 31 , 2011 15.28 Final Performances : September 13 , 2011 13.67 2010 -- 11 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( May 31 -- July 5 ) Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( after July 5 ) 12.65 Season Finale : September 14 , 2011 14.37 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm ( after June 22 ) 11.49 7 May 14 , 2012 10.48 Final Performances : September 12 , 2012 11.05 2011 - 12 Monday 8 : 00 pm ( May 14 -- July 3 ) Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( after July 3 ) 10.48 Season Finale : September 13 , 2012 10.59 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( May 14 -- July 3 ) Wednesday 9 : 00 pm ( after July 3 ) 10.58 8 June 4 , 2013 12.41 Final Performances : September 17 , 2013 11.19 2012 -- 13 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm 11.22 Season Finale : September 18 , 2013 11.49 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( after July 10 ) 10.34 9 May 27 , 2014 12.00 Final Performances : September 16 , 2014 11.46 2013 -- 14 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( May 27 -- July 15 ) Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( after July 22 ) 10.31 Season Finale : September 17 , 2014 12.21 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm ( after July 23 ) 10.37 10 May 26 , 2015 11.09 Final Performances : September 15 , 2015 11.33 2014 -- 15 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm 10.70 Season Finale : September 16 , 2015 9.54 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( after August 12 ) 9.07 11 May 31 , 2016 11.67 Final Performances : September 13 , 2016 13.97 2015 -- 16 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm 11.71 Season Finale : September 14 , 2016 14.41 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( after July 5 ) 10.97 12 May 30 , 2017 12.37 Final Performances : September 19 , 2017 14.70 2016 -- 17 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm TBA TBA Season Finale : September 20 , 2017 15.64 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( after August 9 ) TBA TBA Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Result Ref . 2011 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Competition Show Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Hairstyling For A Multi-Camera Series Or Special Nominated 2012 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer TV Show Nominated Choice Male TV Personality : Nick Cannon Nominated 2013 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show Nominated 2014 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Competition Show Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show Nominated 2015 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Competition Show Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Talent Competition Show Nominated 2016 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Competition Show Won Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Talent Competition Show Nominated 2017 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Competition Show Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show Won Top - selling Albums by former contestants ( edit ) Sales numbers and rankings are U.S. sales only . See also : RIAA certification Rank Former contestant Total US sales Albums Jackie Evancho ( season 5 , runner - up ) 3,000,000 + Prelude to a Dream ( 2009 ) # 121 O Holy Night ( 2010 ) # 2 ( Platinum certification ) Dream with Me ( 2011 ) # 2 ( Gold certification ) Heavenly Christmas ( 2011 ) # 11 Songs from the Silver Screen ( 2012 ) # 7 Awakening ( 2014 ) # 17 Someday at Christmas ( 2016 ) # 93 Two Hearts ( 2017 ) # 100 ( Evancho 's 7th consecutive # 1 ranking on the Classical Albums Chart ) Lindsey Stirling ( season 5 quarterfinalist ) 856,000 + Lindsey Stirling ( 2012 ) # 23 Shatter Me ( 2014 ) # 2 Brave Enough ( 2016 ) # 5 The Texas Tenors ( season 4 , 4th place ) 500,000 + The Texas Tenors ( album ) Country Roots , Classical Sound ( 2009 ) did not chart The Texas Tenors ( album ) Country Roots , Classical Sound : Remastered Special Edition ( 2011 ) did not chart O Night Divine ( 2013 ) did not chart on Billboard 200 ; # 22 Classical Albums chart You Should Dream ( 2013 ) did not chart on Billboard 200 ; # 5 Classical Albums chart First 5 Years Live ( 2014 ) did not chart on Billboard 200 ; # 11 Classical Albums chart Rise ( 2017 ) # 111 ; # 1 Classical Albums Chart , # 5 Country Album Sales Chart , # 22 Top Current Albums Chart Grace VanderWaal ( season 11 winner ) 200,000 + Perfectly Imperfect ( 2016 ) # 4 5 Landau Eugene Murphy , Jr . ( season 6 winner ) 156,000 + That 's Life ( 2011 ) # 34 Christmas Made for Two ( 2013 ) did not chart 6 Bianca Ryan ( season 1 winner ) 150,000 + Bianca Ryan ( 2006 ) # 57 Christmas Everyday ( 2007 ) did not chart The True Meaning of Christmas ( 2009 ) did not chart 7 Cas Haley ( season 2 runner - up ) 40,000 + Cas Haley ( 2008 ) # 8 Connection ( 2010 ) did not chart La Si Dah ( 2013 ) did not chart 8 Michael Grimm ( season 5 winner ) 22,000 + Michael Grimm Live ( 2007 ) did not chart I Am Michael Grimm ( 2009 ) did not chart Leave Your Hat On ( 2010 ) # 101 Michael Grimm ( 2011 ) # 13 9 Neal E. Boyd ( season 3 winner ) 6,000 + My American Dream ( 2009 ) # 195 Contestants who have competed on other reality shows ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Many acts which have competed on America 's Got Talent , but were ultimately eliminated before the final round , have either previously competed on or went on to compete in a number of other reality shows , most notably American Idol and America 's Best Dance Crew . American Idol ( show ) The following America 's Got Talent ( AGT ) contestants also appeared on American Idol ( AI ) : AGT Season Year Contestant AI Season Year Outcome 2006 Jessica Sanchez 11 2012 Runner - up 2008 Holli Harden 9 Appeared 2009 Thia Megia 10 2011 Finished in the Top 11 4 , 9 2009 , 2014 Kelli Glover 2002 Appeared 6 2011 Shevonne Phillidor 15 2016 Appeared 9 2014 Nick Fradiani , member of Beach Avenue 14 2015 Winner 10 2015 Jenna Renae 15 2016 Top 24 11 2016 Sal Valentinetti 14 2015 Appeared America 's Best Dance Crew ( show ) The following America 's Got Talent ( AGT ) contestants also appeared on America 's Best Dance Crew ( ABDC ) : AGT Season Year Contestant ABDC Season Year Outcome 2007 Jabbawockeez 2008 Champions 2008 Extreme Dance FX 5 Competed as Blended Projekt 3 , 4 2008 , 2009 SQ Entertainment 2008 Runner - up 2009 BreakSk8 2008 Finished in fourth place 2009 FootworKINGz 6 2011 Competed 5 Rated Next Generation ( RNG ) 7 2012 Finished in Top Four 5 Strikers All - Stars 2009 Finished in Top Four 7 2012 787 Crew 6 2011 Competed 9 2014 Flight Crew Jump Rope 5 Finished in fifth place , and competed as Saltare Other shows ( show ) The following America 's Got Talent ( AGT ) contestants also appeared on these other shows : AGT Season Year Contestant Show Season Year Network Outcome 2006 Tonya Kay , member of Trey Knight 's Stilt World Who Wants to Be a Superhero ? 2006 SyFy 5th Place 2007 Tammie Brown RuPaul 's Drag Race 2009 Logo 8th Place 2007 Tika `` Sweetie '' Rainn Flavor of Love 2006 VH1 8th Place 2008 Derrick Barry RuPaul 's Drag Race 8 2016 Logo 5th Place 5 Justin Hopkins The Voice 2012 NBC Advanced to Battle Rounds 5 Murray SawChuck Celebracadabra 2008 VH1 Appeared 5 Alice Tan Ridley 30 Seconds to Fame Pilot 2002 Fox Winner 6 2011 Dani Shay The Glee Project 2012 Oxygen Appeared 7 2012 Trisha Paytas Who Wants to Be a Superhero ? 2007 SyFy 7th Place 7 2012 Horse American Ninja Warrior 2012 G4 and NBC Competed 7 2012 Bria Kelly The Voice 6 2014 NBC Advanced to Top 10 on Team Usher 7 2012 Academy of Villains Fake Off 2015 TruTV Appeared 7 2012 Lightwire Theatre Fake Off 2014 TruTV Winners 7 , 8 2012 , 2013 D'Angelo and Amanda Live to Dance 2011 CBS Winners 7 2015 Ben Blaque Britain 's Got Talent 10 ITV Advanced to the semi-finals 8 2015 Alexandr Magala Britain 's Got Talent 10 ITV 9th place 8 2013 Kennedy Davenport RuPaul 's Drag Race 7 2015 Logo 4th Place 8 2013 Tummy Talk The Gong Show 2017 ABC Appeared 8 2013 Angela Hoover First Impressions 2016 USA Network Appeared 8 2013 KriStef Brothers Fake Off 2014 TruTV 7th Place 8 2013 Taylor Williamson Last Comic Standing 7 NBC Semifinalist 9 2014 Adrian Romoff Child Genius 2016 Lifetime Winner 10 2015 Leroy Patterson Solitary 2007 Fox Reality 7th Place 10 2015 Myq Kaplan Last Comic Standing 7 NBC Finalist 10 2015 Freelusion Dance Company Fake Off 2014 TruTV Fourth place , appeared as Freelusion USA 10 2015 Piff the Magic Dragon Penn & Teller : Fool Us 2011 2014 ITV ( U.K. ) The CW ( U.S. ) Appeared 10 2015 Stevie Starr Britain 's Got Talent ITV Advanced to the semi-finals 11 2016 Cory Kahaney Last Comic Standing 2003 NBC Finalist 11 2016 Laura Bretan Romania 's Got Talent 6 2016 Pro TV Winner International broadcasts ( edit ) In Indonesia , the eleventh season has currently been broadcast by NET . since October 22 , 2016 every Saturday and Sunday at 10.00 PM WIB . But , since Monday , October 31 , in addition to the weekend slot , the show has also been broadcast every Monday to Friday at 5.00 PM WIB as the replacement of the currently concluded TV drama , the second season of Kesempurnaan Cinta , which was concluded on Friday , October 28 , 2016 . See also ( edit ) Got Talent The X Factor References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent / About the Show '' . nbc.com . NBC . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2015 . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Trade marks -- find by number '' . Ipo.gov.uk . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Chan , Anna ( October 22 , 2015 ) . `` Simon Cowell to Replace Howard Stern as Judge on America 's Got Talent for Season 11 '' . USmagazine.com . American Media , Inc . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2015 . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Sets Tyra Banks As New Host For Season 12 '' . March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ King , Bill ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Season 12 Finale Recap : A New Champion is Crowned '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Winner Grace VanderWaal Books Vegas Concerts '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Daly , Sean and Ashley Majeski . Inside AGT : The Untold Stories of America 's Got Talent , CreateSpace Independent Publishing ( 2013 ) ISBN 1492203602 Jump up ^ `` Four Guest Judges Are Coming to AGT ! '' . nbc.com . May 27 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2015 . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Reba McEntire Joins ' America 's Got Talent ' as Guest Judge '' . Jump up ^ Medley , Erin S. ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' : Chris Hardwick , DJ Khaled Announced as Season 12 Guest Judges '' . tvinsider.com . NTVB Media , Inc . Jump up ^ Nilles , Billy ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` America 's Got Talent Season 12 Adds Laverne Cox as Guest Judge '' . eonline.com . E ! Online . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Alexia ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Heidi Klum and Seal Reunite on America 's Got Talent as She Calls Him Her ' Fave Singer ' '' . People Online . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Judge Cuts 1 ' '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Judge Cuts 2 ' '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Judge Cuts 3 ' '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Judge Cuts 4 ' '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Performance FAQ '' . Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2017 - 2018 . January 10 , 2014 . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Starr , Michael . `` America 's Got Talent Live At Radio City '' . New York Post . Jump up ^ Glazowski , Paul . `` MySpace Opens Six - Day Virtual Audition For America 's Got Talent '' . Mashable . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent - NBC.com '' . August 2 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2016 . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fera , Jessica . `` Jackie Evancho Featured on ' Oprah Winfrey Show ' '' Archived August 30 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... WPXI.com . October 21 , 2010 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Grimm says he feels blessed to be a part of ' America 's Got Talent , ' hitting Caesars today - Entertainment / Neon - ReviewJournal.com '' . Lvrj.com . October 8 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2010 . Retrieved November 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Got Talent Live Concert Tour '' . Facebook . p . About America 's Got Talent Live . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2015 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Note that the `` live '' version of this page is likely to change ; the archived version will provide the supporting information for this reference . Jump up ^ Mousavizadeh , Nader ( February 9 , 2009 ) . `` Reuters '' . Today.reuters.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NBC 's mid-season 2006 -- 07 schedule '' . NBCUMV.com . November 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Popular Television Talk - Show Host Jerry Springer Named Host of NBC 's ' America 's Got Talent ' '' . Thefutoncritic.com . March 5 , 2007 . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nick Cannon 's Got Talent '' . E ! Online . February 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Americas Got Talent Live ! at Planet Hollywood '' . Vegasnews.com . October 10 , 2009 . Retrieved July 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent -- In Summer Only -- NBC Benches Heavy Hitter for Fall '' . NYTimes.com . July 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` David Hasselhoff Departing America 's Got Talent '' . TV Guide . January 6 , 2010 . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Howie Mandel Joins America 's Got Talent '' . TV Guide . January 10 , 2010 . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NBC Reveals Summer Premiere Dates for America 's Got Talent , Last Comic Standing , 100 Questions , Persons Unknown '' . Tvbythenumbers.com . March 5 , 2010 . Retrieved August 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gold , Matea ( July 28 , 2010 ) . `` Piers Morgan mum on whether he 's succeeding Larry King Show Tracker Los Angeles Times '' . Latimesblogs.latimes.com . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2010 . Retrieved August 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Audition Cities `` Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2011 -- 2012 '' . Americasgottalentauditions.com . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Harmsworth , Andrei ( November 11 , 2011 ) . `` Piers Morgan quits America 's Got Talent to focus on CNN Tonight show '' . Metro.co.uk . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Boedeker , Hal . `` Howard Stern to judge ' America 's Got Talent ' , which will move to New York '' . fox43.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McGlone , Peggy ( April 8 , 2012 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' to film at NJPAC in Newark '' . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 Jump up ^ Daly , Sean ( August 6 , 2012 ) . `` Sharon Osbourne is quitting ' AGT ' after NBC axes Jack '' . The New York Post . Retrieved August 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` WOO HOO ! We 're coming back to your TVs ... -- America 's Got Talent '' . Facebook . April 2 , 2013 . Retrieved July 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( July 24 , 2012 ) . `` Sharon Osbourne leaving NBC 's ' America 's Got Talent ' ? -- The TV Column '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Americas Got Talent Sharon Osbourne Addresses Departure Rumors '' . E ! Online . July 25 , 2012 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` News : Sharon Quits Over Ugly Fight With NBC '' . AGTNews.com . August 6 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2012 . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Daly , Sean ( August 6 , 2012 ) . `` Sharon Osbourne is quitting `` America 's Got Talent '' after NBC axed her son Jack `` . New York Post . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( February 20 , 2013 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' hires Mel B as new judge '' . Inside TV . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Heidi Klum : I 'm Gonna Be a Judge on ' Americas Got Talent ' '' . Jump up ^ `` Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2012 -- 2013 -- Audition Cities '' . americasgottalentauditions.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Got Talent '' . on-camera-audiences.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NBC announces premiere date for America 's Got Talent Season Nine '' . Jump up ^ `` Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2015 -- 2016 '' . Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2015 -- 2016 . Jump up ^ Drewett , Meg . `` America 's Got Talent announces New York , Los Angeles auditions '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Season 9 : ' Golden Buzzer ' can save contestants -- Zap2It '' . Zap2It . Jump up ^ `` Audition Cities '' . Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2015 -- 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Howard Stern Says He May Quit America 's Got Talent '' . Empty Lighthouse Music & Arts Magazine . Jump up ^ `` Stern Show on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Howie Mandel on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Melanie Brown on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Timeline Photos -- America 's Got Talent -- Facebook '' . facebook.com . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Names Cris Judd as New Dance Scout '' . TheWrap . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent '' . On - Camera - Audiences . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2015 . Retrieved March 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Got Talent ' making golden buzzers more like ' Britain 's Got Talent ' ; other minor changes '' . CarterMatt.com . Jump up ^ Mink , Casey ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` Howard Stern Leaving ' America 's Got Talent ' -- Judge Confirms In Interview '' . Hollywood Life . PMC . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2015 . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Renewed for Season 11 by NBC '' . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2015 . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Audition In Person : 2015 -- 2016 Audition Cities '' . America 's Got Talent Auditions . FremantleMedia North America & Simco , Ltd . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2015 . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Audition Online '' . America 's Got Talent Auditions . FremantleMedia North America & Simco , Ltd . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2015 . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Harp , Justin ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Simon Cowell is FINALLY returning to US TV as an America 's Got Talent judge with Mel B and Heidi Klum '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2016 . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Auditions '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chavez , Paul ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Mel B and Heidi Klum show some skin on the red carpet during America 's Got Talent kick off event for 11th season '' . DailyMail.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harp , Justin ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Find out when Simon Cowell makes his US TV return on America 's Got Talent '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' renewed for Season 12 , judges all returning '' . Zap2it . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Simon Cowel Signs New Deal & Returns as Judge on NBC 's ' America 's Got Talent ' for Next Three Seasons '' . October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nick Cannon Quits America 's Got Talent After Threats of Firing over Race Joke '' . TV Guide . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony , Kiyonna ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` America 's Got Talent Execs Have This To Say About Nick Cannon 's Departure '' . Globalgrind . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chavez , Paul ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Stand my ground ' : Nick Cannon resolves to ' stay firm ' after quitting AGT and picks Ryan Seacrest as heir '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBC summer 2017 schedule loads up : ' America 's Got Talent , ' ' Carmichael Show , ' ' World of Dance ' and more '' . March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lapowsky , Issie ( September 2 , 2009 ) . `` Jerry Springer to host ' America 's Got Talent Live ' ; new spinoff of reality show to play in Las Vegas '' . NYDailyNews.com . NY Daily News . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2016 . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Boedeker , Hal ( November 4 , 2010 ) . `` Jerry Springer : Orlando group wows ' Talent ' tour '' . OrlandoSentinel.com . Orlando Sentinel . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2010 . Retrieved October 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent Live TM Announces Full Tour Line - up Including Season 8 Winner , Kenichi Ebina '' . Business Wire . Berkashire Hathaway . September 19 , 2013 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent winner , Suffern native VanderWaal plays sold - out Vegas show '' Archived October 30 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , News12.com , Westchester County , New York , October 28 , 2016 , accessed December 14 , 2016 ( content preview ) Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ America 's Got Talent Holiday Spectacular Archived December 20 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , TVGrapevine.com , December 18 , 2016 ; and Angermiller , Michele Amabile . `` America 's Got Talent Winner Grace VanderWaal Set to Headline Holiday Special '' Archived November 25 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Billboard , November 7 , 2016 Jump up ^ Boedeker , Hal . `` ESPN , AGT , Michelle Obama : Monday winners '' Archived December 21 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Orlando Sentinel , December 20 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Ratings : NBC 's America 's Got Talent Returns To Win , ABC 's Superstars Hardly Super '' . June 24 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2009 . Retrieved June 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Updated TV Ratings : The Jay Leno Show premieres big , rises to 18.4 million in the final # s '' . September 26 , 2009 . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Updated TV Ratings : AGT finale , Leno , Glee and The Beautiful Life '' . September 17 , 2009 . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2009 . Retrieved September 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Top 25 : NBA Finals & Everybody Else , Glee Leads Scripted 18 - 49 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2010 . Retrieved June 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football ' , ' Survivor ' , ' America 's Got Talent ' Top Final Week of Broadcast ' Summer ' - Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2010 . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : NBA Finals & Reality Top Summer 's First Full Week -- Ratings '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' Adjusted Up ; ' Parenthood ' Adjusts Down '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' Finale Adjusted Up '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Got Talent : Summer 2012 Ratings ( 2nd Night ) '' . tvseriesfinale.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' How I Met Your Mother ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Mike & Molly ' , ' America 's Got Talent ' & ' The Bachelorette ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 13 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' ' The X Factor ' & ' Big Brother ' Adjusted Up , No Adjustments for ' America 's Got Talent ' or ' Guys With Kids ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 14 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Glee ' Adjusted Down , No 18 - 49 Adjustment for ' The X-Factor ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent : Summer 2012 Ratings ( First Night ) '' . tvseriesfinale.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' So You Think You Can Dance ' Adjusted Up ; ' Brooklyn DA ' Adjusted Down - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Dads ' , ' Whose Line Is It Anyway ? ' & ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' Adjusted Up ; ' Capture ' Adjusted Down - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . September 18 , 2013 . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Big Brother ' Adjusted Up ; ' Million Second Quiz ' Adjusted Down - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent : Summer 2013 Ratings ( Tues ) '' . tvseriesfinale.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent : Summer 2013 Ratings ( Weds ) '' . tvseriesfinale.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : No Adjustments for ' America 's Got Talent ' or ' The Night Shift ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 17 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' New Girl ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2014 . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 18 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Mysteries of Laura ' , ' Extant ' & ' Penn & Teller : Fool Us ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2014 . Retrieved September 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent : Season Nine Ratings ( Tuesdays ) '' . tvseriesfinale.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent : Season Nine Ratings ( Wednesdays ) '' . tvseriesfinale.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kondology , Amanda ( May 28 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : No Adjustement for ' iZombie ' , ' America 's Got Talent ' or ' 500 Questions ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( September 16 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' & ' Big Brother ' Adjusted Up ; ' Best Time Ever with Neil Patrick Harris ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( September 17 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' America 's Next Top Model ' & ' A Wicked Off ' Adjusted Down ' Big Brother ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent : Season 10 Ratings ( Tuesdays ) '' . tvseriesfinale.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent : Season 10 Ratings ( Wednesdays ) '' . tvseriesfinale.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' 500 Questions ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Better Late Than Never ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent , ' ' Big Brother adjust up , ' Blindspot ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent : Season 11 Ratings ( Tuesdays ) '' . tvseriesfinale.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent : Season 11 Ratings ( Wednesdays ) '' . tvseriesfinale.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Imaginary Mary ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Will & Grace ' special adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 21 , 2017 ) . `` America 's Got Talent , ' ' Big Brother , ' ' Masterchef ' ajdust up , ' The Good Place ' and ' Salvation ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards : Fan Favorites in Movies , Music & TV - PeoplesChoice.com '' . www.peopleschoice.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Who will get slimed ? '' . SheKnows . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees / Winners '' . Television Academy . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Kids ' Choice Awards Nominations Announced '' . Gossip Cop . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New 2012 Teen Choice Awards Nominations Led By Breaking Dawn & Snow White '' . Gossip Cop . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries , Justin Bieber Lead 2012 Teen Choice Award Nominations '' . Gossip Cop . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Kids ' Choice Awards Nominees ! '' . Gossip Cop . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards : Fan Favorites in Movies , Music & TV - PeoplesChoice.com '' . www.peopleschoice.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kids ' Choice Awards 2014 Nominees : ' Catching Fire , ' One Direction , Katy Perry '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards : Fan Favorites in Movies , Music & TV - PeoplesChoice.com '' . www.peopleschoice.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kids ' Choice Awards 2015 Nominations -- Ariana Grande , Taylor Swift & More '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` People 's Choice Awards : Fan Favorites in Movies , Music & TV - PeoplesChoice.com '' . www.peopleschoice.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kids ' Choice Awards 2016 Nominations -- Jennifer Lawrence & More '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Young , Chad . `` Q&A with Jackie Evancho '' , Nashville Parent , June 9 , 2015 ( reprinted here ) Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( August 19 , 2010 ) . `` ' Got Talent ' Kid Jackie Evancho Makes Chart Impact '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Caulfield , Keith . `` Under the Covers with Unconventional Stars '' , Billboard magazine , October 20 , 2012 , p. 41 Jump up ^ `` Recording Industry Association of America '' . RIAA . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2014 . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Soundscan Chart -- Top Current Albums '' , Vakseen.com , November 28 , 2012 ; and `` The Nielsen Company & Billboard 's 2011 Music Industry Report '' ( Press Release ) . Nielson Soundscan . Business Wire . January 5 , 2012 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Soundscan Chart -- Top Current Albums '' , Vakseen.com , November 28 , 2012 ; Caulfield , Keith . `` Mumford Holds at No. 1 , Muse 's 2nd Law Leads Multiple Debuts On Billboard 200 Chart '' , Billboard.biz , October 10 , 2012 ; `` Building album sales chart '' Archived September 15 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , 2nd week sales 22,654 , Hits Daily Double , October 16 , 2012 ; `` Building album sales chart '' , 3rd week sales 13,173 , Hits Daily Double , October 23 , 2012 ; `` Building album sales chart '' , 4th week sales 9,682 , Hits Daily Double , October 30 , 2012 ; `` Building album sales chart '' , 5th week sales 9,044 , Hits Daily Double , November 6 , 2012 Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith . `` Billboard 200 Chart Moves : Jackie Evancho Arrives with Awakening '' , Prometheus Global Media , October 3 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Jackie Evancho -- Awakening '' , AcousticSounds.com , October 2015 . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 Jump up ^ Billboard 200 for the week of January 7 , 2017 , Billboard , accessed December 29 , 2016 Jump up ^ Billboard 200 for the week of April 22 , 2017 , Billboard , accessed April 11 , 2017 Jump up ^ Classical Albums , the week of April 22 , 2017 , Billboard , April 11 , 2017 ; Classical Albums , the week of December 17 , 2016 , Billboard , November 23 , 2016 ; and Classical Albums , the week of December 17 , 2016 , Billboard , November 23 , 2016 Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` ' Frozen ' Spends Lucky 13th Week At No. 1 , Lindsey Stirling Bows At No. 2 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . ; `` '' Mi música es para liberarse `` , aseguró la bailarina y violinista que es furor en Youtube '' . LaCapital.com.ar . ; `` Upcoming Releases '' . Hits Daily Double . HITS Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2016 . ; `` Upcoming Releases '' . Hits Daily Double . HITS Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2016 . ; and `` Lindsey Stirling chart history '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` The Texas Tenors Album & Song Chart History -- Classical Albums '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chart History '' . Billboard.com . January 18 , 2014 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chart History '' . Billboard.com . September 27 , 2014 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chart History '' . Billboard.com . November 19 , 2014 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chart History '' . Billboard.com . September 30 , 2017 . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grace VanderWaal '' , Austin City Limits Music Festival , accessed May 9 , 2017 ; Caulfield , Keith . `` The Hamilton Mixtape Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Albums Chart '' , Billboard , December 11 , 2016 ( 52,000 units ) ; `` Sales Plus Streaming Chart '' , Hits Daily Double , December 16 , 2016 ( 14,687 units ) ; and `` Sales Plus Streaming Chart '' , Hits Daily Double , December 23 , 2016 ( 18,972 units ) Jump up ^ Carter , Brooke . `` What Happened to Landau Eugene Murphy Jr . -- Recent News & Updates '' , The Gazette Review ( Minneapolis , Minnesota ) , May 29 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Landau Eugene Murphy , Jr. : Chart History '' , Billboard , accessed December 11 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Game Clobbers Akon , Takes Albums Chart News '' . VH1.com . November 22 , 2006 . Retrieved August 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` # 2 Most Successful Independent In Sales -- Heavyweight Dj Forums -- Los Angeles '' . Heavyweightdj.com . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2010 . Retrieved August 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Klein , Danny ( March 25 , 2008 ) . `` Cas Haley ( interview ) '' . MalibuMag.com . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2011 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( May 25 , 2011 ) . `` Adele Notches Ninth Week At # 1 On Billboard -- Music , Celebrity , Artist News '' . MTV . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Moen , Nancy . `` MIZZOU Magazine -- Heartland star '' . Mizzoumag.missouri.edu . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2010 . Retrieved August 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Alex . `` In Full : ' Britain 's Got Talent ' Top 40 '' . DigitalSpy . Hearst Magazines UK . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2015 . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Young opera singer who stunned America with her voice wins Romania 's Got Talent '' . Romania - Insider . Business Insider SRL . June 4 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2016 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NET . on Twitter : `` Mulai malam ini , setiap Sabtu & Minggu America 's ... '' . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Akhir Ceritanya Menggantung , Kesempurnaan Cinta akan Berlanjut ke Season 3 '' . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website America 's Got Talent on IMDb America 's Got Talent at TV.com America 's Got Talent Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Winners Bianca Ryan Terry Fator Neal E. Boyd Kevin Skinner Michael Grimm Landau Eugene Murphy Jr . Olate Dogs Kenichi Ebina Mat Franco Paul Zerdin Grace VanderWaal Darci Lynne Farmer Runners - up The Millers Cas Haley Eli Mattson Bárbara Padilla Jackie Evancho Silhouettes Tom Cotter Taylor Williamson Emily West Drew Lynch Angelica Hale Third place Butterscotch Nuttin ' But Stringz Recycled Percussion Team iLuminate Oz Pearlman Jon Dorenbos Light Balance Other notable contestants Season 1 Taylor Ware Alexis Jordan Celtic Spring The Passing Zone Rappin ' Granny Leonid the Magnificent Jessica Sanchez Season 2 Jabbawockeez Julienne Irwin Kevin James Season 3 Kaitlyn Maher ZOOperstars ! Derrick Barry Season 4 Grandma Lee The Texas Tenors Thia Megia Season 5 ArcAttack Haspop Alice Tan Ridley Prince Poppycock Connor Doran The Strange Familiar Lindsey Stirling Season 6 Geechy Guy Anna Graceman POPLYFE Professor Splash Melissa Villaseñor Season 7 David Garibaldi and His CMYK 's Rudy Coby Trish Paytas Season 8 Cami Bradley Marty Brown Brad Byers Forte Branden James Jim Meskimen John Wing Jr . Season 9 Dan Naturman Wendy Liebman Miguel Dakota Quintavious Johnson The Willis Clan Mike Super Season 10 Stevie Starr Piff the Magic Dragon Myq Kaplan Freelusion Dance Company Metal Mulisha Fitz Army Kacey Jones Kayvon Zand Season 11 Ryan Stock & AmberLynn Tape Face Brian Justin Crum Cory Kahaney The Passing Zone Laura Bretan Zach Sherwin Season 12 Bello Nock Colin Cloud Mandy Harvey Merrick Hanna Preacher Lawson Puddles Pity Party The Singing Trump Got Talent franchises National franchises Albania Australia Argentina Azerbaijan Belgium VIER vtm RTL - TVI Bulgaria Cambodia Canada China Croatia Czech Republic & Slovakia Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary India Indonesia Ireland Israel Italy Moldova Mongolia Netherlands New Zealand Nigeria Norway Philippines Poland Portugal RTP SIC Romania Russia Serbia South Africa South Korea Spain Sweden Thailand Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United States Vietnam Regional franchises Arab World Asia NBC programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime American Ninja Warrior ( since 2011 ) America 's Got Talent ( since 2006 ) Better Late Than Never ( since 2016 ) The Blacklist ( since 2013 ) Blindspot ( since 2015 ) The Brave ( since 2017 ) Chicago Fire ( since 2012 ) Chicago Med ( since 2015 ) Chicago P.D. ( since 2014 ) Dateline NBC ( since 1992 ) First Dates ( since 2017 ) The Good Place ( since 2016 ) Great News ( since 2017 ) Hollywood Game Night ( since 2013 ) Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( since 1999 ) Law & Order True Crime ( since 2017 ) Little Big Shots ( since 2016 ) Marlon ( since 2017 ) Midnight , Texas ( since 2017 ) The Night Shift ( since 2014 ) Running Wild with Bear Grylls ( since 2014 ) Shades of Blue ( since 2016 ) Spartan : Ultimate Team Challenge ( since 2016 ) Superstore ( since 2015 ) Taken ( since 2017 ) This Is Us ( since 2016 ) Timeless ( since 2016 ) Trial & Error ( since 2017 ) The Voice ( since 2011 ) The Wall ( since 2016 ) Weekend Update Summer Edition ( since 2017 ) Will & Grace ( 1998 -- 2006 ; since 2017 ) World of Dance ( since 2017 ) Daytime Days of Our Lives ( since 1965 ) Late night 1st Look ( since 2008 ) Last Call with Carson Daly ( since 2002 ) Late Night with Seth Meyers ( since 2014 ) Open House ( since 2008 ) Open House NYC ( since 2012 ) Saturday Night Live ( since 1975 ) The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon ( since 2014 ) News Dateline NBC ( since 1992 ) Early Today ( since 1999 ) Meet the Press ( since 1947 ) NBC Nightly News ( since 1970 ) Sunday Night with Megyn Kelly ( since 2017 ) Today ( since 1952 ) Sports NBC Golf NASCAR on NBC NFL on NBC Football Night in America NBC Sunday Night Football Thursday Night Football NHL on NBC Notre Dame Football on NBC Olympics on NBC Premier Boxing Champions Tennis on NBC Thoroughbred Racing on NBC Saturday morning The Voyager with Josh Garcia Upcoming A.P. Bio ( TBA ) The Awesome Show ( TBA ) Champions ( TBA ) Ellen 's Game of Games ( TBA ) Genius Junior ( TBA ) Good Girls ( TBA ) The Handmade Project ( TBA ) The Reaper ( TBA ) Reverie ( TBA ) Rise ( TBA ) VIAF : 182955646 LCCN : no2009048452 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=America%27s_Got_Talent&oldid=803914950 '' Categories : 2006 American television series debuts 2000s American television series 2010s American television series America 's Got Talent American television series based on British television series American variety television series Competitions English - language television programs Live television programs NBC network shows Television series by FremantleMedia Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2017 Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with inconsistent citation formats Use mdy dates from August 2017 Articles needing additional references from March 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from September 2014 Articles needing additional references from June 2015 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 13 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is in the live shows for agt | [
"During the live shows, a group of acts ranging from only a Top 20 (season two), to as many as 60, compete for viewers' and judges' votes. In the first season, the judges could not end an act's performance, but could either \"check\" or \"X\" the performance during their critique. Since season two (2007), judges have been able to end an act's performance early, and the \"check\" was removed. Generally, acts each perform first in a live round consisting of a series of quarterfinals. In seasons with YouTube auditions, the round of live judging of YouTube finalists takes place then, as part of these quarterfinals. Then there may be additional shows for \"Wild Card\" acts—acts that one or more of the judges select to be given one more chance for audience vote despite previous elimination. From these shows, the existing group is narrowed through votes by the public and/or the judges (depending on the season). Acts then move on to a semifinal round, and even further rounds (such as a \"Top 8\" or a \"Top 10\", depending on the season) through a series of weekly shows, which trim the number of acts down each time based on a public vote. In the majority of seasons, judges have had no vote from the semifinals. All these rounds culminate in a live final, which has consisted of anywhere from four to ten acts throughout the seasons. The act with the most votes is declared the winner, given $1 million, and, since season three (2008), a chance to headline a show on the Las Vegas Strip."
] | [
"ranging from only a Top 20 (season two), to as many as 60"
] |
-5207452894921966273 | Kings Cross railway station, Sydney | Kings Cross railway station , Sydney - wikipedia Kings Cross railway station , Sydney Jump to : navigation , search Kings Cross Station front in August 2017 Location Darlinghurst Road , Kings Cross Coordinates 33 ° 52 ′ 29 '' S 151 ° 13 ′ 21 '' E / 33.87468 ° S 151.22242 ° E / - 33.87468 ; 151.22242 Coordinates : 33 ° 52 ′ 29 '' S 151 ° 13 ′ 21 '' E / 33.87468 ° S 151.22242 ° E / - 33.87468 ; 151.22242 Owned by RailCorp Operated by Sydney Trains Line ( s ) Eastern Suburbs Distance 3.41 kilometres from Central Platforms 2 ( 1 island ) Tracks Connections Bus Construction Structure type Underground Disabled access Yes Other information Status Staffed Station code KSX Website Sydney Trains History Opened 23 June 1979 Electrified Yes Services Preceding station Sydney Trains Following station Martin Place towards Waterfall or Cronulla T4 : Eastern Suburbs & Illawarra Line Edgecliff towards Bondi Junction Preceding station NSW TrainLink Following station Edgecliff towards Bondi Junction South Coast Line Martin Place towards Bomaderry ( Nowra ) or Port Kembla Station Platform Station Concourse Station front in August 2011 Kings Cross railway station is located on the Eastern Suburbs line , serving the Sydney suburb of Kings Cross . It is served by Sydney Trains T4 Eastern Suburbs & Illawarra Line services and NSW TrainLink South Coast Line services . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Platforms & services 3 Transport links 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Kings Cross station opened on 23 June 1979 when the Eastern Suburbs line opened from Central to Bondi Junction . Platforms & services ( edit ) Platform Line Stopping pattern Notes T4 services to Cronulla , Waterfall & Helensburgh South Coast Line services to Wollongong , Port Kembla , Dapto & Kiama T4 services to Bondi Junction South Coast Line services to Bondi Junction Transport links ( edit ) State Transit operate five routes via Kings Cross station : 200 : Chatswood station to Bondi Junction Interchange 311 : Millers Point to Railway Square 324 : Dawes Point to Watsons Bay via Vaucluse Heights 325 : Dawes Point to Watsons Bay via Vaucluse N100 : Central station to Bondi Junction Interchange References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kings Cross Station NSWrail.net Jump up ^ Kings Cross Railway Station Group NSW Environment & Heritage ^ Jump up to : `` T4 : Eastern Suburbs & Illawarra line timetable '' ( PDF ) . Sydney Trains. 20 October 2013 ( amended January 2015 ) . ^ Jump up to : South Coast Line timetable NSW TrainLink 20 October 2013 Jump up ^ `` Route 200 timetable '' ( PDF ) . Sydney Buses. 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Route 311 timetable '' ( PDF ) . Sydney Buses. 28 October 2012 ( Reprinted June 2014 ) . External links ( edit ) Station details Sydney Trains Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kings Cross railway station . Transport for New South Wales railway stations List of Sydney Trains railway stations List of NSW TrainLink railway stations List of closed Sydney railway stations Sydney Trains services and stations T4 Eastern Suburbs & Illawarra Line Bondi Junction Edgecliff Kings Cross Martin Place Town Hall Central Redfern Sydenham Tempe Wolli Creek Arncliffe Banksia Rockdale Kogarah Carlton Allawah Hurstville Penshurst Mortdale Oatley Como Jannali Sutherland Loftus Engadine Heathcote Waterfall Kirrawee Gymea Miranda Caringbah Woolooware Cronulla North Shore , Northern & Western Airport , Inner West & South Bankstown Eastern Suburbs & Illawarra Cumberland Carlingford Olympic Park Sydney Metro services and stations Northwest City and Southwest NSW TrainLink Intercity services and stations South Coast Line Bondi Junction Edgecliff Kings Cross Martin Place Town Hall Central Redfern Wolli Creek Hurstville Sutherland ( Loftus ) ( Engadine ) ( Heathcote ) Waterfall Helensburgh Otford Stanwell Park Coalcliff Scarborough Wombarra Coledale Austinmer Thirroul Bulli Woonona Bellambi Corrimal Towradgi Fairy Meadow North Wollongong Wollongong Coniston Lysaghts Cringila Port Kembla North Port Kembla Unanderra Kembla Grange Dapto Albion Park Oak Flats Shellharbour Junction Minnamurra Bombo Kiama Gerringong Berry Bomaderry Blue Mountains Central Coast & Newcastle Hunter South Coast Southern Highlands NSW TrainLink Regional services and stations North Coast Region North Western Region Southern Region Western Region Stations and services in italics are planned or under construction Stations in ( parentheses ) are uncommon stops for the listed service Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kings_Cross_railway_station,_Sydney&oldid=807990417 '' Categories : Easy Access railway stations in Sydney Railway stations in Sydney Railway stations opened in 1979 Railway stations located underground Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2012 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 06 : 23 . About Wikipedia | trains from kings cross to central station sydney | [
"Kings Cross railway station is located on the Eastern Suburbs line, serving the Sydney suburb of Kings Cross. It is served by Sydney Trains T4 Eastern Suburbs & Illawarra Line services and NSW TrainLink South Coast Line services.",
"Kings Cross railway station is located on the Eastern Suburbs line, serving the Sydney suburb of Kings Cross. It is served by Sydney Trains T4 Eastern Suburbs & Illawarra Line services and NSW TrainLink South Coast Line services."
] | [
"Sydney Trains T4 Eastern Suburbs & Illawarra Line",
"NSW TrainLink South Coast Line"
] |
-3482719040210279749 | Volcanic ash | Volcanic ash - wikipedia Volcanic ash Jump to : navigation , search `` Ash cloud '' redirects here . For the Eyjafjallajökull disaster , see 2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull . For general topic , see Ash . For other uses , see Ash ( disambiguation ) . Ash cloud from the 2008 eruption of Chaitén volcano , Chile , stretching across Patagonia from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean . Ash plume rising from Eyjafjallajökull on April 17 , 2010 . Volcanic ash deposits on a parked McDonnell - Douglas DC - 10 - 30 during the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo , causing the aircraft to rest on its tail . While falling ash behaves in a similar manner to snow , the sheer weight of deposits can cause serious damage to buildings and vehicles , as seen here , where the deposits were able to cause the 120 ton airliner 's centre of gravity to shift . Volcanic ash consists of fragments of pulverized rock , minerals and volcanic glass , created during volcanic eruptions and measuring less than 2 mm ( 0.079 inches ) in diameter . The term volcanic ash is also often loosely used to refer to all explosive eruption products ( correctly referred to as tephra ) , including particles larger than 2mm . Volcanic ash is formed during explosive volcanic eruptions when dissolved gases in magma expand and escape violently into the atmosphere . The force of the escaping gas shatters the magma and propels it into the atmosphere where it solidifies into fragments of volcanic rock and glass . Ash is also produced when magma comes into contact with water during phreatomagmatic eruptions , causing the water to explosively flash to steam leading to shattering of magma . Once in the air , ash is transported by wind up to thousands of kilometers away . Due to its wide dispersal , ash can have a number of impacts on society , including human and animal health , disruption to aviation , disruption to critical infrastructure ( e.g. , electric power supply systems , telecommunications , water and waste - water networks , transportation ) , primary industries ( e.g. , agriculture ) , buildings and structures . Contents ( hide ) 1 Formation 2 Properties 2.1 Chemical 2.2 Physical 2.2. 1 Components 2.2. 2 Morphology 2.2. 3 Density 2.2. 4 Grain size 3 Dispersal 4 Impacts 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Infrastructure sectors 4.2. 1 Electricity 4.2. 2 Drinking water supplies 4.2. 2.1 Large water treatment plants 4.2. 2.2 Small treatment systems 4.2. 2.3 Rainwater - fed supplies 4.2. 2.4 Water demand 4.2. 3 Wastewater treatment 4.2. 4 Aircraft 4.2. 4.1 Occurrence 4.2. 4.2 Detection 4.2. 4.3 Airport systems 4.2. 5 Land transport 4.2. 6 Communications 4.2. 7 Computers 4.2. 8 Buildings and structures 4.3 Human and animal health 4.4 Environment and agriculture 4.5 Interdependence 5 Preparedness , mitigation and management 6 Volcanic ash soils 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Formation ( edit ) 454 million year old volcanic ash between layers of limestone in the catacombs of Peter the Great 's Naval Fortress in Estonia near Laagri . The diameter of objective cover is 58 mm ( 2.3 in ) . This is remnant of one of the oldest large eruptions preserved . Volcanic ash is formed during explosive volcanic eruptions , phreatomagmatic eruptions and during transport in pyroclastic density currents . Explosive eruptions occur when magma decompresses as it rises , allowing dissolved volatiles ( dominantly water and carbon dioxide ) to exsolve into gas bubbles . As more bubbles nucleate a foam is produced , which decreases the density of the magma , accelerating it up the conduit . Fragmentation occurs when bubbles occupy ~ 70 - 80 vol % of the erupting mixture . When fragmentation occurs , violently expanding bubbles tear the magma apart into fragments which are ejected into the atmosphere where they solidify into ash particles . Fragmentation is a very efficient process of ash formation and is capable of generating very fine ash even without the addition of water . Volcanic ash is also produced during phreatomagmatic eruptions . During these eruptions fragmentation occurs when magma comes into contact with bodies of water ( such as the sea , lakes and marshes ) groundwater , snow or ice . As the magma , which is significantly hotter than the boiling point of water , comes into contact with water an insulating vapor film forms ( Leidenfrost effect ) . Eventually this vapor film will collapse leading to direct coupling of the cold water and hot magma . This increases the heat transfer which leads to the rapid expansion of water and fragmentation of the magma into small particles which are subsequently ejected from the volcanic vent . Fragmentation causes an increase in contact area between magma and water creating a feedback mechanism , leading to further fragmentation and production of fine ash particles . Pyroclastic density currents can also produce ash particles . These are typically produced by lava dome collapse or collapse of the eruption column . Within pyroclastic density currents particle abrasion occurs as particles interact with each other resulting in a reduction in grain size and production of fine grained ash particles . In addition , ash can be produced during secondary fragmentation of pumice fragments , due to the conservation of heat within the flow . These processes produce large quantities of very fine grained ash which is removed from pyroclastic density currents in co-ignimbrite ash plumes . Physical and chemical characteristics of volcanic ash are primarily controlled by the style of volcanic eruption . Volcanoes display a range of eruption styles which are controlled by magma chemistry , crystal content , temperature and dissolved gases of the erupting magma and can be classified using the volcanic explosivity index ( VEI ) . Effusive eruptions ( VEI 1 ) of basaltic composition produce < 10 m of ejecta , whereas extremely explosive eruptions ( VEI 5 + ) of rhyolitic and dacitic composition can inject large quantities ( > 10 m ) of ejecta into the atmosphere . Another parameter controlling the amount of ash produced is the duration of the eruption : the longer the eruption is sustained , the more ash will be produced . For example , the second phase of the 2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull was classified as VEI 4 despite a modest 8 km high eruption column , but the eruption continued for a month , which allowed a large volume of ash to be ejected into the atmosphere . Properties ( edit ) Chemical ( edit ) The types of minerals present in volcanic ash are dependent on the chemistry of the magma from which it erupted . Considering that the most abundant elements found in silicate magma are silicon and oxygen , the various types of magma ( and therefore ash ) produced during volcanic eruptions are most commonly explained in terms of their silica content . Low energy eruptions of basalt produce a characteristically dark coloured ash containing ~ 45 - 55 % silica that is generally rich in iron ( Fe ) and magnesium ( Mg ) . The most explosive rhyolite eruptions produce a felsic ash that is high in silica ( > 69 % ) while other types of ash with an intermediate composition ( e.g. , andesite or dacite ) have a silica content between 55 - 69 % . The principal gases released during volcanic activity are water , carbon dioxide , sulfur dioxide , hydrogen , hydrogen sulfide , carbon monoxide and hydrogen chloride . These sulfur and halogen gases and metals are removed from the atmosphere by processes of chemical reaction , dry and wet deposition , and by adsorption onto the surface of volcanic ash . It has long been recognised that a range of sulfate and halide ( primarily chloride and fluoride ) compounds are readily mobilised from fresh volcanic ash. ; It is considered most likely that these salts are formed as a consequence of rapid acid dissolution of ash particles within eruption plumes , which is thought to supply the cations involved in the deposition of sulfate and halide salts . While some 55 ionic species have been reported in fresh ash leachates the most abundant species usually found are the cations Na , K , Ca and Mg and the anions Cl , F and SO . Molar ratios between ions present in leachates suggest that in many cases these elements are present as simple salts such as NaCl and CaSO . In a sequential leaching experiment on ash from the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens , chloride salts were found to be the most readily soluble , followed by sulfate salts Fluoride compounds are in general only sparingly soluble ( e.g. , CaF , MgF ) , with the exception of fluoride salts of alkali metals and compounds such as calcium hexafluorosilicate ( CaSiF ) . The pH of fresh ash leachates is highly variable , depending on the presence of an acidic gas condensate ( primarily as a consequence of the gases SO , HCl and HF in the eruption plume ) on the ash surface . The crystalline - solid structure of the salts act more as an insulator than a conductor . However , once the salts are dissolved into a solution by a source of moisture ( e.g. , fog , mist , light rain , etc . ) , the ash may become corrosive and electrically conductive . A recent study has shown that the electrical conductivity of volcanic ash increases with ( 1 ) increasing moisture content , ( 2 ) increasing soluble salt content , and ( 3 ) increasing compaction ( bulk density ) . The ability of volcanic ash to conduct electric current has significant implications for electric power supply systems . Physical ( edit ) Components ( edit ) Particle of volcanic ash from Mount St. Helens . Volcanic ash particles erupted during magmatic eruptions are made up of various fractions of vitric ( glassy , non-crystalline ) , crystalline or lithic ( non-magmatic ) particles . Ash produced during low viscosity magmatic eruptions ( e.g. , Hawaiian and Strombolian basaltic eruptions ) produce a range of different pyroclasts dependent on the eruptive process . For example , ash collected from Hawaiian lava fountains consists of sideromelane ( light brown basaltic glass ) pyroclasts which contain rare microlites ( small quench crystals ) and phenocrysts . Slightly more viscous eruptions of basalt ( e.g. , Strombolian ) form a variety of pyroclasts from irregular sideromelane droplets to blocky tachylite ( black to dark brown microcrystalline pyroclasts ) . In contrast , most high - silica ash ( e.g. rhyolite ) consists of pulverised products of pumice ( vitric shards ) , individual phenocrysts ( crystal fraction ) and some lithic fragments ( xenoliths ) . Ash generated during phreatic eruptio ( e ) ns primarily consists of hydrothermally altered lithic and mineral fragments , commonly in a clay matrix . Particle surfaces are often coated with aggregates of zeolite crystals or clay and only relict textures remain to identify pyroclast types . Morphology ( edit ) Light microscope image of ash from the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens , Washington . The morphology ( shape ) of volcanic ash is controlled by a plethora of different eruption and kinematic processes . Eruptions of low - viscosity magmas ( e.g. , basalt ) typically form droplet shaped particles . This droplet shape is , in part , controlled by surface tension , acceleration of the droplets after they leave the vent , and air friction . Shapes range from perfect spheres to a variety of twisted , elongate droplets with smooth , fluidal surfaces . The morphology of ash from eruptions of high - viscosity magmas ( e.g. , rhyolite , dacite , and some andesites ) is mostly dependent on the shape of vesicles in the rising magma before disintegration . Vesicles are formed by the expansion of magmatic gas before the magma has solidified . Ash particles can have varying degrees of vesicularity and vesicular particles can have extremely high surface area to volume ratios . Concavities , troughs , and tubes observed on grain surfaces are the result of broken vesicle walls . Vitric ash particles from high - viscosity magma eruptions are typically angular , vesicular pumiceous fragments or thin vesicle - wall fragments while lithic fragments in volcanic ash are typically equant , or angular to subrounded . Lithic morphology in ash is generally controlled by the mechanical properties of the wall rock broken up by spalling or explosive expansion of gases in the magma as it reaches the surface . The morphology of ash particles from phreatomagmatic eruptions is controlled by stresses within the chilled magma which result in fragmentation of the glass to form small blocky or pyramidal glass ash particles . Vesicle shape and density play only a minor role in the determination of grain shape in phreatomagmatic eruptions . In this sort of eruption , the rising magma is quickly cooled on contact with ground or surface water . Stresses within the `` quenched '' magma cause fragmentation into five dominant pyroclast shape - types : ( 1 ) blocky and equant ; ( 2 ) vesicular and irregular with smooth surfaces ; ( 3 ) moss - like and convoluted ; ( 4 ) spherical or drop - like ; and ( 5 ) plate - like . Density ( edit ) The density of individual particles varies with different eruptions . The density of volcanic ash varies between 700 -- 1200 kg / m for pumice , 2350 -- 2450 kg / m for glass shards , 2700 -- 3300 kg / m for crystals , and 2600 -- 3200 kg / m for lithic particles . Since coarser and denser particles are deposited close to source , fine glass and pumice shards are relatively enriched in ash fall deposits at distal locations . The high density and hardness ( ~ 5 on the Mohs Hardness Scale ) together with a high degree of angularity , make some types of volcanic ash ( particularly those with a high silica content ) very abrasive . Grain size ( edit ) Volcanic ash grain size distributions . Volcanic ash consists of particles ( pyroclasts ) with diameters < 2 mm ( particles > 2 mm are classified as lapilli ) , and can be as fine as 1 μm . The overall grain size distribution of ash can vary greatly with different magma compositions . Few attempts have been made to correlate the grain size characteristics of a deposit with those of the event which produced it , though some predictions can be made . Rhyolitic magmas generally produce finer grained material compared to basaltic magmas , due to the higher viscosity and therefore explosivity . The proportions of fine ash are higher for silicic explosive eruptions , probably because vesicle size in the pre-eruptive magma is smaller than those in mafic magmas . There is good evidence that pyroclastic flows produce high proportions of fine ash by communition and it is likely that this process also occurs inside volcanic conduits and would be most efficient when the magma fragmentation surface is well below the summit crater . Dispersal ( edit ) Ash plume rising from Mount Redoubt after an eruption on April 21 , 1990 . Ash plume from Mt Cleveland , a stratovolcano in the Aleutian Islands . Ash particles are incorporated into eruption columns as they are ejected from the vent at high velocity . The initial momentum from the eruption propels the column upwards . As air is drawn into the column , the bulk density decreases and it starts to rise buoyantly into the atmosphere . At a point where the bulk density of the column is the same as the surrounding atmosphere , the column will cease rising and start moving laterally . Lateral dispersion is controlled by prevailing winds and the ash may be deposited hundreds to thousands of kilometres from the volcano , depending on eruption column height , particle size of the ash and climatic conditions ( especially wind direction and strength and humidity ) . Ash fallout occurs immediately after the eruption and is controlled by particle density . Initially , coarse particles fall out close to source . This is followed by fallout of accretionary lapilli , which is the result of particle agglomeration within the column . Ash fallout is less concentrated during the final stages as the column moves downwind . This results in an ash fall deposit which generally decreases in thickness and grain size exponentially with increasing distance from the volcano . Fine ash particles may remain in the atmosphere for days to weeks and be dispersed by high - altitude winds . These particles can impact on the aviation industry ( refer to impacts section ) and , combined with gas particles , can affect global climate . Volcanic ash plumes can form above pyroclastic density currents , these are called co-ignimbrite plumes . As pyroclastic density currents travel away from the volcano , smaller particles are removed from the flow by elutriation and form a less dense zone overlying the main flow . This zone then entrains the surrounding air and a buoyant co-ignimbrite plume is formed . These plumes tend to have higher concentrations of fine ash particles compared to magmatic eruption plumes due to the abrasion within the pyroclastic density current . Impacts ( edit ) Introduction ( edit ) Population growth has caused the progressive encroachment of urban development into higher risk areas , closer to volcanic centres , increasing the human exposure to volcanic ash fall events . Infrastructure is critical to supporting modern societies , particularly in urban areas , where high population densities create high demand for services . These infrastructure networks and systems support urban living , and provide lifeline services upon which we depend for our health , education , transport and social networking . Infrastructure networks and services support a variety of facilities across a broad range of sectors . Volcanic ash fall events can disrupt and or damage the infrastructure upon which society depends . Several recent eruptions have illustrated the vulnerability of urban areas that received only a few millimetres or centimetres of volcanic ash . This has been sufficient to cause disruption of transportation , electricity , water , sewage and storm water systems . Costs have been incurred from business disruption , replacement of damaged parts and insured losses . Ash fall impacts on critical infrastructure can also cause multiple knock - on effects , which may disrupt many different sectors and services . Volcanic ash fall is physically , socially , and economically disruptive . Volcanic ash can affect both proximal areas and areas many hundreds of kilometres from the source , and causes disruptions and losses in a wide variety of different infrastructure sectors . Impacts are dependent on : ash fall thickness ; the duration of the ash fall ; the grain size and chemistry of the ash ; whether the ash is wet or dry ; and any preparedness , management and prevention ( mitigation ) measures employed to reduce effects from the ash fall . Different sectors of infrastructure and society are affected in different ways and are vulnerable to a range of impacts or consequences . These are discussed in the following sections . Infrastructure sectors ( edit ) Electricity ( edit ) Electrical insulator flashover caused by volcanic ash contamination . Volcanic ash can cause disruption to electric power supply systems at all levels of power generation , transformation , transmission and distribution . There are four main impacts arising from ash - contamination of apparatus used in the power delivery process : Wet deposits of ash on high voltage insulators can initiate a leakage current ( small amount of current flow across the insulator surface ) which , if sufficient current is achieved , can cause ' flashover ' ( the unintended electrical discharge around or over the surface of an insulating material ) . If the resulting short - circuit current is high enough to trip the circuit breaker then disruption of service will occur . Ash - induced flashover across transformer insulation ( bushings ) can burn , etch or crack the insulation irreparably and will likely result in the disruption of power supply . Volcanic ash can erode , pit and scour metallic apparatus , particularly moving parts such as water and wind turbines and cooling fans on transformers or thermal power plants . The high bulk density of some ash deposits can cause line breakage and damage to steel towers and wooden poles due to ash loading . This is most hazardous when the ash and / or the lines and structures are wet ( e.g. , by rainfall ) and there has been ≥ 10 mm of ash fall . Fine - grained ash ( e.g. , < 0.5 mm diameter ) adheres to lines and structures most readily . Volcanic ash may also load overhanging vegetation , causing it to fall onto lines . Snow and ice accumulation on lines and overhanging vegetation further increases the risk of breakage and or collapse of lines and other hardware . Controlled outages of vulnerable connection points ( e.g. , substations ) or circuits until ash fall has subsided or for de-energised cleaning of equipment . Drinking water supplies ( edit ) Following an eruption , it is very common for the public to hold fears about chemical contamination of water supplies . However , in general , the physical impacts of an ashfall will tend to overwhelm problems caused by the release of chemical contaminants from fresh volcanic ash . Impacts vary according to the type of treatment system . Large water treatment plants ( edit ) Water turbine from the Agoyan Hydroelectric plant eroded by volcanic ash laden water . Groundwater - fed systems are resilient to impacts from ashfall , although airborne ash can interfere with the operation of well - head pumps . Electricity outages caused by ashfall can also disrupt electrically powered pumps if there is no backup generation . For surface water sources such as lakes and reservoirs , the volume available for dilution of ionic species leached from ash is generally large . The most abundant components of ash leachates ( Ca , Na , Mg , K , Cl , F and SO ) occur naturally at significant concentrations in most surface waters and therefore are not affected greatly by inputs from volcanic ashfall , and are also of low concern in drinking water , with the possible exception of fluorine . The elements iron , manganese and aluminium are commonly enriched over background levels by volcanic ashfall . These elements may impart a metallic taste to water , and may produce red , brown or black staining of whiteware , but are not considered a health risk . Volcanic ashfalls are not known to have caused problems in water supplies for toxic trace elements such as mercury ( Hg ) and lead ( Pb ) which occur at very low levels in ash leachates . A further point to note is that drinking - water treatment commonly involves the addition of treatment chemicals such as aluminium sulfate or ferric chloride as flocculants , lime for pH adjustment , chlorine for disinfection and fluoride compounds for dental health . The physical impacts of ashfall can affect the operation of water treatment plants . Ash can block intake structures , cause severe abrasion damage to pump impellers and overload pump motors . Many water treatment plants have an initial coagulation / flocculation step that is automatically adjusted to turbidity ( the level of suspended solids , measured in nephelometric turbidity units ) in the incoming water . In most cases , changes in turbidity caused by suspended ash particles will be within the normal operating range of the plant and can be managed satisfactorily by adjusting the addition of coagulant . Ashfalls will be more likely to cause problems for plants that are not designed for high levels of turbidity and which may omit coagulation / flocculation treatment . Ash can enter filtration systems such as open sand filters both by direct fallout and via intake waters . In most cases , increased maintenance will be required to manage the effects of an ashfall , but there will not be service interruptions . The final step of drinking water treatment is disinfection to ensure that final drinking water is free from infectious microorganisms . As suspended particles ( turbidity ) can provide a growth substrate for microorganisms and can protect them from disinfection treatment , it is extremely important that the water treatment process achieves a good level of removal of suspended particles . Small treatment systems ( edit ) Many small communities obtain their drinking water from diverse sources ( lakes , streams , springs and groundwater wells ) . Levels of treatment vary widely , from rudimentary systems with coarse screening or settling followed by disinfection ( usually chlorination ) , to more sophisticated systems using a filtration step . It should be noted that unless a high quality source is used , such as secure groundwater , disinfection alone is unlikely to guarantee that drinking water is safe from protozoa such as Giardia and Cryptosporidium , which are relatively resistant to standard disinfectants and which require additional removal steps such as filtration . Volcanic ashfall is likely to have major effects on these systems . Ash will clog intake structures , cause abrasion damage to pumps and block pipes , settling ponds and open filters . High levels of turbidity are very likely to interfere with disinfection treatment and doses may have to be adjusted to compensate . It is essential to monitor chlorine residuals in the distribution system . Rainwater - fed supplies ( edit ) Many households , and some small communities , rely on rainwater for their drinking water supplies . Roof - fed systems are highly vulnerable to contamination by ashfall , as they have a large surface area relative to the storage tank volume . In these cases , leaching of chemical contaminants from the ashfall can become a health risk and drinking of water is not recommended . Prior to an ashfall , downpipes should be disconnected so that water in the tank is protected . A further problem is that the surface coating of fresh volcanic ash can be acidic . Unlike most surface waters , rainwater generally has a very low alkalinity ( acid - neutralising capacity ) and thus ashfall may acidify tank waters . This may lead to problems with plumbosolvency , whereby the water is more aggressive towards materials that it comes into contact with . This can be a particular problem if there are lead - head nails or lead flashing used on the roof , and for copper pipes and other metallic plumbing fittings . Water demand ( edit ) During ashfall events large demands are commonly placed on water resources for cleanup and shortages can result . Shortages compromise key services such as firefighting and can lead to a lack of water for hygiene , sanitation and drinking . Municipal authorities need to monitor and manage this water demand carefully , and may need to advise the public to utilise cleanup methods that do not use water ( e.g. , cleaning with brooms rather than hoses ) . Wastewater treatment ( edit ) Wastewater networks may sustain damage similar to water supply networks . It is very difficult to exclude ash from the sewerage system . Systems with combined storm water / sewer lines are most at risk . Ash will enter sewer lines where there is inflow / infiltration by stormwater through illegal connections ( e.g. , from roof downpipes ) , cross connections , around manhole covers or through holes and cracks in sewer pipes . Ash - laden sewage entering a treatment plant is likely to cause failure of mechanical prescreening equipment such as step screens or rotating screens . Ash that penetrates further into the system will settle and reduce the capacity of biological reactors as well as increasing the volume of sludge and changing its composition . Aircraft ( edit ) The principal damage sustained by aircraft flying into a volcanic ash cloud is abrasion to forward - facing surfaces , such as the windshield and leading edges of the wings , and accumulation of ash into surface openings , including engines . Abrasion of windshields and landing lights will reduce visibility forcing pilots to rely on their instruments . However , some instruments may provide incorrect readings as sensors ( e.g. , pitot tubes ) can become blocked with ash . Ingestion of ash into engines causes abrasion damage to compressor fan blades . The ash erodes sharp blades in the compressor , reducing its efficiency . The ash melts in the combustion chamber to form molten glass . The ash then solidifies on turbine blades , blocking air flow and causing the engine to stall . The composition of most ash is such that its melting temperature is within the operating temperature ( > 1000 ° C ) of modern large jet engines . The degree of impact depends upon the concentration of ash in the plume , the length of time the aircraft spends within the plume and the actions taken by the pilots . Critically , melting of ash , particularly volcanic glass , can result in accumulation of resolidified ash on turbine nozzle guide vanes , resulting in compressor stall and complete loss of engine thrust . The standard procedure of the engine control system when it detects a possible stall is to increase power which would exacerbate the problem . It is recommended that pilots reduce engine power and quickly exit the cloud by performing a descending 180 ° turn . Volcanic gases , which are present within ash clouds , can also cause damage to engines and acrylic windshields , although this damage may not surface for many years . Occurrence ( edit ) There are many instances of damage to jet aircraft as a result of an ash encounter . On 24 June 1982 a British Airways Boeing 747 - 236B ( Flight 9 ) flew through the ash cloud from the eruption of Mount Galunggung , Indonesia resulting in the failure of all four engines . The plane descended 24,000 feet ( 7,300 m ) in 16 minutes before the engines restarted , allowing the aircraft to make an emergency landing . On 15 December 1989 a KLM Boeing 747 - 400 ( Flight 867 ) also lost power to all four engines after flying into an ash cloud from Mount Redoubt , Alaska . After dropping 14,700 feet ( 4,500 m ) in four minutes , the engines were started just 1 -- 2 minutes before impact . Total damage was US $80 million and it took 3 months ' work to repair the plane . In the 1990s a further US $100 million of damage was sustained by commercial aircraft ( some in the air , others on the ground ) as a consequence of the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines . In April 2010 airspace all over Europe was affected , with many flights cancelled - which was unprecedented - due to the presence of volcanic ash in the upper atmosphere from the eruption of the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajökull . On 15 April 2010 the Finnish Air Force halted training flights when damage was found from volcanic dust ingestion by the engines of one of its Boeing F - 18 Hornet fighters . On 22 April 2010 UK RAF Typhoon training flights were also temporarily suspended after deposits of volcanic ash were found in a jet 's engines . In June 2011 there were similar closures of airspace in Chile , Argentina , Brazil , Australia and New Zealand , following the eruption of Puyehue - Cordón Caulle , Chile . Detection ( edit ) Coverage of the nine VAAC around the world Volcanic ash clouds are very difficult to detect from aircraft as no onboard cockpit instruments exist to detect them . However , a new system called Airborne Volcanic Object Infrared Detector ( AVOID ) has recently been developed by Nicarnica Aviation , a daughter company of the Norwegian Institute for Air Research , which will allow pilots to detect ash plumes up to 100 km ( 62 mi ) ahead and fly safely around them . The system uses two fast - sampling infrared cameras , mounted on a forward - facing surface , that are tuned to detect volcanic ash . This system can detect ash concentrations of < 1 mg / m to > 50 mg / m , giving pilots approximately 7 -- 10 minutes warning . The camera is currently being tested by easyJet airline company . In addition , ground and satellite based imagery , radar , and lidar can be used to detect ash clouds . This information is passed between meteorological agencies , volcanic observatories and airline companies through Volcanic Ash Advisory Centers ( VAAC ) . There is one VAAC for each of the nine regions of the world . VAACs can issue advisories describing the current and future extent of the ash cloud . Airport systems ( edit ) Volcanic ash not only affects in - flight operations but can affect ground - based airport operations as well . Small accumulations of ash can reduce visibility , create slippery runways and taxiways , infiltrate communication and electrical systems , interrupt ground services , damage buildings and parked aircraft . Ash accumulation of more than a few millimeters requires removal before airports can resume full operations . Ash does not disappear ( unlike snowfalls ) and must be disposed of in a manner that prevents it from being remobilised by wind and aircraft . Land transport ( edit ) Ash may disrupt transportation systems over large areas for hours to days , including roads and vehicles , railways and ports and shipping . Falling ash will reduce the visibility which can make driving difficult and dangerous . In addition , fast travelling cars will stir up ash , creating billowing clouds which perpetuate ongoing visibility hazards . Ash accumulations will decrease traction , especially when wet , and cover road markings . Fine - grained ash can infiltrate openings in cars and abrade most surfaces , especially between moving parts . Air and oil filters will become blocked requiring frequent replacement . Rail transport is less vulnerable , with disruptions mainly caused by reduction in visibility . Marine transport can also be impacted by volcanic ash . Ash fall will block air and oil filters and abrade any moving parts if ingested into engines . Navigation will be impacted by a reduction in visibility during ash fall . Vesiculated ash ( pumice and scoria ) will float on the water surface in ' pumice rafts ' which can clog water intakes quickly , leading to over heating of machinery . Communications ( edit ) Telecommunication and broadcast networks can be affected by volcanic ash in the following ways : attenuation and reduction of signal strength ; damage to equipment ; and overloading of network through user demand . Signal attenuation due to volcanic ash is not well documented ; however , there have been reports of disrupted communications following the 1969 Surtsey eruption and 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption . Research by the New Zealand - based Auckland Engineering Lifelines Group determined theoretically that impacts on telecommunications signals from ash would be limited to low frequency services such as satellite communication . Signal interference may also be caused by lightning , as this is frequently generated within volcanic eruption plumes . Telecommunication equipment may become damaged due to direct ash fall . Most modern equipment requires constant cooling from air conditioning units . These are susceptible to blockage by ash which reduces their cooling efficiency . Heavy ash falls may cause telecommunication lines , masts , cables , aerials , antennae dishes and towers to collapse due to ash loading . Moist ash may also cause accelerated corrosion of metal components . Reports from recent eruptions suggest that the largest disruption to communication networks is overloading due to high user demand . This is common of many natural disasters . Computers ( edit ) Computers may be impacted by volcanic ash , with their functionality and usability decreasing during ashfall , but it is unlikely they will completely fail . The most vulnerable components are the mechanical components , such as cooling fans , cd drives , keyboard , mice and touch pads . These components can become jammed with fine grained ash causing them to cease working ; however , most can be restored to working order by cleaning with compressed air . Moist ash may cause electrical short circuits within desktop computers ; however , will not affect laptop computers . Buildings and structures ( edit ) Damage to buildings and structures can range from complete or partial roof collapse to less catastrophic damage of exterior and internal materials . Impacts depend on the thickness of ash , whether it is wet or dry , the roof and building design and how much ash gets inside a building . The specific weight of ash can vary significantly and rain can increase this by 50 - 100 % . Problems associated with ash loading are similar to that of snow ; however , ash is more severe as 1 ) the load from ash is generally much greater , 2 ) ash does not melt and 3 ) ash can clog and damage gutters , especially after rain fall . Impacts for ash loading depend on building design and construction , including roof slope , construction materials , roof span and support system , and age and maintenance of the building . Generally flat roofs are more susceptible to damage and collapse than steeply pitched roofs . Roofs made of smooth materials ( sheet metal or glass ) are more likely to shed ash than roofs made with rough materials ( thatch , asphalt or wood shingles ) . Roof collapse can lead to widespread injuries and deaths and property damage . For example , the collapse of roofs from ash during the 15 June 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption killed about 300 people . Human and animal health ( edit ) Ash particles of less than 10 μm diameter suspended in the air are known to be inhalable , and people exposed to ash falls have experienced respiratory discomfort , breathing difficulty , eye and skin irritation , and nose and throat symptoms . Most of these effects are short - term and are not considered to pose a significant health risk to those without pre-existing respiratory conditions . The health effects of volcanic ash depend on the grain size , mineralogical composition and chemical coatings on the surface of the ash particles . Additional factors related to potential respiratory symptoms are the frequency and duration of exposure , the concentration of ash in the air and the respirable ash fraction ; the proportion of ash with less than 10 μm diameter , known as PM . The social context may also be important . Chronic health effects from volcanic ash fall are possible , as exposure to free crystalline silica is known to cause silicosis . Minerals associated with this include quartz , cristobalite and tridymite , which may all be present in volcanic ash . These minerals are described as ' free ' silica as the SiO is not attached to another element to create a new mineral . However , magmas containing less than 58 % SiO are thought to be unlikely to contain crystalline silica . The exposure levels to free crystalline silica in the ash are commonly used to characterise the risk of silicosis in occupational studies ( for people who work in mining , construction and other industries , ) because it is classified as a human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer . Guideline values have been created for exposure , but with unclear rationale ; UK guidelines for particulates in air ( PM10 ) are 50 μg / m and USA guidelines for exposure to crystalline silica are 50 μg / m . It is thought that the guidelines on exposure levels could be exceeded for short periods of time without significant health effects on the general population . There have been no documented cases of silicosis developed from exposure to volcanic ash . However , long - term studies necessary to evaluate these effects are lacking . Ingesting ash may be harmful to livestock , causing abrasion of the teeth , and in cases of high fluorine content , fluorine poisoning ( toxic at levels of > 100 μg / g ) for grazing animals . It is known from the 1783 eruption of Laki in Iceland that fluorine poisoning occurred in humans and livestock as a result of the chemistry of the ash and gas , which contained high levels of Hydrogen Fluoride . Following the 1995 / 96 Mount Ruapehu eruptions in New Zealand , two thousand ewes and lambs died after being affected by fluorosis while grazing on land with only 1 -- 3 mm of ash fall . Ash ingestion may also cause gastrointestinal blockages . Sheep that ingested ash from the 1991 Mount Hudson volcanic eruption in Chile , suffered from diarrhoea and weakness . The added weight of ash in the wool led to fatigue and sheep could not stand up . Environment and agriculture ( edit ) Volcanic ash can have a detrimental impact on the environment which can be difficult to predict due to the large variety of environmental conditions that exist within the ash fall zone . Natural waterways can be impacted in the same way as urban water supply networks . Ash will increase water turbidity which can reduce the amount of light reaching lower depths , which can inhibit growth of submerged aquatic plants and consequently affect species which are dependent on them such as fish and shellfish . High turbidity can also affect the ability of fish gills to absorb dissolved oxygen . Acidification will also occur , which will reduce the pH of the water and impact the fauna and flora living in the environment . Fluoride contamination will occur if the ash contains high concentrations of fluoride . Ash accumulation will also affect pasture , plants and trees which are part of the horticulture and agriculture industries . Thin ash falls ( < 20 mm ) may put livestock off eating , and can inhibit transpiration and photosynthesis and alter growth . There may be an increase in pasture production due to a mulching effect and slight fertilizing effect , such as occurred following the 1980 Mount St. Helens and 1995 / 96 Mt Ruapehu eruptions . Heavier falls will completely bury pastures and soil leading to death of pasture and sterilization of the soil due to oxygen deprivation . Plant survival is dependent on ash thickness , ash chemistry , compaction of ash , amount of rainfall , duration of burial and the length of plant stalks at the time of ash fall . The acidic nature of ash will lead to elevated soil sulfur levels and lowered soil pH , which can reduce the availability of essential minerals and alter the soil 's characteristics so that crops and plants will not survive . Ash will also impact upon arable crops , such as fruit , vegetables and grain . Ash can burn plant and crop tissue reducing quality , contaminate crops during harvest and damage plants from ash loading . Young forests ( trees < 2 years old ) are most at risk from ash falls and are likely to be destroyed by ash deposits > 100 mm . Ash fall is unlikely to kill mature trees , but ash loading may break large branches during heavy ash falls ( > 500 mm ) . Defoliation of trees may also occur , especially if there is a coarse ash component within the ash fall . Land rehabilitation after ash fall may be possible depending on the ash deposit thickness . Rehabilitation treatment may include : direct seeding of deposit ; mixing of deposit with buried soil ; scraping of ash deposit from land surface ; and application of new topsoil over the ash deposit . Interdependence ( edit ) Interdependency of volcanic ashfall impacts from the Eyjafjallajökull 2010 eruptions . Critical infrastructure and infrastructure services are vital to the functionality of modern society , to provide : medical care , policing , emergency services , and lifelines such as water , wastewater , and power and transportation links . Often critical facilities themselves are dependent on such lifelines for operability , which makes them vulnerable to both direct impacts from a hazard event and indirect effects from lifeline disruption . The impacts on lifelines may also be inter-dependent . The vulnerability of each lifeline may depend on : the type of hazard , the spatial density of its critical linkages , the dependency on critical linkages , susceptibility to damage and speed of service restoration , state of repair or age , and institutional characteristics or ownership . The 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajokull in Iceland highlighted the impacts of volcanic ash fall in modern society and our dependence on the functionality of infrastructure services . During this event the airline industry suffered business interruption losses of € 1.5 - 2.5 billion from the closure of European airspace for six days in April 2010 and subsequent closures into May 2010 . Ash fall from this event is also known to have caused local crop losses in agricultural industries , losses in the tourism industry , destruction of roads and bridges in Iceland ( in combination with glacial melt water ) , and costs associated with emergency response and clean - up . However , across Europe there were further losses associated with travel disruption , the insurance industry , the postal service , and imports and exports across Europe and worldwide . These consequences demonstrate the interdependency and diversity of impacts from a single event . Preparedness , mitigation and management ( edit ) Two management methods during the 2014 eruptions of Kelud : sweeping ( top ) and spraying with water ( bottom ) Preparedness for ashfalls should involve sealing buildings , protecting infrastructure and homes , and storing sufficient supplies of food and water to last until the ash fall is over and clean - up can begin . Dust masks can be worn to reduce inhalation of ash and mitigate against any respiratory health affects . Goggles can be worn to protect against eye irritation . The International Volcanic Ashfall Impacts Working Group of IAVCEI maintains a regularly updated database of impacts and mitigations strategies . At home , staying informed about volcanic activity , and having contingency plans in place for alternative shelter locations , constitutes good preparedness for an ash fall event . This can prevent some impacts associated with ash fall , reduce the effects , and increase the human capacity to cope with such events . A few items such as a flashlight , plastic sheeting to protect electronic equipment from ash ingress , and battery operated radios , are extremely useful during ash fall events . The protection of infrastructure must also be considered within emergency preparedness . Critical facilities that need to remain operable should be identified , and all others should be shut down to reduce damage . It is also important to keep ash out of buildings , machinery and lifeline networks ( in particular water and wastewater systems , ) to prevent some of the damage caused by ash particles . Windows and doors should be closed and shuttered if possible , to prevent ingress of ash into buildings . Communication plans should be made beforehand to inform of mitigation actions being undertaken . Spare parts and back - up systems should be in place prior to ash fall events to reduce service disruption and return functionality as quickly as possible . Good preparedness also includes the identification of ash disposal sites , before ash fall occurs , to avoid further movement of ash and to aid clean - up . Protective equipment such as eye protection and dust masks should be deployed for clean - up teams in advance of ash fall events . Some effective techniques for the management of ash have been developed including cleaning methods and cleaning apparatus , and actions to mitigate or limit damage . The latter include covering of openings such as : air and water intakes , aircraft engines and windows during ash fall events . Roads may be closed to allow clean - up of ash falls , or speed restrictions may be put in place , in order to prevent motorists from developing motor problems and becoming stranded following an ash fall . To prevent further effects on underground water systems or waste water networks , drains and culverts should be unblocked and ash prevented from entering the system . Ash can be moistened ( but not saturated ) by sprinkling with water , to prevent remobilisation of ash and to aid clean - up . Prioritisation of clean - up operations for critical facilities and coordination of clean - up efforts also constitute good management practice . Volcanic ash soils ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Volcanic ash 's primary use is that of a soil enricher . Once the minerals in ash are washed into the soil by rain or other natural processes , it mixes with the soil to create an andisol layer . This layer is highly rich in nutrients and is very good for agricultural use ; the presence of lush forests on volcanic islands is often as a result of trees growing and flourishing in the phosphorus and nitrogen - rich andisol . See also ( edit ) Volcano Volcanic eruption Tephrochronology Energetically modified cement ( EMC ) NOTAM References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Rose , W.I. ; Durant , A.J. ( 2009 ) . `` Fine ash content of explosive eruptions '' . Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research . 186 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 32 -- 39 . Bibcode : 2009JVGR ... 186 ... 32R . doi : 10.1016 / j. jvolgeores. 2009.01. 010 . Jump up ^ Wilson , T.M. ; Stewart , C. ( 2012 ) . `` Volcanic Ash '' . In P , Bobrowsky . Encyclopaedia of Natural Hazards . Springer . p. 1000 . Jump up ^ Cashman , K.V. ; Sturtevant , B. ; Papale , P. ; Navon , O. ( 2000 ) . `` Magmatic fragmentation '' . In Sigurdsson , H. ; Houghton , B.F. ; McNutt , S.R. ; Rymer , H. ; Stix , J. Encyclopedia of Volcanoes . San Diego , USA : Elsevier Inc. p. 1417 . Jump up ^ Kueppers , U. ; Putz , C. ; Spieler , O. ; Dingwell , D.B. ( 2009 ) . `` Abrasion in pyroclastic density currents : insights from tumbling experiments '' . Physics and Chemistry of the Earth , Parts A / B / C. 45 -- 46 : 33 -- 39 . Bibcode : 2012PCE ... 45 ... 33K . doi : 10.1016 / j. pce. 2011.09. 002 . ^ Jump up to : Zimanowski , B. ( 2000 ) . `` Physics of phreatomagmatism . Part 1 : explosion physics '' . Terra Nostra. 6 : 515 -- 523 . ^ Jump up to : Parfitt , E.A. ; Wilson , L. ( 2008 ) . Fundamentals of Physical Volcanology . Massachusetts , USA : Blackwell Publishing . p. 256 . Jump up ^ Walker , G.P.L. ( 1981 ) . `` Generation and dispersal of fine ash by volcanic eruptions '' . Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research . 11 : 81 -- 92 . 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Bonneville Power Administration , Laboratory Report ERJ - 80 - 47 . Jump up ^ Sarkinen , C.F. ; Wiitala , J.T. ( 1981 ) . `` Investigation of volcanic ash in transmission facilities in the Pacific Northwest '' . IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems . 100 ( 5 ) : 2278 -- 2286 . doi : 10.1109 / TPAS. 1981.316741 . Jump up ^ Bebbington , M. ; Cronin , S.J. ; Chapman , I. ; Turner , M.B. ( 2008 ) . `` Quantifying volcanic ash fall hazard to electricity infrastructure '' . Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research . 177 : 1055 -- 1062 . Bibcode : 2008JVGR ... 177.1055 B . doi : 10.1016 / j. jvolgeores. 2008.07. 023 . ^ Jump up to : Wardman , J.B. ; Wilson , T.M. ; Bodger , P.S. ; Cole , J.W. ; Johnston , D.M. ( 2011 ) . `` Investigating the electrical conductivity of volcanic ash and its effect on HV power systems '' . Physics and Chemistry of the Earth . 45 -- 46 : 128 -- 145 . 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( 1982 ) . `` Distribution , thickness , and mass of late pleistocene and holocene tephra from major volcanoes in the northwestern United States : a preliminary assessment of hazards from volcanic ejecta to nuclear reactors in the Pacific Northwest '' . US Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF - 1435 . Jump up ^ Carey , S. ; Sparks , R.S.J. ( 1986 ) . `` Quantitative models of the fallout and dispersal of tephra from volcanic eruption columns '' . Bulletin of Volcanology. 48 : 109 -- 125 . Bibcode : 1986BVol ... 48 ... 109C . doi : 10.1007 / BF01046546 . Jump up ^ Brown , R.J. ; Bonadonna , C. ; Durant , A.J. ( 2011 ) . `` A review of volcanic ash aggregation '' . Chemistry and Physics of the Earth . 45 -- 46 : 65 -- 78 . Bibcode : 2012PCE ... 45 ... 65B . doi : 10.1016 / j. pce. 2011.11. 001 . Jump up ^ Pyle , D. ( 1989 ) . `` The thickness , volume and grainsize of tephra fall deposits '' . Bulletin of Volcanology. 51 : 1 -- 15 . Bibcode : 1989BVol ... 51 ... 1P . doi : 10.1007 / BF01086757 . ^ Jump up to : Platt , R.H. ( 1991 ) . `` Lifelines ; An emergency Management Priority for the United States in the 1990s '' . Disasters. 15 : 172 -- 176 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7717.1991. tb00446. x . Jump up ^ Johnston , D.M. ; Houghton , B.F. ; Neall , V.E. ; Ronan , K.R. ; Paton , D. ( 2000 ) . `` Impacts of the 1945 and 1995 - 1996 Ruapehu eruptions , New Zealand : An example of increasing societal vulnerability '' . GSA Bulletin . 112 : 720 -- 726 . Bibcode : 2000GSAB ... 112 ... 720J . doi : 10.1130 / 0016 - 7606 ( 2000 ) 112 < 720 : iotare > 2.0.co ; 2 . Jump up ^ Johnston , D.M. ; Stewart , C. ; Leonard , G.S. ; Hoverd , J. ; Thordarsson , T. ; Cronin , S. ( 2004 ) . `` Impacts of volcanic ash on water supplies in Auckland : part I '' . Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Science Report : 25 . Jump up ^ Leonard , G.S. ; Johnston , D.M. ; Williams , S. ; Cole , J.W. ; Finnis , K. ; Barnard , S. ( 2005 ) . `` Impacts and management of recent volcanic eruptions in Ecuador : lessons for New Zealand '' . Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Science Report : 51 . Jump up ^ Stewart , C. ; Johnston , D.M. ; Leonard , G.S. ; Horwell , C.J. ; Thordarson , T. ; Cronin , S.J. ( 2006 ) . `` Contamination of water supplies by volcanic ash fall : A literature review and simple impact modelling '' . Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research . 158 : 296 -- 306 . Bibcode : 2006JVGR ... 158 ... 296S . doi : 10.1016 / j. jvolgeores. 2006.07. 002 . Jump up ^ Wilson , T.M. ; Cole , J. ; Stewart , C. ; Dewar , D. ; Cronin , S. ( 2008 ) . `` Assessment of long - term impacts on agriculture and infrastructure and recovery from the 1991 eruption of Hudson Volcano , Chile '' . University of Canterbury : 34 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , T.M. ( 2009 ) . Vulnerability of Pastoral Farming Systems to Volcanic Ash fall Hazard . ^ Jump up to : Sword - Daniels , V.L. ( 2010 ) . The impacts of volcanic ash fall on critical infrastructure systems . Jump up ^ Wilson , T.M. ; Daly , M. ; Johnston , D.M. ( 2009 ) . `` Review of Impacts of Volcanic Ash on Electricity Distribution Systems , Broadcasting and Communication Networks '' . Auckland Engineering Lifelines Group Project AELG - 19 . Auckland Regional Council Technical Publication 051 . ^ Jump up to : Sammonds , P. ; McGuire , B. ; Edwards , S. ( 2010 ) . Volcanic hazard from Iceland : analysis and implications of the Eyjafjallajökull eruption . UCL Institute for Risk and Disaster Reduction Report . ^ Jump up to : Miller , T.P. ; Casadevall , T.J. ( 2000 ) . `` Volcanic ash hazards to aviation '' . In H. , Sigurdsson ; B.F. , Houghton ; S.R. , McNutt ; H. , Rymer ; J. , Stix . Encyclopedia of Volcanoes . San Diego , USA : Elsevier Inc. p. 1417 . Jump up ^ `` Icelandic volcanic ash alert grounds UK flights '' . BBC News Online . 2010 - 04 - 15 . Retrieved 15 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Finnish F - 18 engine check reveals effects of volcanic dust '' . flightglobal.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Volcano Ash is Found in RAF Jet 's Engines '' . news.sky.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` No more volcanic ash plane chaos ? '' . Norwegian Institute for Air Research . 4 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Easyjet to trial volcanic ash detection system '' . BBC . 4 Jun 2010 . Jump up ^ Guffanti , M. ; Mayberry , G.C. ; Casadevall , T.J. ; Wunderman , R. ( 2008 ) . `` Volcanic hazards to airports '' . Natural Hazards. 51 : 287 -- 302 . doi : 10.1007 / s11069 - 008 - 9254 - 2 . Jump up ^ McNutt , S.R. ; Williams , E.R. ( 2010 ) . `` Volcanic lightning : global observations and constraints on source mechanisms '' . Bulletin of Volcanology. 72 : 1153 -- 1167 . Bibcode : 2010BVol ... 72.1153 M . doi : 10.1007 / s00445 - 010 - 0393 - 4 . Jump up ^ Barnard , S. ( 2009 ) . The vulnerability of New Zealand lifelines infrastructure to ashfall . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , G. ; Wilson , T.M. ; Cole , J.W. ; Oze , C. ( 2012 ) . `` Vulnerability of laptop computers to volcanic ash and gas '' . Natural Hazards. 63 : 711 -- 736 . doi : 10.1007 / s11069 - 012 - 0176 - 7 . Jump up ^ Spence , R.J.S. ; Kelman , I. ; Baxter , P.J. ; Zuccaro , G. ; Petrazzuoli , S. ( 2005 ) . `` Residential building and occupant vulnerability to tephra fall '' . Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences . 5 : 477 -- 494 . doi : 10.5194 / nhess - 5 - 477 - 2005 . ^ Jump up to : International Volcanic Health Hazard Network . `` International Volcanic Health Hazard Network '' . Retrieved 30 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Horwell , C.J. ; Baxter , P.J. ( 2006 ) . `` The respiratory health hazards of volcanic ash : a review for volcanic risk mitigation '' . Bulletin of Volcanology. 69 : 1 -- 24 . Bibcode : 2006BVol ... 69 ... 1H . doi : 10.1007 / s00445 - 006 - 0052 - y . ^ Jump up to : Cronin , S.J. ; Neall , V.E. ; Lecointre , J.A. ; Hedley , M.J. ; Loganathan , P. ( 2003 ) . `` Environmental hazards of fluoride in volcanic ash : a case study from Ruapehu Volcano , New Zealand '' . Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research . 121 : 271 -- 291 . Bibcode : 2003JVGR ... 121 ... 271C . doi : 10.1016 / S0377 - 0273 ( 02 ) 00465 - 1 . Jump up ^ Cook , R.J. ; Barron , J.C. ; Papendick , R.I. ; Williams , G.J. ( 1981 ) . `` Impact of Agriculture of the Mount St. Helens Eruptions '' . Science . 211 ( 4477 ) : 16 -- 22 . Bibcode : 1981Sci ... 211 ... 16C . doi : 10.1126 / science. 211.4477. 16 . PMID 17731222 . Jump up ^ Cronin , S.J. ; Hedley , M.J. ; Neall , V.E. ; Smith , R.G. ( 1998 ) . `` Agronomic impact of tephra fallout from the 1995 and 1996 Ruapehu Volcano eruptions , New Zealand '' . Environmental Geology. 34 : 21 -- 30 . doi : 10.1007 / s002540050253 . Jump up ^ Neild , J. ; O'Flaherty , P. ; Hedley , P. ; Underwood , R. ; Johnston , D.M. ; Christenson , B. ; Brown , P. ( 1998 ) . `` Agriculture recovery from a volcanic eruption : MAF Technical paper 99 / 2 '' ( PDF ) . MAF Technical paper 99 / 2 . Jump up ^ Rinaldi , S.M. ; Peerenboom , J.P. ; Kelly , T.K. ( December 2001 ) . `` Identifying , understanding and analyzing critical infrastructure interdependencies '' . IEEE Control Systems . 21 ( 6 ) : 11 -- 25 . doi : 10.1109 / 37.969131 . Jump up ^ `` Volcanic ash crisis cost airlines £ 2.2 billion '' . The Daily Telegraph . 27 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Federal Emergency Management Agency ( 1984 ) . The mitigation of ashfall damage to public facilities : lessons learned from the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens . ^ Jump up to : Hayes , Josh L. ; Wilson , Thomas M. ; Magill , Christina ( 2015 - 10 - 01 ) . `` Tephra fall clean - up in urban environments '' . Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research . 304 : 359 -- 377 . Bibcode : 2015JVGR ... 304 ... 359H . doi : 10.1016 / j. jvolgeores. 2015.09. 014 . Jump up ^ Hayes , Josh ; Wilson , Thomas M. ; Deligne , Natalia I. ; Cole , Jim ; Hughes , Matthew ( 2017 - 01 - 06 ) . `` A model to assess tephra clean - up requirements in urban environments '' . Journal of Applied Volcanology. 6 ( 1 ) . doi : 10.1186 / s13617 - 016 - 0052 - 3 . ISSN 2191 - 5040 . External links ( edit ) The Wikibook Historical Geology has a page on the topic of : Volcanic ash Wikimedia Commons has media related to Volcanic ash . What to do during an ash fall event The International Volcanic Health Hazard Network ASHTAM : The Aviation Volcanic Ash Information Site Volcanic Ash Testing Laboratory Collaborative volcano research and risk mitigation Information for understanding , preparing for and managing impacts of volcanic eruptions World Organization of Volcano Observatories GND : 4139602 - 9 NDL : 00577289 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volcanic_ash&oldid=823923703 '' Categories : Tephra Weather hazards Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2017 All articles needing additional references Good articles Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Basa Banyumasan Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 February 2018 , at 06 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | tephra that is finer than 2 mm in diameter is called | [
"Volcanic ash consists of fragments of pulverized rock, minerals and volcanic glass, created during volcanic eruptions and measuring less than 2 mm (0.079 inches) in diameter.[1] The term volcanic ash is also often loosely used to refer to all explosive eruption products (correctly referred to as tephra), including particles larger than 2mm. Volcanic ash is formed during explosive volcanic eruptions when dissolved gases in magma expand and escape violently into the atmosphere. The force of the escaping gas shatters the magma and propels it into the atmosphere where it solidifies into fragments of volcanic rock and glass. Ash is also produced when magma comes into contact with water during phreatomagmatic eruptions, causing the water to explosively flash to steam leading to shattering of magma. Once in the air, ash is transported by wind up to thousands of kilometers away."
] | [
"Volcanic ash"
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-2313017615897044467 | The Car | The car - wikipedia The car Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1977 film . For the 1997 Malayalam film , see The Car ( 1997 film ) . For other uses , see The Car ( disambiguation ) . The Car Promotional poster Directed by Elliot Silverstein Produced by Marvin Birdt Elliot Silverstein Written by Michael Butler Dennis Shryack Lane Slate Story by Michael Butler Dennis Shryack Starring James Brolin Kathleen Lloyd John Marley Elizabeth Thompson Ronny Cox Music by Leonard Rosenman Cinematography Gerald Hirschfeld Edited by Michael McCroskey Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date May 13 , 1977 ( 1977 - 05 - 13 ) Running time 98 minutes Country United States Language English The Car is a 1977 American thriller film directed by Elliot Silverstein and written by Michael Butler , Dennis Shryack and Lane Slate . The film stars James Brolin , Kathleen Lloyd , John Marley and Ronny Cox , along with real - life sisters Kim and Kyle Richards ( as Brolin 's daughters ) . It tells the story of a mysterious car which goes on a murderous rampage , terrorizing the residents of a small town . The film was produced and distributed by Universal Studios , and was influenced by numerous `` road movies '' of the 1970s including Steven Spielberg 's thriller Duel ( 1971 ) and Roger Corman 's Death Race 2000 ( 1975 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception and Home Release 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Two bicyclists cycling on a canyon are followed by a mysterious matte black car down the road . At the bridge , the car proceeds to crush one cyclist against the wall , and ram the other from behind , catapulting him off the bridge . A hitchhiker , hoping to get a ride , encounters the car and insults it after it purposefully tries to run him down . In response , the car runs over him several times and leaves . The local sheriff 's office , called to the first of a series of hit and run deaths , gets a lead on the car that appears heavily customized and has no license plate , as pointed out by Amos Clemens ( R.G. Armstrong ) after he sees it run over the hitchhiker . That night , in an apparent bid to kill Amos , the car instead runs over the sheriff , leaving Chief Deputy Wade Parent ( James Brolin ) in charge . During the resulting investigation , an eyewitness to the accident states that there was no driver inside the car , furthering Wade 's confusion . Wade asks his girlfriend , Lauren ( Kathleen Lloyd ) , who is a teacher at the local school , to cancel the upcoming marching band rehearsals for their safety . Lauren and her friend , who is Wade 's deputy Luke Johnson 's ( Ronny Cox ) wife , ask him to let them rehearse , to which Luke unwittingly agrees . The car enters the town and attacks the school marching band as it rehearses at the local show ground . It chases the group of teachers and students into a cemetery . Curiously enough , the machine will not enter onto the consecrated ground as Lauren taunts the purported driver that any of the townsfolk have yet to see . Seemingly in anger , the car destroys a brick gate post and leaves . The police chase the automobile along highways throughout the desert before it turns on them , destroying several squad cars and killing five of Wade 's deputies in the process . Wade confronts the vehicle and is surprised to see that none of his bullets put a dent on the car 's windshield or tires . After trying to open the door ( when it is revealed that the car has no door handles ) , Wade is knocked out and the car escapes . That evening , Lauren , on her way home to pick up her things , is killed when the car jumps driving straight through her house and rams her , right when she is speaking to Wade over the phone . Luke puts forward to a grief - stricken and maddened Wade the theory that it acted in revenge for the insults hurled on it by Lauren and notes it can not enter hallowed ground . Wade concocts a plan to stop the car by burying it beneath a controlled explosion in the canyons that lie outside of town . After discovering it waiting for him in his own garage , he is forced to carry out his plans post haste . He is pursued by the car into a mountainous canyon area where his remaining deputies have set a trap for the machine . In a final confrontation , Wade and Luke , at the edge of a cliff , bait the car into running straight at them , then jump aside as it goes over the cliff . With the dynamite detonated and the rubble falling on it , a monstrous demonic visage appears in the smoke and fire of the explosion , shocking the deputies . The final scenes show Wade refusing to believe what the group saw in the flames , despite Luke 's insistence about what he saw . The film concludes , in some cuts , with the car prowling the streets of downtown Los Angeles , clearly having survived . Cast ( edit ) James Brolin as Captain Wade Parent Kathleen Lloyd as Lauren Humphries John Marley as Sheriff Everett Peck Elizabeth Thompson as Margie Ronny Cox as Deputy Lucas `` Luke '' Johnson R.G. Armstrong as Amos Clemens John Rubinstein as John Morris Kim Richards as Lynn Marie Parent Kyle Richards as Debbie Parent Roy Jenson as Ray Mott Kate Murtagh as Miss McDonald Doris Dowling as Bertha Clemens Eddie Little Sky as Denson Lee McLaughlin as Marvin Fats Production ( edit ) The `` evil '' black car in the film was a customized 1971 Lincoln Continental Mark III designed by famed Hollywood car customizer George Barris . There were four cars built for the film in six weeks . Three were used for stunt work -- the fourth was for closeups , etc . The stunt cars were destroyed during production -- the fourth is now in a private collection . Parts of the film were shot in St. George , Hurricane - LaVerkin Bridge , Zion , Kanab , Crazy Horse Canyon and Glen Canyon in Utah . The late Church of Satan leader Anton LaVey was given a `` Technical Adviser '' credit on the film . His quote : `` Oh great brothers of the night who rideth upon the hot winds of hell , who dwelleth in the Devil 's lair ; move and appear '' , is given in the opening credits and is taken from the `` Invocation of Destruction '' in The Satanic Bible . The film 's main theme , heard predominantly throughout , is a reworked , orchestral version of the Dies Irae , also used in The Screaming Skull ( 1958 ) and The Shining ( 1980 ) . Reception and home release ( edit ) The film was panned by critics , citing poor dialogue and acting . The film received a 27 % approval rating from Rotten Tomatoes based on 15 reviews . Chicago Tribune film critic Gene Siskel gave the film one star and his headline referred to this film as `` The Cinematic Turkey of 1977 '' . The film is listed in Golden Raspberry Award founder John Wilson 's book The Official Razzie Movie Guide as one of the 100 Most Enjoyably Bad Movies Ever Made . The Car was released in standard definition and without additional features on DVD by Anchor Bay Entertainment on July 20 , 1999 . Arrow Films released The Car on Blu - Ray on December 15 , 2015 . The Blu - Ray release features the first HD 1080p transfer of the film , as well as commentary and additional features . See also ( edit ) Similar titles Killdozer ! , a 1974 film about a possessed bulldozer . The Hearse , a 1980 horror movie about a possessed hearse . Christine , a 1983 horror film inspired by Stephen King 's novel of the same name about a possessed 1958 Plymouth Fury . Nightmares , a 1983 movie made up of four separate story segments ; the third , `` The Benediction '' , features a traveling priest attacked on the highway by a demonic 4x4 . Maximum Overdrive , a 1986 horror movie , based on the short story Trucks by Stephen King . Trucks , a more faithful 1997 made - for - TV film based on the King short story . Wheels of Terror , a 1990 made - for - TV film about a mysterious car with an unseen driver terrorizing a small Arizona community . Black Cadillac , a 2003 film about a mysterious black Cadillac that stalks three young men as they make their way through the virtually deserted mountain roads of Wisconsin . Phantom Racer , a 2009 Syfy movie about a possessed race car . Super Hybrid , a 2011 film about a shapeshifting monster that transforms into cars . `` The Honking '' , Futurama episode where `` Bender '' transforms into a similar looking demonic car . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` THE CAR ( AA ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . May 16 , 1977 . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ D'Arc , James V. ( 2010 ) . When Hollywood came to town : a history of moviemaking in Utah ( 1st ed . ) . Layton , Utah : Gibbs Smith . ISBN 9781423605874 . Jump up ^ `` The Car Movie Reviews , Pictures -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Wilson , John ( 2005 ) . The Official Razzie Movie Guide : Enjoying the Best of Hollywood 's Worst . Grand Central Publishing . ISBN 0 - 446 - 69334 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` The Car '' . Arrow Video . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) The Car on IMDb The Car at the TCM Movie Database The Car at AllMovie The Car at Rotten Tomatoes John Landis on The Car t Trailers from Hell ( hide ) Films directed by Elliot Silverstein Cat Ballou ( 1965 ) The Happening ( 1967 ) A Man Called Horse ( 1970 ) Nightmare Honeymoon ( 1974 ) The Car ( 1977 ) Fight for Life ( 1987 ) Flashfire ( 1994 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Car&oldid=813079323 '' Categories : 1977 films English - language films 1977 horror films 1970s mystery films 1970s thriller films American supernatural horror films American supernatural thriller films American mystery films American road movies Fictional automobiles Films scored by Leonard Rosenman Films about automobiles Films based on urban legends Films directed by Elliot Silverstein Films shot in Utah Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Français Italiano עברית 日本 語 Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 1 December 2017 , at 17 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the movie the car come out | [
"The Car is a 1977 American thriller film directed by Elliot Silverstein and written by Michael Butler, Dennis Shryack and Lane Slate. The film stars James Brolin, Kathleen Lloyd, John Marley and Ronny Cox, along with real-life sisters Kim and Kyle Richards (as Brolin's daughters). It tells the story of a mysterious car which goes on a murderous rampage, terrorizing the residents of a small town."
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"1977"
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-8236302045692830914 | List of people who have won Academy, Emmy, Grammy, and Tony Awards | List of people who have won Academy , Emmy , Grammy , and Tony Awards - wikipedia List of people who have won Academy , Emmy , Grammy , and Tony Awards Jump to : navigation , search `` EGOT '' redirects here . For other uses , see EGOT ( disambiguation ) . Twelve people have won all four major annual American entertainment awards in a competitive , individual ( non-group ) category of the Emmy , Grammy , Oscar and Tony Awards . Respectively , these awards honor outstanding achievements in television , recording , film , and theater . Winning all four awards has been referred to as winning the `` grand slam '' of American show business . The acronym EGOT was coined by actor Philip Michael Thomas . Contents ( hide ) 1 Winners of all four awards 1.1 Additional major awards 2 Including non-competitive or special 2.1 Additional major awards or honors 3 Qualifying awards summary ( competitive only ) 3.1 Richard Rodgers 3.2 Helen Hayes 3.3 Rita Moreno 3.4 John Gielgud 3.5 Audrey Hepburn 3.6 Marvin Hamlisch 3.7 Jonathan Tunick 3.8 Mel Brooks 3.9 Mike Nichols 3.10 Whoopi Goldberg 3.11 Scott Rudin 3.12 Robert Lopez 4 Qualifying awards summary ( including non-competitive awards ) 4.1 Barbra Streisand 4.2 Liza Minnelli 4.3 James Earl Jones 4.4 Alan Menken 4.5 Harry Belafonte 4.6 Quincy Jones 5 Three competitive awards 5.1 Notes 6 Three awards ( non-competitive ) 7 Four nominations 8 PEGOT 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Winners of all four Awards ( edit ) To date , twelve individuals have won all four awards in competitive categories . Name Year completed Years to complete Emmy Grammy Oscar Tony Category ( s ) Rodgers , Richard Richard Rodgers 1962 17 1962 1960 1945 1950 Composer Hayes , Helen Helen Hayes 1977 45 1953 1977 1932 1947 Actress Moreno , Rita Rita Moreno 1977 16 1977 1972 1961 Actress / Singer Gielgud , John John Gielgud 1991 30 1991 1979 1981 1961 Actor / Director Hepburn , Audrey Audrey Hepburn 1994 41 1993 1994 1953 1954 Actress Hamlisch , Marvin Marvin Hamlisch 1995 23 1995 1973 1976 Composer Tunick , Jonathan Jonathan Tunick 1997 20 1982 1988 1977 1997 Composer / Conductor Brooks , Mel Mel Brooks 2001 34 1967 1998 1968 2001 Writer / Composer / Actor Nichols , Mike Mike Nichols 2001 40 2001 1961 1967 1964 Director / Actor Goldberg , Whoopi Whoopi Goldberg 2002 17 2002 1985 1990 2002 Actress / Host / Producer Rudin , Scott Scott Rudin 2012 28 1984 2012 2007 1994 Producer Lopez , Robert Robert Lopez 2014 10 2008 2012 2014 Composer Notes : ^ 1 The artist also subsequently won one or more additional competitive awards . ^ 2 The artist also received one or more honorary or non-competitive awards . ^ 3 The artist also earned the Triple Crown of Acting , with singular ( non-group / ensemble / company ) acting wins in the Emmy , Oscar and Tony awards . ^ 4 The artist has won a Daytime Emmy Award , not a Primetime Emmy Award . ^ 5 The artist was awarded posthumously . Additional major Awards ( edit ) Marvin Hamlisch and Richard Rodgers have also won the Pulitzer Prize . Gielgud , Goldberg , Hamlisch , Hepburn , Moreno , Nichols , and Rudin have been awarded one or more Golden Globe Awards . Mel Brooks , Helen Hayes , Rita Moreno , Mike Nichols , and Richard Rodgers have also been awarded the Kennedy Center Honors . Helen Hayes , Audrey Hepburn , and Rita Moreno have been awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom . Mel Brooks , Helen Hayes , Rita Moreno , and Mike Nichols have been awarded the National Medal of Arts . Mel Brooks and Mike Nichols have been awarded the AFI Life Achievement Award . Audrey Hepburn and Rita Moreno have been awarded the Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award . Audrey Hepburn has also been awarded the Cecil B. DeMille Award . Including non-competitive or Special ( edit ) Six other artists -- Liza Minnelli , James Earl Jones , Barbra Streisand , Alan Menken , Harry Belafonte and Quincy Jones -- have also received all four awards , even though at least one of the awards was non-competitive , i.e. special or honorary in nature ( Streisand 's Tony , both of Jones ' Oscars , Minnelli 's Grammy , Menken 's Emmy and Belafonte 's Oscar ) . The following are the six artists who also have won the four major awards but not exclusively in the main competitive categories . Artist Year completed Years to complete 1st Award 2nd Award 3rd Award 4th Award Streisand , Barbra Barbra Streisand 1970 6 1964 Grammy 1965 Emmy 1968 Oscar 1970 Special Tony Award Minnelli , Liza Liza Minnelli 1990 25 1965 Tony 1972 Oscar 1973 Emmy 1990 Grammy Legend Award Jones , James Earl James Earl Jones 2011 42 1969 Tony 1977 Grammy 1991 Emmy 2011 Academy Honorary Award ( Oscar ) Alan Menken 2012 23 1989 Oscar 1990 Special Emmy Award 1991 Grammy 2012 Tony Belafonte , Harry Harry Belafonte 2014 61 1953 Tony 1960 Emmy 1961 Grammy 2014 Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award ( Oscar ) Jones , Quincy Quincy Jones 2016 52 1964 Grammy 1977 Emmy 1994 Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award ( Oscar ) 2016 Tony Additional major Awards or Honors ( edit ) James Earl Jones , Alan Menken , Liza Minnelli , and Barbra Streisand have been awarded one or more Golden Globe Awards . Harry Belafonte , James Earl Jones , Quincy Jones , and Barbra Streisand have been awarded the Kennedy Center Honors . Harry Belafonte , James Earl Jones , Quincy Jones , and Barbra Streisand have been awarded the National Medal of Arts . Harry Belafonte , Quincy Jones , Alan Menken , Liza Minnelli , and Barbra Streisand have been inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame . James Earl Jones and Liza Minnelli have been inducted into the American Theatre Hall of Fame . Barbra Streisand has been awarded the AFI Life Achievement Award , Cecil B. DeMille Award , and the Presidential Medal of Freedom . James Earl Jones has been awarded the Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award . Qualifying Awards summary ( competitive only ) ( edit ) Richard Rodgers ( edit ) Richard Rodgers became the first person to win all four awards in 1962 . Richard Rodgers ( 1902 -- 1979 ) , a composer , received his fourth distinct award in 1962 . Between 1945 and 1979 , Rodgers received a total of 13 awards . Academy Awards : 1945 : Best Song -- `` It Might as Well Be Spring '' from State Fair Emmy Awards : 1962 : Outstanding Achievement in Original Music Composed -- Winston Churchill : The Valiant Years Grammy Awards : 1960 : Best Show Album ( Original Cast ) -- The Sound of Music 1962 : Best Original Cast Show Album -- No Strings Tony Awards : 1950 : Best Musical -- South Pacific 1950 : Tony Award for Producers , Musical -- South Pacific 1950 : Best Score -- South Pacific 1952 : Best Musical -- The King and I 1960 : Best Musical -- The Sound of Music 1962 : Best Composer -- No Strings Special Awards : 1962 : Special Tony Award `` for all he has done for young people in the theatre and for taking the men of the orchestra out of the pit and putting them onstage in No Strings '' 1972 : Special Tony Award 1979 : Special Tony Award , Lawrence Langner Memorial Award for Distinguished Lifetime Achievement in the American Theatre Helen Hayes ( edit ) Helen Hayes became the second person and first woman to win all four awards in 1977 . Helen Hayes ( 1900 -- 1993 ) , an actress , received her fourth distinct award in 1977 . Between 1932 and 1980 , Hayes received a total of 7 awards . She was the first woman to win all four . Hayes was also the first person to win the Triple Crown of Acting , with singular ( non-group / ensemble / company ) acting wins in each of the Emmy , Oscar and Tony awards , winning her third in 1953 . Counting only the first award of each type , she also has the distinction of the longest timespan ( 45 years ) between her first and fourth award of any showbiz Grand Slam winner . Academy Awards : 1932 : Best Actress in a Leading Role -- The Sin of Madelon Claudet 1970 : Best Actress in a Supporting Role -- Airport Emmy Awards : 1953 : Best Actress -- Schlitz Playhouse of Stars for the episode `` Not a Chance '' Grammy Awards : 1977 : Best Spoken Word Recording -- Great American Documents Tony Awards : 1947 : Best Actress , Dramatic -- Happy Birthday 1958 : Best Actress , Dramatic -- Time Remembered Special Awards : 1980 : Special Tony Award , Lawrence Langner Memorial Award for Distinguished Lifetime Achievement in the American Theatre Rita Moreno ( edit ) Rita Moreno became the third person and first Latino person to win all four awards in 1977 . Rita Moreno ( born 1931 ) , an actress , received her fourth distinct award in 1977 . Between 1961 and 1978 , Moreno received a total of five awards . She is also the first Hispanic winner and the first winner to win a Grammy as their second award ( both previous winners won Tonys as their second award ) . In addition , she became a Kennedy Center Honoree in 2015 . Academy Awards : 1961 : Best Actress in a Supporting Role -- West Side Story Emmy Awards : 1977 : Outstanding Continuing or Single Performance by a Supporting Actress in Variety or Music -- The Muppet Show 1978 : Outstanding Lead Actress for a Single Appearance in a Drama or Comedy Series -- The Rockford Files for the episode `` The Paper Palace '' Grammy Awards : 1972 : Best Recording for Children -- The Electric Company Tony Awards : 1975 : Best Featured or Supporting Actress in a Play -- The Ritz John Gielgud ( edit ) In 1991 , John Gielgud became the fourth person and , at age 87 , the oldest person to win all four awards . John Gielgud ( 1904 -- 2000 ) , an actor , received his fourth distinct award in 1991 . Between 1948 and 1991 , Gielgud received a total of six awards . Gielgud was the first winner to win any award other than the Oscar as their first award ( his first award was a Tony ) . At age 87 when he won his Emmy , he was also the oldest winner . Academy Awards : 1981 : Best Actor in a Supporting Role -- Arthur Emmy Awards : 1991 : Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or Special -- Summer 's Lease Grammy Awards : 1979 : Best Spoken Word , Documentary or Drama Recording -- Ages of Man Tony Awards : 1948 : Outstanding Foreign Company -- The Importance of Being Earnest 1961 : Best Director of a Drama -- Big Fish , Little Fish Special Awards : 1959 : Special Tony Award `` for contribution to theatre for his extraordinary insight into the writings of Shakespeare as demonstrated in his one - man play Ages of Man '' Audrey Hepburn ( edit ) Audrey Hepburn became the fifth person to win all four awards , and the first to complete it posthumously . Audrey Hepburn ( 1929 -- 1993 ) , an actress , received her fourth distinct award posthumously in 1994 . Between 1953 and 1994 , Hepburn received a total of six awards . She was the fifth person to complete the feat and the first to do so posthumously . She was also the first winner to win two of their awards in consecutive awards shows ( the 1994 Grammys were the first Grammys since her posthumous win at the 1993 Emmys ) . She is one of the only two EGOT winners ( the other being Jonathan Tunick ) to not win multiple awards in any of the four award fields . Academy Awards : 1953 : Best Actress in a Leading Role -- Roman Holiday Emmy Awards : 1993 : Outstanding Individual Achievement , Informational Programming -- Gardens of the World with Audrey Hepburn Grammy Awards : 1994 : Best Spoken Word Album for Children -- Audrey Hepburn 's Enchanted Tales Tony Awards : 1954 : Best Actress in a Drama -- Ondine Special Awards : 1968 : Special Tony Award , Special Achievement Award 1993 : Special Academy Award , Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award Marvin Hamlisch ( edit ) Marvin Hamlisch ( shown with his wife Terre Blair ) became the sixth person to win all four awards in 1995 . He has the most Oscars of any EGOT winners . Marvin Hamlisch ( 1944 -- 2012 ) , a composer , received his fourth distinct award in 1995 . Between 1973 and 2001 , Hamlisch received a total of 12 awards . Hamlisch has the most Oscars of any Grand Slam winners ( three ) . In 1974 he became the first winner to have won a `` General Field '' Grammy -- taking Song of the Year and Best New Artist . He was also the first Grand Slam winner to have won multiple legs of the feat for the same work -- an Oscar and a Grammy for song `` The Way We Were '' . Academy Awards : 1973 : Best Music , Original Dramatic Score -- The Way We Were 1973 : Best Music , Original Song -- `` The Way We Were '' 1973 : Best Music , Scoring Original Song Score and / or Adaptation -- The Sting Emmy Awards : 1995 : Outstanding Individual Achievement in Music Direction -- Barbra : The Concert 1995 : Outstanding Individual Achievement in Music and Lyrics -- Barbra : The Concert 1999 : Outstanding Music and Lyrics -- AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies 2001 : Outstanding Music Direction -- Timeless : Live in Concert Grammy Awards : 1974 : Song of the Year -- `` The Way We Were '' 1974 : Best New Artist of the Year 1974 : Best Pop Instrumental Performance -- The Entertainer 1974 : Album of Best Original Score Written for a Motion Picture or a Television Special -- The Way We Were Tony Awards : 1976 : Best Musical Score -- A Chorus Line Jonathan Tunick ( edit ) Jonathan Tunick ( born 1938 ) , a composer , conductor , and music arranger , received his fourth distinct award in 1997 . Between 1977 and 1997 , Tunick received a total of four awards . Tunick is the first Grand Slam winner to have won an Emmy as their second award as well as the first to win the Tony as their fourth award . He is also the second person ( after Audrey Hepburn ) to not win any multiple awards in any of the four award fields . Academy Awards : 1977 : Best Music , Original Song Score and Its Adaptation or Best Adaptation Score -- A Little Night Music Emmy Awards : 1982 : Outstanding Achievement in Music Direction -- Night of 100 Stars Grammy Awards : 1988 : Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocals -- `` No One is Alone , '' Cleo Laine Tony Awards : 1997 : Best Orchestrations -- Titanic Mel Brooks ( edit ) Mel Brooks became the eighth person to win all four awards in 2001 as well as the first person to win the Emmy as the first of the four awards . Mel Brooks ( born 1926 ) , a director , writer and actor , received his fourth distinct award in June 2001 . Between 1968 and 2002 , Brooks received a total of 11 awards . Brooks was the first person to win the Emmy as the first award , and the first winner to have won his Oscar for screenwriting . Academy Awards : 1968 : Best Writing , Story and Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen -- The Producers Emmy Awards : 1967 : Outstanding Writing Achievement in Variety -- The Sid Caesar , Imogene Coca , Carl Reiner , Howard Morris Special 1997 : Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series -- Mad About You 1998 : Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series -- Mad About You 1999 : Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series -- Mad About You Grammy Awards : 1998 : Best Spoken Comedy Album -- The 2000 Year Old Man in the Year 2000 2002 : Best Long Form Music Video -- Recording ' The Producers ' : A Musical Romp with Mel Brooks 2002 : Best Musical Show Album -- The Producers Tony Awards : 2001 : Best Book of a Musical -- The Producers 2001 : Best Original Score -- The Producers 2001 : Best Musical -- The Producers When he appeared on the 30 January 2015 episode of Real Time with Bill Maher , Brooks called himself an EGOTAK , noting that he had also received awards from the American Film Institute and Kennedy Center . Mike Nichols ( edit ) Mike Nichols became the ninth person to win all four awards , and had the longest timespan - fifty - one years - of all the grand slam winners . Mike Nichols ( 1931 -- 2014 ) , a director , received his fourth distinct award in November 2001 . Between 1961 and 2012 , Nichols received a total of 15 awards . Nichols was the first slam winner to win the Grammy as their first award , the first winner to have won multiple awards ( an Oscar , several Tonys , and two Emmys ) for directing . When counting all awards won -- not just the first of each type -- Nichols has the longest timespan of awards among Grand Slam winners , at 51 years . Academy Awards : 1967 : Best Director -- The Graduate Emmy Awards : 2001 : Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries , Movie or a Special -- Wit 2001 : Outstanding Made for Television Movie -- Wit ( as Executive Producer ) 2004 : Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries , Movie or a Special -- Angels in America 2004 : Outstanding Miniseries -- Angels in America ( as Executive Producer ) Grammy Awards : 1961 : Best Comedy Performance -- An Evening With Mike Nichols And Elaine May Tony Awards : 1964 : Best Director , Dramatic -- Barefoot in the Park 1965 : Best Director , Dramatic -- Luv and The Odd Couple 1968 : Best Director , Dramatic -- Plaza Suite 1972 : Best Director , Dramatic -- The Prisoner of Second Avenue 1977 : Best Musical -- Annie ( as producer ) 1984 : Best Director , Play -- The Real Thing 1984 : Best Play -- The Real Thing ( as producer ) 2005 : Best Director , Musical -- Monty Python 's Spamalot 2012 : Best Director , Play -- Death of a Salesman Whoopi Goldberg ( edit ) Whoopi Goldberg became the tenth winner , first winner to win two of their awards in the same year , and first African American winner , in 2002 . Whoopi Goldberg ( born 1955 ) , an actress , comedian and talk - show host , received her fourth distinct award in 2002 . Between 1985 and 2009 , Goldberg received a total of 6 awards . Goldberg is the first African American winner , the first to win the Oscar as their second award , and the first to win two of their awards in the same year ( she won both her first Daytime Emmy and her Tony in 2002 ) . Academy Awards : 1990 : Best Actress in a Supporting Role -- Ghost Daytime Emmy Awards : 2002 : Outstanding Special Class Special -- Beyond Tara : The Extraordinary Life of Hattie McDaniel ( Host ) 2009 : Outstanding Talk Show Host -- The View Grammy Awards : 1985 : Best Comedy Recording -- Whoopi Goldberg : Original Broadway Show Recording Tony Awards : 2002 : Best Musical -- Thoroughly Modern Millie Special Awards : 1997 : Special Emmy Award , Governors Award , for the seven Comic Relief Benefit Specials Notes : Although she has never won a competitive Primetime Emmy award , she has been nominated several times . The fact that she does not have a competitive Primetime Emmy Award has led to debate over her inclusion in the `` official list . '' In the 30 Rock episode `` Dealbreakers Talk Show * # 0001 '' , Goldberg ( playing herself ) addresses this when questioned by character Tracy Jordan about her Daytime Emmy : `` It still counts ! Girl 's got ta eat ! '' Scott Rudin ( edit ) Scott Rudin ( born 1958 ) received his fourth distinct award in 2012 . Between 1984 and 2017 , Rudin received a total of 18 awards making him the record holder for most awards won among the people who have won all four awards in competitive categories . Rudin is the first winner who is primarily a producer . Academy Awards : 2007 : Best Picture -- No Country For Old Men Primetime Emmy Awards : 1984 : Outstanding Children 's Program -- He Makes Me Feel Like Dancin ' Grammy Awards : 2012 : Best Musical Theater Album -- The Book of Mormon : Original Broadway Cast Recording Tony Awards : 1994 : Best Musical -- Passion 2000 : Best Play -- Copenhagen 2002 : Best Play -- The Goat , or Who Is Sylvia ? 2005 : Best Play -- Doubt 2006 : Best Play -- The History Boys 2009 : Best Play -- God of Carnage 2010 : Best Revival of a Play -- Fences 2011 : Best Musical -- The Book of Mormon 2012 : Best Revival of a Play -- Death of a Salesman 2014 : Best Revival of a Play -- A Raisin in the Sun 2015 : Best Play -- The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time 2015 : Best Revival of a Play -- Skylight 2016 : Best Play -- The Humans 2016 : Best Revival of a Play -- A View From the Bridge 2017 : Best Revival of a Musical -- Hello , Dolly ! Robert Lopez ( edit ) Robert Lopez ( right ) became the twelfth person to win all four awards , and the youngest person to achieve this feat , and the fastest to achieve the feat ( 10 years ) . Robert Lopez ( born 1975 ) , a songwriter , received his fourth distinct award in 2014 . Between 2004 and 2015 , Lopez received a total of 9 awards . Like fellow EGOT winner Whoopi Goldberg , his Emmy awards are Daytime Emmys ( although he has been nominated for a competitive Primetime Emmy award ) . Lopez is the youngest winner to receive all four awards in competitive categories , as well as the fastest to complete his qualifying run of EGOT award wins ( 10 years ) , and has the shortest time to complete any run of EGOT wins ( 4 years ) . He received his Grammy Award for The Book of Mormon in collaboration with fellow EGOT winner Scott Rudin ( among others ) , making them the first pair of Grand Slam winners to have been co-winners of the same award . Lopez is also the first person to have won the Oscar last , which he won with his wife Kristen Anderson - Lopez . He is also the second Grand Slam winner , behind Marvin Hamlisch , to have won multiple legs of the feat for the same work -- an Oscar and a Grammy for the song `` Let It Go . '' Academy Awards 2014 : Best Original Song - `` Let It Go '' from Frozen Daytime Emmy Awards 2008 : Outstanding Achievement in Music Direction and Composition - Wonder Pets 2010 : Outstanding Achievement in Music Direction and Composition - Wonder Pets Grammy Awards 2012 : Best Musical Theater Album - The Book of Mormon : Original Broadway Cast Recording 2015 : Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media - Frozen 2015 : Best Song Written for Visual Media - `` Let It Go '' from Frozen Tony Awards 2004 : Best Original Score - Avenue Q 2011 : Best Book of a Musical - The Book of Mormon 2011 : Best Original Score - The Book of Mormon Qualifying Awards summary ( including non-competitive Awards ) ( edit ) The following artists have also received all of the four major awards . However , in each case , one of these awards has been received only in an honorary or other non-competitive category . ( Streisand has never received a competitive Tony , Minnelli has never received a competitive Grammy , Menken has never received a competitive Emmy and Belafonte and Jones have never received a competitive Oscar . ) Barbra Streisand ( edit ) Barbra Streisand became the youngest winner in 1970 at the age of 28 . With just seven years elapsing between her first Grammy and her Tony , she also completed the feat in the shortest amount of time of any winner . However her Tony is a non-competitive award . Barbra Streisand ( born 1942 ) , a singer and actress , received her fourth distinct award in 1970 . Between 1963 and 2001 , Streisand received a total of 18 awards . Having completed the showbiz Grand Slam at age 28 , she is the youngest winner , and with just six years elapsing between her first award ( a 1964 Grammy ) and her final award ( a 1970 Special Tony ) , Streisand also completed the Grand Slam in the shortest amount of time . She is also the only winner to have won an Oscar in both a music and an acting category . She is also the only winner to have won all of her competitive awards for her debut performances ( her first musical album , feature film and television special , respectively ) . In addition , she also received the AFI Life Achievement Award , the Kennedy Center Honor , the Cecil B. DeMille Award , the National Medal of Arts , the American Society of Cinematographers Board of Governors Award , the Presidential Medal of Freedom . Academy Awards : 1968 : Best Actress in a Leading Role -- Funny Girl 1976 : Best Music , Song -- `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' Emmy Awards : 1965 : Outstanding Individual Achievements in Entertainment -- Actors and Performers -- My Name is Barbra 1995 : Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program -- Barbra Streisand : The Concert 1995 : Outstanding Variety , Music or Comedy Special -- Barbra Streisand : The Concert 2001 : Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program -- Timeless : Live in Concert Grammy Awards : 1964 : Best Vocal Performance , Female -- The Barbra Streisand Album 1964 : Album Of The Year ( Other Than Classical ) -- The Barbra Streisand Album 1965 : Best Vocal Performance , Female -- `` People '' ( from the musical Funny Girl ) 1966 : Best Vocal Performance , Female -- My Name Is Barbra 1977 : Best Pop Vocal Performance , Female -- `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' 1977 : Song Of The Year , `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' 1980 : Best Pop Performance By A Duo Or Group With Vocal -- `` Guilty '' ( with Barry Gibb ) 1986 : Best Pop Vocal Performance , Female -- The Broadway Album 1992 : Special Grammy Award : Grammy Legend Award ( non-competitive ) 1995 : Special Grammy Award : Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award ( non-competitive ) Tony Awards : 1970 : Special Tony Award : Star of the Decade ( non-competitive ) Liza Minnelli ( edit ) Liza Minnelli has each of the four awards , having won her fourth in 1990 , but her Grammy is a non-competitive award . Liza Minnelli ( born 1946 ) , an actress and singer , received her fourth distinct award in 1990 . Between 1965 and 2009 , Minnelli received a total of 7 awards . Academy Awards : 1972 : Best Actress in a Leading Role ( Cabaret ) Emmy Awards : 1973 : Outstanding Single Program − Variety and Popular Music ( Liza with a ' Z ' . A Concert for Television ) Grammy Awards : 1990 : Special Grammy Award : Grammy Legend Award ( non-competitive ) Tony Awards : 1965 : Best Leading Actress in a Musical ( Flora the Red Menace ) 1974 : Special Tony Award for `` adding lustre to the Broadway season '' ( non-competitive ) 1978 : Best Leading Actress in a Musical ( The Act ) 2009 : Best Special Theatrical Event ( Liza 's at The Palace ... ! ) James Earl Jones ( edit ) James Earl Jones has each of the four awards , having won his fourth in 2012 , but his Oscar is a non-competitive award . James Earl Jones ( born 1931 ) , an actor , received his fourth distinct award in 2011 . Between 1969 and 2011 , Jones received a total of 7 awards . Academy Awards : 2011 : Academy Honorary Award ( non-competitive ) Emmy Awards : 1991 : Outstanding Lead Actor − Drama Series ( Gabriel 's Fire ) 1991 : Outstanding Supporting Actor − Miniseries or a Movie ( Heat Wave ) Daytime Emmy Awards : 2000 : Outstanding Performer − Children 's Special ( Summer 's End ) Grammy Awards : 1977 : Best Spoken Word Recording ( Great American Documents ) Tony Awards : 1969 : Best Leading Actor in a Play ( The Great White Hope ) 1987 : Best Leading Actor in a Play ( Fences ) 2017 : Special Tony Award for Lifetime Achievement in the Theatre ( non-competitive ) Alan Menken ( edit ) Alan Menken has won a Tony as well as multiple Grammys and Oscars . He also received an honorary award presented by the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences Alan Menken ( born 1949 ) , composer and songwriter , received his fourth distinct award in 2012 . Between 1989 and 2012 , Menken received a total of 21 awards . He has the most Oscar wins ( 8 ) by a grand slam winner and is the second most prolific Oscar winner in the music categories after Alfred Newman . He is also notable for frequently having multiple songs from the same film nominated for major awards . Academy Awards : 1989 : Best Original Score -- The Little Mermaid 1989 : Best Original Song -- `` Under the Sea '' from The Little Mermaid 1991 : Best Original Score -- Beauty and the Beast 1991 : Best Original Song -- Beauty and the Beast from Beauty and the Beast 1992 : Best Original Score -- Aladdin 1992 : Best Original Song -- `` A Whole New World '' from Aladdin 1995 : Best Original Musical or Comedy Score -- Pocahontas 1995 : Best Original Song -- `` Colors of the Wind '' from Pocahontas Emmy Awards : 1990 : Outstanding contribution to the success of the Academy 's anti-drug special for children -- `` Wonderful Ways to Say No '' from the TV special Cartoon All - Stars to the Rescue ( non-competitive ) Grammy Awards : 1991 : Best Recording for Children -- The Little Mermaid : Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack 1991 : Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television -- `` Under the Sea '' from The Little Mermaid 1993 : Best Musical Album for Children -- Beauty and the Beast : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 1993 : Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television -- Beauty and the Beast : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 1993 : Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television -- `` Beauty and the Beast '' from Beauty and the Beast 1993 : Song of the Year -- `` A Whole New World ( Aladdin 's Theme ) '' from Aladdin 1993 : Best Musical Album for Children -- Aladdin : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 1993 : Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television -- Aladdin : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 1993 : Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television -- `` A Whole New World '' from Aladdin 1996 : Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television -- `` Colors of the Wind '' from Pocahontas 2012 : Best Song Written for Visual Media -- `` I See the Light '' from Tangled Tony Awards : 2012 : Best Original Score -- Newsies Harry Belafonte ( edit ) Belafonte has each of the four awards , but his Oscar is a non-competitive award . Harry Belafonte ( born 1927 ) , an actor , received his fourth distinct award in 2014 . Between 1953 and 2014 , Belafonte received a total of 6 awards . Academy Awards : 2014 : Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award ( non-competitive ) Emmy Awards : 1960 : Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program ( Tonight with Belafonte - The Revlon Revue ) Grammy Awards : 1961 : Best Performance Folk -- Swing Dat Hammer 1966 : Best Folk Performance -- An Evening With Belafonte / Makeba 2000 : Grammy Hall of Fame Award Tony Awards : 1953 : Best Featured Actor in a Musical -- John Murray Anderson 's Almanac Quincy Jones ( edit ) Quincy Jones received his fourth award in 2016 , as a producer for the musical The Color Purple . Quincy Jones ( born 1933 ) , an American record producer , actor and composer , received his fourth distinct award in 2016 . Between 1964 and 2016 , Jones received a total of 31 awards -- the highest number of awards of any grand slam winner . He also has the most Grammy wins ( 28 ) by a grand slam winner . Academy Awards : 1994 : Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award ( non-competitive ) Emmy Awards : 1977 : Outstanding Music Composition for a Series ( for Roots ) Grammy Awards : 1964 : Best Instrumental Arrangement -- `` I Ca n't Stop Loving You '' 1970 : Best Instrumental Jazz Performance - Large Group Or Soloist With Large Group -- Walking in Space 1972 : Best Pop Instrumental Performance -- Smackwater Jack 1974 : Best Instrumental Arrangement -- `` Summer in the City '' 1979 : Best Instrumental Arrangement -- `` The Wiz Main Title ( Overture , Part One ) '' 1981 : Best Instrumental Arrangement -- `` Dinorah , Dinorah '' 1982 : Producer Of The Year 1982 : Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocal ( s ) -- `` Ai No Corrida '' 1982 : Best Arrangement On An Instrumental Recording -- `` Velas '' 1982 : Best Cast Show Album -- Lena Horne : The Lady and Her Music 1982 : Best R&B Performance By A Duo Or Group With Vocal -- The Dude 1984 : Producer Of The Year ( Non-Classical ) 1984 : Best Recording For Children -- E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial 1984 : Album Of The Year -- Thriller 1984 : Record Of The Year -- `` Beat It '' 1985 : Best Arrangements On An Instrumental -- `` Grace ( Gymnastics Theme ) '' 1986 : Best Music Video , Short Form -- `` We Are the World -- The Video Event '' 1986 : Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal -- `` We Are the World '' 1986 : Record Of The Year -- `` We Are the World '' 1990 : Producer Of The Year ( Non-Classical ) 1990 : Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocal ( s ) -- `` The Places You Find Love '' 1990 : Best Arrangement On An Instrumental -- `` Birdland '' 1990 : Best Jazz Fusion Performance -- `` Birdland '' 1990 : Best Rap Performance By A Duo Or Group -- `` Back on the Block '' 1990 : Album Of The Year -- Back on the Block 1991 : Grammy Legend Award 1994 : Best Large Jazz Ensemble Performance -- Miles & Quincy Live At Montreux 2002 : Best Spoken Word Album -- Q : The Autobiography Of Quincy Jones Tony Awards : 2016 : Best Revival of a Musical ( The Color Purple ) Three competitive Awards ( edit ) The following people have each won three out of the four major entertainment awards in competitive categories . Missing a Tony Award John Addison Julie Andrews Burt Bacharach Alan Bergman Marilyn Bergman George Burns Cher Common Michael Giacchino Brian Grazer Ron Howard James Moll Randy Newman Sid Ramin Martin Scorsese Barbra Streisand Peter Ustinov John Williams Robin Williams Kate Winslet Missing a Grammy Award Jack Albertson Anne Bancroft Ingrid Bergman Shirley Booth Ralph Burns Ellen Burstyn Viola Davis Melvyn Douglas Bob Fosse Jeremy Irons Jessica Lange Frances McDormand Liza Minnelli Helen Mirren Thomas Mitchell Al Pacino Christopher Plummer Vanessa Redgrave Jason Robards Geoffrey Rush Paul Scofield Maggie Smith Maureen Stapleton Jessica Tandy Tony Walton Missing an Emmy Award Henry Fonda Oscar Hammerstein II Elton John John Legend Alan Jay Lerner Andrew Lloyd Webber Frank Loesser Alan Menken Tim Rice Stephen Sondheim Jule Styne Missing an Academy Award ( Oscar ) Harry Belafonte Leonard Bernstein Jerry Bock Martin Charnin Cy Coleman Fred Ebb Cynthia Erivo Anne Garefino Julie Harris James Earl Jones Quincy Jones John Kander Cyndi Lauper Audra McDonald Bette Midler Lin - Manuel Miranda Cynthia Nixon Trey Parker Marc Shaiman Bill Sherman Matt Stone Charles Strouse Lily Tomlin Dick Van Dyke James Whitmore Notes ( edit ) † -- Person is deceased . ◊ -- Person has been nominated at least once for a competitive category of the missing award , but has failed to win . TC -- Person joins EGOT winners Hayes and Moreno as winners of the Triple Crown of Acting , with singular ( non-group / ensemble / company ) acting wins in each of the Emmy , Oscar and Tony awards . NCA -- Person won a Non-Competitive Award in this category ( see section above ) . P -- Person has won the Pulitzer Prize Jump up ^ In 1996 , Julie Andrews refused a Tony Award nomination for her role in Victor / Victoria in protest that the production received no other nominations . She was also Tony - nominated for My Fair Lady and Camelot . Jump up ^ Bob Fosse won all three awards in the same year , 1973 . Jump up ^ With his 2012 Oscar win , Plummer became the oldest ( 82 ) to win the `` Triple Crown Of Acting '' Jump up ^ Tony Walton is the only costume / set designer to win three different awards . Jump up ^ Miranda would also be the first MacArthur Fellow to win the EGOT Jump up ^ Trey Parker placed second in the narrative / dramatic division of 1993 's Student Academy Awards for his college short American History . Three Awards ( non-competitive ) ( edit ) In addition to the above winners , the following people have each won three out of the four major entertainment awards in either competitive categories or non-competitive special and honorary categories . Howard Ashman won two competitive Oscars , five competitive Grammy Awards , and a Special Award for outstanding contribution to the success of the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences ' anti-drug special for children . Fred Astaire won three competitive Emmy awards , a Special Academy Award , and a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award . Robert Russell Bennett won a competitive Emmy Award , a competitive Oscar , and two Special Tony Awards . Irving Berlin won an Academy Award , a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award , and a competitive Tony award . Carol Burnett won 6 competitive Emmy awards , a competitive Grammy , and a Special Tony award . Walt Disney won 26 competitive Academy Awards , seven competitive Emmy Awards , and a Grammy Trustees Award . Ray Dolby won an Academy Scientific and Technical Award , two Technology & Engineering Emmy Awards , and a Special Merit / Technical Grammy Award . Judy Garland won an Academy Juvenile Award , two competitive Grammy Awards , and a Special Tony Award . Eileen Heckart won a competitive Academy Award , a competitive Emmy Award , and a Special Tony Award . Barry Manilow won two competitive Emmy Awards , a competitive Grammy Award , and a Special Tony Award . Steve Martin won the Honorary Academy Award , a competitive Emmy Award , and five competitive Grammy Awards . Stephen Schwartz won three competitive Oscars , three competitive Grammys and the Isabelle Stevenson Award , a non-competitive Tony Award . Eli Wallach won a competitive Tony Award , a competitive Emmy Award , and an Academy Honorary Award . Oprah Winfrey won competitive Emmy Awards , a competitive Tony Award , and the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award , a non-competitive Academy Award . Four nominations ( edit ) The following people have not won all four awards in competitive categories , but have received at least one nomination for each of them : Lynn Ahrens Alan Alda Woody Allen Judith Anderson Julie Andrews Howard Ashman * Elmer Bernstein Leonard Bernstein Ralph Burns Ellen Burstyn Richard Burton Sammy Cahn Keith Carradine Diahann Carroll Glenn Close Cy Coleman Fred Ebb Henry Fonda Jane Fonda Judy Garland * Brian Grazer Joel Grey Julie Harris Katharine Hepburn Jeremy Irons Hugh Jackman James Earl Jones Quincy Jones John Kander Angela Lansbury Michel Legrand John Lithgow Kenny Loggins Steve Martin * Alan Menken Bette Midler Liza Minnelli Lin - Manuel Miranda Trey Parker Dolly Parton Sidney Poitier André Previn Lynn Redgrave Diana Ross * Adam Schlesinger Paul Scofield Marc Shaiman Paul Simon Glenn Slater Tom Snow Kevin Spacey Sting Barbra Streisand Meryl Streep Lily Tomlin Stanley Tucci Peter Ustinov Jimmy Van Heusen James Whitmore Paul Williams Hans Zimmer Notes : While Judy Garland and Diana Ross never received any Tony nominations , they have each won a Special Tony Award , in addition to receiving at least one nomination in competitive categories for each of the other four awards . Howard Ashman has never received an Emmy nomination , but has won an Outstanding contribution to the success of the Academy 's anti-drug special for children , in addition to receiving at least one nomination in competitive categories for each of the other four awards . Steve Martin has never received an Oscar nomination , but has won an Academy Honorary Award , in addition to receiving nominations in competitive categories for each of the other four awards . Only one artist , Lynn Redgrave , has been nominated at least once for each of the four awards without winning any . PEGOT ( edit ) A PEGOT winner is someone who has won all four EGOT awards as well as a Pulitzer Prize . PEGOT winners : Richard Rodgers Marvin Hamlisch People who have won a Pulitzer , and are only missing one EGOT award : Jerry Bock ( missing an Oscar ) Oscar Hammerstein II ( missing an Emmy ) Frank Loesser ( missing an Emmy ) Lin - Manuel Miranda ( missing an Oscar ) Stephen Sondheim ( missing an Emmy ) Of these five , only Miranda and Sondheim are still alive . Miranda was nominated for a 2017 Oscar for Best Original Song but did not win . See also ( edit ) Book : EGOT winners Academy Award Emmy Award Daytime Emmy Award Primetime Emmy Award Grammy Award Tony Award Triple Crown of Acting References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Smith , Liz ( June 5 , 2009 ) . `` Phyllis Newman Honored ! '' Archived 2014 - 03 - 03 at Archive.is . wowowow . Jump up ^ Sheehan , Paul ( 2 April 2007 ) . `` Emmy alert : what to watch on TV '' . The Envelope . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 21 March 2012 . Retrieved 1 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Graham , Renee ( 19 August 2003 ) . `` Looking to the stars for a little Hope '' . Boston Globe . Archived from the original on 25 October 2012 . Retrieved 1 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Long , Tim ( February 26 , 2008 ) . `` The Oscars : Where Is the Love for Philip Michael Thomas ? '' Archived 2009 - 12 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . Vanity Fair . `` ... Thomas took to wearing a gold medallion emblazoned with the letters `` EGOT '' , which stood for `` Emmy , Grammy , Oscar , and Tony . '' As Thomas told an interviewer in 1984 , `` Hopefully in the next five years I will win all of those awards . '' As of February 2008 , ... only twelve people in history have ever won all four -- among them , Mike Nichols , Audrey Hepburn , Rita Moreno , and Marvin Hamlisch . Jump up ^ Mifflin , Lawrie ( May 22 , 1995 ) . `` More Awards Programs , More Winners , More Money '' Archived 2013 - 05 - 31 at the Wayback Machine ... The New York Times . Jump up ^ McIntee , Michael ( January 12 , 2010 ) . `` Wahoo Gazette . Show # 3244 '' . CBS . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2014 . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Castro , Iván A. ( 2006 ) . `` Rita Moreno '' . 100 Hispanics you should know . Libraries Unlimited . ISBN 1 - 59158 - 327 - 6 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Simonson , Robert ( 4 June 2001 ) . `` With Producers , Mel Brooks Has Won Tony , Oscar , Grammy and Emmy '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 19 February 2017 . Retrieved 1 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Waldron , Clarence ( 14 April 2008 ) . `` The view according to Whoopi '' . Jet . Archived from the original on 31 January 2017 . Retrieved 1 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` As it happened : 12 years a slave , Gravity are big Oscar winners '' . FirstPost. Bollywood. 3 March 2014 . Jump up ^ O'Neil , Tom ( 15 August 2008 ) . `` Who will be the next winner of the showbiz awards grand slam ? '' . Gold Derby . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 20 June 2010 . Retrieved 1 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Marks , Peter ( 9 May 1996 ) . `` Adding Drama to a Musical , Andrews Spurns the Tonys '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 21 January 2015 . Retrieved 24 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ Gamerman , Ellen ( 18 April 2016 ) . `` With Pulitzer Prize , Lin - Manuel Miranda Becomes Leading Contender for MacPEGOT '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on 28 November 2016 . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . Forget the coveted ' EGOT ' -- short for the quadruple win of Emmy , Grammy , Oscar and Tony awards to a single person -- Miranda is rewriting the acronym ... Skipping the genius grant , `` PEGOT '' winners include composer Richard Rodgers and Marvin Hamlisch . External links ( edit ) Official website of the Academy Awards Official website of the Emmy Awards Official website of the Grammy Awards Official website of the Tony Awards Links to related articles People who have won Academy , Emmy , Grammy , and Tony Awards Competitive EGOTs Mel Brooks John Gielgud Whoopi Goldberg Marvin Hamlisch Helen Hayes Audrey Hepburn Robert Lopez Rita Moreno Mike Nichols Richard Rodgers Scott Rudin Jonathan Tunick Honorary recipients Harry Belafonte James Earl Jones Quincy Jones Alan Menken Liza Minnelli Barbra Streisand Book : EGOT winners Academy Awards lists Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) Records Oscar season Oscar speech History of film Most wins per ceremony Combined major Oscars Superlatives Big Five All four acting categories Combined major awards Academy , Emmy , Grammy , and Tony Award careers Acting All nominees Best Actor ( by age ) Best Actress ( by age ) Best Supporting Actor ( by age ) Best Supporting Actress ( by age ) Acting noms in foreign language Actor multi-nom years Multi-Best Picture acting careers Multi-win Actors Multi-nom Actors Love curse Directing Best Director ( by age ) Multi-win Directors Film Films Best Picture milestones Foreign - 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"\n\nName\nYear completed\nYears to complete\nEmmy\nGrammy\nOscar\nTony\nCategory(s)\n\n\nRodgers, RichardRichard Rodgers\n1962\n17\n1962\n19601\n1945\n19501,2\nComposer\n\n\nHayes, HelenHelen Hayes3\n1977\n45\n1953\n1977\n19321\n19471,2\nActress\n\n\nMoreno, RitaRita Moreno3\n1977\n16\n19771\n1972\n1961\n1975\nActress/Singer\n\n\nGielgud, JohnJohn Gielgud\n1991\n30\n1991\n1979\n1981\n19611,2\nActor/Director\n\n\nHepburn, AudreyAudrey Hepburn\n19945\n41\n19935\n19945\n19532\n19542\nActress\n\n\nHamlisch, MarvinMarvin Hamlisch\n1995\n23\n19951\n19741\n19731\n1976\nComposer\n\n\nTunick, JonathanJonathan Tunick\n1997\n20\n1982\n1988\n1977\n1997\nComposer/Conductor\n\n\nBrooks, MelMel Brooks\n2001\n34\n19671\n19981\n1968\n20011\nWriter/Composer/Actor\n\n\nNichols, MikeMike Nichols\n2001\n40\n20011\n1961\n1967\n19641\nDirector/Actor\n\n\nGoldberg, WhoopiWhoopi Goldberg\n2002\n17\n20021,2,4\n1985\n1990\n2002\nActress/Host/Producer\n\n\nRudin, ScottScott Rudin\n2012\n28\n1984\n2012\n2007\n19941\nProducer\n\n\nLopez, RobertRobert Lopez\n2014\n10\n20081,4\n20121\n2014\n20041\nComposer\n\n",
"\n\nName\nYear completed\nYears to complete\nEmmy\nGrammy\nOscar\nTony\nCategory(s)\n\n\nRodgers, RichardRichard Rodgers\n1962\n17\n1962\n19601\n1945\n19501,2\nComposer\n\n\nHayes, HelenHelen Hayes3\n1977\n45\n1953\n1977\n19321\n19471,2\nActress\n\n\nMoreno, RitaRita Moreno3\n1977\n16\n19771\n1972\n1961\n1975\nActress/Singer\n\n\nGielgud, JohnJohn Gielgud\n1991\n30\n1991\n1979\n1981\n19611,2\nActor/Director\n\n\nHepburn, AudreyAudrey Hepburn\n19945\n41\n19935\n19945\n19532\n19542\nActress\n\n\nHamlisch, MarvinMarvin Hamlisch\n1995\n23\n19951\n19741\n19731\n1976\nComposer\n\n\nTunick, JonathanJonathan Tunick\n1997\n20\n1982\n1988\n1977\n1997\nComposer/Conductor\n\n\nBrooks, MelMel Brooks\n2001\n34\n19671\n19981\n1968\n20011\nWriter/Composer/Actor\n\n\nNichols, MikeMike Nichols\n2001\n40\n20011\n1961\n1967\n19641\nDirector/Actor\n\n\nGoldberg, WhoopiWhoopi Goldberg\n2002\n17\n20021,2,4\n1985\n1990\n2002\nActress/Host/Producer\n\n\nRudin, ScottScott Rudin\n2012\n28\n1984\n2012\n2007\n19941\nProducer\n\n\nLopez, RobertRobert Lopez\n2014\n10\n20081,4\n20121\n2014\n20041\nComposer\n\n",
"\n\nName\nYear completed\nYears to complete\nEmmy\nGrammy\nOscar\nTony\nCategory(s)\n\n\nRodgers, RichardRichard Rodgers\n1962\n17\n1962\n19601\n1945\n19501,2\nComposer\n\n\nHayes, HelenHelen Hayes3\n1977\n45\n1953\n1977\n19321\n19471,2\nActress\n\n\nMoreno, RitaRita Moreno3\n1977\n16\n19771\n1972\n1961\n1975\nActress/Singer\n\n\nGielgud, JohnJohn Gielgud\n1991\n30\n1991\n1979\n1981\n19611,2\nActor/Director\n\n\nHepburn, AudreyAudrey Hepburn\n19945\n41\n19935\n19945\n19532\n19542\nActress\n\n\nHamlisch, MarvinMarvin Hamlisch\n1995\n23\n19951\n19741\n19731\n1976\nComposer\n\n\nTunick, JonathanJonathan Tunick\n1997\n20\n1982\n1988\n1977\n1997\nComposer/Conductor\n\n\nBrooks, MelMel Brooks\n2001\n34\n19671\n19981\n1968\n20011\nWriter/Composer/Actor\n\n\nNichols, MikeMike Nichols\n2001\n40\n20011\n1961\n1967\n19641\nDirector/Actor\n\n\nGoldberg, WhoopiWhoopi Goldberg\n2002\n17\n20021,2,4\n1985\n1990\n2002\nActress/Host/Producer\n\n\nRudin, ScottScott Rudin\n2012\n28\n1984\n2012\n2007\n19941\nProducer\n\n\nLopez, RobertRobert Lopez\n2014\n10\n20081,4\n20121\n2014\n20041\nComposer\n\n",
"\n\nName\nYear completed\nYears to complete\nEmmy\nGrammy\nOscar\nTony\nCategory(s)\n\n\nRodgers, RichardRichard Rodgers\n1962\n17\n1962\n19601\n1945\n19501,2\nComposer\n\n\nHayes, HelenHelen Hayes3\n1977\n45\n1953\n1977\n19321\n19471,2\nActress\n\n\nMoreno, RitaRita Moreno3\n1977\n16\n19771\n1972\n1961\n1975\nActress/Singer\n\n\nGielgud, JohnJohn Gielgud\n1991\n30\n1991\n1979\n1981\n19611,2\nActor/Director\n\n\nHepburn, AudreyAudrey Hepburn\n19945\n41\n19935\n19945\n19532\n19542\nActress\n\n\nHamlisch, MarvinMarvin Hamlisch\n1995\n23\n19951\n19741\n19731\n1976\nComposer\n\n\nTunick, JonathanJonathan Tunick\n1997\n20\n1982\n1988\n1977\n1997\nComposer/Conductor\n\n\nBrooks, MelMel Brooks\n2001\n34\n19671\n19981\n1968\n20011\nWriter/Composer/Actor\n\n\nNichols, MikeMike Nichols\n2001\n40\n20011\n1961\n1967\n19641\nDirector/Actor\n\n\nGoldberg, WhoopiWhoopi Goldberg\n2002\n17\n20021,2,4\n1985\n1990\n2002\nActress/Host/Producer\n\n\nRudin, ScottScott Rudin\n2012\n28\n1984\n2012\n2007\n19941\nProducer\n\n\nLopez, RobertRobert Lopez\n2014\n10\n20081,4\n20121\n2014\n20041\nComposer\n\n",
"\n\nName\nYear completed\nYears to complete\nEmmy\nGrammy\nOscar\nTony\nCategory(s)\n\n\nRodgers, RichardRichard Rodgers\n1962\n17\n1962\n19601\n1945\n19501,2\nComposer\n\n\nHayes, HelenHelen Hayes3\n1977\n45\n1953\n1977\n19321\n19471,2\nActress\n\n\nMoreno, RitaRita Moreno3\n1977\n16\n19771\n1972\n1961\n1975\nActress/Singer\n\n\nGielgud, JohnJohn Gielgud\n1991\n30\n1991\n1979\n1981\n19611,2\nActor/Director\n\n\nHepburn, AudreyAudrey Hepburn\n19945\n41\n19935\n19945\n19532\n19542\nActress\n\n\nHamlisch, MarvinMarvin Hamlisch\n1995\n23\n19951\n19741\n19731\n1976\nComposer\n\n\nTunick, JonathanJonathan Tunick\n1997\n20\n1982\n1988\n1977\n1997\nComposer/Conductor\n\n\nBrooks, MelMel Brooks\n2001\n34\n19671\n19981\n1968\n20011\nWriter/Composer/Actor\n\n\nNichols, MikeMike Nichols\n2001\n40\n20011\n1961\n1967\n19641\nDirector/Actor\n\n\nGoldberg, WhoopiWhoopi Goldberg\n2002\n17\n20021,2,4\n1985\n1990\n2002\nActress/Host/Producer\n\n\nRudin, ScottScott Rudin\n2012\n28\n1984\n2012\n2007\n19941\nProducer\n\n\nLopez, RobertRobert Lopez\n2014\n10\n20081,4\n20121\n2014\n20041\nComposer\n\n",
"\n\nName\nYear completed\nYears to complete\nEmmy\nGrammy\nOscar\nTony\nCategory(s)\n\n\nRodgers, RichardRichard Rodgers\n1962\n17\n1962\n19601\n1945\n19501,2\nComposer\n\n\nHayes, HelenHelen Hayes3\n1977\n45\n1953\n1977\n19321\n19471,2\nActress\n\n\nMoreno, RitaRita Moreno3\n1977\n16\n19771\n1972\n1961\n1975\nActress/Singer\n\n\nGielgud, JohnJohn Gielgud\n1991\n30\n1991\n1979\n1981\n19611,2\nActor/Director\n\n\nHepburn, AudreyAudrey Hepburn\n19945\n41\n19935\n19945\n19532\n19542\nActress\n\n\nHamlisch, MarvinMarvin Hamlisch\n1995\n23\n19951\n19741\n19731\n1976\nComposer\n\n\nTunick, JonathanJonathan Tunick\n1997\n20\n1982\n1988\n1977\n1997\nComposer/Conductor\n\n\nBrooks, MelMel Brooks\n2001\n34\n19671\n19981\n1968\n20011\nWriter/Composer/Actor\n\n\nNichols, MikeMike Nichols\n2001\n40\n20011\n1961\n1967\n19641\nDirector/Actor\n\n\nGoldberg, WhoopiWhoopi Goldberg\n2002\n17\n20021,2,4\n1985\n1990\n2002\nActress/Host/Producer\n\n\nRudin, ScottScott Rudin\n2012\n28\n1984\n2012\n2007\n19941\nProducer\n\n\nLopez, RobertRobert Lopez\n2014\n10\n20081,4\n20121\n2014\n20041\nComposer\n\n",
"\n\nName\nYear completed\nYears to complete\nEmmy\nGrammy\nOscar\nTony\nCategory(s)\n\n\nRodgers, RichardRichard Rodgers\n1962\n17\n1962\n19601\n1945\n19501,2\nComposer\n\n\nHayes, HelenHelen Hayes3\n1977\n45\n1953\n1977\n19321\n19471,2\nActress\n\n\nMoreno, RitaRita Moreno3\n1977\n16\n19771\n1972\n1961\n1975\nActress/Singer\n\n\nGielgud, JohnJohn Gielgud\n1991\n30\n1991\n1979\n1981\n19611,2\nActor/Director\n\n\nHepburn, AudreyAudrey Hepburn\n19945\n41\n19935\n19945\n19532\n19542\nActress\n\n\nHamlisch, MarvinMarvin Hamlisch\n1995\n23\n19951\n19741\n19731\n1976\nComposer\n\n\nTunick, JonathanJonathan Tunick\n1997\n20\n1982\n1988\n1977\n1997\nComposer/Conductor\n\n\nBrooks, MelMel Brooks\n2001\n34\n19671\n19981\n1968\n20011\nWriter/Composer/Actor\n\n\nNichols, MikeMike Nichols\n2001\n40\n20011\n1961\n1967\n19641\nDirector/Actor\n\n\nGoldberg, WhoopiWhoopi Goldberg\n2002\n17\n20021,2,4\n1985\n1990\n2002\nActress/Host/Producer\n\n\nRudin, ScottScott Rudin\n2012\n28\n1984\n2012\n2007\n19941\nProducer\n\n\nLopez, RobertRobert Lopez\n2014\n10\n20081,4\n20121\n2014\n20041\nComposer\n\n",
"\n\nName\nYear completed\nYears to complete\nEmmy\nGrammy\nOscar\nTony\nCategory(s)\n\n\nRodgers, RichardRichard Rodgers\n1962\n17\n1962\n19601\n1945\n19501,2\nComposer\n\n\nHayes, HelenHelen Hayes3\n1977\n45\n1953\n1977\n19321\n19471,2\nActress\n\n\nMoreno, RitaRita Moreno3\n1977\n16\n19771\n1972\n1961\n1975\nActress/Singer\n\n\nGielgud, JohnJohn Gielgud\n1991\n30\n1991\n1979\n1981\n19611,2\nActor/Director\n\n\nHepburn, AudreyAudrey Hepburn\n19945\n41\n19935\n19945\n19532\n19542\nActress\n\n\nHamlisch, MarvinMarvin Hamlisch\n1995\n23\n19951\n19741\n19731\n1976\nComposer\n\n\nTunick, JonathanJonathan Tunick\n1997\n20\n1982\n1988\n1977\n1997\nComposer/Conductor\n\n\nBrooks, MelMel Brooks\n2001\n34\n19671\n19981\n1968\n20011\nWriter/Composer/Actor\n\n\nNichols, MikeMike Nichols\n2001\n40\n20011\n1961\n1967\n19641\nDirector/Actor\n\n\nGoldberg, WhoopiWhoopi Goldberg\n2002\n17\n20021,2,4\n1985\n1990\n2002\nActress/Host/Producer\n\n\nRudin, ScottScott Rudin\n2012\n28\n1984\n2012\n2007\n19941\nProducer\n\n\nLopez, RobertRobert Lopez\n2014\n10\n20081,4\n20121\n2014\n20041\nComposer\n\n",
"\n\nName\nYear completed\nYears to complete\nEmmy\nGrammy\nOscar\nTony\nCategory(s)\n\n\nRodgers, RichardRichard Rodgers\n1962\n17\n1962\n19601\n1945\n19501,2\nComposer\n\n\nHayes, HelenHelen Hayes3\n1977\n45\n1953\n1977\n19321\n19471,2\nActress\n\n\nMoreno, RitaRita Moreno3\n1977\n16\n19771\n1972\n1961\n1975\nActress/Singer\n\n\nGielgud, JohnJohn Gielgud\n1991\n30\n1991\n1979\n1981\n19611,2\nActor/Director\n\n\nHepburn, AudreyAudrey Hepburn\n19945\n41\n19935\n19945\n19532\n19542\nActress\n\n\nHamlisch, MarvinMarvin Hamlisch\n1995\n23\n19951\n19741\n19731\n1976\nComposer\n\n\nTunick, JonathanJonathan Tunick\n1997\n20\n1982\n1988\n1977\n1997\nComposer/Conductor\n\n\nBrooks, MelMel Brooks\n2001\n34\n19671\n19981\n1968\n20011\nWriter/Composer/Actor\n\n\nNichols, MikeMike Nichols\n2001\n40\n20011\n1961\n1967\n19641\nDirector/Actor\n\n\nGoldberg, WhoopiWhoopi Goldberg\n2002\n17\n20021,2,4\n1985\n1990\n2002\nActress/Host/Producer\n\n\nRudin, ScottScott Rudin\n2012\n28\n1984\n2012\n2007\n19941\nProducer\n\n\nLopez, RobertRobert Lopez\n2014\n10\n20081,4\n20121\n2014\n20041\nComposer\n\n",
"\n\nName\nYear completed\nYears to complete\nEmmy\nGrammy\nOscar\nTony\nCategory(s)\n\n\nRodgers, RichardRichard Rodgers\n1962\n17\n1962\n19601\n1945\n19501,2\nComposer\n\n\nHayes, HelenHelen Hayes3\n1977\n45\n1953\n1977\n19321\n19471,2\nActress\n\n\nMoreno, RitaRita Moreno3\n1977\n16\n19771\n1972\n1961\n1975\nActress/Singer\n\n\nGielgud, JohnJohn Gielgud\n1991\n30\n1991\n1979\n1981\n19611,2\nActor/Director\n\n\nHepburn, AudreyAudrey Hepburn\n19945\n41\n19935\n19945\n19532\n19542\nActress\n\n\nHamlisch, MarvinMarvin Hamlisch\n1995\n23\n19951\n19741\n19731\n1976\nComposer\n\n\nTunick, JonathanJonathan Tunick\n1997\n20\n1982\n1988\n1977\n1997\nComposer/Conductor\n\n\nBrooks, MelMel Brooks\n2001\n34\n19671\n19981\n1968\n20011\nWriter/Composer/Actor\n\n\nNichols, MikeMike Nichols\n2001\n40\n20011\n1961\n1967\n19641\nDirector/Actor\n\n\nGoldberg, WhoopiWhoopi Goldberg\n2002\n17\n20021,2,4\n1985\n1990\n2002\nActress/Host/Producer\n\n\nRudin, ScottScott Rudin\n2012\n28\n1984\n2012\n2007\n19941\nProducer\n\n\nLopez, RobertRobert Lopez\n2014\n10\n20081,4\n20121\n2014\n20041\nComposer\n\n",
"\n\nName\nYear completed\nYears to complete\nEmmy\nGrammy\nOscar\nTony\nCategory(s)\n\n\nRodgers, RichardRichard Rodgers\n1962\n17\n1962\n19601\n1945\n19501,2\nComposer\n\n\nHayes, HelenHelen Hayes3\n1977\n45\n1953\n1977\n19321\n19471,2\nActress\n\n\nMoreno, RitaRita Moreno3\n1977\n16\n19771\n1972\n1961\n1975\nActress/Singer\n\n\nGielgud, JohnJohn Gielgud\n1991\n30\n1991\n1979\n1981\n19611,2\nActor/Director\n\n\nHepburn, AudreyAudrey Hepburn\n19945\n41\n19935\n19945\n19532\n19542\nActress\n\n\nHamlisch, MarvinMarvin Hamlisch\n1995\n23\n19951\n19741\n19731\n1976\nComposer\n\n\nTunick, JonathanJonathan Tunick\n1997\n20\n1982\n1988\n1977\n1997\nComposer/Conductor\n\n\nBrooks, MelMel Brooks\n2001\n34\n19671\n19981\n1968\n20011\nWriter/Composer/Actor\n\n\nNichols, MikeMike Nichols\n2001\n40\n20011\n1961\n1967\n19641\nDirector/Actor\n\n\nGoldberg, WhoopiWhoopi Goldberg\n2002\n17\n20021,2,4\n1985\n1990\n2002\nActress/Host/Producer\n\n\nRudin, ScottScott Rudin\n2012\n28\n1984\n2012\n2007\n19941\nProducer\n\n\nLopez, RobertRobert Lopez\n2014\n10\n20081,4\n20121\n2014\n20041\nComposer\n\n",
"\n\nName\nYear completed\nYears to complete\nEmmy\nGrammy\nOscar\nTony\nCategory(s)\n\n\nRodgers, RichardRichard Rodgers\n1962\n17\n1962\n19601\n1945\n19501,2\nComposer\n\n\nHayes, HelenHelen Hayes3\n1977\n45\n1953\n1977\n19321\n19471,2\nActress\n\n\nMoreno, RitaRita Moreno3\n1977\n16\n19771\n1972\n1961\n1975\nActress/Singer\n\n\nGielgud, JohnJohn Gielgud\n1991\n30\n1991\n1979\n1981\n19611,2\nActor/Director\n\n\nHepburn, AudreyAudrey Hepburn\n19945\n41\n19935\n19945\n19532\n19542\nActress\n\n\nHamlisch, MarvinMarvin Hamlisch\n1995\n23\n19951\n19741\n19731\n1976\nComposer\n\n\nTunick, JonathanJonathan Tunick\n1997\n20\n1982\n1988\n1977\n1997\nComposer/Conductor\n\n\nBrooks, MelMel Brooks\n2001\n34\n19671\n19981\n1968\n20011\nWriter/Composer/Actor\n\n\nNichols, MikeMike Nichols\n2001\n40\n20011\n1961\n1967\n19641\nDirector/Actor\n\n\nGoldberg, WhoopiWhoopi Goldberg\n2002\n17\n20021,2,4\n1985\n1990\n2002\nActress/Host/Producer\n\n\nRudin, ScottScott Rudin\n2012\n28\n1984\n2012\n2007\n19941\nProducer\n\n\nLopez, RobertRobert Lopez\n2014\n10\n20081,4\n20121\n2014\n20041\nComposer\n\n"
] | [
"Richard Rodgers",
"Helen Hayes",
"Rita Moreno",
"John Gielgud",
"Audrey Hepburn",
"Marvin Hamlisch",
"Jonathan Tunick",
"Mel Brooks",
"Mike Nichols",
"Whoopi Goldberg",
"Scott Rudin",
"Robert Lopez"
] |
-8065741173884220833 | Iroh | Iroh - wikipedia Iroh Iroh Avatar : The Last Airbender / The Legend of Korra character First appearance `` The Boy in the Iceberg '' Last appearance `` The Ultimatum '' Created by Michael Dante DiMartino Bryan Konietzko Portrayed by Shaun Toub ( The Last Airbender ) Voiced by Mako Iwamatsu ( seasons 1 - 2 ) Greg Baldwin ( season 2 - 3 , The Legend of Korra ) Information Nickname ( s ) The Dragon of the West Aliases Mushi ( refugee alias ) Gender Male Family Azulon ( father ) Ilah ( mother ) Ozai ( brother ) Children Lu Ten ( son ) Relatives Zuko ( nephew ) Azula ( niece ) Affinity : Jinzuk ( father - in - law ) Rina ( mother - in - law ) Ursa ( sister - in - law ) Roku ( grandfather - in - law ) Ta Min ( grandmother - in - law ) Grandfamily : Sozin ( grandfather ) Izumi ( grandniece ) Iroh Jr. ( great - grandnephew ) Nationality Fire Nation Bending element Primary : Firebending Sub-styles : Lightning ( generation / redirection ) Age 65 ( series ) 66 ( comics ) Hair color Gray ( originally brown ) Eye color Brown General Iroh ( 艾 洛 , Aì Luò ) is a fictional character in Nickelodeon 's animated television series Avatar : The Last Airbender . Created by Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko , the character was voiced by Mako Iwamatsu in season one and season two and , due to Mako 's death , by Greg Baldwin , in season three and the sequel series The Legend of Korra . A retired General of the Fire Nation , a nation whose Benders utilize the element of fire , Iroh is the elder brother of Fire Lord Ozai . Though he accompanied his exiled nephew Zuko on his quest to capture Aang in order to restore the young prince 's honor and birthright , Iroh acts as a patient and wise mentor who seeks to help his nephew become a better person than his father . In the episode `` Tales of Ba Sing Se '' , Iroh 's name was written as 艾 洛 ( aì lùo ) and was dedicated `` In Honor of Mako '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Plot overview 3 Personality 4 Firebending and special skills 5 Reception 6 Appearance in other media 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Prior to the events in The Last Airbender , Iroh was the firstborn son of Fire Lord Azulon , but Azulon was succeeded by his second son , Ozai , because Iroh 's blood line ended with the death of his son Lu Ten , as he was grieving the death of his only son in the siege of Ba Sing Se . It was believed that Iroh killed off the last of their world 's dragons , earning him the title `` Dragon of the West '' , but it was later revealed that he was secretly the dragons ' pupil , and thus learned from them to derive his Firebending powers from vitality rather than the conventional rage . He became a Grand - Lotus ( high - ranking member ) of the international secret society of philosophers , teachers , and warriors known as the Order of the White Lotus . Plot overview ( edit ) When the story begins in Book One , Iroh is shown accompanying the banished Prince Zuko in his search for the Avatar , a superhuman whose task to maintain world order made him a threat to the Fire Nation 's campaign . Upon discovering the Avatar , Iroh accompanied Zuko . Having learnt of Zhao 's plan to kill the moon spirit to cancel Waterbending , disrupting the natural order , Iroh attacks Zhao and is subsequently named a traitor . During Book Two , he and his nephew are now fugitives from the Fire Nation . After being gravely wounded by his niece Azula and healed by his nephew , Iroh teaches Zuko a Waterbending - inspired technique of absorbing and redirecting lightning . Iroh eventually takes refuge in the Earth capital Ba Sing Se , where he and Zuko operate a tea - house . Iroh is dismayed when Azula convinces her brother to betray them and is arrested while covering Aang and Katara 's escape from the conquered city . In Book Three , held in a Fire Nation prison , Iroh fakes despair while preparing himself for the solar eclipse , during which Firebending does not work . Prior to the eclipse , Iroh reveals to Zuko that he is descended from Avatar Roku through his mother . Once the eclipse begins , Iroh easily escapes prison , described as being a one - man army even without his bending . In the series finale , Iroh is revealed to have called the White Lotus to reveal themselves and liberate Ba Sing Se . Upon being reunited with Zuko , Iroh tells him to become the new Firelord . Soon after Zuko 's crowning as Firelord , Iroh takes residence in a new tea shop in Ba Sing Se ; the final scenes of the series take place in that tea shop . In the comic book sequel The Promise , Iroh offers Aang and Zuko advice on the Harmony Restoration Movement . He also reveals a new culinary invention -- bubble tea -- which Aang and Zuko do not enjoy . Iroh muses he is a man before his time . In The Search , Iroh returns to his birthright as Firelord while Zuko and Team Avatar locate Zuko 's mother Ursa . Bored with his new title , he uses his authority to declare a National Tea Appreciation Day . In the sequel series The Legend of Korra , Iroh is revealed to have used a form of astral projection at the time of his death to become a resident of the Spirit World . In the episode `` A New Spiritual Age '' , Iroh comes to the aid of Aang 's reincarnation , Avatar Korra , who had been trapped unprepared deep in the Spirit World . He set her on the right path and welcomed her to visit him anytime , in any of her lifetimes . In `` Darkness Falls '' , having known them in life , Iroh encounters Aang 's children Tenzin , Kya , and Bumi when they enter the Spirit World and provides them with hints as to the location of the spirit of Tenzin 's daughter Jinora . Korra again encounters Iroh in `` The Ultimatum , '' when she enters the Spirit World in search of Zaheer . Korra explains to Iroh that she is confused and does n't know how to deal with the threat Zaheer poses to both the newly reformed Air Nation and the world . Iroh suggests that Korra seek Zuko 's counsel , as Aang once did . Zuko 's grandson is named Iroh and is a general of the United Forces , the armed services of the United Republic of Nations . Personality ( edit ) Easygoing , friendly , and dryly good - humored , Iroh treats his self - imposed exile as an extended vacation . Something of a hedonist in his old age , he shows more interest in relaxation and amusement than in the pursuit of the Avatar . Despite his age , Iroh is seen flirting with various women throughout the series , and has been addressed as `` handsome '' on multiple occasions . Nevertheless , he is a seasoned and wily strategist , a powerful Firebending master , and a loving mentor to his nephew . Unlike most Firebenders shown , he holds great respect for the neighboring peoples and willingly opposes any common threat . In `` Tales of Ba Sing Se '' , it is suggested that his perpetual optimism and generosity are a form of post-traumatic growth resulting from the death of his son Lu Ten . This can be seen in his song `` Leaves from the Vine '' , which he sings on the anniversary of Lu Ten 's birthday . Iroh is particularly fond of food , good tea , the strategy game Pai Sho , and pleasant music . He later displays skill at playing the pipa and other musical instruments . Most likely because of his love of tea , he is an amateur botanist , though his misinterpretation of some plant characteristics leads him to accidentally poison himself . His character is best shown in his relationship with his nephew , Zuko , upon whom he imposes introspection . Firebending and special skills ( edit ) Iroh is a retired general with a lifetime of combat experience and a reputation of honor , loyalty and integrity . Iroh is highly skilled in Firebending which utilizes chinese martial arts techniques of Changquan , Shaolinquan , Lóng Xíng Mó Qiáo and Xing Yi Quan . Iroh also taught Zuko how to redirect lightning , a technique he discovered by studying waterbending . Reception ( edit ) Iroh was a well - received character in the series . He was seen as Zuko 's foil with him being the elderly , mellow and wise individual and Zuko being the young abrasive naïve prince . Iroh and Zuko 's relationship was praised for its authenticity and humor . Iroh is described as a `` mystical buddha '' who served as Zuko 's moral compass . In some circles , Iroh was viewed as an inspirational character , with his quotes on the series described as encouraging . While many of the series ' other major characters were maturing throughout the course of the series , Iroh was already a `` changed man '' who already suffered tremendous loss and `` matured '' through that loss . Iroh 's vignette in the episode `` The Tales of Ba Sing Se '' , was described as an `` emotional gut - punch '' by reviewer Rebecca Pahle . Reviewer Hayden Childs characterized Iroh 's vignette as `` a lovely piece of storytelling '' and praised Mako Iwamatsu 's `` amazing performance '' in the character 's short story . Reviewer Matt London admitted to being `` reduced to tears '' while watching Iroh 's vignette . He praised Iwamatsu 's performance in voicing the character , while characterizing Ozai stealing Iroh 's birthright as the next Fire Lord as `` almost Shakespearean '' . Reviewer Keval Shah termed the scene where Iroh sacrificing himself to allow Aang and Katara escape Azula in the season two finale , `` The Crossroads of Destiny '' , as `` emotional '' . Shah praised the `` superb development '' of the character . Iroh 's appearances in the Legend of Korra series was also well received . Iroh 's advice to Korra where he states `` Even in the material world , you will find that if you look for the light , you can often find it ; but if you look for the dark , that is all you will ever see . '' was observed to bear a striking resemblance to philosophies contained in Rhonda Byrne 's work The Secret . Iroh 's introduction into the series was observed as a plot device to help Korra , who at that point was a somewhat unpopular character among fans and critics alike , become a more likeable protagonist . Appearance in other media ( edit ) Shaun Toub plays Iroh in the feature film The Last Airbender . This version of the character is not as comedic as his cartoon counterpart , but retains his role as mentor to Zuko . Unlike other Firebenders in the movie , who require a source of fire to bend , Iroh can generate fire merely by using his chi . He also appears in the video game Avatar : The Burning Earth , as a character in both the main story , and in multiplayer mode . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Voice Over : Greg Baldwin '' . SBV. 2006 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Pittarese , Frank ( 2006 ) . `` Nation Exploration '' . Nickelodeon Magazine ( Winter 2006 ) : 2 . Jump up ^ Director : Ethan Spaulding ; Writers : Joann Estoesta , Lisa Wahlander , Andrew Huebner , Gary Scheppke , Lauren MacMullan , Katie Mattila , Justin Ridge , Giancarlo Volpe ( 2006 - 09 - 29 ) . `` Tales of Ba Sing Se '' . Avatar : The Last Airbender . Season 2 . Episode 15 . Nickelodeon . ^ Jump up to : Director : Lauren MacMullan ; Writer : Elizabeth Welch Ehasz ( 2006 - 05 - 12 ) . `` Zuko Alone '' . Avatar : The Last Airbender . Season 2 . Episode 7 . Nickelodeon . Jump up ^ Director : Dave Filoni ; Writers : Michael Dante DiMartino , Bryan Konietzko ( 2005 - 02 - 21 ) . `` The Avatar Returns '' . Avatar : The Last Airbender . Season 1 . Episode 2 . Nickelodeon . Jump up ^ Director : Giancarlo Volpe ; Writers : Aaron Ehasz , Elizabeth Welch Ehasz , Tim Hedrick , John O'Bryan ( 2006 - 03 - 17 ) . `` The Avatar State '' . Avatar : The Last Airbender . Season 2 . Episode 1 . Nickelodeon . Jump up ^ Director : Giancarlo Volpe ; Writer : Tim Hedrick ( 2006 - 04 - 14 ) . `` The Swamp '' . Avatar : The Last Airbender . Season 2 . Episode 4 . Nickelodeon . ^ Jump up to : Director : Ethan Spaulding ; Writer : Aaron Ehasz ( 2006 - 06 - 02 ) . `` Bitter Work '' . Avatar : The Last Airbender . Season 2 . Episode 9 . Nickelodeon . Jump up ^ `` The Crossroads of Destiny '' . Avatar : The Last Airbender . Season 2 ( Book 2 ) . Episode 20 . 2006 - 12 - 01 . Nickelodeon . Jump up ^ Director : Joaquim dos Santos ; Writer : John O'Brien ( 2007 - 09 - 28 ) . `` The Headband '' . Avatar : The Last Airbender . Season 3 . Episode 2 . Nickelodeon . Jump up ^ Director : Giancarlo Volpe ; Writer : Tim Hedrick ( 2007 - 10 - 12 ) . `` Sokka 's Master '' . Avatar : The Last Airbender . Season 3 . Episode 4 . Nickelodeon . Jump up ^ Director : Joaquim dos Santos ; Writer : Aaron Ehasz ( 2007 - 11 - 26 ) . `` The Day of Black Sun Part 2 : The Eclipse '' . Avatar : The Last Airbender . Season 3 . Episode 11 . Nickelodeon . Jump up ^ Director : Ethan Spaulding ; Writers : Elizabeth Welch Ehasz , Michael Dante DiMartino , Bryan Konietzko ( 2008 - 07 - 19 ) . `` Sozin 's Comet '' . Avatar : The Last Airbender . Season 3 . Episode 58 - 61 . Nickelodeon . Jump up ^ `` Next 3 Locations unlocked on Nick.com Interactive site '' . The Last Airbender Online . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Bato of the Water Tribe '' . Avatar : The Last Airbender . Season 1 ( Book 1 ) . Episode 15 . 2006 - 10 - 07 . Nickelodeon . Jump up ^ Director : Giancarlo Volpe ; Writers : Michael Dante DiMartino , Bryan Konietzko ( 2006 - 09 - 15 ) . `` The Drill '' . Avatar : The Last Airbender . Season 2 . Episode 13 . Nickelodeon . Jump up ^ Director : Lauren MacMullan ; Writer : Michael Dante DiMartino ( 2005 - 02 - 25 ) . `` The Southern Air Temple '' . Avatar : The Last Airbender . Season 1 . Episode 3 . Nickelodeon . Jump up ^ Director : Anthony Lioi ; Writer : John O'Bryan ( 2005 - 04 - 29 ) . `` The Waterbending Scroll '' . Avatar : The Last Airbender . Season 1 . Episode 9 . Nickelodeon . Jump up ^ Director : Lauren MacMullan ; Writer : Aaron Ehasz ( 2005 - 06 - 03 ) . `` The Storm '' . Avatar : The Last Airbender . Season 1 . Episode 12 . Nickelodeon . Jump up ^ Director : Lauren MacMullan ; Writer : Joshua Hamilton ( 2006 - 03 - 24 ) . `` The Cave of Two Lovers '' . Avatar : The Last Airbender . Season 2 . Episode 2 . Nickelodeon . Jump up ^ The Lost Scrolls : Fire , page 159 of The Lost Scrolls Collection . Jump up ^ http://www.kungfumagazine.com/ezine/article.php?article=1038 Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon 's Official Avatar : The Last Airbender Flash Site '' . Nick.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Director : Ethan Spaulding ; Writer : Elizabeth Welch Ehasz ( April 7 , 2006 ) . `` Return to Omashu '' . Avatar : The Last Airbender . Season 2 . Episode 3 . Nickelodeon . Jump up ^ Kenny , Charles ( August 19 , 2012 ) . `` Avatar Character Analysis '' . The Animation Anomaly . Jump up ^ McMahon , Colin ( March 28 , 2014 ) . `` The Wisdom to Be Learned from Uncle Iroh '' . The Red Rings of Redemption . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Edirisuriya , Anuradha ( March 6 , 2011 ) . `` Iroh 's Inspirational Quotes '' . Wisdom , Justice and Love . Jump up ^ Pahle , Rebecca ( September 16 , 2014 ) . `` Avatar : The Last Airbender Newbie Recap : `` The Tales of Ba Sing Se '' `` . The Mary Sue . Jump up ^ Childs , Hayden ( November 22 , 2011 ) . `` Avatar : The Last Airbender : `` Tales of Ba Sing Se '' / `` Appa 's Lost Days '' `` . The A.V. Club . Jump up ^ London , Matt ( May 12 , 2011 ) . `` Avatar Rewatch : `` Tales of Ba Sing Se '' ( episode 215 ) `` . TOR.com . Jump up ^ Shah , Keval ( 2 January 2014 ) . `` The Biggest Problem with the Legend of Korra is the Unlikability of its Characters '' . Avatar : The Legend of Korra Online . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Kirkpatrick , Noel ( November 9 , 2013 ) . `` The Legend of Korra `` A New Spiritual Age '' Review : The Light in the Teapot `` . TV.com . Jump up ^ Sava , Oliver ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` The Legend of Korra `` A New Spiritual Age '' `` . A.V. Club . Jump up ^ Ferrell , Kaci ( November 9 , 2013 ) . `` The Legend of Korra season 2 episode 10 review : A New Spiritual Age '' . Den of Geek . External links ( edit ) Iroh at Nick.com hide Avatar Created by Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko The Last Airbender Episodes Book 1 : Water Book 2 : Earth Book 3 : Fire `` Sozin 's Comet '' Comics The Promise The Search The Rift Smoke and Shadow North and South Characters Aang Appa Zuko Katara Sokka Toph Beifong Iroh Azula Video games Avatar : The Last Airbender The Burning Earth Into the Inferno Other Lego Roller coaster ride Trading card game The Legend of Korra Episodes Book 1 : Air `` Welcome to Republic City '' Book 2 : Spirits `` Rebel Spirit '' `` The Southern Lights '' `` Civil Wars '' Book 3 : Change Book 4 : Balance Comics Turf Wars Characters Korra Asami Sato Bolin Mako Tenzin Lin Beifong Zaheer Kuvira Video games The Legend of Korra A New Era Begins Film The Last Airbender video game soundtrack Zuko 's Story Related Nicktoons Nitro Nicktoons MLB Book Nickelodeon portal Animation portal Television portal 2000s portal Fictional characters portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iroh&oldid=846056363 '' Categories : Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Avatar : The Last Airbender characters Fictional members of secret societies Fictional characters with electric or magnetic abilities Fictional characters with fire or heat abilities Fictional generals Fictional Asian people Fictional Changquan practitioners Fictional Lóng Xíng Mó Qiáo practitioners Fictional Shaolin kung fu practitioners Fictional Xing Yi Quan practitioners Fictional princes Fictional prison escapees Male characters in animation Dark Horse Comics characters Animated human characters Hidden categories : Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Dansk Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Polski Português Simple English Türkçe Українська 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 June 2018 , at 00 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who voiced iroh in avatar the last airbender | [
"\n\nIroh\n\n\nAvatar: The Last Airbender / The Legend of Korra character\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst appearance\n\"The Boy in the Iceberg\"\n\n\nLast appearance\n\"The Ultimatum\"\n\n\nCreated by\nMichael Dante DiMartino\nBryan Konietzko\n\n\nPortrayed by\nShaun Toub (The Last Airbender)\n\n\nVoiced by\nMako Iwamatsu (seasons 1-2)\nGreg Baldwin (season 2-3, The Legend of Korra)[1]\n\n\nInformation\n\n\nNickname(s)\nThe Dragon of the West\n\n\nAliases\nMushi (refugee alias)\n\n\nGender\nMale\n\n\nFamily\nAzulon (father)\nIlah (mother)\nOzai (brother)\n\n\nChildren\nLu Ten (son)\n\n\nRelatives\nZuko (nephew)\nAzula (niece)\nAffinity:\nJinzuk (father-in-law)\nRina (mother-in-law)\nUrsa (sister-in-law)\nRoku (grandfather-in-law)\nTa Min (grandmother-in-law)\nGrandfamily:\nSozin (grandfather)\nIzumi (grandniece)\nIroh Jr. (great-grandnephew)\n\n\nNationality\nFire Nation\n\n\nBending element\nPrimary:\n\n\nFirebending\n\n\nSub-styles:\n\n\nLightning (generation/redirection)\n\n\n\n\n\nAge\n65 (series)\n66 (comics)\n\n\nHair color\nGray (originally brown)\n\n\nEye color\nBrown\n\n",
"\n\nIroh\n\n\nAvatar: The Last Airbender / The Legend of Korra character\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst appearance\n\"The Boy in the Iceberg\"\n\n\nLast appearance\n\"The Ultimatum\"\n\n\nCreated by\nMichael Dante DiMartino\nBryan Konietzko\n\n\nPortrayed by\nShaun Toub (The Last Airbender)\n\n\nVoiced by\nMako Iwamatsu (seasons 1-2)\nGreg Baldwin (season 2-3, The Legend of Korra)[1]\n\n\nInformation\n\n\nNickname(s)\nThe Dragon of the West\n\n\nAliases\nMushi (refugee alias)\n\n\nGender\nMale\n\n\nFamily\nAzulon (father)\nIlah (mother)\nOzai (brother)\n\n\nChildren\nLu Ten (son)\n\n\nRelatives\nZuko (nephew)\nAzula (niece)\nAffinity:\nJinzuk (father-in-law)\nRina (mother-in-law)\nUrsa (sister-in-law)\nRoku (grandfather-in-law)\nTa Min (grandmother-in-law)\nGrandfamily:\nSozin (grandfather)\nIzumi (grandniece)\nIroh Jr. (great-grandnephew)\n\n\nNationality\nFire Nation\n\n\nBending element\nPrimary:\n\n\nFirebending\n\n\nSub-styles:\n\n\nLightning (generation/redirection)\n\n\n\n\n\nAge\n65 (series)\n66 (comics)\n\n\nHair color\nGray (originally brown)\n\n\nEye color\nBrown\n\n"
] | [
"Mako Iwamatsu",
"Greg Baldwin"
] |
1730778239363448403 | English-speaking world | English - speaking world - wikipedia English - speaking world Jump to : navigation , search Nations in which English is an official language ( de facto or de jure ) . Anglosphere countries are a subset of those where English is the main native language . Anglosphere Official as majority language Official as minority language Co-official as majority language Co-official as minority language Unofficial Not official as majority language Not official as minority language Approximately 330 to 360 million people speak English as their first language . The United States has the most native speakers at 258 million . Additionally , there are 62 million native English speakers in the United Kingdom , 32 million in Canada , 20 million in Australia , and 4.5 million in New Zealand . Other countries also use English as their primary and official languages . English is the third largest language by number of native speakers , after Mandarin and Spanish . Estimates that include second language speakers vary greatly , from 470 million to more than 1 billion . David Crystal calculates that non-native speakers as of 2003 outnumbered native speakers by a ratio of 3 to 1 . When combining native and non-native speakers , English is the second most widely spoken language worldwide . Besides the major varieties of English , such as American English , British English , Indian English , Canadian English , Australian English , Irish English , New Zealand English and their sub-varieties , countries such as South Africa , the Philippines , Jamaica and Nigeria also have millions of native speakers of dialect continua ranging from English - based creole languages to Standard English . Contents ( hide ) 1 Majority English - speaking countries 2 Countries where English is an official language 3 English as a global language 4 References 5 Bibliography Majority English - speaking countries ( edit ) Countries where English is spoken natively by the majority of the population . Main articles : List of countries by English - speaking population and Anglosphere There are six large countries with a majority of native English speakers that are sometimes grouped under the term Anglosphere . They are , in descending order of English speakers , the United States ( at least 231 million ) , the United Kingdom ( 60 million ) , Canada ( at least 20 million ) , Australia ( at least 17 million ) , , Ireland ( 4.2 million ) , New Zealand ( 3.7 million ) , and Singapore ( at least 2.5 million ) . Pie chart showing the percentage of native English speakers living in `` inner circle '' English - speaking countries . Native speakers are now substantially outnumbered worldwide by second - language speakers of English ( not counted in this chart ) . United States ( 64.3 % ) United Kingdom ( 16.7 % ) Canada ( 5.3 % ) Australia ( 4.7 % ) South Africa ( 1.3 % ) Republic of Ireland ( 1.1 % ) New Zealand ( 1 % ) Singapore ( 0.7 % ) Other ( 4.9 % ) English is also the primary natively spoken language in the countries and territories of Anguilla , Antigua and Barbuda , the Bahamas , Barbados , Belize , Bermuda , the British Indian Ocean Territory , the British Virgin Islands , the Cayman Islands , Dominica , the Falkland Islands , Gibraltar , Grenada , Guam , Guernsey , Guyana , the Isle of Man , Jamaica , Jersey , Montserrat , Pitcairn Islands , Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha , Saint Kitts and Nevis , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands , Trinidad and Tobago , and the Turks and Caicos Islands . Other substantial communities of native speakers are found in South Africa ( 4.8 million ) and Nigeria ( 4 million , 5 % ) . Countries where English is an official language ( edit ) Main article : List of territorial entities where English is an official language In some countries where English is not the most spoken language , it is an official language ; these countries include Botswana , Cameroon ( co-official with French ) , the Federated States of Micronesia , Fiji , Ghana , Hong Kong , India , Kenya , Kiribati , Lesotho , Liberia , Malta , the Marshall Islands , Mauritius , Namibia , Nigeria , Pakistan , Palau , Papua New Guinea , the Philippines , Rwanda , Saint Lucia , Samoa , Seychelles , Sierra Leone , the Solomon Islands , Sri Lanka , Sudan , South Africa , South Sudan , Swaziland , Tanzania , Uganda , Zambia and Zimbabwe . There also are countries where in a part of the territory English became a co-official language , e.g. Colombia 's San Andrés y Providencia and Nicaragua 's Mosquito Coast . This was a result of the influence of British colonization in the area . India has the largest number of second - language speakers of English ( see Indian English ) ; Crystal ( 2004 ) claims that , combining native and non-native speakers , India has more people who speak or understand English than any other country in the world . English is one of the eleven official languages that are given equal status in South Africa ( South African English ) . It is also the official language in current dependent territories of Australia ( Norfolk Island , Christmas Island and Cocos Island ) and of the United States ( American Samoa , Guam , Northern Mariana Islands , Puerto Rico ( in Puerto Rico , English is co-official with Spanish ) and the US Virgin Islands ) , and the former British colony of Hong Kong . ( See List of countries where English is an official language for more details . ) Although the United States federal government has no official languages , English has been given official status by 32 of the 50 US state governments . Although falling short of official status , English is also an important language in several former colonies and protectorates of the United Kingdom , such as Bahrain , Bangladesh , Brunei , Cyprus and the United Arab Emirates . English as a Global language ( edit ) See also : English in computing , International English , World Englishes , World language , and English as a second or foreign language Countries in which English is the first language of the majority of the population . Countries in which English is an official , but not the majority language . Because English is so widely spoken , it has often been referred to as a `` world language '' , the lingua franca of the modern era , and while it is not an official language in most countries , it is currently the language most often taught as a foreign language . It is , by international treaty , the official language for aeronautical and maritime communications . English is one of the official languages of the United Nations and many other international organizations , including the International Olympic Committee . English is studied most often in the European Union , and the perception of the usefulness of foreign languages among Europeans is 67 percent in favour of English ahead of 17 percent for German and 16 percent for French ( as of 2012 ) . Among some of the non-English - speaking EU countries , the following percentages of the adult population claimed to be able to converse in English in 2012 : 90 percent in the Netherlands , 89 percent in Malta , 86 percent in Sweden and Denmark , 73 percent in Cyprus and Austria , 70 percent in Finland , and over 50 percent in Greece , Belgium , Luxembourg , Slovenia , and Germany . In 2012 , excluding native speakers , 38 percent of Europeans consider that they can speak English . Books , magazines , and newspapers written in English are available in many countries around the world , and English is the most commonly used language in the sciences with Science Citation Index reporting as early as 1997 that 95 % of its articles were written in English , even though only half of them came from authors in English - speaking countries . In publishing , English literature predominates considerably with 28 percent of all books published in the world ( leclerc 2011 ) and 30 percent of web content in 2011 ( from 50 percent in 2000 ) . This increasing use of the English language globally has had a large impact on many other languages , leading to language shift and even language death , and to claims of linguistic imperialism . English itself has become more open to language shift as multiple regional varieties feed back into the language as a whole . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Crystal 2006 , pp. 424 -- 426 . Jump up ^ `` Summary by language size '' . Ethnologue : Languages of the World . Retrieved 10 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Crystal , David ( 2003 ) . English as a Global Language ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 69 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 53032 - 3 . Jump up ^ Ryan 2013 , Table 1 . Jump up ^ Office for National Statistics 2013 , Key Points . Jump up ^ National Records of Scotland 2013 . Jump up ^ Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency 2012 , Table KS207NI : Main Language . Jump up ^ Statistics Canada 2014 . Jump up ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics 2013 . Jump up ^ Statistics New Zealand 2014 . Jump up ^ Data are from national censuses conducted in 2010 or 2011 in the reported countries . Jump up ^ Statistics South Africa 2012 , Table 2.5 Population by first language spoken and province ( number ) . Jump up ^ Crystal 2004b . Jump up ^ Nancy Morris ( 1995 ) . Puerto Rico : Culture , Politics , and Identity . Praeger / Greenwood . p. 62 . ISBN 0 - 275 - 95228 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. English , Inc '' . U.S. English . Archived from the original on 6 January 2010 . Retrieved 21 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. English Chairman Applauds West Virginia Bill to Declare English the States Official Language '' . U.S. English . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : David Graddol ( 1997 ) . `` The Future of English ? '' ( PDF ) . The British Council . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 February 2007 . Retrieved 15 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Crystal , David ( 2003a ) . English as a Global Language ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 69 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 53032 - 3 . Retrieved 4 February 2015 . Lay summary ( PDF ) -- Library of Congress ( sample ) ( 4 February 2015 ) . Northrup , David ( 20 March 2013 ) . How English Became the Global Language . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 30306 - 6 . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . Lay summary ( 25 March 2015 ) . Jump up ^ `` ICAO Promotes Aviation Safety by Endorsing English Language Testing '' . International Civil Aviation Organization . 13 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` IMO Standard Marine Communication Phrases '' . International Maritime Organization . Archived from the original on 27 December 2003 . Jump up ^ European Commission ( June 2012 ) . Special Eurobarometer 386 : Europeans and Their Languages ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Eurobarometer Special Surveys . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . Lay summary ( PDF ) ( 27 March 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Northrup 2013 . Jump up ^ David Crystal ( 2000 ) Language Death , Preface ; viii , Cambridge University Press , Cambridge Jump up ^ Jambor , Paul Z. ( April 2007 ) . `` English Language Imperialism : Points of View '' . Journal of English as an International Language . 2 : 103 -- 123 . Bibliography ( edit ) Australian Bureau of Statistics ( 28 March 2013 ) . `` 2011 Census QuickStats : Australia '' . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . Bao , Z. ( 2006 ) . `` Variation in Nonnative Varieties of English '' . In Brown , Keith . Encyclopedia of language & linguistics . Elsevier . pp. 377 -- 380 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 08 - 044299 - 0 . doi : 10.1016 / B0 - 08 - 044854 - 2 / 04257 - 7 . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . Lay summary ( 6 February 2015 ) . -- via ScienceDirect ( Subscription may be required or content may be available in libraries . ) Crystal , David ( 19 November 2004b ) . `` Subcontinent Raises Its Voice '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 4 February 2015 . National Records of Scotland ( 26 September 2013 ) . `` Census 2011 : Release 2A '' . Scotland 's Census 2011 . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency ( 11 December 2012 ) . `` Census 2011 : Key Statistics for Northern Ireland December 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Statistics Bulletin . Table KS207NI : Main Language . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . Office for National Statistics ( 4 March 2013 ) . `` Language in England and Wales , 2011 '' . 2011 Census Analysis . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . Ryan , Camille ( August 2013 ) . `` Language Use in the United States : 2011 '' ( PDF ) . American Community Survey Reports . p. 1 . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . Statistics Canada ( 22 August 2014 ) . `` Population by mother tongue and age groups ( total ) , 2011 counts , for Canada , provinces and territories '' . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . Statistics New Zealand ( April 2014 ) . `` 2013 QuickStats About Culture and Identity '' ( PDF ) . p. 23 . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . Statistics South Africa ( 2012 ) . Census 2011 : Census in Brief ( PDF ) . Report No. 03 - 01 - 41 . Table 2.5 Population by first language spoken and province ( number ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 621 - 41388 - 5 . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . Language portal Australia portal Canada portal New Zealand portal South Africa portal United Kingdom portal United States portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English-speaking_world&oldid=804968457 '' Categories : English language Country classifications Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - or - libraries content Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Español Esperanto ქართული Magyar Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 06 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | percentage of native english speakers in the world | [
"Approximately 330 to 360 million people speak English as their first language.[1] The United States has the most native speakers at 258 million. Additionally, there are 62 million native English speakers in the United Kingdom, 32 million in Canada, 20 million in Australia, and 4.5 million in New Zealand. Other countries also use English as their primary and official languages."
] | [
"Approximately 330 to 360 million people speak English as their first language.[1] The United States has the most native speakers at 258 million. Additionally, there are 62 million native English speakers in the United Kingdom, 32 million in Canada, 20 million in Australia, and 4.5 million in New Zealand."
] |
-2599831385948618704 | Truman Doctrine | Truman Doctrine - wikipedia Truman Doctrine U.S. President Harry Truman . The Truman Doctrine was an American foreign policy whose stated purpose was to counter Soviet geopolitical expansion during the Cold War . It was announced to Congress by President Harry S. Truman on March 12 , 1947 , and further developed on July 12 , 1948 , when he pledged to contain threats to Greece and Turkey . Direct American military force was usually not involved , but Congress appropriated financial aid to support the economies and militaries of Greece and Turkey . More generally , the Truman Doctrine implied American support for other nations allegedly threatened by Soviet communism . The Truman Doctrine became the foundation of American foreign policy , and led , in 1949 , to the formation of NATO , a military alliance that is still in effect . Historians often use Truman 's speech to date the start of the Cold War . Truman told Congress that `` it must be the policy of the United States to support free people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures . '' Truman claims that because totalitarian regimes coerced free peoples , they automatically represented a threat to international peace and the national security of the United States . Truman made the plea in the midst of the Greek Civil War ( 1946 -- 49 ) . He argued that if Greece and Turkey did not receive the aid , they would inevitably fall to communism with grave consequences throughout the region . Because Turkey and Greece were historic rivals , it was considered necessary to help both equally even though the crisis in Greece was far more intense . Critics of the policy have observed that the governments of Greece and Turkey were themselves far from democratic at this time , and neither were facing Soviet subversion in the spring of 1949 . Historian Eric Foner writes that the Doctrine `` set a precedent for American assistance to anticommunist regimes throughout the world , no matter how undemocratic , and for the creation of a set of global military alliances directed against the Soviet Union . '' For years , Britain had supported Greece , but was now near bankruptcy and was forced to radically reduce its involvement . In February 1947 , Britain formally requested for the United States to take over its role in supporting the royalist Greek government . The policy won the support of Republicans who controlled Congress and involved sending $400 million in American money but no military forces to the region . The effect was to end the Greek revolt , and in 1952 , both Greece and Turkey joined NATO , a military alliance , to guarantee their stability . The Truman Doctrine was informally extended to become the basis of American Cold War policy throughout Europe and around the world . It shifted American foreign policy toward the Soviet Union from détente ( a relaxation of tension ) to a policy of containment of Soviet expansion as advocated by diplomat George Kennan . It was distinguished from rollback by implicitly tolerating the previous Soviet takeovers in Eastern Europe . Contents 1 Turkish Straits crisis 2 Greek crisis 3 Truman 's address 4 Long - term policy and metaphor 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links Turkish Straits crisis ( edit ) Main article : Turkish Straits crisis The Turkish Straits At the conclusion of World War II , Turkey was pressured by the Soviet government to allow Russian shipping to flow freely through the Turkish Straits , which connected the Black Sea to the Mediterranean . As the Turkish government would not submit to the Soviet Union 's requests , tensions arose in the region , leading to a show of naval force on the side of the Soviets . Since British assistance to Turkey had ended in 1947 , the U.S. dispatched military aid to ensure that Turkey would retain chief control of the passage . Turkey received $100 million in economic and military aid and the U.S sent the aircraft carrier Franklin D. Roosevelt . The postwar period from 1946 started with a `` multi-party period '' and the Democratic Party government of Adnan Menderes . Greek crisis ( edit ) Main articles : White Terror ( Greece ) and Greek Civil War King George II of Greece ( r . 1922 -- 24 , 1935 -- 47 ) , whose rule was opposed by a communist insurgency in the Greek Civil War Six weeks after the Axis powers abandoned Greece in October 1944 , the British helped retake Athens from the victorious National Liberation Front ( EAM ) , controlled effectively by the Greek Communist Party ( KKE ) . This began with a mass killing of largely unarmed EAM supporters known as the Dekemvriana on December 3 . The leftists attempted to retaliate , but were outgunned by the British - backed government and subjected to the White Terror . With the full outbreak of civil war ( 1946 -- 49 ) , guerrilla forces controlled by the Greek Communist Party sustained a revolt against the internationally recognized Greek government which was formed after 1946 elections boycotted by the KKE . The British realized that the KKE were being directly funded by Josip Broz Tito in neighboring Yugoslavia . In line with the Churchill - Stalin `` percentages agreement '' , the Greek communists received no help from the Soviet Union , and Yugoslavia provided them support and sanctuary against Stalin 's wishes . By late 1946 , Britain informed the United States that due to its own weakening economy , it could no longer continue to provide military and economic support to royalist Greece . In 1946 -- 47 , the United States and the Soviet Union moved from being wartime allies to Cold War adversaries . The breakdown of Allied cooperation in Germany provided a backdrop of escalating tensions for the Truman Doctrine . To Truman , the growing unrest in Greece began to look like a pincer movement against the oil - rich areas of the Middle East and the warm - water ports of the Mediterranean . George F. Kennan ( 1904 -- 2005 ) proposed the doctrine of containment in 1946 . In February 1946 , Kennan , an American diplomat in Moscow , sent his famed `` Long Telegram '' , which predicted the Soviets would only respond to force and that the best way to handle them would be through a long - term strategy of containment , that is stopping their geographical expansion . After the British warned that they could no longer help Greece , and following Prime Minister Konstantinos Tsaldaris 's visit to Washington in December 1946 to ask for American assistance , the U.S. State Department formulated a plan . Aid would be given to both Greece and Turkey , to help cool the long - standing rivalry between them . American policy makers recognized the instability of the region , fearing that if Greece was lost to communism , Turkey would not last long . Similarly , if Turkey yielded to Soviet demands , the position of Greece would be endangered . A regional domino effect threat therefore guided the American decision . Greece and Turkey were strategic allies important for geographical reasons as well , for the fall of Greece would put the Soviets on a particularly dangerous flank for the Turks , and strengthen the Soviet Union 's ability to cut off allied supply lines in the event of war . Truman 's address ( edit ) Dean Acheson ( 1893 -- 1971 ) , who helped craft Truman 's doctrine , was named his secretary of state the following year . To pass any legislation Truman needed the support of the Republicans , who controlled both houses of Congress . The chief Republican spokesman Senator Arthur H. Vandenberg strongly supported Truman and overcame the doubts of isolationists such as Senator Robert A. Taft . Truman laid the groundwork for his request by having key congressional leaders meet with himself , Secretary of State George Marshall , and Undersecretary of State Dean Acheson . Acheson laid out the `` domino theory '' in the starkest terms , comparing a communist state to a rotten apple that could spread its infection to an entire barrel . Vandenberg was impressed , and advised Truman to appear before Congress and `` scare the hell out of the American people . '' On March 7 , Acheson warned Truman that Greece could fall to the communists within weeks without outside aid . When a draft for Truman 's address was circulated to policymakers , Marshall , Kennan , and others criticized it for containing excess `` rhetoric . '' Truman responded that , as Vandenberg had suggested , his request would only be approved if he played up the threat . On March 12 , 1947 , Truman appeared before a joint session of Congress . In his eighteen - minute speech , he stated : I believe it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures . I believe that we must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way . I believe that our help should be primarily through economic and financial aid which is essential to economic stability and orderly political processes . The reaction to Truman 's speech was broadly positive , though there were dissenters . Anti-communists in both parties supported both Truman 's proposed aid package and the doctrine behind it , and Collier 's described it as a `` popularity jackpot '' for the President . Influential columnist Walter Lippmann was more skeptical , noting the open - ended nature of Truman 's pledge ; he felt so strongly that he almost came to blows while arguing with Acheson over the doctrine . Others argued that the Greek monarchy Truman proposed to defend was itself a repressive government , rather than a democracy . Despite these objections , the fear of the growing communist threat almost guaranteed the bill 's passage . In May 1947 , two months after Truman 's request , a large majority of Congress approved $400 million in military and economic aid to Greece and Turkey . Increased American aid helped defeat the KKE , after interim defeats for government forces from 1946 to 1948 . The Truman Doctrine was the first in a series of containment moves by the United States , followed by economic restoration of Western Europe through the Marshall Plan and military containment by the creation of NATO in 1949 . Long - term policy and metaphor ( edit ) The Truman Doctrine underpinned American Cold War policy in Europe and around the world . In the words of historian James T. Patterson , `` The Truman Doctrine was a highly publicized commitment of a sort the administration had not previously undertaken . Its sweeping rhetoric , promising that the United States should aid all ' free people ' being subjugated , set the stage for innumerable later ventures that led to globalistic commitments . It was in these ways a major step . '' The doctrine endured , historian Dennis Merill argues , because it addressed a broader cultural insecurity regarding modern life in a globalized world . It dealt with Washington 's concern over communism 's domino effect , it enabled a media - sensitive presentation of the doctrine that won bipartisan support , and it mobilized American economic power to modernize and stabilize unstable regions without direct military intervention . It brought nation - building activities and modernization programs to the forefront of foreign policy . The Truman Doctrine became a metaphor for emergency aid to keep a nation from communist influence . Truman used disease imagery not only to communicate a sense of impending disaster in the spread of communism but also to create a `` rhetorical vision '' of containing it by extending a protective shield around non-communist countries throughout the world . It echoed the `` quarantine the aggressor '' policy Truman 's predecessor , Franklin D. Roosevelt , had sought to impose to contain German and Japanese expansion in 1937 ( `` quarantine '' suggested the role of public health officials handling an infectious disease ) . The medical metaphor extended beyond the immediate aims of the Truman Doctrine in that the imagery combined with fire and flood imagery evocative of disaster provided the United States with an easy transition to direct military confrontation in later years with communist forces in Korea and Vietnam . By framing ideological differences in life or death terms , Truman was able to garner support for this communism - containing policy . See also ( edit ) Liberal internationalism Anti-communism Reverse course Turkey -- United States relations Greece - United States relations References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : McCullough , David ( 1992 ) . Truman . New York : Simon & Schuster . Jump up ^ Michael Beschloss ( 2006 ) . Our Documents : 100 Milestone Documents From The National Archives . Oxford University Press . pp. 194 -- 99 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 530959 - 1 . Jump up ^ Eric Foner , Give Me Liberty ! An American History ( 2nd ed. , 2008 ) p. 892 Jump up ^ Alan Bullock , Ernest Bevin : Foreign Secretary pp 368 -- 9 ; Arnold Offner , Another Such Victory : President Truman and the Cold War , 1945 -- 2002 ( 2002 ) p 197 ; Denise M. Bostdorff , Proclaiming the Truman Doctrine ( 2008 ) p 51 ^ Jump up to : Merrill 2006 . Jump up ^ Barın Kayaoğlu , `` Strategic imperatives , Democratic rhetoric : The United States and Turkey , 1945 -- 52 . '' Cold War History , Aug 2009 , Vol. 9 ( 3 ) pp. 321 -- 345 Jump up ^ Gerolymatos , André ( 2017 - 01 - 03 ) . An International Civil War : Greece , 1943 - 1949 . Yale University Press . pp. 100 -- 111 . ISBN 9780300180602 . Jump up ^ Gerolymatos , André ( 2017 - 01 - 03 ) . An International Civil War : Greece , 1943 - 1949 . Yale University Press . pp. 194 -- 203 . ISBN 9780300180602 . Jump up ^ Bærentzen , Lars , John O. Iatrides , and Ole Langwitz. Smith . Studies in the History of the Greek Civil War , 1945 -- 1949 . Copenhagen : Museum Tusculanum , 1987 . 273 - 280 . Google Books . Web . 28 Apr. 2010 . online Jump up ^ Bullock , Ernest Bevin : Foreign Secretary ( 1983 ) ch 8 Jump up ^ Painter 2012 , p. 29 : `` Although circumstances differed greatly in Greece , Turkey , and Iran , U.S. officials interpreted events in all three places as part of a Soviet plan to dominate the eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East . Mention of oil was deliberately deleted from Truman 's March 12 , 1947 , address before Congress pledging resistance to communist expansion anywhere in the world ; but guarding access to oil was an important part of the Truman Doctrine . The Truman Doctrine was named after Harry S. Truman . This doctrine stated that that the United States would provide political , military and economic assistance to all democratic nations under threat from external or internal authoritarian forces . '' One draft , for example , of Truman 's speech spoke of the `` great natural resources '' of the Middle East at stake ( Kolko & Kolko 1972 , p. 341 ) . Jump up ^ Freeland , Richard M. ( 1970 ) . The Truman Doctrine and the Origins of McCarthyism . Alfred A. Knopf , Inc . pp. g. 90 . Jump up ^ Spalding , Elizabeth Edwards ( 2006 ) . The First Cold Warrior : Harry Truman , Containment , and the Remaking of Liberal Internationalism . The University Press of Kentucky . p. 64 . Jump up ^ McGhee , George ( 1990 ) . The US - Turkish - NATO Middle East Connection : How the Truman Doctrine Contained the Soviets in the Middle East . St. Harry 's Press . pp. g. 21 . ^ Jump up to : Patterson , James T. ( 1996 ) . Grand Expectations . New York : Oxford University Press . ^ Jump up to : Herring , George C. ( 2008 ) . From Colony to Superpower : U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195078220 . Jump up ^ Ivie 1999 . Bibliography ( edit ) Beisner , Robert L. Dean Acheson : A Life in the Cold War ( 2006 ) Bostdorff , Denise M. Proclaiming the Truman Doctrine : The Cold War Call to Arms ( 2008 ) excerpt and text search Bullock , Alan . Ernest Bevin : Foreign Secretary , 1945 -- 1951 ( 1983 ) on British roles Edwards , Lee . `` Congress and the Origins of the Cold War : The Truman Doctrine , '' World Affairs , Vol. 151 , 1989 online edition Frazier , Robert . `` Acheson and the Formulation of the Truman Doctrine '' Journal of Modern Greek Studies 1999 17 ( 2 ) : 229 -- 251 . ISSN 0738 - 1727 Frazier , Robert . `` Kennan , ' Universalism , ' and the Truman Doctrine , '' Journal of Cold War Studies , Spring 2009 , Vol. 11 Issue 2 , pp 3 -- 34 Gaddis , John Lewis . `` Reconsiderations : Was the Truman Doctrine a Real Turning Point ? '' Foreign Affairs 1974 52 ( 2 ) : 386 -- 402 . ISSN 0015 - 7120 Hinds , Lynn Boyd , and Theodore Otto Windt Jr . The Cold War as Rhetoric : The Beginnings , 1945 -- 1950 ( 1991 ) online edition Iatrides , John O. and Nicholas X . Rizopoulos . `` The International Dimension of the Greek Civil War . '' World Policy Journal 2000 17 ( 1 ) : 87 -- 103 . ISSN 0740 - 2775 Fulltext : in Ebsco Ivie , Robert L. ( 1999 ) . `` Fire , Flood , and Red Fever : Motivating Metaphors of Global Emergency in the Truman Doctrine Speech '' . Presidential Studies Quarterly . 29 ( 3 ) : 570 -- 591 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 0268 - 2141.2003. 00050. x . Jeffrey , Judith S. Ambiguous Commitments and Uncertain Policies : The Truman Doctrine in Greece , 1947 -- 1952 ( 2000 ) . 257 pp . Jones , Howard . `` A New Kind of War '' : America 's Global Strategy and the Truman Doctrine in Greece ( 1989 ) . 327 pp Kayaoğlu , Barın . `` Strategic imperatives , Democratic rhetoric : The United States and Turkey , 1945 -- 52. , '' Cold War History , Aug 2009 , Vol. 9 ( 3 ) . pp. 321 -- 345 Kolko , Joyce ; Kolko , Gabriel ( 1972 ) . The Limits of Power : The World and United States Foreign Policy , 1945 -- 1954 . New York , NY : Harper & Row . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 012447 - 2 . Leffler , Melvyn P. `` Strategy , Diplomacy , and the Cold War : the United States , Turkey , and NATO , 1945 -- 1952 '' Journal of American History 1985 71 ( 4 ) : 807 -- 825 . ISSN 0021 - 8723 in JSTOR Lykogiannis , Athanasios . Britain and the Greek Economic Crisis , 1944 -- 1947 : From Liberation to the Truman Doctrine . U. of Missouri Press , 2002 . 287 pp. online edition McGhee , George . The U.S. - Turkish - NATO Middle East Connection : How the Truman Doctrine and Turkey 's NATO Entry Contained the Soviets in the Middle East . ( 1990 ) . 224 pp . Merrill , Dennis ( 2006 ) . `` The Truman Doctrine : Containing Communism and Modernity '' . Presidential Studies Quarterly . 36 ( 1 ) : 27 -- 37 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1741 - 5705.2006. 00284. x . Meiertöns , Heiko : The Doctrines of US Security Policy -- An Evaluation under International Law ( 2010 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 76648 - 7 . Offner , Arnold A. `` ' Another Such Victory ' : President Truman , American Foreign Policy , and the Cold War . '' Diplomatic History 1999 23 ( 2 ) : 127 -- 155. ISSN 0145 - 2096 Pach Jr. , Chester J. Arming the Free World : The Origins of the United States Military Assistance Program , 1945 -- 1950 , ( 1991 ) online edition Painter , David S. ( 2012 ) . `` Oil and the American Century '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of American History . 99 ( 1 ) : 24 -- 39 . doi : 10.1093 / jahist / jas073 . Pieper , Moritz A. ( 2012 ) . `` Containment and the Cold War : Reexaming the Doctrine of Containment as a Grand Strategy Driving US Cold War Interventions '' . StudentPulse.com . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . Spalding , Elizabeth Edwards . The First Cold Warrior : Harry Truman , Containment , And the Remaking of Liberal Internationalism ( 2006 ) External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Truman Doctrine Truman Comments on Greek Politicking , 1947 Shapell Manuscript Foundation Truman Library website with papers related to the Truman Doctrine Full text of the speech Full text and audio of the speech Cartoon on display at the LoC Harry S. 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"The Truman Doctrine was an American foreign policy whose stated purpose was to counter Soviet geopolitical expansion during the Cold War. It was announced to Congress by President Harry S. Truman on March 12, 1947,[1]:547–9 and further developed on July 12, 1948, when he pledged to contain threats to Greece and Turkey. Direct American military force was usually not involved, but Congress appropriated financial aid to support the economies and militaries of Greece and Turkey. More generally, the Truman Doctrine implied American support for other nations allegedly threatened by Soviet communism. The Truman Doctrine became the foundation of American foreign policy, and led, in 1949, to the formation of NATO, a military alliance that is still in effect. Historians often use Truman's speech to date the start of the Cold War. \n"
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"implied American support for other nations allegedly threatened by Soviet communism"
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-2778657267119515386 | Introducing... The Beatles | Introducing ... The Beatles - wikipedia Introducing ... The Beatles Introducing ... The Beatles Studio album by the Beatles Released 10 January 1964 ( 1964 - 01 - 10 ) Recorded 11 September and 26 November 1962 ; 11 and 20 February 1963 Studio EMI Studios , London Genre Rock and roll Length 27 : 39 Label Vee - Jay Producer George Martin The Beatles North American chronology Beatlemania ! With the Beatles ( 1963 ) Beatlemania ! With the Beatles 1963 Introducing ... The Beatles ( 1964 ) Meet the Beatles ! ( 1964 ) Meet the Beatles ! 1964 The Beatles United States chronology Introducing ... The Beatles ( 1964 ) Introducing ... The Beatles1964 Meet the Beatles ! ( 1964 ) Meet the Beatles ! 1964 Singles from Introducing ... The Beatles `` Please Please Me '' Released : 3 January 1964 `` Twist and Shout '' Released : 2 March 1964 `` Do You Want to Know a Secret '' Released : 23 March 1964 `` Love Me Do '' Released : 27 April 1964 Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic Introducing ... The Beatles is the first Beatles album released in the United States . Originally scheduled for a July 1963 release , the LP came out on 10 January 1964 , on Vee - Jay Records , ten days before Capitol 's Meet the Beatles ! . The latter album , however , entered the U.S. album chart one week before the former . Consequently , when Meet The Beatles ! peaked at No. 1 for eleven consecutive weeks , Introducing ... The Beatles stalled at No. 2 where it remained nine consecutive weeks . It was the subject of much legal wrangling , but ultimately , Vee - Jay was permitted to sell the album until late 1964 , by which time it had sold more than 1.3 million copies . On 24 July 2014 the album was certified gold and platinum by the RIAA . Contents 1 Initial non-release 2 Version one 3 Version two 4 Other versions 4.1 VJ 1092 ( with photos ) 4.2 VJ 1065 ( with the Four Seasons ) 4.3 After Vee Jay license expired : The Early Beatles , Rarities 5 Counterfeits 6 Track listing 7 Personnel 8 Charts and certifications 8.1 Chart performance 8.2 Certifications 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Initial non-release ( edit ) The Beatles ' recording contract that began May 1962 with Parlophone in the United Kingdom gave the parent corporation EMI Records rights to offer any of the group 's recordings to the various labels EMI owned in many countries of the world . However , EMI 's United States subsidiary , Capitol Records , declined to release the `` Please Please Me '' single . Following this , Transglobal , an EMI affiliate that worked to place foreign masters with US record companies , negotiated with several labels before Vee - Jay Records signed a licensing agreement giving it the right of first refusal on Beatles ' records for five years . As part of that agreement , even after its singles releases of `` Please Please Me '' and `` From Me to You '' failed to chart above No. 116 on the Billboard Hot 100 , Vee - Jay planned to release the Please Please Me album in the US , and received copies of the mono and stereo master tapes in late April or early May 1963 . Originally , Vee - Jay considered releasing the Please Please Me LP unaltered , as it appeared in the UK . A surviving acetate made by Universal Recording Corporation of Chicago , probably in May 1963 , contains all 14 songs in the same order as on the UK album , with the title still listed as Please Please Me . But in keeping with the American norm of a 12 - song album , Vee - Jay chose instead to omit `` Please Please Me '' and `` Ask Me Why '' ( which had comprised the first single release ) and change the album 's title to Introducing ... The Beatles . Also , the engineer at Universal in Chicago thought that Paul McCartney 's count - in at the start of `` I Saw Her Standing There '' was extraneous rather than intentionally placed there , so he snipped the `` one , two , three '' ( leaving the `` five '' ) from Vee - Jay 's mono and stereo masters . Except for those omissions , the order and contents of the album were untouched , resulting in a US album that bore the closest resemblance to a British Beatles LP until Revolver in 1966 . Preparations for the LP 's release continued in late June and early July 1963 , including the manufacturing of masters and metal parts and the printing of 6,000 front covers . But , despite the claims of many older Beatles books and discographies that Introducing ... The Beatles was first released on 22 July 1963 , no documentation exists to confirm that the album was released at any time in 1963 . A management shake - up at Vee - Jay , which included the resignation of the label 's president Ewart Abner after he used company money to cover gambling debts , resulted in the cancellation of the release of Introducing ... The Beatles and albums by Frank Ifield , Alma Cogan and a Jewish cantor . Version one ( edit ) Vee - Jay 's financial problems forced it to take care of its most pressing debt first . Because the Beatles and Ifield were low priorities , the label chose not to report royalties on their sales . As a result , Transglobal declared its contract with Vee - Jay null and void on 8 August 1963 . The next single , `` She Loves You '' , was licensed by Transglobal to the Swan label of Philadelphia . On 14 December 1963 , Billboard magazine mentioned that Capitol Records planned an all - out promotional campaign for the Beatles in the United States . Following that , the single `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' was rush released on 26 December . On 7 January 1964 , Vee - Jay 's board of directors met for the first time since the single was released , and it discussed the Beatles ' material it had in the vault . Desperate for cash , the board decided to release Introducing ... The Beatles , even if it meant legal trouble in the future . Metal parts were already at Vee - Jay 's three primary pressing plants , and 6,000 front covers were already printed . But it had no back cover prepared . So , as a stopgap , the label used a back cover slick made from one side of its standard inner sleeve , consisting of full - colour reproductions of the covers of 25 `` other fine albums of significant interest '' . This cover is known by collectors as the `` Ad Back '' version and is highly sought . A second stopgap back cover was used when the `` Ad Back '' slicks were exhausted ; because it is all - white with no printing at all , it is known by collectors as the `` Blank Back '' edition and is also very rare . Finally , third editions contain Vee - Jay 's official back cover , with Introducing The Beatles near the top and the song titles in two columns underneath . All of these were available on the market within days of the 10 January release date . Also in January , `` Please Please Me '' was reissued as a single , this time with `` From Me to You '' as the B - side . But on 16 January 1964 , less than a week after Introducing ... The Beatles was released , Vee - Jay was served with a restraining order stopping further distribution . Beechwood Music , Inc. , Capitol Records ' publishing subsidiary , owned the American publishing rights to `` Love Me Do '' and `` P.S. I Love You '' , and because the two songs had not yet been officially released in the US , Beechwood refused to issue a license for Vee - Jay to release them . Approximately 80,000 copies of Introducing ... The Beatles had been released with the two songs on them , with only 2,000 or so in stereo . Version two ( edit ) To circumvent the restraining order , Vee - Jay quickly reconfigured Introducing ... The Beatles . It removed `` Love Me Do '' and `` P.S. I Love You '' and replaced them with the previously omitted `` Ask Me Why '' and `` Please Please Me '' , though some pressings of the album did not alter the track list . The new versions were prepared in late January and began appearing in stores around 10 February 1964 . Because of the initial restraining order , version two of Introducing ... The Beatles did not enter the Billboard charts until three weeks after Capitol 's Meet the Beatles ! album . Once it did , it quickly rose to the number two spot , where it stayed for nine straight weeks . It also peaked at number two in Cash Box , and it got to number one in Record World magazine . This success inspired a host of other Vee - Jay releases . First came the album Jolly What ! England 's Greatest Recording Stars : The Beatles and Frank Ifield on Stage issued on 26 February , containing the Beatles tracks `` Please Please Me '' , `` From Me to You '' , `` Ask Me Why '' and `` Thank You Girl '' from the 1963 singles and Introducing ... , and other tracks from Frank Ifield . The rereleased single `` Please Please Me '' rose to number three on the Hot 100 , Cash Box and Record World . Soon after , `` Twist and Shout '' was released 2 March on the subsidiary Tollie label with `` There 's a Place '' as the B - side , and `` Do You Want to Know a Secret '' , with `` Thank You Girl '' on the B - side , was issued on 23 March . Both singles went up to number two on the Hot 100 , with `` Twist and Shout '' reaching number one on both Cash Box and Record World . Also a Beatles EP titled Souvenir of Their Visit to America was released by Vee - Jay on 23 March , featuring `` Misery '' , `` A Taste of Honey '' , `` Ask Me Why '' , and `` Anna '' . Even with the replacement of the two Beechwood Music songs , Vee - Jay and Capitol battled in court throughout the early part of 1964 . Injunctions against Vee - Jay 's album were issued , lifted and restored more than once . Because the album was often pressed quickly between restraining orders , there are almost two dozen different label variations , including mono and stereo copies , manufactured at numerous pressing plants . Finally , on 9 April 1964 , the two labels settled . Vee - Jay was granted a license giving it the right to issue the 16 Beatles ' songs it controlled , in any way it saw fit , until 15 October 1964 . At that time , its license expired , and all rights would revert to Capitol . During the time Introducing ... The Beatles was available , it sold approximately 1,300,000 mono copies and approximately 41,000 stereo copies . Because only 3.1 percent of all of the LPs were in stereo , true stereo copies are rare . After the settlement , the Beechwood songs were issued by Vee - Jay as a single , on 27 April on Tollie . `` Love Me Do '' / `` P.S. I Love You '' rose to become the Beatles ' fourth number one single on Billboard and their fifth on both Cash Box and Record World . Other versions ( edit ) Twice before its license expired , Vee - Jay repackaged Introducing ... The Beatles . Although neither album contained any new music , both of them made the Billboard album charts . Vj 1092 ( with photos ) ( edit ) One of these was Songs , Pictures and Stories of the Fabulous Beatles ( Vee - Jay VJLP ( S ) - 1092 ) , which featured a three - quarters gatefold cover , portrait paintings of the four musicians and the text : `` Look inside . Complete story of their favourite male and female singer , their favourite foods , types of girls , sport , hobby , songs , colours , real name , birthplace , birthdays , height , education , color of hair & eyes . '' The inside cover text describes Paul as the `` Nut Beatle '' or `` Beatle Nut '' , John as `` nearsighted '' and the `` Chief Beatle '' , George as the `` quietest '' and the `` one with the deadpan face '' and Ringo as the `` shortest Beatle '' who `` will send his steak back if it is not blood red '' . The back sleeve shows outlines of hearts below each Beatle - photo and holds instructions of how to fill the hearts with personal photos . The record inside the cover did not even contain the new name ; it still stated Introducing ... The Beatles on the label . Songs , Pictures and Stories was released either in late July 1964 or 12 October 1964 , with the latter the more likely date , because it entered the Billboard album chart on 31 October . It eventually peaked at number 63 . Vj 1065 ( with the four Seasons ) ( edit ) The other repackaging was the two - record set The Beatles vs the Four Seasons , which contained copies of Introducing ... The Beatles in one pocket of the gatefold cover and Golden Hits of the Four Seasons ( VJLP 1065 ) in the other . This Vee - Jay creation spent three weeks on the Billboard chart in October 1964 and peaked at number 142 . Though Vee - Jay could not manufacture or distribute any Beatles product after 15 October 1964 , it took a long time for the records to vanish from retail stores . Both Introducing ... The Beatles and Songs , Pictures and Stories of the Fabulous Beatles remained on the Billboard LP chart until 9 January 1965 . After Vee Jay license expired : the early Beatles , Rarities ( edit ) From the start of Beatlemania in the United States until the October 1964 expiration of its rights to Beatles music , Vee - Jay issued four LP albums , four singles , and an EP out of the 16 tracks it gained from its 1963 license period . On 22 March 1965 , Capitol issued The Early Beatles , which contained 11 of the 14 tracks that had previously been issued on Introducing ... The Beatles . `` Misery '' and `` There 's a Place '' , two of the other three songs , would not make their Capitol Records LP debut until 1980 , on the US version of Rarities . The other Introducing ... song was `` I Saw Her Standing There '' , first released in the UK on the Please Please Me LP . The song appeared in the US on both the Vee - Jay album as well as Capitol 's Meet The Beatles ! LP . These two albums marked the only time that two different Beatles ' albums , each from a different record label , were released in the same month with one song appearing on both albums . There is a difference between the two tracks in that Paul 's count - off is cut short on the Vee - Jay release by three numbers leaving only `` four ! '' on the intro . Later , in the summer of 1964 , Capitol would release Something New in the United States with five songs that had already appeared on the American A Hard Day 's Night soundtrack album released by United Artists Records about one month earlier . Introducing ... The Beatles has never been officially released on compact disc in America , although imported second - hand copies have circulated from other countries -- in both mono and stereo versions , mostly with the version two line - up ( with `` Please Please Me '' and `` Ask Me Why '' ) . Counterfeits ( edit ) A counterfeit Introducing ... The Beatles label with the group 's name and album title separated by the centre spindle hole Starting in the late 1960s and continuing through the 1990s , Introducing ... The Beatles was frequently counterfeited . These counterfeits can be identified by the cover printing and quality , the label , or the sound quality . Counterfeits have some significant differences from the commercial issue . Some of the more common variations include ... Labels with the title of the album and the group 's name separated by the center spindle hole ( as shown in the photo to the right ) Labels with color bands that are off - center and / or missing the color green ( as shown in the photo to the right ) Labels with large white `` brackets '' ( no color band ) Album covers with dark brown borders Dating from the late 1970s , George Harrison 's shadow is not visible on the right side of the cover ( However , all legitimate copies of the album and even most counterfeits include his shadow ) . Nearly all fakes claim to be in stereo ( though the actual sound of the record is often in mono ) . As legitimate stereo copies of Introducing ... The Beatles are rare , the majority of copies with `` stereo '' or `` stereophonic '' printed on the cover are counterfeits . There are also known fake versions of Songs , Pictures , and Stories of the Fabulous Beatles . These counterfeits often omit `` Stories '' from the album title , since they are circulated without the gatefold cover and the text inside , renaming it Songs and Pictures of the Fabulous Beatles . These versions have 3 songs not on the original album . `` From Me To You '' ( in place of `` Anna '' ) , `` Love Me Do '' ( in place of `` Ask Me Why '' ) and `` P.S I Love You '' , which opens side 2 rather than `` Please Please Me '' ( The song is rather placed on side 1 , track 3 ) . Track listing ( edit ) All tracks written by Lennon -- McCartney , except where noted . Side one No . Title Lead vocals Length 1 . `` I Saw Her Standing There '' ( McCartney counting `` one , two , three '' is omitted ; recording starts with `` four '' ) Paul McCartney 2 : 50 2 . `` Misery '' John Lennon and Paul McCartney 1 : 48 3 . `` Anna ( Go to Him ) '' ( Arthur Alexander ) John Lennon 3 : 00 4 . `` Chains '' ( Gerry Goffin , Carole King ) George Harrison 2 : 25 5 . `` Boys '' ( Luther Dixon , Wes Farrell ) Ringo Starr 2 : 28 6 . `` Love Me Do '' Paul McCartney and John Lennon 2 : 19 Side two No . Title Lead vocals Length 1 . `` P.S. I Love You '' Paul McCartney 2 : 04 2 . `` Baby It 's You '' ( Burt Bacharach , Mack David , Barney Williams ) John Lennon 2 : 41 3 . `` Do You Want to Know a Secret '' George Harrison 1 : 59 4 . `` A Taste of Honey '' ( Ric Marlow , Bobby Scott ) Paul McCartney 2 : 05 5 . `` There 's a Place '' John Lennon and Paul McCartney 1 : 53 6 . `` Twist and Shout '' ( Phil Medley , Bert Russell ) John Lennon 2 : 33 Personnel ( edit ) The Beatles George Harrison -- lead guitar , backing vocals , lead vocals on `` Chains '' and `` Do You Want to Know a Secret '' John Lennon -- rhythm guitar , harmonica , vocals Paul McCartney -- bass guitar , vocals Ringo Starr -- drums , lead vocals on `` Boys '' Production George Martin -- producer , piano on `` Misery '' , celesta on `` Baby It 's You '' Charts and certifications ( edit ) Chart performance ( edit ) Year Chart Position 1964 US Billboard Top LPs Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Notes ( edit ) Whitburn , Joel ( 2010 ) , Joel Whitburn Presents Top Pop Albums , Seventh Edition , Record Research Inc. , ISBN 0 - 89820 - 183 - 7 Jump up ^ Ruhlmann , William . `` Introducing ... The Beatles - The Beatles Songs , Reviews , Credits , Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 27 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Spizer 2004 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Wallgren 1982 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Spizer 2004 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Spizer 1998 , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Spizer 2007 , p. 256 . Jump up ^ Spizer 1998 , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Spizer 2004 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band '' . Albums . London : Apple Corps . 2013 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Spizer 1998 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Castleman & Podrazik 1976 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Schultheiss 1981 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Wallgren 1982 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Spizer 1998 , p. 120 . ^ Jump up to : Spizer 2004 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Spizer 2004 , p. 40 . ^ Jump up to : Spizer 2004 , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Wallgren 1982 , p. 20 . ^ Jump up to : Spizer 2004 , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Wallgren 1982 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Spizer 2004 , p. 90 . ^ Jump up to : Castleman & Podrazik 1976 , p. 357 . Jump up ^ Wallgren 1982 , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Wallgren 1982 , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Wallgren 1982 , pp. 22 - 27 . Jump up ^ Spizer 2004 , pp. 102 -- 111 . Jump up ^ Spizer 1998 , pp. 138 -- 145 . Jump up ^ Spizer 2004 , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Spizer 1998 , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Wallgren 1982 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Wallgren 1982 , p. 303 . ^ Jump up to : Spizer 1998 , p. 161 . ^ Jump up to : Wallgren 1982 , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Spizer 1998 , p. 169 . Jump up ^ Castleman & Podrazik 1976 , p. 358 . Jump up ^ Wallgren 1982 , p. 160 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Beatles Before Capitol : Part Four '' . Friktech.com . Retrieved 27 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Variations of Introducing the Beatles '' . Eskimo.com . Retrieved 27 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2010 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- The Beatles -- Introducing ... The Beatles '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH References ( edit ) Castleman , Harry ; Podrazik , Walter J. ( 1976 ) . All Together Now : The First Complete Beatles Discography 1961 -- 1975 . New York : Ballantine . ISBN 0 - 345 - 25680 - 8 . Daniels , Frank ( 1 May 2002 ) . `` The Beatles Before Capitol , Part 4 '' . Friktech.com . Retrieved 27 June 2014 . Schultheiss , Tom ( 1981 ) . The Beatles : A Day in the Life . New York : Quick Fox . ISBN 0 - 8256 - 3229 - 3 . Spizer , Bruce ( 1998 ) . Songs , Pictures and Stories of the Fabulous Beatles Records on Vee - Jay . New Orleans : 498 Productions . ISBN 0 - 9662649 - 0 - 8 . Spizer , Bruce ( 2004 ) . The Beatles Are Coming ! The Birth of Beatlemania in America . New Orleans : 498 Productions . ISBN 0 - 9662649 - 9 - 1 . Spizer , Bruce ( 2007 ) . The Beatles Swan Song : `` She Loves You '' and Other Records . New Orleans : 498 Productions . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9662649 - 7 - 5 . Wallgren , Mark ( 1982 ) . The Beatles on Record . New York : Fireside . ISBN 0 - 671 - 45682 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Bruce Spizer 's Songs , Pictures and Stories of the Fabulous Beatles Records on Vee - Jay website The Beatles on Vee - Jay Records The Beatles album discography Albums in the core catalogue are marked in bold . Studio albums Please Please Me With the Beatles A Hard Day 's Night Beatles for Sale Help ! Rubber Soul Revolver Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band The Beatles ( `` White Album '' ) Yellow Submarine Abbey Road Let It Be US albums Introducing ... The Beatles Meet the Beatles ! The Beatles ' Second Album A Hard Day 's Night Something New The Beatles ' Story Beatles ' 65 The Early Beatles Beatles VI Help ! Rubber Soul Yesterday and Today Revolver Magical Mystery Tour Yellow Submarine Hey Jude Canadian albums Twist and Shout The Beatles ' Long Tall Sally Extended plays Twist and Shout The Beatles ' Hits The Beatles ( No. 1 ) All My Loving Souvenir of Their Visit to America Four by the Beatles Long Tall Sally Extracts from the Film A Hard Day 's Night Extracts from the Album A Hard Day 's Night 4 by the Beatles Beatles for Sale Beatles for Sale No. 2 The Beatles ' Million Sellers Yesterday Nowhere Man Magical Mystery Tour Live albums Live ! at the Star - Club in Hamburg , Germany ; 1962 The Beatles at the Hollywood Bowl First Live Recordings Live at the BBC On Air -- Live at the BBC Volume 2 Compilations From Then To You / The Beatles ' Christmas Album Sessions Past Masters Anthology ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) I Saw Her Standing There The Beatles Bootleg Recordings 1963 Remixes Yellow Submarine Songtrack Let It Be ... Naked Love Box sets The Beatles Collection The Beatles : The Collection The Beatles Box The Beatles Box Set The Capitol Albums vol. 1 The Beatles in Mono The Beatles ( The Original Studio Recordings ) The U.S. Albums The Japan Box Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Introducing..._The_Beatles&oldid=857134376 '' Categories : 1964 albums Albums produced by George Martin The Beatles albums Vee - Jay Records albums Albums recorded at Abbey Road Studios Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2014 Use dmy dates from September 2014 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010 Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 19 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what was the name of the beatles first us album | [
"Introducing... The Beatles is the first Beatles album released in the United States. Originally scheduled for a July 1963 release, the LP came out on 10 January 1964, on Vee-Jay Records, ten days before Capitol's Meet the Beatles!. The latter album, however, entered the U.S. album chart one week before the former. Consequently, when Meet The Beatles! peaked at No. 1 for eleven consecutive weeks, Introducing...The Beatles stalled at No. 2 where it remained nine consecutive weeks. It was the subject of much legal wrangling, but ultimately, Vee-Jay was permitted to sell the album until late 1964, by which time it had sold more than 1.3 million copies.[2] On 24 July 2014 the album was certified gold and platinum by the RIAA.\n"
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"Introducing... The Beatles"
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6047304706988794050 | Love It or List It | Love It or List It - wikipedia Love It or List It Jump to : navigation , search Love It or List It Genre Reality renovations , upgrading Created by Maria Armstrong Catherine Fogarty Directed by Various Starring Hilary Farr David Visentin Narrated by Jacqueline Hennessy Theme music composer Lou Pomanti Country of origin Canada United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 10 No. of episodes 130 ( List of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Maria Armstrong Catherine Fogarty Producer ( s ) Maria Armstrong Location ( s ) Toronto , Ontario , Canada , Raleigh -- Durham , North Carolina , United States Running time 44 minutes Production company ( s ) Big Coat Productions Release Original network W Network HGTV Original release September 8 , 2008 -- present External links Website Production website Love It or List It is a Canadian home design TV show currently airing on HGTV , W Network , and on OWN Canada , and is the original show in the Love it or List It franchise . The show is produced by Big Coat Productions and was based in Toronto and other surrounding areas in Ontario , Canada . The show premiered as a primetime program on W Network on September 8 , 2008 , and has since aired on OWN Canada as well as HGTV in the United States . In September 2014 , the show began filming in the United States in North Carolina . In September 2017 , HGTV ordered 20 additional episodes of the program . The next season is to start airing in July 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 2 Host and crew 3 Episodes 4 Franchise 5 International syndication 6 Reception 7 Controversy 8 References 9 External links Format ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Every episode of Love It or List It follows the same formula . A couple ( usually , but not in all cases ) presents their living situation in the current house that they own . In most episodes , the couple is split on whether or not they want to stay in the house . Interior designer Hilary Farr and real estate agent David Visentin tour the couple 's home before meeting with them . The tour usually consists of David finding mostly negative things to say about the residence while Hilary is convinced that she can work magic with whatever plans she is given . At the meetup between the couple and the hosts of the show , both Hilary and David are briefed as to what the couple 's desires are . Hilary is given a list of renovations the couple wants for the current house and her budget for the entire project . David , meanwhile , is tasked with searching for a new home for the couple that both meets their needs and stays within their desired budget . Common challenges faced by Hilary are an inadequate budget to complete the entire request list from the homeowners , often due to discovery of unforeseen issues with the house that are uncovered during the renovation such as lack of compliance with modern building codes . Common issues for David , meanwhile , depend on the homeowners ' desires ; for instance , the couple has children enrolled in the neighborhood school and they do not desire to change , or the potential house is too distant from family members or a workplace . After Hilary 's renovation is complete , the homeowners are given a tour of their current home to see what she was able to accomplish . After the tour , David meets with them and hands them an evaluation of the home 's current market value following the renovations . He will then remind the couple what they could have in one of the new homes they looked at and that they would not get that in their current home . After a moment to deliberate , Hilary and David pose a question to the homeowners . They must choose to either Love It , meaning that they will continue to live in their current home with the renovations , or to List It , meaning that they will buy one of the homes David showed them and sell their current home . After they reveal their decision , the homeowners explain their reasoning to Hilary and David ( who , if they decided to Love It , reacts with incredulity ) before bidding them farewell . Host and crew ( edit ) Hosts Hilary Farr -- Hilary Farr is a home designer from Toronto , Ontario . She has lived in Australia , England , California , and New York City . Farr honed her skills on properties in Los Angeles , Santa Barbara , New York and Toronto . When she first moved back to Toronto , she became the first designer to `` stage '' properties for sale . She continues to build and design homes in the downtown core where she herself owns properties . David Visentin -- David Visentin is a real estate agent in Southern Ontario with Country Living Realty Limited . He has been practicing since 1987 . Assistant Designer Desta Ostapyk ( Canadian episodes ) -- Desta is a Toronto - based designer who graduated in 2004 from the Toronto International Academy of Design and Technology in Interior Design , and has since focused on a career in the Television Industry . She first started working with Big Coat Productions during her last semester of school as an intern for HGTV 's hit series My Parents House . She soon became the Design Stylist for the show . Contractors Eric Eremita ( North Carolina episodes ) -- General contractor and designer Eric Eremita was selected to be the one and only general contractor on HGTV 's `` Love It or List It '' U.S. version , after HGTV network took notice of him when he competed in its `` Brother vs. Brother '' reality show . Eddie Richardson ( Canadian episodes ) -- Eddie Richardson was a contractor on Love It or List It who started his own family business . Richardson has also been a pro-beach volleyball player and professional bass fisherman . Fergus McLaren ( Canadian episodes ) -- Fergus McLaren started up his own construction company , R - Mac Solutions , 10 years ago . Behind the Scenes Architect : Simon West Senior Production Coordinator : Linda Johnstone Construction Coordinator : David Violante Construction Assistants : Chris Blinn , Adam Dalgarno , Ahren Mrowietz , Dale George Design Coordinator : Kaaveh Shoman Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Love It or List It episodes Season Start date End date Episodes Hilary wins David wins September 8 , 2008 January 5 , 2009 12 9 April 6 , 2009 December 7 , 2009 18 10 8 May 3 , 2010 November 8 , 2010 21 9 12 March 14 , 2011 November 11 , 2011 19 12 7 5 February 20 , 2012 November 19 , 2012 18 10 8 6 January 19 , 2013 July 1 , 2013 14 8 6 7 January 8 , 2014 April 9 , 2014 14 11 8 September 8 , 2014 January 19 , 2015 16 8 8 9 March 9 , 2015 December 7 , 2015 22 13 9 Total 154 90 64 Victories for Hilary are families or clients who decided to love their home and stay . Victories for David are families and clients who decided to list and move into a new or better home . Franchise ( edit ) Main article : Love It or List It ( franchise ) Love It or List It has spawned five spinoffs . The first , known as Love It or List It Vancouver ( or Love it or List it Too in the US ) , was launched in winter 2012 and is hosted by Jillian Harris and Todd Talbot . The second spin - off , a British version known as Love It or List It UK , debuted in 2015 , is hosted by Kirstie Allsopp and Phil Spencer . The third spin off , Love It or List It Vacation Homes debuted in spring 2016 and is hosted by Dan Vickery and Elisa Goldhawke . A fourth spin off , Vendre ou renover au Quebec debuted in January 2017 and is hosted by Maika Desnoyers and Daniel Corbin . The fifth spin off , Love It Or List It Australia debuted in September 2017 and is hosted by Andrew Winter and Neale Whittaker . International syndication ( edit ) Country / Region Name Television Network Dubbing / Subtitles Australia Love It or List It Lifestyle Home N / A Canada Love It or List It W Network N / A USA Love It or List It HGTV N / A Spain Tu casa a juicio Divinity Spanish Brazil Ame - a ou Deixe - a Discovery Home & Health Portuguese Norway Bolighjelpen TV 2 ( Norway ) Norwegian Bulgaria Podnovi ili proday Fox Life ( Bulgaria ) Bulgarian Italy Prendere o lasciare Cielo dubbed in Italian Reception ( edit ) On August 31 , 2010 , Love It or List It was nominated for two Gemini Awards : Best Reality Program or Series and Best Direction in a Reality Program or Series . When HGTV premiered the show on the network , the company stated that Love It or List It has been the highest rating reality series since Candice Olson 's Candice Tells All . In 2012 , New York Times ' columnist Gail Collins noted that it was US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton 's favorite TV show . According to Collins , Clinton finds the show `` very calming '' after being interviewed about her departure from politics . In a 2013 interview with Las Vegas Magazine , Vanna White from Wheel of Fortune said it was one of her favourite HGTV programs . Actress Julianne Moore also gave similar praise for the show in an interview with Katie Couric and the Daily Mail . According to the Wall Street Journal , the show and its Vancouver spinoff is one of Canada 's beloved reality series . Controversy ( edit ) In April 2016 , homeowners Deanna Murphy and Tim Sullivan who had participated in a 2015 Love It or List It episode filed suit against production company Big Coat TV , as well as the North Carolina contractor ( Aaron Fitz Construction ) who had been hired by the show to do the renovations on their home . The couple alleges that the renovation funds that they provided were not properly disbursed , and that the work on their home was done to a substandard quality . Moreover , the lawsuit states that the television personalities on the show do not play an active role in the renovation process , and that they were not shown homes on the market by any licensed North Carolina real estate agent . Big Coat TV has commented that they `` do intend to vigorously defend what ( they ) consider to be false allegations . '' The suit was settled in April 2017 . The plaintiffs had signed a confidentiality agreement ; their lawyer would not comment on the settlement . Big Coat had previously filed a countersuit for libel , slander and product disparagement ; parts of that suit had been dismissed by the time of the settlement but that was under appeal by Big Coat . After the agreements had been concluded , both suits were dismissed . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.bigcoatproductions.com/blog/post/love-it-or-list-it-is-on-the-move-to-the-us . Big Coat Productions . Retrieved 12 December 2014 Jump up ^ `` HGTV Orders 20 New Episodes of Hit Series ' Love It or List It ' Scripps Networks Interactive Newsroom '' . newsroom.scrippsnetworksinteractive.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Host Bios ; Hilary Farr `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved June 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Host Bios ; David Visentin `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved June 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Big Coat Productions '' . Big Coat Productions . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2013 . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Love it or List it launches new spin off Jump up ^ `` Kirstie and Phil 's Love It or List It will return for a second series : Channel 4 orders six more episodes of the show to air in 2016 '' . Digital Spy. 2 June 2015 . Retrieved 14 March 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.bigcoatmedia.com/ Jump up ^ http://www.hgtv.ca/tags/love-it-or-list-it-vacation-homes/ Jump up ^ http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/tv/reality-tv/i-fear-pineapples-are-very-much-the-new-owls-love-it-or-list-it-hosts-kiss-and-tell-on-renos/news-story/935d73b586c68943a6a455f02354bef9 Jump up ^ Vlessing , Etan ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` HGTV Acquires Canadian Lifestyle Series ' Love It Or List It ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ W Network 's Top Rated Show ; http://corusent.com/home/Corporate/PressReleases/tabid/1697/Default.aspx?Id=2323 Jump up ^ Maga , Carly ( March 29 , 2012 ) . `` Hillary Clinton 's favorite show is Canada 's ' Love It Or List It ' '' . Ca.omg.yahoo.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Miller , Julie . `` Hillary Clinton 's Unlikely Favorite TV Show Revealed '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vanity Fair : Hillary Clinton 's Unlikely Favorite TV Show Revealed '' . Huffingtonpost.com . November 13 , 2012 . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hillary Clinton likes ' Love It or List It ' '' . Politico.Com . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Love it or list it News , Video and Gossip '' . Jezebel . November 11 , 2012 . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Collins , Gail ( November 10 , 2012 ) . `` Hillary 's Next Move '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Q&A WITH VANNA WHITE '' . Las Vegas Magazine . September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Daily Mail . London http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/you/article-2376232/Julianne-Moore-My-50s-important-years.html . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Julianne Moore Opens Up About Her Family '' . KatieCouric.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` W Network Announces Return of Home - grown Favourites in Fall 2013 Lineup '' . The Wall Street Journal . July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ https://www.bizjournals.com/charlotte/bizwomen/news/latest-news/2017/05/lawsuit-against-producer-of-love-it-or-list-it.html Jump up ^ CNN , Lisa Respers France . `` ' Love It or List It ' homeowners file suit '' . CNN . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` ' Love It Or List It ' homeowners sue over Raleigh renovation '' . miamiherald . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` '' Raleigh property owners settle lawsuit with ' Love It or List It ' `` '' . News & Observer . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ http://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/local/article150134792.html Jump up ^ https://www.bizjournals.com/charlotte/bizwomen/news/latest-news/2017/05/lawsuit-against-producer-of-love-it-or-list-it.html External links ( edit ) Love It or List It on HGTV Love It or List It on W Network Love It or List It at the Internet Movie Database ( hide ) Love It or List It franchise Love It or List It Hosts Hilary Farr David Visentin Other Episodes Love It or List It Vancouver Hosts Jillian Harris Todd Talbot Love It or List It UK Hosts Kirstie Allsopp Phil Spencer Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_It_or_List_It&oldid=834260200 '' Categories : Love It or List It 2008 Canadian television series debuts 2000s Canadian reality television series Television series produced in Toronto 2010s Canadian reality television series Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Use mdy dates from February 2014 Articles needing additional references from November 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 19 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wins more in love it or list it | [
"\n\nSeason\nStart date\nEnd date\nEpisodes\nHilary wins\nDavid wins\n\n\n1\nSeptember 8, 2008\nJanuary 5, 2009\n12\n9\n3\n\n\n2\nApril 6, 2009\nDecember 7, 2009\n18\n10\n8\n\n\n3\nMay 3, 2010\nNovember 8, 2010\n21\n9\n12\n\n\n4\nMarch 14, 2011\nNovember 11, 2011\n19\n12\n7\n\n\n5\nFebruary 20, 2012\nNovember 19, 2012\n18\n10\n8\n\n\n6\nJanuary 19, 2013\nJuly 1, 2013\n14\n8\n6\n\n\n7\nJanuary 8, 2014\nApril 9, 2014\n14\n11\n3\n\n\n8\nSeptember 8, 2014\nJanuary 19, 2015\n16\n8\n8\n\n\n9\nMarch 9, 2015\nDecember 7, 2015\n22\n13\n9\n\n\nTotal\n\n\n154\n90\n64\n\n"
] | [
"Hilary"
] |
5300574792590458259 | Jingle Bell Rock | Jingle Bell Rock - wikipedia Jingle Bell Rock Jump to : navigation , search `` Jingle Bell Rock '' Single by Bobby Helms B - side `` Captain Santa Claus ( and His Reindeer Space Patrol ) '' Released 1957 ( 1957 ) Format 7 - inch Recorded October 1957 Genre Christmas , rock and roll Length 2 : 12 Label Decca 9 - 30513 Songwriter ( s ) Joe Beal Jim Boothe Bobby Helms singles chronology `` My Special Angel '' ( 1957 ) `` Jingle Bell Rock '' ( 1957 ) `` Just a Little Lonesome '' ( 1958 ) `` My Special Angel '' ( 1957 ) `` Jingle Bell Rock '' ( 1957 ) `` Just a Little Lonesome '' ( 1958 ) `` Jingle Bell Rock '' is an American popular Christmas song first released by Bobby Helms in 1957 ( after it was recorded in October 1957 ) . It has received frequent airplay in the United States during every Christmas season since then . `` Jingle Bell Rock '' was composed by Joseph Carleton Beal ( 1900 -- 1967 ) and James Ross Boothe ( 1917 -- 1976 ) . Beal was a Massachusetts - born public relations professional and longtime resident of South Ocean Avenue in Atlantic City , New Jersey , and Boothe was an American writer in the advertising business . Contents ( hide ) 1 Helms recordings 2 Chart and sales performance 2.1 In popular culture 2.2 Bobby Helms 2.3 George Strait 2.4 Aaron Tippin 2.5 Rascal Flatts 2.6 Blake Shelton and Miranda Lambert 3 Hall & Oates version 4 References 5 External links Helms recordings ( edit ) `` Jingle Bell Rock '' has been performed by many , but Helms ' version is the best known . The song 's title and some of its lyrics are an extension of the old Christmas standard , `` Jingle Bells . '' It makes brief references to other popular songs of the 1950s , such as `` Rock Around the Clock , '' and mentions going to a `` Jingle hop . '' An electric guitar played by Hank Garland can be heard playing the first notes of the chorus of `` Jingle Bells . '' Backup singers were the Anita Kerr Quartet . Helms ' original version , on Decca 9 - 30513 from October 1957 , was re-recorded by him on Kapp K - 719 in 1965 , and yet again in 1967 on Little Darlin ' LD - 0038 . In 1970 , Helms recorded an entire album titled Jingle Bell Rock on Certron C - 7013 , releasing the title track on Certron C - 10021 , with a picture sleeve . In yet another re-recording , Helms released a version on Ashley AS - 4200 ( year unknown ) . In 1983 , Helms released his last recording of `` Jingle Bell Rock '' on Black Rose 82713 . Chart and sales performance ( edit ) Helms ' original version charted at No. 13 on Billboard 's Most Played C&W by Jockeys chart , a predecessor to the Hot Country Songs chart . It also crossed to the pop charts , peaking at No. 6 on the Billboard Best Sellers in Stores chart , and at No. 11 on Cashbox magazine 's Top 60 on the week ending January 11 , 1958 . After the song was featured on the soundtrack album to the 1996 film Jingle All the Way , the original Bobby Helms version returned to the Billboard country singles charts in late 1996 and early 1997 , reaching a peak of No. 60 . The Helms version entered the Billboard Hot 100 chart on the week ending December 24 , 2016 , eventually reaching a peak of No. 29 two weeks later . As of November 25 , 2016 , total sales of the digital track of Helms ' original Decca recording stand at 780,000 downloads according to Nielsen SoundScan , placing it ninth on the list of all - time best - selling Christmas / holiday digital singles in SoundScan history . In popular culture ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The song is featured in the opening of Lethal Weapon ( 1987 ) . It 's also featured in Mean Girls ( 2004 ) . Bobby Helms ( edit ) Chart ( 1957 ) Peak position US Best Sellers In Stores ( Billboard ) 6 US Most Played C&W By Jockeys ( Billboard ) 13 Chart ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Peak position US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 18 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 60 Chart ( 2001 - 2017 ) Peak position Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 10 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 63 US Billboard Hot 100 29 US Holiday 100 ( Billboard ) US Holiday Airplay ( Billboard ) George Strait ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 69 Aaron Tippin ( edit ) Chart ( 2002 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 52 Rascal Flatts ( edit ) Chart ( 2008 -- 09 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 29 Blake Shelton and Miranda Lambert ( edit ) Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 37 US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) 34 Hall & Oates version ( edit ) Hall & Oates released a version in 1983 as a non-album single which peaked at number 30 on the Hot 100 Recurrents chart in 2005 , it also reached number 6 on the Billboard 's Holiday Airplay chart on December 13 , 2008 and number 24 on the Hot Holiday Songs chart on December 10 , 2011 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Joseph Carleton Beal , in : Ancestry.com . Biography & Genealogy Master Index ( BGMI ) ( database on - line ) . Provo , UT , USA : The Generations Network , Inc. , 2009 . Jump up ^ Joseph Mills Carleton Beal , in : Ancestry.com . World War I Draft Registration Cards , 1917 -- 1918 ( database on - line ) . Provo , UT , USA : The Generations Network , Inc. , 2005 . Jump up ^ Ancestry.com . Social Security Death Index ( database on - line ) . Provo , UT , USA : The Generations Network , Inc. , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dale V. Nobbman , Christmas Music Companion Fact Book , Hal Leonard Corporation , 2000 , p. 101 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57424 - 067 - 2 . Jump up ^ U.S. Census , 1910 , State of Massachusetts , County of Norfolk , enumeration district 1083 , p. 23 - A , family 578 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Sacrilege Issue '' , The Evening Standard ( Uniontown , Pennsylvania ) , 3 October 1963 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ https://sonichits.com/artist/Bobby_Helms_%26_The_Anita_Kerr_Singers Jump up ^ `` Music : Top 100 Songs Billboard Hot 100 Chart '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Music : Top 100 Songs Billboard Hot 100 Chart '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ Billboard Staff ( November 25 , 2016 ) . `` What Are the Top - Selling Holiday Songs ? '' . Billboard Magazine . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bobby Helms Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bobby Helms Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 -- Slovenian official singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bobby Helms Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard - Artists - Bobby Helms - Holiday 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard - Artists - Bobby Helms - Holiday Airplay '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` George Strait Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Tippin Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Rascal Flatts Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Blake Shelton Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Blake Shelton Chart History ( Country Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Daryl Hall & John Oates chart history for Hot 100 Recurrents '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Daryl Hall & John Oates - Chart history Billboard '' . www.billboard.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Daryl Hall & John Oates - Chart history Billboard '' . www.billboard.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 26 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Daryl Hall & John Oates Daryl Hall John Oates Studio albums Whole Oats ( 1972 ) Abandoned Luncheonette ( 1973 ) War Babies ( 1974 ) Daryl Hall & John Oates ( 1975 ) Bigger Than Both of Us ( 1976 ) Beauty on a Back Street ( 1977 ) Along the Red Ledge ( 1978 ) X-Static ( 1979 ) Voices ( 1980 ) Private Eyes ( 1981 ) H O ( 1982 ) Big Bam Boom ( 1984 ) Ooh Yeah ! ( 1988 ) Change of Season ( 1990 ) Marigold Sky ( 1997 ) Do It for Love ( 2003 ) Our Kind of Soul ( 2004 ) Home for Christmas ( 2006 ) Live albums Livetime ( 1978 ) Live at the Apollo ( 1985 ) Greatest Hits Live ( 2001 ) Compilation albums No Goodbyes ( 1977 ) Rock ' n Soul Part 1 ( 1983 ) The Atlantic Collection ( 1996 ) Playlist : The Very Best of Daryl Hall & John Oates ( 1998 ) The Very Best of Daryl Hall & John Oates ( 2001 ) VH1 Behind the Music : The Daryl Hall and John Oates Collection ( 2002 ) Ultimate Daryl Hall + John Oates ( 2004 ) The Singles ( 2008 ) Singles `` She 's Gone '' ( 1974 ) `` Sara Smile '' ( 1976 ) `` Rich Girl '' ( 1977 ) `` Wait for Me '' ( 1979 ) `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' ( 1980 ) `` Kiss on My List '' ( 1981 ) `` You Make My Dreams '' ( 1981 ) `` Private Eyes '' ( 1981 ) `` I Ca n't Go for That ( No Can Do ) '' ( 1981 ) `` Did It in a Minute '' ( 1982 ) `` Maneater '' ( 1982 ) `` One on One '' ( 1983 ) `` Family Man '' ( 1983 ) `` Jingle Bell Rock '' ( 1983 ) `` Say It Is n't So '' ( 1983 ) `` Adult Education '' ( 1984 ) `` Out of Touch '' ( 1984 ) `` Method of Modern Love '' ( 1985 ) `` A Nite at the Apollo Live ! The Way You Do the Things You Do / My Girl '' ( live ) ( 1985 ) `` Everything Your Heart Desires '' ( 1988 ) `` Love Train '' ( 1989 ) `` So Close '' ( 1990 ) `` Do It for Love '' ( 2002 ) `` Someday We 'll Know '' ( 2003 ) `` Getaway Car '' ( 2003 ) `` I 'll Be Around '' ( 2004 ) `` Without You '' ( 2004 ) `` I Can Dream About You '' ( 2005 ) `` Ooh Child '' ( 2005 ) `` It Came Upon the Midnight Clear '' ( 2006 ) Hall solo albums Sacred Songs ( 1980 ) Three Hearts in the Happy Ending Machine ( 1986 ) Soul Alone ( 1993 ) Ca n't Stop Dreaming ( 1996 ) Laughing Down Crying ( 2011 ) Oates solo albums Phunk Shui ( 2002 ) John Oates : Live at the Historic Wheeler Opera House ( 2004 ) Related articles Discography Interpreting the Masters Volume 1 : A Tribute to Daryl Hall and John Oates Live from Daryl 's House Book Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jingle_Bell_Rock&oldid=831963033 '' Categories : 1957 songs 1964 songs 1967 songs Bobby Helms songs Bill Haley songs Brenda Lee songs Aaron Tippin songs Bobby Rydell songs George Strait songs Hall & Oates songs American Christmas songs Decca Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from March 2018 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardcountryairplay Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Simple English Svenska 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 March 2018 , at 01 : 20 . About Wikipedia | who sings the original jingle bell rock song | [
"\"Jingle Bell Rock\" is an American popular Christmas song first released by Bobby Helms in 1957 (after it was recorded in October 1957). It has received frequent airplay in the United States during every Christmas season since then. \"Jingle Bell Rock\" was composed by Joseph Carleton Beal (1900–1967) and James Ross Boothe (1917–1976). Beal was a Massachusetts-born public relations professional and longtime resident of South Ocean Avenue in Atlantic City, New Jersey, and Boothe was an American writer in the advertising business.[1][2][3][4][5][6]"
] | [
"Bobby Helms"
] |
-7071931288590370994 | Anagnorisis | Anagnorisis - wikipedia Anagnorisis Jump to : navigation , search For the black / death metal band , see Anagnorisis ( band ) . For the German musician , see Anagnorisis ( Sariola ) . Anagnorisis ( / ˌænəɡˈnɒrɪsɪs / ; Ancient Greek : ἀναγνώρισις ) is a moment in a play or other work when a character makes a critical discovery . Anagnorisis originally meant recognition in its Greek context , not only of a person but also of what that person stood for . Anagnorisis was the hero 's sudden awareness of a real situation , the realisation of things as they stood , and finally , the hero 's insight into a relationship with an often antagonistic character in Aristotelian tragedy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Tragedy 2 Comedy 3 Literature and modern usage 3.1 Mystery 3.2 Modern usage 4 See also 5 References Tragedy ( edit ) In his Poetics , as part of his discussion of peripeteia , Aristotle defined anagnorisis as `` a change from ignorance to knowledge , producing love or hate between the persons destined by the poet for good or bad fortune '' ( 1452a ) . It is often discussed along with Aristotle 's concept of catharsis . `` Lear and Cordelia '' by Ford Madox Brown : Lear , driven out by his older daughters and rescued by his youngest , realizes their true characters . In the Aristotelian definition of tragedy , it was the discovery of one 's own identity or true character ( e.g. Cordelia , Edgar , Edmund , etc. in Shakespeare 's King Lear ) or of someone else 's identity or true nature ( e.g. Lear 's children , Gloucester 's children ) by the tragic hero . Aristotle was the first writer to discuss the uses of anagnorisis , with peripeteia caused by it . He considered it the mark of a superior tragedy , as when Oedipus killed his father and married his mother in ignorance , and later learned the truth , or when Iphigeneia in Tauris realizes in time that the strangers she is to sacrifice are her brother and his friend , and refrains from sacrificing them . Aristotle considered these complex plots superior to simple plots without anagnorisis or peripeteia , such as when Medea resolves to kill her children , knowing they are her children , and does so . Another prominent example of anagnorisis in tragedy is in Aeschylus 's `` The Choephoroi '' ( `` Libation Bearers '' ) when Electra recognizes her brother , Orestes , after he has returned to Argos from his exile , at the grave of their father , Agamemnon , who had been murdered at the hands of Clytemnestra , their mother . Electra convinces herself that Orestes is her brother with three pieces of evidence : a lock of Orestes 's hair on the grave , his footprints next to the grave , and a piece of weaving which she embroidered herself . The footprints and the hair are identical to her own . Electra 's awareness is of her brother 's presence , who is the one person who can help her by avenging the death of their father . Comedy ( edit ) Poster for a performance of The Comedy of Errors : When the twins , confused with each other throughout the play , recognize each other 's existence , the play reaches its happy ending . The section of Aristotle 's Poetics dealing with comedy did not survive , but many critics also discuss recognition in comedies . A standard plot of the New Comedy was the final revelation , by birth tokens , that the heroine was of respectable birth and so suitable for the hero to marry . This was often brought about by the machinations of the tricky slave . This plot appears in Shakespeare 's The Winter 's Tale , where a recognition scene in the final act reveals that Perdita is a king 's daughter rather than a shepherdess , and so suitable for her prince lover . Literature and modern usage ( edit ) Mystery ( edit ) The earliest use of anagnorisis in a murder mystery was in `` The Three Apples '' , a classical Arabian Nights tale , where the device is employed to great effect in its twist ending . The protagonist of the story , Ja'far ibn Yahya , is ordered by Harun al - Rashid to find the culprit behind a murder mystery within three days or else be executed . It is only after the deadline has passed , and as he prepares to be executed , that he discovers that the culprit was his own slave all along . Modern usage ( edit ) Anagnorisis , however , is not limited to classical or Elizabethan sources . Author and lecturer Ivan Pintor Iranzo points out that contemporary auteur M. Night Shyamalan uses similar revelations in The Sixth Sense , in which child psychologist Malcolm Crowe successfully treats a child who is having visions of dead people , only to realize at the close of the film that Crowe himself is dead , as well as in Unbreakable , in which the character of David realizes that he survived a train crash that killed the other passengers , due to a supernatural power . Another well known example of anagnorisis from popular culture is the revelation that Darth Vader is the father of Luke Skywalker in The Empire Strikes Back . An extensive account of the history and application of anagnorisis is provided by Terence Cave in his book Recognitions . A humorous definition is included in ' The Banner : mock - heroic verse epic , Part 1 : Sid ' by Robin Gordon : In any moment of such crisis / one thinks , of course , of those devices / which Aristotle said were needed / in any poem . We have heeded / Aristotle , and our plot , / ( beginning , middle , end ) , has got / complications too , and error / fit to rouse cathartic terror , / protagonists , antagonists , / peripiteia , turns and twists . / The poet 's comments form the choruses , / but now it 's time for anagnorisis . / When Oedipus sees the bird he 's bedded / is his own father 's lawful wedded / wife , in fact she is his mother , / or Iphigenia finds her brother , / Discovery or Recognition / brings the plot to its fruition . See also ( edit ) Aristotle Back - story Denouement Epiphany Peripeteia Tragedy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Northrop Frye , `` Myth , Fiction , And Displacement '' p 25 Fables of Identity : Studies in Poetic Mythology , ISBN 0 - 15 - 629730 - 2 Jump up ^ Aeschylus , and Robert Lowell . The Oresteia of Aeschylus . New York : Farrar , Straus , Giroux , 1978 . Jump up ^ Northrop Frye , `` Recognition in The Winter 's Tale '' p 108 - 9 Fables of Identity : Studies in Poetic Mythology , ISBN 0 - 15 - 629730 - 2 Jump up ^ Wikisource : The Tale of the Three Apples Jump up ^ Pinault , David ( 1992 ) , Story - Telling Techniques in the Arabian Nights , Brill Publishers , pp. 95 -- 6 , ISBN 90 - 04 - 09530 - 6 Jump up ^ Marzolph , Ulrich ( 2006 ) , The Arabian Nights Reader , Wayne State University Press , pp. 241 -- 2 , ISBN 0 - 8143 - 3259 - 5 Jump up ^ Ivan Pintor Iranzo . The naked and the dead . The Representation of the dead and the construction of the other in contemporary cinema : The case of M. Night Shyamalan , No. 4 , 2005 Jump up ^ Recognitions : A Study in Poetics . Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1988 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anagnorisis&oldid=782746111 '' Categories : Ancient Greek theatre Literary concepts Narratology Plot ( narrative ) Poetics Fiction Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from October 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Interlingua Íslenska Italiano Latina Nederlands Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Українська 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2017 , at 22 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the term that refers to a sudden awareness | [
"Anagnorisis (/ˌænəɡˈnɒrɪsɪs/; Ancient Greek: ἀναγνώρισις) is a moment in a play or other work when a character makes a critical discovery. Anagnorisis originally meant recognition in its Greek context, not only of a person but also of what that person stood for. Anagnorisis was the hero's sudden awareness of a real situation, the realisation of things as they stood, and finally, the hero's insight into a relationship with an often antagonistic character in Aristotelian tragedy.[1]"
] | [
"Anagnorisis"
] |
-1332243873493495315 | Gone in 60 Seconds (2000 film) | Gone in 60 Seconds ( 2000 film ) - wikipedia Gone in 60 Seconds ( 2000 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Gone in 60 Seconds Theatrical release poster Directed by Dominic Sena Produced by Jerry Bruckheimer Mike Stenson Written by Scott Rosenberg Based on Gone in 60 Seconds by H.B. Halicki Starring Nicolas Cage Angelina Jolie Giovanni Ribisi Delroy Lindo Will Patton Christopher Eccleston Chi McBride Robert Duvall Music by Trevor Rabin Cinematography Paul Cameron Edited by Roger Barton Chris Lebenzon Tom Muldoon Production company Touchstone Pictures Jerry Bruckheimer Films Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Release date June 9 , 2000 ( 2000 - 06 - 09 ) Running time 113 minutes 122 minutes ( extended cut ) Country United States Language English Budget $90 million Box office $237.2 million Gone in 60 Seconds is a 2000 American action heist film , starring Nicolas Cage , Angelina Jolie , Giovanni Ribisi , Christopher Eccleston , Robert Duvall , Vinnie Jones , and Will Patton . The film was directed by Dominic Sena , written by Scott Rosenberg , and produced by Jerry Bruckheimer . The film is a loose remake of the 1974 H.B. Halicki film of the same name . The film was shot throughout Los Angeles and Long Beach , California . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Cars featured 3 Release 4 Soundtrack 5 Critical reception 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Kip Raines ( Giovanni Ribisi ) , an aspiring car thief in Los Angeles , is working with his gang to steal fifty expensive cars for Raymond Calitri ( Christopher Eccleston ) , a British gangster , via Calitri 's associate , Atley ( Will Patton ) . On the last heist , their antics bring attention by the police , and they narrowly avoid capture , though are forced to abandon the warehouse and the bulk of cars they stole . Detectives Castleback ( Delroy Lindo ) and Drycoff ( Timothy Olyphant ) seize the cars and begin an investigation . Calitri kidnaps Kip and threatens to kill him for failing the job . Atley , sympathetic to Kip 's plight , visit Kip 's older brother , Randall `` Memphis '' Raines ( Nicolas Cage ) , a former car thief having gone straight years before , and explains the situation . Memphis meets with Calitri to negotiate Kip 's release , but in exchange , Calitri forces Memphis to agree to steal the fifty cars within 72 hours or else he will kill Kip . Memphis visits his mentor Otto Halliwell ( Robert Duvall ) and they assemble a crew , including Donny Astricky ( Chi McBride ) , ( Vinnie Jones ) , and Sara `` Sway '' Wayland ( Angelina Jolie ) , Memphis ' old flame . Kip and his crew also offer to help . Knowing the police will be watchful for the thefts , Memphis suggests to steal all the cars in a twelve hour period . The group starts to identify the target cars with Memphis giving each a woman 's name . He plans on stealing a 1967 Ford Shelby GT500 , dubbed `` Eleanor '' , last , as he considers the car a curse , with all previous attempts to steal one gone awry . As they scout the car locations , Memphis is approached by Castleback and Drycoff . While they can not charge him with any crime , they warn him that they are watching his activities closely . Later , the detectives discover that some of the previous heists were done by ordering electric keys for certain vehicles , and they set up stakeouts to watch those cars . On the night of the heists , most of the initial thefts go without problems , with the gang members delivering the cars to Calitri 's dock . When Memphis and others prepare to steal those with the electric keys , he gets a sense of something amiss , and has the gang abandon those ; instead , they successfully scheme a way to obtain those cars from the police impound . Castleback , furious that he could not catch Memphsis in the act , returns to the seized warehouse to search for any more clues . They discover pieces of a blacklight lamp , and shortly discover the list of fifty cars written in ultraviolet - sensitive paint on the wall . Aware they can not watch all those cars , Castleback focuses on the Shelby , knowing Memphis ' perchance for this car and its rarity . They quickly locate the few Shelbys in the city . Just as Memphis is about to take the Shelby , the detectives arrive . Memphis leads them and their police escort on a dangerous chase through the city , eventually ditching them near the docks . He delivers the damaged car to Calitri , who refuses it since Memphis was twelve minutes late , and has the Shelby crushed . Memphis again pleads for Calitri 's mercy as he prepares to kill Memphis instead with a gun , but Kip and a repentant Atley overcome their guards , and force Calitri to flee into his dockside warehouse ; Memphis gives chase just as Castleback and Drycoff arrive . Memphis and Calitri engage in a game of cat - and - mouse , the noise drawing the detectives inside . Just as Calitri has Memphis cornered , Castleback appears , confusing Calitri and giving Memphis the opportunity to rush him and push him over a railing to his death . Memphis explains the situation to Castleback and where they can find the other stolen cars , and Castleback reluctantly lets Memphis and Kip go . The gang celebrates with a barbecue , and as a way of showing thanks , Kip has sold off his motorcycle to buy Memphis the partially - wrecked , but still drive - able , Shelby . Cast ( edit ) Nicolas Cage as Randall `` Memphis '' Raines Angelina Jolie as Sara `` Sway '' Wayland Giovanni Ribisi as Kip Raines Robert Duvall as Otto Halliwell Delroy Lindo as Det . Roland Castlebeck Timothy Olyphant as Det . Drycoff Will Patton as Atley Jackson Chi McBride as Donny Astricky Vinnie Jones as `` The Sphinx '' Christopher Eccleston as Raymond `` The Carpenter '' Calitri Scott Caan as Timmy `` Tumbler '' Tummel T.J. Cross as `` Mirror Man '' ( credited TJ Cross ) William Lee Scott as Toby James Duval as `` Freb '' Frances Fisher as Junie Halliwell Grace Zabriskie as Helen Raines Master P. as Johnnie B. ( uncredited ) Carmen Argenziano as Detective Mayhew Bodhi Elfman as `` Fuzzy '' Frizzel Arye Gross as James Lakewood Dan Hildebrand as Saul Michael Peña as Ignacio ( credited Michael A. Pena ) Cars featured ( edit ) The 50 cars , stolen in the film , are listed below . They are listed in the same order as seen in the film ; by year and model , along with their respective codenames . An original `` Eleanor '' car , circa. 2010 . They were created by `` hot rod '' designer Chip Foose , who in turn based his design on the sketches drawn by illustrator Steve Stanford . Of the 12 made , five were destroyed during the film 's production . # Years Automobiles Codes # Years Automobiles Codes 1999 Aston Martin DB7 Mary 26 1999 Infiniti Q45 Rachel 1962 Aston Martin DB1 Barbara 27 Jaguar XJ220 Bernadine 1999 Bentley Arnage Lindsey 28 1999 Jaguar XK8 Coupe Deborah 1999 Bentley Azure Laura 29 Lamborghini Diablo SE30 Gina 5 1964 Bentley Continental Alma 30 1999 Lexus LS 400 Hillary 6 1959 Cadillac Eldorado Madeline 31 1999 Lincoln Navigator Kimberley 7 1958 Cadillac Eldorado Brougham Patricia 32 1957 Mercedes - Benz 300SL / Gullwing Dorothy 8 1999 Cadillac Escalade Carol 33 1999 Mercedes - Benz CL500 Donna 9 2000 Cadillac Eldorado STS Daniela 34 1999 Mercedes - Benz S600 Samantha 10 1957 Chevrolet Bel Air Convertible Stefanie 35 1998 Mercedes Benz SL 600 Ellen 11 1969 Chevrolet Camaro Z28 Erin 36 1950 Mercury Custom Gabriela 12 1953 Chevrolet Corvette Pamela 37 1971 Plymouth Hemi ' Cuda Shannon 13 1967 Corvette Corvette Stingray L71 Stacey 38 1969 Plymouth Road Runner Jessica 14 2000 Ford F - Series F - 350 4 × 4 Pickup ( Modified ) Ann 39 1965 Pontiac GTO Sharon 15 1971 DeTomaso Pantera Kate 40 1999 Porsche 996 Tina 16 1970 Plymouth Superbird Vanessa 41 2000 Porsche Boxster Marsha 17 1998 Dodge Viper Coupé GTS Denise 42 1961 Porsche 356B Speedster Natalie 18 1995 Ferrari F355 B Diane 43 Porsche 959 Virginia 19 1997 Ferrari F355 F1 Iris 44 1997 Porsche 911 Twin Turbo Tanya 20 1967 Ferrari 275 GTB / 4 Nadine 45 2000 Rolls - Royce Park Ward Stretch Limousine Grace 21 1999 Ferrari 550 Maranello Angelina 46 1966 Shelby AC Cobra Ashley 22 Ferrari Testarossa Rose 47 1967 Shelby Mustang GT500 Eleanor 23 1956 Ford Thunderbird Susan 48 2000 Toyota Land Cruiser Katie 24 2000 GMC Yukon Megan 49 1998 Toyota Supra Turbo Lynn 25 1999 Hummer H1 ( 2 Door ) Tracy 50 2000 Volvo V70R Lisa Release ( edit ) In 1995 , Denice Shakarian Halicki entered into a license contract to produce the remake with Disney and Jerry Bruckheimer . Filming began in 1999 , with Halicki as Executive Producer . The movie premiered on June 9 , 2000 . The film trailer was narrated by Melissa Disney and the film is widely credited as one of the first major movies to employ a female trailer voice . In its opening weekend , Gone in 60 Seconds grossed $25,336,048 from 3,006 US theaters , leading all films that weekend . By the end of the film 's theatrical run , it had grossed $101,648,571 domestically and $135,553,728 internationally , comprising a total gross revenue for the film of $237,202,299 worldwide . Though the film earned a $237 million worldwide box office gross , Slate columnist Edward Epstein argued that , after overhead , it lost roughly $90 million after all expenses , including the $103.3 million it cost to make the film , were taken into account over the four years following the film 's release . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Gone in 60 Seconds ( soundtrack ) A soundtrack containing a blend of rock , electronic , and hip hop music was released on June 6 , 2000 by the Island Def Jam Music Group . It peaked at # 69 on the Billboard 200 . Critical reception ( edit ) The film garnered a mostly poor reaction from critics . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 24 % out of 135 reviews gave the film a positive review , with the site consensus being : `` Even though Oscar - bearers Nicolas Cage , Angelina Jolie , and Robert Duvall came aboard for this project , the quality of Gone in 60 Seconds is disappointingly low . The plot line is nonsensical , and even the promised car - chase scenes are boring . '' Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Gone in 60 Seconds ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carscoop . `` One of the Original `` Eleanor '' Mustang GT500 Film Cars Going under the Hammer `` , www.carscoops.com , published 01 - 06 - 2012 . Retrieved 11 - 07 - 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , C. Molly ( August 9 , 2013 ) . `` Lake Bell 's New Movie Asks Why More Women Are n't Used to Narrate Movie Trailers '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 28 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gone in 60 Seconds ( 2000 ) -- Box Office Mojo '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ Edward Jay Epstein ( May 16 , 2005 ) . `` Gross Misunderstanding : Forget about the box office '' . Slate.com . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Picture : The New Logic of Money and Power in Hollywood '' Edward Jay Epstein , 2005 Jump up ^ Billboard Album Info Retrieved September 15 , 2011 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) -- Rotten Tomatoes . Flixter . Retrieved on June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Gone in 60 Seconds Gone in 60 Seconds on IMDb Gone in 60 Seconds at AllMovie Gone in 60 Seconds at Box Office Mojo Gone in 60 Seconds at Rotten Tomatoes Gone in 60 Seconds at the Internet Movie Cars Database Films directed by Dominic Sena Kalifornia ( 1993 ) Gone in 60 Seconds ( 2000 ) Swordfish ( 2001 ) Whiteout ( 2009 ) Season of the Witch ( 2011 ) Films produced by Jerry Bruckheimer Farewell , My Lovely ( 1975 ) March or Die ( 1977 ) Defiance ( 1980 ) American Gigolo ( 1980 ) Thief ( 1981 ) Young Doctors in Love ( 1982 ) Flashdance ( 1983 ) Beverly Hills Cop ( 1984 ) Thief of Hearts ( 1984 ) Top Gun ( 1986 ) Beverly Hills Cop II ( 1987 ) Days of Thunder ( 1990 ) Dangerous Minds ( 1995 ) Crimson Tide ( 1995 ) Bad Boys ( 1995 ) The Rock ( 1996 ) Con Air ( 1997 ) Enemy of the State ( 1998 ) Armageddon ( 1998 ) Remember the Titans ( 2000 ) Coyote Ugly ( 2000 ) Gone in 60 Seconds ( 2000 ) Pearl Harbor ( 2001 ) Black Hawk Down ( 2001 ) Bad Company ( 2002 ) Bad Boys II ( 2003 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) Veronica Guerin ( 2003 ) Kangaroo Jack ( 2003 ) National Treasure ( 2004 ) King Arthur ( 2004 ) Just Legal ( 2005 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) Déjà Vu ( 2006 ) Glory Road ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) National Treasure : Book of Secrets ( 2007 ) G - Force ( 2009 ) Confessions of a Shopaholic ( 2009 ) Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time ( 2010 ) The Sorcerer 's Apprentice ( 2010 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) The Lone Ranger ( 2013 ) Deliver Us from Evil ( 2014 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gone_in_60_Seconds_(2000_film)&oldid=817997261 '' Categories : 2000 films English - language films 2000s action thriller films 2000s chase films 2000s heist films American films American action thriller films American chase films American film remakes American heist films Films scored by Trevor Rabin Films about automobiles Films directed by Dominic Sena Films produced by Jerry Bruckheimer Films shot in Hamilton , Ontario Touchstone Pictures films Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն Italiano עברית Кыргызча Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 吴语 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 December 2017 , at 22 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does gone in 60 seconds take place | [
"Kip Raines (Giovanni Ribisi), an aspiring car thief in Los Angeles, is working with his gang to steal fifty expensive cars for Raymond Calitri (Christopher Eccleston), a British gangster, via Calitri's associate, Atley (Will Patton). On the last heist, their antics bring attention by the police, and they narrowly avoid capture, though are forced to abandon the warehouse and the bulk of cars they stole. Detectives Castleback (Delroy Lindo) and Drycoff (Timothy Olyphant) seize the cars and begin an investigation."
] | [
"Los Angeles"
] |
8780756767879962934 | List of highest-certified music artists in the United States | List of highest - certified music artists in the United States - wikipedia List of highest - certified music artists in the United States This is the list of the highest - certified music artists in the United States based on certifications by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . RIAA certifications are based on wholesale shipments rather than retail sales . Since 2016 , the RIAA album certification has also included on - demand audio / video streams ( 1,500 streams = 1 album unit ) and track sale equivalent ( 10 track sales = 1 album unit ) . Additionally , awards are only presented if and when a record company applies for certification . Therefore , the total certified units for a given artist may be incomplete or out of date . The RIAA began its certifications in 1958 , therefore , popular artists from earlier eras are generally not represented on this list . The Beatles are the act with highest - certified albums , while Drake is the act with the highest - certified digital singles . Contents 1 Top 100 certified music artists ( albums ) 2 Top 50 certified music artists ( digital singles ) 3 External links 4 See also 5 References Top 100 certified music artists ( albums ) ( edit ) The Beatles Garth Brooks Elvis Presley Led Zeppelin Eagles List of artists with the highest - certified albums No . Name Nationality Decades active Certified units in millions The Beatles UK 1960s -- 70s 178 Garth Brooks United States 1980s -- 2010s 148 Elvis Presley US 1950s -- 70s 146.5 Led Zeppelin UK 1960s -- 80s 111.5 5 Eagles US 1970s -- 2010s 101 6 Billy Joel US 1970s - 2010s 82.5 7 Michael Jackson US 1960s -- 2000s 81 8 Elton John UK 1960s -- 2010s 78 9 Pink Floyd UK 1960s -- 2010s 75 10 AC / DC Australia 1970s -- 2010s 72 11 George Strait US 1980s -- 2010s 69 12 Barbra Streisand US 1960s -- 2010s 68.5 13 Aerosmith US 1970s -- 2010s 66.5 The Rolling Stones UK 1960s -- 2010s 66.5 15 Bruce Springsteen US 1970s -- 2010s 65.5 16 Madonna US 1980s -- 2010s 64.5 17 Mariah Carey US 1990s -- 2010s 64 18 Metallica US 1980s -- 2010s 63 19 Whitney Houston US 1980s -- 2010s 58.5 20 Van Halen US 1970s -- 2010s 56.5 21 U2 Ireland 1970s -- 2010s 52 22 Celine Dion Canada 1980s -- 2010s 50 23 Fleetwood Mac UK 1960s -- 2010s 49.5 Neil Diamond US 1960s -- 2010s 49.5 25 Shania Twain Canada 1990s -- 2010s 48 Kenny G US 1980s -- 2010s 48 Journey US 1970s -- 2010s 48 28 Kenny Rogers US 1950s -- 2000s 47.5 29 Alabama US 1970s -- 2010s 46.5 30 Guns N ' Roses US 1980s -- 2010s 44.5 Bob Seger and the Silver Bullet Band US 1960s -- 2010s 44.5 Eminem US 1990s -- 2010s 44.5 33 Santana US 1960s -- 2010s 43.5 Alan Jackson US 1980s -- 2010s 43.5 35 Taylor Swift US 2000s - 2010s 43 36 Reba McEntire US 1970s -- 2010s 41 37 Eric Clapton UK 1960s -- 2010s 40 38 Chicago US 1960s -- 2010s 38.5 Simon and Garfunkel US 1960s -- 70s 38.5 40 Rod Stewart UK 1960s -- 2010s 38 41 Tim McGraw US 1990s -- 2010s 37.5 Foreigner US 1970s -- 2010s 37.5 43 Backstreet Boys US 1990s -- 2010s 37 44 Tupac Shakur US 1990s 36.5 45 Bob Dylan US 1960s -- 2010s 36 46 Willie Nelson US 1950s - 2010s 35.5 47 Def Leppard UK 1970s -- 2010s 35 48 Queen UK 1970s -- 2000s 34.5 Bon Jovi US 1980s -- 2010s 34.5 Britney Spears US 1990s -- 2010s 34.5 51 Phil Collins UK 1970s -- 2010s 33.5 Dave Matthews Band US 1990s -- 2010s 33.5 John Denver US 1960s -- 90s 33.5 54 James Taylor US 1960s -- 2010s 33 The Doors US 1960s -- 70s 33 56 R. Kelly US 1990s -- 2010s 32 57 Pearl Jam US 1990s -- 2010s 31.5 Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers US 1970s - 2017 31.5 59 Boston US 1970s -- 2010s 31 60 Dixie Chicks US 1980s -- 2000s 30.5 61 Linda Ronstadt US 1960s -- 2000s 30 62 Lynyrd Skynyrd US 1960s -- 2000s 28.5 63 Mannheim Steamroller US 1970s -- 2010s 28 ' N Sync US 1990s -- 2000s 28 Michael Bolton US 1980s -- 2010s 28 Adele UK 2000s - 2010s 28 Creedence Clearwater Revival US 1960s -- 70s 28 68 Jay Z US 1990s -- 2010s 27.5 John Mellencamp US 1970s -- 2010s 27.5 Brooks & Dunn US 1990s -- 2000s 27.5 Barry Manilow US 1970s -- 2010s 27.5 Kenny Chesney US 1990s -- 2010s 27.5 73 Ozzy Osbourne UK 1960s -- 2010s 27.25 74 Boyz II Men US 1990s -- 2000s 27 Frank Sinatra US 1930s -- 90s 27 Bee Gees UK 1960s -- 2000s 27 77 Enya Ireland 1980s -- 2010s 26.5 78 Linkin Park US 1990s -- 2010s 26 Janet Jackson US 1980s -- 2010s 26 80 Faith Hill US 1990s -- 2010s 25.5 Luther Vandross US 1960s -- 2000s 25.5 Steve Miller Band US 1960s -- 2010s 25.5 83 Rush Canada 1970s -- 2010s 25 Mötley Crüe US 1980s -- 2010s 25 Nirvana US 1980s -- 90s 25 ZZ Top US 1970s -- 2010s 25 Creed US 1990s -- 2000s 25 Toby Keith US 1990s -- 2010s 25 Red Hot Chili Peppers US 1980s -- 2010s 25 90 The Carpenters US 1960s -- 80s 24.5 REO Speedwagon US 1970s -- 2010s 24.5 92 Vince Gill US 1970s -- 2010s 24 Green Day US 1980s -- 2010s 24 Nickelback Canada 1990s -- 2010s 24 95 Johnny Cash US 1970s -- 2000s 23.5 Sade UK 1980s -- 2010s 23.5 Kid Rock US 1990s -- 2010s 23.5 Earth , Wind & Fire US 1970s -- 2010s 23.5 The Cars US 1970s -- 2010s 23.5 100 Jimmy Buffett US 1960s -- 2010s 23 Jimi Hendrix US 1960s -- 70s 23 Beastie Boys US 1980s -- 2010s 23 Top 50 certified music artists ( digital singles ) ( edit ) Drake Rihanna Taylor Swift Eminem Katy Perry List of artists with the highest - certified digital singles No . Name Nationality Years active Certified units in millions Drake Canada 2000s - 142 Rihanna BAR 2000s - 124 Taylor Swift United States 2000s - 120 Eminem US 2000s - 107.5 5 Katy Perry US 2000s - 98 6 Justin Bieber CAN 2010s - 68.5 7 Kanye West US 2000s - 63 8 Lady Gaga US 2000s - 61 9 Bruno Mars US 2000s - 54.5 10 Chris Brown US 2000s - 50 11 Ed Sheeran UK 2010s - 45.5 12 Luke Bryan US 2000s - 43.5 13 Flo Rida US 2000s - 43 14 The Weeknd CAN 2010s - 42 15 Kendrick Lamar US 2010s - 41 16 Florida Georgia Line US 2010s - 34 17 Post Malone US 2010s - 33 18 Lil Wayne US 2000s - 32 19 Adele UK 2000s - 31.5 Twenty One Pilots US 2010s - 31.5 21 Ariana Grande US 2010s - 30.5 Carrie Underwood US 2000s - 30.5 23 Linkin Park US 2000s - 2010s 29.5 24 Wiz Khalifa US 2010s - 29 25 Nicki Minaj US 2000s - 28.5 Jason Aldean US 2000s - 28.5 27 Jason Derulo US 2010s - 27 28 Meghan Trainor US 2010s - 26.5 29 Beyonce US 2000s - 26 30 Maroon 5 US 2000s - 25.5 Blake Shelton US 2000s - 25.5 32 Miley Cyrus US 2000s - 25 Imagine Dragons US 2010s - 25 34 Fall Out Boy US 2000s - 24.5 35 The Black Eyed Peas US 2000s - 24 36 Jay - Z US 1990s - 23 37 Future US 2010s - 22.5 Macklemore & Ryan Lewis US 2010s - 22.5 39 Zac Brown Band US 2000s - 22 40 Queen UK 1970s - 1990s 21.5 41 Tim McGraw US 1990s -- 21 LMFAO US 2010s 21 43 DJ Khaled US 2000s - 20.5 44 Big Sean US 2010s - 20 45 The Chainsmokers US 2010s - 19 46 Fetty Wap US 2010s - 18.5 Demi Lovato US 2000s - 18.5 Sam Smith UK 2010s - 18.5 49 Sam Hunt US 2000s - 18 50 Fergie US 2000s - 17.5 External links ( edit ) RIAA Website Detailed List of Artists with Most Album Certification Units Search RIAA Gold and Platinum Database See also ( edit ) List of best - selling music artists List of best - charting U.S. music artists List of best selling digital artists in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Top Artists ' By Certifications '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA Accepts Streams for Gold and Platinum Certifications '' . billboard.com . Retrieved 8 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum -- RIAA '' . riaa.com . Retrieved 23 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum -- RIAA '' . riaa.com . Retrieved 23 July 2018 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_highest-certified_music_artists_in_the_United_States&oldid=854592537 '' Categories : American music - related lists Recording Industry Association of America American music industry Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 13 : 04 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who is the first highest certified music artist in the us | [
"\nList of artists with the highest-certified albums[3]\n\n\nNo.\n\nName\n\nNationality\n\nDecades active\n\nCertified unitsin millions\n\n\n1\n\nThe Beatles\n\nUK\n\n1960s–70s\n\n178\n\n\n2\n\nGarth Brooks\n\nUnited States\n\n1980s–2010s\n\n148\n\n\n3\n\nElvis Presley\n\nUS\n\n1950s–70s\n\n146.5\n\n\n4\n\nLed Zeppelin\n\nUK\n\n1960s–80s\n\n111.5\n\n\n5\n\nEagles\n\nUS\n\n1970s–2010s\n\n101\n\n\n6\n\nBilly Joel\n\nUS\n\n1970s-2010s\n\n82.5\n\n\n7\n\nMichael Jackson\n\nUS\n\n1960s–2000s\n\n81\n\n\n8\n\nElton John\n\nUK\n\n1960s–2010s\n\n78\n\n\n9\n\nPink Floyd\n\nUK\n\n1960s–2010s\n\n75\n\n\n10\n\nAC/DC\n\nAustralia\n\n1970s–2010s\n\n72\n\n\n11\n\nGeorge Strait\n\nUS\n\n1980s–2010s\n\n69\n\n\n12\n\nBarbra Streisand\n\nUS\n\n1960s–2010s\n\n68.5\n\n\n13\n\nAerosmith\n\nUS\n\n1970s–2010s\n\n66.5\n\n\nThe Rolling Stones\n\nUK\n\n1960s–2010s\n\n66.5\n\n\n15\n\nBruce Springsteen\n\nUS\n\n1970s–2010s\n\n65.5\n\n\n16\n\nMadonna\n\nUS\n\n1980s–2010s\n\n64.5\n\n\n17\n\nMariah Carey\n\nUS\n\n1990s–2010s\n\n64\n\n\n18\n\nMetallica\n\nUS\n\n1980s–2010s\n\n63\n\n\n19\n\nWhitney Houston\n\nUS\n\n1980s–2010s\n\n58.5\n\n\n20\n\nVan Halen\n\nUS\n\n1970s–2010s\n\n56.5\n\n\n21\n\nU2\n\nIreland\n\n1970s–2010s\n\n52\n\n\n22\n\nCeline Dion\n\nCanada\n\n1980s–2010s\n\n50\n\n\n23\n\nFleetwood Mac\n\nUK\n\n1960s–2010s\n\n49.5\n\n\nNeil Diamond\n\nUS\n\n1960s–2010s\n\n49.5\n\n\n25\n\nShania Twain\n\nCanada\n\n1990s–2010s\n\n48\n\n\nKenny G\n\nUS\n\n1980s–2010s\n\n48\n\n\nJourney\n\nUS\n\n1970s–2010s\n\n48\n\n\n28\n\nKenny Rogers\n\nUS\n\n1950s–2000s\n\n47.5\n\n\n29\n\nAlabama\n\nUS\n\n1970s–2010s\n\n46.5\n\n\n30\n\nGuns N' Roses\n\nUS\n\n1980s–2010s\n\n44.5\n\n\nBob Seger and the Silver Bullet Band\n\nUS\n\n1960s–2010s\n\n44.5\n\n\nEminem\n\nUS\n\n1990s–2010s\n\n44.5\n\n\n33\n\nSantana\n\nUS\n\n1960s–2010s\n\n43.5\n\n\nAlan Jackson\n\nUS\n\n1980s–2010s\n\n43.5\n\n\n35\n\nTaylor Swift\n\nUS\n\n2000s-2010s\n\n43\n\n\n36\n\nReba McEntire\n\nUS\n\n1970s–2010s\n\n41\n\n\n37\n\nEric Clapton\n\nUK\n\n1960s–2010s\n\n40\n\n\n38\n\nChicago\n\nUS\n\n1960s–2010s\n\n38.5\n\n\nSimon and Garfunkel\n\nUS\n\n1960s–70s\n\n38.5\n\n\n40\n\nRod Stewart\n\nUK\n\n1960s–2010s\n\n38\n\n\n41\n\nTim McGraw\n\nUS\n\n1990s–2010s\n\n37.5\n\n\nForeigner\n\nUS\n\n1970s–2010s\n\n37.5\n\n\n43\n\nBackstreet Boys\n\nUS\n\n1990s–2010s\n\n37\n\n\n44\n\nTupac Shakur\n\nUS\n\n1990s\n\n36.5\n\n\n45\n\nBob Dylan\n\nUS\n\n1960s–2010s\n\n36\n\n\n46\n\nWillie Nelson\n\nUS\n\n1950s-2010s\n\n35.5\n\n\n47\n\nDef Leppard\n\nUK\n\n1970s–2010s\n\n35\n\n\n48\n\nQueen\n\nUK\n\n1970s–2000s\n\n34.5\n\n\nBon Jovi\n\nUS\n\n1980s–2010s\n\n34.5\n\n\nBritney Spears\n\nUS\n\n1990s–2010s\n\n34.5\n\n\n51\n\nPhil Collins\n\nUK\n\n1970s–2010s\n\n33.5\n\n\nDave Matthews Band\n\nUS\n\n1990s–2010s\n\n33.5\n\n\nJohn Denver\n\nUS\n\n1960s–90s\n\n33.5\n\n\n54\n\nJames Taylor\n\nUS\n\n1960s–2010s\n\n33\n\n\nThe Doors\n\nUS\n\n1960s–70s\n\n33\n\n\n56\n\nR. Kelly\n\nUS\n\n1990s–2010s\n\n32\n\n\n57\n\nPearl Jam\n\nUS\n\n1990s–2010s\n\n31.5\n\n\nTom Petty and the Heartbreakers\n\nUS\n\n1970s-2017\n\n31.5\n\n\n59\n\nBoston\n\nUS\n\n1970s–2010s\n\n31\n\n\n60\n\nDixie Chicks\n\nUS\n\n1980s–2000s\n\n30.5\n\n\n61\n\nLinda Ronstadt\n\nUS\n\n1960s–2000s\n\n30\n\n\n62\n\nLynyrd Skynyrd\n\nUS\n\n1960s–2000s\n\n28.5\n\n\n63\n\nMannheim Steamroller\n\nUS\n\n1970s–2010s\n\n28\n\n\n'N Sync\n\nUS\n\n1990s–2000s\n\n28\n\n\nMichael Bolton\n\nUS\n\n1980s–2010s\n\n28\n\n\nAdele\n\nUK\n\n2000s-2010s\n\n28\n\n\nCreedence Clearwater Revival\n\nUS\n\n1960s–70s\n\n28\n\n\n68\n\nJay Z\n\nUS\n\n1990s–2010s\n\n27.5\n\n\nJohn Mellencamp\n\nUS\n\n1970s–2010s\n\n27.5\n\n\nBrooks & Dunn\n\nUS\n\n1990s–2000s\n\n27.5\n\n\nBarry Manilow\n\nUS\n\n1970s–2010s\n\n27.5\n\n\nKenny Chesney\n\nUS\n\n1990s–2010s\n\n27.5\n\n\n73\n\nOzzy Osbourne\n\nUK\n\n1960s–2010s\n\n27.25\n\n\n74\n\nBoyz II Men\n\nUS\n\n1990s–2000s\n\n27\n\n\nFrank Sinatra\n\nUS\n\n1930s–90s\n\n27\n\n\nBee Gees\n\nUK\n\n1960s–2000s\n\n27\n\n\n77\n\nEnya\n\nIreland\n\n1980s–2010s\n\n26.5\n\n\n78\n\nLinkin Park\n\nUS\n\n1990s–2010s\n\n26\n\n\nJanet Jackson\n\nUS\n\n1980s–2010s\n\n26\n\n\n80\n\nFaith Hill\n\nUS\n\n1990s–2010s\n\n25.5\n\n\nLuther Vandross\n\nUS\n\n1960s–2000s\n\n25.5\n\n\nSteve Miller Band\n\nUS\n\n1960s–2010s\n\n25.5\n\n\n83\n\nRush\n\nCanada\n\n1970s–2010s\n\n25\n\n\nMötley Crüe\n\nUS\n\n1980s–2010s\n\n25\n\n\nNirvana\n\nUS\n\n1980s–90s\n\n25\n\n\nZZ Top\n\nUS\n\n1970s–2010s\n\n25\n\n\nCreed\n\nUS\n\n1990s–2000s\n\n25\n\n\nToby Keith\n\nUS\n\n1990s–2010s\n\n25\n\n\nRed Hot Chili Peppers\n\nUS\n\n1980s–2010s\n\n25\n\n\n90\n\nThe Carpenters\n\nUS\n\n1960s–80s\n\n24.5\n\n\nREO Speedwagon\n\nUS\n\n1970s–2010s\n\n24.5\n\n\n92\n\nVince Gill\n\nUS\n\n1970s–2010s\n\n24\n\n\nGreen Day\n\nUS\n\n1980s–2010s\n\n24\n\n\nNickelback\n\nCanada\n\n1990s–2010s\n\n24\n\n\n95\n\nJohnny Cash\n\nUS\n\n1970s–2000s\n\n23.5\n\n\nSade\n\nUK\n\n1980s–2010s\n\n23.5\n\n\nKid Rock\n\nUS\n\n1990s–2010s\n\n23.5\n\n\nEarth, Wind & Fire\n\nUS\n\n1970s–2010s\n\n23.5\n\n\nThe Cars\n\nUS\n\n1970s–2010s\n\n23.5\n\n\n100\n\nJimmy Buffett\n\nUS\n\n1960s–2010s\n\n23\n\n\nJimi Hendrix\n\nUS\n\n1960s–70s\n\n23\n\n\nBeastie Boys\n\nUS\n\n1980s–2010s\n\n23\n"
] | [
"The Beatles"
] |
191073120020318715 | Ship oil pollution emergency plan | Ship oil pollution Emergency plan - wikipedia Ship oil pollution Emergency plan The Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plan , or SOPEP , is a prevention plan carried on board tankers > 150 GT and other vessels > 400 GT . In this plan you get an overview of possible procedures in case of an oil spill . In the plan is also mentioned who you should contact ( list of authorities , oil cleanup teams and port state control ) and how to report this event to the nearest coast guard station . Shipboard oil pollution plan contains : an action plan with instructions for the oil pollution prevention team . This is a list of duties the crewmembers have to fulfil in case of an oil spill an emergency plan General information about the ship Procedures to contain the discharge the oil into the sea in accordance to MARPOL regulations Drawings of fuel / oil lines '' Location of SOPEP boxes '' The plan should be written in accordance to the International Maritime Organization regulations . Contents 1 Panama Canal Ship Oil Pollution Emergency Plan 2 Oil spill box 3 References 4 External links Panama Canal ship oil pollution Emergency plan ( edit ) The PCSOPEP ( Panama Canal Ship Oil Pollution Emergency plan ) , which became effective 1 January 2005 . Under these regulations , vessels present a plan for Canal waters and pay tariffs for the availability of personnel and equipment for oil spill response . In return , the ACP ( Panama Canal Authority ) acts as the sole Oil Spill Response Organization ( OSRO ) for vessels in transit or awaiting transit of the Panama Canal . Oil spill box ( edit ) This box is equipped with anti - pollution equipment . Consists of : 1 x 4 WB510SN , oilboom 3m x dia . 13m 1 x WSWL100F , oil sweep 48cm x 30cm 6 x WSO410 , oil socks 120cm x dia . 7.5 cm 2 x oil Truckpack KTO 100 200 x WP200S , oil pads 50 x 40cm 50 x YPB200S , oil pads 50 x 40cm 1 x PPE105 , PVC protective gloves 2 x MTL103 , disposal bags Oil Spill box 7 barrel is equipped with anti - pollution equipment . Consists of : 4 x WB510SN - 03 , oilboom 3m x dia . 14m 1 x WSWL100F , oil sweep 48cm x 30cm 6 x WSO120 - 20 , oil socks 120cm x dia . 7.5 cm 2 x TP40 , oil Truckpack 40 litre 200 x WP200 , oil pads 40 x 40cm 50 x GBP100H , universal pads 50 x 40cm 1 x PPE105 , PVC protective gloves 2 x OCS6012 - 100 , IMO disposable bags 1 x VB - 0103 , Safety goggle 1 x Non sparking hand pump 1 x 10 steps action plan 1 x screw driver References ( edit ) http://www.gl-group.com/pdf/SOPEP_Procedure_Manual.pdf ( PDF ) Procedure Manual Germanischer Lloyd OPA90 oil spill kit 7 barrel 1100 liter OPA90 oil spill kit 12 barrel 1900 liter Jump up ^ http://www.protectasolutions.be/nl/imo-sopep-2-barrel-spill-kit-400-liter-317.htm Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 10 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) http://www.protectasolutions.be/nl/imo-sopep-2-barrel-spill-kit-400-liter-317.htm https://web.archive.org/web/20111215122414/http://www.pancanal.com/eng/op/notices/2011/N12-2011.pdf ( PDF ) , Panama canal authority ( Operations Department ) , N / 12 / 2011 http://www.gl-group.com/pdf/SOPEP_SamplePlan.doc ( DOC ) External links ( edit ) http://www.marineinsight.com/misc/maritime-law/what-is-ship-oil-pollution-emergency-plan-sopep/ http://www.imo.org/OurWork/Environment/PollutionPrevention/OilPollution/Pages/Shipboard-Marine-Pollution-Emergency-Plans.aspx Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ship_oil_pollution_emergency_plan&oldid=850568343 '' Categories : Shipping and the environment Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 17 : 33 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | when do you use the shipboard oil pollution emergency plans (sopep) manual | [
"The Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plan, or SOPEP, is a prevention plan carried on board tankers >150 GT and other vessels >400 GT. In this plan you get an overview of possible procedures in case of an oil spill. In the plan is also mentioned who you should contact (list of authorities, oil cleanup teams and port state control) and how to report this event to the nearest coast guard station.\n"
] | [
"in case of an oil spill"
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-1748932350765732524 | Hallelujah (Leonard Cohen song) | Hallelujah ( Leonard Cohen song ) - wikipedia Hallelujah ( Leonard Cohen song ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Hallelujah ( disambiguation ) . `` Hallelujah '' Artwork for Spain vinyl release Single by Leonard Cohen from the album Various Positions Released December 1984 Recorded June 1984 Genre Folk rock Length 4 : 36 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Leonard Cohen Producer ( s ) John Lissauer Various Positions track listing `` Night Comes On '' ( 4 ) `` Hallelujah '' ( 5 ) `` The Captain '' ( 6 ) `` Hallelujah '' is a song written by Canadian singer Leonard Cohen , originally released on his album Various Positions ( 1984 ) . Achieving little initial success , the song found greater popular acclaim through a recording by John Cale , which inspired a recording by Jeff Buckley . It is considered as the `` baseline '' of secular hymns . Following its increased popularity after being featured in the film Shrek ( 2001 ) , many other arrangements have been performed by many and various singers , both in recordings and in concert , with over 300 versions known . The song has been used in film and television soundtracks and televised talent contests . `` Hallelujah '' experienced renewed interest following Cohen 's death in November 2016 and appeared on multiple international singles charts , including entering the American Billboard Hot 100 for the first time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Musical composition and lyrical interpretation 2 Charts 3 Certifications 4 Cover versions 4.1 John Cale 4.2 Jeff Buckley 4.3 Rufus Wainwright 4.4 k.d. lang 4.5 Espen Lind featuring Kurt Nilsen , Alejandro Fuentes and Askil Holm 4.6 Alexandra Burke 4.7 Pentatonix 4.8 Other cover versions 5 Accolades and achievements 6 Other charted versions 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Musical composition and lyrical interpretation ( edit ) John Cale `` Hallelujah '' cover excerpt John Cale 's selection of Cohen 's verses have since been followed by most covers . First recorded by Cale in 1991 for the Cohen tribute album I 'm Your Fan . Cale 's version is used in the film Shrek . Jeff Buckley `` Hallelujah '' cover excerpt From the album Grace , released in 1994 . In 2007 , Sony BMG rereleased the album ( subtitled `` The Legacy Edition '' ) with a live music video of the song . Allison Crowe `` Hallelujah '' cover excerpt Different in style , Allison Crowe 's single - take recording , from Tidings , released in 2003 , is among a new generation of interpretations . Rufus Wainwright `` Hallelujah '' cover excerpt Rufus Wainwright recorded a version similar to Cale 's , also on piano . Problems playing these files ? See media help . `` Hallelujah '' , in its original version , is in time , which evokes both early rock and roll and gospel music . Written in the key of C major , the chord progression matches lyrics from the song : `` goes like this , the fourth , the fifth , the minor fall , and the major lift '' : C , F , G , A minor , F . Cohen wrote around 80 draft verses for `` Hallelujah '' , with one writing session at the Royalton Hotel in New York where he was reduced to sitting on the floor in his underwear , banging his head on the floor . His original version , as recorded on his Various Positions album , contains several biblical references , most notably evoking the stories of Samson and treacherous Delilah from the Book of Judges ( `` she cut your hair '' ) as well as King David and Bathsheba ( `` you saw her bathing on the roof , her beauty and the moonlight overthrew you '' ) . Following his original 1984 studio - album version , Cohen performed the original song on his world tour in 1985 , but live performances during his 1988 and 1993 tours almost invariably contained a quite different set of lyrics , with only the last verse being common to the two versions . Numerous singers mix lyrics from both versions , and occasionally make direct lyric changes ; for example , in place of Cohen 's `` holy dove '' , Canadian - American singer Rufus Wainwright substituted `` holy dark '' , while Canadian singer - songwriter Allison Crowe sang `` holy ghost '' . Cohen 's lyrical poetry and his view that `` many different hallelujahs exist '' is reflected in wide - ranging covers with very different intents or tones , allowing the song to be `` melancholic , fragile , uplifting ( or ) joyous '' depending on the performer : The Welsh singer - songwriter John Cale , the first person to record a cover version of the song ( in 1991 ) , promoted a message of `` soberness and sincerity '' in contrast to Cohen 's dispassionate tone ; the cover by Jeff Buckley , an American singer - songwriter , is more sorrowful and was described by Buckley as `` a hallelujah to the orgasm '' ; Crowe interpreted the song as a `` very sexual '' composition that discussed relationships ; Wainwright offered a `` purifying and almost liturgical '' interpretation ; and Guy Garvey of the British band Elbow made the hallelujah a `` stately creature '' and incorporated his religious interpretation of the song into his band 's recordings . Canadian singer k.d. lang said in an interview shortly after Cohen 's death that she considered the song to be about `` the struggle between having human desire and searching for spiritual wisdom . It 's being caught between those two places . '' Former Barenaked Ladies frontman Steven Page , who sang the song at Canadian politician Jack Layton 's funeral , described the song as being `` about disappointing ( other ) people '' . Charts ( edit ) the Australian release Chart ( 1985 -- 2016 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 59 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 13 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 17 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 65 Finland Download ( Latauslista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 27 Ireland ( IRMA ) 55 Italy ( FIMI ) 66 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 27 New Zealand Heatseekers ( RMNZ ) Portugal ( AFP ) 69 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 30 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 58 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 16 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 36 US Billboard Hot 100 59 US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) 20 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Gold 35,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Cover versions ( edit ) Since 1991 , `` Hallelujah '' has been performed by a wide variety of singers : over 300 , and in various languages . Statistics from the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , the Canadian Recording Industry Association , the Australian Recording Industry Association , and the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry , show that , by late 2008 , more than five million copies of the song sold in CD format . It has been the subject of a BBC Radio documentary and been in the soundtracks of numerous films and television programs . Different interpretations of the song may include different verses , out of the over 80 verses Cohen originally wrote . In an April 2009 CBC Radio interview , Cohen said he found the number of covers of his song `` ironic and amusing '' , given that his record label refused to release it when he first wrote it ; however , he then claimed the song could benefit from a break in exposure : I was just reading a review of a movie called Watchmen that uses it and the reviewer said -- `` Can we please have a moratorium on ' Hallelujah ' in movies and television shows ? '' And I kind of feel the same way ... I think it 's a good song , but I think too many people sing it . Conversely , in early 2012 , while promoting his then - current album , Old Ideas , Cohen stated he was n't tired of the song being covered : There 's been a couple of times when other people have said can we have a moratorium please on `` Hallelujah '' ? Must we have it at the end of every single drama and every single Idol ? And once or twice I 've felt maybe I should lend my voice to silencing it but on second thought no , I 'm very happy that it 's being sung . John Cale ( edit ) John Cale 's cover first appeared on I 'm Your Fan ( 1991 ) , a Leonard Cohen tribute album , and later on his live album Fragments of a Rainy Season ( 1992 ) . Cale 's version has vocals , piano , and different lyrics that Cohen had only performed live such as `` I used to live alone before I knew you '' and `` All I ever learned from love was how to shoot at someone who outdrew you '' . Cale had watched Cohen perform the song and asked Cohen to send him the lyrics . Cohen then faxed Cale fifteen pages of lyrics . Cale claims that he `` went through and just picked out the cheeky verses . '' Cale 's version forms the basis of most subsequent performances , including Cohen 's performances during his 2008 -- 09 world tour . It was the version used in the film Shrek ( 2001 ) , although it is Rufus Wainwright 's version that is used on the soundtrack album . It also appears on the first soundtrack album for the TV series Scrubs and as the ending song of the Cold Case episode `` Death Penalty , Final Appeal '' . Jeff Buckley ( edit ) `` Hallelujah '' Single by Jeff Buckley from the album Grace Released 2007 Recorded Late 1993 -- 94 , at Bearsville Studios , Bearsville , New York Genre Folk alternative rock Length 6 : 53 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Leonard Cohen Producer ( s ) Jeff Buckley Andy Wallace Jeff Buckley singles chronology `` Forget Her '' ( 2004 ) `` Hallelujah '' ( 2007 ) `` Forget Her '' ( 2004 ) `` Hallelujah '' ( 2007 ) Grace track listing `` So Real '' ( 5 ) `` Hallelujah '' ( 6 ) `` Lover , You Should 've Come Over '' ( 7 ) Jeff Buckley , inspired by Cale 's earlier cover , recorded one of the most acclaimed versions of `` Hallelujah '' for his only complete album , Grace , in 1994 . It was posthumously released as a single in 2007 , ten years after Buckley 's death . Critical reception In 2004 , Buckley 's version was ranked number 259 on Rolling Stone 's `` The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . The same year Time called Buckley 's version `` exquisitely sung , '' observing `` Cohen murmured the original like a dirge , but ... Buckley treated the ... song like a tiny capsule of humanity , using his voice to careen between glory and sadness , beauty and pain ... It 's one of the great songs . '' In September 2007 , a poll of fifty songwriters conducted by the magazine Q listed `` Hallelujah '' among the all - time `` Top 10 Greatest Tracks '' with John Legend calling Buckley 's version `` as near perfect as you can get . The lyrics to ' Hallelujah ' are just incredible and the melody 's gorgeous and then there 's Jeff 's interpretation of it . It 's one of the most beautiful pieces of recorded music I 've ever heard . '' In July 2009 , the Buckley track was ranked number three on the 2009 Triple J Hottest 100 of All Time , a listener poll held every decade by the Australian radio station Triple J. In 2017 , The International Observer named Buckley 's version of `` Hallelujah '' the greatest song of all time . On 2 April 2014 , it was announced that Buckley 's version of the song will be inducted into the Library of Congress 's National Recording Registry . Commercial performance Buckley 's version was not an instant hit , nor did Buckley live to see the full measure of the reception his recording would ultimately have ; he died in 1997 . The album on which it appeared did not go Gold in the U.S. until 2002 , nine years after its release . In fact , like Cohen 's original , the Buckley version was not released as a single , until much later , and it did n't chart until 2006 , posthumously for Buckley . In March of that year , Buckley had his first national top 10 best - seller when `` Hallelujah '' was at number seven in Norway . In 2007 , it made the top 3 on the Swedish charts . In March 2008 , it topped Billboard 's Hot Digital Songs in the U.S. after a performance of the song by Jason Castro in the seventh season of American Idol . The sudden resurgence of interest provided both Gold and Platinum status , the RIAA certifying the digital track on 22 April 2008 . It has sold 1,144,000 digital copies in the US as of May 2010 . It also hit number one in France in March 2008 . Usage in media The Buckley version has been widely used in film and television dramas , including the series The West Wing , Crossing Jordan , Without a Trace , The O.C. , House , Dirt , Criminal Minds , ER , Third Watch , Ugly Betty , LAX , NCIS , Justiça and Sense8 and the films Feast of Love , The Edukators , Vinterkyss and Lord of War . `` Hallelujah can be joyous or bittersweet , depending on what part of it you use '' , Time quoted Buckley 's publisher as saying , and the magazine opined that its liberal use in some cases was `` a tacit admission that neither the writers nor the actors could convey their characters ' emotions as well as Buckley . '' On 20 April 2013 , Buckley 's version of the song was played at Fenway Park during a tribute honoring the victims of the Boston Marathon bombing before the Red Sox played their first home game following the tragedy . Charts Chart ( 2006 -- 16 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 70 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 38 Canadian Digital Songs ( Billboard ) European Hot 100 Singles 10 France ( SNEP ) 64 France Downloads Chart ( SNEP ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 14 Ireland ( IRMA ) 8 Italy ( FIMI ) 45 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 22 Norway ( VG - lista ) 7 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 5 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 38 UK Singles ( The Official Charts Company ) US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) 7 US Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Certifications Region Certification Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum Belgium ( BEA ) Gold Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold Sweden ( GLF ) Gold United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold United States ( RIAA ) Platinum Rufus Wainwright ( edit ) Canadian - American musician and singer Rufus Wainwright had briefly met Jeff Buckley and recorded a tribute to him after his 1997 death . That song , `` Memphis Skyline '' , referenced Buckley 's version of `` Hallelujah '' , which Wainwright would later record , though using piano and a similar arrangement to Cale 's . Wainwright 's version is included on the album Shrek : Music from the Original Motion Picture , although it was Cale 's version that was used in the film itself . The Shrek soundtrack , containing Wainwright 's cover , was certified 2 × Platinum in the United States in 2003 as selling over two million copies . Rufus Wainwright , his sister Martha Wainwright , and Joan Wasser performed the song in the film Leonard Cohen : I 'm Your Man . Charts Chart ( 2007 -- 10 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 97 US Rock Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 34 K.D. Lang ( edit ) In 2004 , k.d. lang recorded a version of `` Hallelujah '' on her album Hymns of the 49th Parallel . She has since sung it at several major events , such as at the Canadian Juno Awards of 2005 , where it `` brought the audience to its feet for a two - minute ovation . '' Lang also sang it at the 2006 Canadian Songwriters Hall of Fame when Cohen was inducted into the Hall of Fame . Cohen 's partner , singer Anjani Thomas , said : `` After hearing k.d. lang perform that song at the Canadian Songwriter 's Hall of Fame in 2006 we looked at each other and said , ' well , I think we can lay that song to rest now ! It 's really been done to its ultimate blissful state of perfection ' . '' Lang sang it at the opening ceremony of the 2010 Winter Olympic Games in Vancouver , before a claimed TV audience of three billion . Charts Chart ( 2010 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 13 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 40 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 23 Norway ( VG - lista ) 11 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 12 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 21 US Billboard Hot 100 61 Certifications Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 80,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Espen Lind featuring Kurt Nilsen , Alejandro Fuentes and Askil Holm ( edit ) `` Hallelujah '' Single by Espen Lind featuring Kurt Nilsen , Alejandro Fuentes and Askil Holm from the album Hallelujah -- Live Released 2006 Format Digital download Genre Folk Label Universal Songwriter ( s ) Leonard Cohen Espen Lind singles chronology `` Million Miles Away '' ( 2005 ) `` Hallelujah '' ( 2006 ) `` The Boys of Summer '' ( 2006 ) `` Million Miles Away '' ( 2005 ) `` Hallelujah '' ( 2006 ) `` The Boys of Summer '' ( 2006 ) Music video `` Hallelujah '' on YouTube In 2006 , the Norwegian quartet of Espen Lind , Kurt Nilsen , Alejandro Fuentes and Askil Holm released a cover of the song . After debuting at number 8 on the Norwegian VG - lista , the single reached number one in January 2007 . The song remained listed on the Norwegian top 20 for 37 ( non-consecutive ) weeks between 2006 and 2007 . The song also appears on the 2006 album Hallelujah Live , credited to Espen Lind with Kurt Nilsen , Alejandro Fuentes and Askil Holm , which also reached the top of the Norwegian VG - lista . Charts Chart ( 2006 ) Peak position Norway ( VG - lista ) Alexandra Burke ( edit ) `` Hallelujah '' Single by Alexandra Burke from the album Overcome B - side `` Candyman '' ( Live on The X Factor ) `` Without You '' ( Live on The X Factor ) Released 17 December 2008 Format CD digital download Recorded 2008 Genre R&B Length 3 : 39 Label Syco Songwriter ( s ) Leonard Cohen Producer ( s ) Quiz & Larossi Alexandra Burke singles chronology `` Hero '' ( 2008 ) `` Hallelujah '' ( 2008 ) `` Bad Boys '' ( 2009 ) `` Hero '' ( 2008 ) `` Hallelujah '' ( 2008 ) `` Bad Boys '' ( 2009 ) Music video `` Hallelujah '' on YouTube Alexandra Burke , the winner of the fifth series of the reality television show The X Factor , released a condensed cover version of the song as a prize for her victory . It reached Christmas number one on the UK Singles Chart on 21 December 2008 . Background The release of Burke 's cover created interest in the previous versions of the song , including a Buckley fan campaign to take Buckley 's cover to the top of the Christmas chart and therefore deny Burke the top spot . The campaign was fuelled by Buckley fans ' dislike of The X Factor 's commercialism and the song 's arrangement , as well as their desire to introduce younger people to Buckley 's version . Burke herself was not enamoured of the choice of song , remarking `` It just did n't do anything for me . '' Commercial performance Burke 's version broke a European sales record after selling over 105,000 digital downloads in just one day , breaking the previous record set by Leona Lewis . The song sold 576,000 copies in its first week , becoming the fastest - selling single released by a woman in the United Kingdom and the 2008 Christmas number one , while Buckley 's cover charted at number two and Cohen 's original version at number 36 . On 28 December 2008 , the UK Singles Chart listed Burke 's version as the biggest - selling single of the year , with NME announcing sales of over one million copies since its release . This also made Burke the first ever female British artist to have a million - selling single in the UK . It has sold 1.297 million as of August 2016 , making it the biggest - selling X Factor winner 's single to date . Charts Chart ( 2008 -- 17 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 53 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 27 European Hot 100 Singles 6 France ( SNEP ) 175 Ireland ( IRMA ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 11 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Certifications Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,297,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Pentatonix ( edit ) `` Hallelujah '' Single by Pentatonix from the album A Pentatonix Christmas Released 21 October 2016 Format CD digital download Recorded 2016 Genre A cappella Length 4 : 28 Label RCA Records Songwriter ( s ) Leonard Cohen Producer ( s ) PTX , Ben Bram Pentatonix singles chronology `` Jolene '' ( 2016 ) `` Hallelujah '' ( 2016 ) `` Jolene '' ( 2016 ) `` Hallelujah '' ( 2016 ) Music video `` Hallelujah '' on YouTube The a cappella group Pentatonix covered the song in the quintet 's 2016 album , A Pentatonix Christmas . On 21 October 2016 , Pentatonix also released a music video for its cover . Chart ( 2016 -- 17 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 22 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 14 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 16 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 83 France ( SNEP ) 20 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Italy ( FIMI ) 37 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 88 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 53 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 23 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 7 US Billboard Hot 100 23 Certifications Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 40,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 200,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Other cover versions ( edit ) `` it 's a beautifully constructed melody that steps up , evolves , and slips back , all in quick time . But this song has a connective chorus , which when it comes in has a power all of its own . The ' secret chord ' and the point - blank I - know - you - better - than - you - know - yourself aspect of the song has plenty of resonance for me . '' -- Bob Dylan Bob Dylan was among the first to perform Cohen 's song in concert with his earliest noted performance being in Montreal on 8 July 1988 . Other notable singers who have covered `` Hallelujah '' include Brandi Carlile , Regina Spektor , Willie Nelson , Susan Boyle , Tim Minchin , Alter Bridge , ( Myles Kennedy ) , and Bono . Bono 's version , which is mostly spoken , was included in Tower of Song , an all - star tribute to Cohen in 1995 . Bon Jovi has covered the song several times in concert , including on their 2008 Live at Madison Square Garden DVD . International group Il Divo released a Spanish - language adaptation with different lyrics on their album The Promise ( 2008 ) , which topped the charts in the UK . The song was performed by recording artist Damien Rice at the 2008 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductions when Cohen was inducted . That same year Welsh mezzo - soprano Katherine Jenkins recorded a classical - crossover version for her album Sacred Arias . Kate Voegele performed it in character as Mia Catalano in the U.S. teen drama One Tree Hill . Also appearing on an album , her version made the Hot 100 Billboard charts and reached number 53 in the UK shortly after airing of the episode there . Also in 2008 , the Welsh band Brigyn released a version in Welsh . The song has become a staple of television talent shows . Jason Castro , an American Idol season 7 contestant , performed a version on 4 March 2008 , which propelled Jeff Buckley 's version of the song to the top of the Billboard digital song chart . His version was included in his self - titled debut album and his second studio album , Who I Am. Lisa Hordijk , winner of the 2009 Dutch X Factor , released `` Hallelujah '' as her debut single , which went double platinum and remained at the top of the Dutch charts for ten weeks . A 2009 hit by Orthodox Jewish singer Ohad Moskowitz , `` Bo'i Kala '' , featuring the words of the traditional tune accompanying a Jewish bride to the chuppah , is a musical adaptation of `` Hallelujah '' . On 22 January 2010 , American musicians Justin Timberlake , Matt Morris , and Charlie Sexton performed a live cover version of `` Hallelujah '' during the Hope for Haiti Now telethon in support of those affected by the 2010 Haiti earthquake . A recorded version was released the following day on the Hope for Haiti Now soundtrack album and reached a peak of No. 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . On 16 April 2010 , the Edmonton Symphony Orchestra and the Richard Eaton Singers conducted by Jack Everly premiered a new arrangement for orchestra and chorus by Claude Lapalme . Also in 2010 , the Maccabeats of Yeshiva University released Voices from the Heights , with an a cappella version of `` Hallelujah '' set to the Hebrew words of the Shabbat liturgical poem `` Lecha Dodi '' . Steven Page performed the song live at the state funeral of Canadian Opposition Leader Jack Layton on 27 August 2011 . Raul Esparza performed the song live at the Kennedy Center 's 11 September Memorial Concert on 8 September 2011 . In May 2012 , Canada 's Royal Winnipeg Ballet presented the World Premiere of The Doorway -- Scenes from Leonard Cohen , created and choreographed by Jorden Morris -- with `` Hallelujah '' performed by Allison Crowe ( voice and piano ) and ballerinas Sophia Lee and Jo - Ann Gudilin dancing alternate dates . On the third season of the American version of The Voice , contestant Nicole Nelson sang `` Hallelujah '' in the `` Blind Audition '' stages , and all four coaches selected Nelson for their team . Later in the season , the show recorded a shortened version in honor of the victims of the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting . All four coaches -- Adam Levine , Blake Shelton , CeeLo Green and Christina Aguilera -- performed , with hosts Carson Daly and Christina Milian along with the show contestants singing background vocals . Each person in the ensemble held up a card that displayed the name and age of one of the people lost in the tragedy . American entertainer Adam Sandler performed an off - color parody of `` Hallelujah '' in December 2012 at Madison Square Garden in New York City as part of 12 - 12 - 12 : The Concert for Sandy Relief . Sandler 's version contained numerous references to Hurricane Sandy and contemporary events in local culture , sports and politics . On 31 May 2015 , a 167 - piece operatic choir , Côr Glanaethwy , sang a rendition in Welsh in the final of Britain 's Got Talent ( series 9 ) . They came third in the competition . Singer Tori Kelly recorded a cover of `` Hallelujah '' for the animated film Sing and has done two notable live performances of the song : during the `` In Memoriam '' portion of the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards , and alongside Luis Fonsi during the 2017 Hand in Hand : A Benefit for Hurricane Relief telethon . On 12 November 2016 , an episode of Saturday Night Live opened with cast member Kate McKinnon as Hillary Clinton performing a rendition of the song in tribute to both Cohen and Clinton ; the preceding week had seen both Cohen 's death and Clinton 's unexpected loss to Donald Trump in the 2016 U.S. presidential election . Multiple orchestral and instrumental versions of the song have also been performed . Violinist Lindsey Stirling recorded an arrangement of the song in accordance with the A Savior is Born campaign , created by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints . Stirling uploaded a video of her performing the piece in a New York City Subway station to her YouTube channel . During the performance , not one person stopped to listen . Accolades and achievements ( edit ) The BBC commemorated the 25th anniversary of the first recording with an hour - long radio documentary , The Fourth , The Fifth , The Minor Fall , in which the song 's history and numerous cover versions were presented and discussed . It was named one of the top ten greatest tracks of all time in a poll of songwriters conducted by the British music magazine Q . It was listed as one of the 500 greatest songs by Rolling Stone magazine . In the February 2009 issue of Blender , `` Hallelujah '' was named that month 's `` Greatest Song Ever '' ( a monthly feature ) . In 2005 , `` Hallelujah '' was named the tenth - greatest Canadian song of all time in Chart magazine 's annual readers ' poll . On 21 December 2008 , `` Hallelujah '' became the first song in 51 years to be numbers one and 2 on the UK Singles Chart ; The X Factor winner Alexandra Burke 's and American singer Jeff Buckley 's covers were the two highest - selling songs in the week beginning 15 December 2008 . Leonard Cohen 's version was number 36 in the same chart . Pulitzer Prize - winning author Geraldine Brooks took the title of her 2015 novel about King David , The Secret Chord from this song . Other charted versions ( edit ) Covering Artist ( s ) Year Peak chart positions Certifications AUS AUT BEL ( FL ) BEL ( WA ) CAN DEN EU FRA NL NZ SWE SWI UK US Bon Jovi 2008 -- 29 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 177 -- Kate Voegele -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 53 68 Lisa Lois 2009 -- -- -- -- -- -- 99 -- -- -- -- -- -- Justin Timberlake and Matt Morris featuring Charlie Sexton -- 22 25 31 5 37 -- -- -- 8 10 -- 91 13 Natalia and Gabriel Ríos -- -- 6 -- -- 81 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- BEA : Platinum Karise Eden 2012 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 35 -- -- -- -- ARIA : Platinum Bastian Baker -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 18 -- -- -- 24 -- -- Matthew Schuler 2013 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 40 Xavier Naidoo 2014 -- 20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 36 -- -- Notes A ^ Bastian Baker 's version of `` Hallelujah '' did not enter the Ultratop 50 , but peaked at number 5 on the Wallonia Ultratip chart . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Christensen , Andrea ( 12 January 2017 ) . `` Seeking spirituality in pop songs : BYU researchers identify criteria for ' secular hymns ' '' . BYU News . Brigham Young University . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Fetters , Ashley ( 2 December 2012 ) . `` How Leonard Cohen 's ' Hallelujah ' Became Everybody 's ' Hallelujah ' '' . The Atlantic . The Atlantic Monthly Group . Retrieved 3 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Singer backs Welsh ' Hallelujah ' '' . BBC . 7 November 2008 . Retrieved 3 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Arjatsalo , J. , Riise , A. , & Kurzweil , K. `` A Thousand Covers Deep : Leonard Cohen Covered by Other Artists '' . The Leonard Cohen files . Archived from the original on 7 June 2008 . Retrieved 6 November 2012 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( 21 November 2016 ) . `` Leonard Cohen 's ' Hallelujah ' Hits Hot 100 for First Time '' . Billboard . 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Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat − År 2009 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved 20 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Jeff Buckley -- Hallelujah '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Enter Hallelujah in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan ( 22 November 2017 ) . `` Leonard Cohen by numbers : the legend 's chart history in detail '' . Music Week . Intent Media . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Jeff Buckley -- Hallelujah '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 20 January 2012 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Chart Archive -- Rufus Wainwright -- Hallelujah '' . Chartarchive.org . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Search Results -- Rock Digital Songs 2010 - 06 - 05 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` K.D. Lang sings Leonard Cohen 's Hallelujah '' . YouTube . 3 April 2007 . Retrieved 1 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Nonesuch Journal ( 17 December 2008 ) . `` Leonard Cohen 's ' Hallelujah , ' a Highlight of K.D. Lang Performances , Hits the ' X Factor . ' . Retrieved 17 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Events , '' Archived 13 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 17 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Wears the Trousers Magazine . ( 8 July 2008 ) . Anjani Thomas ' Sometimes you just get very lucky ' . '' Archived 5 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 17 April 2009 . Jump up ^ And K.D. Lang Performs `` Hallelujah '' at Opening Ceremony of Vancouver Olympics Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- K.D. Lang -- Hallelujah '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` K.D. Lang Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- K.D. Lang -- Hallelujah '' . Tracklisten . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- K.D. Lang -- Hallelujah '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- K.D. Lang -- Hallelujah '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- K.D. Lang -- Hallelujah '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- K.D. Lang -- Hallelujah '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` K.D. Lang Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- K.D. Lang -- Hallelujah '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 20 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Hallelujah Norwegian quartet version page on NorwegianCharts.com Jump up ^ Hallelujah Norwegian quartet version page on aCharts.us Jump up ^ `` Hallelujah . '' Music Business in Norway , p. 15 . Retrieved 12 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Kurt Nilsen , Espen Lind , Askil Holm & Alejandro Fuentes -- Hallelujah '' . VG - lista . ^ Jump up to : Jamieson , Alastair ( 21 December 2008 ) . `` Hallelujah , the Leonard Cohen song recorded by X Factor television show winner Alexandra Burke , has become both the Christmas number one and number two best - selling single '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Buckley , Leonard Cohen fans unite on Facebook to keep reality show version of ' Hallelujah ' off British chart '' . National Post . Retrieved 1 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hallelujah ! You Buck the trend '' . The Sun . United Kingdom . 15 December 2008 . Retrieved 1 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Fight for a ' Hallelujah ' Christmas Victory '' . The Times . 18 December 2008 . ^ Jump up to : ' Hallelujah ' Hits Number One and Two Slots in Christmas Charts . The Times . 22 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Lawson : Warring ' Hallelujahs ' '' . The Guardian , 19 December 2008 ^ Jump up to : Singh , Anita ( 15 December 2008 ) . `` X Factor Winner Alexandra Burke Sets New Chart Record with `` Hallelujah '' `` . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Duffy and Burke Top 2008 Charts '' . BBC . 29 December 2008 . Retrieved 29 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Alexandra Burke 's ' Hallelujah ' Joins ' Million - Selling ' Singles List '' . NME. 9 January 2009 . Retrieved 10 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Alexandra is first million - seller '' . BBC News . BBC Online . 9 January 2009 . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sedghi , Ami ( 26 August 2016 ) . `` The winner takes it all ? The biggest selling X Factor winner 's singles revealed '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 26 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Alexandra Burke -- Hallelujah '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 200936 into search . Jump up ^ `` Chart Search Results -- European Hot 100 Singles 2009 - 01 - 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 20 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Alexandra Burke -- Hallelujah '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 51 , 2008 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 -- Slovenian official singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alexandra Burke : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Alexandra Burke -- Hallelujah '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Enter Hallelujah in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Mitchell Peters ( 22 October 2016 ) . `` Pentatonix Cover Leonard Cohen 's ' Hallelujah ' in Moving Video '' . Billboard . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Pentatonix -- Hallelujah '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Pentatonix -- Hallelujah '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Pentatonix -- Hallelujah '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pentatonix Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201649 into search . Retrieved 14 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés - SNEP ( Week 44 , 2016 ) '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Pentatonix -- Hallelujah '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Classifica settimanale WK 52 '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Pentatonix -- Hallelujah '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201649 into search . Retrieved 14 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Pentatonix -- Hallelujah '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Pentatonix -- Hallelujah '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pentatonix Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Pentatonix -- Hallelujah '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Pentatonix ; ' Hallelujah ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Pentatonix -- Hallelujah '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Pentatonix -- Hallelujah '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ David Remnick ( 17 October 2016 ) . `` Leonard Cohen Makes It Darker '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Elisa Bray ( 5 December 2008 ) . `` Hallelujah -- a song with a life of its own '' . The Independent . Retrieved 12 July 2009 . Jump up ^ ( 25 January 2010 ) . `` The Outside Organisation -- Clients -- entertainment -- Bon Jovi -- Live At Madison Square Garden DVD and Blu - ray Released November 23rd '' . Outside-org.co.uk . Retrieved 1 September 2010 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Singer backs Welsh ' Hallelujah ' BBC . Retrieved 4 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` '' Hallelujah '' for Idol `` . E !. 14 March 2008 . Retrieved 19 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Baffled King Regretting ' Hallelujah ' '' Eurosavant . Retrieved 12 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Cashman , Greer Fay ( 16 March 2012 ) . `` Cantering Ahead '' . The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved 16 October 2014 . HighBeam subscription Jump up ^ `` Ohad Moskowitz - Boi Kala ( Hallelujah ) ( video ) '' . YouTube . 25 February 2010 . Retrieved 19 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 February 13 , 2010 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . Jump up ^ A Chorus of Hits -- Program Information . Edmonton Symphony Orchestra website . Retrieved 16 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Hesse , Monica ( 4 December 2010 ) . `` Harmony group 's Hanukkah anthem lights a fire on Web '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 20 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Maccabeats : Making Jewish Music Fun '' . Arutz Sheva TV . 18 January 2011 . Retrieved 20 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` An Anthem to Remember '' . CBC News Network , 27 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kennedy Center Announces 9 / 11 Commemorative Event '' . NBC News . 18 August 2011 . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Leonard Cohen 's music comes to life at the Royal Winnipeg Ballet '' , CBC News , 9 May 2012 . Retrieved 9 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Watch The Voice Episodes '' . NBC.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Why Adam Sandler 's 12 - 12 - 12 Parody of Leonard Cohens Hallelujah Was Long Overdue '' , Rolling Stone , 13 December 2012 . Retrieved 18 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Jess ( 31 May 2015 ) . `` Britain 's Got Talent final : Simon Cowell thinks Cor Glanaethwy will WIN 2015 show '' . Mirror . Retrieved 14 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Williams , Kathryn ( 1 June 2015 ) . `` Britain 's Got Talent : Cor Glanaethwy should have won after revelations about first and second place acts '' . Mirror . Retrieved 14 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sing ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack / Deluxe ) '' . Amazon.com . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Legaspi , Althea ( 2016 - 09 - 18 ) . `` Emmys 2016 : Watch Tori Kelly 's Touching ' Hallelujah ' for ' In Memoriam ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Unterberger , Andrew ( 2017 - 09 - 12 ) . `` Justin Bieber Introduces ' Hand in Hand ' Prayer , Tori Kelly & Luis Fonsi Perform ' Hallelujah ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Editor , Lee Moran Trends ; Post , The Huffington ( 2016 - 11 - 13 ) . `` Kate McKinnon As Clinton Sings Leonard Cohen 's ' Hallelujah ' On ' SNL ' '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Mormons Release ' A Savior Is Born ' Christmas Message '' . www.mormonnewsroom.org. 2015 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Hear a beautiful violin cover of ' Hallelujah ' in New York City subway '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ Aidin Vaziri ( 4 November 2012 ) , ' Hallelujah ' : Song of Leonard Cohen , San Francisco Chronicle , retrieved 6 November 2012 Jump up ^ `` Greatest Songs Ever : `` Hallelujah '' . Blender Magazine . 22 January 2012 . Archived from the original on 28 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hallelujah ' Set for Chart Trinity '' . BBC News . 16 December 2008 . Retrieved 21 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Matthew ( 3 October 2015 ) . `` ' The Secret Chord ' by Geraldine Brooks '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved 4 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Peak positions on the Australian ARIA Singles chart : For the version by Karise Eden : `` Australian Charts -- Karise Eden -- Hallelujah ( song ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . For the version by Pentatonix : `` ARIA CHART WATCH # 392 '' . auspOp. 29 October 2016 . Retrieved 29 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Peak positions on the Ö3 Austria Top 40 chart : For the version by Bon Jovi : `` Austria Top 40 -- Bon Jovi -- Hallelujah ( song ) '' ( in German ) . Austriancharts.at / Hung Medien . Retrieved 30 October 2012 . For the version by Justin Timberlake & Matt Morris feat . Charlie Sexton : `` Austria Top - 40 -- Justin Timberlake & Matt Morris feat . Charlie Sexton -- Hallelujah ( song ) '' . Austriancharts.at . Hung Medien . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Peak positions on the Belgian Ultratop 50 Flanders chart : For the version by Justin Timberlake & Matt Morris feat . Charlie Sexton : `` Charts Vlaanderen -- Justin Timberlake & Matt Morris feat . Charlie Sexton -- Hallelujah ( song ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . For the version by Natalia & Gabriel Ríos : `` Charts Vlaanderen -- Natalia & Gabriel Ríos -- Hallelujah ( song ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . For the version by Pentatonix : `` Pentatonix -- Hallelujah '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Peak positions on the Belgian Ultratop 50 Wallonia chart : For the version by Justin Timberlake & Matt Morris feat . Charlie Sexton : `` Charts Wallonie -- Justin Timberlake & Matt Morris feat . Charlie Sexton -- Hallelujah ( song ) '' ( in French ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . For the version by Natalia & Gabriel Ríos : `` Charts Wallonie -- Natalia & Gabriel Ríos -- Hallelujah ( song ) '' ( in French ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Peak chart positions on the Billboard Canadian Hot 100 : For the version by Justin Timberlake & Matt Morris feat . Charlie Sexton : `` Justin Timberlake Album & Song Chart History -- Canadian Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . For the version by Pentatonix : `` Pentatonix -- Chart History '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Peak positions on the Danish Tracklisten : For the version by Justin Timberlake & Matt Morris feat . Charlie Sexton : `` Danish Charts -- Justin Timberlake & Matt Morris feat . Charlie Sexton -- Hallelujah ( song ) '' . Danishcharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Peak positions on the European Hot 100 Singles chart : For the version by Lisa : `` Chart Search Results -- European Hot 100 Singles 2009 - 05 - 30 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . For the version by Natalia & Gabriel Ríos : `` Chart Search Results -- European Hot 100 Singles 2010 - 03 - 20 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Peak positions on the French Singles Chart : For the version by Bastian Baker : `` Classements -- Bastian Baker -- Hallelujah ( chanson ) '' ( in French ) . Lescharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 21 November 2012 . For the version by Pentatonix : `` Classements -- Pentatonix -- Hallelujah ( chanson ) '' ( in French ) . Lescharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Peak chart positions on the Dutch Single Top 100 : For the version by Lisa : `` Dutch Charts -- Lisa ( Lois ) -- Hallelujah '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutchcharts.nl . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Peak chart positions on the New Zealand Singles Chart : For the version by Justin Timberlake & Matt Morris feat . Charlie Sexton : `` New Zealand Charts -- Justin Timberlake & Matt Morris feat . Charlie Sexton -- Hallelujah ( song ) '' . Charts.org.nz . Hung Medien . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . For the version by Karise Eden : `` New Zealand Charts -- Karise Eden -- Hallelujah ( song ) '' . / charts.org.nz . Hung Medien . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Peak chart positions on the Swedish Singles Chart : For the version by Justin Timberlake & Matt Morris feat . Charlie Sexton : `` Swedish Charts -- Justin Timberlake & Matt Morris feat . Charlie Sexton -- Hallelujah ( song ) '' . Swedishcharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Peak positions on the Swiss Singles Chart : For the version by Bastian Baker : `` Swiss Charts -- Bastian Baker -- Hallelujah '' ( in German ) . Hitparade.ch . Hung Medien . Retrieved 21 November 2012 . For the version by Pentatonix : `` Swiss Charts -- Pentatonix -- Hallelujah '' ( in German ) . Hitparade.ch . Hung Medien . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Peak chart positions on the UK Singles Chart : For the version by Bon Jovi : ( 2 ) For the version by Kate Voegele : `` Chart Archive -- Kate Voegele -- Hallelujah '' . Chartarchive.org . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . For the version by Justin Timberlake & Matt Morris feat . Charlie Sexton : `` Chart Archive -- Timberlake / Morris / Sexton -- Hallelujah '' . Chartarchive.org . Jump up ^ Peak chart positions on the US Billboard Hot 100 : For the version by Justin Timberlake & Matt Morris feat . Charlie Sexton : `` The Hot 100 -- February 13 , 2010 '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 8 November 2016 . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . For the version by Kate Voegele : `` Kate Voegele -- Chart History '' . Billboard . For the version by Pentatonix : `` Pentatonix -- Chart History '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Les Disques d'Or / de Platine -- 2010 '' ( in French ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2012 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on 15 September 2013 . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bastian Baker -- Hallelujah '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Light , Alan ( 2013 ) . The Holy or the Broken : Leonard Cohen , Jeff Buckley , and the Unlikely Ascent of `` Hallelujah '' . New York : Atria Books . ISBN 9781451657845 . Babich , Babette ( 2013 ) . The Hallelujah Effect : Philosophical Reflections on Music , Performance Practice , and Technology . Ashgate Publishing , Ltd . ISBN 9781409473107 . External links ( edit ) 1984 version lyrics , on The Leonard Cohen Files 1988 version lyrics , on The Leonard Cohen Files BBC : Just whose hallelujah is it anyway ? -- article on writing and meaning of song The Birth of kd lang 's `` Hallelujah '' out of the ' Spirit of Music ' Perfect Sound Forever online music magazine presents ... 2011 article , by philosopher Babette Babich BBC : Hallelujah ! The rise and rise of Leonard Cohen 's once - forgotten classic -- 2012 report , by writer Alan Light Guitar chords Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( show ) Titles and Succession Preceded by `` Floden '' by Bjørn Eidsvåg Norwegian VG - lista number - one single ( Performed by Lind , Nilsen , Fuentes and Holm ) 10 -- 17 January 2007 Succeeded by `` Smack That '' by Akon featuring Eminem Preceded by `` New Soul '' by Yael Naïm French number - one single ( Jeff Buckley version ) 15 March 2008 Succeeded by `` New Soul '' by Yael Naïm Preceded by `` Love in This Club '' by Usher featuring Young Jeezy U.S. number - one digital song ( Jeff Buckley version ) 22 March 2008 Succeeded by `` Love in This Club '' by Usher featuring Young Jeezy Preceded by `` Run '' by Leona Lewis UK Singles Chart number - one single ( Alexandra Burke version ) 21 December 2008 -- 10 January 2009 Succeeded by `` Just Dance '' by Lady Gaga featuring Colby O'Donis Irish Singles Chart number - one single ( Alexandra Burke version ) 19 December 2008 -- 9 January 2009 Preceded by `` When You Believe '' by Leon Jackson The X Factor winner 's single ( Alexandra Burke version ) 2008 Succeeded by `` The Climb '' by Joe McElderry United Kingdom Christmas number - one single ( Alexandra Burke version ) 2008 Succeeded by `` Killing in the Name '' by Rage Against the Machine Preceded by `` Poker Face '' by Lady GaGa Dutch Top 40 number - one single ( Lisa Lois version ) 23 May 2009 -- 20 June 2009 Succeeded by `` Beggin ' '' by Madcon Articles and topics related to `` Hallelujah '' Leonard Cohen Studio albums Songs of Leonard Cohen Songs from a Room Songs of Love and Hate New Skin for the Old Ceremony Death of a Ladies ' Man Recent Songs Various Positions I 'm Your Man The Future Ten New Songs Dear Heather Old Ideas Popular Problems You Want It Darker Live albums Live Songs Cohen Live Field Commander Cohen : Tour of 1979 Live in London Live at the Isle of Wight 1970 Songs from the Road Live in Dublin Ca n't Forget : A Souvenir of the Grand Tour Compilations The Best of Leonard Cohen So Long , Marianne More Best of Leonard Cohen The Essential Leonard Cohen Tribute albums Famous Blue Raincoat I 'm Your Fan Tower of Song Leonard Cohen : I 'm Your Man Judy Collins Sings Leonard Cohen : Democracy The Songs of Leonard Cohen Covered Concert tours The Smokey Life Tour Various Positions Tour I 'm Your Man Tour The Future World Tour Leonard Cohen Tour 2008 -- 2010 Old Ideas World Tour Songs `` Ai n't No Cure for Love '' `` Avalanche '' `` Bird on the Wire '' `` Dance Me to the End of Love '' `` Everybody Knows '' `` Famous Blue Raincoat '' `` First We Take Manhattan '' `` The Gypsy 's Wife '' `` Hallelujah '' `` Hey , That 's No Way to Say Goodbye '' `` I 'm Your Man '' `` In My Secret Life '' `` Joan of Arc '' `` The Partisan '' `` So Long , Marianne '' `` Suzanne '' `` Take This Waltz '' `` You Want It Darker '' Books Let Us Compare Mythologies The Spice - Box of Earth The Favourite Game Flowers for Hitler Beautiful Losers Selected Poems 1956 - 1968 Stranger Music Book of Longing Related Awards and nominations Discography Leonard Cohen : I 'm Your Man Sharon Robinson Jennifer Warnes Anjani Thomas Perla Batalla Julie Christensen Marianne Ihlen Blue Alert Bob Johnston I Am a Hotel Ladies and Gentlemen ... Mr. Leonard Cohen The Holy or the Broken Book Category Jeff Buckley Studio albums Grace Sketches for My Sweetheart the Drunk Live albums Live at Sin - é Live from the Bataclan Mystery White Boy Live À L'Olympia Live at Sin - é ( Legacy Edition ) Grace Around the World Compilations Songs to No One 1991 -- 1992 The Grace EPs So Real : Songs from Jeff Buckley You and I Singles `` Grace '' `` Last Goodbye '' `` So Real '' `` Eternal Life '' `` Everybody Here Wants You '' `` Forget Her '' `` Hallelujah '' DVDs Live in Chicago Grace Around the World Related articles Discography Tim Buckley Gary Lucas Mick Grøndahl Matt Johnson Michael Tighe Parker Kindred Amazing Grace : Jeff Buckley Dream Brother : The Lives and Music of Jeff and Tim Buckley Dream Brother : The Songs of Tim and Jeff Buckley Greetings from Tim Buckley `` Teardrop '' Kate Voegele Studio albums Do n't Look Away A Fine Mess Gravity Happens EPs The Other Side Louder Than Words Wild Card Singles `` Only Fooling Myself '' `` Hallelujah '' `` 99 Times '' `` Heart In Chains '' Promotional singles `` Angel '' `` Sweet Silver Lining '' Featured songs `` Good to You '' ( with Marianas Trench ) Tours Parakate Tour Back 2 School Tour Lift Me Up Tour Battlefield Tour Less is More Tour Related articles One Tree Hill ( season 5 6 7 ) MySpace Records Interscope Records The Veronicas Stephen Kellogg and the Sixers The Wreckers Natasha Bedingfield Amy Kuney Marianas Trench Angel Taylor Jordin Sparks Parachute Tyler Hilton Alexandra Burke Discography Songs Studio albums Overcome Heartbreak on Hold The Truth Is Extended plays Christmas Gift # NewRules Singles `` Hallelujah '' `` Bad Boys '' `` Broken Heels '' `` All Night Long '' `` Start Without You '' `` The Silence '' `` Elephant '' `` Let It Go '' `` Shadow '' Concert tours All Night Long Tour ( 2011 ) Related articles Melissa Bell k.d. lang Studio albums with The Reclines A Truly Western Experience Angel with a Lariat Absolute Torch and Twang Solo Shadowland Ingénue All You Can Eat Invincible Summer Watershed with The Siss Boom Bang Sing It Loud Covers Drag Hymns of the 49th Parallel with Tony Bennett A Wonderful World Live and compilation albums Live by Request Reintarnation Recollection Singles `` Rose Garden '' `` Crying '' `` Full Moon Full of Love '' `` Three Days '' `` Luck in My Eyes '' `` Constant Craving '' `` Miss Chatelaine '' Related Discography case / lang / veirs Book Rufus Wainwright Awards and nominations Discography Songs Studio albums Rufus Wainwright Poses Want One Want Two Release the Stars All Days Are Nights : Songs for Lulu Out of the Game Take All My Loves : 9 Shakespeare Sonnets Live albums Rufus Does Judy at Carnegie Hall Milwaukee at Last ! ! ! 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Sloan Wainwright Jörn Weisbrodt Category Portal WikiProject Bon Jovi Jon Bon Jovi Tico Torres David Bryan Hugh McDonald Phil X Richie Sambora Alec John Such Dave Sabo Studio albums Bon Jovi 7800 ° Fahrenheit Slippery When Wet New Jersey Keep the Faith These Days Crush Bounce Have a Nice Day Lost Highway The Circle What About Now This House Is Not for Sale Compilation albums Cross Road This Left Feels Right Greatest Hits Burning Bridges 100,000,000 Bon Jovi Fans Ca n't Be Wrong Live albums One Wild Night Live 1985 -- 2001 Inside Out This House Is Not for Sale -- Live from the London Palladium Singles `` Runaway '' `` She Do n't Know Me '' `` Burning for Love '' ( Japan only ) `` Only Lonely '' `` In and Out of Love '' `` The Hardest Part Is the Night '' `` Silent Night '' `` You Give Love a Bad Name '' `` Livin ' on a Prayer '' `` Wanted Dead or Alive '' `` Never Say Goodbye '' `` Bad Medicine '' `` Born to Be My Baby '' `` I 'll Be There for You '' `` Lay Your Hands on Me '' `` Living in Sin '' `` Keep the Faith '' `` Bed of Roses '' `` In These Arms '' `` I 'll Sleep When I 'm Dead '' `` I Believe '' `` Dry County '' `` Please Come Home for Christmas '' `` Always '' `` Someday I 'll Be Saturday Night '' `` This Ai n't a Love Song '' `` Something for the Pain '' `` Lie to Me '' `` These Days '' `` Hey God '' `` Real Life '' `` It 's My Life '' `` Say It Is n't So '' `` Thank You For Loving Me '' `` One Wild Night '' `` Wanted Dead or Alive '' ( Live ) `` Everyday '' `` Misunderstood '' `` All About Lovin ' You '' `` Bounce '' ( promo single ) `` The Distance '' ( Japan only ) `` It 's My Life ( 2003 ) '' `` Wanted Dead or Alive ( 2003 ) '' ( promo single ) `` Have a Nice Day '' `` Who Says You Ca n't Go Home '' ( with Jennifer Nettles ) `` Welcome to Wherever You Are '' `` ( You Want To ) Make a Memory '' `` Lost Highway '' `` Till We Ai n't Strangers Anymore '' ( with LeAnn Rimes ) `` Summertime '' ( Canada only ) `` Whole Lot of Leavin ' '' `` We Were n't Born to Follow '' `` Superman Tonight '' `` When We Were Beautiful '' `` What Do You Got ? '' `` No Apologies '' `` This Is Our House '' ( promo single ) `` Because We Can '' `` What About Now '' `` This House Is Not for Sale '' Other songs `` Edge of a Broken Heart '' Video albums Breakout : Video Singles Slippery When Wet : The Videos New Jersey : The Videos Access All Areas : A Rock & Roll Odyssey Keep the Faith : An Evening with Bon Jovi Keep the Faith : The Videos Cross Road Live from London The Crush Tour This Left Feels Right Live Lost Highway : The Concert When We Were Beautiful Live at Madison Square Garden Greatest Hits : The Ultimate Video Collection Concert tours Runaway Tour Slippery When Wet Tour Jersey Syndicate Tour Keep the Faith Tour I 'll Sleep When I 'm Dead Tour These Days Tour Crush Tour One Wild Night Tour Bounce Tour Have a Nice Day Tour Lost Highway Tour The Circle Tour Bon Jovi Live Because We Can Bon Jovi Live ! This House Is Not for Sale Tour Solo albums Blaze of Glory ( Jon Bon Jovi ) Stranger in This Town ( Sambora ) On a Full Moon ( Bryan ) Destination Anywhere ( Jon Bon Jovi ) Undiscovered Soul ( Sambora ) Lunar Eclipse ( Bryan ) The Power Station Years : The Unreleased Recordings ( Jon Bon Jovi ) Aftermath of the Lowdown ( Sambora ) Related articles Discography Songs recorded Awards Book Category The X Factor ( UK ) Discography Controversy and criticism Series Main 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Celebrity Battle of the Stars Finalists Series 1 Steve Brookstein G4 Tabby Callaghan Rowetta Satchell Roberta Howett Series 2 Shayne Ward Andy Abraham Journey South Brenda Edwards Chico Slimani The Conway Sisters Maria Lawson Series 3 Leona Lewis Ray Quinn Ben Mills The MacDonald Brothers Kerry McGregor Series 4 Leon Jackson Rhydian Roberts Same Difference Niki Evans Hope Matthew Protheroe Daniel de Bourg Series 5 Alexandra Burke JLS Eoghan Quigg Diana Vickers Ruth Lorenzo Laura White Series 6 Joe McElderry Olly Murs Stacey Solomon Jedward Lucie Jones Series 7 Matt Cardle Rebecca Ferguson One Direction Cher Lloyd Mary Byrne Katie Waissel Aiden Grimshaw Belle Amie John Adeleye Series 8 Little Mix Marcus Collins Amelia Lily Misha B Janet Devlin Kitty Brucknell Frankie Cocozza Series 9 James Arthur Jahméne Douglas Christopher Maloney Union J Rylan Clark Ella Henderson Lucy Spraggan Carolynne Poole Series 10 Sam Bailey Nicholas McDonald Luke Friend Rough Copy Kingsland Road Series 11 Ben Haenow Fleur East Andrea Faustini Lauren Platt Stereo Kicks Stevi Ritchie Only the Young Jake Quickenden Chloe Jasmine Blonde Electra Series 12 Louisa Johnson Reggie ' n ' Bollie 4th Impact Series 13 Matt Terry Saara Aalto 5 After Midnight Ryan Lawrie Series 14 Rak - Su Singles Winners singles `` Against All Odds '' `` That 's My Goal '' `` A Moment Like This '' `` When You Believe '' `` Hallelujah '' `` The Climb '' `` When We Collide '' `` Cannonball '' `` Impossible '' `` Skyscraper '' `` Something I Need '' `` Forever Young '' `` When Christmas Comes Around '' `` Dimelo '' Charity singles `` Hero '' `` You Are Not Alone '' `` Heroes '' `` Wishing on a Star '' Related articles The X Factor franchise I Ca n't Sing ! The X Factor Musical X Factor Around the World UK Christmas number - one singles in the 2000s `` Can We Fix It ? '' ( Bob the Builder , 2000 ) `` Somethin ' Stupid '' ( Robbie Williams & Nicole Kidman , 2001 ) `` Sound of the Underground '' ( Girls Aloud , 2002 ) `` Mad World '' ( Michael Andrews & Gary Jules , 2003 ) `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( Band Aid 20 , 2004 ) `` That 's My Goal '' ( Shayne Ward , 2005 ) `` A Moment Like This '' ( Leona Lewis , 2006 ) `` When You Believe '' ( Leon Jackson , 2007 ) `` Hallelujah '' ( Alexandra Burke , 2008 ) `` Killing in the Name '' ( Rage Against the Machine , 2009 ) Complete list 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s UK Christmas number - one single downloads in the 2000s `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( Band Aid 20 , 2004 ) `` JCB '' ( Nizlopi , 2005 ) `` Patience '' ( Take That , 2006 ) `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' ( Mariah Carey , 2007 ) `` Hallelujah '' ( Alexandra Burke , 2008 ) `` Killing in the Name '' ( Rage Against the Machine , 2009 ) 2000s 2010s Best - selling singles by year in the United Kingdom 1952 -- 1969 1952 : `` Auf Wiederseh'n Sweetheart '' -- Vera Lynn ( UK ) 1953 : `` I Believe '' -- Frankie Laine 1954 : `` Secret Love '' -- Doris Day 1955 : `` Rose Marie '' -- Slim Whitman 1956 : `` I 'll Be Home '' -- Pat Boone 1957 : `` Diana '' -- Paul Anka 1958 : `` Jailhouse Rock '' -- Elvis Presley 1959 : `` Living Doll '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1960 : `` It 's Now or Never '' -- Elvis Presley 1961 : `` Wooden Heart '' -- Elvis Presley 1962 : `` I Remember You '' -- Frank Ifield ( UK ) 1963 : `` She Loves You '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1964 : `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1965 : `` Tears '' -- Ken Dodd ( UK ) 1966 : `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' -- Tom Jones ( UK ) 1967 : `` Release Me '' -- Engelbert Humperdinck ( UK ) 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1969 : `` Sugar , Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970 -- 1989 1970 : `` The Wonder of You '' -- Elvis Presley 1971 : `` My Sweet Lord '' -- George Harrison ( UK ) 1972 : `` Amazing Grace '' -- The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Band ( UK ) 1973 : `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' -- Tony Orlando and Dawn 1974 : `` Tiger Feet '' -- Mud ( UK ) 1975 : `` Bye Bye Baby '' -- Bay City Rollers ( UK ) 1976 : `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' -- Brotherhood of Man ( UK ) 1977 : `` Mull of Kintyre '' / `` Girls ' School '' -- Wings ( UK ) 1978 : `` Rivers of Babylon '' / `` Brown Girl in the Ring '' -- Boney M . 1979 : `` Bright Eyes '' -- Art Garfunkel 1980 : `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' -- The Police ( UK ) 1981 : `` Do n't You Want Me '' -- The Human League ( UK ) 1982 : `` Come On Eileen '' -- Dexys Midnight Runners ( UK ) 1983 : `` Karma Chameleon '' -- Culture Club ( UK ) 1984 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid ( UK ) 1985 : `` The Power of Love '' -- Jennifer Rush 1986 : `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' -- The Communards ( UK ) 1987 : `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' -- Rick Astley ( UK ) 1988 : `` Mistletoe and Wine '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1989 : `` Ride on Time '' -- Black Box 1990 -- 2009 1990 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- The Righteous Brothers 1991 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992 : `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1993 : `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' -- Meat Loaf 1994 : `` Love Is All Around '' -- Wet Wet Wet ( UK ) 1995 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- Robson & Jerome ( UK ) 1996 : `` Killing Me Softly '' -- Fugees 1997 : `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' / `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' -- Elton John ( UK ) 1998 : `` Believe '' -- Cher 1999 : `` ... Baby One More Time '' -- Britney Spears 2000 : `` Can We Fix It ? '' -- Bob the Builder ( UK ) 2001 : `` It Was n't Me '' -- Shaggy featuring Rikrok ( UK ) 2002 : `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' -- Will Young ( UK ) 2003 : `` Where Is the Love ? '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2004 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid 20 ( UK ) 2005 : `` Is This the Way to Amarillo '' -- Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay ( UK ) 2006 : `` Crazy '' -- Gnarls Barkley 2007 : `` Bleeding Love '' -- Leona Lewis ( UK ) 2008 : `` Hallelujah '' -- Alexandra Burke ( UK ) 2009 : `` Poker Face '' -- Lady Gaga 2010 -- present 2010 : `` Love the Way You Lie '' -- Eminem featuring Rihanna 2011 : `` Someone Like You '' -- Adele ( UK ) 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Blurred Lines '' -- Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson ( UK ) featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` One Dance '' -- Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla ( UK ) 2017 : `` Shape of You '' - Ed Sheeran ( UK ) BNF : cb161653609 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hallelujah_(Leonard_Cohen_song)&oldid=834492873 '' Categories : Christmas number - one singles in the United Kingdom Christmas number - one single downloads in the United Kingdom 1980s ballads 1984 singles Leonard Cohen songs Columbia Records singles 1994 singles Jeff Buckley songs 2003 singles Rufus Wainwright songs 2008 singles Alexandra Burke songs The X Factor ( UK TV series ) Bon Jovi songs SNEP Top Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Norway UK Singles Chart number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Debut singles Songs written by Leonard Cohen Songs about music Rock ballads Contemporary R&B ballads Ultratop 50 Singles ( Flanders ) number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Single Top 100 number - one singles Metasongs Syco Music singles Universal Records singles United States National Recording Registry recordings 1984 songs Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Use dmy dates from December 2012 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart called without artist Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Finnishdownload Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardrocksongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Articles with unsourced statements from February 2010 Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for ItalyFIMI Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 00 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote the lyrics for the song hallelujah | [
"\"Hallelujah\" is a song written by Canadian singer Leonard Cohen, originally released on his album Various Positions (1984). Achieving little initial success, the song found greater popular acclaim through a recording by John Cale, which inspired a recording by Jeff Buckley. It is considered as the \"baseline\" of secular hymns.[1]"
] | [
"Leonard Cohen"
] |
-8999574577662585246 | The Graduate | The Graduate - wikipedia The Graduate Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see The Graduate ( disambiguation ) . The Graduate Theatrical release poster Directed by Mike Nichols Produced by Lawrence Turman Screenplay by Calder Willingham Buck Henry Based on The Graduate by Charles Webb Starring Anne Bancroft Dustin Hoffman Katharine Ross Music by Paul Simon ( songs ) Dave Grusin ( score ) Cinematography Robert Surtees Edited by Sam O'Steen Production company Mike Nichols / Lawrence Turman Productions Distributed by Embassy Pictures ( US ) United Artists ( International ) Release date December 22 , 1967 ( 1967 - 12 - 22 ) Running time 105 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $3 million Box office $104.9 million ( North America ) $85 million ( worldwide rentals ) The Graduate is a 1967 American romantic comedy - drama film directed by Mike Nichols and written by Buck Henry and Calder Willingham , based on the 1963 novel of the same name by Charles Webb , who wrote it shortly after graduating from Williams College . A bildungsroman that follows its protagonist 's transition into adulthood , the film tells the story of 21 - year - old Benjamin Braddock ( Dustin Hoffman ) , a recent college graduate with no well - defined aim in life , who is seduced by an older woman , Mrs. Robinson ( Anne Bancroft ) , and then falls in love with her daughter Elaine ( Katharine Ross ) . The film was released on December 22 , 1967 , received positive reviews and grossed $104.9 million in the U.S. and Canada . With the figures adjusted for inflation , the film 's gross is $770 million , making it the 22nd highest - ever grossing film in the U.S. and Canada . In 1996 , The Graduate was selected for preservation in the U.S. National Film Registry as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant . '' Initially , the film was placed at number 7 on AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies list in 1998 . When AFI revised the list in 2007 , the film was moved to number 17 . The Graduate won the Academy Award for Best Director for Nichols and was nominated in six other categories , making it the last film so far to win Best Director and nothing else . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Casting 3.2 Filming locations 3.3 Music 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Awards and honors 5 Stage adaptation 6 Possibility of sequel 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Bibliography 9 Further reading 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Benjamin Braddock , aged twenty - one , has earned his bachelor 's degree from Williams College and has returned home to a party celebrating his graduation at his parents ' house in Pasadena , California . Benjamin , visibly uncomfortable as his parents deliver accolades and neighborhood friends ask him about his future plans , evades those who try to congratulate him . Mrs. Robinson , the neglected wife of his father 's law partner , insists that he drive her home . Benjamin is coerced inside to have a drink and Mrs. Robinson attempts to seduce him . She invites him up to her daughter Elaine 's room to see her portrait and then enters the room naked , making it clear that she is available to him . Benjamin initially rebuffs her but a few days later after his scuba demonstration on his birthday , he clumsily organizes a tryst at the Taft hotel . Benjamin spends the remainder of the summer drifting around in the pool by day , purposefully neglecting to select a graduate school , and seeing Mrs. Robinson at the hotel by night . He discovers that he and Mrs. Robinson have nothing to talk about . However , after Benjamin pesters her one evening , Mrs. Robinson reveals that she entered into a loveless marriage when she accidentally became pregnant with Elaine . Both Mr. Robinson and Benjamin 's parents encourage him to call Elaine , even though Mrs. Robinson makes her disapproval clear . Benjamin takes Elaine on a date but tries to sabotage it by ignoring her , driving recklessly and taking her to a strip club . After Elaine runs out of the strip club in tears , Benjamin has a change of heart , realizes how rude he has been to her , and discovers that Elaine is someone with whom he is comfortable . In search of a late - night drink they visit the Taft hotel but when the staff greet Benjamin as `` Mr. Gladstone '' ( the name he uses during his rendezvous with Mrs. Robinson ) Elaine correctly guesses that he has been having an affair with a married woman and accepts his assurances that the affair is now over . To preempt a furious Mrs. Robinson , who threatens to tell Elaine her version of their affair , Benjamin tells Elaine that the married woman was her mother . Elaine is distraught and returns to Berkeley . Benjamin pursues her there and tries to talk to her . She reveals that her mother 's story is that he raped her while she was drunk , and refuses to believe that it was in fact her mother who seduced Benjamin . After much discussion over several days , Benjamin begins to make inroads with Elaine . However , Mr. Robinson arrives at Berkeley after learning about the affair , confronts Benjamin at his rooming house , and threatens to put him behind bars if Benjamin sees his daughter again . Mr. Robinson then forces Elaine to drop out of college and takes her away to marry Carl , a classmate with whom she had briefly been involved . Returning to Pasadena in search of Elaine , Benjamin breaks into the Robinson home but encounters Mrs. Robinson . She tells him he will not be able to stop the wedding and then calls the police claiming that her house is being burgled . Benjamin visits Carl 's fraternity brothers who tell him that the wedding is in Santa Barbara , California that very morning . He rushes to the church and arrives just as Elaine is married . He bangs on the glass at the back of the church and screams out `` Elaine ! '' repeatedly . After a brief hesitation , Elaine screams out `` Ben ! '' and starts to run toward him . A brawl ensues as guests try to stop Elaine and Benjamin from leaving together . Elaine manages to break free from her mother , who then slaps her . Benjamin manages to keep the guests at bay by jamming a large cross into the doors of the church . Both he and Elaine then run into the street to flag down a passing bus and take the back seat . Although initially elated at their victory , the pair become increasingly uncomfortable as they journey towards an uncertain future . Cast ( edit ) Anne Bancroft as Mrs. Robinson Dustin Hoffman as Benjamin Braddock Katharine Ross as Elaine Robinson William Daniels as Mr. Braddock Murray Hamilton as Mr. Robinson Elizabeth Wilson as Mrs. Braddock Buck Henry as Room clerk Brian Avery as Carl Smith Walter Brooke as Mr. McGuire Norman Fell as Mr. McCleery Alice Ghostley as Mrs. Singleman Marion Lorne as Miss DeWitte Eve McVeagh as Mrs. Carlson Production ( edit ) Casting ( edit ) According to TCM host Robert Osborne , `` Mike Nichols wanted Doris Day for Mrs. Robinson , Robert Redford for Benjamin Braddock , and Gene Hackman for Mr. Robinson . '' But there were numerous actors considered or tested for , or who wanted , roles in the film . Day turned down the offer because the nudity required by the role offended her . Nichols ' actual first choice for Mrs. Robinson was French actress Jeanne Moreau . The idea behind this was that in the French culture , the `` older '' women tended to `` train '' the younger men in sexual matters . Joan Crawford inquired as to play the part , while Lauren Bacall and Audrey Hepburn both wanted the role . Patricia Neal turned down the film as she had recently recovered from a stroke and did not feel ready to accept such a major role . Geraldine Page also turned it down . Other actors considered for the part included Claire Bloom , Angie Dickinson , Sophia Loren , Judy Garland , Rita Hayworth , Susan Hayward , Anouk Aimee , Jennifer Jones , Deborah Kerr , Eva Marie Saint , Rosalind Russell , Simone Signoret , Jean Simmons , Lana Turner , Eleanor Parker , Anne Baxter and Shelley Winters . Angela Lansbury also asked about playing the part . Ava Gardner sought the role of Mrs. Robinson , and reportedly called Nichols saying , `` I want to see you ! I want to talk about this Graduate thing ! '' Nichols did not seriously consider her for the role ( he wanted a younger woman as Bancroft was 36 and Gardner was 45 ) , but did end up visiting her hotel . He later recounted that `` she sat at a little French desk with a telephone , she went through every movie star cliché . She said , ' All right , let 's talk about your movie . First of all , I strip for nobody . ' '' Meanwhile , Natalie Wood turned down not only the role of Mrs. Robinson , but also that of Elaine . For the character of Elaine , casting was also an issue . Patty Duke turned down the part as she did not want to work at the time . Faye Dunaway was also considered for Elaine , but had to turn it down , in favor of Bonnie and Clyde . Sally Field and Shirley MacLaine refused the role as well . Raquel Welch and Joan Collins both wanted the role , but did not succeed in getting it . Carroll Baker tested , but was said to have been too old to portray Anne Bancroft 's daughter . Candice Bergen screen - tested as well , as did Goldie Hawn and Jane Fonda . Additionally , Ann - Margret , Elizabeth Ashley , Carol Lynley , Sue Lyon , Yvette Mimieux , Suzanne Pleshette , Lee Remick , Pamela Tiffin , Julie Christie , and Tuesday Weld were all on the director 's shortlist before Katharine Ross was cast . When Dustin Hoffman auditioned for the role of Benjamin , he was asked to perform a love scene with Ross . Hoffman had never done one during his acting classes and believed that , as he said later , `` a girl like ( Ross ) would never go for a guy like me in a million years . '' Ross agreed , believing that Hoffman `` look ( ed ) about 3 feet tall ... so unkempt . This is going to be a disaster . '' Producer Joseph E. Levine later admitted that he at first believed that Hoffman `` was one of the messenger boys . '' Despite -- or perhaps because of -- Hoffman 's awkwardness , Nichols chose him for the film . `` As far as I 'm concerned , Mike Nichols did a very courageous thing casting me in a part that I was not right for , meaning I was Jewish , '' said Hoffman . `` In fact , many of the reviews were very negative . It was kind of veiled anti-Semitism ... I was called ' big - nosed ' in the reviews , ' a nasal voice ' . '' Before Hoffman was cast , Robert Redford and Warren Beatty were among the top choices . Beatty turned the film down as he was occupied with Bonnie and Clyde . Redford tested for the part of Benjamin ( with Candice Bergen as Elaine ) , but Nichols thought that Redford did not possess the underdog quality that Benjamin needed . When Mike Nichols talked with Redford , Redford asked what he meant . `` Well , let 's put it this way , '' said Nichols , `` Have you ever struck out with a girl ? '' `` What do you mean ? '' asked Redford . `` That 's precisely my point , '' said Nichols . Charles Grodin turned down the part , as the money was not right . Both Brandon deWilde and Michael Parks auditioned for the role . In addition , Keir Dullea , Robert Duvall , Harrison Ford , George Hamilton , Albert Finney , Gene Wilder , Steve McQueen , Jack Nance , Anthony Perkins , Robert Wagner , and Jack Nicholson were all considered for the part of Benjamin . Burt Ward , who starred as Robin on the Batman television series , had to pass on the role as he was committed to filming the show , and the studio would not lend him anyway . In the role of Mr. Robinson , Gene Hackman was originally cast , but just before filming began , the director decided he was too young and decided to replace him . Marlon Brando , Howard Duff , Brian Keith , George Peppard , Jack Palance , Frank Sinatra , Walter Matthau and Gregory Peck were all other choices for the role that Murray Hamilton eventually played . Susan Hayward was the first choice for Benjamin 's mother , Mrs. Braddock , but the role was given to Elizabeth Wilson . And to play Mr. Braddock , Yul Brynner , Kirk Douglas , Jack Lemmon , Robert Mitchum , Karl Malden , Christopher Plummer and Ronald Reagan all came close to getting the role that ended up going to William Daniels . There are considerable age discrepancies between the lead roles and the actors who portrayed them . Benjamin Braddock says , `` I will be 21 next week '' ; at the time of filming , Dustin Hoffman was 29 . William Daniels , who plays Hoffman 's father , was , at 39 , only 10 years older than Hoffman . Mrs. Robinson states , `` Benjamin , I am twice your age . '' Anne Bancroft was 35 , only six years older than Hoffman . Mrs. Robinson 's daughter Elaine is 19 and was portrayed by Katharine Ross , who was 27 at the time . Elaine May , who portrayed Elaine 's college roommate and delivered a note to Benjamin from Elaine , was 35 at the time and only seven months younger than Anne Bancroft . Mrs. Singleman and Miss DeWitte , party guests in one of the Taft Hotel scenes , were said to be sisters , though there was a 38 - year age difference between their portrayors , Alice Ghostley ( age 44 ) and Marion Lorne ( age 82 ) . Filming locations ( edit ) Many of the exterior university campus shots of Berkeley were actually filmed on the brick campus of USC in Los Angeles . Other scenes were filmed on Durant Avenue and College Ave . across from the Unit One Dorms in the city of Berkeley , as well as on the Berkeley campus itself ( shot remotely from Telegraph Avenue , as the university did not permit commercial filming at the time ) . The Taft Hotel scenes were filmed at the Ambassador Hotel . Most scenes at Carl 's fraternity were filmed at the Theta Delta Chi Delta Deuteron Charge house in Berkeley on College and Durant . The real fraternity flag is visible in both the exterior and dining room shots . The church used for the wedding scene is actually the United Methodist Church in La Verne . In a commentary audio released with the 40th anniversary DVD , Hoffman revealed that he was uneasy about the scene in which he pounds on the church window , as the minister of the church had been watching the filming disapprovingly . The wedding scene was highly influenced by the ending of the 1924 comedy film Girl Shy starring Harold Lloyd , who also served as an advisor for the scene in The Graduate . The residences used for the Braddocks ' house and the Robinsons ' house were located on North Palm Drive in Beverly Hills . The scene with Benjamin and Elaine at night in his car at the drive - in restaurant was filmed in Westwood Village , Los Angeles . The scenes of Benjamin driving to Berkeley on the San Francisco -- Oakland Bay Bridge were filmed on the top level of the bridge -- leading into San Francisco -- the opposite direction of Berkeley . In another scene as he drives south to Santa Barbara , his Alfa Romeo Spider is shown heading north through the Gaviota Tunnel , also the wrong direction . Music ( edit ) See also : The Graduate ( soundtrack ) The film boosted the profile of folk - rock duo Simon & Garfunkel . Originally , Nichols and O'Steen used their existing songs like `` The Sound of Silence '' merely as a pacing device for the editing until Nichols decided that substituting original music would not be effective and decided to include them on the soundtrack , an unusual move at that time . According to a Variety article by Peter Bart in the May 15 , 2005 , issue , Lawrence Turman , his producer , then made a deal for Simon to write three new songs for the movie . By the time they had nearly finished editing the film , Simon had only written one new song . Nichols begged him for more , but Simon , who was touring constantly , told him he did not have the time . He did play him a few notes of a new song he had been working on ; `` It 's not for the movie ... it 's a song about times past -- about Mrs. Roosevelt and Joe DiMaggio and stuff . '' Nichols advised Simon , `` It 's now about Mrs. Robinson , not Mrs. Roosevelt . '' On the strength of the hit single `` Mrs. Robinson '' , the soundtrack album rose to the top of the charts in 1968 . However , the version that appears in the film is markedly different from the hit single version , which would not be issued until Simon & Garfunkel 's next album , Bookends . The actual film version of `` Mrs. Robinson '' does appear on The Graduate soundtrack LP . In addition to the Simon & Garfunkel songs , the film features an instrumental score by Dave Grusin . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The Graduate was met with generally positive reviews from critics upon its release . A.D. Murphy of Variety and Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times praised the film , with Murphy describing it as a `` delightful satirical comedy - drama '' and Ebert claiming it was the `` funniest American comedy of the year '' . However , Life critic Richard Schickel felt the film `` starts out to satirize the alienated spirit of modern youth , does so with uncommon brilliance for its first half , but ends up selling out to the very spirit its creators intended to make fun of ... It 's a shame -- they were halfway to something wonderful when they skidded on a patch of greasy kid stuff . '' Pauline Kael wondered , `` How could you convince them ( younger viewers ) that a movie that sells innocence is a very commercial piece of work when they 're so clearly in the market to buy innocence ? '' Modern critics continue to praise the film , if not always with the same ardor . For the film 's thirtieth anniversary reissue , Ebert retracted some of his previous praise for the film , noting that he felt its time had passed and that he now had more sympathy for Mrs. Robinson than Benjamin ( whom he considered `` an insufferable creep '' ) , viewing one 's sympathy for Mrs. Robinson and disdainful attitude toward Ben as a function of aging and wisdom . He , along with Gene Siskel , gave the film a positive if unenthusiastic review on the television program Siskel & Ebert . Furthermore , the film 's rating in the AFI list of the greatest American films fell from 7th in 1997 to 17th in the 2007 update . Lang Thompson , however , argued that `` it really has n't dated much '' . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 91 % based on 74 reviews , with an average rating of 8.8 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads , `` The music , the performances , the precision in capturing the post-college malaise -- The Graduate 's coming - of - age story is indeed one for the ages . '' On the similar website Metacritic , the film holds a score of 77 out of 100 , based on 10 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Awards and honors ( edit ) The film received Academy Award nominations for Best Picture ( Lawrence Turman ) , Best Actor ( Dustin Hoffman ) , Best Actress ( Anne Bancroft ) , Best Supporting Actress ( Katharine Ross ) , Best Adapted Screenplay ( Buck Henry and Calder Willingham ) , and Best Cinematography ( Robert L. Surtees ) . Mike Nichols won the Academy Award for Best Director . The film also received Golden Globe Award nominations for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy ( Hoffman ) , and Best Screenplay ( Henry and Willingham ) . Bancroft won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy , Nichols won the Golden Globe Award for Best Director , Turman and Joseph E. Levin won the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy , Hoffman won the Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year -- Actor , and Ross won the Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year -- Actress . In addition , the film won the BAFTA Award for Best Film , BAFTA Award for Best Direction ( Nichols ) , BAFTA Award for Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Roles ( Hoffman ) , the BAFTA Award for Best Editing ( Sam O'Steen ) . Bancroft was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role . In 1996 , The Graduate was selected for preservation in the U.S. National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' , and placed # 21 on the list of highest - grossing films in the United States and Canada , adjusted for inflation . Years later in interviews , Bancroft conceded that , much to her surprise , Mrs. Robinson was the role with which she was most identified , and added `` Men still come up to me and tell me ' You were my first sexual fantasy . ' '' The film is listed in 1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die . In 1985 Alfa Romeo introduced the Graduate , a version of the Alfa Romeo Spider which recalled the car used in the movie . This version of the car was produced until 1990 . American Film Institute The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 1998 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- # 7 2000 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs -- # 9 2002 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions -- # 52 2004 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : `` Mrs. Robinson '' -- # 6 2005 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : Mr. McGuire : `` Plastics . '' -- # 42 Benjamin Braddock : `` Mrs. Robinson , you 're trying to seduce me . Are n't you ? '' -- # 63 2007 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- # 17 Stage adaptation ( edit ) Terry Johnson 's adaptation of the original novel and the film ran both on London 's West End and on Broadway , and has toured the United States . There is a Brazilian version adapted by Miguel Falabella . Several actresses have starred as Mrs. Robinson , including Kathleen Turner , Lorraine Bracco , Jerry Hall , Amanda Donohoe , Morgan Fairchild , Anne Archer , Vera Fischer , Patricia Richardson and Linda Gray . The stage production adds several scenes that are not in the novel or the film , as well as using material from both film and novel . It also uses songs by Simon & Garfunkel not used in the film , such as `` Bridge Over Troubled Water '' as well as music from other popular musicians from the era such as The Byrds and The Beach Boys . The West End production opened at the Gielgud Theatre on April 5 , 2000 , after previews from March 24 , with Kathleen Turner starring as Mrs. Robinson . The production closed in January 2002 . Jerry Hall replaced Turner on July 31 , 2000 , followed by Amanda Donohoe from February 2001 , Anne Archer from June 2001 , and Linda Gray from October 2001 . The 2003 UK touring production starred Glynis Barber as Mrs. Robinson . The Broadway production opened at the Plymouth Theatre on April 4 , 2002 , and closed on March 2 , 2003 , after 380 performances . Directed by Terry Johnson , the play featured the cast of Jason Biggs as Benjamin Braddock , Alicia Silverstone as Elaine Robinson , and Kathleen Turner as Mrs. Robinson . The play received no award nominations . Linda Gray briefly filled - in for Turner in September 2002 . Lorraine Bracco replaced Turner from November 19 , 2002 . The Graduate ran at the Cape Playhouse ( Dennis , Massachusetts ) in July 2011 , and starred Patricia Richardson . Possibility of sequel ( edit ) Charles Webb has written a sequel to his original novel titled Home School , but initially refused to publish it in its entirety because of a contract he signed in the 1960s . When he sold film rights to The Graduate , he surrendered the rights to any sequels . If he were to publish Home School , Canal+ , the French media company that owns the rights to The Graduate , would be able to adapt it for the screen without his permission . Extracts of Home School were printed in The Times on May 2 , 2006 . Webb also told the newspaper that there was a possibility he would find a publisher for the full text , provided he could retrieve the film rights using French copyright law . On May 30 , 2006 , The Times reported that Webb had signed a publishing deal for Home School with Random House which he hoped would enable him to instruct French lawyers to attempt to retrieve his rights . The novel was published in Britain in 2007 . While not technically a sequel , the 2005 film Rumor Has It revolves around characters who live in Pasadena and are rumored to have inspired their counterparts in The Graduate . See also ( edit ) Film in the United States portal Comedy portal 1960s portal 1967 in film List of American films of 1967 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` THE GRADUATE ( AA ) '' . United Artists . British Board of Film Classification . July 1 , 1970 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Graduate , Box Office Information '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Denisoff , R. Serge ; Romanowski , William D. ( 1991 ) . Risky Business : Rock in Film . Transaction Publishers . ISBN 9780887388439 . The Graduate : p. 167 . `` World net rental was estimated at more than $85 million by January 1971 . '' Jump up ^ Variety 's Film Reviews . December 20 , 1967 . p. 6 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8240 - 5210 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Domestic Grosses , Adjusted for Ticket Price Inflation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ McGee , Garry ( November 22 , 2011 ) . Doris Day : Sentimental Journey . McFarland . p. 160 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 6107 - 3 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ Zeitlin , David ( 24 November 1967 ) . `` The Graduate '' . Life . p. 111 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Dustin Hoffman says he understands the worries of young singers in ' Boychoir ' '' . 680 NEWS . Jump up ^ Kashner , Sam ( March 2008 ) . `` Here 's to You , Mr. Nichols : The Making of The Graduate '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ Moore , Annette ( Spring 2006 ) . `` USC 's Lists & Urban Legends : Just a Few of the Feature Films Shot on the University Park Campus '' . USC Trojan Family Magazine . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2013 . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SILENT SALON 2015 / / GIRL SHY '' . brownpapertickets.com . Jump up ^ `` Girl Shy '' . doctormacro.com . Jump up ^ Harris , Mark ( February 14 , 2008 ) . Pictures at a Revolution . The Penguin Press . pp. 360 -- 1 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 5942 - 0152 - 3 . Jump up ^ Bart , Peter ( May 15 , 2005 ) . `` The perfect pic alignment '' . Variety . Variety.com . Jump up ^ A.D. Murphy ( December 18 , 1967 ) . `` Film Reviews -- The Graduate '' . Variety . Variety.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( December 26 , 1967 ) . `` The Graduate '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ Gray , Beverly , Seduced by Mrs. Robinson , Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill , 2017 , pg. 166 - 167 Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( March 28 , 1997 ) . `` The Graduate '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` LiarLiar / Crash / Selena / The Graduate ( 1997 ) '' . Siskel & Ebert at the Movies . Season 11 . Episode 28 . TV.com : Siskel & Ebert at the Movies Season 11 Episode 28 . Siskel&Ebert.org . March 22 , 1997 . 3 : 40 minutes in . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Lang . `` The Graduate '' . Turner Classic Movies , Inc . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Graduate '' . Rotten Tomatoes . December 21 , 1967 . Jump up ^ `` The Graduate '' . Metacritic . Jump up ^ Steven Jay Schneider , ed. ( September 2003 ) . 1001 Movies You Muse See Before You Die . London : Quintessence Editions Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7641 - 6151 - 3 . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2014 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ Murray , Matthew . `` Theatre Review . The Graduate '' , talkinbroadway.com , April 4 , 2002 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Barbara and Scott . `` Reviews . The Graduate '' , theatermania.com , April 5 , 2002 Jump up ^ Shenton , Mark . Kathleen Turner to Graduate to West End as Mrs. Robinson `` , playbill.com , December 20 , 1999 . Jump up ^ Wolf , Matt . `` Reviews . The Graduate Turner 's Mrs. Robinson Turns Heads in London 's West End '' , variety.com , April 10 , 2000 Jump up ^ `` The Graduate 's London term ends '' , bbc.co.uk , 18 January 2002 Jump up ^ Davies , Hugh . `` Curtain rises on the new Mrs Robinson '' , telegraph.co.uk , 12 Jun 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Glynis keeps her kit on and pulls it off '' . the Telegraph . 5 September 2003 . Retrieved 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Graduate on Broadway '' , ibdb.com , accessed May 12 , 2015 Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew and Simonson , Robert . `` Lorraine Bracco Officially Opens in Broadway ' Graduate ' Dec. 15 '' , playbill.com , December 15 , 2002 . Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam . `` Cape Playhouse Casts Patricia Richardson , Joel Higgins , Dee Hoty , Josh Grisetti and Bradley Dean for Summer '' , playbill.com , June 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ David Smith ( 25 March 2005 ) . `` What happened next ? ( the author will let you know after he dies ) '' . The Observer . guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Webb , Charles ( 2 May 2006 ) . `` Mrs Robinson Returns '' . The Times . timesonline.co.uk . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Malvern , Jack ( 18 April 2006 ) . `` The Graduate 's not - so - happy sequel '' . The Times . timesonline.co.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ Malvern , Jack ( 30 May 2006 ) . `` At last , Mrs Robinson is getting her groove back '' . The Times . timesonline.co.uk . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 13 . Bibliography ( edit ) Kashner , Sam ( February 25 , 2008 ) . `` Here 's to You , Mister Nichols : The Making of The Graduate '' . Vanity Fair . Whitehead , J.W. ( 2011 ) . Appraising The Graduate : The Mike Nichols Classic and Its Impact in Hollywood . McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 6306 - 0 . Further reading ( edit ) Gray , Beverly ( 2017 ) . Seduced by Mrs. Robinson : How The Graduate Became the Touchstone of a Generation . Chapel Hill , N.C. : Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill . ISBN 9781616207663 . OCLC 990141379 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Graduate Official website The Graduate at the American Film Institute Catalog The Graduate on IMDb The Graduate at the TCM Movie Database The Graduate at AllMovie The Graduate at Rotten Tomatoes The Graduate at Box Office Mojo Related topic navboxes Mike Nichols Films Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) The Graduate ( 1967 ) Catch - 22 ( 1970 ) Carnal Knowledge ( 1971 ) The Day of the Dolphin ( 1973 ) The Fortune ( 1975 ) Gilda Live ( 1980 ) Silkwood ( 1983 ) Heartburn ( 1986 ) Biloxi Blues ( 1988 ) Working Girl ( 1988 ) Postcards from the Edge ( 1990 ) Regarding Henry ( 1991 ) Wolf ( 1994 ) The Birdcage ( 1996 ) Primary Colors ( 1998 ) What Planet Are You From ? ( 2000 ) Wit ( 2001 ) Angels in America ( 2003 ) Closer ( 2004 ) Charlie Wilson 's War ( 2007 ) Related Nichols and May Mike Nichols : American Masters ( 2016 documentary ) Films by Buck Henry Directed Heaven Can Wait ( 1978 ) First Family ( 1980 ) Screenplays The Troublemaker ( 1964 ) The Graduate ( 1967 ) Candy ( 1968 ) Catch - 22 ( 1970 ) The Owl and the Pussycat ( 1970 ) What 's Up , Doc ? ( 1972 ) The Day of the Dolphin ( 1973 ) Protocol ( 1984 ) To Die For ( 1995 ) Town & Country ( 2001 ) The Humbling ( 2014 ) The Graduate by Charles Webb Novels The Graduate ( 1963 ) Home School ( 2007 ) Film The Graduate ( 1967 ) Soundtrack `` Mrs. Robinson '' Related articles Rumor Has It Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy An American in Paris ( 1951 ) With a Song in My Heart ( 1952 ) Carmen Jones ( 1954 ) Guys and Dolls ( 1955 ) The King and I ( 1956 ) Les Girls ( 1957 ) Gigi / Auntie Mame ( 1958 ) Porgy and Bess / Some Like It Hot ( 1959 ) Song Without End / The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story / A Majority of One ( 1961 ) The Music Man / That Touch of Mink ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) The Russians Are Coming , the Russians Are Coming ( 1966 ) The Graduate ( 1967 ) Oliver ! 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( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) Lost in Translation ( 2003 ) Sideways ( 2004 ) Walk the Line ( 2005 ) Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 2007 ) Vicky Cristina Barcelona ( 2008 ) The Hangover ( 2009 ) The Kids Are All Right ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Les Misérables ( 2012 ) American Hustle ( 2013 ) The Grand Budapest Hotel ( 2014 ) The Martian ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) Lady Bird ( 2017 ) BAFTA Award for Best Film 1940s The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1947 ) Hamlet ( 1948 ) Bicycle Thieves ( 1949 ) 1950s All About Eve ( 1950 ) La Ronde ( 1951 ) The Sound Barrier ( 1952 ) Forbidden Games ( 1953 ) The Wages of Fear ( 1954 ) Richard III ( 1955 ) Gervaise ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Room at the Top ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) 1960s The Apartment ( 1960 ) Ballad of a Soldier ( 1961 ) The Hustler ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( 1964 ) My Fair Lady ( 1965 ) Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1967 ) The Graduate ( 1968 ) Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) 1970s Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid ( 1970 ) Sunday Bloody Sunday ( 1971 ) Cabaret ( 1972 ) Day for Night ( 1973 ) Lacombe , Lucien ( 1974 ) Alice Does n't Live Here Anymore ( 1975 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1976 ) Annie Hall ( 1977 ) Julia ( 1978 ) Manhattan ( 1979 ) 1980s The Elephant Man ( 1980 ) Chariots of Fire ( 1981 ) Gandhi ( 1982 ) Educating Rita ( 1983 ) The Killing Fields ( 1984 ) The Purple Rose of Cairo ( 1985 ) A Room with a View ( 1986 ) Jean de Florette ( 1987 ) The Last Emperor ( 1988 ) Dead Poets Society ( 1989 ) 1990s Goodfellas ( 1990 ) The Commitments ( 1991 ) Howards End ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1994 ) Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) The Full Monty ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) 2000s Gladiator ( 2000 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Pianist ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) The Queen ( 2006 ) Atonement ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) 2010s The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Boyhood ( 2014 ) The Revenant ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Graduate&oldid=836787587 '' Categories : 1967 films English - language films 1960s comedy - drama films 1960s coming - of - age films 1960s independent films Adultery in films American films American comedy - drama films American coming - of - age films American independent films American satirical films American sex comedy films Best Film BAFTA Award winners Best Musical or Comedy Picture Golden Globe winners Films scored by Dave Grusin Films about suburbia Films about virginity Films about weddings Films based on American novels Films based on romance novels Films directed by Mike Nichols Films featuring a Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe winning performance Films set in Los Angeles Films set in San Francisco Films set in Santa Barbara , California Films set in the San Francisco Bay Area Films set in universities and colleges Films shot in San Francisco Films whose director won the Best Direction BAFTA Award Films whose director won the Best Directing Academy Award Films whose director won the Best Director Golden Globe Films whose writer won the Best Screenplay BAFTA Award Screenplays by Buck Henry Sexuality and age in fiction United States National Film Registry films Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use mdy dates from September 2013 Film articles using image size parameter Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Aragonés Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 31 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 20 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played mrs robinson in the film the graduate | [
"The Graduate is a 1967 American romantic comedy-drama film directed by Mike Nichols[4] and written by Buck Henry and Calder Willingham, based on the 1963 novel of the same name by Charles Webb, who wrote it shortly after graduating from Williams College. A bildungsroman that follows its protagonist's transition into adulthood, the film tells the story of 21-year-old Benjamin Braddock (Dustin Hoffman), a recent college graduate with no well-defined aim in life, who is seduced by an older woman, Mrs. Robinson (Anne Bancroft), and then falls in love with her daughter Elaine (Katharine Ross)."
] | [
"Anne Bancroft"
] |
-6822565924281190074 | Structure of the Earth | Structure of the Earth - wikipedia Structure of the Earth Structure of the Earth The internal structure of the Earth is layered in spherical shells : an outer silicate solid crust , a highly viscous asthenosphere and mantle , a liquid outer core that is much less viscous than the mantle , and a solid inner core . Scientific understanding of the internal structure of the Earth is based on observations of topography and bathymetry , observations of rock in outcrop , samples brought to the surface from greater depths by volcanoes or volcanic activity , analysis of the seismic waves that pass through the Earth , measurements of the gravitational and magnetic fields of the Earth , and experiments with crystalline solids at pressures and temperatures characteristic of the Earth 's deep interior . Contents 1 Mass 2 Structure 2.1 Crust 2.2 Mantle 2.3 Core 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Mass ( edit ) The force exerted by Earth 's gravity can be used to calculate its mass . Astronomers can also calculate Earth 's mass by observing the motion of orbiting satellites . Earth 's average density can be determined through gravimetric experiments , which have historically involved pendulums . The mass of Earth is about 7024600000000000000 ♠ 6 × 10 kg . Structure ( edit ) Earth 's radial density distribution according to the preliminary reference earth model ( PREM ) . Earth 's gravity according to the preliminary reference earth model ( PREM ) . Comparison to approximations using constant and linear density for Earth 's interior . Mapping the interior of Earth with earthquake waves . Schematic view of the interior of Earth . 1 . continental crust -- 2 . oceanic crust -- 3 . upper mantle -- 4 . lower mantle -- 5 . outer core -- 6 . inner core -- A : Mohorovičić discontinuity -- B : Gutenberg Discontinuity -- C : Lehmann -- Bullen discontinuity . The structure of Earth can be defined in two ways : by mechanical properties such as rheology , or chemically . Mechanically , it can be divided into lithosphere , asthenosphere , mesospheric mantle , outer core , and the inner core . Chemically , Earth can be divided into the crust , upper mantle , lower mantle , outer core , and inner core . The geologic component layers of Earth are at the following depths below the surface : Depth Layer Kilometres Miles 0 -- 60 0 -- 37 Lithosphere ( locally varies between 5 and 200 km ) 0 -- 35 0 -- 22 ... Crust ( locally varies between 5 and 70 km ) 35 -- 60 22 -- 37 ... Uppermost part of mantle 35 -- 2,890 22 -- 1,790 Mantle 210 - 270 130 - 168 ... Upper mesosphere ( upper mantle ) 660 -- 2,890 410 -- 1,790 ... Lower mesosphere ( lower mantle ) 2,890 -- 5,150 1,790 -- 3,160 Outer core 5,150 -- 6,360 3,160 -- 3,954 Inner core The layering of Earth has been inferred indirectly using the time of travel of refracted and reflected seismic waves created by earthquakes . The core does not allow shear waves to pass through it , while the speed of travel ( seismic velocity ) is different in other layers . The changes in seismic velocity between different layers causes refraction owing to Snell 's law , like light bending as it passes through a prism . Likewise , reflections are caused by a large increase in seismic velocity and are similar to light reflecting from a mirror . Crust ( edit ) Main article : Crust ( geology ) The crust ranges from 5 -- 70 kilometres ( 3.1 -- 43.5 mi ) in depth and is the outermost layer . The thin parts are the oceanic crust , which underlie the ocean basins ( 5 -- 10 km ) and are composed of dense ( mafic ) iron magnesium silicate igneous rocks , like basalt . The thicker crust is continental crust , which is less dense and composed of ( felsic ) sodium potassium aluminium silicate rocks , like granite . The rocks of the crust fall into two major categories -- sial and sima ( Suess , 1831 -- 1914 ) . It is estimated that sima starts about 11 km below the Conrad discontinuity ( a second order discontinuity ) . The uppermost mantle together with the crust constitutes the lithosphere . The crust - mantle boundary occurs as two physically different events . First , there is a discontinuity in the seismic velocity , which is most commonly known as the Mohorovičić discontinuity or Moho . The cause of the Moho is thought to be a change in rock composition from rocks containing plagioclase feldspar ( above ) to rocks that contain no feldspars ( below ) . Second , in oceanic crust , there is a chemical discontinuity between ultramafic cumulates and tectonized harzburgites , which has been observed from deep parts of the oceanic crust that have been obducted onto the continental crust and preserved as ophiolite sequences . Many rocks now making up Earth 's crust formed less than 100 million ( 1 × 10 ) years ago ; however , the oldest known mineral grains are about 4.4 billion ( 4.4 × 10 ) years old , indicating that Earth has had a solid crust for at least 4.4 billion years . Mantle ( edit ) World map showing the position of the Moho . Main article : Mantle ( geology ) Earth 's mantle extends to a depth of 2,890 km , making it the thickest layer of Earth . The mantle is divided into upper and lower mantle . The upper and lower mantle are separated by the transition zone . The lowest part of the mantle next to the core - mantle boundary is known as the D '' ( pronounced dee - double - prime ) layer . The pressure at the bottom of the mantle is ≈ 140 G Pa ( 1.4 M atm ) . The mantle is composed of silicate rocks that are rich in iron and magnesium relative to the overlying crust . Although solid , the high temperatures within the mantle cause the silicate material to be sufficiently ductile that it can flow on very long timescales . Convection of the mantle is expressed at the surface through the motions of tectonic plates . As there is intense and increasing pressure as one travels deeper into the mantle , the lower part of the mantle flows less easily than does the upper mantle ( chemical changes within the mantle may also be important ) . The viscosity of the mantle ranges between 10 and 10 Pa s , depending on depth . In comparison , the viscosity of water is approximately 10 Pa s and that of pitch is 10 Pa s . The source of heat that drives plate tectonics is the primordial heat left over from the planet 's formation as well as the radioactive decay of uranium , thorium , and potassium in Earth 's crust and mantle . Core ( edit ) Main articles : inner core and outer core The average density of Earth is 7000551499999999999 ♠ 5.515 g / cm . Because the average density of surface material is only around 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3.0 g / cm , we must conclude that denser materials exist within Earth 's core . This result has been known since the Schiehallion experiment , performed in the 1770s . Charles Hutton in his 1778 report concluded that the mean density of the Earth must be about 9 5 ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( 9 ) ( 5 ) ) ) that of surface rock , concluding that the interior of the Earth must be metallic . Hutton estimated this metallic portion to occupy some 65 % of the diameter of the Earth . Hutton 's estimate on the mean density of the Earth was still about 20 % too low , at 7000450000000000000 ♠ 4.5 g / cm Henry Cavendish in his torsion balance experiment of 1798 found a value of 7000545000000000000 ♠ 5.45 g / cm , within 1 % of the modern value . Seismic measurements show that the core is divided into two parts , a `` solid '' inner core with a radius of ≈ 1,220 km and a liquid outer core extending beyond it to a radius of ≈ 3,400 km . The densities are between 9,900 and 12,200 kg / m in the outer core and 12,600 -- 13,000 kg / m in the inner core . The inner core was discovered in 1936 by Inge Lehmann and is generally believed to be composed primarily of iron and some nickel . Since this layer is able to transmit shear waves ( transverse seismic waves ) , it must be solid . Experimental evidence has at times been critical of crystal models of the core . Other experimental studies show a discrepancy under high pressure : diamond anvil ( static ) studies at core pressures yield melting temperatures that are approximately 2000 K below those from shock laser ( dynamic ) studies . The laser studies create plasma , and the results are suggestive that constraining inner core conditions will depend on whether the inner core is a solid or is a plasma with the density of a solid . This is an area of active research . In early stages of Earth 's formation about 4.6 billion years ago , melting would have caused denser substances to sink toward the center in a process called planetary differentiation ( see also the iron catastrophe ) , while less - dense materials would have migrated to the crust . The core is thus believed to largely be composed of iron ( 80 % ) , along with nickel and one or more light elements , whereas other dense elements , such as lead and uranium , either are too rare to be significant or tend to bind to lighter elements and thus remain in the crust ( see felsic materials ) . Some have argued that the inner core may be in the form of a single iron crystal . Under laboratory conditions a sample of iron -- nickel alloy was subjected to the corelike pressures by gripping it in a vise between 2 diamond tips ( diamond anvil cell ) , and then heating to approximately 4000 K . The sample was observed with x-rays , and strongly supported the theory that Earth 's inner core was made of giant crystals running north to south . The liquid outer core surrounds the inner core and is believed to be composed of iron mixed with nickel and trace amounts of lighter elements . Recent speculation suggests that the innermost part of the core is enriched in gold , platinum and other siderophile elements . The matter that comprises Earth is connected in fundamental ways to matter of certain chondrite meteorites , and to matter of outer portion of the Sun . There is good reason to believe that Earth is , in the main , like a chondrite meteorite . Beginning as early as 1940 , scientists , including Francis Birch , built geophysics upon the premise that Earth is like ordinary chondrites , the most common type of meteorite observed impacting Earth , while totally ignoring another , albeit less abundant type , called enstatite chondrites . The principal difference between the two meteorite types is that enstatite chondrites formed under circumstances of extremely limited available oxygen , leading to certain normally oxyphile elements existing either partially or wholly in the alloy portion that corresponds to the core of Earth . Dynamo theory suggests that convection in the outer core , combined with the Coriolis effect , gives rise to Earth 's magnetic field . The solid inner core is too hot to hold a permanent magnetic field ( see Curie temperature ) but probably acts to stabilize the magnetic field generated by the liquid outer core . The average magnetic field strength in Earth 's outer core is estimated to be 25 Gauss ( 2.5 mT ) , 50 times stronger than the magnetic field at the surface . Recent evidence has suggested that the inner core of Earth may rotate slightly faster than the rest of the planet ; however , more recent studies in 2011 found this hypothesis to be inconclusive . Options remain for the core which may be oscillatory in nature or a chaotic system . In August 2005 a team of geophysicists announced in the journal Science that , according to their estimates , Earth 's inner core rotates approximately 0.3 to 0.5 degrees per year faster relative to the rotation of the surface . The current scientific explanation for Earth 's temperature gradient is a combination of heat left over from the planet 's initial formation , decay of radioactive elements , and freezing of the inner core . See also ( edit ) Earth sciences portal Geological history of Earth Lehmann discontinuity Rain - out model Travel to the Earth 's center References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2016 Selected Astronomical Constants '' in The Astronomical Almanac Online , USNO -- UKHO , M = 5 9722 × 10 kg ± 6 × 10 kg ^ Jump up to : A.M. Dziewonski , D.L. Anderson ( 1981 ) . `` Preliminary reference Earth model '' ( PDF ) . Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. 25 ( 4 ) : 297 -- 356 . Bibcode : 1981PEPI ... 25 ... 297D . doi : 10.1016 / 0031 - 9201 ( 81 ) 90046 - 7 . ISSN 0031 - 9201 . Jump up ^ T.H. Jordan ( 1979 ) . `` Structural Geology of the Earth 's Interior '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 76 ( 9 ) : 4192 -- 4200 . Bibcode : 1979PNAS ... 76.4192 J . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 76.9. 4192 . PMC 411539 . PMID 16592703 . Jump up ^ Breaking News Oldest rock shows Earth was a hospitable young planet . Spaceflight Now ( 2001 - 01 - 14 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Krieger , Kim ( 24 March 2004 ) . `` D Layer Demystified '' . Science News . American Association for the Advancement of Science . Retrieved 5 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Uwe Walzer , Roland Hendel , John Baumgardner Mantle Viscosity and the Thickness of the Convective Downwellings . Jump up ^ Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory ( Berkeley Lab ) is a Department of Energy ( DOE ) Office of Science lab managed by University of California. , What Keeps the Earth Cooking ? News Release by Paul Preuss , July 17 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Planetary Fact Sheet '' . Lunar and Planetary Science . NASA . Retrieved 2 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Hutton , C. ( 1778 ) . `` An Account of the Calculations Made from the Survey and Measures Taken at Schehallien '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society . 68 ( 0 ) . doi : 10.1098 / rstl. 1778.0034 . Jump up ^ Tretkoff , Ernie ( June 2008 ) . `` June 1798 : Cavendish Weighs the World '' . APS News . 17 ( 6 ) . American Physical Society . Retrieved 5 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Monnereau , Marc ; Calvet , Marie ; Margerin , Ludovic ; Souriau , Annie ( May 21 , 2010 ) . `` Lopsided Growth of Earth 's Inner Core '' . Science . 328 ( 5981 ) : 1014 -- 1017 . Bibcode : 2010Sci ... 328.1014 M . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1186212 . PMID 20395477 . Jump up ^ Hazlett , James S. ; Monroe , Reed ; Wicander , Richard ( 2006 ) . Physical geology : exploring the earth ( 6 . ed . ) . Belmont : Thomson . p. 346 . ISBN 9780495011484 . Jump up ^ Stixrude , Lars ; Cohen , R.E. ( January 15 , 1995 ) . `` Constraints on the crystalline structure of the inner core : Mechanical instability of BCC iron at high pressure '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 22 ( 2 ) : 125 -- 128 . Bibcode : 1995GeoRL ... 22 ... 125S . doi : 10.1029 / 94GL02742 . Jump up ^ Benuzzi - Mounaix , A. ; Koenig , M. ; Ravasio , A. ; Vinci , T. ( 2006 ) . `` Laser - driven shock waves for the study of extreme matter states '' . Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion. 48 ( 12B ) . Bibcode : 2006PPCF ... 48B. 347B . doi : 10.1088 / 0741 - 3335 / 48 / 12B / S32 . Jump up ^ Remington , Bruce A. ; Drake , R. Paul ; Ryutov , Dmitri D. ( 2006 ) . `` Experimental astrophysics with high power lasers and Z pinches '' . Reviews of Modern Physics. 78 . Bibcode : 2006RvMP ... 78 ... 755R . doi : 10.1103 / RevModPhys. 78.755 . Jump up ^ Benuzzi - Mounaix , A. ; Koenig , M. ; Husar , G. ; Faral , B. ( June 2002 ) . `` Absolute equation of state measurements of iron using laser driven shocks '' . Physics of Plasmas. 9 ( 6 ) . Bibcode : 2002PhPl ... 9.2466 B . doi : 10.1063 / 1.1478557 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Ronald ; Stixrude , Lars . `` Crystal at the Center of the Earth '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 05 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Stixrude , L. ; Cohen , R.E. ( 1995 ) . `` High - Pressure Elasticity of Iron and Anisotropy of Earth 's Inner Core '' . Science . 267 ( 5206 ) : 1972 -- 5 . Bibcode : 1995Sci ... 267.1972 S . doi : 10.1126 / science. 267.5206. 1972 . PMID 17770110 . Jump up ^ BBC News , `` What is at the centre of the Earth ? . Bbc.co.uk ( 2011 - 08 - 31 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Ozawa , H. ; al. , et ( 2011 ) . `` Phase Transition of FeO and Stratification in Earth 's Outer Core '' . Science . 334 ( 6057 ) : 792 -- 794 . Bibcode : 2011Sci ... 334 ... 792O . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1208265 . Jump up ^ Wootton , Anne ( 2006 ) . `` Earth 's Inner Fort Knox '' . Discover . 27 ( 9 ) : 18 . Jump up ^ Herndon , J.M. ( 1980 ) . `` The chemical composition of the interior shells of the Earth '' . Proc. R. Soc . Lond . A372 ( 1748 ) : 149 -- 154 . JSTOR 2398362 . Jump up ^ Herndon , J.M. ( 2005 ) . `` Scientific basis of knowledge on Earth 's composition '' ( PDF ) . Current Science . 88 ( 7 ) : 1034 -- 1037 . Jump up ^ First Measurement Of Magnetic Field Inside Earth 's Core . Science20.com . Retrieved on 2012 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Buffett , Bruce A. ( 2010 ) . `` Tidal dissipation and the strength of the Earth 's internal magnetic field '' . Nature . 468 ( 7326 ) : 952 -- 4 . Bibcode : 2010Natur. 468 ... 952B . doi : 10.1038 / nature09643 . PMID 21164483 . Jump up ^ Chang , Kenneth ( 2005 - 08 - 25 ) . `` Earth 's Core Spins Faster Than the Rest of the Planet '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Kerr , R.A. ( 2005 ) . `` Earth 's Inner Core Is Running a Tad Faster Than the Rest of the Planet '' . Science . 309 ( 5739 ) : 1313a . doi : 10.1126 / science. 309.5739. 1313a . PMID 16123276 . Jump up ^ Chang , Kenneth ( 26 August 2005 ) `` Scientists Say Earth 's Center Rotates Faster Than Surface '' The New York Times Sec . A , Col. 1 , p. 13 . Further reading ( edit ) Drollette , Daniel ( October 1996 ) . `` A Spinning Crystal Ball '' . Scientific American . 275 ( 4 ) : 28 -- 33 . Kruglinski , Susan ( June 2007 ) . `` Journey to the Center of the Earth '' . Discover . Retrieved 9 July 2016 . Lehmann , I ( 1936 ) . `` Inner Earth '' . Bur . Cent . Seismol . Int. 14 : 3 -- 31 . Wegener , Alfred ( 1966 ) . The origin of continents and oceans . New York : Dover Publications . ISBN 9780486617084 . External links ( edit ) The Wikibook Historical Geology has a page on the topic of : Structure of the Earth Media related to Structure of the Earth at Wikimedia Commons Down To The Earth 's Core ( HD ) on YouTube The Earth 's Core on In Our Time at the BBC Earth Continents Africa Antarctica Asia Australia Europe North America South America Oceans Arctic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Pacific Ocean Southern Ocean Earth Geography Geology Future of Earth Geological history of Earth History of Earth Plate tectonics Structure of the Earth Environment Biome Ecology Ecosystem Nature Wilderness Related Earth Day Earth science Geologic record Geology of solar terrestrial planets Location in Universe Solar System World Portal Earth sciences Links to related articles Structure of the Earth Shells Crust Lithosphere Mesosphere Mantle Asthenosphere Lithospheric mantle Subcontinental lithospheric mantle Oceanic lithospheric mantle Outer core Inner core Global Discontinuities Mohorovičić ( crust -- mantle ) 410 discontinuity ( upper mantle ) 660 discontinuity ( upper mantle ) D ' ' discontinuity ( lower mantle ) Core - mantle boundary inner - core boundary Regional Discontinuities Conrad ( continental crust ) Gutenberg ( upper mantle ) Lehmann ( upper mantle ) Earth - related topics History Age of the Earth Evolutionary history of life Faint young Sun paradox Formation and evolution of the Solar System Future of Earth Geologic time scale Geological history of Earth History of Earth Timeline of evolution Geography Geology Clairaut 's theorem Continents Earthquake Equatorial bulge Extremes on Earth Geology of solar terrestrial planets Geophysics Plate tectonics Structure of the Earth Time zones Ecology Earth Day Global warming Human impact on the environment Imaging Apple Maps Baidu Maps Bhuvan Bing Maps Global Map Google Earth Google Maps MapmyIndia NASA World Wind Here OpenStreetMap Wikimapia Remote sensing Yahoo ! 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which part of the earth's core is liquid | [
"The internal structure of the Earth is layered in spherical shells: an outer silicate solid crust, a highly viscous asthenosphere and mantle, a liquid outer core that is much less viscous than the mantle, and a solid inner core. Scientific understanding of the internal structure of the Earth is based on observations of topography and bathymetry, observations of rock in outcrop, samples brought to the surface from greater depths by volcanoes or volcanic activity, analysis of the seismic waves that pass through the Earth, measurements of the gravitational and magnetic fields of the Earth, and experiments with crystalline solids at pressures and temperatures characteristic of the Earth's deep interior.\n"
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"outer core"
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-3478184932549208043 | Abundance of the chemical elements | Abundance of the chemical elements - wikipedia Abundance of the chemical elements The abundance of the chemical elements is a measure of the occurrence of the chemical elements relative to all other elements in a given environment . Abundance is measured in one of three ways : by the mass - fraction ( the same as weight fraction ) ; by the mole - fraction ( fraction of atoms by numerical count , or sometimes fraction of molecules in gases ) ; or by the volume - fraction . Volume - fraction is a common abundance measure in mixed gases such as planetary atmospheres , and is similar in value to molecular mole - fraction for gas mixtures at relatively low densities and pressures , and ideal gas mixtures . Most abundance values in this article are given as mass - fractions . For example , the abundance of oxygen in pure water can be measured in two ways : the mass fraction is about 89 % , because that is the fraction of water 's mass which is oxygen . However , the mole - fraction is 33.3333 ... % because only 1 atom of 3 in water , H O , is oxygen . As another example , looking at the mass - fraction abundance of hydrogen and helium in both the Universe as a whole and in the atmospheres of gas - giant planets such as Jupiter , it is 74 % for hydrogen and 23 -- 25 % for helium ; while the ( atomic ) mole - fraction for hydrogen is 92 % , and for helium is 8 % , in these environments . Changing the given environment to Jupiter 's outer atmosphere , where hydrogen is diatomic while helium is not , changes the molecular mole - fraction ( fraction of total gas molecules ) , as well as the fraction of atmosphere by volume , of hydrogen to about 86 % , and of helium to 13 % . The abundance of chemical elements in the universe is dominated by the large amounts of hydrogen and helium which were produced in the Big Bang . Remaining elements , making up only about 2 % of the universe , were largely produced by supernovae and certain red giant stars . Lithium , beryllium and boron are rare because although they are produced by nuclear fusion , they are then destroyed by other reactions in the stars . The elements from carbon to iron are relatively more common in the universe because of the ease of making them in supernova nucleosynthesis . Elements of higher atomic number than iron ( element 26 ) become progressively more rare in the universe , because they increasingly absorb stellar energy in being produced . Elements with even atomic numbers are generally more common than their neighbors in the periodic table , also due to favorable energetics of formation . The abundance of elements in the Sun and outer planets is similar to that in the universe . Due to solar heating , the elements of Earth and the inner rocky planets of the Solar System have undergone an additional depletion of volatile hydrogen , helium , neon , nitrogen , and carbon ( which volatilizes as methane ) . The crust , mantle , and core of the Earth show evidence of chemical segregation plus some sequestration by density . Lighter silicates of aluminum are found in the crust , with more magnesium silicate in the mantle , while metallic iron and nickel compose the core . The abundance of elements in specialized environments , such as atmospheres , or oceans , or the human body , are primarily a product of chemical interactions with the medium in which they reside . Contents ( hide ) 1 Universe 1.1 Solar system 1.2 Relation to nuclear binding energy 2 Earth 2.1 Crust 2.1. 1 Rare - earth elements 2.2 Mantle 2.3 Core 2.4 Ocean 2.5 Atmosphere 2.6 Urban soils 3 Human body 4 See also 5 References 5.1 Footnotes 5.2 Notes 5.3 Notations 6 External links Universe ( edit ) See also : Stellar population , Cosmochemistry , and Astrochemistry Ten most common elements in the Milky Way Galaxy estimated spectroscopically Z Element Mass fraction ( ppm ) Hydrogen 739,000 Helium 240,000 8 Oxygen 10,400 6 Carbon 4,600 10 Neon 1,340 26 Iron 1,090 7 Nitrogen 960 14 Silicon 650 12 Magnesium 580 16 Sulfur 440 The elements -- that is , ordinary ( baryonic ) matter made of protons , neutrons , and electrons , are only a small part of the content of the Universe . Cosmological observations suggest that only 4.6 % of the universe 's energy ( including the mass contributed by energy , E = mc2 ↔ m = E / c2 ) comprises the visible baryonic matter that constitutes stars , planets , and living beings . The rest is thought to be made up of dark energy ( 68 % ) and dark matter ( 27 % ) . These are forms of matter and energy believed to exist on the basis of scientific theory and observational deductions , but they have not been directly observed and their nature is not well understood . Most standard ( baryonic ) matter is found in intergalactic gas , stars , and interstellar clouds , in the form of atoms or ions ( plasma ) , although it can be found in degenerate forms in extreme astrophysical settings , such as the high densities inside white dwarfs and neutron stars . Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the Universe ; helium is second . However , after this , the rank of abundance does not continue to correspond to the atomic number ; oxygen has abundance rank 3 , but atomic number 8 . All others are substantially less common . The abundance of the lightest elements is well predicted by the standard cosmological model , since they were mostly produced shortly ( i.e. , within a few hundred seconds ) after the Big Bang , in a process known as Big Bang nucleosynthesis . Heavier elements were mostly produced much later , inside of stars . Hydrogen and helium are estimated to make up roughly 74 % and 24 % of all baryonic matter in the universe respectively . Despite comprising only a very small fraction of the universe , the remaining `` heavy elements '' can greatly influence astronomical phenomena . Only about 2 % ( by mass ) of the Milky Way galaxy 's disk is composed of heavy elements . These other elements are generated by stellar processes . In astronomy , a `` metal '' is any element other than hydrogen or helium . This distinction is significant because hydrogen and helium are the only elements that were produced in significant quantities in the Big Bang . Thus , the metallicity of a galaxy or other object is an indication of stellar activity , after the Big Bang . In general , elements up to iron are made in large stars in the process of becoming supernovae . Iron - 56 is particularly common , since it is the most stable element that can easily be made from alpha particles ( being a product of decay of radioactive nickel - 56 , ultimately made from 14 helium nuclei ) . Elements heavier than iron are made in energy - absorbing processes in large stars , and their abundance in the universe ( and on Earth ) generally decreases with increasing atomic number . Periodic table showing the cosmogenic origin of each element . Solar system ( edit ) Most abundant nuclides in the Solar System Nuclide Mass fraction in parts per million Atom fraction in parts per million Hydrogen - 1 705,700 909,964 Helium - 4 275,200 88,714 Oxygen - 16 16 9,592 477 Carbon - 12 12 3,032 326 Nitrogen - 14 14 1,105 102 Neon - 20 20 1,548 100 Other nuclides : 3,879 149 Silicon - 28 28 653 30 Magnesium - 24 24 513 28 Iron - 56 56 1,169 27 Sulfur - 32 32 396 16 Helium - 3 35 15 Hydrogen - 2 23 15 Neon - 22 22 208 12 Magnesium - 26 26 79 Carbon - 13 13 37 Magnesium - 25 25 69 Aluminium - 27 27 58 Argon - 36 36 77 Calcium - 40 40 60 Sodium - 23 23 33 Iron - 54 54 72 Silicon - 29 29 34 Nickel - 58 58 49 Silicon - 30 30 23 Iron - 57 57 28 The following graph ( note log scale ) shows abundance of elements in the Solar System . The table shows the twelve most common elements in our galaxy ( estimated spectroscopically ) , as measured in parts per million , by mass . Nearby galaxies that have evolved along similar lines have a corresponding enrichment of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium . The more distant galaxies are being viewed as they appeared in the past , so their abundances of elements appear closer to the primordial mixture . Since physical laws and processes are uniform throughout the universe , however , it is expected that these galaxies will likewise have evolved similar abundances of elements . The abundance of elements is in keeping with their origin from the Big Bang and nucleosynthesis in a number of progenitor supernova stars . Very abundant hydrogen and helium are products of the Big Bang , while the next three elements are rare since they had little time to form in the Big Bang and are not made in stars ( they are , however , produced in small quantities by breakup of heavier elements in interstellar dust , as a result of impact by cosmic rays ) . Beginning with carbon , elements have been produced in stars by buildup from alpha particles ( helium nuclei ) , resulting in an alternatingly larger abundance of elements with even atomic numbers ( these are also more stable ) . The effect of odd - numbered chemical elements generally being more rare in the universe was empirically noticed in 1914 , and is known as the Oddo - Harkins rule . Estimated abundances of the chemical elements in the Solar System ( logarithmic scale ) . Relation to nuclear binding energy ( edit ) Loose correlations have been observed between estimated elemental abundances in the universe and the nuclear binding energy curve . Roughly speaking , the relative stability of various atomic nuclides has exerted a strong influence on the relative abundance of elements formed in the Big Bang , and during the development of the universe thereafter . See the article about nucleosynthesis for the explanation on how certain nuclear fusion processes in stars ( such as carbon burning , etc . ) create the elements heavier than hydrogen and helium . A further observed peculiarity is the jagged alternation between relative abundance and scarcity of adjacent atomic numbers in the elemental abundance curve , and a similar pattern of energy levels in the nuclear binding energy curve . This alternation is caused by the higher relative binding energy ( corresponding to relative stability ) of even atomic numbers compared with odd atomic numbers and is explained by the Pauli Exclusion Principle . The semi-empirical mass formula ( SEMF ) , also called Weizsäcker 's formula or the Bethe - Weizsäcker mass formula , gives a theoretical explanation of the overall shape of the curve of nuclear binding energy . Earth ( edit ) See also : Earth § Chemical composition The Earth formed from the same cloud of matter that formed the Sun , but the planets acquired different compositions during the formation and evolution of the solar system . In turn , the natural history of the Earth caused parts of this planet to have differing concentrations of the elements . The mass of the Earth is approximately 5.98 × 10 kg . In bulk , by mass , it is composed mostly of iron ( 32.1 % ) , oxygen ( 30.1 % ) , silicon ( 15.1 % ) , magnesium ( 13.9 % ) , sulfur ( 2.9 % ) , nickel ( 1.8 % ) , calcium ( 1.5 % ) , and aluminium ( 1.4 % ) ; with the remaining 1.2 % consisting of trace amounts of other elements . The bulk composition of the Earth by elemental - mass is roughly similar to the gross composition of the solar system , with the major differences being that Earth is missing a great deal of the volatile elements hydrogen , helium , neon , and nitrogen , as well as carbon which has been lost as volatile hydrocarbons . The remaining elemental composition is roughly typical of the `` rocky '' inner planets , which formed in the thermal zone where solar heat drove volatile compounds into space . The Earth retains oxygen as the second - largest component of its mass ( and largest atomic - fraction ) , mainly from this element being retained in silicate minerals which have a very high melting point and low vapor pressure . Estimated abundances of chemical elements in the Earth . The right two columns give the fraction of the mass in parts per million ( ppm ) and the fraction by number of atoms in parts per billion ( ppb ). show Atomic Number Name Symbol Mass fraction ( ppm ) Atomic fraction ( ppb ) 8 oxygen O 297000 482,000,000 12 magnesium Mg 154000 164,000,000 14 silicon Si 161000 150,000,000 26 iron Fe 319000 148,000,000 13 aluminum Al 15900 15,300,000 20 calcium Ca 17100 11,100,000 28 nickel Ni 18220 8,010,000 hydrogen 260 6,700,000 16 sulfur 6350 5,150,000 24 chromium Cr 4700 2,300,000 11 sodium Na 1800 2,000,000 6 carbon 730 1,600,000 15 phosphorus 1210 1,020,000 25 manganese Mn 1700 800,000 22 titanium Ti 810 440,000 27 cobalt Co 880 390,000 19 potassium 160 110,000 17 chlorine Cl 76 56,000 23 vanadium V 105 53,600 7 nitrogen 25 46,000 29 copper Cu 60 25,000 30 zinc Zn 40 16,000 9 fluorine 10 14,000 21 scandium Sc 11 6,300 lithium Li 1.10 4,100 38 strontium Sr 13 3,900 32 germanium Ge 7.00 2,500 40 zirconium Zr 7.10 2,000 31 gallium Ga 3.00 1,000 34 selenium Se 2.70 890 56 barium Ba 4.50 850 39 yttrium Y 2.90 850 33 arsenic As 1.70 590 5 boron 0.20 480 42 molybdenum Mo 1.70 460 44 ruthenium Ru 1.30 330 78 platinum Pt 1.90 250 46 palladium Pd 1.00 240 58 cerium Ce 1.13 210 60 neodymium Nd 0.84 150 beryllium Be 0.05 140 41 niobium Nb 0.44 120 76 osmium Os 0.90 120 77 iridium Ir 0.90 120 37 rubidium Rb 0.40 120 35 bromine Br 0.30 97 57 lanthanum La 0.44 82 66 dysprosium Dy 0.46 74 64 gadolinium Gd 0.37 61 52 tellurium Te 0.30 61 45 rhodium Rh 0.24 61 50 tin Sn 0.25 55 62 samarium Sm 0.27 47 68 erbium Er 0.30 47 70 ytterbium Yb 0.30 45 59 praseodymium Pr 0.17 31 82 lead Pb 0.23 29 72 hafnium Hf 0.19 28 74 tungsten 0.17 24 79 gold Au 0.16 21 48 cadmium Cd 0.08 18 63 europium Eu 0.10 17 67 holmium Ho 0.10 16 47 silver Ag 0.05 12 65 terbium Tb 0.07 11 51 antimony Sb 0.05 11 75 rhenium Re 0.08 10 53 iodine 0.05 10 69 thulium Tm 0.05 7 55 cesium Cs 0.04 7 71 lutetium Lu 0.05 7 90 thorium Th 0.06 6 73 tantalum Ta 0.03 80 mercury Hg 0.02 92 uranium U 0.02 49 indium In 0.01 81 thallium Tl 0.01 83 bismuth Bi 0.01 Crust ( edit ) Main article : Abundance of elements in Earth 's crust Abundance ( atom fraction ) of the chemical elements in Earth 's upper continental crust as a function of atomic number . The rarest elements in the crust ( shown in yellow ) are the most dense . These are precious gold and the platinum group metals . They were further rarefied in the crust by being siderophile ( iron - loving ) elements , in the Goldschmidt classification of elements , and have thus been depleted from the crust by being relocated into the Earth 's core . Their abundance in meteoroid materials is relatively higher . Additionally , tellurium and selenium have been depleted from the crust due to formation of volatile hydrides . The mass - abundance of the nine most abundant elements in the Earth 's crust is approximately : oxygen 46 % , silicon 28 % , aluminum 8.2 % , iron 5.6 % , calcium 4.2 % , sodium 2.5 % , magnesium 2.4 % , potassium 2.0 % , and titanium 0.61 % . Other elements occur at less than 0.15 % . For a complete list , see abundance of elements in Earth 's crust . The graph at right illustrates the relative atomic - abundance of the chemical elements in Earth 's upper continental crust -- the part that is relatively accessible for measurements and estimation . Many of the elements shown in the graph are classified into ( partially overlapping ) categories : rock - forming elements ( major elements in green field , and minor elements in light green field ) ; rare earth elements ( lanthanides , La - Lu , and Y ; labeled in blue ) ; major industrial metals ( global production > ~ 3 × 10 kg / year ; labeled in red ) ; precious metals ( labeled in purple ) ; the nine rarest `` metals '' -- the six platinum group elements plus Au , Re , and Te ( a metalloid ) -- in the yellow field . These are rare in the crust from being soluble in iron and thus concentrated in the Earth 's core . Note that there are two breaks where the unstable ( radioactive ) elements technetium ( atomic number : 43 ) and promethium ( atomic number : 61 ) would be . These elements are surrounded by stable elements , yet both have relatively short half lives ( ~ 4 million years and ~ 18 years respectively ) . These are thus extremely rare , since any primordial initial fractions of these in pre-Solar System materials have long since decayed and disappeared . These two elements are now only produced naturally through the spontaneous fission of very heavy radioactive elements ( for example , uranium , thorium , or the trace amounts of plutonium that exist in uranium ores ) , or by the interaction of certain other elements with cosmic rays . Both technetium and promethium have been identified spectroscopically in the atmospheres of stars , where they are produced by ongoing nucleosynthetic processes . There are also breaks in the abundance graph where the six noble gases would be , since they are not chemically bound in the Earth 's crust , and they are only generated by decay chains from radioactive elements in the crust , and are therefore extremely rare there . The eight naturally occurring very rare , highly radioactive elements ( polonium , astatine , francium , radium , actinium , protactinium , neptunium , and plutonium ) are not included , since any of these elements that were present at the formation of the Earth have decayed away eons ago , and their quantity today is negligible and is only produced from the radioactive decay of uranium and thorium . Oxygen and silicon are notably the most common elements in the crust . On Earth and in rocky planets in general , silicon and oxygen are far more common than their cosmic abundance . The reason is that they combine with each other to form silicate minerals . In this way , they are the lightest of all of the two - percent `` astronomical metals '' ( i.e. , non-hydrogen and helium elements ) to form a solid that is refractory to the Sun 's heat , and thus can not boil away into space . All elements lighter than oxygen have been removed from the crust in this way . Rare - Earth elements ( edit ) `` Rare '' earth elements is a historical misnomer . The persistence of the term reflects unfamiliarity rather than true rarity . The more abundant rare earth elements are similarly concentrated in the crust compared to commonplace industrial metals such as chromium , nickel , copper , zinc , molybdenum , tin , tungsten , or lead . The two least abundant rare earth elements ( thulium and lutetium ) are nearly 200 times more common than gold . However , in contrast to the ordinary base and precious metals , rare earth elements have very little tendency to become concentrated in exploitable ore deposits . Consequently , most of the world 's supply of rare earth elements comes from only a handful of sources . Furthermore , the rare earth metals are all quite chemically similar to each other , and they are thus quite difficult to separate into quantities of the pure elements . Differences in abundances of individual rare earth elements in the upper continental crust of the Earth represent the superposition of two effects , one nuclear and one geochemical . First , the rare earth elements with even atomic numbers ( Ce , Nd , ... ) have greater cosmic and terrestrial abundances than the adjacent rare earth elements with odd atomic numbers ( La , Pr , ... ) . Second , the lighter rare earth elements are more incompatible ( because they have larger ionic radii ) and therefore more strongly concentrated in the continental crust than the heavier rare earth elements . In most rare earth ore deposits , the first four rare earth elements -- lanthanum , cerium , praseodymium , and neodymium -- constitute 80 % to 99 % of the total amount of rare earth metal that can be found in the ore . Mantle ( edit ) Main article : Mantle ( geology ) The mass - abundance of the eight most abundant elements in the Earth 's mantle ( see main article above ) is approximately : oxygen 45 % , magnesium 23 % , silicon 22 % , iron 5.8 % , calcium 2.3 % , aluminum 2.2 % , sodium 0.3 % , potassium 0.3 % . The mantle differs in elemental composition from the crust in having a great deal more magnesium and significantly more iron , while having much less aluminum and sodium . Core ( edit ) Due to mass segregation , the core of the Earth is believed to be primarily composed of iron ( 88.8 % ) , with smaller amounts of nickel ( 5.8 % ) , sulfur ( 4.5 % ) , and less than 1 % trace elements . Ocean ( edit ) For a complete list , see Abundances of the elements ( data page ) § Sea water . The most abundant elements in the ocean by proportion of mass in percent are oxygen ( 85.84 ) , hydrogen ( 10.82 ) , chlorine ( 1.94 ) , sodium ( 1.08 ) , magnesium ( 0.1292 ) , sulfur ( 0.091 ) , calcium ( 0.04 ) , potassium ( 0.04 ) , bromine ( 0.0067 ) , carbon ( 0.0028 ) , and boron ( 0.00043 ) . Atmosphere ( edit ) The order of elements by volume - fraction ( which is approximately molecular mole - fraction ) in the atmosphere is nitrogen ( 78.1 % ) , oxygen ( 20.9 % ) , argon ( 0.96 % ) , followed by ( in uncertain order ) carbon and hydrogen because water vapor and carbon dioxide , which represent most of these two elements in the air , are variable components . Sulfur , phosphorus , and all other elements are present in significantly lower proportions . According to the abundance curve graph ( above right ) , argon , a significant if not major component of the atmosphere , does not appear in the crust at all . This is because the atmosphere has a far smaller mass than the crust , so argon remaining in the crust contributes little to mass - fraction there , while at the same time buildup of argon in the atmosphere has become large enough to be significant . Urban soils ( edit ) For a complete list of the abundance of elements in urban soils , see Abundances of the elements ( data page ) # Urban soils . Human body ( edit ) Main article : Chemical composition of the human body Elemental abundance in the human body show Element Proportion ( by mass ) Oxygen 65 Carbon 18 Hydrogen 10 Nitrogen Calcium 1.5 Phosphorus 1.2 Potassium 0.2 Sulfur 0.2 Chlorine 0.2 Sodium 0.1 Magnesium 0.05 Iron < 0.05 Cobalt < 0.05 Copper < 0.05 Zinc < 0.05 Iodine < 0.05 Selenium < 0.01 By mass , human cells consist of 65 -- 90 % water ( H O ) , and a significant portion of the remainder is composed of carbon - containing organic molecules . Oxygen therefore contributes a majority of a human body 's mass , followed by carbon . Almost 99 % of the mass of the human body is made up of six elements : oxygen , carbon , hydrogen , nitrogen , calcium , and phosphorus . The next 0.75 % is made up of the next five elements : potassium , sulfur , chlorine , sodium , and magnesium . Only 17 elements are known for certain to be necessary to human life , with one additional element ( fluorine ) thought to be helpful for tooth enamel strength . A few more trace elements may play some role in the health of mammals . Boron and silicon are notably necessary for plants but have uncertain roles in animals . The elements aluminium and silicon , although very common in the earth 's crust , are conspicuously rare in the human body . Below is a periodic table highlighting nutritional elements . Nutritional elements in the periodic table He Li Be O Ne Na Mg Al Si Cl Ar Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te Xe Cs Ba La * Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac * * Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og * Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu * * Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr The four basic organic elements Quantity elements Essential trace elements Deemed essential trace element by U.S. , not by European Union Suggested function from deprivation effects or active metabolic handling , but no clearly - identified biochemical function in humans Limited circumstantial evidence for trace benefits or biological action in mammals No evidence for biological action in mammals , but essential in some lower organisms . ( In the case of lanthanum , the definition of an essential nutrient as being indispensable and irreplaceable is not completely applicable due to the extreme similarity of the lanthanides . Thus Ce , Pr , and Nd may be substituted for La without ill effects for organisms using La , and the smaller Sm , Eu , and Gd may also be similarly substituted but cause slower growth . ) See also ( edit ) Abundances of the elements ( data page ) Abundance of elements in Earth 's crust Natural abundance ( isotopic abundance ) Primordial nuclide References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Vangioni - Flam , Elisabeth ; Cassé , Michel ( 2012 ) . Spite , Monique , ed . Galaxy Evolution : Connecting the Distant Universe with the Local Fossil Record . Springer Science & Business Media . pp. 77 -- 86 . ISBN 9401142130 . Jump up ^ Trimble , Virginia ( 1996 ) . `` The Origin and Evolution of the Chemical Elements '' . In Malkan , Matthew A. ; Zuckerman , Ben . The origin and evolution of the universe . Sudbury , Mass. : Jones and Bartlett Publishers . p. 101 . ISBN 0 - 7637 - 0030 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Croswell , Ken ( February 1996 ) . Alchemy of the Heavens . Anchor . ISBN 0 - 385 - 47214 - 5 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ What is Dark Energy ? Archived 2016 - 01 - 15 at the Wayback Machine. , Space.com , 1 May 2013 Jump up ^ Suess , Hans ; Urey , Harold ( 1956 ) . `` Abundances of the Elements '' . Reviews of Modern Physics. 28 : 53 . Bibcode : 1956RvMP ... 28 ... 53S . doi : 10.1103 / RevModPhys. 28.53 . Jump up ^ Cameron , A.G.W. ( 1973 ) . `` Abundances of the elements in the solar system '' . Space Science Reviews . 15 : 121 . Bibcode : 1973SSRv ... 15 ... 121C . doi : 10.1007 / BF00172440 . Jump up ^ Anders , E ; Ebihara , M ( 1982 ) . `` Solar - system abundances of the elements '' . Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 46 ( 11 ) : 2363 . Bibcode : 1982GeCoA ... 46.2363 A . doi : 10.1016 / 0016 - 7037 ( 82 ) 90208 - 3 . Jump up ^ Arnett , David ( 1996 ) . Supernovae and Nucleosynthesis ( First ed . ) . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . p. 11 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 01147 - 8 . OCLC 33162440 . Jump up ^ Bell , Jerry A. ; GenChem Editorial / Writing Team ( 2005 ) . `` Chapter 3 : Origin of Atoms '' . Chemistry : a project of the American Chemical Society . New York ( u.a. ) : Freeman . pp. 191 -- 193 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7167 - 3126 - 9 . Correlations between abundance and nuclear binding energy ( Subsection title ) Jump up ^ Bell , Jerry A. ; GenChem Editorial / Writing Team ( 2005 ) . `` Chapter 3 : Origin of Atoms '' . Chemistry : a project of the American Chemical Society . New York ( u.a. ) : Freeman . p. 192 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7167 - 3126 - 9 . The higher abundance of elements with even atomic numbers ( Subsection title ) Jump up ^ Bailey , David . `` Semi-empirical Nuclear Mass Formula '' . PHY357 : Strings & Binding Energy . University of Toronto . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Morgan , J.W. ; Anders , E. ( 1980 ) . `` Chemical composition of Earth , Venus , and Mercury '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 77 ( 12 ) : 6973 -- 6977 . Bibcode : 1980PNAS ... 77.6973 M . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 77.12. 6973 . PMC 350422 . PMID 16592930 . ^ Jump up to : William F McDonough The composition of the Earth . quake.mit.edu , archived by the Internet Archive Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Zimmer , Carl ( 3 October 2013 ) . `` Earth 's Oxygen : A Mystery Easy to Take for Granted '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 3 October 2013 . Retrieved 3 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Table data from Chang , Raymond ( 2007 ) . Chemistry ( Ninth ed . ) . McGraw - Hill . p. 52 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 110595 - 6 . Jump up ^ Nielsen , Forrest H. ( 1998 ) . `` Ultratrace minerals . '' . In Maurice E. Shils ; James A. Olsen ; Moshe Shine ; A. Catharine Ross . Modern nutrition in health and disease . Baltimore : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins , . pp. 283 -- 303 . ISBN 978 - 0683307696 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Below Jupiter 's outer atmosphere , volume fractions are significantly different from mole fractions due to high temperatures ( ionization and disproportionation ) and high density where the Ideal Gas Law is inapplicable . Notations ( edit ) `` Rare Earth Elements -- Critical Resources for High Technology USGS Fact Sheet 087 - 02 '' . geopubs.wr.usgs.gov . `` Imagine the Universe ! Dictionary '' . 3 December 2003 . Archived from the original on 3 December 2003 . External links ( edit ) List of elements in order of abundance in the Earth 's crust ( only correct for the twenty most common elements ) Cosmic abundance of the elements and nucleosynthesis WebElements.com Lists of elemental abundances for the Universe , Sun , meteorites , Earth , ocean , streamwater , etc . Periodic table Periodic table forms Standard 18 - column 18 - column , large cells 32 - column , large cells Alternative Alternatives Janet 's left step table Extended Extension beyond the 7th period Aufbau Fricke Pyykkö Sets of elements By periodic table structure Groups 1 ( Alkali metals ) 2 ( Alkaline earth metals ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ( Pnictogens ) 16 ( Chalcogens ) 17 ( Halogens ) 18 ( Noble gases ) Periods 5 6 7 8 + Aufbau Fricke Pyykkö Blocks s - block p - block d - block f - block g - block Aufbau principle By metallicity Metals Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Lanthanides Actinides Transition metals Post-transition metals Metalloids Lists of metalloids by source Dividing line Nonmetals Reactive nonmetals Noble gases Other sets Nutritional elements Platinum - group metals ( PGM ) Rare - earth elements Refractory metals Precious metals Coinage metals Noble metal Heavy metals Native metals Transuranium elements Transactinide elements Major actinides Minor actinides Elements Lists By : Abundance ( in humans ) Atomic properties Nuclear stability Production Symbol Properties Atomic weight Crystal structure Electron affinity Electron configuration Electronegativity Allen Pauling Goldschmidt classification Maximum valence Data pages Abundance Atomic radius Boiling point Critical point Density Elasticity Electrical resistivity Electron affinity Electron configuration Electronegativity Hardness Heat capacity Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Ionization energy Melting point Oxidation state Speed of sound Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion coefficient Vapor pressure History Element discoveries Mendeleev 's predictions Naming etymology controversies for places for people in East Asia See also IUPAC nomenclature systematic element name Trivial name Dmitri Mendeleev Book Chemistry Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements&oldid=845719846 '' Categories : Astrochemistry Properties of chemical elements Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Svenska 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 June 2018 , at 17 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the most common element in our air | [
"The order of elements by volume-fraction (which is approximately molecular mole-fraction) in the atmosphere is nitrogen (78.1%), oxygen (20.9%),[14] argon (0.96%), followed by (in uncertain order) carbon and hydrogen because water vapor and carbon dioxide, which represent most of these two elements in the air, are variable components. Sulfur, phosphorus, and all other elements are present in significantly lower proportions."
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"nitrogen"
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3052571658545751540 | Richard Harris | Richard Harris - wikipedia Richard Harris Jump to : navigation , search For other people named Richard Harris , see Richard Harris ( disambiguation ) . Richard Harris Harris in 1985 Richard St John Harris ( 1930 - 10 - 01 ) 1 October 1930 Limerick , Ireland 25 October 2002 ( 2002 - 10 - 25 ) ( aged 72 ) Fitzrovia , London , England , UK Cause of death Hodgkin 's lymphoma Occupation Actor , singer Years active 1958 -- 2002 Spouse ( s ) Elizabeth Rees - Williams ( m . 1957 ; div. 1969 ) Ann Turkel ( m . 1974 ; div. 1982 ) Children Damian Harris Jared Harris Jamie Harris Relatives Annabelle Wallis ( niece ) Signature Richard St John Harris ( 1 October 1930 -- 25 October 2002 ) was an Irish actor and singer . He appeared on stage and in many films , appearing as Frank Machin in This Sporting Life , for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor , King Arthur in the 1967 film Camelot and the subsequent 1981 revival of the show . He played an aristocrat and prisoner in A Man Called Horse ( 1970 ) , a gunfighter in Clint Eastwood 's Western film Unforgiven ( 1992 ) , Emperor Marcus Aurelius in Gladiator ( 2000 ) , and Albus Dumbledore in the first two Harry Potter films : Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) and Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) . Harris had a number one hit in Australia and Canada and a top ten hit in the United Kingdom and United States with his 1968 recording of Jimmy Webb 's song `` MacArthur Park '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Early supporting roles 2.2 This Sporting Life 2.3 Peak of stardom : Camelot , A Man Called Horse , Cromwell 2.4 Singing career 2.5 1970s 2.6 Action star 2.7 Camelot again 2.8 The Field 3 Personal life 4 Death 5 Memorials 6 Awards and nominations 6.1 Academy Awards 6.2 Golden Globes 6.3 Cannes 6.4 Golden Raspberry Awards 6.5 Grammy Awards 6.6 Moscow Film Festival 7 Filmography 8 Discography 8.1 Albums 8.2 Singles 8.3 CD releases and compilations 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Early life ( edit ) Harris was born in Limerick : his siblings included Patrick Ivan ( 1929 -- 2008 ) , Noel William Michael ( 1932 -- 1996 ) , Diarmid ( Dermot , 1939 -- 1985 ) , and William George Harris ( 1942 -- 2007 ) . His niece is actress Annabelle Wallis . He was schooled by the Jesuits at Crescent College : a talented rugby player , he appeared on several Munster Junior and Senior Cup teams for Crescent , and played for Garryowen . Harris ' athletic career was cut short when he caught tuberculosis in his teens . He remained an ardent fan of the Munster Rugby and Young Munster teams until his death , attending many of their matches , and there are numerous stories of japes at rugby matches with actors and fellow rugby fans Peter O'Toole and Richard Burton . After recovering from tuberculosis , Harris moved to Britain , wanting to become a director . He could not find any suitable training courses , and enrolled in the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art ( LAMDA ) to learn acting . He had failed an audition at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art ( RADA ) and had been rejected by the Central School of Speech and Drama , because they felt he was too old at 24 . While still a student , he rented the tiny `` off - West End '' Irving Theatre , and there directed his own production of Clifford Odets ' play Winter Journey ( The Country Girl ) . This show was a critical success , but was a financial failure , and he lost all his savings in this venture . As a result , Harris ended up temporarily homeless , sleeping in a coal cellar for six weeks . Accounts of his contemporaries from his hometown of Limerick , however , indicate that he may have exaggerated these stories somewhat and that he actually stayed with a few aunts , sleeping on their living room sofas . After completing his studies at the Academy , he joined Joan Littlewood 's Theatre Workshop . He began getting roles in West End theatre productions , starting with The Quare Fellow in 1956 , a transfer from the Theatre Workshop. He spent nearly a decade in obscurity , learning his profession on stages throughout the UK . Career ( edit ) Early supporting roles ( edit ) Harris made his film debut in 1959 in the film Alive and Kicking , and played the lead role in The Ginger Man in the West End in 1959 . His second film was shot in Ireland , a small role as a freedom fighter in Shake Hands with the Devil ( 1959 ) , supporting James Cagney . It was directed by Michael Anderson who offered Harris a role in his next movie , The Wreck of the Mary Deare ( 1959 ) , shot in Hollywood . Harris hated it so much that he refused to return there for several years , turning down the role of Commodus in The Fall of the Roman Empire ( 1964 ) . Harris played another IRA freedom fighter in A Terrible Beauty ( 1960 ) , alongside Robert Mitchum . He had a memorable bit part in the film The Guns of Navarone ( 1961 ) as a Royal Australian Air Force pilot who reports that blowing up the `` bloody guns '' of the island of Navarone is impossible by an air raid . He had a larger part in The Long and the Short and the Tall ( 1961 ) , playing a British soldier ; Harris clashed with Laurence Harvey during filming . For his role in the film Mutiny on the Bounty ( 1962 ) , despite being virtually unknown to film audiences , Harris reportedly insisted on third billing , behind Trevor Howard and Marlon Brando . He did not get along at all with Brando during filming . This Sporting life ( edit ) Harris ' first starring role was in the film This Sporting Life ( 1963 ) , as a bitter young coal miner , Frank Machin , who becomes an acclaimed rugby league football player . It was based on the novel by David Storey and directed by Lindsay Anderson . For his role , Harris won Best Actor in 1963 at the Cannes Film Festival and an Academy Award nomination . Harris followed this with a leading role in the Italian film , Michelangelo Antonioni 's Il Deserto Rosso ( Red Desert , 1964 ) . This won the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival . Harris received an offer to support Kirk Douglas in a British war film , The Heroes of Telemark ( 1965 ) , directed by Anthony Mann , playing a Norwegian resistance leader . He then went to Hollywood to support Charlton Heston in Sam Peckinpah 's Major Dundee ( 1965 ) , as an Irish immigrant who became a Confederate cavalryman during the American Civil War . He played Cain in John Huston 's film The Bible : In the Beginning ... ( 1966 ) . More successful at the box office was Hawaii ( 1966 ) , which Harris starred alongside Julie Andrews and Max Von Sydow . As a change of pace , he was the romantic lead in a Doris Day spy spoof comedy , Caprice ( 1967 ) , directed by Frank Tashlin . Peak of stardom : Camelot , a Man Called Horse , Cromwell ( edit ) Harris next performed the role of King Arthur in the film adaptation of the musical play Camelot ( 1967 ) . He continued to appear on stage in this role for many years , including a successful Broadway run in 1981 -- 82 . In The Molly Maguires ( 1970 ) , he played James McParland , the detective who infiltrates the title organisation , headed by Sean Connery . It was a box office flop . However A Man Called Horse ( 1970 ) , with Harris in the title role , an 1825 English aristocrat who is captured by Indians , was a major success . He played the title role in the film Cromwell in 1970 opposite Alec Guinness as King Charles I of England . That year British exhibitors voted him the 9th most popular star at the UK box office . Singing career ( edit ) Harris recorded several albums of music , one of which , A Tramp Shining , included the seven - minute hit song `` MacArthur Park '' ( Harris insisted on singing the lyric as `` MacArthur 's Park '' ) . This song was written by Jimmy Webb , and it reached number 2 on the American Billboard Hot 100 chart . It also topped several music sales charts in Europe during the summer of 1968 . `` MacArthur Park '' sold over one million copies , and was awarded a gold disc . A second album , also consisting entirely of music composed by Webb , The Yard Went on Forever , was released in 1969 . 1970s ( edit ) In 1971 Harris starred in a BBC TV film adaptation `` The Snow Goose '' , from a screenplay by Paul Gallico . It won a Golden Globe for Best Movie made for TV and was nominated for both a BAFTA and an Emmy. and was shown in the U.S. as part of the Hallmark Hall of Fame . He made his directorial debut with Bloomfield ( 1971 ) and starred in Man in the Wilderness ( 1971 ) a revisionist Western based on the Hugh Glass story . Action star ( edit ) Harris starred in a Western for Samuel Fuller , Riata , which stopped production several weeks into filming . The project was re-assembled with a new director and cast , except for Harris , who returned : The Deadly Trackers ( 1973 ) . In 1973 , Harris published a book of poetry , I , In the Membership of My Days , which was later reissued in part in an audio LP format , augmented by self - penned songs such as `` I Do n't Know . '' Harris starred in two thrillers : 99 and 44 / 100 % Dead ( 1974 ) , with John Frankenheimer , and Juggernaut ( 1974 ) , for Richard Lester . In Echoes of a Summer ( 1976 ) he played the father of a young girl with a terminal illness . He had a cameo as Richard the Lionheart in Robin and Marian ( 1976 ) , for Lester , then was in The Return of a Man Called Horse ( 1976 ) . Harris led the all - star cast in the train disaster film , The Cassandra Crossing ( 1976 ) . He played Gulliver in the part - animated Gulliver 's Travels ( 1977 ) and was reunited with Michael Anderson in Orca ( 1977 ) , battling a killer whale . He appeared in another action film , Golden Rendezvous ( 1977 ) , based on a novel by Alistair Maclean , shot in South Africa . Harris was sued by the film 's producer for his drinking ; Harris counter-sued for defamation and the matter settled out of court . Golden Rendezvous was a flop but The Wild Geese ( 1978 ) , where Harris played one of several mercenaries , was a big success outside America . Ravagers ( 1979 ) was more action , set in a post-apocalyptic world . Game for Vultures ( 1979 ) was set in Rhodesia and shot in South Africa . In Hollywood he appeared in a comedy , The Last Word ( 1979 ) , then supported Bo Derek in Tarzan , the Ape Man ( 1981 ) . He made a film in Canada , Your Ticket Is No Longer Valid ( 1981 ) , a drama about impotence . He followed it with another Canadian film , Highpoint , a movie so bad it was not released for several years . Camelot again ( edit ) Harris ' career was revived by his success on stage in Camelot . His film work during this period included : Triumphs of a Man Called Horse ( 1983 ) , Martin 's Day ( 1985 ) , Strike Commando 2 ( 1988 ) , King of the Wind ( 1990 ) and Mack the Knife ( 1990 ) ( a film version of The Threepenny Opera in which he played J.J. Peachum ) plus the TV film version of Maigret , opposite Barbara Shelley . This indicated declining popularity which Harris told his biographer , Michael Feeney Callan , he was `` utterly reconciled to '' . The Field ( edit ) In June 1989 , director Jim Sheridan cast Harris in the lead role in The Field , written by the esteemed Irish playwright John B. Keane . The lead role of `` Bull '' McCabe was to be played by former Abbey Theatre actor Ray McAnally . When McAnally died suddenly on 15 June 1989 , Harris was offered the McCabe role . The Field was released in 1990 and earned Harris his second Academy Award nomination for Best Actor . He lost to Jeremy Irons for Reversal of Fortune . In 1992 , Harris had a supporting role in the film Patriot Games , as a fundraiser for the Provisional Irish Republican Army ( PIRA ) . He had good roles in Unforgiven ( 1992 ) , Wrestling Ernest Hemingway ( 1993 ) and Silent Tongue ( 1994 ) . He played the title role in Abraham ( 1994 ) and had the lead in Cry , the Beloved Country ( 1995 ) . A lifelong supporter of Jesuit education principles , Harris established a friendship with University of Scranton President Rev. J.A. Panuska and raised funds for a scholarship for Irish students established in honour of his brother and manager , Dermot , who had died the previous year of a heart attack . He chaired acting workshops and cast the university 's production of Julius Caesar in November 1987 . Over several years in the late 1980s , Harris worked with Irish author Michael Feeney Callan on his biography , which was published by Sidgwick & Jackson in 1990 . Harris appeared in two films which won the Academy Award for Best Picture . First , as the gunfighter `` English Bob '' in the Western Unforgiven ( 1992 ) ; second , as the Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius in Ridley Scott 's Gladiator ( 2000 ) . He also played a lead role alongside James Earl Jones in the Darrell Roodt film adaptation of Cry , the Beloved Country ( 1995 ) . In 1999 , Harris starred in the film To Walk with Lions . After Gladiator , Harris played the supporting role of Albus Dumbledore in the first two of the Harry Potter films , and as Abbé Faria in Kevin Reynolds ' film adaptation of The Count of Monte Cristo ( 2002 ) . The film Kaena : The Prophecy ( 2003 ) was dedicated to him posthumously as he had voiced the character Opaz before his death . Concerning his role as Dumbledore , Harris had stated that he did not intend to take the part at first , since he knew that his health was in decline , but he relented and accepted it because his 11 - year - old granddaughter threatened never to speak to him again if he did not take it . In an interview with the Toronto Star in 2001 , Harris expressed his concern that his association with the Harry Potter films would outshine the rest of his career . He explained , `` Because , you see , I do n't just want to be remembered for being in those bloody films , and I 'm afraid that 's what 's going to happen to me . '' Harris also made part of the Bible TV movie project filmed as a cinema production for the TV , a project produced by Lux Vide Italy with the collaboration of Radio Televisione Italiana RAI and Channel 5 of France , and premiered in the United States in the channel TNT in the 1990s . He portrayed the main and title character in the production Abraham ( 1993 ) as well as Saint John of Patmos in the 2000 TV film production Apocalypse . Personal life ( edit ) In 1957 , Harris married Elizabeth Rees - Williams , daughter of David Rees - Williams , 1st Baron Ogmore . They had three children : actor Jared Harris , who was once married to Emilia Fox ; actor Jamie Harris ; and director Damian Harris , who was once married to Annabel Brooks and was once the partner of Peta Wilson . Harris and Rees - Williams divorced in 1969 , after which Elizabeth married Rex Harrison . Harris ' second marriage was to the American actress Ann Turkel . In 1982 , they divorced . Harris was a member of the Roman Catholic Knights of Malta , and was also dubbed a knight by the Queen of Denmark in 1985 . Harris paid £ 75,000 for William Burges ' Tower House in Holland Park in 1968 , after discovering that the American entertainer Liberace had arranged to buy the house but not yet put down a deposit . Harris employed the original decorators , Campbell Smith & Company Ltd. to carry out extensive restoration work on the interior . Harris was a vocal supporter of the Provisional Irish Republican Army ( PIRA ) from 1973 until 1984 . In January 1984 remarks he made on the previous month 's Harrods bombing caused great controversy after which he disavowed his support for the PIRA . At the height of his stardom in the 1960s and early 1970s Harris was almost as well known for his hellraiser lifestyle and heavy drinking as he was for his acting career . He was a longtime alcoholic until he became a teetotaler in 1981 , although he did resume drinking Guinness a decade later . He gave up drugs after almost dying from a cocaine overdose in 1978 . Death ( edit ) Harris was diagnosed with Hodgkin 's disease in August 2002 , reportedly after being hospitalised with pneumonia . He died at University College Hospital in Fitzrovia , London on 25 October 2002 , aged 72 . He was survived by his three sons named Damian , Jared and Jamie and niece named Annabelle . He had fallen into a coma in his final three days . Harris was a lifelong friend of actor Peter O'Toole , and his family reportedly hoped that O'Toole would replace Harris as Dumbledore in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban . There were , however , worries of insuring O'Toole for the six remaining films in the series . Harris was ultimately replaced as Dumbledore by the Irish - born actor Michael Gambon . Harris ' body was cremated , and his ashes were scattered in the Bahamas , where he had owned a home . Memorials ( edit ) A statue in Kilkee , Ireland , of the young Richard Harris playing racquetball On 30 September 2006 , Manuel Di Lucia , of Kilkee , County Clare , a longtime friend , organised the placement in Kilkee of a bronze life - size statue of Richard Harris . It shows Harris at the age of eighteen playing racquetball . The sculptor was Seamus Connolly and the work was unveiled by Russell Crowe . Harris was an accomplished racquetball player , winning the Tivoli Cup in Kilkee four years in a row from 1948 to 1951 , a record unsurpassed to this day . Another life - size statue of Richard Harris , as King Arthur from his film , Camelot , has been erected in Bedford Row , in the centre of his home town of Limerick . The sculptor of this statue was the Irish sculptor Jim Connolly , a graduate of the Limerick School of Art and Design . At the 2009 BAFTAs , Mickey Rourke dedicated his Best Actor award to Harris , calling him a `` good friend and great actor '' . In 2013 , Rob Gill and Zeb Moore founded the annual Richard Harris International Film Festival . www.richardharrisfilmfestival.com . The Richard Harris Film Festival is one of Ireland fastest growing film festivals . Growing from just 10 films in 2013 to screening over 115 films in 2017 . Each year one of Richard 's sons attends the annual festival ( October Bank Holiday Weekend ) in Limerick , Ireland . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Academy Awards ( edit ) 1963 -- Nominated -- Best Actor in a Leading Role -- This Sporting Life 1990 -- Nominated -- Best Actor in a Leading Role -- The Field Golden Globes ( edit ) 1968 -- Won -- Best Motion Picture Actor -- Musical / Comedy -- Camelot 1991 -- Nominated -- Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture -- Drama -- The Field Cannes ( edit ) 1963 -- Won -- Best Actor Award -- `` This Sporting Life '' Golden Raspberry Awards ( edit ) 1982 -- Nominated -- Worst Actor -- Tarzan , the Ape Man Grammy Awards ( edit ) -- Won -- Best Spoken Word Recording for Jonathan Livingston Seagull -- 1973 -- Nominated -- Album of the Year for A Tramp Shining -- 1968 -- Nominated -- Contemporary Pop Male Vocalist for MacArthur Park -- 1968 -- Nominated -- Best Spoken Word , Documentary or Drama Recording for The Prophet -- 1975 Moscow Film Festival ( edit ) 1971 Won -- Best Actor for Cromwell Filmography ( edit ) Main article : Richard Harris filmography Discography ( edit ) Albums ( edit ) Camelot ( Motion Picture Soundtrack ) ( 1967 ) A Tramp Shining ( 1968 ) The Yard Went On Forever ( 1968 ) The Richard Harris Love Album ( 1970 ) My Boy ( 1971 ) Slides ( 1972 ) His Greatest Performances ( 1973 ) The Prophet ( 1974 ) ( music by Arif Mardin , based on The Prophet by Kahlil Gibran ) I , in the Membership of My Days ( 1974 ) Gulliver Travels ( 1977 ) Camelot ( Original 1982 London Cast recording ) ( 1982 ) Mack The Knife ( Original Soundtrack ) ( 1989 ) Little Tramp ( 1992 ) Musical The Apocalypse ( 2004 ) the story of John the Apostle on Island named Patmos Singles ( edit ) `` Here in My Heart ( Theme from This Sporting Life ) '' ( 1963 ) `` How to Handle a Woman ( from Camelot ) '' ( 1968 ) `` MacArthur Park '' ( 1968 ) `` Did n't We ? '' ( 1968 ) `` The Yard Went On Forever '' ( 1968 ) `` The Hive '' ( 1969 ) `` One of the Nicer Things '' ( 1969 ) `` Fill the World With Love '' ( 1969 ) `` Ballad of A Man Called Horse '' ( 1970 ) `` Morning of the Mourning for Another Kennedy '' ( 1970 ) `` Go to the Mirror '' ( 1971 ) `` My Boy '' ( 1971 ) `` Turning Back the Pages '' ( 1972 ) `` Half of Every Dream '' ( 1972 ) `` Trilogy ( Love , Marriage , Children ) '' ( 1974 ) `` The Last Castle ( Theme from Echoes of a Summer ) '' ( 1976 ) `` Lilliput ( Theme from Gulliver 's Travels ) '' ( 1977 ) CD releases and compilations ( edit ) Camelot ( Original 1982 London Cast Recording ) ( 1988 ) Mack the Knife ( Motion Picture Soundtrack ) ( 1989 ) Tommy ( studio recording ) ( 1990 ) Camelot ( Motion Picture Soundtrack ) ( 1993 ) A Tramp Shining ( 1993 ) The Prophet ( 1995 ) The Webb Sessions 1968 -- 1969 ( 1996 ) MacArthur Park ( 1997 ) Slides / My Boy ( 2 CD Set ) ( 2005 ) My Boy ( 2006 ) Man of Words Man of Music The Anthology 1968 -- 1974 ( 2008 ) See also ( edit ) List of people on stamps of Ireland References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` He was one of the most outstanding film stars of his time '' . Irish Independent . 27 October 2002 . Retrieved 10 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Severo , Richard ( 26 October 2002 ) . `` Richard Harris , Versatile And Volatile Star , 72 , Dies '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 10 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Limerick rugby full of heroes '' . Wesclark.com. 24 May 2002 . Retrieved 8 November 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Obituary : Richard Harris '' . BBC News . 25 October 2002 . Retrieved 10 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Staff Reporter . `` Paul Newman Britain 's favourite star . '' Times ( London , England ) 31 December 1970 : 9 . The Times Digital Archive . Web . 11 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Fresh Air interview with Jimmy Webb by Terry Gross on NPR , 2004 Jump up ^ Murrells , Joseph ( 1978 ) . The Book of Golden Discs ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Barrie and Jenkins Ltd. p. 241 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 214 - 20512 - 5 . Retrieved 8 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Album liner notes for `` Richard Harris -- the Webb Sessions 1968 -- 1969 '' Jump up ^ The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 - Present . Ballantine Books . 2003 . p. 1422 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 45542 - 8 . Jump up ^ Actor Harris linked to scandal in South Africa Chicago Tribune ( 1963 - Current file ) ( Chicago , Ill ) 22 Nov 1978 : a6 . Jump up ^ Richard Harris : Ai n't Misbehavin ' Mann , Roderick . Los Angeles Times ( 1923 - Current File ) ( Los Angeles , Calif ) 14 Mar 1978 : e8 . Jump up ^ Callan , Michael Feeney ( 2004 ) . Richard Harris : Sex , Death and the Movies . London : Robson Books . p. 212 . ISBN 978 - 1861057662 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harris Welcomed at U.S. University '' . Lewistown Journal . Associated Press . 18 November 1987 . Retrieved 3 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Richard Harris Establishes Scholarship Fund in Scranton '' . Ocala Star - Banner. 9 May 1987 . Retrieved 3 December 2011 . Jump up ^ The Late Show With David Letterman interview , 2001 Jump up ^ Kristin . `` On Richard Harris -- The Leaky Cauldron '' . The-leaky-cauldron.org . Retrieved 8 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bible Project for TV '' . Jump up ^ Cliff Goodwin ( 31 May 2011 ) . Behaving Badly : Richard Harris . Ebury Publishing . pp. 175 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7535 - 4651 - 2 . Retrieved 21 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Caroline Dakers ( 11 December 1999 ) . The Holland Park Circle : Artists and Victorian Society . Yale University Press . pp. 276 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 08164 - 0 . Retrieved 28 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Richard Harris : Sex , Death and the Movies ( 2004 ) Michael Feeney Callan p267 Jump up ^ `` Richard Harris Says IRA Has A Just Cause '' . Star - Banner. 24 January 1984 . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Harris ducking IRA `` bombs '' `` . The Gettysburg Times . 25 November 1988 . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Richard Harris : Sex , Death and the Movies ( 2004 ) Michael Feeney Callan p267 Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Harris 's Potter role unaffected by illness '' . BBC News . 30 August 2002 . Retrieved 10 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lionhearted - Death , Richard Harris '' . People.com. 26 May 2014 . Archived from the original on 4 February 2015 . Retrieved 19 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 12 Actors Who Almost Starred In The Harry Potter Series '' . Fame 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Obituary : Richard Harris '' . BBC News . 2002 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Crowe pays tribute to Harris at Irish ceremony '' . BreakingNews.ie. 2 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Tivoli Cup in Kilkee '' . kilkee.ie . Archived from the original on 10 August 2011 . Retrieved 21 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 7th Moscow International Film Festival ( 1971 ) '' . MIFF . Archived from the original on 3 April 2014 . Retrieved 23 December 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) Michael Feeney Callan ( 1 December 2004 ) . Richard Harris : Sex , Death & the Movies . Robson Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86105 - 766 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Richard Harris on IMDb Richard Harris at the TCM Movie Database Richard Harris at the Internet Broadway Database Richard Harris at the British Film Institute 's Screenonline Richard Harris at Find a Grave Richard Harris discography at MusicBrainz Harris ' Bar Limerick : A Bar in Limerick City Dedicated to Richard The Round Table , The Richard Harris Fansite Richard Harris file at Limerick City Library , Ireland Obituary by Paul Bond at the World Socialist Web Site Dumbledore Quotes site Richard Harris Studio albums A Tramp Shining The Yard Went On Forever Singles `` MacArthur Park '' `` The Yard Went on Forever '' `` Did n't We ? '' `` My Boy '' Related Filmography Elizabeth Rees - Williams ( first wife ) Damian Harris ( son ) Jared Harris ( son ) Jamie Harris ( son ) Ann Turkel ( second wife ) Annabelle Wallis ( niece ) Awards for Richard Harris Evening Standard Theatre Award for Best Actor 1955 - 1959 Richard Burton ( 1955 ) Paul Scofield ( 1956 ) Laurence Olivier ( 1957 ) Michael Redgrave ( 1958 ) Eric Porter ( 1959 ) 1960 - 1969 Alec Guinness ( 1960 ) Christopher Plummer ( 1961 ) Paul Scofield ( 1962 ) Michael Redgrave ( 1963 ) Nicol Williamson ( 1964 ) Ian Holm ( 1965 ) Albert Finney ( 1966 ) Laurence Olivier ( 1967 ) Alec McCowen ( 1968 ) Nicol Williamson ( 1969 ) 1970 -- 1979 John Gielgud ( 1970 ) Alan Bates ( 1971 ) Laurence Olivier ( 1972 ) Alec McCowen ( 1973 ) John Wood ( 1974 ) John Gielgud ( 1975 ) Albert Finney ( 1976 ) Donald Sinden ( 1977 ) Alan Howard ( 1978 ) Warren Mitchell ( 1979 ) 1980 -- 1989 Tom Courtenay ( 1980 ) Alan Howard ( 1981 ) Alec McCowen ( 1982 ) Derek Jacobi ( 1983 ) Ian McKellen ( 1984 ) Antony Sher ( 1985 ) Albert Finney ( 1986 ) Michael Gambon ( 1987 ) Eric Porter ( 1988 ) Ian McKellen ( 1989 ) 1990 -- 1999 Richard Harris ( 1990 ) John Wood ( 1991 ) Nigel Hawthorne ( 1992 ) Ian Holm ( 1993 ) Tom Courtenay ( 1994 ) Michael Gambon ( 1995 ) Paul Scofield ( 1996 ) Ian Holm ( 1997 ) Kevin Spacey ( 1998 ) Stephen Dillane ( 1999 ) 2000 -- 2009 Simon Russell Beale ( 2000 ) Alex Jennings ( 2001 ) Simon Russell Beale ( 2002 ) Michael Sheen ( 2003 ) Richard Griffiths ( 2004 ) Simon Russell Beale ( 2005 ) Rufus Sewell ( 2006 ) Patrick Stewart ( 2007 ) Chiwetel Ejiofor ( 2008 ) Mark Rylance ( 2009 ) 2010 -- 9999 Rory Kinnear ( 2010 ) Benedict Cumberbatch and Jonny Lee Miller ( 2011 ) Simon Russell Beale ( 2012 ) Adrian Lester and Rory Kinnear ( 2013 ) Tom Hiddleston ( 2014 ) James McAvoy ( 2015 ) Ralph Fiennes ( 2016 ) European Film Academy Lifetime Achievement Award Ingmar Bergman ( 1988 ) Marcello Mastroianni ( 1988 ) Federico Fellini ( 1989 ) Andrzej Wajda ( 1990 ) Alexandre Trauner ( 1991 ) Billy Wilder ( 1992 ) Michelangelo Antonioni ( 1993 ) Robert Bresson ( 1994 ) Marcel Carné ( 1995 ) Alec Guinness ( 1996 ) Jeanne Moreau ( 1997 ) Ennio Morricone ( 1999 ) Richard Harris ( 2000 ) Monty Python ( 2001 ) Tonino Guerra ( 2002 ) Claude Chabrol ( 2003 ) Carlos Saura ( 2004 ) Sean Connery ( 2005 ) Roman Polanski ( 2006 ) Jean - Luc Godard ( 2007 ) Judi Dench ( 2008 ) Ken Loach ( 2009 ) Bruno Ganz ( 2010 ) Stephen Frears ( 2011 ) Bernardo Bertolucci ( 2012 ) Catherine Deneuve ( 2013 ) Agnès Varda ( 2014 ) Charlotte Rampling ( 2015 ) Jean - Claude Carrière ( 2016 ) Alexander Sokurov ( 2017 ) Cannes Film Festival Best Actor Award 1946 - 1975 Ray Milland ( 1946 ) Edward G. Robinson ( 1949 ) Michael Redgrave ( 1951 ) Marlon Brando ( 1952 ) Charles Vanel ( 1953 ) Spencer Tracy / cast of Bolshaya Semya ( 1955 ) John Kitzmiller ( 1957 ) Paul Newman ( 1958 ) Bradford Dillman / Dean Stockwell / Orson Welles ( 1959 ) Anthony Perkins ( 1961 ) Dean Stockwell / Jason Robards / Ralph Richardson / Murray Melvin ( 1962 ) Richard Harris ( 1963 ) Antal Páger / Saro Urzì ( 1964 ) Terence Stamp ( 1965 ) Per Oscarsson ( 1966 ) Oded Kotler ( 1967 ) Jean - Louis Trintignant ( 1969 ) Marcello Mastroianni ( 1970 ) Riccardo Cucciolla ( 1971 ) Jean Yanne ( 1972 ) Giancarlo Giannini ( 1973 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1974 ) Vittorio Gassman ( 1975 ) 1976 - 2000 José Luis Gómez ( 1976 ) Fernando Rey ( 1977 ) Jon Voight ( 1978 ) Jack Lemmon ( 1979 ) Michel Piccoli ( 1980 ) Ugo Tognazzi ( 1981 ) Jack Lemmon ( 1982 ) Gian Maria Volontè ( 1983 ) Alfredo Landa / Francisco Rabal ( 1984 ) William Hurt ( 1985 ) Michel Blanc / Bob Hoskins ( 1986 ) Marcello Mastroianni ( 1987 ) Forest Whitaker ( 1988 ) James Spader ( 1989 ) Gérard Depardieu ( 1990 ) John Turturro ( 1991 ) Tim Robbins ( 1992 ) David Thewlis ( 1993 ) Ge You ( 1994 ) Jonathan Pryce ( 1995 ) Pascal Duquenne / Daniel Auteuil ( 1996 ) Sean Penn ( 1997 ) Peter Mullan ( 1998 ) Emmanuel Schotte ( 1999 ) Tony Leung Chiu - wai ( 2000 ) 2001 - present Benoît Magimel ( 2001 ) Olivier Gourmet ( 2002 ) Muzaffer Ozdemir / Emin Toprak ( 2003 ) Yūya Yagira ( 2004 ) Tommy Lee Jones ( 2005 ) Jamel Debbouze / Samy Naceri / Roschdy Zem / Sami Bouajila / Bernard Blancan ( 2006 ) Konstantin Lavronenko ( 2007 ) Benicio del Toro ( 2008 ) Christoph Waltz ( 2009 ) Javier Bardem / Elio Germano ( 2010 ) Jean Dujardin ( 2011 ) Mads Mikkelsen ( 2012 ) Bruce Dern ( 2013 ) Timothy Spall ( 2014 ) Vincent Lindon ( 2015 ) Shahab Hosseini ( 2016 ) Joaquin Phoenix ( 2017 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy 1950 -- 1975 Fred Astaire ( 1950 ) Danny Kaye ( 1951 ) Donald O'Connor ( 1952 ) David Niven ( 1953 ) James Mason ( 1954 ) Tom Ewell ( 1955 ) Mario Moreno ( 1956 ) Frank Sinatra ( 1957 ) Danny Kaye ( 1958 ) Jack Lemmon ( 1959 ) Jack Lemmon ( 1960 ) Glenn Ford ( 1961 ) Marcello Mastroianni ( 1962 ) Alberto Sordi ( 1963 ) Rex Harrison ( 1964 ) Lee Marvin ( 1965 ) Alan Arkin ( 1966 ) Richard Harris ( 1967 ) Ron Moody ( 1968 ) Peter O'Toole ( 1969 ) Albert Finney ( 1970 ) Chaim Topol ( 1971 ) Jack Lemmon ( 1972 ) George Segal ( 1973 ) Art Carney ( 1974 ) Walter Matthau / George Burns ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Kris Kristofferson ( 1976 ) Richard Dreyfuss ( 1977 ) Warren Beatty ( 1978 ) Peter Sellers ( 1979 ) Ray Sharkey ( 1980 ) Dudley Moore ( 1981 ) Dustin Hoffman ( 1982 ) Michael Caine ( 1983 ) Dudley Moore ( 1984 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1985 ) Paul Hogan ( 1986 ) Robin Williams ( 1987 ) Tom Hanks ( 1988 ) Morgan Freeman ( 1989 ) Gérard Depardieu ( 1990 ) Robin Williams ( 1991 ) Tim Robbins ( 1992 ) Robin Williams ( 1993 ) Hugh Grant ( 1994 ) John Travolta ( 1995 ) Tom Cruise ( 1996 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1997 ) Michael Caine ( 1998 ) Jim Carrey ( 1999 ) George Clooney ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Gene Hackman ( 2001 ) Richard Gere ( 2002 ) Bill Murray ( 2003 ) Jamie Foxx ( 2004 ) Joaquin Phoenix ( 2005 ) Sacha Baron Cohen ( 2006 ) Johnny Depp ( 2007 ) Colin Farrell ( 2008 ) Robert Downey Jr. ( 2009 ) Paul Giamatti ( 2010 ) Jean Dujardin ( 2011 ) Hugh Jackman ( 2012 ) Leonardo DiCaprio ( 2013 ) Michael Keaton ( 2014 ) Matt Damon ( 2015 ) Ryan Gosling ( 2016 ) James Franco ( 2017 ) Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album ( 1970s ) 1970 Art Linkletter , Diane Linkletter - We Love You Call Collect 1971 Martin Luther King Jr . - Why I Oppose the War in Vietnam 1972 Les Crane - Desiderata 1973 Bruce Botnick ( producer ) - Lenny performed by the original Broadway cast Richard Harris - Jonathan Livingston Seagull Peter Cook , Dudley Moore - Good Evening 1976 James Whitmore - Give ' em Hell , Harry ! 1977 Henry Fonda , Helen Hayes , James Earl Jones , Orson Welles - Great American Documents 1978 Julie Harris - The Belle of Amherst 1979 Orson Welles - Citizen Kane Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Complete list ( 1959 & 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) VIAF : 115550449 LCCN : n88678708 ISNI : 0000 0001 2148 4807 GND : 118961934 SUDOC : 066845254 BNF : cb138949964 ( data ) BIBSYS : 4012379 ULAN : 500346511 MusicBrainz : 9a976838 - 8e77 - 4065 - bdbb - 748d17ad773b NKC : js20021202012 BNE : XX1297371 IATH : w6cc22b3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Harris&oldid=818826737 '' Categories : 1930 births 2002 deaths 20th - century Irish male actors 20th - century Irish singers 21st - century Irish male actors Alumni of the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art Best Musical or Comedy Actor Golden Globe ( film ) winners Deaths from cancer in England Deaths from lymphoma Dunhill Records artists European Film Awards winners ( people ) Garryowen Football Club players Grammy Award winners Irish emigrants to the United Kingdom Irish film directors Irish male film actors Irish male singers Irish male stage actors Irish rugby union players Knights of Malta Musicians from County Limerick People from Limerick ( city ) Racquets players University of Scranton faculty Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 EngvarB from August 2014 Use dmy dates from August 2014 Biography with signature Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2010 Turner Classic Movies person ID same as Wikidata Articles with IBDb links Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata MusicBrainz artist same as Wikidata Articles with MusicBrainz artist links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Malagasy Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 January 2018 , at 20 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played the first dumbledore in harry potter | [
"Richard St John Harris (1 October 1930 – 25 October 2002) was an Irish actor and singer. He appeared on stage and in many films, appearing as Frank Machin in This Sporting Life, for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor, King Arthur in the 1967 film Camelot and the subsequent 1981 revival of the show. He played an aristocrat and prisoner in A Man Called Horse (1970), a gunfighter in Clint Eastwood's Western film Unforgiven (1992), Emperor Marcus Aurelius in Gladiator (2000), and Albus Dumbledore in the first two Harry Potter films: Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (2001) and Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002). Harris had a number one hit in Australia and Canada and a top ten hit in the United Kingdom and United States with his 1968 recording of Jimmy Webb's song \"MacArthur Park\"."
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"Richard St John Harris"
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-1727142838331592314 | List of longest novels | List of longest novels - Wikipedia List of longest novels Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of the longest novels over 500,000 words published through a mainstream publisher . Until recently , the longest novel was Artamène ou le Grand Cyrus , originally published ( 1649 -- 54 ) in ten parts , each part in three volumes . Artamène is generally attributed to Madeleine de Scudéry . Composing a list of longest novels yields different results depending on whether pages , words or characters are counted . Length of a book is typically associated with its size -- specifically page count -- leading many to assume the largest and thickest book equates to its length . Word count is a direct way to measure the length of a novel in a manner unaffected by variations of format and page size . Contents ( hide ) 1 Comparison of methods 2 Definitions 3 List 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Comparison of methods ( edit ) Three possible ways to determine length exist and each has its own method for determining length . Character counts are at best estimations of spaces , written characters and punctuation ; Guinness World Records uses this criterion . Word counts is another method that counts each word and omits punctuation , but still considered an estimation for length . Using computer software to count words is the currently preferred method for academia and publications . An arbitrary way is to assume that a standard formatted page with 12 pt Courier font and double - spaced lines is 250 words . Due to formatting , page counts are subject to change from font , style , formatting or paper size of the published work and can not be considered a measure of length despite it being the easiest physical indicator of length . For the purposes of this list , word counts are ideal . Page counts are a relative indicator of length ; for proper comparison the page size will be included . Some difficulty is created when comparing word counts across different writing systems . The logographic Chinese characters used to write East Asian languages each represent one morpheme and are not separated by spaces . The same character may at times stand for one word , and other times form part of a larger word . For instance the characters zhong 中 and guo 囯 can be used independently to mean `` middle '' and `` kingdom '' , respectively , but can also be combined into Zhongguo 中囯 , `` China '' ( i.e. `` The Middle Kingdom '' ) . One could theoretically construct a noun phrase Zhongguo zhong guo 中囯 中囯 meaning `` kingdoms in the middle of China '' . The absence of any formal marking of word boundaries means that it would be difficult to mechanically determine if such a phrase consists of two , three , or four words without knowing Chinese . East Asian bibliographies therefore generally give only the character count without attempting any word count . While a rough approximation might seemingly be gotten from citing the word count of a translation into a Latin alphabet language like English , this is hazardous as the great grammatical and stylistic differences between the languages might cause one to require more words to convey the same meaning as the other . Citing a translation only indicates how many words are required to convey the same meaning in the target text , not how many words the source text actually consists of . Definitions ( edit ) What counts as a novel is another variable . For the purposes of the list , a `` novel '' is defined as a `` single work '' in print or electronic form that has been published through a mainstream publisher , one that has acquired publishing rights from authors . A `` single work '' includes works thought of as one novel by the author , but published in multiple volumes for reasons of convenience . Excluded are self - published , printed - on - demand , vanity works , unpublished novels like Henry Darger 's , novel sequences like the Chronicles of Barsetshire , novel cycles such as those set in the James Bond universe , and record - grabbing stunts . List ( edit ) Book title Author Edition / publisher Page count Page size Word count Language Notes − Men of Good Will Jules Romains Calmann Lévy ( Paris ) , 1932 - 46 7003789200000000000 ♠ 7,892 pages , 27 volumes in original edition 7006207000000000000 ♠ 2,070,000 French Twenty - seven volumes . Explicitly considered a `` roman '' ( novel ) by its author and not a `` cycle '' . Artamène ou le Grand Cyrus Scudery Georges and / or Madeleine de Scudéry Augustin Courbé , 1649 -- 53 7004130950000000000 ♠ 13,095 pages , ten volumes 7006195430000000000 ♠ 1,954,300 French Het Bureau J.J. Voskuil Van Oorschot , 1996 - 2000 7003505800000000000 ♠ 5,058 pages , seven volumes 7.85 inches ( 19.9 cm ) x 4.95 inches ( 12.6 cm ) 7006159000000000000 ♠ 1,590,000 Dutch Venmurasu Jeyamohan Narrinai / Kizhakku 7003924700000000000 ♠ 9,247 pages , Eleven volumes 8.25 inches ( 21.0 cm ) x 5.85 inches ( 14.9 cm ) 7006155602800000000 ♠ 1,556,028 ( as of August 9 , 2016 ) Tamil Ongoing version of Mahabaratham in novel form - written so far 12 volumes and published as books . Gordana Marija Jurić Zagorka Školska knjiga , 2007 7003876800000000000 ♠ 8,768 pages , twelve volumes 7006140000000000000 ♠ 1,400,000 ( estimated ) Croatian The longest Croatian novel . A La Recherche À la recherche du temps perdu Proust Marcel Proust Gallimard ( Collection Folio edition , 1988 -- 1990 ) 7003303100000000000 ♠ 3,031 pages , seven volumes 7 inches ( 17.8 cm ) x 5 inches ( 12.7 cm ) 7006126706900000000 ♠ 1,267,069 French Guinness World Record holder for longest novel . Uses estimated character count of 9,609,000 characters . Zettels Traum Schmidt Arno Schmidt Suhrkamp Verlag ( 2010 edition ) 7003153600000000000 ♠ 1,536 pages 14.1 inches ( 35.8 cm ) x 10.8 inches ( 27.4 cm ) 7006110000000000000 ♠ 1,100,000 ( estimated ) German 6,800,000 characters ; longest novel published in one volume Min Kamp Karl Ove Knausgård Forlaget Oktober 7003360000000000000 ♠ 3,600 pages , six volumes 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1,000,000 Norwegian Ponniyin Selvan Kalki Krishnamurthy ( 1950 edition ) 7003240000000000000 ♠ 2,400 pages , five volumes 7005900000000000000 ♠ 900,000 Tamil Released in five volumes , this historical novel , originally written in Tamil , tells the story of Arulmozhivarman ( Raja Raja Chola I ) , one of the kings of the Chola Dynasty Clarissa , or , the History of a Young Lady Richardson Samuel Richardson Penguin Classics ( 1986 ) 7003153400000000000 ♠ 1,534 pages , seven volumes 9.2 inches ( 23.4 cm ) x 5.8 inches ( 14.7 cm ) 7005943000000000000 ♠ 943,000 and 984,870 English Word count obtained through Project Guttenberg digitization and 1964 estimate by The New York Times Kelidar Mahmoud Dowlatabadi Farhang Moaaser 7003283600000000000 ♠ 2,836 pages , ten volumes 7005950000000000000 ♠ 950,000 Persian The longest Persian novel Poor Fellow My Country Herbert Xavier Herbert HarperCollins Publishers ( Australia ) 7003146600000000000 ♠ 1,466 pages , hardcover 8.1 inches ( 20.6 cm ) x 5.6 inches ( 14.2 cm ) 7005852000000000000 ♠ 852,000 English 1975 winner of the Miles Franklin Award Women and Men Mcelroy Joseph McElroy Knopf ( 1987 ) 7003119200000000000 ♠ 1,192 pages , hardcover 9 inches ( 22.9 cm ) x 6 inches ( 15.2 cm ) 7005850000000000000 ♠ 850,000 ( estimated ) 700,000 ( estimated ) English Story Of The Stone 紅樓夢 ( The Story of the Stone ) Cao Xueqin Penguin Classics 7003233900000000000 ♠ 2,339 7.75 inches ( 19.7 cm ) x 5 inches ( 13 cm ) 7005845000000000000 ♠ 845,000 ( estimated ) Chinese to English translation ( see this page 's `` Talk '' tab for the detailed calculation ) Sironia , Texas Cooper Madison Cooper Houghton Mifflin ( 1952 ) 7003173100000000000 ♠ 1,731 pages , two volumes 7005840000000000000 ♠ 840,000 ( estimated ) English Romancxe 三國 演義 ( Romance of the Three Kingdoms ) Guanzhong Luo Guanzhong Foreign Languages Press ( 1995 ) 7003234000000000000 ♠ 2,340 pages , four volumes 7.2 inches ( 18.3 cm ) x 4.5 inches ( 11.4 cm ) 7005800000000000000 ♠ 800,000 ( estimate ) Chinese to English translation Miss MacIntosh , My Darling Young Marguerite Young Scribners ( 1965 ) 7003119800000000000 ♠ 1,198 pages 7005750000000000000 ♠ 750,000 ( estimated ) 576,000 ( estimated ) English Sir Charles Grandison Samuel Richardson Oxford World 's Classics ( 1986 ) 7003164700000000000 ♠ 1,647 pages 7.2 inches ( 18.3 cm ) x 4.6 inches ( 11.7 cm ) 7005750000000000000 ♠ 750,000 ( estimated ) English Les Misérables Hugo Victor Hugo Gutenberg ebook edition 7005655478000000000 ♠ 655,478 French Varney the Vampire Rymer James Malcolm Rymer and Thomas Peckett Prest Edward Lloyd ( 1845 -- 47 ) 7002866000000000000 ♠ 866 pages 7005667000000000000 ♠ 667,000 English Originally published anonymously , in serial `` penny dreadful '' pamphlets . Present - day opinions are divided regarding its authorship . Atlas Shrugged Rand Ayn Rand Signet Books ( 1996 edition ) 7003108800000000000 ♠ 1,088 pages , paperback 6.9 inches ( 17.5 cm ) x 4.1 inches ( 10.4 cm ) 7005645000000000000 ♠ 645,000 ( estimate by the publisher and by The New York Times and by the author herself quoting printer 's word count ) English Jean - Christophe Rolland Romain Rolland Henry Holt ( 1910 , 1911 , 1913 ) 7003166600000000000 ♠ 1,666 pages , three volumes 7005610000000000000 ♠ 610,000 ( estimated ) French to English translation Author received the 1915 Nobel Prize for Literature . Jerusalem Moore Alan Moore Knockabout ( 2016 ) 7003126600000000000 ♠ 1,266 pages 9.6 inches ( 24.4 cm ) x 6.6 inches ( 16.8 cm ) 7005600000000000000 ♠ 600,000 ( estimated ) English And ladies `` ... And Ladies of the Club '' Santmyer Helen Hooven Santmyer Ohio State University Press ( 1982 ) 7003134400000000000 ♠ 1,344 pages 7005600000000000000 ♠ 600,000 ( newspaper estimate ) English 1984 surprise bestseller Suitable A Suitable Boy Seth Vikram Seth Penguin Books 7003136800000000000 ♠ 1,368 pages , paperback 8 inches ( 20.3 cm ) x 5.5 inches ( 14 cm ) 7005593674000000000 ♠ 593,674 English Word count obtained from Amazon digitization ( eBook ) word count . F.L. Věk Jirasek Alois Jirásek Ceskoslovensky Československý spisovatel ( last printed edition , 1976 -- 1977 ) 7003187000000000000 ♠ 1,870 pages ( 1972 ed . ) 7005571350000000000 ♠ 571,350 Czech Word count obtained from 2011 eBook . War And Peace Война и мир ( War and Peace ) Tolstoy Leo Tolstoy Oxford World 's Classics 7003144000000000000 ♠ 1,440 pages , paperback 7.6 inches ( 19.3 cm ) x 5.1 inches ( 13.0 cm ) 7005587287000000000 ♠ 587,287 New American Library Version and 561,093 Oxford World 's Classics Russian to English translation Edition and translation largely account for differences in word count . Mulino Il mulino del Po Bacchelli Riccardo Bacchelli Arnoldo Mondadori Editore 7003211300000000000 ♠ 2,113 pages , paperback 8 inches ( 20.3 cm ) x 5.4 inches ( 13.7 cm ) 7005559830000000000 ♠ 559,830 Italian Infinite Jest Wallace David Foster Wallace Back Bay Books 7003110400000000000 ♠ 1,104 pages , paperback 9.2 inches ( 23.4 cm ) x 6 inches ( 15.2 cm ) 7005543709000000000 ♠ 543,709 English Remembrance Rock Sandburg Carl Sandburg Mariner Books 7003108800000000000 ♠ 1,088 pages , paperback 9 inches ( 22.9 cm ) x 6 inches ( 15.2 cm ) 7005532030000000000 ♠ 532,030 and 673,000 English Word counts obtained from Amazon digitization ( eBook ) word count , and author 's own count . To Green Angel Tower Williams Tad Williams DAW Books 7003108300000000000 ♠ 1,083 pages , hardcover 7005520000000000000 ♠ 520,000 English Word counts obtained from Amazon digitization ( eBook ) word count . Horcynus Orca Darrigo Stefano D'Arrigo Arnoldo Mondadori Editore 7003125700000000000 ♠ 1,257 pages , hardcover 8.2 inches ( 20.8 cm ) x 5.6 inches ( 14.2 cm ) 7005508751000000000 ♠ 508,751 Italian See also ( edit ) Four Great Classical Novels , an overview of four very long Chinese classics . Joseph and His Brothers , by Thomas Mann , is nearly 1500 pages long in English translation by John E. Wood . Originally published in four installments , the work does constitute a true , continuous novel rather than a serialization . The Neapolitan Novels series , by Elena Ferrante , is more than 1,700 pages long in its English translation . Published in four volumes , it is considered by its author `` a single novel , published serially for reasons of length and duration '' . List of manga series by volume count References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The name of her brother Georges appeared on the title page , and he is sometimes credited as a co-author . Jump up ^ `` Longest novel '' . Guinnessworldrecords.com. 1912 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Find the Agent Who Will Find You a Publisher '' . AgentQuery . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Hitting the Target Word Count in Your College Admission Essay -- For Dummies '' . Dummies.com. 2008 - 11 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Lee , Harold W. ( May 1952 ) . `` Proportions in Jules Romains ' Picture of Contemporary French Society '' . The News Bulletin of the Rocky Mountain Modern Language Association . 5 ( 2 ) : 56 . Jump up ^ See introduction of the abridged audio version recorded by the author , available at : http://www.fremeaux.com/index.php?page=shop.product_details&category_id=69&flypage=shop.flypage&product_id=438&option=com_virtuemart Jump up ^ Scholarly consensus does not exist : Georges ' name is on the original editions , it is commonly believed his sister Madeleine was the true author , yet no close textual analysis has been attempted . See the summary at `` œuvre '' . Artamène ou le Grand Cyrus . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` accueil '' . Artamène ou le Grand Cyrus . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Word count of the online edition , using curl http://www.artamene.org/documents/cyrus ( 1 - 10 ). txt wc - w Jump up ^ source : Loads o ' Lists : 21 Longest Novels ( by word count ) Jump up ^ Jeyamohan . Mutharkanal . Amazon.in . ISBN 9789384149093 . Jump up ^ Jeyamohan . Malaipaadal . Amazon.in . ISBN 9789384149192 . Jump up ^ Jeyamohan . Vannakadal . Amazon.in . ISBN 9789384149215 . Jump up ^ Jeyamohan . Neelam . Amazon.in . ISBN 9789384149246 . Jump up ^ Jeyamohan . Venmugil nagaram . Amazon.in . ISBN 9789384149321 . Jump up ^ Jeyamohan . Indraneelam . Amazon.in . ISBN 9789384149710 . Jump up ^ Jeyamohan . Prayaagai . Amazon.in . ISBN 9789384149161 . Jump up ^ Jeyamohan . Veyyon . Amazon.in . ISBN 9789384149970 . Jump up ^ Jeyamohan . Kandeepam . Amazon.in . ISBN 9789384149765 . Jump up ^ Jeyamohan . Panniru padaikkalam . Amazon.in . ISBN 9788184937152 . Jump up ^ Jeyamohan . Solvalarkaadu . Amazon.in . ISBN 9788184937398 . Jump up ^ `` Gordana -- Kraljica Hrvata '' . Školska knjiga . Jump up ^ `` Gordana kraljica Hrvata '' . Goodreads . Jump up ^ `` Gordana kraljica Hrvata '' . Najbolje knjige -- Hrvatski portal za knjige . Jump up ^ See Éditions d'À la recherche du temps perdu # Tableau de correspondance , French Wikipedia . Jump up ^ Bibliothéque Nationale de France catalogue . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Christophe Vignat . `` Sur le Vocabulaire dans La Recherche '' . Université Paris - Est , Laboratoire d'Informatique de l'Institut Gaspard Monge , Equipe Signal et Communications . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Longest novel '' . Guinnessworldrecords.com. 1912 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Arno Schmidt . Zettel 's Traum . Amazon.de . ISBN 9783518803103 . Jump up ^ Günter Jürgensmeier , `` Das verfluchte Buch . Über das gefahrvolle Wagnis , Zettel 's Traum zu setzen '' ( in German ) , Zettelkasten 27 . Aufsätze und Arbeiten zum Werk Arno Schmidts ( Wiesenbach : Bangert & Metzler ) : pp. 42 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 924147 - 64 - 8 Jump up ^ Samuel Richardson . Clarissa : Or the History of a Young Lady . Penguin Classics . ISBN 9780140432152 . Jump up ^ Hal Boyle Genius is n't all thumbs , writer Boyle confides Florence , Alabama : Times Daily 23 April 1962 ( via Google news archive ) ^ Jump up to : http://www.shortlist.com/entertainment/books/the-10-longest-novels-ever-written Jump up ^ Xavier Herbert . Poor Fellow My Country . Amazon.com . ISBN 9780006160298 . Jump up ^ Poor fellow my ears The Age 29 December 1987 ( via Google news archive ) Jump up ^ Top award to Xavier Herbert Sydney Morning Herald 28 April 1976 ( via Google news archive ) Jump up ^ Joseph McElroy . Women and Men . Amazon.com . ISBN 9781564780232 . Jump up ^ Karl , Frederick ( Spring 1990 ) . `` Women and Men : More than a novel '' . Review of Contemporary Fiction . p. 181 . Jump up ^ Garth Risk Hallberg ( 2009 - 07 - 07 ) . `` The lost postmodernist : Joseph McElroy '' . Latimesblogs.latimes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Nichols , Lewis ( 1952 - 11 - 09 ) . `` Talk with Madison Cooper -- Review '' . nytimes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Author a bachelor ; so he has time to write longest novel '' . Chicago Tribune . 1952 - 11 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31 . ( via Pqasb.pqarchiver.com ) Jump up ^ Author of 1,800 page novel in New York looking after plans for publication of big book The Times - News 27 October 1952 ( via Google news archive ) Jump up ^ Luo Guanzhong . Three Kingdoms . Amazon.com . ISBN 9787119005904 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Review : Red Cliff '' . Arkansasonline.com. 2009 - 12 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Robert McG . Thomas Jr ( 1995 - 11 - 20 ) . `` Marguerite Young , 87 , author and icon , dies '' . nytimes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Walters , Raymond , Jr ( 12 September 1965 ) . `` In and out of books '' . The New York Times . p . BR8 . Jump up ^ Victor Hugo . `` Les misérables , Tome I '' . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Calculated from `` Varney the Vampire '' . Internet Archive , Electronic Text Center , University of Virginia Library . the complete text at the University of Virginia . Note that some on - line editions are incomplete . Jump up ^ Ayn Rand . Atlas Shrugged . Amazon.com . ISBN 9780451191144 . Jump up ^ Nichols , Lewis ( 1957 - 10 - 13 ) . `` Talk With Ayn Rand -- Author 's Query '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Rand , Ayn . The Art of Fiction : A Guide for Writers and Readers . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Steve Scoles ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` Creating Jerusalem : Alan Moore on the most important book he has written '' . Northampton News . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schott , Webster ( 1984 - 07 - 01 ) . `` An Epic of Hometown , U.S.A '' . Washington Post Book World . p. 5 . ^ Jump up to : Vikram Seth . A Suitable Boy . Amazon.com . ISBN 9780060925000 . Jump up ^ Prague Public Library catalogue : F.L. Věk ( in five volumes ) `` Search : Jirásek , Alois F.L. Věk '' . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ Leo Tolstoy . War and Peace . Louise and Aylmer Maude , Amy Mandelker . Oxford World 's Classics . ISBN 9780199232765 . Jump up ^ Tolstoy , Leo ; Dunnigan , Ann . `` War and Peace '' . Perma-bound.com . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Leo Tolstoy . War and Peace . Henry Gifford , Louise Maude , Aylmer Maude . Oxford World 's Classics . ISBN 9780192833983 . Jump up ^ OPAC Archive Jump up ^ David Foster Wallace . Infinite Jest . Amazon . ISBN 9780316066525 . ^ Jump up to : Carl Sandburg . Remembrance Rock . Amazon . ISBN 9780156763905 . Jump up ^ author , quoted in Corwin , Norman ( 1961 ) . The World of Carl Sandburg . Harcourt , Brace & World . p. 8 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Alex ( 2014 - 04 - 04 ) . `` Tad Williams to release sequel to Memory , Sorrow & Thorn '' . Doitanyway.co.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` HORCYNUS Orca di D'Arrigo , Stefano '' Rete bibliotecaria della Provincia di Padova `` . bibliotecaria della Provincia di Padova. 2012 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` TNTforum - > Stefano D'Arrigo -- Horcynus Orca '' . Forum.tntvillage.scambioetico.org . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Jenny Turner , `` The Secret Sharer . Elena Ferrante 's existential fiction '' , Harper 's Magazine , October 2014 . External links ( edit ) The 10 Longest Novels Ever Written Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_longest_novels&oldid=823362788 '' Categories : Lists by length Lists of novels Lists of superlatives Literature records Top book lists Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 31 January 2018 , at 20 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | a la recherche du temps perdu word count | [
"\n\nBook title\nAuthor\nEdition/publisher\nPage count\nPage size\nWord count\nLanguage\nNotes\n−\n\n\n\nMen of Good Will\nJules Romains\nCalmann Lévy (Paris), 1932-46\n7003789200000000000♠7,892 pages,[5] 27 volumes in original edition\n\n7006207000000000000♠2,070,000\nFrench\nTwenty-seven volumes. Explicitly considered a \"roman\" (novel) by its author and not a \"cycle\".[6]\n\n\nArtamène ou le Grand Cyrus\nScuderyGeorges and/or[7] Madeleine de Scudéry\nAugustin Courbé, 1649–53\n7004130950000000000♠13,095 pages, ten volumes[8]\n\n7006195430000000000♠1,954,300[9]\nFrench\n\n\n\nHet Bureau\nJ. J. Voskuil\nVan Oorschot, 1996-2000\n7003505800000000000♠5,058 pages, seven volumes\n7.85 inches (19.9 cm) x 4.95 inches (12.6 cm)\n7006159000000000000♠1,590,000[10]\nDutch\n\n\n\nVenmurasu\nJeyamohan\nNarrinai/Kizhakku\n7003924700000000000♠9,247 pages, Eleven volumes[11]\n[12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21]\n\n8.25 inches (21.0 cm) x 5.85 inches (14.9 cm)\n7006155602800000000♠1,556,028 (as of August 9, 2016)\nTamil\nOngoing version of Mahabaratham in novel form - written so far 12 volumes and published as books.\n\n\nGordana\nMarija Jurić Zagorka\nŠkolska knjiga, 2007\n7003876800000000000♠8,768 pages, twelve volumes[22][23][24]\n\n7006140000000000000♠1,400,000 (estimated)\nCroatian\nThe longest Croatian novel.\n\n\nA La Recherche À la recherche du temps perdu\nProustMarcel Proust\nGallimard (Collection Folio edition, 1988–1990)\n7003303100000000000♠3,031 pages, seven volumes[25]\n7 inches (17.8 cm) x 5 inches (12.7 cm)[26]\n7006126706900000000♠1,267,069[27]\nFrench\nGuinness World Record holder for longest novel. Uses estimated character count of 9,609,000 characters.[28]\n\n\nZettels Traum\nSchmidtArno Schmidt\nSuhrkamp Verlag (2010 edition)\n7003153600000000000♠1,536 pages\n14.1 inches (35.8 cm) x 10.8 inches (27.4 cm)[29]\n7006110000000000000♠1,100,000 (estimated)\nGerman\n6,800,000 characters;[30] longest novel published in one volume\n\n\nMin Kamp\nKarl Ove Knausgård\nForlaget Oktober\n7003360000000000000♠3,600 pages, six volumes\n\n7006100000000000000♠1,000,000\nNorwegian\n\n\n\nPonniyin Selvan\nKalki Krishnamurthy\n(1950 edition)\n7003240000000000000♠2,400 pages, five volumes\n\n7005900000000000000♠900,000\nTamil\nReleased in five volumes, this historical novel, originally written in Tamil, tells the story of Arulmozhivarman (Raja Raja Chola I), one of the kings of the Chola Dynasty\n\n\nClarissa, or, the History of a Young Lady\nRichardsonSamuel Richardson\nPenguin Classics (1986)\n7003153400000000000♠1,534 pages, seven volumes\n9.2 inches (23.4 cm) x 5.8 inches (14.7 cm)[31]\n7005943000000000000♠943,000 and 984,870\nEnglish\nWord count obtained through Project Guttenberg digitization and 1964 estimate by The New York Times[32]\n\n\nKelidar\nMahmoud Dowlatabadi\nFarhang Moaaser\n7003283600000000000♠2,836 pages, ten volumes [33]\n\n7005950000000000000♠950,000 [33]\nPersian\nThe longest Persian novel\n\n\nPoor Fellow My Country\nHerbertXavier Herbert\nHarperCollins Publishers (Australia)\n7003146600000000000♠1,466 pages, hardcover\n8.1 inches (20.6 cm) x 5.6 inches (14.2 cm)[34]\n7005852000000000000♠852,000[35]\nEnglish\n1975 winner of the Miles Franklin Award[36]\n\n\nWomen and Men\nMcelroyJoseph McElroy\nKnopf (1987)\n7003119200000000000♠1,192 pages, hardcover\n9 inches (22.9 cm) x 6 inches (15.2 cm)[37]\n7005850000000000000♠850,000 (estimated[38])\n700,000 (estimated[39])\n\nEnglish\n\n\n\nStory Of The Stone紅樓夢 (The Story of the Stone)\nCao Xueqin\nPenguin Classics\n7003233900000000000♠2,339\n7.75 inches (19.7 cm) x 5 inches (13 cm)\n7005845000000000000♠845,000 (estimated)\nChinese to English translation\n(see this page's \"Talk\" tab for the detailed calculation)\n\n\nSironia, Texas\nCooperMadison Cooper\nHoughton Mifflin (1952)\n7003173100000000000♠1,731 pages, two volumes[40]\n\n7005840000000000000♠840,000 (estimated[41][42])\nEnglish\n\n\n\nRomancxe三國演義 (Romance of the Three Kingdoms)\nGuanzhongLuo Guanzhong\nForeign Languages Press (1995)\n7003234000000000000♠2,340 pages, four volumes\n7.2 inches (18.3 cm) x 4.5 inches (11.4 cm)[43]\n7005800000000000000♠800,000 (estimate[44])\nChinese to English translation\n\n\n\nMiss MacIntosh, My Darling\nYoungMarguerite Young\nScribners (1965)\n7003119800000000000♠1,198 pages\n\n7005750000000000000♠750,000 (estimated[45]) 576,000 (estimated[46])\nEnglish\n\n\n\nSir Charles Grandison\nSamuel Richardson\nOxford World's Classics (1986)\n7003164700000000000♠1,647 pages\n7.2 inches (18.3 cm) x 4.6 inches (11.7 cm)\n7005750000000000000♠750,000 (estimated)\nEnglish\n\n\n\nLes Misérables\nHugoVictor Hugo\nGutenberg ebook edition\n\n\n7005655478000000000♠655,478[47]\nFrench\n\n\n\nVarney the Vampire\nRymerJames Malcolm Rymer and Thomas Peckett Prest\nEdward Lloyd (1845–47)\n7002866000000000000♠866 pages\n\n7005667000000000000♠667,000[48]\nEnglish\nOriginally published anonymously, in serial \"penny dreadful\" pamphlets. Present-day opinions are divided regarding its authorship.\n\n\nAtlas Shrugged\nRandAyn Rand\nSignet Books (1996 edition)\n7003108800000000000♠1,088 pages, paperback\n6.9 inches (17.5 cm) x 4.1 inches (10.4 cm)[49]\n7005645000000000000♠645,000 (estimate by the publisher and by The New York Times[50] and by the author herself quoting printer's word count[51])\nEnglish\n\n\n\nJean-Christophe\nRollandRomain Rolland\nHenry Holt (1910,1911,1913)\n7003166600000000000♠1,666 pages, three volumes\n\n7005610000000000000♠610,000 (estimated)\nFrench to English translation\nAuthor received the 1915 Nobel Prize for Literature.\n\n\nJerusalem\nMoore Alan Moore\nKnockabout (2016)\n7003126600000000000♠1,266 pages\n9.6 inches (24.4 cm) x 6.6 inches (16.8 cm)\n7005600000000000000♠600,000 (estimated[52])\nEnglish\n\n\n\nAnd ladies\"...And Ladies of the Club\"\nSantmyerHelen Hooven Santmyer\nOhio State University Press (1982)\n7003134400000000000♠1,344 pages\n\n7005600000000000000♠600,000 (newspaper estimate)[53]\nEnglish\n1984 surprise bestseller\n\n\nSuitable A Suitable Boy\nSethVikram Seth\nPenguin Books\n7003136800000000000♠1,368 pages, paperback\n8 inches (20.3 cm) x 5.5 inches (14 cm)[54]\n7005593674000000000♠593,674[54]\nEnglish\nWord count obtained from Amazon digitization (eBook) word count.\n\n\nF. L. Věk\nJirasekAlois Jirásek\nCeskoslovenskyČeskoslovenský spisovatel (last printed edition, 1976–1977)\n7003187000000000000♠1,870 pages (1972 ed.)\n\n7005571350000000000♠571,350\nCzech\nWord count obtained from 2011 eBook.[55]\n\n\nWar And PeaceВойна и мир (War and Peace)\nTolstoyLeo Tolstoy\nOxford World's Classics\n7003144000000000000♠1,440 pages, paperback\n7.6 inches (19.3 cm) x 5.1 inches (13.0 cm)[56]\n7005587287000000000♠587,287 New American Library Version[57] and 561,093 Oxford World's Classics[58]\nRussian to English translation\nEdition and translation largely account for differences in word count.\n\n\nMulinoIl mulino del Po\nBacchelliRiccardo Bacchelli\nArnoldo Mondadori Editore\n7003211300000000000♠2,113 pages, paperback\n8 inches (20.3 cm) x 5.4 inches (13.7 cm)[59]\n7005559830000000000♠559,830[citation needed]\nItalian\n\n\n\nInfinite Jest\nWallaceDavid Foster Wallace\nBack Bay Books\n7003110400000000000♠1,104 pages, paperback\n9.2 inches (23.4 cm) x 6 inches (15.2 cm)[60]\n7005543709000000000♠543,709\nEnglish\n\n\n\nRemembrance Rock\nSandburgCarl Sandburg\nMariner Books\n7003108800000000000♠1,088 pages, paperback\n9 inches (22.9 cm) x 6 inches (15.2 cm)[61]\n7005532030000000000♠532,030[61] and 673,000[62]\nEnglish\nWord counts obtained from Amazon digitization (eBook) word count, and author's own count.\n\n\nTo Green Angel Tower\nWilliamsTad Williams\nDAW Books\n7003108300000000000♠1,083 pages, hardcover\n\n7005520000000000000♠520,000[63]\nEnglish\nWord counts obtained from Amazon digitization (eBook) word count.\n\n\nHorcynus Orca\nDarrigoStefano D'Arrigo\nArnoldo Mondadori Editore\n7003125700000000000♠1,257 pages, hardcover\n8.2 inches (20.8 cm) x 5.6 inches (14.2 cm)[64]\n7005508751000000000♠508,751[65][citation needed]\nItalian\n\n\n"
] | [
"1,267,069"
] |
-2997493169748571019 | Philippines–United States relations | Philippines -- United States relations - wikipedia Philippines -- United States relations Jump to : navigation , search Philippines -- United States relations Philippines United States Diplomatic Mission Philippine Embassy , Washington , D.C. United States Embassy , Manila Envoy Ambassador Jose Manuel Romualdez Ambassador Sung Kim Philippines -- United States relations ( Filipino : Ugnayang Pilipinas at Estados Unidos ) are bilateral relations between the United States of America and its former colony , the Republic of the Philippines . The relationship between the United States and the Philippines has historically been strong and has been described as a Special Relationship . The current Philippine president Rodrigo Duterte , however , is supportive of a foreign policy that is less dependent on the United States , favoring one that prioritizes closer relations with China instead . The Philippines is one of the oldest Asian partners of the U.S. and a strategically major non-NATO ally . The United States was consistently ranked as one of the Philippines ' favorite nations in the world , with 90 % of Filipinos viewing the U.S. and 91 % viewing Americans favorably in 2002 , 90 % of Filipinos viewing U.S. influence positively in 2011 , 85 % of Filipinos viewing the U.S. and Americans favorably in 2013 , and 92 % of Filipinos viewing the U.S. favorably in 2015 , and 94 % having confidence in United States president , Barack Obama , making the Philippines the most pro-American country in the world . On October 20 , 2016 , the President of the Philippines announced a `` separation '' from the United States , both militarily and economically , in favor of alliances with China and Russia . This article discusses Philippine -- American relations after Philippine independence from the United States in 1946 , while the article History of the Philippines ( 1898 -- 1946 ) describes the history of the Philippines during American colonial rule . Contents ( hide ) 1 Country comparison 2 Military agreements 2.1 Bases era ( 1947 -- 91 ) 2.2 Visiting Forces Agreement 2.3 Annual military exercises 2.4 Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement 3 Trade and investment 4 Security 5 Diplomatic relations 6 Relations under Duterte 's Administration 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Bibliography 9 External links Country comparison ( edit ) Official Name Republic of the Philippines ( show ) United States of America Coat of Arms Flag National Motto Maka - Diyos , Maka - Tao , Makakalikasan at Makabansa In God We Trust National Anthem Lupang Hinirang The Star - Spangled Banner Population 100,981,437 324,733,000 Area 300,000 km ( 120,000 sq mi ) 9,820,630 km ( 3,791,770 sq mi ) Population Density 202 / km ( 520 / sq mi ) 35 / km ( 91 / sq mi ) Time zones 9 Capital Manila Washington , D.C. Largest City Quezon City -- 2,936,116 New York City -- 8,600,710 Government Unitary presidential constitutional republic Federal presidential constitutional republic Party System Multi-party system Two - party system Established 12 June 1898 4 July 1946 ( Fully Recognized ) 4 July 1776 3 September 1783 ( Fully Recognized ) Predecessor States Spanish Colonial Period ( 1521 -- 1898 ) Spanish East Indies ( 1565 -- 1898 ) British Manila ( 1762 -- 1764 ) Sovereign Tagalog Nation ( 1896 -- 1897 ) Republic of the Philippines ( 1897 ) American Colonial Period ( 1898 -- 1946 ) Military Government ( 1898 -- 1902 ) Philippine Republic ( 1899 -- 1902 ) Insular Government ( 1901 -- 1935 ) Tagalog Republic ( 1902 -- 1906 ) Commonwealth of the Philippines ( 1935 -- 1946 ) Republic of the Philippines ( 1943 -- 1945 ) Post -- Colonial Period ( 1946 -- present ) Republic of the Philippines Third Republic ( 1946 -- 1972 ) Martial Law Period ( 1972 -- 1981 ) Fourth Republic ( 1981 -- 1986 ) Fifth Republic ( 1986 -- present ) European Colonial Period ( 1607 -- 1783 ) British America ( 1607 -- 1783 ) New Spain ( 1521 -- 1821 ) New France ( 1534 -- 1763 ) New Netherland ( 1614 -- 1674 ) New Sweden ( 1638 -- 1655 ) Post -- Colonial Period ( 1776 -- present ) United States of America Revolutionary & Critical Period ( 1776 -- 1789 ) Expansion & Reform Period ( 1789 -- 1849 ) Industrialization & Civil - war Period ( 1849 -- 1865 ) Reconstruction & Progressive Period ( 1865 -- 1918 ) Inter-war & WWII Period ( 1918 -- 1945 ) Early Cold - war Period ( 1945 -- 1964 ) Middle Cold - war Period ( 1964 -- 1980 ) Late Cold - war Period ( 1980 -- 1991 ) Post -- Cold - war Period ( 1991 -- 2008 ) Contemporary Period ( 2008 -- present ) First Leader Emilio Aguinaldo George Washington Current Leader President : Rodrigo Duterte ( PDP - Laban ) President : Donald Trump ( Republican ) Current Deputy Vice President : Leni Robredo ( Liberal ) Vice President : Mike Pence ( Republican ) Legislature Congress Congress Upper house Senate : Senate President : Aquilino Pimentel III ( PDP - Laban ) Senate President pro tempore : Ralph Recto ( Liberal ) Majority Leader : Vicente Sotto III ( NPC ) Minority Leader : Franklin Drilon ( Liberal ) Senate : Senate President : Mike Pence ( Republican ) Senate President pro tempore : Orrin Hatch ( Republican ) Majority Leader : Mitch McConnell ( Republican ) Minority Leader : Chuck Schumer ( Democrat ) Lower house House of Representatives : Speaker : Pantaleon Alvarez ( PDP - Laban ) Majority Floor Leader : Rodolfo Fariñas ( Nacionalista ) Minority Floor Leader : Danilo E. Suarez ( Lakas ) House of Representatives : Speaker : Paul Ryan ( Republican ) Majority Leader : Kevin McCarthy ( Republican ) Minority Leader : Nancy Pelosi ( Democrat ) Judiciary Supreme Court Chief Justice : Maria Lourdes Sereno Supreme Court Chief Justice : John Roberts National language Filipino ( de jure ) English ( de facto ) GDP ( nominal ) US $ 311.687 billion ( $7,846 per capita ) US $16.245 trillion ( $51,704 per capita ) Leaders of the two states Military agreements ( edit ) The US Embassy in Manila . The Philippine Embassy in Washington , D.C. . President Elpidio Quirino with Harry S. Truman at the White House , 1951 . President Ferdinand Marcos and First Lady Imelda Marcos with Ronald Reagan during a state visit at the White House , 1982 Bases era ( 1947 -- 91 ) ( edit ) Pursuant to the 1947 Military Bases Agreement , the United States maintained and operated major facilities at Clark Air Base until November 1991 , and at Subic Bay Naval Complex and several small subsidiary installations in the Philippines until November 1992 . In July 1991 , negotiators from the two countries reached agreement on a draft treaty providing for the clean - up and turn over of Clark to the Philippine government in 1992 , and for the lease of Subic Bay Naval Base by the U.S. for ten years . By 1991 , operations at Clark had already been scaled back because of the end of the Cold War , with the last combat aircraft leaving in 1990 , before the base was heavily damaged by the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo . On September 16 , 1991 , the Philippine Senate rejected the bases treaty by a slim margin , and despite further efforts to salvage the situation , the two sides could not reach an agreement . As a result , the Philippine Government informed the U.S. on December 6 , 1991 , that it would have one year to complete withdrawal . That withdrawal went smoothly and was completed ahead of schedule , with the last U.S. forces departing on November 24 , 1992 . On departure , the U.S. Government turned over assets worth more than $1.3 billion to the Philippines , including an airport and ship - repair facility . Agencies formed by the Philippine Government have converted the former military bases for civilian commercial use , with Subic Bay serving as a flagship for that effort . The Philippine government on July 16 , 2015 announced that it will revive a US - built deep - water naval base in Subic Bay The vote resulted in 11 senators in favor of extending the treaty , and 12 senators in favor of suppressing it . The list of senators who voted for the bases treaty are as follows : Voted to extend Voted against extending Heherson `` Sonny '' Alvarez Edgardo `` Ed '' Angara Neptali Gonzales Ernesto `` Boy '' Herrera Jose `` Joey '' Lina , Jr . John Henry `` Sonny '' Osmena Vicente Paterno Santanina Rasul Alberto Romulo Leticia `` Letty '' Ramos Shahani Mamintal Tamano Agapito `` Butz '' Aquino Juan Ponce Enrile Joseph `` Erap '' Estrada Teofisto `` Tito '' Guingona , Jr . Sotero Laurel Ernesto `` Ernie '' Maceda , Sr . Orlando `` Orly '' Mercado Aquilino `` Nene '' Pimentel Jr . Rene Saguisag Jovito `` Jovy '' Salonga Wigberto `` Bobby '' Tanada Victor Ziga Visiting Forces Agreement ( edit ) Main article : Philippines -- United States Visiting Forces Agreement The post-U.S. bases era has seen U.S. - Philippine relations improved and broadened , with a prominent focus on economic and commercial ties while maintaining the importance of the security dimension . U.S. investment continues to play an important role in the Philippine economy , while a strong security relationship rests on the Mutual Defense Treaty of 1951 . In February 1998 , U.S. and Philippine negotiators concluded the Visiting Forces Agreement ( VFA ) , paving the way for increased military cooperation under the MDT . The agreement was approved by the Philippine Senate in May 1999 and entered into force on June 1 , 1999 . Under the VFA , the U.S. has conducted ship visits to Philippine ports and has resumed large combined military exercises with Philippine forces . Key events in the bilateral relationship include the July 4 , 1996 declaration by President Ramos of Philippine - American Friendship Day in commemoration of the 50th anniversary of Philippine independence . Ramos visited the U.S. in April 1998 , and then - President Estrada visited in July 2000 . President Arroyo met with President Bush in an official working visit in November 2001 and made a state visit in Washington on May 19 , 2003 . President Bush made a state visit to the Philippines on October 18 , 2003 , during which he addressed a joint session of the Philippine Congress -- the first American President to do so since Dwight D. Eisenhower . There are regular U.S. cabinet - level and congressional visits to the Philippines as well . President Arroyo repeatedly stressed the close friendship between the Philippines and the U.S. and her desire to expand bilateral ties further . Both governments tried to revitalize and strengthen their partnership by working toward greater security , prosperity , and service to Filipinos and Americans alike . Inaugurated into office on the same day as President Bush , President Arroyo lent strong support to the Global War on Terrorism . In October 2003 , the U.S. designated the Philippines as a Major non-NATO ally . That same month , the Philippines joined the select group of countries to have ratified all 12 UN counterterrorism conventions . Annual military exercises ( edit ) Main article : Balikatan The annual Balikatan ( Shoulder - to - Shoulder ) bilateral military exercises contribute directly to the Philippine armed forces ' efforts to root out Abu Sayyaf and Jemaah Islamiyah terrorists and bring development to formerly terrorist - plagued areas , notably Basilan and Jolo . They include not only combined military training but also civil - military affairs and humanitarian projects . The International Military Education and Training ( IMET ) program is the largest in the Pacific and the third - largest in the world , and a Mutual Logistics Support Agreement ( MLSA ) was signed in November 2002 . Similarly , law enforcement cooperation has reached new levels : U.S. and Philippine agencies have cooperated to bring charges against numerous terrorists , to implement the countries ' extradition treaty , and to train thousands of Filipino law enforcement officers . There is a Senior Law Enforcement Advisor helping the Philippine National Police with its Transformation Program . The U.S. works closely with the Philippines to reduce poverty and increase prosperity . The U.S. fully supports Philippine efforts to root out corruption , to open economic opportunity , and to invest in health and education . USAID programs support the ' Philippines ' war on poverty as well as the government 's reform agenda in critical areas , including anti-money laundering , rule of law , tax collection , and trade and investment . Other USAID programs have bolstered the government 's efforts to heal divisions in Philippine society through a focus on conflict resolution , livelihood enhancement for former combatants , and economic development in Mindanao and the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao , among the poorest areas in the country . Meanwhile , important programs continue in modern family planning , infectious disease control , environmental protection , rural electrification , and provision of basic services -- as well as PL 480 food aid programs and others , which together totaled $211.3 million . In 2006 , the Millennium Challenge Corporation granted $21 million to the Philippines for a threshold program addressing corruption in revenue administration . Nearly 400,000 Americans visit the Philippines each year . Providing government services to U.S. and other citizens , therefore , constitutes an important aspect of the bilateral relationship . Those services include veterans ' affairs , social security , and consular operations . Benefits to Filipinos from the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs and the Social Security Administration totaled $297,389,415 in 2006 . Many people - to - people programs exist between the U.S. and the Philippines , including Fulbright , International Visitors , and Aquino Fellowship exchange programs , as well as the U.S. Peace Corps . Enhanced Defense cooperation Agreement ( edit ) Main article : Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement The Agreement on Enhanced Defense Cooperation is a ten - page document containing a preamble and 12 articles , that was signed on April 28 , 2014 . It is a framework agreement that raises the scope of the 1951 Mutual Defense Treaty ( MDT ) . The Preamble to the EDCA refers to the obligations of the Philippines and the United States , under both the Charter of the United Nations and the MDT , to settle international disputes by peaceful means , not to endanger international peace and security , and to refrain from the threat or use of force `` in any manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations . '' Importantly , the Preamble notes that both parties `` share an understanding for the United States not to establish a permanent military presence or base in the territory of the Philippines . '' The Preamble later concludes , `` all United States access to and use of facilities and areas will be at the invitation of the Philippines and with full respect for the Philippines Constitution and Philippine laws . Trade and investment ( edit ) Filipino soldiers painting a US and Philippine flag . Two - way U.S. merchandise trade with the Philippines amounted to $17.3 billion in 2006 ( U.S. Department of Commerce data ) . According to Philippine Government data , 16 % of the Philippines ' imports in 2006 came from the U.S. , and about 18 % of its exports were bound for America . The Philippines ranks as the 26th - largest export market and the 30th - largest supplier of the United States . Key exports to the U.S. are semiconductor devices and computer peripherals , automobile parts , electric machinery , textiles and garments , wheat and animal feeds , and coconut oil . In addition to other goods , the Philippines imports raw and semi-processed materials for the manufacture of semiconductors , electronics and electrical machinery , transport equipment , and cereals and cereal preparations . The U.S. traditionally has been the Philippines ' largest foreign investor , with about $6.6 billion in estimated investment as of end - 2005 ( U.S. Department of Commerce data ) . Since the late 1980s , the Philippines has committed itself to reforms that encourage foreign investment as a basis for economic development , subject to certain guidelines and restrictions in specified areas . Under President Ramos , the Philippines expanded reforms , opening the power generation and telecommunications sectors to foreign investment , as well as securing ratification of the Uruguay Round agreement and membership in the World Trade Organization . As noted earlier , President Arroyo 's administration has generally continued such reforms despite opposition from vested interests and `` nationalist '' blocs . A major obstacle has been and will continue to be constitutional restrictions on , among others , foreign ownership of land and public utilities , which limits maximum ownership to 40 % . Over the last two decades , the relatively closed Philippine economy has been opened significantly by foreign exchange deregulation , foreign investment and banking liberalization , tariff and market barrier reduction , and foreign entry into the retail trade sector . The Electric Power Industry Reform Act of 2001 opened opportunities for U.S. firms to participate in the power industry in the Philippines . Information and communications technologies , backroom operations such as call centers , and regional facilities or shared - service centers are likewise leading investment opportunities . During the visit by President Benigno Aquino III to Washington DC , on July 7 , 2012 , the US - Philippine Society was launched . It is a non-profit independent organisation tasked for generating awareness about the Philippines in the US . The last board meeting was conducted by the society on January 24 , 2013 . In its 2013 Special 301 Report , the Office of the United States Trade Representatives wrote `` The United States looks to the Philippines to take important steps to address piracy over the internet , in particular with respect to notorious online markets '' . It is speculated that pressure from the United States contributed to the complaint filed by Philippine Association of the Record Industry against the torrent website KickassTorrents , resulting in its seizure by Philippine authorities on June 13 , 2013 . Security ( edit ) U.S. Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs Kurt M. Campbell said in January 2011 that the United States will help boost the capacity of the Philippines to patrol their own waters , including the Spratly islands . The 1951 mutual - defense treaty was reaffirmed with the November 2011 Manila Declaration . United States Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Jonathan Greenert suggested that LCS or surveillance aircraft may be deployed to the Philippines . And the Philippines is considering the proposal . These `` rotational deployments '' will help replace some of the American presence in the area that was given up when the permanent American bases in the Philippines were closed under President Bush . In 2012 the Philippines and the United States conducted joint military exercises . As of 2012 , a U.S. military contingent of 600 , including Navy Seals and Seabees are stationed `` indefinitely '' in the Southern Philippines , in a declared non-combatant role to assist the Armed Forces of the Philippines in operations against the al - Quaida - linked Abu Sayyaf terrorist group primarily on the island of Basilan in western Mindanao and the Sulu islands , in particular Jolo , a long - time stronghold of Abu Sayyaf . The Scarborough Shoal standoff with China and the ongoing Spratly islands dispute has caused the Philippines to consider stronger military ties with the United States . In 2012 , a senior Philippine defense official said that as long as they have prior clearance from the Philippine government , American troops , warships and aircraft could once again use their former naval and air facilities of Subic Bay Naval Base and Clark Air Base . In 2013 , Foreign Secretary , Albert del Rosario clarified that , due to constitutional constraints , establishment of a US military facility could only be allowed if it would be under the control of the Philippine military . The deal will reportedly include shared access to Philippines military but not civilian facilities . During a 2013 visit to the Philippines , Defense Secretary , Ashton Carter said that the main security issues that the USA was working with the Philippines were : Maritime domain awareness , building up the capacities of the Armed Forces of the Philippines , and counter terrorism . In April 2014 , a ten - year pact ( EDCA -- Enhanced Defence Co-operation Agreement ) was signed between the U.S. President , Barack Obama and the Philippine President , Benigno Aquino III , allowing United States to increase military presence in the Philippines . The Joint US Military Assistance Group ( JUSMAG ) handed over weapons to the Philippine Marine Corps. The equipment includes 300 M4 carbines , 200 Glock 21 pistols , 4 M134D Gatling - style machine guns , and 100 M203 grenade launchers , the US embassy in Manila said in a 5 June statement . The JUSMAG also delivered 25 new Combat Rubber Raiding Craft with outboard motors to PMC headquarters in Taguig , where PMC commandant Major General Emmanuel Salamat formally accepted delivery of the weapons during a transfer ceremony on 5 June. The equipment was delivered amidst the Marawi Crisis . Diplomatic relations ( edit ) The U.S. maintains an embassy in Manila and a consulate in Cebu . The American Business Center , which houses the Foreign Commercial Service and the Foreign Agricultural Service , is located in Makati City . The Philippine government maintains an embassy in Washington , D.C. as well as several consulates throughout the United States . Relations under Duterte 's administration ( edit ) After President Rodrigo Duterte formally assumed the office on June 30 , 2016 , the US - Philippine relations began to sour . The drift between the Duterte and Obama relationship began when the U.S. President expressed his concern over human rights issues on President Duterte 's `` War on Criminality and Drugs '' . According to a statement issued by the White House , Obama commended the country for its `` vibrant democracy . '' But he also highlighted `` enduring values '' that underpinned their `` longstanding ties , '' including `` shared commitments to democracy , human rights and rule of law . '' This intervention and President Duterte 's choice of words while speaking about President Obama during a press conference , where he infamously called him `` a son of a whore '' resulted in a canceled meeting between the two leaders during the 2016 ASEAN summit held in Laos . A few weeks after , Duterte suggested American special forces to cease its operations and leave Mindanao . He cited the killings of Muslim Filipinos during a U.S. pacification campaign in the early 1900s , which he said were at the root of the long restiveness by minority Muslims in the largely Catholic nation 's south . It was only during his official visit to Vietnam last September 28 , 2016 when he explicitly expressed that he wants an end to the Philippines ' joint military exercises with the United States , saying the upcoming scheduled war games will be the last under his term , while adding that he will continue to uphold the Philippines ' treaties with the US . As of October 2016 , despite Duterte 's shift of foreign policy to China from US , Filipinos still had low approval and trust rate in China compared to the US which continued to hold high trust and approval ratings . On former president 's Fidel Ramos ' resignation as special envoy to China , he stated that he did n't like Duterte 's treatment of US president Obama . Duterte later said following the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election that he will stop quarrels with the US following President - elect Donald Trump 's victory . See also ( edit ) Filipino American Philippine Division American settlement in the Philippines Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act The Nutshack CIA activities in the Philippines References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` US - Philippines : The End of a Special Relationship '' . The World Today . 31 . Jump up ^ `` Duterte aligns Philippines with China , says U.S. has lost '' . reuters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Opinion of the United States -- Philippines Pew Research Center Jump up ^ Opinion of Americans -- Philippines Pew Research Center Jump up ^ Views of US Continue to Improve in 2011 BBC Country Rating Poll BBC Jump up ^ Santos , Matikas ( April 22 , 2014 ) . `` 85 % of Filipinos love US -- survey '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Philippines . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Opinion of the United States '' . Global Attitudes & Trends . Pew Research Center . 2015 . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Confidence in the U.S. President '' . Global Attitudes & Trends . Pew Research Center . 2015 . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Global Views of the United States Subramanian , Courtney ( July 19 , 2013 ) . `` Pakistan Is No Fan of the U.S. , But the Philippines Still Likes Us '' . Time . United States . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2016/10/20/official-philippines-and-china-resume-south-china-sea-talks/92450824/ Jump up ^ Drogin , Bob ( November 27 , 1991 ) . `` After 89 Years , U.S. Lowers Flag at Clark Air Base '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Broder , John M. ( July 18 , 1991 ) . `` U.S. Reaches Accord With Manila , Will Leave Clark Air Base : Philippines : Volcano causes abandonment of field . But Americans will keep Subic Naval Base for 10 years . '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Drogin , Bob ( November 27 , 1991 ) . `` After 89 Years , U.S. Lowers Flag at Clark Air Base '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Reopening of US naval base in PH could fuel South China Sea '' . investvine.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Document : Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement between the Philippines and the United States GOVPH '' . Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Top US firms meet to analyse Philippines '' . Investvine.com . March 1 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ 2013 Special 301 Report , Office of the United States Trade Representative . Jump up ^ `` KickassTorrents Domain Seized After Music Industry Complaint - TorrentFreak '' . June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Pledges Help For Philippine Navy '' AFP , January 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Clinton on Manila Declaration '' . Embassy of the United States , Manila . Jump up ^ Clinton On Manila Declaration , Voice of America , November 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Navy may station ships in Singapore , Philippines . '' Reuters , December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PHL studying US offer to deploy spy planes -- Gazmin . '' GMA Network , January 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Weisgerber , Marcus . `` U.S. Will Lean on Technology As Asia - Pacific Pivot Continues : Panetta . '' Defense News , May 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Whaley , Floyd ( April 29 , 2012 ) . `` Philippines Role May Grow as U.S. Adjusts Asia Strategy '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Vaughn , Bruce ( November 1 , 2010 ) . `` Terrorism in Southeast Asia '' . DIANE Publishing -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ US troops can use Clark , Subic bases , Philippine Star , June 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome more US troops -- Del Rosario . '' , Philippine Daily Inquirer , April 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Keck , Zachary ( March 14 , 2014 ) . `` US - Philippines Reach Deal on US Military Access '' . thediplomat.com . The Diplomat . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pike , John . `` Carter : U.S. , Philippines Enjoy ' Longstanding ' Alliance '' . Jump up ^ Dizon , Nikko ( April 13 , 2014 ) . `` Defense accord with US a ' security cover ' for PH '' . The Philippine Inquirer . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FACT SHEET : United States - Philippines Bilateral Relations '' . Press release -- White House . Office of the Press Secretary . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Aya ( April 27 , 2014 ) . `` Military bases at centre of Philippines - US relationship '' . The National . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sison , Jose ( April 28 , 2014 ) . `` US and Philippines : How strategic is the partnership ? '' . Al Jazeera . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Colin ( April 27 , 2014 ) . `` Philippines to sign security pact with US '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` US delivers M4 carbines , M203 grenade launchers to Philippines for counter-terrorism operations Jane 's 360 '' . www.janes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Readout of the President 's Call with President - elect Rodrigo Duterte of the Philippines '' . 2016 - 05 - 17 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Gayle , Damien ( 2016 - 09 - 05 ) . `` Barack Obama cancels meeting after Philippines president calls him ' son of a whore ' '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Duterte Wants Us Forces Out Of Southern Philippines '' . 2016 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` TO APPEASE CHINA : Duterte announces end to military exercises with US '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ cnnphttp://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/07/18/poor-trust-rating-to-china.html Jump up ^ http://globalnation.inquirer.net/148483/duterte-on-ramos-hes-a-graduate-of-west-point-i-am-just-a-local-boy Jump up ^ https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN13412N Bibliography ( edit ) Cullather , Nick ( 1994 ) . Illusions of influence : the political economy of United States - Philippines relations , 1942 -- 1960 . Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 2280 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Relations of the Philippines and the United States . History recognition , diplomatic and consular relations : Philippines , Office of the Historian , U.S. Department of State . This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Department of State website http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/index.htm ( Background Notes ) . 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"On September 16, 1991, the Philippine Senate rejected the bases treaty by a slim margin, and despite further efforts to salvage the situation, the two sides could not reach an agreement. As a result, the Philippine Government informed the U.S. on December 6, 1991, that it would have one year to complete withdrawal. That withdrawal went smoothly and was completed ahead of schedule, with the last U.S. forces departing on November 24, 1992. On departure, the U.S. Government turned over assets worth more than $1.3 billion to the Philippines, including an airport and ship-repair facility. Agencies formed by the Philippine Government have converted the former military bases for civilian commercial use, with Subic Bay serving as a flagship for that effort. The Philippine government on July 16, 2015 announced that it will revive a US-built deep-water naval base in Subic Bay [14] The vote resulted in 11 senators in favor of extending the treaty, and 12 senators in favor of suppressing it. The list of senators who voted for the bases treaty are as follows:"
] | [
"November 24, 1992"
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-3269253884710973458 | Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (film) | Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( film ) - wikipedia Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film . For the book , see Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them . Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Theatrical release poster Directed by David Yates Produced by David Heyman J.K. Rowling Steve Kloves Lionel Wigram Screenplay by J.K. Rowling Based on Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them by J.K. Rowling Starring Eddie Redmayne Katherine Waterston Dan Fogler Alison Sudol Ezra Miller Samantha Morton Jon Voight Carmen Ejogo Ron Perlman Colin Farrell Music by James Newton Howard Cinematography Philippe Rousselot Edited by Mark Day Production company Heyday Films Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date 10 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 10 ) ( New York City ) 18 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 18 ) ( United Kingdom & United States ) Running time 133 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $180 million Box office $814 million Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them is a 2016 fantasy film directed by David Yates . It is a prequel to the Harry Potter film series , and it was produced and written by J.K. Rowling in her screenwriting debut , and inspired by her 2001 book of the same name . The film stars Eddie Redmayne as Newt Scamander , with Katherine Waterston , Dan Fogler , Alison Sudol , Ezra Miller , Samantha Morton , Jon Voight , Carmen Ejogo , Ron Perlman and Colin Farrell in supporting roles . It is the first installment in the Fantastic Beasts series , and the ninth overall in J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World , the franchise that began with the Harry Potter films . Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them premiered in New York City on 10 November 2016 and was released worldwide on 18 November 2016 in 3D , IMAX 4K Laser and other large format cinemas . The film received generally positive reviews from critics and grossed $814 million worldwide , making it the eighth highest - grossing film of 2016 . The film was nominated for five BAFTAs , winning for Best Production Design , as well as two Academy Awards , winning Best Costume Design , becoming the first film in J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World to win an Academy Award . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming 3.3 Music 4 Release 4.1 Promotion 4.2 Marketing 4.2. 1 Tie - in literature and merchandise 4.3 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.1. 1 United Kingdom and Ireland 5.1. 2 United States and Canada 5.1. 3 Other markets 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 Sequels 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1926 , British wizard and `` magizoologist '' Newt Scamander arrives by ship to New York en route to Arizona . He encounters Mary Lou Barebone , a No - Maj woman who leads the New Salem Philanthropic Society . While Newt listens to her speech about how witches and wizards are real and dangerous , a Niffler escapes from his magically expanded suitcase and slips into a nearby bank . Newt re-captures the Niffler , but in doing so accidentally reveals magic to No - Maj Jacob Kowalski and they accidentally swap suitcases . Newt is detained by demoted Auror Porpentina ' Tina ' Goldstein , for failing to obliviate Jacob . Tina takes Newt to the Magical Congress of the United States of America ( MACUSA ) headquarters , hoping his arrest will help her to regain her former position . However , Jacob 's suitcase contains only baked goods , and Newt is released . At Jacob 's apartment several creatures escape from Newt 's suitcase and Jacob is bitten by a Murtlap , causing him to have a reaction that includes profuse sweating . After Tina and Newt find Jacob and the suitcase , Tina takes them to her apartment and introduces them to her Legilimens sister Queenie . Jacob and Queenie are immediately mutually attracted , but American wizards are forbidden to marry or even socially interact with No - Majs . Newt takes Jacob inside his magically expanded suitcase , where Jacob encounters a contained Obscurus . Newt extracted it from a young girl who died , as those afflicted rarely live past the age of ten . Newt persuades Jacob to help search for the missing creatures . After re-capturing two of the three escaped beasts , they re-enter the suitcase , which Tina takes to MACUSA . Officials arrest them , believing that one of Newt 's beasts is responsible for killing Senator Henry Shaw Jr . They decide to destroy Newt 's suitcase and erase Jacob 's recent memories . Director of Magical Security Percival Graves accuses Newt of conspiring with the infamous dark wizard Gellert Grindelwald . Newt and Tina are sentenced to immediate death , but a bowtruckle named Pickett frees them while Queenie rescues Jacob , retrieves Newt 's suitcase , and escapes . Thanks to the help of Goblin gangster Gnarlack , Tina 's old informant , the foursome then find and re-capture the last of the creatures . Tina also reveals to Newt that she was demoted for openly attacking Mary Lou Barebone after seeing how badly Barebone was beating her adopted son Credence . Meanwhile , Percival Graves approaches Credence and offers to free him from his abusive mother . In exchange , he wants Credence to find an Obscurus . Graves believes it has caused the mysterious destructive incidents around the city . Credence finds a wand under his adopted sister Modesty 's bed . Mary Lou assumes it is Credence 's wand , but Modesty says it is hers . When she is about to be punished , the Obscurus arrives and kills everyone except Modesty and Credence . Graves arrives and dismisses Credence as being a Squib and refuses to teach him magic . Credence reveals he is the Obscurus 's host , having lived longer than any other host due to the intensity of his magic . In a fit of rage Credence unleashes the Obscurus upon the city . Newt finds Credence hiding in a subway tunnel near the City Hall station . Graves arrives and attacks Newt , wanting Credence to leave with him and not Newt . Tina arrives and attempts to calm the Obscuris while Graves tries to convince Credence to listen to him . As Credence begins to settle into human form , Aurors arrive and disintegrate Credence to protect the magical society . Graves , enraged at the killing of Credence , admits his contempt for the wizarding laws that force the magical comminity to hide from the No - Majs . Graves attacks the Aurors and is subdued by one of Newt 's beasts . Using a revelio spell , Newt reveals Graves is actually renegade dark wizard Gellert Grindelwald in disguise . Grindlewald is arrested and taken to prison by MACUSA . President Picquery laments that the wizarding world is now likely irreversibly exposed due to the events of that evening , but Newt devises a way to obliviate the entire city . He releases his Thunderbird Frank , whom he uses to distribute a concentrated potion in the rainfall over the city that obliviates all of New York City . Picquery thanks Newt for his help , orders him to leave New York with his case , and orders Jacob also be obliviated . Newt , Tina , and Queenie accompany Jacob outside where he plans to step into the rain and be obliviated . Queenie kisses Jacob goodbye as the rain erases his memories . Newt departs for Europe , but promises to return and visit Tina when his book is finished ; he also anonymously leaves Jacob a case of silver Occamy eggshells to fund his bakery . His breads and pastries are unconsciously inspired by Newt 's creatures , and Queenie visits him in his shop . Cast ( edit ) Fantastic Beasts panel at the 2016 San Diego Comic Con International ( left to right ) : director Yates ; actors Redmayne , Waterston , Sudol , Fogler , Farrell , Miller Eddie Redmayne as Newt Scamander : an eccentric , introverted British wizard , magizoologist and an employee at the Ministry of Magic . Scamander is the future author of the Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry standard textbook Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them . Redmayne was cast in June 2015 . Matt Smith and Nicholas Hoult were also considered for the role . Katherine Waterston as Porpentina `` Tina '' Goldstein : a grounded , down - to - earth witch and a former Auror employed by the Magical Congress of the United States of America ( MACUSA ) . She longs to fight for what is right , but was demoted to a position well below her skill level . Dan Fogler as Jacob Kowalski : a genial No - Maj cannery worker and aspiring baker who is accidentally exposed to the New York City magical community upon meeting Newt . Alison Sudol as Queenie Goldstein : Tina 's younger sister and roommate , she 's described as a free - spirited and big - hearted bombshell , and is accomplished in Legilimency . The film is Sudol 's feature film debut . Colin Farrell as Percival Graves : a high - ranking Auror and Director of Magical Security for MACUSA . He is charged with the protection of wizards . Ezra Miller as Credence Barebone : Mary Lou 's troubled adopted son . Carmen Ejogo as Seraphina Picquery : the President of MACUSA . Samantha Morton as Mary Lou Barebone : a narrow - minded No - Maj and the sinister leader of the New Salem Philanthropic Society or `` The Second - Salemers '' , a group whose goals include exposing and killing wizards and witches . Jon Voight as Henry Shaw Sr. : a newspaper owner and the father of U.S. senator Henry Shaw Jr. and Langdon Shaw . Ron Perlman as Gnarlack : a goblin gangster who owns a magical speakeasy nightclub called `` The Blind Pig '' . Additionally , Johnny Depp portrays Gellert Grindelwald , one of the most dangerous dark wizards of all time , disguised as Percival Graves . Ronan Raftery portrays Langdon Shaw , the youngest of Henry Shaw Sr. 's sons , who begins to believe in magic , while Josh Cowdery portrays his brother Henry Shaw Jr. , an arrogant and cruel U.S. senator who holds a rally picketed by the New Salem Philanthropic Society . Faith Wood - Blagrove portrays Modesty , a haunted young girl and the youngest of Mary Lou 's adopted children . Wood - Blagrove was chosen for the role following thousands of auditions in an open casting call . Jenn Murray portrays Chastity Barebone , the eldest of Mary Lou 's adopted children . Kevin Guthrie portrays Abernathy , Tina and Queenie 's MACUSA supervisor . Zoë Kravitz appears in a photo as Leta Lestrange , Newt 's former love . Production ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2017 ) Development ( edit ) Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them is mentioned several times as a school textbook in the Harry Potter book series , although Scamander himself does not appear in any of the books . In 2001 Rowling published an edition of the `` textbook '' to be sold to raise money for the British charity Comic Relief . The book is a directory of magical creatures written with an introduction by its author Newt Scamander ; it does not contain a storyline narrative . ( In literature , the creation of such a long work not part of a novel 's narrative storyline is known as a false document . ) First announced in September 2013 , the project marks Rowling 's debut as a screenwriter . The film sees the return of producer David Heyman , as well as writer Steve Kloves , both veterans of the Potter film franchise . After Alfonso Cuarón declined involvement , Warner Bros. announced that David Yates would direct at least the first instalment of a planned trilogy . James Newton Howard was contracted to compose the score . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography commenced on 17 August 2015 , at Warner Bros. Studios , Leavesden and was completed in January 2016 . Several scenes were also shot on location in London . After two months , the production moved to St George 's Hall in Liverpool , which was transformed into 1920s New York City . Framestore in London produced the visual effects for the film . Music ( edit ) Main article : Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( soundtrack ) On 9 April 2016 , it was announced that James Newton Howard would write and compose the film 's score . On 24 October , Pottermore published an official first look at the film 's main theme composed by Howard . The main theme incorporated John Williams ' themes from earlier films , such as `` Hedwig 's Theme '' . The soundtrack was released by WaterTower Music on 18 November 2016 . Release ( edit ) Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them held its world premiere at Alice Tully Hall in New York City on 10 November 2016 . The film was released worldwide on 18 November 2016 , in 2D , 3D and the new IMAX 4K Laser system . It would premiere one day earlier in a number of other countries , including Argentina , Australia , Brazil , Germany and Italy , on 17 November . The film will be released in a total of 1,028 IMAX screens worldwide ( 388 screens in the United States and Canada , 347 screens in China , 26 screens in Japan and 267 screens in other countries ) . This marked the second time -- after Doctor Strange -- that a film secured a release in over 1,000 IMAX screens worldwide . Promotion ( edit ) A `` story pack '' based on Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them was released for the video game Lego Dimensions by WB Games and TT Games . The pack includes a constructible model of MACUSA , figures of Newt Scamander and a Niffler , and a six - level game campaign that adapts the film 's events . The pack was released on the same day as the film , alongside a `` fun pack '' containing figures of Tina Goldstein and a Swooping Evil . The cast of the film reprises their roles in the game . Marketing ( edit ) On 4 November 2015 , Entertainment Weekly released the first official publicity shots of the film , containing pictures of characters Newt , Tina , and Queenie , and production and filming being held in various sets designed to mirror 1920s New York City . On 10 December 2015 , it was announced that an `` announcement trailer '' would be released five days later , on 15 December . Along with the one - minute trailer , a teaser poster was released . During `` A Celebration of Harry Potter '' at Universal Orlando Resort in February 2016 , a featurette was released showcasing several interviews with various cast and crew members , as well as the first official behind - the - scenes footage . On 10 April 2016 , the first `` teaser trailer '' was released during the MTV Movie Awards . On 10 August , more information and publicity shots for the film were released through Entertainment Weekly , with new information on Ezra Miller 's character Credence Barebone and the news that Zoe Kravitz would have a role in the series . New images released include the quartet running down a New York City alleyway , David Yates chatting to stars Katherine Waterston and Eddie Redmayne on the set in front of a blown out Subway station , Colin Farrell 's character Percival Graves interrogating an arrested and handcuffed Newt , and Graves and Credence putting up anti-magic propaganda . Tie - in literature and merchandise ( edit ) On 26 April 2016 , it was announced that the film 's script would be released in the form of a book on 19 November . The book , titled Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them : The Original Screenplay , was written by Rowling herself . In an effort to avoid revealing plot details before the film 's release , the novelization of the film was released the following day of the film 's premiere , on 19 November 2016 . On 7 March 2016 a trailer - preview was released about the History of Magic in North America as it is in the Harry Potter universe . On 7 October 2016 , Rowling also released on Pottermore four pieces of writing exclusively as an introduction to the film Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them , titled History of Magic in North America . It includes information about scourers in North America , brutal and violent magical mercenaries who played a significant role in the historic Salem witch trials of the 1600s , as well as info about various American wand makers ; the role magic played in World War I ; Native American magic ; the foundation of MACUSA ; the harsh enforcement No - Maj / Wizarding segregation ; and life in 1920s Wizarding America ; with info about wand permits and prohibition . On 28 June 2016 , Rowling released a second part to her History of Magic in North America series , concerning the fictitious Ilvermorny School of Witchcraft and Wizardry , detailing the founding of the pre-eminent American Wizarding academy and allowing users to sort themselves into one of the four houses of the school . The school itself is mentioned in the film . Home media ( edit ) Fantastic Beasts was released on Digital HD on 7 March 2017 , and on 4K UHD , 3D Blu - ray , Blu - ray and DVD on 28 March 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them grossed $234 million in the United States and Canada and $580 million in other countries for a total of $814 million . The film was made on a budget of $180 million , with an additional $150 million spent on marketing . Worldwide , the film grossed $219.9 million during its opening weekend from around 64 markets in 24,200 screens , both the fifth biggest in Rowling 's wizarding cinematic universe , and the seventh - biggest of the month of November . IMAX totalled $15 million from 605 screens . Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $164 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film , making it the 9th most profitable release of 2016 . United Kingdom and Ireland ( edit ) Fantastic Beasts went on general release in the United Kingdom and Ireland on 18 November 2016 . It debuted with £ 15.33 million ( $19.15 million ) from 666 cinemas , the biggest debut of any film this year , ahead of the previous record holder , Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( £ 14.62 million ) . The film was surpassed during the last days of 2016 by Rogue One : A Star Wars Story which gained over one million pounds . United States and Canada ( edit ) In the United States and Canada , tracking had the film grossing $68 -- 85 million in its opening weekend , with some estimates going as high as $100 million . The film was released on 18 November in 4,143 cinemas , of which 388 were IMAX screens , and over 3,600 were showing the film in 3D . It grossed $29.7 million on its first day , the second - lowest opening day among Rowling 's adaptations ( behind the $29.6 million Friday of Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ) . This included $8.75 million it earned from Thursday night preview screenings beginning at 6 pm in 3,700 cinemas . In total , the film earned $74.4 million in its opening weekend , falling in line with projections and finishing first at the box office , but recorded the lowest opening among Rowling 's Harry Potter universe . It made $8 million from 388 IMAX screens , $9 million from 500 premium large format locations and $1.75 million from Cinemark XD . The film 's opening was considered a hit taking into account how the story was not based on a popular existing source , and the film itself was void of the franchise 's main character , Harry Potter . It was the top choice among moviegoers , representing 47 % of the weekend 's total $157.6 million tickets sales . On its second Friday , it had a gradual drop of 37 % ( $18.5 million ) from the week before , the second best Friday drop for any Harry Potter film , behind The Philosopher 's Stone . This was in part due to Black Friday , the most lucrative day of the Thanksgiving Day stretch . It ended up grossing $45.1 million in its second weekend ( a drop of just 39.4 % ) , finishing 2nd at the box office behind newcomer Moana . Other markets ( edit ) Outside North America , the film debuted day - and - date in 63 countries , along with its North American release , where it was projected to gross $90 -- 125 million in its opening weekend . It opened 16 November 2016 in 9 countries , earning $6.9 million from 5,070 screens . It opened in 38 more countries on 18 November , earning $16.6 million for a total of $23.5 million in two days . In three days , it made $53.6 million . Through Sunday , 20 November , the film had a five - day opening weekend of $145.5 million from 63 countries , which is way above the initial projections . It earned another $132 million in its second weekend after a large debut in China and Japan . It recorded the biggest opening day of all - time among the Harry Potter franchise in Korea ( $1.7 million ) , the UAE ( $429,000 ) and Ukraine , the second biggest in Mexico ( $1.8 million ) , Russia and the CIS ( $1.7 million ) , Brazil ( $1.3 million ) and in Indonesia ( $480,000 ) , all behind Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 and the third biggest in the United Kingdom ( $5.4 million ) , behind Part 1 and Part 2 . It also scored the second biggest Warner Bros. opening of all - time in the Czech Republic and Slovakia . Notably , France opened with $1.8 million , Spain with $1.4 million , and Germany with $1 million ( $2 million including paid previews ) . In terms of opening weekend , the film posted the biggest opening among the Harry Potter franchise in 16 markets , including South Korea ( $14.2 million , also the third - biggest opening for the studio ) , Russia ( $9.8 million ) and Brazil ( $6.4 million ) , the biggest opener of the year in Germany ( $10.2 million ) , Sweden , Belgium and Switzerland and the biggest Warner Bros. debut in those along with France ( $10.2 million ) , Holland and Denmark . Italy debuted with $6.6 million , the biggest for a U.S. film in the country . Australia opened with $7.4 million , followed by Mexico ( $5.8 million ) and Spain ( $4.5 million ) . It opened in China on 25 November alongside Disney 's animated Moana but did n't face significant competition from it . It earned $11.2 million on its opening day from 11,600 screens , the best among the Rowlings cinematic universe . In total , it had an opening weekend of $41.1 million , dominating 60 % of the top five films with 70,000 screenings per day . This alone surpassed the entire lifetime total of all Harry Potter films save the last one . Similarly in Japan -- typically the biggest or second biggest market for the previous Harry Potter films -- it debuted with $15.5 million , besting the total lifetime of all the previous films except for Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince and Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 . The film also set a number of IMAX records . In total , the opening weekend was worth $7 million from 276 screens , which is the second - highest ever in the Wizarding World , behind Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 . In 33 territories , it opened at number one . Moreover , it 's also the third highest - grossing November international IMAX opening ever , and the No. 1 start for IMAX in November in 19 countries including Japan ( $1.1 million ) , the UK , Russia , Germany , and the Netherlands . In China , it had the biggest IMAX opening among the franchise with $5.1 million from 347 IMAX screens . Overall , the film has earned a global cumulative total of $19.1 million from the format . It has become the highest - grossing film in Rowling 's cinematic universe in Russia ( $16.7 million ) and the second - highest in South Korea ( $24.6 million ) . China ( $41.1 million ) the United Kingdom ( $37.6 million ) , followed by Germany ( $18.4 million ) , France ( $16.7 million ) , and Spain ( $13.3 million ) are the film 's biggest earning markets . Critical response ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2017 ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes sampled 277 critics and judged 73 % of the reviews as positive , with an average rating of 6.8 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them draws on Harry Potter 's rich mythology to deliver a spinoff that dazzles with franchise - building magic all its own . '' Metacritic , which assigns a normalised rating to reviews , gives the film a score 66 out of 100 , based on 50 critics , indicating mostly favourable reviews . Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave the film five out of five stars , hailing it as `` a rich , baroque , intricately detailed entertainment '' and a `` terrifically good - natured , unpretentious and irresistibly buoyant film '' . NME 's Larry Bartleet also gave it five stars , calling it `` more enchanting to your inner kid than the Potter films ever were '' . IndieWire 's Eric Kohn gave the film a B+ saying that it `` delivers the most satisfying period fantasy since Tim Burton 's Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street `` , and that its layers of sophistication made it one of the best Hollywood blockbusters of the year . Mike Ryan of Uproxx gave the film a positive review , writing `` Newt Scamander is nothing like Harry , but it has to be this way . It all has to be different . And it is , but , again , with just enough ' sameness ' to make us feel like we are at home again . I 'm looking forward to wherever these movies are taking us '' . John DeFore of The Hollywood Reporter wrote that the film is `` likely to draw in just about everyone who followed the Potter series and to please most of them '' . New York Magazine 's David Edelstein deemed the film a `` distinctly unmagical slog '' , remarking that the beasts `` are n't especially fantastic and the effects are too blandly corporate to be exhilarating '' . Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Category Recipients Result Ref ( s ) Academy Awards 26 February 2017 Best Production Design Stuart Craig and Anna Pinnock Nominated Best Costume Design Colleen Atwood Won Art Directors Guild Awards 11 February 2017 Excellence in Production Design for a Fantasy Film Stuart Craig Nominated British Academy Film Awards 12 February 2017 Best British Film David Heyman , Steve Kloves , J.K. Rowling , Lionel Wigram and David Yates Nominated Best Production Design Stuart Craig and Anna Pinnock Won Best Costume Design Colleen Atwood Nominated Best Special Visual Effects Tim Burke , Pablo Grillo , Christian Manz and David Watkins Nominated Best Sound Niv Adiri , Glenn Freemantle , Simon Hayes , Andy Nelson and Ian Tapp Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards 21 February 2017 Excellence in Fantasy Film Colleen Atwood Nominated Critics Choice Awards 11 December 2016 Best Art Direction Stuart Craig , James Hambidge and Anna Pinnock Nominated Best Costume Design Colleen Atwood Nominated Best Hair and Makeup Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Nominated Best Visual Effects Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Nominated Diversity in Media Awards 15 September 2017 Movie of the Year Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Nominated Empire Awards 19 March 2017 Best British Film Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Nominated Best Actor Eddie Redmayne Won Best Costume Design Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Won Best Make - Up and Hairstyling Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Won Best Production Design Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Won Best Visual Effects Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Nominated Evening Standard British Film Awards 9 December 2016 Editor 's Award Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Won Irish Film & Television Awards 8 April 2017 Best Supporting Actor Colin Farrell Nominated Make - Up Artists & Hair Stylists Guild Awards 19 February 2017 Feature - Length Motion Picture -- Best Period and / or Character Make - Up Fae Hammond and Marilyn MacDonald Nominated Feature - Length Motion Picture -- Best Period and / or Character Hair Styling Fae Hammond and Marilyn MacDonald Nominated Feature - Length Motion Picture -- Best Special Make - Up Effects Fae Hammond Nominated People 's Choice Awards 18 January 2017 Favorite Year - End Blockbuster Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Won Saturn Awards 28 June 2017 Best Fantasy Film Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Nominated Best Supporting Actor Dan Fogler Nominated Best Music James Newton Howard Nominated Best Production Design Stuart Craig Nominated Best Costume Design Colleen Atwood Won Best Make - up Nick Knowles Nominated Best Special Effects Tim Burke , Christian Manz and David Watkins Nominated St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association 18 December 2016 Best Production Design Stuart Craig and James Hambidge Runner - up Teen Choice Awards 31 July 2016 Choice AnTEENcipated Movie Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards 7 February 2017 Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Feature Tim Burke , Pablo Grillo , Christian Manz , David Watkins and Olly Young Nominated Outstanding Animated Performance in a Photoreal Feature Gabriel Beauvais - Tremblay , Luc Girard , Laurent Laban and Romain Rico Nominated Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association 5 December 2016 Best Art Direction Stuart Craig and Anna Pinnock Nominated Notes Jump up ^ Tied with Jean Rabasse for Jackie and David Wasco for La La Land Sequels ( edit ) Main article : Untitled Fantastic Beasts sequel Initially , in October 2014 , the studio announced the film would be the start of a trilogy . The sequel is set to be released on 16 November 2018 , followed by the third on 20 November 2020 . In July 2016 , David Yates confirmed that Rowling had written the screenplay for the second film and has ideas for the third . In October 2016 , Rowling confirmed that the series would comprise five films . In November 2016 it was confirmed that Johnny Depp will have a starring role in the sequel , reprising his role as Gellert Grindelwald . In April 2017 , it was confirmed that Jude Law had been cast for the role of Albus Dumbledore at around the time he was the Transfiguration professor at Hogwarts . The second film will take place in the UK and Paris . Filming for the second film began in July 2017 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 28 October 2016 . Retrieved 28 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Newman , Kim ( 18 November 2016 ) . `` Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them review : a fiddly start for J.K. Rowling 's wizarding prequels '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fantastic Beasts and Where To Find Them '' . British Council . Retrieved 1 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Brooks ( 7 November 2016 ) . `` Warner Bros. , Quietly Thriving , Recasts Its Own Story '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 9 November 2016 . Retrieved 11 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( 26 February 2017 ) . `` Oscars 2017 : Fantastic Beasts Wins First Academy Award for Harry Potter Franchise '' . IGN . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McMillan , Graeme ( 1 June 2015 ) . `` Eddie Redmayne Officially Cast in ' Harry Potter ' Prequel ' Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( 10 April 2015 ) . `` Eddie Redmayne the Frontrunner to Star in ' Harry Potter ' Spinoff ( Exclusive ) '' . Variety . Retrieved 11 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Hawkes , Rebecca ( 25 March 2015 ) . `` Matt Smith cast in Harry Potter spin - off Fantastic Beasts ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` ' Fantastic Beasts ' : Katherine Waterston Lands Female Lead in ' Harry Potter ' Spinoff '' . Variety . Retrieved 16 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pottermore - Everything we 've learned about ' Fantastic Beasts ' '' . Pottermore . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr , Mike ( 10 July 2015 ) . `` Dan Fogler Cast In ' Fantastic Beasts And Where To Find Them ' As Jacob : Comic Con '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 11 July 2015 . Jump up ^ J.K. Rowling ( @ jk_rowling ) ( 15 August 2015 ) . `` Well , I think it 's widely known that the characters of ( Porpen ) tina and Queenie are sisters , but not that their surname is Goldstein . '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 17 August 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( 9 July 2015 ) . `` ' Fantastic Beasts ' : Alison Sudol Joins Eddie Redmayne in ' Harry Potter ' Spinoff ( Exclusive ) '' . Variety . Retrieved 9 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( 5 August 2015 ) . `` Colin Farrell Joins Harry Potter Spinoff ' Fantastic Beasts ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 5 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Osorio , Paulette ( 17 August 2015 ) . `` Filming Gets Underway on ' Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ' '' ( Press release ) . Warner Bros. Pictures . Business Wire . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( 24 June 2015 ) . `` Ezra Miller Eyes ' Harry Potter ' Spinoff ' Fantastic Beasts ' ( Exclusive ) '' . Variety . Retrieved 25 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` David Yates - Helmed ' Fantastic Beast ' Filming Starts Up '' . Deadline.com. 17 August 2015 . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( 5 October 2015 ) . `` ' Harry Potter ' Spinoff ' Fantastic Beasts ' Casts Jon Voight ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 5 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( 8 October 2015 ) . `` Harry Potter Spinoff ' Fantastic Beasts ' Casts Ron Perlman ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 9 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fantastic Beasts actress chosen from open auditions '' . BBC . 5 August 2015 . Retrieved 7 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( 6 August 2015 ) . `` J.K. Rowling 's ' Fantastic Beasts ' Casts ' Brooklyn ' Actress Jenn Murray ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved 7 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( 10 August 2016 ) . `` ' Harry Potter ' Spinoff ' Fantastic Beasts ' Adds Zoe Kravitz ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 10 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them : A worthy , magical addition to the Harry Potter universe - Firstpost '' . 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartagloine ( 12 September 2013 ) . `` Warner Bros , J.K. Rowling Team For New ' Harry Potter ' - Inspired Film Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 12 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Harry Potter ' producer David Heyman officially on board to produce ' Fantastic Beasts and Where To Find Them ' '' . Page to Premiere . Archived from the original on 19 October 2013 . Retrieved 18 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( 25 May 2014 ) . `` Alfonso Cuaron Says He Will Not Direct Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved 25 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` X-Men's Jane Goldman Joining Fables Film Writing Team , Updates on Rowling 's Fantastic Beasts '' . The Mary Sue. 20 January 2015 . Retrieved 20 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` David Yates in Talks For ' Harry Potter ' Spin - Off ' Fantastic Beasts ' '' . deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` James Newton Howard to Score ' Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ' '' . Film Music Reporter. 7 April 2016 . Retrieved 3 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Dan Fogler ( @ mrdanfogler ) ( 16 August 2015 ) . `` # fantasticBeasts tomorrow the adventure really begins ! my mustache is ready ! are you ? ! so blessed ! ... '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 17 August 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Filming To Begin August 17th '' . FantasticBeastsMovies.com. 12 August 2015 . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Steven Weintraub ( @ colliderfrosty ) ( 11 August 2015 ) . `` Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them starts filming in London on Monday . Heard most of the shoot is in London . '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 17 August 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Miles , Tina ( 20 October 2015 ) . `` Fake snow on Harry Potter prequelset as Liverpool filming makes progress '' . Liverpool Echo . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Kollewe , Julia ( 3 November 2016 ) . `` Harry Potter special effects firm looks east with sale to China group '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fantastic Beasts ' : James Newton Howard to score JK Rowling 's ' Harry Potter ' spin - off - NME '' . 9 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Szalai , Georg ( 7 October 2016 ) . `` Pottermore Debuts ' Fantastic Beasts ' Theme Tune '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 27 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Bacardi , Francesca ( 7 October 2016 ) . `` Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Theme Song Includes a Nod to a Harry Potter Classic '' . E ! News . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Derschowitz , Jessica ( 7 October 2016 ) . `` Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them theme debuts on Pottermore '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 27 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( 13 May 2014 ) . `` New J.K. Rowling Movie ' Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ' Gets Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 13 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( 20 November 2016 ) . `` ' Fantastic Beasts ' Climbs To Magical $145.5 M Overseas -- Intl Box Office Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 21 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( 27 November 2016 ) . `` ' Fantastic Beasts ' Climbs To $474 M Global ; ' Moana ' Catches $16.3 M Offshore Wave -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Fantastic Beasts ( @ FantasticBeasts ) ( 10 December 2015 ) . `` Your first glimpse at # FantasticBeasts will arrive on December 15 . pic.twitter.com/8Qi2QFfG7X '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 15 December 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Fantastic Beasts ( @ FantasticBeasts ) ( 15 December 2015 ) . `` One hour until the # FantasticBeasts trailer . pic.twitter.com/nSgAxvUZmd '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 15 December 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Fantastic Beasts ( @ FantasticBeasts ) ( 15 December 2015 ) . `` The Announcement Trailer for # FantasticBeasts is here . t.co/kVFBnSN3b7 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 15 December 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Adam McCabe ( 2 February 2016 ) . `` Our favorite moments from ' A Celebration of Harry Potter 2016 ' at Universal Orlando '' . Inside the Magic . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Kevin P. `` Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them trailer debuts at MTV Movie Awards '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 11 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gettell , Oliver . `` Harry Potter spinoff Fantastic Beasts casts Zoe Kravitz '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 10 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin . `` Zoe Kravitz Joins ' Harry Potter ' Spinoff ' Fantastic Beasts ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 10 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James . `` Fantastic Beasts : First look at Ezra Miller 's mysterious character '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 10 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Maloney , Jennifer . `` The ' Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ' Screenplay to be Published as a Hardcover '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 26 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Cain , Sian . `` The screenplay of Fantastic Beasts is a rare miss for the wizarding world '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt . `` ' History of Magic in North America ' Trailer Promises New Stories from J.K. Rowling '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Parker , Brinton . `` J.K. Rowling Just Gave Us Everything to Know Before Fantastic Beasts '' . POPSUGAR . Retrieved 6 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Lee Young , Paula . `` Pottermore problems : Scholars and writers call foul on J.K. Rowling 's North American magic '' . Salon . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan . `` ' Fantastic Beasts ' Featurette Shines a Light on Ilvermorny , the American Hogwarts '' . Slashfilm . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.comingsoon.net/dvd/trailers/807895-fantastic-beasts-blu-ray-digital-hd#/slide/1 ^ Jump up to : Brooks Barnes ( 20 November 2016 ) . `` ' Fantastic Beasts ' Is a Hit for Warner Bros . '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( 19 November 2016 ) . `` ' Fantastic Beasts ' Gobbles Up Teen Girl , Vinny Paz & ' Billy Lynn ' ... But Is ' Potter ' Spinoff Big Enough for a New Franchise ? '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Worldwide Openings '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( 27 March 2017 ) . `` No. 9 ' Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ' Box Office Profits -- 2016 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 27 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( 22 November 2016 ) . `` Fantastic Beasts sprinkles magic dust over the UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 23 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rogue One storms past Fantastic Beasts into 2016 top spot at UK box office '' . guardian . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( 27 October 2016 ) . `` Putting ' Fantastic Beasts ' Opening Projections in Perspective '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on 30 October 2016 . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( 17 November 2016 ) . `` Box - Office Preview : ' Fantastic Beasts ' Hopes to Make Magic With $70 - 80M U.S. Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( 17 November 2016 ) . `` ' Fantastic Beasts ' Eyes Fantastic Opening that Could Top $90 Million '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 18 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( 19 November 2016 ) . `` ' Fantastic Beasts ' Box Office : Not - So - Magical $29.7 M Friday For J.K. Rowling Prequel '' . Forbes . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( 18 November 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Fantastic Beasts ' Finds Just $8.75 M On Thursday '' . Forbes . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Top 20 : ' Fantastic Beasts ' summons $74.4 million '' . Associated Press . 21 November 2016 . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( 21 November 2016 ) . `` Will ' Moana ' Slay ' Fantastic Beasts ' Over The Thanksgiving Stretch ? '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( 26 November 2016 ) . `` Friday Box Office : ' Fantastic Beasts ' Tops $355 M Global , ' Doctor Strange ' Passing $200 M U.S. '' . Forbes . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( 24 November 2016 ) . `` ' Moana ' Rings Up $81 M+ & Ranks As 2nd Best Thanksgiving Debut After ' Frozen ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( 13 November 2016 ) . `` ' Doctor Strange ' A Marvel As Pic Nears $500 M WW , ' Billy Lynn ' Walks With $13.2 M ; ' Arrival ' Lands $10.2 M -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro and Nancy Tartaglione ( 15 November 2016 ) . `` ' Fantastic Beasts ' Box Office To Wolf Down As Much As $200 M+ Worldwide : Weekend Preview '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 16 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( 17 November 2016 ) . `` ' Fantastic Beasts ' Unleashes $16.6 M on Day 2 Overseas ; $23.5 M Running Cume '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 18 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( 17 November 2016 ) . `` ' Fantastic Beasts ' Box Office : J.K. Rowling Prequel Nets Promising $6.9 M In Overseas Debut '' . Forbes . Retrieved 18 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock and Rebecca Ford ( 18 November 2016 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : ' Fantastic Beasts ' Heads for $75 M - Plus Opening After $29.7 M Friday '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( 26 November 2016 ) . `` ' Fantastic Beasts ' Boasts $227 M+ Through Friday ; Bests All ' Potter ' Bows In China -- Intl Box Office Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( 24 November 2016 ) . `` ' Fantastic Beasts ' Sees Powerful Chinese Opening Day '' . Variety . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( 28 November 2016 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Fantastic Beasts ' Enjoys $40 Million Opening '' . Variety . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved 2 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 18 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them '' . CinemaScore on Twitter . 18 November 2016 . Retrieved 10 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Peter Bradshaw ( 13 November 2016 ) . `` Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them review -- JK Rowling goes steampunk '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them -- NME Film Review '' . NME . Retrieved 18 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Eric Kohn ( 13 November 2016 ) . `` ' Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ' Review : The ' Harry Potter ' Prequel Is One of the Best Blockbusters of the Year '' . IndieWire . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Mike ( 12 November 2016 ) . `` ' Fantastic Beasts And Where To Find Them ' Is A Worthy , But Much Different , Successor to Harry Potter '' . Uproxx . Retrieved 12 November 2016 . Jump up ^ John DeFore ( 13 November 2016 ) . `` ' Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fantastic Beasts Is a Distinctly Unmagical Slog '' . Vulture. 17 November 2016 . Retrieved 18 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( 24 January 2017 ) . `` Oscars : ' La La Land ' Ties Record With 14 Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . 24 January 2017 . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick . `` Art Directors Guild Awards Nominations : ' Rogue One ' , ' Game Of Thrones ' & More '' . Deadline . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Copeland , Wesley ( 10 January 2017 ) . `` BAFTA 2017 Nominations Announced '' . IGN . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Excellence inFantasy Film '' . costumedesignersguild.com . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` La La Land Leads with 12 Nominations for the 22nd Annual Critics ' Choice Awards '' . Critics ' Choice . 1 December 2016 . Retrieved 1 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Diversity in Media Awards 2017 Jump up ^ Pape , Danny ( 7 February 2017 ) . `` Star Wars : Rogue One Leads Empire Awards 2017 Nominations '' . Flickreel.com . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Norum , Ben ( 9 December 2016 ) . `` Evening Standard British Film Awards : Kate Beckinsale and Hugh Grant crowned '' . Evening Standard . Retrieved 9 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's the full list of nominees for this year 's Irish Film and Television Awards '' . Entertainment.ie . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 nominees '' ( PDF ) . local706.org . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Park , Andrea ( 15 November 2016 ) . `` People 's Choice Awards 2017 : List of Nominations - CBS News '' . CBS News . Retrieved 15 November 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 2 March 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Cavin ( 12 December 2016 ) . `` St. Louis Film Critics Association announces nominations for awards '' . St. Louis Dispatch . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Vulpo , Mike ( 24 May 2016 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2016 Nominations Announced : See the `` First Wave '' of Potential Winners `` . E !. Archived from the original on 25 May 2016 . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( 10 January 2017 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Leads Visual Effects Society Feature Competition With 7 Nominations As ' Doctor Strange , ' ' Jungle Book ' Grab 6 Each '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 2016 WAFCA Awards Nominations '' . 3 December 2016 . Retrieved 4 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Sims , Andrew ( 15 October 2014 ) . `` WB names David Yates ' Fantastic Beasts ' director '' . hypable.com . Retrieved 9 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( 15 October 2014 ) . `` Warner Bros ' Kevin Tsujihara Outlines Major Film & TV Push Amid Cost Cuts : Time Warner Investor Day '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 9 November 2016 . Retrieved 9 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Barraclough , Leo ( 3 August 2016 ) . `` ' Fantastic Beasts ' Sequel in the Works With J.K. Rowling and David Yates , Release Date Set '' . Variety . Retrieved 9 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Bell , Amanda ( 1 July 2016 ) . `` Fantastic Beasts Movie Sequel Has Already Been Written '' . ScreenRant.com . Retrieved 9 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ; McNary , Dave ( 13 October 2016 ) . `` ' Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ' to Be Five - Film Franchise '' . Variety . Retrieved 9 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( 8 November 2016 ) . `` ' Fantastic Beasts 2 ' : Johnny Depp Confirmed as Grindelwald ; Setting Revealed '' . Collider.com . Retrieved 9 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jude Law cast as Albus Dumbledore in next Fantastic Beasts film ' '' . Pottermore. 12 April 2017 . Retrieved 12 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Wood , Matt ( 19 November 2016 ) . `` Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them 2 takes place in Paris '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( 3 July 2017 ) . `` ' Fantastic Beasts ' Sequel Reveals Plot Details , Adds Cast As Shooting Starts '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 3 July 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Official website Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them on IMDb Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them at Rotten Tomatoes Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them at AllMovie Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them at Box Office Mojo J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World Feature films Harry Potter The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 production The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 production Fantastic Beasts Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Untitled Fantastic Beasts sequel Music Harry Potter The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Fantastic Beasts Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Other The Cursed Child Pottermore The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood See also Harry Potter cast Harry Potter book series Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them book Book Category Filmography of David Yates Feature films The Tichborne Claimant ( 1998 ) Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) The Legend of Tarzan ( 2016 ) Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016 ) Untitled Fantastic Beasts sequel ( 2018 ) Television productions The Sins ( 2000 ) The Way We Live Now ( 2001 ) State of Play ( 2003 ) The Young Visiters ( 2003 ) Sex Traffic ( 2004 ) The Girl in the Café ( 2005 ) Short films Rank ( 2002 ) Works by J.K. Rowling Harry Potter series Novels Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2001 ) Quidditch Through the Ages ( 2001 ) Harry Potter prequel ( 2008 ) The Tales of Beedle the Bard ( 2008 ) The Cursed Child ( 2016 ) Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies ( 2016 ) Cormoran Strike series ( as Robert Galbraith ) The Cuckoo 's Calling ( 2013 ) The Silkworm ( 2014 ) Career of Evil ( 2015 ) Lethal White ( TBA ) Other works The Casual Vacancy ( 2012 ) Filmography Films produced Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016 , also wrote ) Untitled Fantastic Beasts sequel ( 2018 , also wrote ) TV series The Casual Vacancy ( 2015 ) Strike ( 2017 ) See also J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fantastic_Beasts_and_Where_to_Find_Them_(film)&oldid=802192956 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films 2016 3D films 2010s adventure films 2010s fantasy films American films American 3D films American adventure films American fantasy films British films British 3D films British adventure films British fantasy films Films based on works by J.K. Rowling Film scores by James Newton Howard Film spin - offs Films directed by David Yates Films produced by David Heyman Films set in 1926 Films set in New York City Films set in the Roaring Twenties Films shot in England Films shot in London Films using computer - generated imagery Heyday Films films High fantasy films IMAX films J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World Memory erasure and alteration in fiction Prequel films Warner Bros. films Hidden categories : Good articles Use dmy dates from March 2017 Use British English from November 2016 Articles to be expanded from July 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 15 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote the score for fantastic beasts and where to find them | [
"\n\nFantastic Beasts and\nWhere to Find Them\n\n\n\nTheatrical release poster\n\n\n\nDirected by\nDavid Yates\n\n\nProduced by\n\n\n\nDavid Heyman\nJ. K. Rowling\nSteve Kloves\nLionel Wigram\n\n\n\n\n\nScreenplay by\nJ. K. Rowling\n\n\nBased on\nFantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them\nby J. K. Rowling\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nEddie Redmayne\nKatherine Waterston\nDan Fogler\nAlison Sudol\nEzra Miller\nSamantha Morton\nJon Voight\nCarmen Ejogo\nRon Perlman\nColin Farrell\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic by\nJames Newton Howard\n\n\nCinematography\nPhilippe Rousselot\n\n\nEdited by\nMark Day\n\n\n\nProduction\ncompany\n\n\nHeyday Films\n\n\n\nDistributed by\nWarner Bros. Pictures\n\n\n\nRelease date\n\n\n\n\n10 November 2016 (2016-11-10) (New York City)\n18 November 2016 (2016-11-18) (United Kingdom & United States)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRunning time\n\n133 minutes[1]\n\n\nCountry\n\n\n\nUnited Kingdom\nUnited States[2][3]\n\n\n\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nBudget\n$180 million[4]\n\n\nBox office\n$814 million[5]\n\n"
] | [
"James Newton Howard"
] |
-5297520037106374290 | Eddie Cochran | Eddie Cochran - wikipedia Eddie Cochran Jump to : navigation , search Eddie Cochran Cochran in 1957 Background information Birth name Edward Raymond Cochran ( 1938 - 10 - 03 ) October 3 , 1938 Albert Lea , Minnesota , United States April 17 , 1960 ( 1960 - 04 - 17 ) ( aged 21 ) Bath , Somerset , England Genres Rock and roll rockabilly country rhythm and blues Occupation ( s ) Singer - songwriter , musician Instruments Guitar , vocals Years active 1952 -- 1960 Labels Ekko , Crest , Liberty , London Associated acts Hank Cochran , Jerry Capehart , Bob Denton Edward Raymond Cochran ( October 3 , 1938 -- April 17 , 1960 ) was an American musician . Cochran 's rockabilly songs , such as `` Twenty Flight Rock '' , `` Summertime Blues '' , `` C'mon Everybody '' , and `` Somethin ' Else '' , captured teenage frustration and desire in the mid-1950s and early 1960s . He experimented with multitrack recording , distortion techniques , and overdubbing even on his earliest singles . He played the guitar , piano , bass , and drums . His image as a sharply dressed and good - looking young man with a rebellious attitude epitomized the stance of the 1950s rocker , and in death he achieved an iconic status . Cochran was involved with music from an early age , playing in the school band and teaching himself to play blues guitar . In 1954 , he formed a duet with the guitarist Hank Cochran ( no relation ) , and when they split the following year , Eddie began a songwriting career with Jerry Capehart . His first success came when he performed the song `` Twenty Flight Rock '' in the film The Girl Ca n't Help It , starring Jayne Mansfield . Soon afterwards , he signed a recording contract with Liberty Records . Cochran died at age 21 after a road accident , while traveling in a taxi in Chippenham , Wiltshire , during his British tour in April 1960 , having just performed at Bristol 's Hippodrome theatre . Though his best - known songs were released during his lifetime , more of his songs were released posthumously . In 1987 Cochran was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . His songs have been recorded by a wide variety of recording artists . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Music career 2.1 Early career ( 1952 -- 1956 ) 2.2 Later career ( 1957 -- 1959 ) 2.3 UK tour and death ( 1960 ) 3 Posthumous releases and honors 4 Style and influence 5 Guitars 6 Filmography 7 Discography 7.1 Albums 7.1. 1 US albums 7.1. 2 UK albums 7.2 Singles 8 References 9 External links Early life ( edit ) Cochran was born October 3 , 1938 , in Albert Lea , Minnesota , to Alice and Frank R. Cochran . His parents were from Oklahoma , and he always said in interviews that his parents had some roots in Oklahoma . He took music lessons in school but quit the band to play drums . Also , rather than taking piano lessons , he began learning guitar , playing country and other music he heard on the radio . Music career ( edit ) Early career ( 1952 -- 1956 ) ( edit ) Cochran 's family moved to Bell Gardens , California , in 1952 . As his guitar playing improved , he formed a band with two friends from his junior high school . He dropped out of Bell Gardens High School in his first year to become a professional musician . During a show featuring many performers at an American Legion hall , he met Hank Cochran , a songwriter . Although they were not related , they recorded as the Cochran Brothers and began performing together . They recorded a few singles for Ekko Records that were fairly successful and helped to establish them as a performing act . Eddie Cochran also worked as a session musician and began writing songs , making a demo with Jerry Capehart , his future manager . In July 1955 , Eddie Cochran 's first `` solo artist '' single was released by Crest Records . It featured `` Skinny Jim '' , now regarded as a rock - and - roll and rockabilly classic . In the spring of 1956 , Boris Petroff asked Cochran if he would appear in the musical comedy film The Girl Ca n't Help It . Cochran agreed and performed the song `` Twenty Flight Rock '' in the movie . Later career ( 1957 -- 1959 ) ( edit ) In 1957 Cochran starred in his second film , Untamed Youth , and he had yet another hit , `` Sittin ' in the Balcony '' , one of the few songs he recorded that were written by other songwriters ( in this case John D. Loudermilk ) . `` Twenty Flight Rock '' was written by AMI staff writer Ned Fairchild ( a pen name -- her real name is Nelda Fairchild ) . Fairchild , who was not a rock and roll performer , merely provided the initial form of the song ; the co-writing credit reflects Cochran 's major changes and contributions to the final product . In February 1957 Liberty Records issued Cochran 's only studio album released during his lifetime , Singin ' to My Baby . The album included `` Sittin ' in the Balcony '' . There were only a few rockers on this album , and Liberty seemed to want to move Cochran in a different musical direction , but he refused . In 1957 , however , Cochran seemed to find his stride in the famous teenage anthem `` Summertime Blues '' ( co-written with Jerry Capehart ) . With this song , Cochran was established as one of the most important influences on rock and roll in the 1950s , both lyrically and musically . The song , released by Liberty recording no . 55144 , charted at number 8 in 1957 . Cochran 's brief career included a few more hits , such as `` C'mon , Everybody '' , `` Somethin ' Else '' , `` Teenage Heaven '' , and his posthumous UK number one hit `` Three Steps to Heaven '' . He remained popular in the US and UK through the late 1950s and early 1960s , and more of his records were posthumous hits , such as `` My Way '' , `` Weekend '' , and `` Nervous Breakdown '' . Another aspect of Cochran 's short but brilliant career is his work as backup musician and producer . He played guitar on tracks by Ray Stanley , Lee Denson , Baker Knight , Bob Denton , Galen Denny , Don Deal , Troyce Key , Mike Clifford , Paula Morgan , Jody Reynolds , Johnny Burnette , Wynn Stewart , Ernie Freeman , Elroy Peace , Derry Weaver , Eddie Daniels , Jewel Akens , John Ashley , Jack Lewis , Lynn Marshall , Jess Willard , the Holly Twins , Barry Martin , and Al Casey . In 1959 he played lead for Skeets McDonald at Columbia 's studios for `` You Oughta See Grandma Rock '' and `` Heart Breaking Mama '' . In a session for Gene Vincent in March 1958 he contributed his trademark bass voice , as heard on `` Summertime Blues '' . The recordings were issued on the album A Gene Vincent Record Date . In early 1959 two of Cochran 's friends , Buddy Holly and Ritchie Valens , along with the Big Bopper , were killed in a plane crash while on tour . Cochran 's friends and family later said that he was badly shaken by their deaths , and he developed a morbid premonition that he also would die young . It was shortly after their deaths that he recorded a song ( written by disc jockey Tommy Dee ) in tribute to them , `` Three Stars '' . He was anxious to give up life on the road and spend his time in the studio making music , thereby reducing the chance of suffering a similar fatal accident while touring . Financial responsibilities , however , required that he continue to perform live , and that led to his acceptance of an offer to tour the United Kingdom in 1960 . UK tour and death ( 1960 ) ( edit ) Memorial plaque at Rowden Hill , Chippenham On Saturday , April 16 , 1960 , at about 11.50 p.m. , while on tour in the United Kingdom , 21 - year - old Cochran was involved in a traffic accident in a taxi traveling through Chippenham , Wiltshire , on the A4 . The speeding taxi blew a tire , the driver lost control , and the vehicle crashed into a lamppost on Rowden Hill , where a plaque now marks the spot . No other car was involved . Cochran , who was seated in the center of the back seat , threw himself over his fiancée ( songwriter Sharon Sheeley ) to shield her and was thrown out of the car when the door flew open . He was taken to St Martin 's Hospital , in Bath , where he died of severe head injuries at 4 : 10 p.m. the following day . Cochran 's body was flown home , and his remains were buried on April 25 , 1960 , at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Cypress , California . Sharon Sheeley , tour manager Pat Thompkins , and singer Gene Vincent survived the crash , Vincent sustaining lasting injuries to an already permanently damaged leg that would shorten his career and affect him for the rest of his life . The taxi driver , George Martin , was convicted of dangerous driving , fined £ 50 ( and in default of payment six months imprisonment ) , and disqualified from driving for 15 years ( although by some accounts he served no prison sentence ) . His driving licence was reinstated in 1969 . The car and other items from the crash were impounded at the local police station until a coroner 's inquest could be held . David Harman , a police cadet at the station , who would later become known as Dave Dee of the band Dave Dee , Dozy , Beaky , Mick & Tich , taught himself to play guitar on Cochran 's impounded Gretsch . A memorial stone commemorating Cochran was placed on the grounds of St Martin 's Hospital , in Bath . The stone was restored in 2010 ( on the 50th anniversary of his death ) and can be found in the old chapel grounds at the hospital . A memorial plaque was also placed next to the sundial at the back of the old chapel . Posthumous releases and honors ( edit ) A posthumous album , My Way , was released in 1964 . Cochran was a prolific performer , and the British label Rockstar Records has released more of his music posthumously than was released during his life . The company is still looking for unpublished songs . One of his posthumous releases was `` Three Stars '' , a tribute to J.P. Richardson , better known as the Big Bopper , and Cochran 's friends Buddy Holly and Ritchie Valens , who had all died in a plane crash just one year earlier . Written just hours after the tragedy by disc jockey Tommy Dee , it was recorded by Cochran two days later ( Dee recorded his own version several weeks later ) . His voice broke during the spoken lyrics about Valens and Holly . In 1987 , Cochran was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . His pioneering contribution to the genre of rockabilly has also been recognized by the Rockabilly Hall of Fame . Several of his songs have been re-released since his death , such as `` C'mon Everybody '' , which was a number 14 hit in 1988 in the UK . Rolling Stone magazine ranked him number 84 on its 2003 list of the 100 greatest guitarists of all time . Cochran 's life is chronicled in several publications , including Do n't Forget Me : The Eddie Cochran Story , by Julie Mundy and Darrel Higham ( ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7931 - 7 ) , and Three Steps to Heaven , by Bobby Cochran ( ISBN 0 - 634 - 03252 - 6 ) . The Very Best of Eddie Cochran was released by EMI Records on June 2 , 2008 . On September 27 , 2010 , the mayor of Bell Gardens , California , declared October 3 , 2010 , to be `` Eddie Cochran Day '' to celebrate the famous musician who began his career when living in that city . Style and influence ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Cochran was one of the first rock - and - roll artists to write his own songs and overdub tracks . He is also credited with being one of the first to use an unwound third string in order to `` bend '' notes up a whole tone -- an innovation ( imparted to UK guitarist Joe Brown , who secured much session work as a result ) that has since become an essential part of the standard rock guitar vocabulary . Artists such as Joan Jett and the Blackhearts , the Rolling Stones , Bruce Springsteen , Van Halen , Tom Petty , Rod Stewart , Motörhead , Humble Pie , Commander Cody and His Lost Planet Airmen , Lemmy Kilmister , the Head Cat , the Damned , UFO , T. Rex , Stray Cats , Brian Setzer , Cliff Richard , the Who , the Beach Boys , the Beatles , Blue Cheer , Led Zeppelin , the White Stripes , the Sex Pistols , Sid Vicious Rush , Buck Owens , Tiger Army , Dion , Simple Minds , Guitar Wolf , Paul McCartney , Alan Jackson , the Move , David Bowie , Dick Dale , Teenage Head , Keith Richards & the X-Pensive Winos , Jimi Hendrix , and U2 have covered his songs . It was because Paul McCartney knew the chords and words to `` Twenty Flight Rock '' that he became a member of the Beatles . John Lennon was so impressed that he invited McCartney to play with his band , the Quarrymen . Jimi Hendrix performed `` Summertime Blues '' early in his career , and Pete Townshend of the Who was heavily influenced by Cochran 's guitar style ( `` Summertime Blues '' was a staple of live performances by the Who for most of their career , until the death of the bassist and vocalist John Entwistle in 2002 , and is featured on their album Live at Leeds ) . The glam - rock artist Marc Bolan had his main Gibson Les Paul guitar refinished in a transparent orange to resemble the Gretsch 6120 played by Cochran , who was his music hero . He was also a heavy influence on the nascent rockabilly guitar legend Brian Setzer , of Stray Cats , who plays a 6120 almost like that of Cochran , whom he portrayed in the film La Bamba . Cochran 's rough , bass - driven singles such as `` Summertime Blues '' , `` C'mon Everybody '' , and `` Somethin ' Else '' ( covered by Led Zeppelin ) , are often cited as a heavy influence on punk music , leading certain punk luminaries to dub Cochran the `` Grandfather of Punk Rock '' . Sid Vicious , for instance , covered Cochran 's `` Somethin ' Else '' on his solo album , Sid Sings , in 1979 . In 1988 `` C'mon Everybody '' was used by Levi Strauss & Co. in an advertisement to promote its 501 Jeans catalogue and re-released as a promotional single , hitting number 14 in the UK charts . The advertisement told a story of how the narrator , Sharon Sheeley , attracted Cochran by wearing Levi 501s . Cochran 's guitar style was a major influence on his nephew Bobby Cochran , who went on to have a successful career in music and regularly performs songs from Eddie 's catalog in concert . Bobby recently formed the band Somethin ' Else ! as a tribute to Eddie 's legacy . Guitars ( edit ) When playing with Hank Cochran , Eddie Cochran played a Gibson L - 4C archtop acoustic guitar with a florentine cutaway and a DeArmond Rhythm Chief pickup , which can be clearly seen in a Cochran Brothers publicity photograph . Later , Cochran moved to a 1955 Gretsch 6120 Chet Atkins G - brand Western model , which he had modified . He replaced the neck position De Armond Dynasonic pickup with a black covered Gibson P - 90 pickup . He also used Martin acoustic guitars . Filmography ( edit ) Year Film Role Distributor 1956 The Girl Ca n't Help It Himself 20th Century Fox 1957 Untamed Youth Bong Warner Bros . 1959 Go , Johnny , Go Himself Hal Roach Studios Discography ( edit ) Albums ( edit ) US albums ( edit ) Singin ' to My Baby , Liberty LRP - 3061 ( mid-1957 ) Eddie Cochran , Liberty LRP - 3172 ( April 1959 ) , reissued as 12 of His Biggest Hits and later The Eddie Cochran Memorial Album Never to Be Forgotten , Liberty LRP - 3220 ( January 1962 ) Summertime Blues , Sunset SUS - 5123 ( August 1966 ) Legendary Masters Series , United Artists UAS 9959 ( January 1972 ) The Very Best of Eddie Cochran ( 1975 ) Great Hits ( 1983 ) On the Air ( 1987 ) The Best of Eddie Cochran ( 1987 ) Greatest Hits , Curb Records ( 1990 ) Singin ' to My Baby and Never to Be Forgotten , EMI Records ( 1993 ) UK albums ( edit ) Singin ' to My Baby ( 1957 ) The Eddie Cochran Memorial Album ( September 1960 ) Cherished Memories ( December 1962 ) My Way ( September 1964 ) The Legendary Eddie Cochran ( June 1971 ) The Many Sides of Eddie Cochran ( 1974 ) The Eddie Cochran Singles Album ( August 1979 ) 20th Anniversary Album ( March 1980 ) The Best of Eddie Cochran , Liberty - EMI U.K. ( 1985 ) ( the mono 16 - track LP / cassette is from the Rock ' N ' Roll Masters series ) The Very Best of Eddie Cochran ( June 2008 ) Eddie Cochran Story ( 6 July 2009 ) Singles ( edit ) Year Titles ( A-side , B - side ) Both sides from same album except where indicated Peak chart positions US Album US UK 1954 `` Two Blue Singin ' Stars '' b / w `` Mr. Fiddle '' Both tracks by the Cochran Brothers -- -- Non-album tracks `` Your Tomorrow Never Comes '' b / w `` Guilty Conscience '' Both tracks by the Cochran Brothers -- -- 1955 `` Walkin ' Stick Boogie '' b / w `` Rollin ' '' Both tracks by Jerry Capeheart Featuring the Cochran Brothers -- -- `` Tired and Sleepy '' b / w `` Fool 's Paradise '' Both sides by the Cochran Brothers -- -- 1956 `` Skinny Jim '' b / w `` Half Loved '' -- -- 1957 `` Sittin ' in the Balcony '' b / w `` Dark Lonely Street '' ( non-album track ) 18 -- Singin ' to My Baby `` Mean When I 'm Mad '' b / w `` One Kiss '' -- -- `` Drive In Show '' b / w `` Am I Blue '' ( non-album track ) 82 -- Eddie Cochran `` Twenty Flight Rock '' b / w `` Cradle Baby '' ( from Singin ' to My Baby ) -- -- Never to Be Forgotten 1958 `` Jeannie Jeannie Jeannie '' b / w `` Pocketful of Hearts '' 94 -- Non-album tracks `` Teresa '' b / w `` Pretty Girl '' -- -- Summertime Blues '' b / w `` Love Again '' ( from Never to Be Forgotten ) 8 18 Eddie Cochran `` C'mon Everybody '' b / w `` Do n't Ever Let Me Go '' ( non-album track ) 35 6 1959 `` Teenage Heaven '' b / w `` I Remember '' ( non-album track ) 99 -- `` Somethin ' Else '' b / w `` Boll Weevil Song '' ( from Never to Be Forgotten ) 58 22 `` Hallelujah I Love Her So '' b / w `` Little Angel '' ( from Never to Be Forgotten ) -- 22 1960 `` Three Steps to Heaven '' b / w `` Cut Across Shorty '' 108 `` Lonely '' -- 41 Never to Be Forgotten `` Sweetie Pie '' -- 38 1961 `` Weekend '' b / w `` Lonely '' ( US ) ; `` Cherished Memories '' ( UK ) -- 15 The following songs also made the following chart entries in the UK : 1961 : `` Jeannie Jeannie Jeannie '' - # 31 1963 : `` My Way '' - # 23 1966 : `` Summertime Blues '' - # 55 ; # 34 ( 1968 ) ; # 53 ( 1975 ) 1988 : `` C'mon Everybody '' - # 14 1988 : `` Somethin ' Else '' - # 100 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Eddie Cochran Biography '' . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Cochran , Bobby ; Van Hecke , Susan ( 2003 ) . Three Steps to Heaven : The Eddie Cochran Story . Hal Leonard . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 02 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` allmusic ( ( ( Eddie Cochran > Biography ) ) ) '' . www.allmusic.com . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ Three Steps to Heaven . books.google.com . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Eddie Cochran '' . Gretsch Guitars . Retrieved 9 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Rockabilly HoF ^ Jump up to : The Eddie Cochran Story on Big Jamboree Jump up ^ Eddie Cochran 's Sessions on Remember Eddie Cochran Retrieved 26 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Stanton , Scott The Tombstone Tourist : Musicians . Simon and Schuster . 2003 . p. 52 . ISBN 0743463307 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Certified Copy of an Entry of Death : Edward Ray Cochran '' . County Borough of Bath. 1960 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Cochran , Bobby ; Van Hecke , Susan ( 2003 ) . Three Steps to Heaven : The Eddie Cochran Story . Milwaukee : Hal Leonard . p. 203 . ISBN 0 - 634 - 03252 - 6 Jump up ^ Eddie Cochran 's Dark Lonely Street on Remember Eddie Cochran Jump up ^ Kimmet , Ian ( 9 October 2001 ) . `` Seance with a Gretsch G 6120 '' . Jump up ^ Eddie Cochran Memorial Plaque at St. Martin 's Hospital in Bath . Flickr . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Remembering Eddie Cochran '' . Bath Chronicle. 19 April 2012 . Retrieved 9 September 2012 . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Rock and Roll HOF bio Jump up ^ Axver , Matthias Muehlbradt , Andre . `` U2 C'mon Everybody - U2 on tour '' . U2gigs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ Bacon , Tony . 50 Years of the Gibson Les Paul . Backbeat Books . p. 71 . ISBN 0 - 87930 - 711 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : CD liner notes : Eddie Cochran , Singin ' to My Baby and Never to Be Forgotten , 1993 EMI Records . Bibliography Cochran , Bobby ; Van Hecke , Susan ( 2003 ) . Three Steps to Heaven : The Eddie Cochran Story . Milwaukee , Wisconsin : Hal Leonard . ISBN 0 - 634 - 03252 - 6 . Mundy , Julie ; Higham , Darrel ( 2000 ) . Do n't Forget Me : The Eddie Cochran Story . Edinburgh : Mainstream Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7931 - 7 . Sheeley , Sharon ( 2010 ) . Summertime Blues . Ravenhawk Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 893660 - 18 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eddie Cochran . Book : Eddie Cochran `` Eddie Cochran '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Eddie Cochran at AllMusic Eddie Cochran on IMDb Eddie Cochran Studio albums Singin ' to My Baby Posthumous studio albums Never to Be Forgotten My Way ( UK ) Compilations 12 of His Biggest Hits Summertime Blues Legendary Masters Series The Very Best of Eddie Cochran Great Hits Live albums On The Air Singles `` Sittin ' in the Balcony '' `` Drive In Show '' `` Twenty Flight Rock '' `` Jeannie Jeannie Jeannie '' `` Summertime Blues '' `` C'mon Everybody '' `` Teenage Heaven '' `` Somethin ' Else '' `` Hallelujah I Love Her So '' `` Three Steps To Heaven '' `` Lonely '' `` Sweetie Pie '' `` Weekend '' `` My Way '' Movies The Girl Ca n't Help It Untamed Youth Go , Johnny , Go ! Associated acts Jerry Capehart Sharon Sheeley Gene Vincent Related articles Liberty Records Cash Records Ekko Records Crest Records Freedom Records Gold Star Recording Studios Gretsch Book : Eddie Cochran Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Class of 1987 Performers The Coasters ( Carl Gardner , Cornell Gunter , Billy Guy , Dub Jones ) Eddie Cochran Bo Diddley Aretha Franklin Marvin Gaye Bill Haley B.B. King Clyde McPhatter Ricky Nelson Roy Orbison Carl Perkins Smokey Robinson Big Joe Turner Muddy Waters Jackie Wilson Early influences Louis Jordan T - Bone Walker Hank Williams Non-performers ( Ahmet Ertegun Award ) Leonard Chess Ahmet Ertegün Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller Jerry Wexler VIAF : 29717601 LCCN : n80101363 ISNI : 0000 0001 1564 1466 GND : 122867475 SUDOC : 028214528 BNF : cb13892605p ( data ) MusicBrainz : 17995d1c - 5b3c - 4ee9 - 98f5 - 105ee3b4ada1 BNE : XX890492 IATH : w6rn409r Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eddie_Cochran&oldid=806807949 '' Categories : 1938 births 1960 deaths American rock guitarists American rockabilly guitarists American male guitarists American rock singers Road incident deaths in England People from Albert Lea , Minnesota Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Rock and roll musicians Ekko Records artists Cash Records artists Crest Records artists Liberty Records artists American country singers American country singer - songwriters Songwriters from Minnesota 20th - century American singers 20th - century American guitarists Singers from Minnesota People from Bell Gardens , California Guitarists from Minnesota Burials in Orange County , California Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Subscription required using via Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles with hCards Articles needing additional references from November 2015 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 08 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the 50s rocker who used strings on his recordings and overdubbed voices and guitars | [
"Edward Raymond Cochran (October 3, 1938 – April 17, 1960) was an American musician. Cochran's rockabilly songs, such as \"Twenty Flight Rock\", \"Summertime Blues\", \"C'mon Everybody\", and \"Somethin' Else\", captured teenage frustration and desire in the mid-1950s and early 1960s.[1] He experimented with multitrack recording, distortion techniques, and overdubbing even on his earliest singles.[2] He played the guitar, piano, bass, and drums.[1] His image as a sharply dressed and good-looking young man with a rebellious attitude epitomized the stance of the 1950s rocker, and in death he achieved an iconic status.[3]"
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"Edward Raymond Cochran"
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-7382490833393706008 | Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh | Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh - Wikipedia Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh Jump to : navigation , search Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh Plan of lumbar plexus . ( Lateral femoral cutaneous visible at left . ) Cutaneous nerves of the right lower extremity . Front and posterior views . Details From lumbar plexus ( L2 -- L3 ) Innervates Skin on the lateral part of the thigh Identifiers Latin nervus cutaneus femoris lateralis Dorlands / Elsevier n_05 / 12565556 TA A14. 2.07. 011 FMA 16485 Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) This article includes a list of references , related reading or external links , but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh ( also called the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve ) is a cutaneous nerve that innervates the skin on the lateral part of the thigh . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Additional images 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Structure ( edit ) The lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh is a nerve of the lumbar plexus . It arises from the dorsal divisions of the second and third lumbar nerves ( L2 - L3 ) . It emerges from the lateral border of the psoas major at about its middle , and crosses the iliacus muscle obliquely , toward the anterior superior iliac spine ( ASIS ) . It then passes under the inguinal ligament , through the lacuna musculorum and then over the sartorius muscle into the thigh , where it divides into an anterior and a posterior branch . The anterior branch becomes superficial about 10 cm below the inguinal ligament , and divides into branches which are distributed to the skin of the anterior and lateral parts of the thigh , as far as the knee . The terminal filaments of this nerve frequently communicate with the anterior cutaneous branches of the femoral nerve , and with the infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve , forming with them the peripatellar plexus . The posterior branch pierces the fascia lata , and subdivides into filaments which pass backward across the lateral and posterior surfaces of the thigh , supplying the skin from the level of the greater trochanter to the middle of the thigh . Entrapment is caused by compression of the nerve near the ASIS and inguinal ligament and is commonly known as Meralgia paraesthetica or Bernhardt - Roth syndrome . Additional images ( edit ) This gallery of anatomic features needs cleanup to abide by the medical manual of style . Galleries containing indiscriminate images of the article subject are discouraged ; please improve or remove the gallery accordingly . ( June 2015 ) Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh and other structures passing behind the inguinal ligament The great saphenous vein and its tributaries at the fossa ovalis . The lumbar plexus and its branches . Deep and superficial dissection of the lumbar plexus . Diagram of segmental distribution of the lateral cutaneous nerve ( shaded ) and other nerves of the right leg . Front view . Cutaneous nerves of the right lower extremity . Front and posterior views . See also ( edit ) Cutaneous nerve Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh Meralgia paraesthetica References ( edit ) This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) External links ( edit ) Lateral_femoral_cutaneous_nerve at the Duke University Health System 's Orthopedics program Anatomy photo : 40 : 17 - 0201 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center - `` Posterior Abdominal Wall : Nerves of the Lumbar Plexus '' posteriorabdomen at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman ( Georgetown University ) ( posteriorabdmus&nerves ) ( hide ) Nerves of the lumbosacral plexus Lumbar plexus iliohypogastric lateral cutaneous branch anterior cutaneous branch ilioinguinal anterior scrotal ♂ / labial ♀ genitofemoral femoral branch genital branch Lateral cutaneous patellar obturator anterior cutaneous posterior accessory femoral anterior cutaneous branches saphenous ( infrapatellar medial crural cutaneous sacral plexus sciatic common peroneal lateral sural cutaneous communicating branch deep peroneal lateral terminal branch medial terminal branch dorsal digital superficial peroneal medial dorsal cutaneous intermediate dorsal cutaneous dorsal digital tibial medial sural cutaneous medial calcaneal medial plantar ( common plantar digital nerves proper plantar digital ) lateral plantar ( deep branch superficial branch common plantar digital proper plantar digital ) sural lateral dorsal cutaneous lateral calcaneal other Muscular superior gluteal inferior gluteal lateral rotator group ( to quadratus femoris to obturator internus to the piriformis ) cutaneous : posterior cutaneous of thigh ( inferior cluneal perineal branches ) perforating cutaneous coccygeal plexus pudendal inferior anal perineal deep posterior scrotal ♂ / labial ♀ dorsal of the penis ♂ / clitoris ♀ anococcygeal Related cutaneous innervation of the lower limbs This neuroscience article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lateral_cutaneous_nerve_of_thigh&oldid=797594831 '' Categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Neuroscience stubs Nerves of the lower limb and lower torso Hidden categories : Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter Articles lacking in - text citations from June 2015 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles with gallery cleanup tags All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2017 , at 03 : 05 . About Wikipedia | nerve root of lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh | [
"The lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh is a nerve of the lumbar plexus. It arises from the dorsal divisions of the second and third lumbar nerves (L2-L3). It emerges from the lateral border of the psoas major at about its middle, and crosses the iliacus muscle obliquely, toward the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS). It then passes under the inguinal ligament, through the lacuna musculorum and then over the sartorius muscle into the thigh, where it divides into an anterior and a posterior branch."
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"the dorsal divisions of the second and third lumbar nerves (L2-L3)"
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1687180275516591086 | Tiger Zinda Hai | Tiger Zinda Hai - Wikipedia Tiger Zinda Hai Jump to : navigation , search Tiger Zinda Hai Directed by Ali Abbas Zafar Produced by Aditya Chopra Screenplay by Ali Abbas Zafar Neelesh Misra Story by Ali Abbas Zafar Neelesh Misra Starring Salman Khan Katrina Kaif Narrated by Salman Khan Music by Songs : Vishal - Shekhar Background score : Julius Packiam Cinematography Marcin Laskawiec Edited by Rameshwar S. Bhagat Production company Yash Raj Films Distributed by Yash Raj Films Release date 22 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 22 ) Running time 161 minutes Country India Language Hindi Budget ₹ 210 crore Box office ₹ 569.32 crore Tiger Zinda Hai ( English : Tiger Is Alive ) , also known as TZH , is a 2017 Indian Hindi - language action thriller film , directed and co-written by Ali Abbas Zafar . The film stars Salman Khan , Katrina Kaif and Sajjad Delfrooz in leading roles , with Angad Bedi , Kumud Mishra , Nawab Shah , Girish Karnad and Paresh Rawal in supporting roles . The film is the sequel to the 2012 film Ek Tha Tiger and the second installment of the Tiger film series , and is based on the 2014 abduction of Indian nurses by ISIL . The first look of the poster was revealed by Salman Khan through his official Twitter account on 18 October 2017 on the occasion of Diwali . The official trailer was released on 7 November . The film was released on 22 December 2017 . With a budget of ₹ 2.1 billion ( US $32 million ) , it is the one of the most expensive Hindi film and one of the most expensive Indian films of all time . It has grossed more than ₹ 5.5 billion ( US $84 million ) at the box office , becoming a major commercial success and one of the highest - grossing Indian films of all time . At the 63rd Filmfare Awards , Tom Struthers won the Filmfare Award for Best Action . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Marketing and release 5 Critical reception 6 Box office 7 Soundtrack 8 Awards and nominations 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Eight years have passed since the events of Ek Tha Tiger and the whereabouts of Tiger and Zoya are not known . In Ikrit , Syria , 40 nurses -- 25 Indian and 15 Pakistani -- are held hostage in their own hospital by Abu Usman , the head of ISC , a terrorist organisation . The chairman of the Research and Analysis Wing ( RAW ) , Shenoy , feels that only Tiger would be able to rescue the nurses and that too within a period of 7 days as the United States will launch an airstrike within 7 days to kill Usman . Presently , Tiger and Zoya live in Innsbruck , Austria and have a son , Junior . Shenoy and his deputy , Karan manage to find Tiger and requests him to undertake the mission . Although hesitant at first , Tiger agrees after Zoya asks him to carry out the mission for his country . Tiger and three other RAW agents Azaan , Namit and Rakesh travel to Syria . Meanwhile , Zoya comes to know of the Pakistani nurses held hostage along with the Indians and joins Tiger with two other ISI members Abrar and Javed . On the day of the airstrike , Tiger managed to rescue the nurses from the hospital . Meanwhile , Abu Usman holds Zoya hostage and captures Tiger , who is put into a poison chamber . Tiger , Zoya and the nurses flee after Tiger defeats Abu Usman and his troops . Tiger and Zoya go into hiding once again due to Tiger 's belief that the RAW will never forgive him for deserting them , but tells Shenoy he will always be there if his country is in trouble . Cast ( edit ) Salman Khan as Avinash `` Tiger '' Singh Rathore Katrina Kaif as Zoya Sajjad Delafrooz as Abu Usman Paresh Rawal as Firdauz aka Tohbaan Angad Bedi as Namit Kumud Mishra as Rakesh Girish Karnad as Shenoy Neha Hinge as Maria Gavie Chahal as Captain Abrar Danish Bhatt as Captain Javed Anupriya Goenka as Poorna Khalida Jan Touray as Pakistani Nurse Naghma Kashmira Irani as Pakistani Nurse Sana Anant Vidhaat Sharma as Karan Ivan Rodrigues as India 's Ambassador to Iraq Nawab Shah as Pawan Zachary Coffin as Gary Casey Shannon as Sam Jacobs Siddhartha Basu as Indian Defense Minister . Rohit KaduDeshmukh as Rohit Paresh Pahuja as Azaan Najmeddin Al Hadad as Hakim Vibhoutee Sharma as Jiya Sartaaj Kakkar as Junior Jineet Rath as Hasaan Anjana Om Kashyap as Herself ( Indian TV Reporter ) Production ( edit ) Filming took place in Abu Dhabi , Austria , Greece and Morocco . The last song of the movie was shot in the Aegean island of Naxos , Greece in October 2017 . Iranian actor Sajjad Delafrooz was roped in to play the role of Abu Usman , leader of terrorist organisation ISC . Sajjad Delafrooz had worked in the 2015 Hindi film Baby . The film 's production budget is reportedly ₹ 210 crore ( US $32 million ) , or ₹ 140 crore ( US $21 million ) excluding Salman Khan 's fees . This would make it one of the most expensive Yash Raj Films productions , along with Dhoom 3 , Sultan and Thugs of Hindostan . Marketing and release ( edit ) The film 's trailer was released on 6 November 2017 . Within 24 hours , it broke many records for Hindi film trailers on YouTube , with more than 29 million views , 480 thousand likes and 250 thousand shares . On 11 November , it became the most liked film trailer on YouTube with 700 thousand likes , surpassing Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) then . The record was later surpassed by the trailer of Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) with about 2 million likes . The film was released on 22 December 2017 worldwide . The film received U / A certificate from Central Board of Film Certification . Despite having a song featuring Pakistani singer Atif Aslam , the film has not been given No - Objection Certificate by Central Board of Film Censors in Pakistan , stating the reason as was said for Ek Tha Tiger that `` The image of Pakistan and its law enforcement agencies '' have been compromised . Tiger Zinda Hai was in controversy on its release and faced protests from Valmiki community , when Salman Khan allegedly made a casteist slur , where he compared his dancing skills to a sanitation worker , `` or `` bhangi '' in a dance show . Shilpa Shetty also laughed along with him , and said that she also looked like one . Valmiki group is made up of a cluster of dalit communities -- a few of whom are Bhangi , Mehtar , Chuhra , Lal Beghi and Halalkhor . Valmiki community filed a legal case against both actors for hurting their sentiments . Maharashtra Navnirman Sena also unsuccessfully protested urging Mumbai multiplexes to promote Marathi film Deva instead of Tiger Zinda Hai . Their leaders raised issue about the loss of screens to Marathi films like Deva and Ek Atrangi which released alongside . Critical reception ( edit ) Tiger Zinda Hai opened to generally favourable reviews . Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama gave 4.5 stars , and said `` Salman is the lifeline , the real treasure of Tiger Zinda Hai . He sinks his teeth into the character and , in several sequences , peels off the mask of super-stardom and brings the actor to the fore . Katrina is in solid form , in action sequences specifically . Commands attention . '' Umesh Punwani of Koimoi gave 4 stars , and said `` Katrina Kaif is brilliant ! She has very few dialogues , and no that 's not the reason she 's good . Working amazingly well with her expressions , she has turned into an athlete for this one . Performing few major action sequences , she is flawless . '' Aarti Jhurani of The National gave 4 stars , and said `` While logic is not a very important factor in Khan 's films , emotions certainly are , and the director made sure to hit all the soft spots -- from patriotism to Indo - Pakistan bonding to a multitude of cheesy dialogues -- which is a smart move , and sure to bring in both Indian and Pakistani audiences . '' Lasyapriya Sundaram of The Times of India gave 3.5 stars , and said `` The film is visually stunning in parts and Salman Khan plays Tiger with roaring confidence and dialogues packed with punch . Of course , his fans get a true - blue Salman Khan moment when he bares his torso . '' Rachit Gupta of Filmfare gave 3.5 stars , and said `` It may look like a Hollywood action thriller , but at its heart , Tiger Zinda Hai is an unabashed masala movie . The heady mixture of an international looking action film and the regular tropes of Hindi cinema make it a pleasing watch . '' Rohit Bhatnagar of Deccan Chronicle gave 3 stars , and said `` Ali Abbas Zafar smoothly takes Ek Tha Tiger franchise ahead by telling a real story and inserting whole lot of drama and thrill . The film also touches upon relationships between India and Pakistan but subtly . The biggest hiccup of the film is its length . '' Rajeev Masand of News 18 gave 3 stars , and said `` The film has some thrilling action , while logic and subtlety are sacrificed at the altar of spectacle and sentiment . Katrina gets some terrific action moments and she executes them well , but make no mistake , the heavy lifting here is left to Salman Khan , and he 's clearly up for the challenge . '' Richa Barua of Asianet News gave the film a rating of 4.5 stars , and states that the film `` keeps you glued to the seats . '' Raja Sen of NDTV India gave 2.5 stars , and said `` Tiger Zinda Hai breaks for intermission at a point when most self - respecting action films would have rushed into the climax . Long before the finish eventually rolled around , I found myself wishing Tiger would croak just so I could make it out alive . '' Rohit Vats of Hindustan Times gave 2.5 stars , and said `` It 's better for the filmmakers to set a character trajectory that matches the star 's current image rather than basking in the glory of the past . '' Anna M.M. Vetticad of Firstpost gave 2.5 stars , stating that both Salman Khan and Katrina Kaif delivered fun with equal parts swag , silliness and schmaltz . Shubhra Gupta of Indian Express gave 2.5 stars , and said `` Only once in a while , the film gives in and provides us a killing which sobers us up , but very quickly it 's back to the base , with Bhai taking over , and everyone including Nurse Poorna and Zoya making way for him . But you can see she enjoys kicking butt : you wish she had more to do . '' Box Office ( edit ) Tiger Zinda Hai made a new non-holiday record in India as it collected ₹ 34.1 crore nett on its first day . It went on to collect ₹ 35.30 crore nett gross on second day . The film recorded the second highest day of all time ( after third day of Bahubali 2 : The Conclusion ) on its third day with net - gross of ₹ 45.53 crore and the highest ever for the Hindi film industry . With three day nett gross collections of over ₹ 1.14 billion , Tiger Zinda Hai had the second highest opening weekend of all time ( after Bahubali 2 : The Conclusion ) and the highest opening weekend of all time in the Bollywood film industry . Tiger Zinda Hai grossed Rs 154 crore in first four days in India . Tiger Zinda Hai grossed $2 million in two days , $450,000 on day one in US / Canada and around £ 150,000 in the UK . The film grossed $7 million in its opening weekend in overseas , including $2,535,825 in US / Canada . The film grossed ₹ 190 crore worldwide in its opening weekend . As of 25 February 2018 , the film has grossed US $87.32 million ( ₹ 569 crore ) worldwide , including ₹ 434.82 crore ( US $67.11 million ) in India , and US $20.3 million ( ₹ 128.9 crore ) overseas . Soundtrack ( edit ) Tiger Zinda Hai Soundtrack album by Vishal -- Shekhar Released 12 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 12 ) Recorded 2017 Genre Feature film soundtrack Length 25 : 26 Label YRF Music Producer Aditya Chopra Vishal -- Shekhar chronology Befikre ( 2016 ) Tiger Zinda Hai ( 2017 ) Raazi ( upcoming ) External audio Audio Jukebox on YouTube The film score was composed by Julius Packiam . The soundtrack album featuring the main theme by Packiam and 6 songs composed by Vishal Shekar was released on 12 December 2017 by YRF Music . The Arabic version of `` Swag Se Swagat '' was sung by Rabih Baroud and Brigitte Yaghi . All lyrics written by Irshad Kamil . Tracklist No . Title Singer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Swag Se Swagat '' Vishal Dadlani & Neha Bhasin 03 : 55 2 . `` Dil Diyan Gallan '' Atif Aslam 04 : 20 3 . `` Zinda Hai '' ( Tiger Theme by Julius Packiam ) Sukhwinder Singh , Rap by Raftaar 04 : 13 4 . `` Daata Tu '' Shreya Ghoshal 04 : 13 5 . `` Tera Noor '' Jyoti Nooran 04 : 42 6 . `` Dil Diyan Gallan '' ( Unplugged ) Neha Bhasin 04 : 03 Total length : 25 : 26 Awards and nominations ( edit ) Date of Ceremony Award Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 16 January 2018 3rd Films of India Online Awards Best Action Direction Tom Struthers Won 20 January 2018 63rd Filmfare Awards Best Action Tom Struthers Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Tiger Zinda Hai Official Trailer '' . YouTube . ^ Jump up to : `` Tiger Zinda Hai - Movie '' . Box Office India . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tiger Zinda Hai ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 25 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Nair , Vipin ( 18 December 2017 ) . `` Second time 's the charm '' . The Hindu . Jump up ^ `` Ali Abbas Zaffar : Didn t write Tiger Zinda Hai as a sequel '' . Mid Day . Retrieved 7 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Group , Today . `` Times of India '' . Times of India . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . Jump up ^ News , 18 . `` News 18 , Tiger Zinda Hai '' . News 18 . News 18 . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Today , India . `` Tiger Zinda Hai '' . Times of India . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The real story of Tiger Zinda Hai : How India got 46 nurses back from ISIS '' . Rediff.com. 7 November 2017 . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Zinda Hai First Look Poster : Salman Khan Sends A Perfect Diwali Gift To Fans '' . News18.com . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Zinda Hai Trailer : Tiger Zinda Hai trailer : Watch Salman Khan and Katrina Kaif blow up buildings , torch cars and rescue hostages '' . GQ ( Indian edition ) . Retrieved 7 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Sen , Sushmita ( 22 December 2017 ) . `` Tiger Zinda Hai movie review : Audience loved Salman Khan - starrer ; ready to give it more than 5 ratings '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 25 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Filmfare Awards 2018 : Complete List Of Winners '' . NDTV.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Paresh Rawal to join Team ' Tiger Zinda Hai ' '' . Daily News and Analysis . Retrieved 9 Mar 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gavie Chahal says Punjabi film industry badly needs professional film makers '' . Daily Hunt . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who is Tiger Zinda Hai villain ? Meet Sajjad Delfrooz . He is locking horns with Salman and Katrina '' . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Zinda Hai adds Paresh Rawal to its cast '' . Retrieved 9 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Angad Bedi kicked about working with Salman Khan in Tiger Zinda Hai '' . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 27 Apr 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Zinda Hai Trailer : Salman Khan , Katrina Kaif 's ' Roar ' Is What You Just Heard '' . NDTV. 7 November 2017 . Retrieved 7 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Salman Khan and Katrina Kaif in Greece for the shooting of their film Tiger Zinda Hai '' . www.elinepa.org . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Sajjad Delafrooz , the Salman Khan 's arch nemesis in Tiger Zinda Hai '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Is ' Tiger Zinda Hai ' YRF 's costliest film ? '' . Republic World . 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TIGER ZINDA HAI Trailer Creates Multiple Records Within 24 Hours '' . YRF. 16 November 2017 . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Rajat Tripathi ( 11 November 2017 ) . `` Salman Khan 's Tiger Zinda Hai trailer becomes the most liked movie trailer on YouTube in the world ! '' . BollywoodLife.com . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Jack Shepherd ( 1 December 2017 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War trailer sets record for most views in a single day '' . independent.co.uk . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Tiger Zinda Hai ' cleared by CBFC , gets U / A certificate '' . Zee News . 16 December 2017 . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Salman Khan 's Tiger Zinda Hai not cleared for Pakistan screening by CBFC '' . DAWN Images . 13 December 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Has Salman Khan , Katrina Kaif 's ' Tiger Zinda Hai ' been banned in Pakistan ? '' . The Express Tribune . 13 December 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/salman-khans-tiger-zinda-hai-faces-valmiki-wrath/articleshow/62215726.cms Jump up ^ http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/tiger-zinda-hai-protests-salman-khan-attack-theatre-agra/1/1116736.html Jump up ^ http://www.bombaytimes.com/celebs/salman-khan-and-shilpa-shetty-kundra-in-legal-trouble-for-their-bhangi-comment/articleshow/62209126.cms Jump up ^ https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/multiplexes-to-screen-salman-khan-starrer-tiger-zinda-hai-despite-mns-threat/articleshow/62140219.cms Jump up ^ `` Shiv Sena joins MNS against Salman Khan 's Tiger Zinda Hai , says our tiger is ' zinda ' too '' . The Indian Express . 2017 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ http://m.businesstoday.in/story/salman-khan-katrina-kaif-tiger-zinda-hai-blockbuster-hit-2017-bollywood-waiting-for/1/266572.html Jump up ^ `` taran adarsh ( @ taran_adarsh ) Twitter '' . twitter.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Zinda Hai Movie Review : Salman Khan & Katrina Kaif - Entertainment Abhi Zinda Hai '' . Koimoi. 2017 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Film review : Tiger Zinda Hai '' . The National . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Zinda Hai Review ( 3.5 / 5 ) : This Tiger is alive and kicking '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Review : Tiger Zinda Hai '' . filmfare.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Zinda Hai movie review : Salman roars , Katrina packs a punch '' . https://www.deccanchronicle.com/. 2017 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 25 . External link in work = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.news18.com/news/movies/tiger-zinda-hai-movie-review-a-beloved-leading-man-and-some-thrilling-action-1612245.html Jump up ^ http://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/movie-review-tiger-zinda-hai-salman-khan-and-katrina-kaif Jump up ^ `` Tiger Zinda Hai Movie Review : Salman Khan Is Alive And Kicking In A Film That Is Too Long '' . NDTV.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Zinda Hai movie review : Salman Khan on a horse is far more lethal than ISIS '' . Hindustan Times . 2017 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/tiger-zinda-hai-movie-review-salman-katrina-deliver-fun-with-equal-parts-swag-silliness-and-schmaltz-4271153.html Jump up ^ `` Tiger Zinda Hai movie review : The Katrina and Salman starrer is an enjoyable fare '' . The Indian Express . 2017 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Zinda Hai Sets Non Holiday Record - Box Office India '' . www.boxofficeindia.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Top Days In History - Tiger Zinda Hai Second - Box Office India '' . www.boxofficeindia.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Opening Weekends - Tiger Zinda Hai Second - Box Office India '' . www.boxofficeindia.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Zinda Hai Monday Early Estimate '' . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Runs Riot On Monday - Challenges Bahubali '' . Jump up ^ http://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=3512 Jump up ^ `` Tiger Zinda Hai Strong In US / Canada On Monday '' . Jump up ^ `` Overseas - Tiger Zinda Hai Set To Be Number One Weekend '' . Jump up ^ `` Worldwide Opening Weekends All Time - Tiger 5th '' . Jump up ^ `` Yearly Average Rates ( 65.11 INR per USD ) '' . OFX. 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : Worldwide collections and day wise breakup of Tiger Zinda Hai '' . Bollywood Hungama. 15 February 2018 . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : Tiger Zinda Hai collects 20.30 mil . USD ( Rs. 128.9 cr . ) in overseas till 6th week '' . Bollywood Hungama. 3 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Swag se swagat ' gets Arabic version '' . Jump up ^ `` FOI Online Awards '' . FOI Online Awards . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 21 . External links ( edit ) India portal 2010s portal Film portal Bollywood portal Tiger Is Alive on IMDb Tiger Zinda Hai at Bollywood Hungama Tiger Zinda Hai ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) on iTunes Arabic : Swag Se Swagat عربى Song Tiger Zinda Hai Salman Khan Katrina Kaif Rabih Brigitte Yash Raj Films About Head Office Y - Films Yash Chopra Daag : A Poem of Love ( 1973 ) Kabhie Kabhie ( 1976 ) Kaala Patthar ( 1979 ) Silsila ( 1981 ) Mashaal ( 1984 ) Faasle ( 1985 ) Vijay ( 1988 ) Chandni ( 1989 ) Lamhe ( 1991 ) Darr ( 1993 ) Dil To Pagal Hai ( 1997 ) Veer - Zaara ( 2004 ) Jab Tak Hai Jaan ( 2012 ) Aditya Chopra Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge ( 1995 ) Mohabbatein ( 2000 ) Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi ( 2008 ) Befikre ( 2016 ) Kunal Kohli Mujhse Dosti Karoge ( 2002 ) Hum Tum ( 2004 ) Fanaa ( 2006 ) Thoda Pyaar Thoda Magic ( 2008 ) Shaad Ali Saathiya ( 2002 ) Bunty Aur Babli ( 2005 ) Jhoom Barabar Jhoom ( 2007 ) Kill Dil ( 2014 ) Siddharth Anand Salaam Namaste ( 2005 ) Ta Ra Rum Pum ( 2007 ) Bachna Ae Haseeno ( 2008 ) Sanjay Gadhvi Mere Yaar Ki Shaadi Hai ( 2002 ) Dhoom ( 2004 ) Dhoom 2 ( 2006 ) Shimit Amin Chak De ! India ( 2007 ) Rocket Singh : Salesman of the Year ( 2009 ) Jugal Hansraj Roadside Romeo ( 2008 ) Pyaar Impossible ! ( 2010 ) Kabir Khan Kabul Express ( 2006 ) New York ( 2009 ) Ek Tha Tiger ( 2012 ) Pradeep Sarkar Laaga Chunari Mein Daag ( 2007 ) Lafangey Parindey ( 2010 ) Mardaani ( 2014 ) Maneesh Sharma Band Baaja Baaraat ( 2010 ) Ladies vs Ricky Bahl ( 2011 ) Shuddh Desi Romance ( 2013 ) Fan ( 2016 ) Vijay Krishna Acharya Tashan ( 2008 ) Dhoom 3 ( 2013 ) Thugs of Hindostan ( 2018 ) Ramesh Talwar Doosra Aadmi ( 1977 ) Sawaal ( 1982 ) Ali Abbas Zafar Mere Brother Ki Dulhan ( 2011 ) Gunday ( 2014 ) Sultan ( 2016 ) Tiger Zinda Hai ( 2017 ) Habib Faisal Ishaqzaade ( 2012 ) Daawat - e-Ishq ( 2014 ) Qaidi Band ( 2017 ) Dibakar Banerjee Detective Byomkesh Bakshy ! ( 2015 ) Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar ( 2018 ) Sharat Katariya Dum Laga Ke Haisha ( 2015 ) Sui Dhaaga ( 2018 ) Other Noorie ( 1979 ) Nakhuda ( 1981 ) Aaina ( 1993 ) Yeh Dillagi ( 1994 ) Neal ' n ' Nikki ( 2005 ) Aaja Nachle ( 2007 ) Dil Bole Hadippa ! ( 2009 ) Badmaash Company ( 2010 ) Aurangzeb ( 2013 ) Aaha Kalyanam ( 2014 ) Bewakoofiyaan ( 2014 ) Titli ( 2014 ) Meri Pyaari Bindu ( 2017 ) Hichki ( 2018 ) List of films released by Yash Raj Films Tiger ( franchise ) Films Ek Tha Tiger ( 2012 ) Tiger Zinda Hai ( 2017 ) Graphic novels Ek Tha Tiger : Saving The High Seas ( 2012 ) Ek Tha Tiger : Caught In The Web ( 2012 ) Games Ek Tha Tiger ( Android game ) Ek Tha Tiger ( Windows game ) Related Hum Tum ( 2003 ) Hum Tum : The War Begins ! ( 2012 ) Yomics World List of films released by Yash Raj Films Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tiger_Zinda_Hai&oldid=829069336 '' Categories : 2017 films Hindi - language films Indian spy films Films about the Research and Analysis Wing Indian action thriller films Films shot in Austria Indian action films Films about terrorism Yash Raj Films films Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Use dmy dates from October 2017 Use Indian English from October 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with input errors Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা فارسی Français हिन्दी मैथिली മലയാളം नेपाली Português Русский 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 March 2018 , at 12 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the director of tiger jinda hai | [
"Tiger Zinda Hai (English: Tiger Is Alive), also known as TZH,[4] is a 2017 Indian Hindi-language action thriller film, directed and co-written by Ali Abbas Zafar.[5] The film stars Salman Khan, Katrina Kaif and Sajjad Delfrooz in leading roles, with Angad Bedi, Kumud Mishra, Nawab Shah, Girish Karnad and Paresh Rawal in supporting roles.[6][7] The film is the sequel to the 2012 film Ek Tha Tiger and the second installment of the Tiger film series,[8] and is based on the 2014 abduction of Indian nurses by ISIL.[9]"
] | [
"Ali Abbas Zafar"
] |
6317598786686623175 | Last of the Summer Wine | Last of the Summer Wine - wikipedia Last of the Summer Wine Jump to : navigation , search Last of the Summer Wine A typical intertitle Also known as The Last of the Summer Wine ( Pilot episode ) Genre Sitcom Created by Roy Clarke Written by Roy Clarke Directed by James Gilbert ( 1973 ) Bernard Thompson ( 1975 ) Sydney Lotterby ( 1976 -- 1979 , 1982 -- 1983 ) Ray Butt ( 1976 ) Alan J.W. Bell ( 1981 -- 1982 , 1983 -- 2010 ) Starring Michael Bates Bill Owen Peter Sallis Brian Wilde Michael Aldridge Frank Thornton Tom Owen Keith Clifford Brian Murphy Burt Kwouk Russ Abbot John Comer Jane Freeman Joe Gladwin Kathy Staff Dame Thora Hird Jean Alexander Stephen Lewis Dora Bryan Mike Grady Sarah Thomas Gordon Wharmby Robert Fyfe Juliette Kaplan Jean Fergusson Danny O'Dea Josephine Tewson June Whitfield Trevor Bannister Barbara Young Theme music composer Ronnie Hazlehurst Opening theme `` The Last of the Summer Wine '' Composer ( s ) Ronnie Hazlehurst Nigel Hess Jim Parker Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series 31 No. of episodes 295 ( list of episodes ) Production Producer ( s ) James Gilbert ( 1973 ) Bernard Thompson ( 1975 ) Sydney Lotterby ( 1976 -- 1979 , 1982 -- 1983 ) Alan J.W. Bell ( 1981 -- 1982 , 1983 -- 2010 ) Location ( s ) Holmfirth , West Yorkshire , England Cinematography Pat O'Shea Running time 30 minutes Production company ( s ) BBC Distributor BBC Worldwide 2entertain Universal Pictures ABC ( Australia , home video ) Warner Home Video ( US , home video ) Release Original network BBC1 BBC HD Picture format 576i ( 4 : 3 SDTV ) ( 1973 -- 1998 ) 576i ( 16 : 9 SDTV ) ( 1999 -- 2005 ) ( 720p 16 : 9 HDTV ) ( 2006 ) ( 1080i HDTV 16 : 9 ) ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Audio format Mono ( 1973 -- 1990 ) Stereo ( 1990 - 2005 ) Dolby Digital 5.1 ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Original release 4 January 1973 ( 1973 - 01 - 04 ) -- 29 August 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 29 ) Chronology Related shows Comedy Playhouse First of the Summer Wine Last of the Summer Wine is a British sitcom that was created and written by Roy Clarke that was originally broadcast by the BBC . It premiered as an episode of Comedy Playhouse on 4 January 1973 , and the first series of episodes followed on 12 November 1973 . From 1983 to 2010 , Alan J.W. Bell produced and directed all episodes of the show . The BBC confirmed on 2 June 2010 that Last of the Summer Wine would no longer be produced and the 31st series would be its last . Subsequently , the final episode was broadcast on 29 August 2010 . Tom Owen criticised the BBC for not permitting a special final episode . Roy Clarke , however , stated that he was fully aware this was the last series , and preferred the show to have a quiet ending . The final line was said by Peter Sallis , the longest serving actor . Since its original release , all 295 episodes , comprising thirty - one series -- including the pilot and all Specials -- have been released on DVD . Repeats of the show are broadcast in the UK on Gold , Yesterday , and Drama . It is also seen in more than twenty - five countries , including various PBS stations in the United States and on VisionTV in Canada . Last of the Summer Wine is the longest - running comedy programme in Britain and the longest - running sitcom in the world . Last of the Summer Wine was set and filmed in and around Holmfirth , West Yorkshire , England , and centred on a trio of old men and their youthful misadventures ; the membership of the trio changed several times over the years . The original trio consisted of Bill Owen as the mischievous and impulsive Compo Simmonite , Peter Sallis as easy - going everyman Norman Clegg , and Michael Bates as uptight and arrogant Cyril Blamire . When Bates dropped out due to illness in 1976 after two series , the role of the third man of the trio was filled in various years up to the 30th series by the quirky war veteran Walter `` Foggy '' Dewhurst ( Brian Wilde ) , who had two lengthy stints in the series , the eccentric inventor Seymour Utterthwaite ( Michael Aldridge ) , and former police officer Herbert `` Truly of The Yard '' Truelove ( Frank Thornton ) . The men never seem to grow up , and they develop a unique perspective on their equally eccentric fellow townspeople through their stunts . Although in its early years the series generally revolved around the exploits of the main trio , with occasional interaction with a few recurring characters , over time the cast grew to include a variety of supporting characters and by later years the series was very much an ensemble piece . Each of these recurring characters contributed their own running jokes and subplots to the show and often becoming reluctantly involved in the schemes of the trio , or on occasion having their own , separate storylines . After the death of Owen in 1999 , Compo was replaced at various times by his real - life son , Tom Owen , as equally unhygienic Tom Simmonite , Keith Clifford as Billy Hardcastle , a man who thought of himself as a descendant of Robin Hood , and Brian Murphy as the cheeky - chappy Alvin Smedley . Due to the age of the main cast , a new trio was formed during the 30th series featuring somewhat younger actors , and this format was used for the final two instalments of the show . This group consisted of Russ Abbot as a former milkman who fancied himself a secret agent , Luther `` Hobbo '' Hobdyke , Burt Kwouk as the electrical repairman , `` Electrical '' Entwistle , and Murphy as Alvin Smedley . Sallis and Thornton , both past members of the trio , continued in supporting roles alongside the new actors . Although many feel the show 's quality declined over the years , Last of the Summer Wine continued to receive large audiences for the BBC and was praised for its positive portrayal of older people and family - friendly humour . Many members of the Royal Family enjoyed the show . The programme was nominated for numerous awards and won the National Television Award for Most Popular Comedy Programme in 1999 . There were twenty - one Christmas specials , three television films and a documentary film about the series . Last of the Summer Wine inspired other adaptations , including a television prequel , several novelisations , and stage adaptations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 1.1 History and development 1.2 Filming 1.3 Cast and crew 1.4 Music 1.5 Cancellation 2 Characters and casting 3 Scenario 4 Episodes 4.1 Specials 4.2 Films 4.3 Documentaries 4.4 DVD releases 5 Other adaptations 5.1 First of the Summer Wine 5.2 Cooper and Walsh 5.3 Stage adaptations 5.4 Other media 6 Reception 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Production ( edit ) History and development ( edit ) In 1972 , Duncan Wood , the BBC 's Head of Comedy , watched a comedy on television called The Misfit . Impressed by writer Roy Clarke 's ability to inject both comedy and drama into the sitcom , Wood offered Clarke the opportunity to write a sitcom . Clarke nearly turned the job down as he felt that the BBC 's idea for a programme about three old men was a dull concept for a half - hour sitcom . Instead , Clarke proposed that the men should all be unmarried , widowed , or divorced and either unemployed or retired , leaving them free to roam around like adolescents in the prime of their lives , unfettered and uninhibited . Clarke chose the original title , The Last of the Summer Wine , to convey the idea that the characters are not in the autumn of their lives but the summer , even though it may be `` the last of the summer '' . BBC producers hated this at first and insisted that it remain a temporary working title , while the cast worried that viewers would forget the name of the show . The working title was changed later to The Library Mob , a reference to one of the trio 's regular haunts early in the show . Clarke switched back to his original preference shortly before production began , a title that was shortened to Last of the Summer Wine after the pilot show . The Last of the Summer Wine premiered as an episode of BBC 's Comedy Playhouse on 4 January 1973 . The pilot , `` Of Funerals and Fish '' , received enough positive response that a full series was commissioned to be broadcast before the end of the year . Although the initial series did not do well in the ratings , the BBC ordered a second series in 1975 . Filming ( edit ) Sid 's Café in Holmfirth , a regular filming location . The café has become a tourist destination on the strength of the series , and features a model of Compo outside for photographic purposes . Barry Took , who had produced a series of ultimately unsuccessful documentaries for the BBC about working men 's clubs , was partially responsible for the choice of location for the exterior shots . The programme which drew the highest ratings of the series focused on Burnlee Working Men 's Club , a club in the small West Yorkshire town of Holmfirth and Took saw Holmfirth 's potential as the backdrop of a television show . Took 's idea was passed to James Gilbert and Roy Clarke via Duncan Wood , who was at that time filming Comedy Playhouse . Gilbert and Clarke then travelled to Holmfirth and decided to use it as the setting for the pilot of Last of the Summer Wine . Though the exterior shots were always filmed on location in Holmfirth and the surrounding countryside , the interior shots were , until the early 1990s , filmed in front of a live studio audience at BBC Television Centre in London . The amount of location work increased , however , as studio work became a drain on time and money . Under Alan J.W. Bell , Last of the Summer Wine became the first comedy series to do away with the live studio audience , moving all of the filming to Holmfirth . The episodes were filmed and then shown to preview audiences , whose laughter was recorded and then mixed into each episode 's soundtrack to provide a laugh track and avoid the use of canned laughter . The show used actual businesses and homes in and around Holmfirth , and Nora Batty 's house , which is actually a Summer Wine themed holiday cottage where members of the public can stay in a replica of Nora Batty 's home . Although this has helped the Holmfirth economy and made it a tourist destination , tensions have occasionally surfaced between Holmfirth residents and the crew . One such incident , regarding compensation to local residents , prompted producer Alan J.W. Bell to consider not filming in Holmfirth any more . The situation escalated to the point that Bell filmed a scene in which Nora Batty put her house up for sale . Cast and crew ( edit ) Every episode of Last of the Summer Wine was written by Roy Clarke and every episode featured Peter Sallis as Clegg . The Comedy Playhouse pilot and all episodes of the first series were produced and directed by James Gilbert . Bernard Thompson produced and directed the second series of episodes in 1975 . In 1976 , Sydney Lotterby took over as producer and director . He directed all but two episodes of the third series -- Ray Butt directed `` The Great Boarding House Bathroom Caper '' and `` Cheering up Gordon '' . Lotterby directed two further series before departing the show in 1979 . In 1981 , Alan J.W. Bell took over as producer and director . Bell , in an effort to get each scene exactly right , was known for his use of more film and more takes than his predecessors and for using wider angles that feature more of the local Holmfirth landscape . In 1983 , Lotterby returned to the show at the insistence of Brian Wilde , who preferred Lotterby 's use of tight shots focused on the trio as they talked rather than Bell 's wide - angle scenes . Lotterby produced and directed one additional series before departing again the same year . Bell then returned to the show beginning with the 1983 Christmas special and produced and directed all episodes of the show to the end of the 31st series . In 2008 , Bell announced that he had quit as producer of Last of the Summer Wine . Citing differences with the BBC and his dislike of their indifference towards the series , Bell said , `` I have now decided I will not do it again . I have had enough of the BBC 's attitude . '' The announcement came following rumours initiated by Bell that the network would not commission another series of episodes following the 30th series and their indecision regarding a possible one - off special . However , on 26 June 2009 , the BBC announced that it had recommissioned the show for a 31st series with Bell continuing as producer and director . Music ( edit ) Audio samples of Last of the Summer Wine ( media help ) `` Last of the Summer Wine '' by Ronnie Hazlehurst Problems playing this file ? See media help . Composer and conductor Ronnie Hazlehurst , who has also produced themes for such series as Are You Being Served ? , Yes Minister , and Only Fools and Horses , created the theme for the show . The BBC initially disliked Hazlehurst 's theme , feeling it was not proper for a comedy programme to have such mellow music . He was asked to play the music faster for more comedic effect but eventually his original slower version was accepted . The theme , an instrumental work , featured lyrics three times . The 1981 Christmas special , `` Whoops '' , had two verses of lyrics written by Roy Clarke that were performed over the closing credits . The 1983 film , `` Getting Sam Home '' , used those two verses , with an additional two and played them over the opening credits . Another altered version was sung during Compo 's funeral in the 2000 episode `` Just a Small Funeral '' . Bill Owen also wrote a different version of the lyrics but this version was never used during an episode of the show . Composing the score for each episode until his death in 2007 , Hazlehurst spent an average of ten hours per episode watching scenes and making notes for music synchronisation . Hazlehurst then recorded the music using an orchestra consisting of a guitar , harmonica , two violins , a viola , cello , accordion , horn , bass , flute , and percussion . The distinctive harmonica was played by Harry Pitch , who had featured in the 1970 one - hit - wonder `` Groovin With Mr Bloe '' . Cancellation ( edit ) Despite numerous cast and production changes over the years , Last of the Summer Wine continued to be popular with viewers and was renewed year after year despite reports to the contrary . Rumours circulated as early as the 1980s that the BBC wanted to end the show and replace it with a new programme aimed at a younger audience . Its popularity made this decision hard to justify , however , since even repeats sometimes received ratings of as many as five million viewers per episode . In December 2008 , Alan J.W. Bell stated in an interview with The Daily Telegraph that the BBC had not yet commissioned a new series and that bosses at the network told him one would not be produced . Bell criticised this decision , stating that `` millions still enjoy the series and the actors love being involved '' and that it would be a terrible blow to the shops and businesses in Holmfirth who have come to depend on tourist revenue . The BBC denied these claims , saying that a decision had not yet been reached whether to commission another series or not . It was confirmed on 26 June 2009 that a 31st series of 6 episodes had been commissioned for transmission in 2010 . In June 2010 the BBC announced that it would not renew Last of the Summer Wine after its thirty - first series was broadcast during the summer of 2010 . The final episode of the show , `` How Not to Cry at Weddings '' , was subsequently broadcast on 29 August 2010 . Characters and casting ( edit ) Main article : List of Last of the Summer Wine characters The most famous of the Last of the Summer Wine trios : From left to right : Peter Sallis as Norman Clegg , Brian Wilde as `` Foggy '' Dewhurst , and Bill Owen as William `` Compo '' Simmonite . Initially , the only certain cast member for the show was Peter Sallis . Clarke had already collaborated on a few scripts with him and the character of Norman Clegg was created especially for Sallis , who liked the character and agreed to play him . He was soon joined by an actor he had previously worked with , Michael Bates as Cyril Blamire . `` The joy of Bill Owen 's Compo is not what he does with the words but where he takes the character beyond what 's in the script . He did this in a physical manner . It was only when I saw Bill on screen that I realized what a wonderful physical clown he was . '' Roy Clarke on Bill Owen and Compo James Gilbert had seen film actor Bill Owen playing northern characters in the Royal Court Theatre and proposed to cast him as Compo Simmonite . Clarke , who initially saw Owen as an archetypal cockney who could not play as solid a northern character as Compo was meant to be , recognised Owen 's potential only after going to London for a read - through with him . On - screen chemistry with existing players determined the later changes to the cast . Brian Wilde , Michael Aldridge and Frank Thornton each brought a sense of completion to the trio after the departure of the preceding third man . Tom Owen provided a direct link between his father and himself after the death of Bill Owen . Keith Clifford was added following three popular guest appearances on the show . Brian Murphy was chosen as Nora Batty 's neighbour because of his work on George and Mildred , where he played the hen - pecked husband to a strong - willed woman . In 2008 , the BBC announced that Russ Abbot would join the cast in series 30 as a relatively youthful actor . Abbot was cast to allow Sallis and Thornton to reduce their role on the show to indoor scenes only . Abbot portrayed Luther `` Hobbo '' Hobdyke , who formed a new trio with Entwistle and Alvin . Entwistle , played by Burt Kwouk , had been a supporting character brought in to replace Wesley Pegden after the death of actor Gordon Wharmby , but his role on the show steadily increased in the previous two series . The original cast of Last of the Summer Wine also included a handful of characters with whom the trio regularly interacted . Kathy Staff was chosen to play Compo 's neighbour , Nora Batty . Gilbert was initially sceptical about casting Staff but changed his mind after she padded herself to look bigger and read from a scene between her character and Owen 's . This group was rounded out by characters at two locations frequented by the trio : John Comer and Jane Freeman as Sid and Ivy , the quarrelling husband - and - wife owners of the local café ; and Blake Butler and Rosemary Martin as Mr Wainwright and Mrs Partridge , the librarians having a not - so - secret affair . Butler and Martin , however , were dropped as major characters after the first series . According to Peter Sallis , Roy Clarke felt there was little more he could do with them . Supporting cast members were added throughout the run of the show . The only addition with no professional acting experience was the Holmfirth resident Gordon Wharmby , who performed so well during his audition as mechanic Wesley Pegden that Alan J.W. Bell cast him in one episode . Pegden became a regular character after a positive audience reception . When Alan J.W. Bell took over as producer , the plots of Last of the Summer Wine moved away from the original dialogue - packed scenes in the pub and the library ; guest actors were brought in to interact with the trio in new situations . Although many of these guest appearances lasted for only one episode , some led to a permanent role on the show , as in the cases of Gordon Wharmby , Thora Hird , Jean Alexander , Stephen Lewis , Dora Bryan , Keith Clifford , Brian Murphy , Josephine Tewson , June Whitfield , Barbara Young , and Trevor Bannister . Other noted guests on the programme included John Cleese , Ron Moody , Sir Norman Wisdom , Eric Sykes , Liz Fraser , Stanley Lebor , and Philip Jackson . Scenario ( edit ) Last of the Summer Wine focused on a trio of older men and their youthful antics . The original trio consisted of Compo Simmonite , Norman Clegg , and Cyril Blamire . Blamire left in 1976 , when Michael Bates fell ill shortly before filming of the third series , requiring Clarke to hastily rewrite the series with a new third man . The third member of the trio would be recast four times over the next three decades : Foggy Dewhurst in 1976 , Seymour Utterthwaite in 1986 , Foggy again in 1990 , and Truly Truelove in 1997 . After Compo died in 1999 , his son , Tom Simmonite , filled the gap for the rest of that series , and Billy Hardcastle joined the cast as the third lead character in 2001 . The trio became a quartet between 2003 and 2006 when Alvin Smedley moved in next door to Nora Batty , but returned to the usual threesome in 2006 when Billy Hardcastle left the show . The role of supporting character Entwistle steadily grew until the beginning of the 30th series , when he and Alvin were recruited by Hobbo Hobdyke , a former milkman with ties to MI5 , to form a new trio of volunteers who respond to any emergency . The trio explored the world around them , experiencing a second childhood with no wives , jobs , or responsibilities . They passed the time by speculating about their fellow townspeople and testing inventions . Regular subplots in the first decade of the show included : Sid and Ivy bickering over the management of the café , Mr Wainwright and Mrs Partridge having a secret love affair that everyone knows about , Wally trying to get away from Nora 's watchful eye , Foggy 's exaggerated war stories , and Compo 's schemes to win the affections of Nora Batty . The number of subplots on the show grew as more cast members were added . Regular subplots since the 1980s included : Howard and Marina trying to have an affair without Howard 's wife finding out ( a variation of the Wainwright - Partridge subplot of the 1970s ) , the older women meeting for tea and discussing their theories about men and life , Auntie Wainwright trying to sell unwanted merchandise to unsuspecting customers , Smiler trying to find a woman , Barry trying to better himself ( at the insistence of Glenda ) , and Tom trying to stay one step ahead of the repo man . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Last of the Summer Wine episodes A collage illustrating the different compositions of the main characters during Last of the Summer Wine 's 37 year run . From left to right : Series 1 -- 2 , Series 3 -- 8 & 12 -- 18 , Series 9 -- 11 , Series 19 -- 21 , Series 21 , Series 22 -- 24 , Series 25 -- 27 , Series 28 -- 29 , Series 30 -- 31 . Last of the Summer Wine was the longest - running comedy programme in Britain , and the longest running situation comedy in the world . Each series has between six and twelve episodes ; most were thirty minutes in length , with some specials running longer . There were 295 episodes and 31 series between 1973 and 2010 , counting the pilot , all episodes of the series , specials , and two films . The episodes are listed here . Specials ( edit ) In 1978 , the BBC commissioned a Last of the Summer Wine Christmas special instead of a new series . Titled `` Small Tune on a Penny Wassail '' , it was broadcast on 26 December 1978 . Other Christmas programmes followed in 1979 and 1981 . The 1981 special , `` Whoops '' , gained 17 million viewers and was beaten only by Coronation Street for the number one spot . Christmas shows were produced infrequently thereafter and sometimes were the only new episodes in years without an order for a new series . This happened often during the 1980s when Roy Clarke 's commitment to Open All Hours prevented the production of a full series every year . The specials often included well - known guest stars such as John Cleese and June Whitfield . The first New Year special , `` The Man who Nearly Knew Pavarotti '' , was commissioned in 1994 . The hour - long show was broadcast on 1 January 1995 and featured Norman Wisdom as a piano player who had lost the confidence to play . A second New Year programme was produced and broadcast in 2000 to celebrate the new millennium . It featured the second guest appearance by Keith Clifford and a guest appearance by Dora Bryan . Titled `` Last Post and Pigeon '' , the show ran for sixty minutes and dealt with the trio 's pilgrimage to visit World War II graves in France . Part of this special was shot on location in France . A third New Year show , titled `` I Was a Hitman for Primrose Dairies '' , was broadcast on 31 December 2008 and introduced Hobbo and the new trio he formed with Entwistle and Alvin . Films ( edit ) In 1983 , Bill Owen suggested to a newly returned producer Alan J.W. Bell that Roy Clarke 's novelisation of the show should be made into a feature - length special . Other British sitcoms such as Steptoe and Son and Dad 's Army had previously produced films made for the cinema , but the BBC were initially sceptical as they had never before commissioned a film based on a comedy programme for original broadcast on television . They nevertheless commissioned a ninety - minute film named `` Getting Sam Home '' , which was broadcast on 27 December 1983 , and started a trend which would continue with other British sitcoms , including Only Fools and Horses . Following the success of `` Getting Sam Home '' , a second film was made during 1985 , Broadcast on 1 January 1986 . Titled `` Uncle of the Bride '' , the film featured the introduction of Michael Aldridge as Seymour Utterthwaite , the new third man of the trio . The plot centred on the marriage of Seymour 's niece , Glenda ( Sarah Thomas ) , to Barry ( Mike Grady ) . Also making her first appearance in the film was Thora Hird as Seymour 's sister and Glenda 's mother , Edie , as well as re-introducing Gordon Wharmby as Edie 's husband Wesley , previously seen in three popular one - off appearances . The second film proved a success and all four new characters were carried over to the show beginning with the ninth series in 1986 . A third film entitled `` Big Day at Dream Acres '' was later made and Broadcast on 27 December 1987 . Documentaries ( edit ) A documentary film was commissioned to celebrate the 25th anniversary of Last of the Summer Wine . Produced and directed by Alan J.W. Bell , it featured interviews with the majority of cast and crew members , outtakes from the show , and a behind - the - scenes look at production . Segments with Duncan Wood and Barry Took explained the origins of the show and how it came to be filmed in Holmfirth . The documentary was broadcast on 30 March 1997 . An updated version of the documentary was commissioned for the 30th anniversary of the series . Broadcast on 13 April 2003 , this version featured an expanded interview with Brian Wilde and new interviews with Brian Murphy and Burt Kwouk . DVD releases ( edit ) Main article : List of Last of the Summer Wine home video releases In September 2002 Universal Playback ( licensed by the BBC ) began releasing boxed sets of episodes on DVD for region two . Each set contains two consecutive full series of episodes . By August 2016 , the entire series had been released on DVD . Three `` best of '' collections as well as four sets devoted to individual series have been released for region one . The first , simply titled Last of the Summer Wine , was released in 2003 and includes early episodes from the 1970s and 1980s . The second collection , titled Last of the Summer Wine : Vintage 1995 , followed in 2004 and includes episodes from series seventeen and the 30th anniversary documentary . A 2008 release named Last of the Summer Wine : Vintage 1976 focuses on the third series of the show and includes bonus interviews with Peter Sallis , Brian Wilde , and Frank Thornton . A fourth title , Last of the Summer Wine : Vintage 1977 , was released in September 2008 . It focuses on the fourth series and feature a rare 1977 interview with Roy Clarke . Last of the Summer Wine : Vintage 1979 was released in June 2009 . This fifth collection included episodes from series five and includes bonus interviews . A set of Christmas specials that was originally broadcast between 1978 and 1982 followed in October 2009 . Last of the Summer Wine : Vintage 1982 -- 1983 was released on 27 April 2010 . The new collection features all episodes from the sixth and seventh series , but does not include the 1982 Christmas special `` All Mod Conned '' . On 4 December 2017 , BBC released ' The Complete Collection ' DVD set . This collection contains all 32 series across 54 disks . It also includes the pilot and all Christmas episodes . Other adaptations ( edit ) First of the Summer Wine ( edit ) Main article : First of the Summer Wine A spin - off prequel show , First of the Summer Wine , premiered on BBC1 in 1988 . The new programme was written by Roy Clarke and used different actors to follow the activities of the principal characters from Last of the Summer Wine in the months leading up to World War II . Unlike its mother show , First of the Summer Wine was not filmed in Holmfirth . Period music was used instead of Ronnie Hazlehurst 's score to create a more World War II era atmosphere . New supporting characters were added to those from Last of the Summer Wine . Peter Sallis and Jonathan Linsley were the only actors from the original series to appear in the spin - off : Sallis played the father of his own character from the original show and Linsley appeared during the second series as a different character . The spin - off show could not build on its early success and was cancelled after two series of thirteen episodes in 1989 . Although the BBC has never rerun the show , it has been broadcast on Gold and internationally . Cooper and Walsh ( edit ) In 2014 , it was announced that long - time supporting actors Ken Kitson and Louis Emerick had returned to Holmfirth to reprise their roles as Police Constables Cooper and Walsh in the pilot for a new proposed spin - off , Cooper and Walsh . Alan J.W. Bell as well as crew from Last of the Summer Wine were involved in the creation of two short films while Kitson and Emerick appealed for funding through crowd - sourcing sites in the hopes of gaining enough support to produce a feature film featuring the duo or even a television series . Associate Producer Terry Bartlam believed there was enough of a cope with Cooper and Walsh that they could carry their own series and that this spin - off could be the answer to those who believed Last of the Summer Wine should have been given a proper ending . Stage adaptations ( edit ) A live production of Last of the Summer Wine , known informally as the `` summer season '' , was produced in Bournemouth in 1984 . While Bill Owen and Peter Sallis reprised their roles as Compo and Clegg , Brian Wilde chose not to take part because of personal differences with Owen . The show focused on the men 's interaction with Clegg 's new neighbour , Howard ( Kenneth Waller ) , and his wife , Pearl , played by a local actress . The first act built up to the appearance of Marina ( Jean Fergusson ) , who was in correspondence with Howard . At the end of the first act , Marina was revealed to be a blonde sexpot . Howard and Marina 's story line was partly based on an early subplot of the television show . In the first series , the librarian , Mr. Wainwright , was having a love affair with his married assistant , Mrs. Partridge . Despite their efforts to keep the plot a secret , especially from Mrs. Partridge 's husband , the trio of old men were well aware of the affair . The summer season reversed the roles : Howard became the married partner , and the challenge was to keep the affair secret from his wife . The summer season proved to be a success and frequently played to packed houses . In 1985 , the show was once again produced , first as a two - week tour of Britain , and then as another summer season in Bournemouth . Fergusson returned for the second summer season , once again playing Marina . Robert Fyfe replaced Waller in the role of Howard , and Juliette Kaplan took the role of Pearl for this season . Although the new characters were not originally intended to be carried over to the television programme , Roy Clarke included them in four of the following six episodes of the 1985 series , beginning with the episode `` Catching Digby 's Donkey '' . All three characters remained until the end of the sitcom . An amended version of the show toured across Britain in 1987 . Sallis was reluctant to appear in the new production , and his role in the show was rewritten and played by Derek Fowlds . Because Owen was the only member of the television show 's trio to appear in the production , it was retitled Compo Plays Cupid . Once again , the summer season was a success . A new stage adaptation of the show debuted in 2003 . Based on Clarke 's novel The Moonbather , the play was first performed by the Scunthorpe Little Theatre Club from 7 to 11 October 2003 . Using new actors to perform the roles of Compo , Clegg , and Foggy , the play featured the trio as they attempted to get to the bottom of the disturbance created by a near - naked man in the town . The play was later performed in Eastbourne by Eastbourne Theatres from 15 July 2009 to 8 August 2009 before touring the country through November 2009 . In 2010 , it was announced that long - time supporting cast members Ken Kitson and Louis Emerick would spin their characters off into their own stage adaptation , titled An Arresting Night . Kitson and Emerick , who appeared together on Last of the Summer Wine as Police Constables Cooper and Walsh from 2003 to 2010 , reprised their roles in an improvised stage play . While some elements of the series will be used , the majority of the play was improvised , with Kitson and Emerick each deriving their cues of what to do from the audience . The play was successfully performed in Holmfirth , after which dates were announced in Emerick 's hometown on the Wirral Peninsula . Other Media ( edit ) Coronet Books released a novelisation of Last of the Summer Wine in 1974 . Written by Roy Clarke as an unbroadcast original story , the novel featured Compo , Clegg and Blamire helping their friend , Sam , enjoy one last night with a glam girl . The book became the basis for the Last of the Summer Wine film , `` Getting Sam Home '' , with Blamire being replaced by Foggy . In the late 1980s , Roy Clarke wrote novels featuring Compo , Clegg and Seymour . The books were published by Penguin Books under the series heading Summer Wine Chronicles , and included such titles as Gala Week and The Moonbather . Clarke later adapted The Moonbather into a stage play . In the early 1980s , a daily comic strip based on the show was drawn by Roger Mahoney and appeared in the Daily Star . A compilation of these strips , published by Express Books , was released in 1983 . In 1993 , the Summer Wine Appreciation Society asked their members for their favourite musical themes from Last of the Summer Wine . Ronnie Hazlehurst used the resulting list for an independently released CD collection , which was released under the name Last of the Summer Wine : Music from the TV Show . BBC Radio released audio - only versions of episodes starting in 1995 . Peter Sallis provided narration to compensate for the loss of the televised visual elements . All twelve audio episodes were released in CD format . In 1976 , a selection of early scripts from the series was published as Last of the Summer Wine Scripts . A companion guide to the show , Last of the Summer Wine : The Finest Vintage , was released in 2000 . The book was written by Morris Bright and Robert Ross and chronicled the show from its inception through the end of the 2000 series . Included were interviews with cast and crew , a character guide , and an episode guide . Both the companion guide and its updated 30th anniversary version are now out of print . A release by journalist Andrew Vine titled Last of the Summer Wine : The Inside Story of the World 's Longest - running Comedy Programme covered the entire series , including the story of the final words of the series . It was released on 16 August 2010 . On 5 November 2012 , a new book entitled Last Of the Summer Wine - From The Directors Chair was released and was written by producer and director Alan J.W. Bell . Reception ( edit ) `` I 've reached the stage now where I do n't want it to end . I 'm hoping that as one by one we drop dead that , provided Roy is still alive , it will just keep going . '' Peter Sallis on the longevity of Last of the Summer Wine During its first series , Last of the Summer Wine did not receive a high ratings share . The second series proved to be a success , however , and two episodes made it to the top ten programmes of the week . The programme has since consistently been a favourite in the ratings , peaking at 18.8 million viewers for an episode shown on 10 February 1985 . The premiere of the 28th series in 2007 brought in an 18.6 percent share of viewers in the 6 : 20 time slot with an average of 3.2 million viewers . Last of the Summer Wine 's audience grew from 2.7 million to 3.4 million over the 30 minutes . The show was beaten for the night only by Channel 4 's Big Brother with 3.6 million viewers at 9 : 00 p.m. , although the reality show had a smaller share of viewers for its time slot . The 29th series finale , which was broadcast on 31 August 2008 , was watched by 4.2 million people , giving the network a 22.5 % share for the night . The 31st series continued to bring in over four million viewers , with the series opener pulling in 4.77 million viewers for an overall 21.6 % share of the ratings for the night . Several members of the royal family were viewers of Last of the Summer Wine . While presenting an OBE to Roy Clarke in 2002 , Prince Charles said that his grandmother , the Queen Mother , had introduced him to the show . The Queen told Dame Thora Hird during a 2001 meeting that Last of the Summer Wine was her favourite television programme . A 2003 survey by Radio Times found that Last of the Summer Wine was the programme readers most wanted to see cancelled . With nearly 12,000 votes in the survey , the show received one - third of the total vote , and twice as many votes as the runner up in the poll , Heartbeat . Alan J.W. Bell responded that Radio Times has always been anti-Last of the Summer Wine , and Roy Clarke remarked that people who dislike the show `` should n't switch it on '' unless they are `` too idle to turn it off '' . A 2008 survey by County Life magazine , which named the show the worst thing about Yorkshire , was disputed by members of the Holme Valley Business Association , who said the show was good for business . The BBC wanted to cancel Last of the Summer Wine for years in favour of a new programme aimed at a younger audience , but the show remained too popular for cancellation ; even repeats received ratings of as much as five million viewers per episode . The show came 14th in a high - profile 2004 BBC poll to find Britain 's Best Sitcom , and was praised for portraying older people in a non-stereotypical , positive , and active manner . It was also praised for its clever and at times philosophical writing , and for being a family - friendly show . Last of the Summer Wine was nominated numerous times for two British television industry awards . The show was proposed five times between 1973 and 1985 for the British Academy Film Awards , twice for the Best Situation Comedy Series award ( in 1973 and 1979 ) and three times for the Best Comedy Series award ( in 1982 , 1983 , and 1985 ) . The show was also considered for the National Television Awards four times since 1999 ( in 1999 , 2000 , 2003 , and 2004 ) , each time in the Most Popular Comedy Programme category . In 1999 the show won the National Television Award for Most Popular Comedy Programme . See also ( edit ) List of longest - running TV shows by category Yorkshire dialect Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` BBC calls time on Last Of The Summer Wine '' . The Independent . 2 June 2010 . Retrieved 2 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Last of the Summer Wine , Series 31 , How Not to Cry at Weddings '' . BBC One Programmes . BBC . Retrieved 29 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Summer Wine actor bemoans farewell -- BBC News '' . BBC . 14 July 2010 . Retrieved 3 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Examiner , Huddersfield ( 24 July 2010 ) . `` Last of the Summer Wine Creator Roy Clarke says he knew this season would be the last '' . Examiner.co.uk . Retrieved 3 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- Celebrating Last of the Summer Wine 's record run '' . BBC . 16 August 2010 . Retrieved 3 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Last of the Summer Wine : The Complete Collection DVD '' . Amazon UK . Amazon UK . 4 December 2017 . Retrieved 6 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Summer Wine Story '' . Summer Wine Online . Summer Wine Appreciation Society . Archived from the original on 1 May 2008 . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Mangan , Lucy ( 6 November 2007 ) . `` Cable girl : why has the Summer Wine lasted ? '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 4 December 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Producer and director : Alan J.W. Bell ( 13 April 2003 ) . 30 Years of Last of the Summer Wine . BBC One . Jump up ^ Reed , Ed ( 23 September 2003 ) . `` Axe Summer Wine says shock magazine survey '' . Huddersfield Daily Examiner . Retrieved 4 December 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Oatts , Joanne ( 17 July 2007 ) . `` 3.2 million enjoy ' Summer Wine ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Series Profile : Last of the Summer Wine '' . The Insider . BBC Sales . May 2007 . pp. 8 -- 9 . Archived from the original ( DOC ) on 11 January 2008 . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Parkin , Jenny ( 15 December 2001 ) . `` A Summer Wine fit for the Queen '' . The Huddersfield Daily Examiner . Archived from the original on 16 May 2008 . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Thaw 's double TV victory '' . BBC News . 27 October 1999 . Retrieved 9 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Bright and Ross ( 2000 ) , p. 160 ^ Jump up to : Bright and Ross ( 2000 ) p. 24 ^ Jump up to : Bright and Ross ( 2000 ) , pp. 24 -- 25 Jump up ^ Bright and Ross ( 2000 ) , p. 16 ^ Jump up to : Bright and Ross ( 2000 ) , pp. 16 -- 17 ^ Jump up to : Bright and Ross ( 2000 ) , pp. 17 -- 19 ^ Jump up to : Bright and Ross ( 2000 ) , pp. 13 -- 14 Jump up ^ `` The Summer Wine Story : Why was it filmed in Holmfirth ? '' . Summer Wine Online . Summer Wine Appreciation Society . Archived from the original on 1 May 2008 . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bright and Ross ( 2000 ) , p. 117 Jump up ^ Atkinson , Neil ( 16 August 2005 ) . `` Is it the Last of Summer Wine ? '' . The Huddersfield Daily Examiner . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bright and Ross ( 2000 ) , pp. 19 -- 20 Jump up ^ `` Last of the Summer Wine -- The Great Boarding - House Caper '' . British Board of Film Classification Database . British Board of Film Classification . Archived from the original on 19 September 2009 . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Last of the Summer Wine -- Cheering Up Gordon '' . British Board of Film Classification Database . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Atkinson , Neil ( 24 December 2008 ) . `` Last of Summer Wine boss quits in axe row '' . The Huddersfield Daily Examiner . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` BBC -- Press Office -- Last Of The Summer Wine recommissioned for BBC One '' . Retrieved 26 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Summer Wine Music and Lyrics '' . Summer Wine Online . Summer Wine Appreciation Society . Archived from the original on 30 April 2008 . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Theme tune writer Hazlehurst dies '' . BBC News . 2 October 2007 . Retrieved 9 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Harry Pitch at harmonica.co.uk ^ Jump up to : Pogson , Tony ( 11 March 2005 ) . `` Summer Wine still gladdens the heart '' . The Huddersfield Daily Examiner . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Knapton , Sarah ( 10 December 2008 ) . `` Last of The Summer Wine to be cancelled after 35 years , producer claims '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 22 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Bright and Ross ( 2000 ) , p. 14 Jump up ^ Bright and Ross ( 2000 ) , p. 15 Jump up ^ Bright and Ross ( 2000 ) , p. 40 Jump up ^ Bright and Ross ( 2000 ) , pp. 61 -- 67 ^ Jump up to : Bright and Ross ( 2000 ) , p. 36 Jump up ^ Bright and Ross ( 2000 ) , pp. 139 -- 140 Jump up ^ Sherwin , Adam ( 10 May 2008 ) . `` Last of the Summer Wine antics ' dangerous ' for elderly actors '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 30 May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Roy Clarke ( writer ) & Alan J.W. Bell ( director ) ( 31 December 2008 ) . `` I Was A Hitman for Primrose Dairies '' . Last of the Summer Wine . Series 30 . BBC One . New Years Special . Jump up ^ Bright and Ross ( 2000 ) , pp. 74 -- 75 Jump up ^ Bright and Ross ( 2000 ) p. 94 Jump up ^ Bright and Ross ( 2000 ) , p. 77 ^ Jump up to : Bright and Ross ( 2000 ) , p. 102 Jump up ^ Bright and Ross ( 2000 ) , p. 89 Jump up ^ Tillotson , Margaret . `` Interview with Peter Sallis 1994 '' . Summer Wine Online . Summer Wine Appreciation Society . Archived from the original on 22 March 2015 . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Bright and Ross ( 2000 ) , pp. 99 -- 101 ^ Jump up to : Bright and Ross ( 2000 ) , p. 30 Jump up ^ Bright and Ross ( 2000 ) , p. 145 Jump up ^ Roy Clarke ( writer ) & Alan J.W. Bell ( director ) ( 11 January 1982 ) . `` Car and Garter '' . Last of the Summer Wine . Series 6 . Episode 2 . BBC One . Jump up ^ Roy Clarke ( writer ) & Alan J.W. Bell ( director ) ( 1 January 1986 ) . `` Uncle of the Bride '' . Last of the Summer Wine . Series 8 . BBC One . New Year Special . Jump up ^ Roy Clarke ( writer ) & Alan JW Bell ( director ) ( 24 December 1988 ) . `` Crums '' . Last of the Summer Wine . Series 10 . BBC One . Christmas Special . Jump up ^ Roy Clarke ( writer ) & Alan J.W. Bell ( director ) ( 23 December 1989 ) . `` What 's Santa Brought for Nora Then ? '' . Last of the Summer Wine . Series 11 . BBC One . Christmas Special . Jump up ^ Roy Clarke ( writer ) & Alan J.W. Bell ( director ) ( 6 November 1988 ) . `` That Certain Smile '' . Last of the Summer Wine . Series 10 . Episode 4 . BBC One . ^ Jump up to : Roy Clarke ( writer ) & Alan J.W. Bell ( director ) ( 2 January 2000 ) . `` Last Post and Pigeon '' . Last of the Summer Wine . Series 20 . BBC One . Millennium Special Jump up ^ Roy Clarke ( writer ) & Alan J.W. Bell ( director ) ( 25 April 1999 ) . `` How Errol Flynn Discovered the Secret Scar of Nora Batty '' . Last of the Summer Wine . Series 20 . Episode 2 . BBC One . Jump up ^ Roy Clarke ( writer ) & Alan J.W. Bell ( director ) ( 4 June 2000 ) . `` I Did n't Know Barry Could Play '' . Last of the Summer Wine . Series 21 . Episode 10 . BBC One . ^ Jump up to : Roy Clarke ( writer ) & Alan J.W. Bell ( director ) ( 5 January 2003 ) . `` The Lair of the Cat Creature '' . Last of the Summer Wine . Series 24 . Episode 1 . BBC One . Jump up ^ Roy Clarke ( writer ) & Alan J.W. Bell ( director ) ( 2 February 2003 ) . `` In Which Gavin Hinchcliffe Loses the Gulf Stream '' . Last of the Summer Wine . Series 24 . Episode 6 . BBC One . ^ Jump up to : Roy Clarke ( writer ) & Alan J.W. Bell ( director ) ( 30 December 2001 ) . `` Potts in Pole Position '' . Last of the Summer Wine . Series 22 . BBC One . Christmas Special . Jump up ^ Roy Clarke ( writer ) & Alan J.W. Bell ( director ) ( 31 August 2008 ) . `` Get Out of That , Then '' . Last of the Summer Wine . Series 29 . Episode 11 . BBC One . Jump up ^ Roy Clarke ( writer ) & Alan J.W. Bell ( director ) ( 6 December 1992 ) . `` Who 's Got Rhythm ? '' . Last of the Summer Wine . Series 14 . Episode 7 . BBC One . Jump up ^ Roy Clarke ( writer ) & Alan J.W. Bell ( director ) ( 27 December 1993 ) . `` Welcome to Earth '' . Last of the Summer Wine . Series 15 . BBC One . Christmas Special . Jump up ^ Roy Clarke ( writer ) & Alan J.W. Bell ( director ) ( 1 October 1995 ) . `` Captain Clutterbuck 's Treasure '' . Last of the Summer Wine . Series 17 . Episode 4 . BBC One . Jump up ^ Roy Clarke ( writer ) & Alan J.W. Bell ( director ) ( 1 January 1995 ) . `` The Man Who Nearly Knew Pavarotti '' . Last of the Summer Wine . Series 16 . BBC One . New Year 's Special . Jump up ^ Roy Clarke ( writer ) & Alan J.W. Bell ( director ) ( 15 July 2007 ) . `` The Second Stag Night of Doggy Wilkinson '' . Last of the Summer Wine . Series 28 . Episode 1 . BBC One . Jump up ^ Roy Clarke ( writer ) & Alan J.W. Bell ( director ) ( 30 April 2000 ) . `` Surprise at Throstlenest '' . Last of the Summer Wine . Series 21 . Episode 5 . BBC One . Jump up ^ Roy Clarke ( writer ) & Alan J.W. Bell ( director ) ( 7 May 2000 ) . `` Just a Small Funeral '' . Last of the Summer Wine . Series 21 . Episode 6 . BBC One . Jump up ^ Roy Clarke ( writer ) & Alan J.W. Bell ( director ) ( 20 June 1999 ) . `` The Phantom Number 14 Bus '' . Last of the Summer Wine . Series 20 . Episode 9 . BBC One . Jump up ^ Roy Clarke ( writer ) & Ray Butt ( director ) ( 10 November 1976 ) . `` The Great Boarding - House Bathroom Caper '' . Last of the Summer Wine . Series 3 . Episode 3 . BBC One . Jump up ^ Roy Clarke ( writer ) & Ray Butt ( director ) ( 17 November 1976 ) . `` Cheering Up Gordon '' . Last of the Summer Wine . Series 3 . Episode 4 . BBC One . Jump up ^ Roy Clarke ( writer ) & Sydney Lotterby ( director ) ( 1 December 1976 ) . `` Going to Gordon 's Wedding '' . Last of the Summer Wine . Series 3 . Episode 6 . BBC One . Jump up ^ Bright and Ross ( 2000 ) , p. 19 Jump up ^ Bright and Ross ( 2000 ) , p. 26 Jump up ^ Bright and Ross ( 2000 ) , p. 29 Jump up ^ Bright and Ross ( 2000 ) , p. 31 -- 32 Jump up ^ Roy Clarke ( writer ) & Alan J.W. Bell ( director ) ( 1 April 2001 ) . `` Getting Barry 's Goat '' . Last of the Summer Wine . Series 22 . Episode 1 . BBC One . Jump up ^ Roy Clarke ( writer ) & Alan J.W. Bell ( director ) ( 28 December 2006 ) . `` A Tale of Two Sweaters '' . Last of the Summer Wine . Series 27 . BBC One . Christmas special . Jump up ^ Bright and Ross ( 2000 ) , pp. 12 -- 13 Jump up ^ Bright and Ross ( 2000 ) , pp. 94 -- 96 Jump up ^ Bright and Ross ( 2000 ) , pp. 96 -- 99 Jump up ^ Bright and Ross ( 2000 ) , pp. 58 -- 65 Jump up ^ Bright and Ross ( 2000 ) , pp 76 -- 77 Jump up ^ Bright and Ross ( 2000 ) , pp. 81 -- 83 Jump up ^ Bright and Ross ( 2000 ) , pp. 85 -- 87 Jump up ^ Bright and Ross ( 2000 ) , pp. 110 -- 111 Jump up ^ Bright and Ross ( 2000 ) , pp. 104 -- 108 Jump up ^ Roy Clarke ( writer ) & Alan J.W. Bell ( director ) ( 9 February 2003 ) . `` The Miraculous Curing of Old Goff Helliwell '' . Last of the Summer Wine . Series 24 . Episode 7 . BBC One . Jump up ^ Bright and Ross ( 2000 ) , pp. 20 -- 22 Jump up ^ Bright and Ross ( 2000 ) , pp. 23 -- 24 Jump up ^ Bright and Ross ( 2000 ) , p. 139 Jump up ^ Bright and Ross ( 2000 ) , pp. 35 -- 36 Jump up ^ Bright and Ross ( 2000 ) , pp. 30 -- 31 Jump up ^ Toy , June . `` Summer Wine DVD -- Fan 's Review '' . Summer Wine Online . Summer Wine Appreciation Society . Archived from the original on 17 June 2012 . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Last of the Summer Wine on DVD '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 22 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( 12 February 2004 ) . `` Summer Wine on DVD this summer '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 22 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( 10 February 2008 ) . `` Ah , That 1976 Vintage of the BBC Program Comes to DVD Next Month ! '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 22 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( 8 May 2008 ) . `` World 's Longest - Running Sitcom Gets a New DVD Release This Fall '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 22 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( 16 March 2009 ) . `` Last of the Summer Wine -- Down the Hatch with More DVDs : Vintage 1979 Release Date , Specs , Price & Box '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 31 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( 24 June 2009 ) . `` Last of the Summer Wine -- Christmas Specials 1978 -- 1982 Announced for a Holiday Release '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 31 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( 17 February 2010 ) . `` Last of the Summer Wine DVD news : Announcement for Last of the Summer Wine -- Vintage 1982 -- 83 '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 10 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` First of the Summer Wine -- Special Article '' . Summer Wine Online . Summer Wine Appreciation Society . Archived from the original on 13 February 2012 . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Bright and Ross ( 2000 ) , pp. 28 -- 29 Jump up ^ `` First of the Summer Wine -- Uncovered ! '' . Summer Wine Online . Summer Wine Appreciation Society . Archived from the original on 13 February 2012 . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Last of the Summer Wine return : Could a revival of the hit comedy series be on the cards ? '' . The Mirror. 15 October 2014 . Retrieved 23 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bright and Ross ( 2000 ) , pp. 25 -- 26 Jump up ^ Bright and Ross ( 2000 ) , p. 27 ^ Jump up to : `` Moonbather 2003 '' . Scunthorpe Little Theatre Club . Retrieved 24 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Last of the Summer Wine -- The Moonbather '' . Eastbourne Theatres . Retrieved 14 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Lorna ( 14 April 2010 ) . `` Wallasey actor Louis Emerick reprises Last of the Summer Wine role for improvised show at Gladstone Theatre '' . Wirral News . Trinity Mirror North West & North Wales Limited . Archived from the original on 5 May 2013 . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Roy ( 9 October 1986 ) . Gala Week . Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 010105 - 5 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Roy ( 29 October 1987 ) . The Moonbather . Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 010997 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Mahoney '' . The British Cartoon Archive . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Roy ; Roger Mahoney ( December 1983 ) . Last of the Summer Wine . Express Books . ISBN 0 - 85079 - 136 - 7 . Jump up ^ Eardley , Clive . `` Last of the Summer Wine : Review '' . Summer Wine Appreciation Society . Archived from the original on 19 February 2015 . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Sallis , Peter ( 2 October 2000 ) . Last of the Summer Wine ( BBC Radio Collection ) . BBC Audiobooks . ISBN 978 - 0 - 563 - 47714 - 3 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Roy ( July 1976 ) . Last of the Summer Wine Scripts . British Broadcasting Corporation . ISBN 0 - 563 - 17090 - 5 . Jump up ^ Bright and Ross ( 2000 ) , pp. 5 -- 6 Jump up ^ Bright , Morris ; Robert Ross ( 25 October 2001 ) . 30 Years of `` Last of the Summer Wine '' . BBC Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 563 - 53445 - 7 . Jump up ^ Jeffries , Mark ( 12 August 2010 ) . `` Last of the Summer Wine : We reveal axed show 's final words '' . The Daily Mirror . Retrieved 12 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Bell , Alan J.W. ( 28 February 2014 ) . Last of the Summer Wine - From the Director 's Chair . Tomahawk Press . ISBN 978 - 0956683427 . Jump up ^ `` Highest Rated Programmes 1985 '' . BARB . Archived from the original on 4 June 2011 . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilkes , Neil ( 17 July 2007 ) . `` Sky1 revamp pulls in 1 million '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Millar , Paul ( 26 July 2010 ) . `` ' Sherlock ' premieres to 7.5 m '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Atkinson , Neil ( 28 February 2002 ) . `` I 'm a Wine fan , says Prince '' . The Huddersfield Daily Examiner . Archived from the original on 20 July 2008 . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Reed , Ed ( 23 September 2003 ) . `` Axe Summer Wine says shock magazine survey '' . The Huddersfield Daily Examiner . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Camping , Katie ( 5 September 2008 ) . `` Survey says Summer Wine worst thing about Yorkshire '' . The Huddersfield Daily Examiner . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Britain 's Best Sitcom -- Top 11 -- 100 '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 14 January 2006 . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Awards Database -- Last of the Summer Wine '' . British Academy of Film and Television Awards . Archived from the original on 18 September 2009 . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` National Television Awards : The winners '' . BBC News . 10 October 2000 . Retrieved 9 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` And the winners are ... '' The Northern Echo. 25 October 2003 . Archived from the original on 1 October 2012 . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stars battle it out for TV awards '' . BBC News . 16 October 2004 . Retrieved 9 December 2009 . References ( edit ) Bright , Morris ; Ross , Robert ( 6 April 2000 ) . Last of the Summer Wine : The Finest Vintage . London : BBC Worldwide . ISBN 0 - 563 - 55151 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Last of the Summer Wine Last of the Summer Wine at BBC Online Last of the Summer Wine at British Comedy Guide Last of the Summer Wine at Drama Last of the Summer Wine at Gold Last of the Summer Wine on IMDb Last of the Summer Wine at TV.com Last of the Summer Wine Episodes 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Characters Nora Batty Norman Clegg Compo Simmonite See also First of the Summer Wine Home video releases `` Of Funerals and Fish '' `` There Goes the Groom '' Roy Clarke Situation comedies The Misfit ( 1970 -- 71 ) Last of the Summer Wine ( 1973 -- 2010 ) Oh No , It 's Selwyn Froggitt ! ( pilot , 1974 ) Open All Hours ( 1973 , 1976 -- 85 ) The Growing Pains of PC Penrose ( 1975 ) Rosie ( 1977 -- 81 ) Potter ( 1979 -- 83 ) The Magnificent Evans ( 1984 ) The Clairvoyant ( 1984 - 1986 ) First of the Summer Wine ( 1988 -- 89 ) Keeping Up Appearances ( 1990 -- 95 ) Ai n't Misbehavin ' ( 1994 -- 95 ) Still Open All Hours ( 2013 -- ) Young Hyacinth ( 2016 ) Other The Bass Player and the Blonde ( 1977 ) Hawks ( 1988 ) The Sharp End ( 1991 ) A Foreign Field ( 1993 ) The Wanderer ( 1994 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Last_of_the_Summer_Wine&oldid=822516735 '' Categories : Last of the Summer Wine 1973 British television programme debuts 2010 British television programme endings 1970s British comedy television series 1980s British comedy television series 1990s British comedy television series 2000s British comedy television series 2010s British comedy television series BBC television sitcoms Comedy Playhouse English - language television programs Holmfirth Television series produced at Pinewood Studios Television shows set in Yorkshire Works about old age Television shows set in West Yorkshire Hidden categories : Use British English from August 2017 Use dmy dates from December 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Français Gaeilge Polski Português Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 26 January 2018 , at 20 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did they film last of the summer wine | [
"Last of the Summer Wine was set and filmed in and around Holmfirth, West Yorkshire, England, and centred on a trio of old men and their youthful misadventures; the membership of the trio changed several times over the years. The original trio consisted of Bill Owen as the mischievous and impulsive Compo Simmonite, Peter Sallis as easy-going everyman Norman Clegg, and Michael Bates as uptight and arrogant Cyril Blamire. When Bates dropped out due to illness in 1976 after two series, the role of the third man of the trio was filled in various years up to the 30th series by the quirky war veteran Walter \"Foggy\" Dewhurst (Brian Wilde), who had two lengthy stints in the series, the eccentric inventor Seymour Utterthwaite (Michael Aldridge), and former police officer Herbert \"Truly of The Yard\" Truelove (Frank Thornton). The men never seem to grow up, and they develop a unique perspective on their equally eccentric fellow townspeople through their stunts. Although in its early years the series generally revolved around the exploits of the main trio, with occasional interaction with a few recurring characters, over time the cast grew to include a variety of supporting characters and by later years the series was very much an ensemble piece. Each of these recurring characters contributed their own running jokes and subplots to the show and often becoming reluctantly involved in the schemes of the trio, or on occasion having their own, separate storylines."
] | [
"Holmfirth, West Yorkshire, England"
] |
5774476334036394141 | Battle of Chancellorsville | Battle of Chancellorsville - wikipedia Battle of Chancellorsville Jump to : navigation , search Battle of Chancellorsville Part of the American Civil War Battle of Chancellorsville , by Kurz and Allison , 1889 ( Apocryphal painting depicts the wounding of Confederate Lt. Gen. Stonewall Jackson on May 2 , 1863 ) Date April 30 ( 1863 - 04 - 30 ) -- May 6 , 1863 ( 1863 - 05 - 06 ) Location Spotsylvania County , Virginia 38 ° 18 ′ 38 '' N 77 ° 38 ′ 54 '' W / 38.3105 ° N 77.6484 ° W / 38.3105 ; - 77.6484 Coordinates : 38 ° 18 ′ 38 '' N 77 ° 38 ′ 54 '' W / 38.3105 ° N 77.6484 ° W / 38.3105 ; - 77.6484 Result Confederate victory Belligerents United States ( Union ) Confederate States Commanders and leaders Joseph Hooker Robert E. Lee Stonewall Jackson ( DOW ) Units involved Army of the Potomac Army of Northern Virginia Strength Chancellorsville Campaign : 133,868 ( `` present for duty equipped '' ) : Chancellorsville : c . 106,000 ( Army of the Potomac minus VI Corps - 2nd Div. / II Corps ) ; 2nd Fredericksburg / Salem Church : c . 28,000 ( VI Corps ; 2nd Div. / II Corps ) ; 60,298 Casualties and losses Chancellorsville Campaign : 17,287 ( 1,606 killed 9,762 wounded 5,919 captured / missing ) : Chancellorsville : 12,145 ( 1,082 killed 6,849 wounded 4,214 captured / missing ) ; 2nd Fredericksburg / Salem Church : 4,700 ( 493 killed 2,710 wounded 1,497 captured / missing ) ; Minor skirmishes : 442 ( 31 killed 203 wounded 208 captured / missing ) ; 13,303 ( 1,665 killed 9,081 wounded 2,018 captured / missing ) Chancellorsville Campaign Chancellorsville Second Fredericksburg Salem Church Stoneman 's Raid Virginia , 1863 The Battle of Chancellorsville was a major battle of the American Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) , and the principal engagement of the Chancellorsville Campaign . It was fought from April 30 to May 6 , 1863 , in Spotsylvania County , Virginia , near the village of Chancellorsville . Two related battles were fought nearby on May 3 in the vicinity of Fredericksburg . The campaign pitted Union Army Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker 's Army of the Potomac against an army less than half its size , General Robert E. Lee 's Confederate Army of Northern Virginia . Chancellorsville is known as Lee 's `` perfect battle '' because his risky decision to divide his army in the presence of a much larger enemy force resulted in a significant Confederate victory . The victory , a product of Lee 's audacity and Hooker 's timid decision making , was tempered by heavy casualties , including Lt. Gen. Thomas J. `` Stonewall '' Jackson . Jackson was hit by friendly fire , requiring his left arm to be amputated ; he died of pneumonia eight days later , a loss that Lee likened to losing his right arm . Lee 's difficulty in replacing his lost men has led to his great victory being regarded as a Pyrrhic one . The Chancellorsville Campaign began with the crossing of the Rappahannock River by the Union army on the morning of April 27 , 1863 . Union cavalry under Maj. Gen. George Stoneman began a long distance raid against Lee 's supply lines at about the same time . This operation was completely ineffectual . Crossing the Rapidan River via Germanna and Ely 's Fords , the Federal infantry concentrated near Chancellorsville on April 30 . Combined with the Union force facing Fredericksburg , Hooker planned a double envelopment , attacking Lee from both his front and rear . On May 1 , Hooker advanced from Chancellorsville toward Lee , but the Confederate general split his army in the face of superior numbers , leaving a small force at Fredericksburg to deter Maj. Gen. John Sedgwick from advancing , while he attacked Hooker 's advance with about four - fifths of his army . Despite the objections of his subordinates , Hooker withdrew his men to the defensive lines around Chancellorsville , ceding the initiative to Lee . On May 2 , Lee divided his army again , sending Stonewall Jackson 's entire corps on a flanking march that routed the Union XI Corps . While performing a personal reconnaissance in advance of his line , Jackson was wounded by fire after dark from his own men close between the lines , and cavalry commander Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart temporarily replaced him as corps commander . The fiercest fighting of the battle -- and the second bloodiest day of the Civil War -- occurred on May 3 as Lee launched multiple attacks against the Union position at Chancellorsville , resulting in heavy losses on both sides . That same day , Sedgwick advanced across the Rappahannock River , defeated the small Confederate force at Marye 's Heights in the Second Battle of Fredericksburg , and then moved to the west . The Confederates fought a successful delaying action at the Battle of Salem Church and by May 4 had driven back Sedgwick 's men to Banks ' Ford , surrounding them on three sides . Sedgwick withdrew across the ford early on May 5 , and Hooker withdrew the remainder of his army across U.S. Ford the night of May 5 -- 6 . The campaign ended on May 7 when Stoneman 's cavalry reached Union lines east of Richmond . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Military situation 1.2 Union attempts against Richmond 1.3 Shakeup in the Army of the Potomac 1.4 Intelligence and plans 1.5 Initial movements 1.5. 1 April 27 -- 30 : Movement to battle 2 Opposing forces 2.1 Union 2.2 Confederate 3 Battle 3.1 May 1 : Hooker passes on opportunity 3.2 May 2 : Jackson 's flank attack 3.3 May 3 : Chancellorsville 3.4 May 3 : Fredericksburg and Salem Church 3.5 May 4 -- 6 : Union withdrawals 4 Aftermath 4.1 Casualties 4.2 Assessment of Hooker 4.3 Union reaction 4.4 Confederate reaction 5 Additional battle maps 5.1 Gallery : Chancellorsville Campaign ( Tactical maps ) 6 Battlefield preservation 7 In popular media 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 10.1 Memoirs and primary sources 11 Further reading 12 External links Background ( edit ) Military situation ( edit ) Main article : Eastern Theater of the American Civil War Further information : Peninsula Campaign , Seven Days Battles , Northern Virginia Campaign , Maryland Campaign , Battle of Fredericksburg , and American Civil War Union attempts against Richmond ( edit ) In the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War , the objective of the Union had been to advance and seize the Confederate capital , Richmond , Virginia . In the first two years of the war , four major attempts had failed : the first foundered just miles away from Washington , D.C. , at the First Battle of Bull Run ( First Manassas ) in July 1861 . Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan 's Peninsula Campaign took an amphibious approach , landing his Army of the Potomac on the Virginia Peninsula in the spring of 1862 and coming within 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) of Richmond before being turned back by Gen. Robert E. Lee in the Seven Days Battles . That summer , Maj. Gen. John Pope 's Army of Virginia was defeated at the Second Battle of Bull Run . In December 1862 , Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside commanded the Army of the Potomac and attempted to reach Richmond by way of Fredericksburg , Virginia , where he was defeated at the Battle of Fredericksburg . This string of Union defeats was interrupted in September 1862 when Lee moved into Maryland and his campaign was turned back by McClellan at the Battle of Antietam , but this represented no threat to Richmond . Shakeup in the army of the Potomac ( edit ) In January 1863 , the Army of the Potomac , following the Battle of Fredericksburg and the humiliating Mud March , suffered from rising desertions and plunging morale . Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside decided to conduct a mass purge of the Army of the Potomac 's leadership , eliminating a number of generals who he felt were responsible for the disaster at Fredericksburg . In reality , he had no power to dismiss anyone without the approval of Congress . Predictably , Burnside 's purge went nowhere , and he offered President Abraham Lincoln his resignation from command of the Army of the Potomac . He even offered to resign entirely from the Army , but the president persuaded him to stay , transferring him to the Western Theater , where he became commander of the Department of the Ohio . Burnside 's former command , the IX Corps , was transferred to the Virginia Peninsula , a movement that prompted the Confederates to detach troops from Lee 's army under Lt. Gen. James Longstreet , a decision that would be consequential in the upcoming campaign . Abraham Lincoln had become convinced that the appropriate objective for his Eastern army was the army of Robert E. Lee , not any geographic features such as a capital city , but he and his generals knew that the most reliable way to bring Lee to a decisive battle was to threaten his capital . Lincoln tried a fifth time with a new general on January 25 , 1863 -- Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker , a man with a pugnacious reputation who had performed well in previous subordinate commands . With Burnside 's departure , Maj. Gen. William B. Franklin left as well . Franklin had been a staunch supporter of George B. McClellan and refused to serve under Hooker , because he disliked him personally and also because he was senior to Hooker in rank . Maj. Gen. Edwin V. Sumner stepped down due to old age ( he was 65 ) and poor health . He was reassigned to a command in Missouri , but died before he could assume it . Brig. Gen. Daniel Butterfield was reassigned from command of the V Corps to be Hooker 's chief of staff . Hooker embarked on a much - needed reorganization of the army , doing away with Burnside 's grand division system , which had proved unwieldy ; he also no longer had sufficient senior officers on hand that he could trust to command multi-corps operations . He organized the cavalry into a separate corps under the command of Brig. Gen. George Stoneman ( who had commanded the III Corps at Fredericksburg ) . But while he concentrated the cavalry into a single organization , he dispersed his artillery battalions to the control of the infantry division commanders , removing the coordinating influence of the army 's artillery chief , Brig. Gen. Henry J. Hunt . Hooker established a reputation as an outstanding administrator and restored the morale of his soldiers , which had plummeted to a new low under Burnside . Among his changes were fixes to the daily diet of the troops , camp sanitary changes , improvements and accountability of the quartermaster system , addition of and monitoring of company cooks , several hospital reforms , an improved furlough system , orders to stem rising desertion , improved drills , and stronger officer training . Intelligence and plans ( edit ) My plans are perfect . May God have mercy on General Lee for I will have none . Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker Hooker took advantage of improved military intelligence about the positioning and capabilities of the opposing army , superior to that available to his predecessors in army command . His chief of staff , Butterfield , commissioned Col. George H. Sharpe from the 120th New York regiment to organize a new Bureau of Military Intelligence in the Army of the Potomac , part of the provost marshal function under Brig. Gen. Marsena R. Patrick . Previously , intelligence gatherers , such as Allan Pinkerton and his detective agency , gathered information only by interrogating prisoners , deserters , `` contrabands '' ( slaves ) , and refugees . The new BMI added other sources including infantry and cavalry reconnaissance , spies , scouts , signal stations , and an aerial balloon corps . As he received the more complete information correlated from these additional sources , Hooker realized that if he were to avoid the bloodbath of direct frontal attacks , which were features of the battles of Antietam and , more recently , Fredericksburg , he could not succeed in his crossing of the Rappahannock `` except by stratagem . '' Hooker 's plan for the Chancellorsville Campaign Confederate Union Hooker 's army faced Lee across the Rappahannock from its winter quarters in Falmouth and around Fredericksburg . Hooker developed a strategy that was , on paper , superior to those of his predecessors . He planned to send his 10,000 cavalrymen under Maj. Gen. George Stoneman to cross the Rappahannock far upstream and raid deep into the Confederate rear areas , destroying crucial supply depots along the railroad from the Confederate capital in Richmond to Fredericksburg , which would cut Lee 's lines of communication and supply . Hooker reasoned that Lee would react to this threat by abandoning his fortified positions on the Rappahannock and withdrawing toward his capital . At that time , Hooker 's infantry would cross the Rappahannock in pursuit , attacking Lee when he was moving and vulnerable . Stoneman attempted to execute this turning movement on April 13 , but heavy rains made the river crossing site at Sulphur Spring impassable . President Lincoln lamented , `` I greatly fear it is another failure already . '' Hooker was forced to create a new plan for a meeting with Lincoln , Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton , and general in chief Henry W. Halleck in Aquia on April 19 . Hooker 's second plan was to launch both his cavalry and infantry simultaneously in a bold double envelopment of Lee 's army . Stoneman 's cavalry would make a second attempt at its deep strategic raid , but at the same time , 42,000 men in three corps ( V , XI , XII Corps ) would stealthily march to cross the Rappahannock upriver at Kelly 's Ford . They would then proceed south and cross the Rapidan at Germanna and Ely 's Ford , concentrate at the Chancellorsville crossroads , and attack Lee 's army from the west . While they were under way , 10,000 men in two divisions from the II Corps would cross at the U.S. Ford and join with the V Corps in pushing the Confederates away from the river . The second half of the double envelopment was to come from the east : 40,000 men in two corps ( I and VI Corps , under the overall command of John Sedgwick ) would cross the Rappahannock below Fredericksburg and threatened to attack Stonewall Jackson 's position on the Confederate right flank . The remaining 25,000 men ( III Corps and one division of the II Corps ) would remain visible in their camps at Falmouth to divert Confederate attention from the turning movement . Hooker anticipated that Lee would either be forced to retreat , in which case he would be vigorously pursued , or he would be forced to attack the Union Army on unfavorable terrain . One of the defining characteristics of the battlefield was a dense woodland south of the Rapidan known locally as the `` Wilderness of Spotsylvania '' . The area had once been an open broadleaf forest , but during colonial times the trees were gradually cut down to make charcoal for local pig iron furnaces . When the supply of wood was exhausted , the furnaces were abandoned and secondary forest growth developed , creating a dense mass of brambles , thickets , vines , and low - lying vegetation . Catharine Furnace , abandoned in the 1840s , had recently been reactivated to produce iron for the Confederate war effort . This area was largely unsuitable for the deployment of artillery and the control of large infantry formations , which would nullify some of the Union advantage in military power . It was important for Hooker 's plan that his men move quickly out of this area and attack Lee in the open ground to the east . There were three primary roads available for this west - to - east movement : the Orange Plank Road , the Orange Turnpike , and the River Road . The Confederate dispositions were as follows : the Rappahannock line at Fredericksburg was occupied by Longstreet 's First Corps division of Lafayette McLaws on Marye 's Heights , with Jackson 's entire Second Corps to their right . Early 's division was at Prospect Hill and the divisions of Rodes , Hill , and Colston extended the Confederate right flank along the river almost to Skinker 's Neck . The other division present from Longstreet 's Corps , Anderson 's , guarded the river crossings on the left flank . Stuart 's cavalry was largely in Culpeper County near Kelly 's Ford , beyond the infantry 's left flank . Initial movements ( edit ) April 27 -- 30 : movement to battle ( edit ) Battle of Chancellorsville , Situation Late 30 April 1863 and Movements since 27 April On April 27 -- 28 , the initial three corps of the Army of the Potomac began their march under the leadership of Slocum . They crossed the Rappahannock and Rapidan rivers as planned and began to concentrate on April 30 around the hamlet of Chancellorsville , which was little more than a single large , brick mansion at the junction of the Orange Turnpike and Orange Plank Road . Built in the early 19th century , it had been used as an inn on the turnpike for many years , but now served as a home for the Frances Chancellor family . ( Some of the family remained in the house during the battle . ) Hooker arrived late in the afternoon on April 30 and made the mansion his headquarters . Stoneman 's cavalry began on April 30 its second attempt to reach Lee 's rear areas . The two II Corps divisions crossed at U.S. Ford on April 30 without opposition . By dawn on April 29 , pontoon bridges spanned the Rappahannock south of Fredericksburg and Sedgwick 's force began to cross . Pleased with the success of the operation so far , and realizing that the Confederates were not vigorously opposing the river crossings , Hooker ordered Sickles to begin the movement of the III Corps from Falmouth the night of April 30 -- May 1 . By May 1 , Hooker had approximately 70,000 men concentrated in and around Chancellorsville . Troops on Hooker 's right cross the Rappahannock In his Fredericksburg headquarters , Lee was initially in the dark about the Union intentions and he suspected that the main column under Slocum was heading towards Gordonsville . Jeb Stuart 's cavalry was cut off at first by Stoneman 's departure on April 30 , but they were soon able to move freely around the army 's flanks on their reconnaissance missions after almost all their Union counterparts had left the area . As Stuart 's intelligence information about the Union river crossings began to arrive , Lee did not react as Hooker had anticipated . He decided to violate one of the generally accepted principles of war and divide his force in the face of a superior enemy , hoping that aggressive action would allow him to attack and defeat a portion of Hooker 's army before it could be fully concentrated against him . He became convinced that Sedgwick 's force would demonstrate against him , but not become a serious threat , so he ordered about 4 / 5 of his army to meet the challenge from Chancellorsville . He left behind a brigade under Brig. Gen. William Barksdale on heavily fortified Marye 's Heights behind Fredericksburg and one division under Maj. Gen. Jubal A. Early , on Prospect Hill south of the town . These roughly 11,000 men and 56 guns would attempt to resist any advance by Sedgwick 's 40,000 . He ordered Stonewall Jackson to march west and link up with Maj. Gen. Richard H. Anderson 's division , which had pulled back from the river crossings they were guarding and began digging earthworks on a north - south line between the Zoan and Tabernacle churches . McLaws 's division was ordered from Fredericksburg to join Anderson . This would amass 40,000 men to confront Hooker 's movement east from Chancellorsville . Fortunately for the Confederates , heavy fog along the Rappahannock masked some of these westward movements and Sedgwick chose to wait until he could determine the enemy 's intentions . Opposing forces ( edit ) Union ( edit ) Further information : Union order of battle and Detailed Union strength Key commanders ( Army of the Potomac ) Maj. Gen . Joseph Hooker , ( Commanding ) Maj. Gen . John F. Reynolds , I Corps Maj. Gen . Darius N. Couch , II Corps Maj. Gen . Daniel E. Sickles , III Corps Maj. Gen . George G. Meade , V Corps Maj. Gen . John Sedgwick , VI Corps Maj. Gen . Oliver O. Howard , XI Corps Maj. Gen . Henry W. Slocum , XII Corps Maj. Gen . George Stoneman , Cav . Corps The Army of the Potomac , commanded by Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker , had 133,868 men and 413 guns organized as follows : I Corps , commanded by Maj. Gen. John F. Reynolds , with the divisions of Brig . Gens . James S. Wadsworth , John C. Robinson , and Abner Doubleday . II Corps , commanded by Maj. Gen. Darius N. Couch , with the divisions of Maj. Gen. Winfield Scott Hancock and William H. French , and Brig. Gen. John Gibbon . III Corps , commanded by Maj. Gen. Daniel E. Sickles , with the divisions of Brig. Gen. David B. Birney , and Maj . Gens . Hiram G. Berry and Amiel W. Whipple . V Corps , commanded by Maj. Gen. George G. Meade , with the divisions of Brig . Gens . Charles Griffin and Andrew A. Humphreys , and Maj. Gen. George Sykes . VI Corps , commanded by Maj. Gen. John Sedgwick , with the divisions of Brig . Gens . William T.H. Brooks and Albion P. Howe , Maj. Gen. John Newton , and Col. Hiram Burnham . XI Corps , commanded by Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard , with the divisions of Brig. Gen. Charles Devens , Jr. , and Adolph von Steinwehr , and Maj. Gen. Carl Schurz . XII Corps , commanded by Maj. Gen. Henry W. Slocum , with the divisions of Brig . Gens . Alpheus S. Williams and John W. Geary . Cavalry Corps , commanded by Maj. Gen. George Stoneman , with the divisions of Brig . Gens . Alfred Pleasonton , William W. Averell , and David M. Gregg . Confederate ( edit ) Further information : Confederate order of battle and Detailed Confederate strength : part 1 , part 2 , part 3 Key commanders ( Army of Northern Virginia ) Gen . Robert E. Lee , ( Commanding ) Lt. Gen . James Longstreet , I Corps Lt. Gen . Stonewall Jackson , II Corps Maj. Gen . J.E.B. Stuart , Cav . Corps Gen. Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia fielded 60,298 men and 220 guns , organized as follows : First Corps , commanded by Lt. Gen. James Longstreet . Longstreet and the majority of his corps ( the divisions of Maj. Gen. John Bell Hood and Maj. Gen. George E. Pickett , and two artillery battalions ) were detached for duty in southeastern Virginia . The divisions present at Chancellorsville were those of Maj . Gens . Lafayette McLaws and Richard H. Anderson . Second Corps , commanded by Lt. Gen. Stonewall Jackson , with the divisions of Maj. Gen. A.P. Hill , Brig. Gen. Robert E. Rodes , Maj. Gen. Jubal A. Early , and Brig. Gen. Raleigh E. Colston . Cavalry Corps , commanded by Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart . ( Stuart 's corps had only two brigades at Chancellorsville , those of Brig . Gens . Fitzhugh Lee and W.H.F. `` Rooney '' Lee . The brigades of Brig . Gens . Wade Hampton and William E. `` Grumble '' Jones were detached . ) The Chancellorsville Campaign was one of the most lopsided clashes of the war , with the Union 's effective fighting force more than twice the Confederates ' , the greatest imbalance during the war in Virginia . Hooker 's army was much better supplied and was well - rested after several months of inactivity. Lee 's forces , on the other hand , were poorly provisioned and were scattered all over the state of Virginia . Some 15,000 men of Longstreet 's Corps had previously been detached and stationed near Norfolk in order to block a potential threat to Richmond from Federal troops stationed at Fort Monroe and Newport News on the Peninsula , as well as at Norfolk and Suffolk . In light of the continued Federal inactivity , by late March Longstreet 's primary assignment became that of requisitioning provisions for Lee 's forces from the farmers and planters of North Carolina and Virginia . As a result of this the two divisions of Maj. Gen. John Bell Hood and Maj. Gen. George Pickett were 130 miles ( 210 km ) away from Lee 's army and would take a week or more of marching to reach it in an emergency . After nearly a year of campaigning , allowing these troops to slip away from his immediate control was Lee 's gravest miscalculation . Although he hoped to be able to call on them , these men would not arrive in time to aid his outnumbered forces . Battle ( edit ) May 1 : Hooker passes on opportunity ( edit ) Chancellorsville , actions on May 1 Jackson 's men began marching west to join with Anderson before dawn on May 1 . Jackson himself met with Anderson near Zoan Church at 8 a.m. , finding that McLaws 's division had already arrived to join the defensive position . But Stonewall Jackson was not in a defensive mood . He ordered an advance at 11 a.m. along two roads toward Chancellorsville : McLaws 's division and the brigade of Brig. Gen. William Mahone on the Turnpike , and Anderson 's other brigades and Jackson 's arriving units on the Plank Road . At about the same time , Hooker ordered his men to advance on three roads to the east : two divisions of Meade 's V Corps ( Griffin and Humphreys ) on the River Road to uncover Banks 's Ford , and the remaining division ( Sykes ) on the Turnpike ; and Slocum 's XII Corps on the Plank Road , with Howard 's XI Corps in close support . Couch 's II Corps was placed in reserve , where it would be soon joined by Sickles 's III Corps . The first shots of the Battle of Chancellorsville were fired at 11 : 20 a.m. as the armies collided . McLaws 's initial attack pushed back Sykes 's division , but the Union general organized a counterattack that recovered the lost ground . Anderson then sent a brigade under Brig. Gen. Ambrose Wright up an unfinished railroad south of the Plank Road , around the right flank of Slocum 's corps . This would normally be a serious problem , but Howard 's XI Corps was advancing from the rear and could deal with Wright . Sykes 's division had proceeded farther forward than Slocum on his right , leaving him in an exposed position , which forced him to conduct an orderly withdrawal at 2 p.m. to take up a position behind Hancock 's division of the II Corps , which was ordered by Hooker to advance and help repulse the Confederate attack . Meade 's other two divisions made good progress on the River Road and were approaching their objective , Banks 's Ford . Modern attempts to rehabilitate and fumigate Joe Hooker 's reputation usually and remarkably employ special pleading about the difficulties of moving in the Wilderness . Such arguments actually emphasize the salient factor on May 1 : Getting out of that wilderness of course was the very essence of the general 's needs . When he abandoned the chance to reach that desirable goal , Hooker at once passed the initiative , with all of its advantages , to Lee . The Confederate would make superb use of the opportunity . Robert K. Krick , Lee 's Greatest Victory Despite being in a potentially favorable situation , Hooker halted his brief offensive . His actions may have demonstrated his lack of confidence in handling the complex actions of such a large organization for the first time ( he had been an effective and aggressive division and corps commander in previous battles ) , but he had also decided before beginning the campaign that he would fight the battle defensively , forcing Lee , with his small army , to attack his own , larger one . At the ( First ) Battle of Fredericksburg ( December 13 , 1862 ) , the Union army had done the attacking and met with a bloody defeat . Hooker knew Lee could not sustain such a defeat and keep an effective army in the field , so he ordered his men to withdraw back into the Wilderness and take a defensive position around Chancellorsville , daring Lee to attack him or retreat with superior forces at his back . He confused matters by issuing a second order to his subordinates to hold their positions until 5 p.m. , but by the time it was received , most of the Union units had begun their rearward movements . That evening , Hooker sent a message to his corps commanders , `` The major general commanding trusts that a suspension in the attack to - day will embolden the enemy to attack him . '' The retrograde movement had prepared me for something of the kind , but to hear from ( Hooker 's ) own lips that the advantages gained by the successful marches of his lieutenants were to culminate in fighting a defensive battle in that nest of thickets was too much , and I retired from his presence with the belief that my commanding general was a whipped man . Union Maj. Gen. Darius N. Couch Hooker 's subordinates were surprised and outraged by the change in plans . They saw that the position they were fighting for near the Zoan Church was relatively high ground and offered an opportunity for the infantry and artillery to deploy outside the constraints of the Wilderness . Meade exclaimed , `` My God , if we ca n't hold the top of the hill , we certainly ca n't hold the bottom of it ! '' Viewing through the lens of hindsight , some of the participants and many modern historians judged that Hooker effectively lost the campaign on May 1 . Stephen W. Sears observed , however , that Hooker 's concern was based on more than personal timidity . The ground being disputed was little more than a clearing in the Wilderness , to which access was available by only two narrow roads . The Confederate response had swiftly concentrated the aggressive Stonewall Jackson 's corps against his advancing columns such that the Federal army was outnumbered in that area , about 48,000 to 30,000 , and would have difficulty maneuvering into effective lines of battle . Meade 's two divisions on the River Road were too far separated to support Slocum and Sykes , and reinforcements from the rest of the II Corps and the III Corps would be too slow in arriving . As the Union troops dug in around Chancellorsville that night , creating log breastworks , faced with abatis , Lee and Stonewall Jackson met at the intersection of the Plank Road and the Furnace Road to plan their next move . Jackson believed that Hooker would retreat across the Rappahannock , but Lee assumed that the Union general had invested too much in the campaign to withdraw so precipitously . If the Federal troops were still in position on May 2 , Lee would attack them . As they discussed their options , cavalry commander J.E.B. Stuart arrived with an intelligence report from his subordinate , Brig. Gen. Fitzhugh Lee . Although Hooker 's left flank was firmly anchored by Meade 's V Corps on the Rappahannock , and his center was strongly fortified , his right flank was `` in the air . '' Howard 's XI Corps was camped on the Orange Turnpike , extending past Wilderness Church , and was vulnerable to a flanking attack . Investigations of a route to be used to reach the flank identified the proprietor of Catharine Furnace , Charles C. Wellford , who showed Jackson 's cartographer , Jedediah Hotchkiss , a recently constructed road through the forest that would shield marchers from the observation of Union pickets. Lee directed Jackson to make the flanking march , a maneuver similar to the one that had been so successful prior to the Second Battle of Bull Run ( Second Manassas ) . An account by Hotchkiss recalls that Lee asked Jackson how many men he would take on the flanking march and Jackson replied , `` my whole command . '' May 2 : Jackson 's flank attack ( edit ) Ruins of Catharine Furnace photographed in 2011 Battle of Chancellorsville , 1 May 1863 ( Situation at Dark ) Dowdall 's Tavern was Union General Oliver O. Howard 's headquarters until he was surprised and driven out by Stonewall Jackson 's Confederate troops on May 2 . Chancellorsville , actions on May 2 Wilderness Church at Chancellorsville was the center of a stand made by Union general Schurz 's division during Stonewall Jackson 's surprise flank attack . Battle of Chancellorsville , 2 May 1863 ( Situation at 1800 ) Early on the morning of May 2 , Hooker began to realize that Lee 's actions on May 1 had not been constrained by the threat of Sedgwick 's force at Fredericksburg , so no further deception was needed on that front . He decided to summon the I Corps of Maj. Gen. John F. Reynolds to reinforce his lines at Chancellorsville . His intent was that Reynolds would form up to the right of the XI Corps and anchor the Union right flank on the Rapidan River . Given the communications chaos of May 1 , Hooker was under the mistaken impression that Sedgwick had withdrawn back across the Rappahannock and , based on this , that the VI Corps should remain on the north bank of the river across from the town , where it could protect the army 's supplies and supply line . ( In fact , both Reynolds and Sedgwick were still west of the Rappahannock , south of the town . ) Hooker sent his orders at 1 : 55 a.m. , expecting that Reynolds would be able to start marching before daylight , but problems with his telegraph communications delayed the order to Fredericksburg until just before sunrise . Reynolds was forced to make a risky daylight march . By the afternoon of May 2 , when Hooker expected him to be digging in on the Union right at Chancellorsville , Reynolds was still marching to the Rappahannock . Meanwhile , for the second time , Lee was dividing his army . Jackson would lead his Second Corps of 28,000 men around to attack the Union right flank while Lee exercised personal command of the remaining two divisions , about 13,000 men and 24 guns facing the 70,000 Union troops at Chancellorsville . For the plan to work , several things had to happen . First , Jackson had to make a 12 - mile ( 19 km ) march via roundabout roads to reach the Union right , and he had to do it undetected . Second , Hooker had to stay tamely on the defensive . Third , Early would have to keep Sedgwick bottled up at Fredericksburg , despite the four - to - one Union advantage there . And when Jackson launched his attack , he had to hope that the Union forces were unprepared . Confederate cavalry under Stuart kept most Union forces from spotting Jackson on his long flank march , which started between 7 and 8 a.m. and lasted until midafternoon . Several Confederate soldiers saw the Union observation balloon Eagle soaring overhead and assumed that they could likewise be seen , but no such report was sent to headquarters . When men of the III Corps spotted a Confederate column moving through the woods , their division commander , Brig. Gen. David B. Birney , ordered his artillery to open fire , but this proved little more than harassment . The corps commander , Sickles , rode to Hazel Grove to see for himself and he reported after the battle that his men observed the Confederates passing for over three hours . When Hooker received the report about the Confederate movement , he thought that Lee might be starting a retreat , but he also realized that a flanking march might be in progress . He took two actions . First , he sent a message at 9 : 30 a.m. to the commander of the XI Corps , Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard on his right flank : `` We have good reason to suppose the enemy is moving to our right . Please advance your pickets for purposes of observation as far as may be safe in order to obtain timely information of their approach . '' At 10 : 50 a.m. , Howard replied that he was `` taking measures to resist an attack from the west . '' Hooker 's second action was to send orders to Sedgwick ( `` attack the enemy in his front '' at Fredericksburg if `` an opportunity presents itself with a reasonable expectation of success '' ) and Sickles ( `` advance cautiously toward the road followed by the enemy , and harass the movement as much as possible '' ) . Sedgwick did not take action from the discretionary orders . Sickles , however , was enthusiastic when he received the order at noon . He sent Birney 's division , flanked by two battalions of Col. Hiram Berdan 's U.S. sharpshooters , south from Hazel Grove with orders to pierce the column and gain possession of the road . But the action came too late . Jackson had ordered the 23rd Georgia Infantry to guard the rear of the column and they resisted the advance of Birney and Berdan at Catherine Furnace . The Georgians were driven south and made a stand at the same unfinished railroad bed used by Wright 's Brigade the day before . They were overwhelmed by 5 p.m. and most were captured . Two brigades from A.P. Hill 's division turned back from the flanking march and prevented any further damage to Jackson 's column , which by now had left the area . Most of Jackson 's men were unaware of the small action at the rear of their column . As they marched north on Brock Road , Jackson was prepared to turn right on the Orange Plank Road , from which his men would attack the Union lines at around Wilderness Church . However , it became apparent that this direction would lead to essentially a frontal assault against Howard 's line . Fitzhugh Lee met Jackson and they ascended a hill with a sweeping view of the Union position and Jackson was delighted to see that Howard 's men were resting , unaware of the impending Confederate threat . Although by now it was 3 p.m. , Jackson decided to march his men two miles farther and turn right on the Turnpike instead , allowing him to strike the unprotected flank directly . The attack formation consisted of two lines -- the divisions of Brig . Gens . Robert E. Rodes and Raleigh E. Colston -- stretching almost a mile on either side of the turnpike , separated by 200 yards , followed by a partial line with the arriving division of A.P. Hill . Ruins of the Chancellor House which was the headquarters of Federal General Joseph Hooker of the Army of the Potomac during the battle , later burned , May 1863 Significant contributors to the impending Union disaster were the nature of the Union XI Corps and the incompetent performance of its commander , Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard . Howard failed to make any provision for defending against a surprise attack , even though Hooker had ordered him to do so . The Union right flank was not anchored on any natural obstacle , and the only defenses against a flank attack consisted of two cannons pointing out into the Wilderness . Also , the XI Corps was not well respected -- an outfit with poor morale and no history of battlefield success . Many of its officers and enlisted men were immigrants from Germany and other parts of Central Europe , including a number of political refugees from the 1848 revolutions . The corps had been formed in the spring of 1862 by merging Brig. Gen Louis Blenker 's division with Maj. Gen John C. Frémont 's Mountain Department in West Virginia . After a miserable trek across Virginia in which Blenker 's troops were provisioned inadequately and suffered from widespread hunger , disease , and desertion , they joined with Fremont in a campaign that resulted in them being soundly defeated by Stonewall Jackson . Fremont 's army became part of Maj. Gen John Pope 's Army of Virginia in the summer . Fremont had refused to serve under Pope and was replaced by Maj. Gen Franz Sigel , an inept political general who however was much beloved by his German troops . Louis Blenker fell from a horse during the Northern Virginia Campaign and suffered injuries that would claim his life later in 1863 . The corps suffered heavy casualties at Second Bull Run and was left behind in Washington D.C. during the Maryland Campaign . During the Fredericksburg Campaign , it did not join the rest of the army until after the battle was over . After Hooker took command , Sigel was the ranking general behind him . The XI Corps was the smallest in the army and Sigel 's requests to general - in - chief Henry Halleck to have it enlarged were refused , so he resigned his command in March 1863 and was replaced by Maj. Gen Oliver O. Howard , who was widely unpopular with the enlisted men and brought in several new generals such as Brig. Gen Francis Barlow who had a reputation of being aggressive martinets . Eight of the 27 regiments in the corps had never been in battle before , while the remaining 21 had never been on the winning side of a battle . The German soldiers suffered from widespread ethnic friction with the rest of the army although a number of the regiments in the XI Corps consisted of native - born Americans . Hooker had no major plans for the corps except for mopping up after the main battle was over , and it was placed out on the army 's right flank where it was not expected to be involved in any fighting , and the woods to the west were assumed to be so thick that enemy troops could not possibly move through them and form a line of battle . As far as Hooker knew , the only possible route for a Confederate attack was along the turnpike , which would cause them to run right into the II and XII Corps , both elite outfits and well - entrenched . Further north , the Union line was held by the V Corps , also first - rate troops occupying an almost impregnable position . As the day wore on , the men of the XI Corps became increasingly aware that something was going on in the woods to the west of them , but were unable to get any higher - ups to pay attention . Col. John C. Lee of the 55th Ohio received numerous reports of a Confederate presence out there , and Col. William Richardson of the 25th Ohio reported that huge numbers of Confederates were massing to the west . Col. Leopold von Gilsa , who commanded one of two brigades in Brig. Gen Charles Devens ' division , went to Howard 's headquarters warning him that an all - out enemy assault was imminent , but Howard insisted that it was impossible for the Confederates to get through the dense woods . Maj. Gen Carl Schurz , who commanded the 3rd Division of the corps , began rearranging his troops into a line of battle . Captain Hubert Dilger , who commanded Battery I of the 1st Ohio Artillery , rode out on a reconnaissance mission , narrowly missed being captured by the Confederates , and rode far north , almost to the banks of the Rapidan , and back south to Hooker 's headquarters , but a haughty cavalry officer dismissed his concerns and would not let him in to see the general . Dilger next went to Howard 's headquarters , but was merely told that the Confederate army was retreating and that it was not acceptable to making scouting expeditions without permission of higher - ups . As the sun started to go down , all remained quiet on the XI Corps 's front , the noises of the III and XII Corps engaging Lee 's rear guard coming from off in the distance . The XI Corps routs before Jackson 's evening dinner time surprise attack Around 5 : 30 p.m. , Jackson turned to Robert Rodes and asked him `` General , are you ready ? '' When Rodes nodded , Jackson replied `` You may go forward then . '' Most of the men of the XI Corps were encamped and sitting down for supper and had their rifles unloaded and stacked . Their first clue to the impending onslaught was the observation of numerous animals , such as rabbits and foxes , fleeing in their direction out of the western woods . This was followed by the crackle of musket fire , and then the unmistakable scream of the `` Rebel Yell '' . Two of von Gilsa 's regiments , the 153rd Pennsylvania and 54th New York , had been placed up as a heavy skirmish line and the massive Confederate assault rolled completely over them . A few men managed to get off a shot or two before fleeing . The pair of artillery pieces at the very end of the XI Corps line were captured by the Confederates and promptly turned on their former owners . Devens 's division collapsed in a matter of minutes , slammed on three sides by almost 30,000 Confederates . Col. Robert Reily and his 75th Ohio managed to resist for about ten minutes before the regiment disintegrated with 150 casualties , including Reily himself , and joined the rest of the fleeing mob . Col. Lee would later write sarcastically , `` A rifle pit is useless when the enemy is on the same side and in rear of your line . '' Some men tried to stand and resist , but they were knocked over by their fleeing comrades and a hail of Confederate bullets . Maj. Gen. Carl Schurz ordered his division to shift from an east - west alignment to north - south , which they did with amazing precision and speed . They resisted for about 20 minutes and `` Leatherbreeches '' Dilger managed to drive the Confederates off the turnpike for a bit with his guns , but the sheer weight of Jackson 's assault overwhelmed them too and they soon had to flee . Dilger for a time stood alone with a gun firing double - shotted canister at the attackers , then limbered up to flee as the Confederates closed in on him . Three of his artillery horses were shot dead , and when he realized that the gun could not be moved , he had to abandon it . General Howard partially redeemed his inadequate performance prior to the battle by his personal bravery in attempting to rally the troops . He stood shouting and waving a flag held under the stump of his amputated arm ( lost at the Battle of Seven Pines in 1862 ) , ignoring the danger of the heavy rifle fire , but he could only gather small pockets of soldiers to resist before his corps disintegrated . Col. Adolf Buschbeck 's brigade put up a last - ditch stand along with Dilger 's guns . They too had to retreat , but maintained good order as they went . The chaos unfurling on the Union right had gone unnoticed at Hooker 's headquarters until at last the sound of gunfire could be heard in the distance , followed by a panic - stricken mob of men and horses pouring into the Chancellorsville clearing . A staff officer yelled `` My God , here they come ! '' as the mob ran to and past the Chancellor mansion . Hooker jumped onto his horse and frantically tried to take action . He ordered Maj. Gen Hiram Berry 's division of the III Corps , once his own division , forward , yelling `` Receive them on your bayonets ! '' Artillerymen around the clearing began moving guns into position around Fairview Cemetery . Meanwhile , down at Hazel Grove , the 8th Pennsylvania Cavalry were relaxing and awaiting orders to chase after Confederate wagon trains , also oblivious to the collapse of the XI Corps . The regiment 's commander , Maj . Pennock Huey , received a notice that General Howard was requesting some cavalry . Huey saddled up his men and headed west along the turnpike , where they ran straight into Robert Rodes 's division . After a confused fight , the 8th Pennsylvania Cavalry retreated to the safety of the Chancellorsville clearing with the loss of 30 men and three officers . XII Corps artillery halts Jackson 's surprise attack By nightfall , the Confederate Second Corps had advanced more than 1.25 miles , to within sight of Chancellorsville , but darkness and confusion were taking their toll . The attackers were almost as disorganized as the routed defenders . Although the XI Corps had been defeated , it had retained some coherence as a unit . The corps suffered nearly 2,500 casualties ( 259 killed , 1,173 wounded , and 994 missing or captured ) , about one quarter of its strength , including 12 of 23 regimental commanders , which suggests that they fought fiercely during their retreat . Jackson 's force was now separated from Lee 's men only by Sickles 's corps , which had been separated from the main body of the army after its foray attacking Jackson 's column earlier in the afternoon . Like everyone else in the Union army , the III Corps had been unaware of Jackson 's attack . When he first heard the news , Sickles was skeptical , but finally believed it and decided to pull back to Hazel Grove . Sickles became increasingly nervous , knowing that his troops were facing an unknown number of Confederates to the west . A patrol of Jackson 's troops was driven back by Union gunners , a minor incident that would come to be exaggerated into a heroic repulse of Jackson 's entire command . Between 11 p.m. and midnight , Sickles organized an assault north from Hazel Grove toward the Plank Road , but called it off when his men began suffering artillery and rifle friendly fire from the Union XII Corps . Stonewall Jackson wanted to press his advantage before Hooker and his army could regain their bearings and plan a counterattack , which might still succeed because of the sheer disparity in numbers . He rode out onto the Plank Road that night to determine the feasibility of a night attack by the light of the full moon , traveling beyond the farthest advance of his men . When one of his staff officers warned him about the dangerous position , Jackson replied , `` The danger is all over . The enemy is routed . Go back and tell A.P. Hill to press right on . '' As he and his staff started to return , they were incorrectly identified as Union cavalry by men of the 18th North Carolina Infantry , who hit Jackson with friendly fire . Jackson 's three bullet wounds were not in themselves life - threatening , but his left arm was broken and had to be amputated . While recovering , he contracted pneumonia and died on May 10 . His death was a devastating loss for the Confederacy . Some historians and participants -- particularly those of the postbellum Lost Cause movement -- attribute the Confederate defeat at Gettysburg two months later to Jackson 's absence . The Union gunners at Fairview Cemetery were alert and nervous ; they were a few hundred yards behind Berry 's division and still - intact elements of the XI Corps and they found it quite impossible to fire their guns without the shells going over the heads of the infantrymen in front of them . A few friendly - fire casualties resulted from this as the gunners were quick to shoot at anything that looked like enemy soldiers ; when they got sight of a large body of Confederates drawing near , they let loose a huge cannonade that landed on and around the party that was carrying the wounded Jackson to the rear and did end up wounding A.P. Hill . May 3 : Chancellorsville ( edit ) Chancellorsville , actions on May 3 , dawn to 10 a.m. Battle of Chancellorsville , 3 May 1863 ( Situation Early ) Despite the fame of Stonewall Jackson 's victory on May 2 , it did not result in a significant military advantage for the Army of Northern Virginia . Howard 's XI Corps had been defeated , but the Army of the Potomac remained a potent force and Reynolds 's I Corps had arrived overnight , which replaced Howard 's losses . About 76,000 Union men faced 43,000 Confederate at the Chancellorsville front . The two halves of Lee 's army at Chancellorsville were separated by Sickles 's III Corps , which occupied a strong position on high ground at Hazel Grove . Unless Lee could devise a plan to eject Sickles from Hazel Grove and combine the two halves of his army , he would have little chance of success in assaulting the formidable Union earthworks around Chancellorsville . Fortunately for Lee , Joseph Hooker inadvertently cooperated . Early on May 3 , Hooker ordered Sickles to move from Hazel Grove to a new position on the Plank Road . As they were withdrawing , the trailing elements of Sickles 's corps were attacked by the Confederate brigade of Brig. Gen. James J. Archer , which captured about 100 prisoners and four cannons . Hazel Grove was soon turned into a powerful artillery platform with 30 guns under Col. Porter Alexander . After Jackson was wounded on May 2 , command of the Second Corps fell to his senior division commander , Maj. Gen. A.P. Hill . Hill was soon wounded himself , however . He consulted with Brig. Gen. Robert E. Rodes , the next most senior general in the corps , and Rodes acquiesced in Hill 's decision to summon Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart to take command , notifying Lee after the fact . Brig. Gen. Henry Heth replaced Hill in division command . Although Stuart was a cavalryman who had never commanded infantry before , he was to deliver a creditable performance at Chancellorsville . By the morning of May 3 , the Union line resembled a horseshoe . The center was held by the III , XII , and II Corps ; on the left were the remnants of the XI Corps , and the right was held by the V and I Corps . On the western side of the Chancellorsville salient , Stuart organized his three divisions to straddle the Plank Road : Heth 's in the advance , Colston 's 300 -- 500 yards behind , and Rodes 's , whose men had done the hardest fighting on May 2 , near the Wilderness Church . The attack began about 5 : 30 a.m. supported by the newly installed artillery at Hazel Grove , and by simultaneous attacks by the divisions of Anderson and McLaws from the south and southeast . The Confederates were resisted fiercely by the Union troops behind strong earthworks , and the fighting on May 3 was the heaviest of the campaign . The initial waves of assaults by Heth and Colston gained a little ground , but were beaten back by Union counterattacks . At Hazel Grove , in short , the finest artillerists of the Army of Northern Virginia were having their greatest day . They had improved guns , better ammunition and superior organization . With the fire of battle shining through his spectacles , William Pegram rejoiced . `` A glorious day , Colonel , '' he said to Porter Alexander , `` a glorious day ! '' Douglas Southall Freeman , Lee 's Lieutenants Rodes sent his men in last and this final push , along with the excellent performance of the Confederate artillery , carried the morning battle . Chancellorsville was the only occasion in the war in Virginia in which Confederate gunners held a decided advantage over their Federal counterparts . Confederate guns on Hazel Grove were joined by 20 more on the Plank Road to duel effectively with the Union guns on neighboring Fairview Hill , causing the Federals to withdraw as ammunition ran low and Confederate infantrymen picked off the gun crews . Fairview was evacuated at 9 : 30 a.m. , briefly recaptured in a counterattack , but by 10 a.m. Hooker ordered it abandoned for good . The loss of this artillery platform doomed the Union position at the Chancellorsville crossroads as well , and the Army of the Potomac began a fighting retreat to positions circling United States Ford . The soldiers of the two halves of Lee 's army reunited shortly after 10 a.m. before the Chancellor mansion , wildly triumphant as Lee arrived on Traveller to survey the scene of his victory . Lee 's presence was the signal for one of those uncontrollable bursts of enthusiasm which none can appreciate who has not witnessed them . The fierce soldiers , with their faces blackened with the smoke of battle , the wounded crawling with feeble limbs from the fury of the devouring flames , all seemed possessed with a common impulse . One long unbroken cheer , in which the feeble cry of those who lay helpless on the earth blended with the strong voices of those who still fought , rose high above the roar of battle and hailed the presence of a victorious chief . He sat in the full realization of all that soldiers dream of -- triumph ; and as I looked at him in the complete fruition of the success which his genius , courage , and confidence in his army had won , I thought that it must have been from some such scene that men in ancient days ascended to the dignity of gods . -- Charles Marshall , Lee 's military secretary , An Aide - de-Camp to Lee At the height of the fighting on May 3 , Hooker suffered an injury when at 9 : 15 a.m. a Confederate cannonball hit a wooden pillar he was leaning against at his headquarters . He later wrote that half of the pillar `` violently ( struck me ) ... in an erect position from my head to my feet . '' He likely received a concussion , which was sufficiently severe to render him unconscious for over an hour . Although clearly incapacitated after he arose , Hooker refused to turn over command temporarily to his second - in - command , Maj. Gen. Darius N. Couch , and , with Hooker 's chief of staff , Maj. Gen. Daniel Butterfield , and Sedgwick out of communication ( again due to the failure of the telegraph lines ) , there was no one at headquarters with sufficient rank or stature to convince Hooker otherwise . This failure may have affected Union performance over the next day and may have directly contributed to Hooker 's seeming lack of nerve and timid performance throughout the rest of the battle . May 3 : Fredericksburg and Salem Church ( edit ) Further information : Second Battle of Fredericksburg and Battle of Salem Church Soldiers of the VI Corps , Army of the Potomac , in trenches before storming Marye 's Heights at the Second Battle of Fredericksburg during the Chancellorsville campaign , Virginia , May 1863 . This photograph ( Library of Congress # B - 157 ) is sometimes mistakenly labeled as taken at the 1864 Siege of Petersburg , Virginia . Chancellorsville , actions on May 3 , 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. , including the Second Battle of Fredericksburg and the Battle of Salem Church Chancellorsville Campaign , 3 May 1863 ( Battle of Salem Church : Situation at 1600 ) As Lee was savoring his victory at the Chancellorsville crossroads , he received disturbing news : Maj. Gen. John Sedgwick 's force had broken through the Confederate lines at Fredericksburg and was headed toward Chancellorsville . On the night of May 2 , in the aftermath of Jackson 's flank attack , Hooker had ordered Sedgwick to `` cross the Rappahannock at Fredericksburg on the receipt of this order , and at once take up your line of march on the Chancellorsville road until you connect with him . You will attack and destroy any force you may fall in with on the road . '' Lee had left a relatively small force at Fredericksburg , ordering Brig. Gen. Jubal Early to `` watch the enemy and try to hold him . '' If he was attacked in `` overwhelming numbers , '' Early was to retreat to Richmond , but if Sedgwick withdrew from his front , he was to join with Lee at Chancellorsville . On the morning of May 2 , Early received a garbled message from Lee 's staff that caused him to start marching most of his men toward Chancellorsville , but he quickly returned after a warning from Brig. Gen. William Barksdale of a Union advance against Fredericksburg . At 7 a.m. on May 3 , Early was confronted with four Union divisions : Brig. Gen. John Gibbons of the II Corps had crossed the Rappahannock north of town , and three divisions of Sedgwick 's VI Corps -- Maj. Gen. John Newton and Brig . Gens . Albion P. Howe and William T.H. Brooks -- were arrayed in line from the front of the town to Deep Run . Most of Early 's combat strength was deployed to the south of town , where Federal troops had achieved their most significant successes during the December battle . Marye 's Heights was defended by Barksdale 's Mississippi brigade and Early ordered the Louisiana brigade of Brig. Gen. Harry T. Hays from the far right to Barksdale 's left . By midmorning , two Union attacks against the infamous stone wall on Marye 's Heights were repulsed with numerous casualties . A Union party under flag of truce was allowed to approach ostensibly to collect the wounded , but while close to the stone wall , they were able to observe how sparsely the Confederate line was manned . A third Union attack was successful in overrunning the Confederate position . Early was able to organize an effective fighting retreat . John Sedgwick 's road to Chancellorsville was open , but he wasted time in gathering his troops and forming a marching column . His men , led by Brooks 's division , followed by Newton and Howe , were delayed for several hours by successive actions against the Alabama brigade of Brig. Gen. Cadmus M. Wilcox . His final delaying line was a ridge at Salem church , where he was joined by three brigades from McLaws 's division and one from Anderson 's , bringing the total Confederate strength to about 10,000 men . Artillery fire was exchanged by both sides in the afternoon and at 5 : 30 p.m. , two brigades of Brooks 's division attacked on both sides of the Plank Road . The advance south of the road reached as far as the churchyard , but was driven back . The attack north of the road could not break the Confederate line . Wilcox described the action as `` a bloody repulse to the enemy , rendering entirely useless to him his little success of the morning at Fredericksburg . '' Hooker expressed his disappointment in Sedgwick : `` my object in ordering General Sedgwick forward ... Was to relieve me from the position in which I found myself at Chancellorsville ... In my judgment General Sedgwick did not obey the spirit of my order , and made no sufficient effort to obey it ... When he did move it was not with sufficient confidence or ability on his part to manoeuvre his troops . '' The fighting on May 3 , 1863 , was some of the most furious anywhere in the civil war . The loss of 21,357 men that day in the three battles , divided equally between the two armies , ranks the fighting only behind the Battle of Antietam as the bloodiest day of war in American history . May 4 -- 6 : Union withdrawals ( edit ) Confederate dead behind the stone wall of Marye 's Heights , Fredericksburg , Virginia , killed during the Chancellorsville Campaign ( the Second Battle of Fredericksburg ) , May 1863 . Photograph by A.J. Russell . Chancellorsville , actions on May 4 , withdrawals on May 5 and 6 Battle of Chancellorsville , 4 May 1863 ( Situation at 1800 ) Battle of Chancellorsville , 6 May 1863 ( Situation at 1700 ) On the evening of May 3 and all day May 4 , Hooker remained in his defenses north of Chancellorsville. Lee observed that Hooker was threatening no offensive action , so felt comfortable ordering Anderson 's division to join the battle against Sedgwick . He sent orders to Early and McLaws to cooperate in a joint attack , but the orders reached his subordinates after dark , so the attack was planned for May 4 . By this time Sedgwick had placed his divisions into a strong defensive position with its flanks anchored on the Rappahannock , three sides of a rectangle extending south of the Plank Road . Early 's plan was to drive the Union troops off Marye 's Heights and the other high ground west of Fredericksburg. Lee ordered McLaws to engage from the west `` to prevent ( the enemy ) concentrating on General Early . '' Early reoccupied Marye 's Heights on the morning of May 4 , cutting Sedgwick off from the town . However , McLaws was reluctant to take any action . Before noon , Lee arrived with Anderson 's division , giving him a total of 21,000 men , slightly outnumbering Sedgwick . Despite Lee 's presence , McLaws continued his passive role and Anderson 's men took a few hours to get into position , a situation that frustrated and angered both Early and Lee , who had been planning on a concentrated assault from three directions . The attack finally began around 6 p.m. Two of Early 's brigades ( under Brig . Gens . Harry T. Hays and Robert F. Hoke ) pushed back Sedgwick 's left - center across the Plank Road , but Anderson 's effort was a slight one and McLaws once again contributed nothing . Throughout the day on May 4 , Hooker provided no assistance or useful guidance to Sedgwick , and Sedgwick thought about little else than protecting his line of retreat . Sedgwick withdrew across the Rappahannock at Banks 's Ford during the pre-dawn hours of May 5 . When he learned that Sedgwick had retreated back over the river , Hooker felt he was out of options to save the campaign . He called a council of war and asked his corps commanders to vote about whether to stay and fight or to withdraw . Although a majority voted to fight , Hooker had had enough , and on the night of May 5 -- 6 , he withdrew back across the river at U.S. Ford . It was a difficult operation . Hooker and the artillery crossed first , followed by the infantry beginning at 6 a.m. on May 6 . Meade 's V Corps served as the rear guard . Rains caused the river to rise and threatened to break the pontoon bridges . Couch was in command on the south bank after Hooker departed , but he was left with explicit orders not to continue the battle , which he had been tempted to do . The surprise withdrawal frustrated Lee 's plan for one final attack against Chancellorsville . He had issued orders for his artillery to bombard the Union line in preparation for another assault , but by the time they were ready Hooker and his men were gone . The Union cavalry under Brig. Gen. George Stoneman , after a week of ineffectual raiding in central and southern Virginia in which they failed to attack any of the objectives Hooker established , withdrew into Union lines east of Richmond -- the peninsula north of the York River , across from Yorktown -- on May 7 , ending the campaign . Aftermath ( edit ) My God ! It is horrible -- horrible ; and to think of it , 130,000 magnificent soldiers so cut to pieces by less than 60,000 half - starved ragamuffins ! Horace Greeley , New York Tribune Casualties ( edit ) Further information : Detailed Union casualties and Detailed Confederate casualties Lee , despite being outnumbered by a ratio of over two to one , won arguably his greatest victory of the war , sometimes described as his `` perfect battle . '' But he paid a terrible price for it , taking more casualties than he had lost in any previous battle , including the Confederate defeat at the Battle of Antietam . With only 60,000 men engaged , he suffered 13,303 casualties ( 1,665 killed , 9,081 wounded , 2,018 missing ) , losing some 22 % of his force in the campaign -- men that the Confederacy , with its limited manpower , could not replace . Just as seriously , he lost his most aggressive field commander , Stonewall Jackson . Brig. Gen. Elisha F. Paxton was the other Confederate general killed during the battle . After Longstreet rejoined the main army , he was highly critical of Lee 's strategy , saying that battles like Chancellorsville cost the Confederacy more men than it could afford to lose . Of the 133,000 Union men engaged , 17,197 were casualties ( 1,606 killed , 9,672 wounded , 5,919 missing ) , a percentage much lower than Lee 's , particularly considering that it includes 4,000 men of the XI Corps who were captured on May 2 . When comparing only the killed and wounded , there were almost no differences between the Confederate and Federal losses at Chancellorsville . The Union lost three generals in the campaign : Maj . Gens . Hiram G. Berry and Amiel W. Whipple and Brig. Gen. Edmund Kirby . Assessment of Hooker ( edit ) Lee 's Chancellorsville consisted of a pastiche of unbelievably risky gambits that led to a great triumph . Hooker 's campaign , after the brilliant opening movements , degenerated into a tale of opportunities missed and troops underutilized . Robert K. Krick , Lee 's Greatest Victory Hooker , who began the campaign believing he had `` 80 chances in 100 to be successful '' , lost the battle through miscommunication , the incompetence of some of his leading generals ( most notably Howard and Stoneman , but also Sedgwick ) , but mostly through the collapse of his own confidence . Hooker 's errors included abandoning his offensive push on May 1 and ordering Sickles to give up Hazel Grove and pull back on May 2 . He also erred in his disposition of forces ; despite Abraham Lincoln 's exhortation , `` this time put in all your men , '' some 40,000 men of the Army of the Potomac scarcely fired a shot . When later asked why he had ordered a halt to his advance on May 1 , Hooker is reputed to have responded , `` For the first time , I lost faith in Hooker . '' However , Stephen W. Sears has categorized this as a myth : Nothing has been more damaging to General Joseph Hooker 's military reputation than this , from John Bigelow 's The Campaign of Chancellorsville ( 1910 ) : `` A couple of months later , when Hooker crossed the Rappahannock ( actually , the Potomac ) with the Army of the Potomac in the Campaign of Gettysburg he was asked by General Doubleday : ' Hooker , what was the matter with you at Chancellorsville ? ... Hooker answered frankly ... ' Doubleday ... For once I lost confidence in Hooker ' . '' Sears 's research has shown that Bigelow was quoting from a letter written in 1903 by an E.P. Halstead , who was on the staff of Doubleday 's I Corps division . There is no evidence that Hooker and Doubleday ever met during the Gettysburg Campaign , nor was there any chance of them meeting -- they were dozens of miles apart . Finally , Doubleday made no mention of such a confession from Hooker in his history of the Chancellorsville Campaign , published in 1882 . Sears concludes : It can only be concluded that forty years after the event , elderly ex-staff officer Halstead was at best retailing some vaguely remembered campfire tale , and at worst manufacturing a role for himself in histories of the campaign ... Whatever Joe Hooker 's failings at Chancellorsville , he did not publicly confess them . Lincoln later told Congressman Deming of Connecticut that he believed the war could have been terminated at Chancellorsville had Hooker managed the battle better : specifically , `` when Hooker failed to reinforce Sedgwick , after hearing his cannon ... '' But , he added , `` I do not know that I could have given any different orders had I been with them myself . I have not fully made up my mind how I should behave when minie - balls were whistling , and those great oblong shells shrieking in my ear . I might run away . '' Union reaction ( edit ) The Union was shocked by the defeat . President Abraham Lincoln was quoted as saying , `` My God ! My God ! What will the country say ? '' A few generals were career casualties . Hooker relieved Stoneman for incompetence and for years waged a vituperative campaign against Howard , who he blamed for his loss . He wrote in 1876 that Howard was `` a hypocrite ... totally incompetent ... a perfect old woman ... a bad man . '' He labeled Sedgwick as `` dilatory . '' Couch was so disgusted by Hooker 's conduct of the battle ( and his incessant political maneuvering ) that he resigned and was placed in charge of the Department of the Susquehanna , commanding only Pennsylvania militia . President Lincoln chose to retain Hooker in command of the army , but the friction between Lincoln , general in chief Henry W. Halleck , and Hooker became intolerable in the early days of the Gettysburg Campaign and Lincoln relieved Hooker of command on June 28 , just before the Battle of Gettysburg . One of the consequences of Chancellorsville at Gettysburg was the conduct of Daniel Sickles , who undoubtedly recalled the terrible consequences of withdrawing from Hazel Grove when he decided to ignore the commands of his general and moved his lines on the second day of battle to ensure that a minor piece of high ground , the Peach Orchard , was not available to the enemy 's artillery . Confederate reaction ( edit ) The Confederate public had mixed feelings about the result , joy at Lee 's tactical victory tempered by the loss of their most beloved general , Stonewall Jackson . The death of Jackson caused Lee to make the long - needed reorganization of the Army of Northern Virginia from two large corps into three , under James Longstreet , Richard S. Ewell , and A.P. Hill . The new assignments for the latter two generals caused some command difficulties in the upcoming Gettysburg Campaign , which began in June . Of more consequence for Gettysburg , however , was the supreme confidence that Lee gained from his great victory at Chancellorsville , that his army was virtually invincible and would succeed at anything he asked them to do . Additional battle maps ( edit ) Gallery : Chancellorsville Campaign ( Tactical maps ) ( edit ) Map symbols Map 1 : Hooker 's Flanking March , 27 -- 30 April 1863 Map 2 : 1 May 1863 ( late morning ) Map 3 : 2 May 1863 ( early evening ) Map 4 : 3 May 1863 ( early morning ) Map 5 : 4 May 1863 ( late afternoon ) Battlefield preservation ( edit ) Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania County Battlefields Memorial National Military Park U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. National Military Park Virginia Landmarks Register A piece of artillery . Area 4,601.1 acres ( 1,862 ha ) NRHP reference # 66000046 VLR # 111 - 0147 Significant dates Added to NRHP October 15 , 1966 Designated VLR January 16 , 1973 The battlefield was a scene of widespread destruction , covered with dead men and animals . The Chancellor family , whose house was destroyed during the battle , placed the entire 854 - acre property for sale four months after the battle . A smaller version of the house was rebuilt using some of the original materials , which served as a landmark for many of the veteran reunions of the late 19th century . In 1927 , the rebuilt house was destroyed by fire . That same year , the United States Congress authorized the Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania National Military Park , which preserves some of the land that saw fighting in the 1862 Battle of Fredericksburg , the Chancellorsville Campaign , the Battle of the Wilderness , and the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House ( the latter two being key battles in the 1864 Overland Campaign ) . In May 2002 , a regional developer announced a plan to build 2,300 houses and 2,000,000 square feet of commercial space on the 790 - acre Mullins Farm , site of the first day of fighting at the Battle of Chancellorsville . Soon thereafter , the Civil War Trust ( now a division of the American Battlefield Trust ) formed the Coalition to Save Chancellorsville , a network of national and local preservation groups that waged a vocal campaign against the development . For nearly a year , the Coalition mobilized local citizens , held candlelight vigils and hearings , and encouraged residents to become more involved in preservation . Public opinion polling conducted by the Coalition found that more than two - thirds of local residents opposed the development . The survey also found that 90 percent of local residents believed their county has a responsibility to protect Chancellorsville and other historic resources . As a result of these efforts , in March 2003 the Spotsylvania County Board of Supervisors denied the rezoning application that would have allowed for the development of the site . Immediately following the vote , the Civil War Trust and other Coalition members began working to acquire the battlefield . By working with county officials and developers , the Trust acquired 140 acres in 2004 and another 74 acres in 2006. The Trust and its federal , state and local partners have acquired and preserved 1,288 acres ( 5.21 km ) of the battlefield in more than a dozen different transactions since 2002 . In popular media ( edit ) The battle formed the basis for Stephen Crane 's 1895 novel The Red Badge of Courage . The battle serves as the background for one of F. Scott Fitzgerald 's short stories , published in the February 1935 Esquire Magazine , entitled `` The Night at Chancellorsville . '' The Battle of Chancellorsville was depicted in the 2003 film Gods and Generals , based on the novel of the same name . The treatment of the battle in both the novel and the movie focuses on Jackson 's assault on the Union right flank , his wounding , and his subsequent death . See also ( edit ) American Civil War portal Virginia portal List of American Civil War battles Troop engagements of the American Civil War , 1863 Battle of Fredericksburg and Mud March Second Battle of Fredericksburg Battle of Salem Church List of costliest American Civil War land battles Armies in the American Civil War Bibliography of the American Civil War Bibliography of Abraham Lincoln Bibliography of Ulysses S. Grant Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The dates for the battle vary by historian . The National Park Service cites the period from the Union army 's establishing a presence on the battlefield ( April 30 ) until its retreat ( May 6 ) . McPherson , p. 643 , cites May 2 to 6 . Livermore , p. 98 , May 1 to 4 . McGowen , p. 392 , May 2 to 3 . The full Chancellorsville Campaign lasted from April 27 to May 7 . Jump up ^ National Park Service . Jump up ^ Official Records , Series I , Volume XXV , Part 1 , pages 156 -- 170 ^ Jump up to : Second Division ( II Army Corps ) and VI Army Corps engaged at Fredericksburg ( or Marye 's Heights ) , Salem Heights ( or Salem Church ) and near Banks ' Ford , Va. , May 3 -- 4 , 1863 . Further information : Official Records , Series I , Volume XXV , Part 1 , pages 188 -- 191 . Jump up ^ Official Records , Series I , Volume XXV , Part 1 , pages 789 -- 794 ^ Jump up to : Jubal A. Early 's Division ( II Army Corps ) and McLaws 's Division ( I Army Corps ) engaged at Fredericksburg ( or Marye 's Heights ) , Salem Heights ( or Salem Church ) and near Banks ' Ford , Va. , May 3 -- 4 , 1863 . ^ Jump up to : Union strength include forces engaged at Fredericksburg and Salem Church , Va . ( May 3 -- 4 , 1863 ) . Further information : Official Records , Series I , Volume XXV , Part 2 , page 320 and Official Records , Series I , Volume XXV , Part 1 , pages 188 -- 191 . ^ Jump up to : 133,868 Union troops and 60,892 Confederate troops according to Bigelow , pp. 132 -- 136 and Eicher , p. 475 ; Furgurson , p. 88 , Kennedy , p. 197 : `` about 130,000 to 60,000 . '' ; Salmon , p. 173 : `` more than 133,000 ... about 60,000 . '' The NPS states Union 97,382 , Confederate 57,352 . ^ Jump up to : Confederate strength include forces engaged at Fredericksburg and Salem Church , Va . ( May 3 -- 4 , 1863 ) . Further information : Official Records , Series I , Volume XXV , Part 2 , page 696 . ^ Jump up to : Casualties cited are for the full campaign . Further information : Official Records , Series I , Volume XXV , Part 1 , pages 172 -- 192 . ^ Jump up to : Eicher , p. 488 . Casualties cited are for the full campaign . Sears , pp. 492 , 501 , cites 17,304 Union ( 1,694 killed , 9,672 wounded , and 5,938 missing ) and 13,460 Confederate ( 1,724 killed , 9,233 wounded , and 2,503 missing ) . Jump up ^ Casualties cited are for the full campaign . Further information : Official Records , Series I , Volume XXV , Part 1 , pages 806 -- 809 / 947 -- 949 . Jump up ^ There were three battles and one cavalry raid during the campaign . Because the three battles happened in a small geographic area and had overlapping timelines , this article covers both the battle around the village of Chancellorsville and the full campaign . Jump up ^ Evan Andrews ( 1 September 2015 ) . `` 5 Famous Pyrrhic Victories '' . History . A&E Television Networks , LLC . Retrieved 17 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , pp. 11 -- 15 , 88 -- 112 , 118 -- 21 , 144 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Krick , pp. 14 -- 15 ; Hebert , pp. 165 -- 67 , 177 ; Kennedy , p. 197 ; Eicher , p. 473 ; Sears , pp. 21 -- 24 , 61 ; Warner , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Furgurson , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Sears , pp. 24 -- 25 ; Furgurson , p. 18 ; Cullen , pp. 15 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Hebert , pp. 166 -- 68 , 172 ; Sears , pp. 24 , 61 , 63 . Jump up ^ Sears , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , p. 6 ; Esposito , text for map 84 ; Eicher , p. 473 ; Sears , p. 67 ; Hebert , pp. 172 -- 77 . Jump up ^ Catton , pp. 141 -- 47 ; Hebert , pp. 178 -- 83 ; Sears , pp. 62 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Cullen , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Krick , p. 41 ; Sears , pp. 68 -- 70 , 100 -- 102 ; Fishel , pp. 286 -- 95 . The Army of the Potomac was able to call on the services of self - styled `` Professor of Aeronautics '' Thaddeus S.C. Lowe and his two hydrogen aerostats Washington and Eagle , which regularly ascended to heights of 1,000 feet ( 300 m ) or more to observe Lee 's positions . Jump up ^ Gallagher , pp. 9 -- 10 ; Eicher , p. 474 ; Cullen , pp. 17 -- 18 ; Welcher , p. 659 ; Sears , pp. 120 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Cullen , p. 17 ; Gallagher , pp. 10 -- 11 ; Welcher , p. 659 ; Sears , pp. 137 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Sears , pp. 132 , 193 -- 94 ; Krick , pp. 35 -- 36 ; Gallagher , pp. 11 -- 13 ; Cullen , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Sears , pp. 98 -- 99 ; Cullen , p. 19 ; Salmon , pp. 173 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Esposito , text for map 84 ; Gallagher , pp. 13 -- 14 ; Salmon , p. 175 ; Sears , pp. 141 -- 58 ; Krick , p. 32 ; Eicher , pp. 475 , 477 ; Welcher , pp. 660 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Salmon , pp. 176 -- 77 ; Gallagher , pp. 16 -- 17 ; Krick , pp. 39 ; Salmon , pp. 176 -- 77 ; Cullen , pp. 21 -- 22 ; Sears , pp. 187 -- 89 . Jump up ^ 413 guns according : Bigelow , p. 136 ; Gallagher , p. 7 ; Salmon , p. 173 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 474 ; Welcher , pp. 684 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Bigelow , p. 134 ; Gallagher , p. 8 ; Salmon , p. 173 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 474 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Salmon , pp. 168 -- 72 ; Kennedy , pp. 194 -- 97 ; Eicher , p. 474 ; Cullen , p. 16 ; Sears , pp. 94 -- 95 . Jump up ^ Salmon , p. 177 ; Welcher , p. 663 ; Gallagher , pp. 17 -- 19 ; Cullen , pp. 23 -- 25 ; Sears , pp. 196 -- 202 ; Krick , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Salmon , p. 177 ; Cullen , p. 25 ; Krick , pp. 59 -- 62 ; Welcher , pp. 663 -- 65 ; Gallagher , pp. 18 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Krick , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Sears , p. 212 ; Eicher , p. 478 ; Cullen , p. 26 ; Esposito , text for map 85 ; Gallagher , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Cullen , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Sears , pp. 212 -- 13 ; Cullen , pp. 26 -- 28 . Eicher , p. 478 . called Hooker 's order `` an almost surrealistic blunder . '' Furgurson , pp. 130 -- 32 , wrote `` With mass , position , and momentum on his side , after one of the most successful opening moves in American military history , Hooker bowed and handed the initiative to Lee ... At no other time between Sumter and Appomattox did moral character so decisively affect the battle . '' Both Eicher and Furgurson suggest that Hooker 's abstinence from alcohol during the battle may have affected his normally pugnacious personality . Krick , p. 9 , refers to `` impressive evidence '' that he was drinking during the battle , but that `` other evidence '' denies the fact . Jump up ^ Sears , pp. 233 -- 35 ; Esposito , text for map 86 ; Eicher , p. 479 ; Cullen , pp. 28 -- 29 ; Krick , pp. 64 -- 70 ; Salmon , pp. 177 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Sears , pp. 228 -- 30 ; Furgurson , pp. 156 -- 57 ; Welcher , p. 667 . Jump up ^ Sears , pp. 231 -- 35 , 239 -- 40 ; Eicher , p. 479 . Jump up ^ Cullen , p. 29 ; Sears , pp. 244 -- 45 ; Salmon , p. 178 . Jump up ^ Sears , pp. 245 , 254 -- 59 ; Krick , p. 76 ; Salmon , pp. 178 -- 79 ; Cullen , pp. 30 -- 32 ; Welcher , p. 668 . Jump up ^ Krick , pp. 84 -- 86 ; Salmon , p. 179 ; Cullen , p. 34 ; Sears , pp. 257 -- 58 . Jump up ^ Furgurson , p. 90 ; Eicher , pp. 480 -- 82 ; Sears , pp. 237 -- 38 , 270 . Jump up ^ Sears , p. 272 ; Furgurson , p. 171 , estimates 5 : 15 and states that various reports from the combatants list the starting time from as early as 4 p.m. to as late as 6 p.m. Jump up ^ Sears , p. 261 . Only two - thirds of Jackson 's marching column participated in the assault . Some of A.P. Hill 's men arrived late , other units were detached to guard the Orange Plank Road . Jump up ^ Krick , pp. 104 -- 105 , 118 ; Sears , pp. 260 -- 81 ; Eicher , pp. 480 -- 82 ; Cullen , p. 34 ; Welcher , p. 670 . Jump up ^ Sears , pp. 281 , 287 , 289 -- 91 , 300 -- 302 , 488 ; Welcher , p. 673 ; Eicher , p. 483 ; Salmon , p. 180 ; Krick , pp. 146 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Furgurson , pp. 196 -- 206 , 213 -- 16 ; Krick , pp. 136 -- 46 ; Salmon , pp. 180 -- 81 ; Sears , pp. 293 -- 97 , 306 -- 307 , 446 -- 49 ; Smith , pp. 123 -- 27 . For representative speculation about Gettysburg , see David G. Martin , Gettysburg July 1 , rev . ed . ( Conshohocken , PA : Combined Publishing , 1996 ) , ISBN 0 - 938289 - 81 - 0 , pp. 563 -- 65 , or Furgurson , pp. 349 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Goolrick , 140 -- 42 ; Esposito , text for map 88 ; Sears , pp. 312 -- 14 , 316 -- 20 ; Salmon , pp. 181 -- 82 ; Cullen , pp. 36 -- 39 ; Welcher , p. 675 . Jump up ^ Welcher , pp. 676 -- 77 ; Eicher , pp. 483 -- 85 ; Salmon , pp. 182 -- 83 ; Krick , p. 199 . Sears , p. 325 : `` Under the particular conditions he inherited , then , it is hard to see how Jeb Stuart , in a new command , a cavalryman commanding infantry and artillery for the first time , could have done a better job . '' Jump up ^ Freeman , vol. 2 , p. 592 . Jump up ^ Salmon , p. 183 ; Sears , pp. 319 -- 20 ; Welcher , p. 677 . Jump up ^ Evans , vol. 3 , p. 390 . Jump up ^ Sears , pp. 336 -- 39 ; Welcher , p. 678 ; Eicher , pp. 485 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Sears , pp. 308 -- 11 , 350 -- 51 ; Welcher , pp. 679 -- 80 ; Cullen , pp. 41 -- 42 ; Goolrick , pp. 151 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Krick , pp. 176 -- 80 ; Welcher , pp. 680 -- 81 ; Esposito , text for maps 88 -- 89 ; Sears , pp. 352 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Furgurson , pp. 273 -- 88 ; Welcher , p. 681 ; Sears , pp. 378 -- 86 ; Krick , pp. 181 -- 85 ; Cullen , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Sears , p. 389 . Jump up ^ Sears , pp. 390 -- 93 ; Welcher , pp. 681 -- 82 ; Cullen , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Krick , pp. 187 -- 91 ; Sears , pp. 400 -- 405 . Jump up ^ Krick , pp. 191 -- 96 ; Esposito , text for map 91 ; Welcher , p. 682 ; Cullen , p. 45 ; Sears , pp. 417 -- 30 . Goolrick , p. 158 : In the council of war , Meade , Reynolds , and Howard voted to fight . Sickles and Couch voted to withdraw ; Couch actually favored attack , but lacked confidence in Hooker 's leadership . Slocum did not arrive until after the vote , and Sedgwick had already withdrawn from the battlefield . Jump up ^ Sears , p. 309 ; Eicher , p. 476 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Dupuy , p. 261 . Jump up ^ Smith , p. 127 . Jump up ^ Smith , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Krick , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Esposito , text for map 91 ; Foote , p. 315 ; Hebert , p. 199 . ^ Jump up to : Sears , p. 504 . ^ Jump up to : Sears , p. 505 . Jump up ^ Six Months at the White House with Abraham Lincoln by Carpenter , Francis Bicknell , 1830 -- 1900 . Published 1866 , pages 219 -- 221 Jump up ^ Hebert , pp. 231 , 235 , 245 ; Sears , p. 433 ; Eicher , pp. 489 , 523 ; Furgurson , p. 332 ; Krick , pp. 127 , 203 ; Cullen , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 489 ; Cullen , pp. 49 -- 50 , 69 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2009 - 03 - 13 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ `` Virginia Landmarks Register '' . Virginia Department of Historic Resources . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Krick , pp. 201 -- 202 ; NPS Archived May 14 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ `` 7 Groups Form Coalition to Save Chancellorsville '' , The Civil War News , 2002 Archived January 11 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Soft Touch at Town of Chancellorsville Vigil Pays Off '' , Fredericksburg Free - Lance Star , January 22 , 2003 Jump up ^ `` Spotsy board vote brings cheers '' , Fredericksburg Free - Lance Star , November 15 , 2006 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) American Battlefield Trust `` Saved Land '' webpage . Accessed May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chancellorsville , '' Red Badge of Courage material , American Studies website of the University of Virginia . Jump up ^ Text of the short story References ( edit ) Alexander , Edward P. Fighting for the Confederacy : The Personal Recollections of General Edward Porter Alexander . Edited by Gary W. Gallagher . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 4722 - 4 . Catton , Bruce . Glory Road . Garden City , NY : Doubleday and Company , 1952 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 04167 - 5 . Cullen , Joseph P. `` Battle of Chancellorsville . '' In Battle Chronicles of the Civil War : 1863 , edited by James M. McPherson . Connecticut : Grey Castle Press , 1989 . ISBN 1 - 55905 - 027 - 6 . First published in 1989 by McMillan . Dupuy , R. Ernest , Trevor N. Dupuy , and Paul F. Braim . Military Heritage of America . New York : McGraw - Hill , 1956 . ISBN 0 - 8403 - 8225 - 1 . Eicher , David J. The Longest Night : A Military History of the Civil War . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 84944 - 5 . Esposito , Vincent J. West Point Atlas of American Wars . New York : Frederick A. Praeger , 1959 . OCLC 5890637 . The collection of maps ( without explanatory text ) is available online at the West Point website . Fishel , Edwin C. The Secret War for the Union : The Untold Story of Military Intelligence in the Civil War . Boston : Mariner Books ( Houghton Mifflin Co . ) , 1996 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 90136 - 7 . Foote , Shelby . The Civil War : A Narrative . Vol. 2 , Fredericksburg to Meridian . New York : Random House , 1958 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 49517 - 9 . Freeman , Douglas S. Lee 's Lieutenants : A Study in Command . 3 vols . New York : Scribner , 1946 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 85979 - 3 . Furgurson , Ernest B. Chancellorsville 1863 : The Souls of the Brave . New York : Knopf , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 58301 - 9 . Gallagher , Gary W . The Battle of Chancellorsville . National Park Service Civil War series . Conshohocken , PA : U.S. National Park Service and Eastern National , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 915992 - 87 - 6 . Goolrick , William K. , and the Editors of Time - Life Books . Rebels Resurgent : Fredericksburg to Chancellorsville . Alexandria , VA : Time - Life Books , 1985 . ISBN 0 - 8094 - 4748 - 7 . Hebert , Walter H. Fighting Joe Hooker . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 7323 - 1 . Krick , Robert K. Chancellorsville -- Lee 's Greatest Victory . New York : American Heritage Publishing Co. , 1990 . OCLC 671280483 . Livermore , Thomas L. Numbers and Losses in the Civil War in America 1861 -- 65 . Reprinted with errata , Dayton , OH : Morninside House , 1986 . ISBN 0 - 527 - 57600 - X . First published in 1901 by Houghton Mifflin . McGowen , Stanley S. `` Battle of Chancellorsville . '' In Encyclopedia of the American Civil War : A Political , Social , and Military History , edited by David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler . New York : W.W. Norton & Company , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 04758 - X . McPherson , James M. Battle Cry of Freedom : The Civil War Era . Oxford History of the United States . New York : Oxford University Press , 1988 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503863 - 0 . Salmon , John S . The Official Virginia Civil War Battlefield Guide . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 2868 - 4 . Sears , Stephen W. Chancellorsville . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1996 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 87744 - X . Smith , Derek . The Gallant Dead : Union & Confederate Generals Killed in the Civil War . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 0132 - 8 . Warner , Ezra J. Generals in Blue : Lives of the Union Commanders . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 1964 . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 0822 - 7 . Wineman , Bradford Alexander . The Chancellorsville Campaign , January -- May 1863 . Washington , DC : United States Army Center of Military History , 2013 . OCLC : 847739804 . National Park Service battle description CWSAC Report Update Memoirs and primary sources ( edit ) Bigelow , John . The Campaign of Chancellorsville , a Strategic and Tactical Study . New Haven : Yale University Press , 1910 . OCLC 1348825 . Crane , Stephen . The Red Badge of Courage . Upper Saddle River , NJ : Prentice Hall , 1895 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 435466 - 8 . Dodge , Theodore A . The Campaign of Chancellorsville . Boston : J.R. Osgood & Co. , 1881 . OCLC 4226311 . Evans , Clement A. , ed . Confederate Military History : A Library of Confederate States History . 12 vols . Atlanta : Confederate Publishing Company , 1899 . OCLC 833588 . Tidball , John C. The Artillery Service in the War of the Rebellion , 1861 - 1865 . Westholme Publishing , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 1594161490 . U.S. War Department , The War of the Rebellion : a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office , 1880 -- 1901 . Further reading ( edit ) Ballard , Ted , and Billy Arthur . Chancellorsville Staff Ride : Briefing Book . Washington , DC : United States Army Center of Military History , 2002 . OCLC 50210531 . Mackowski , Chris , and Kristopher D. White . Chancellorsville 's Forgotten Front : The Battles of Second Fredericksburg and Salem Church , May 3 , 1863 . El Dorado Hills , CA : Savas Beatie , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61121 - 136 - 8 . Mackowski , Chris , and Kristopher D. White . The Last Days of Stonewall Jackson : The Mortal Wounding of the Confederacy 's Greatest Icon . Emerging Civil War Series . El Dorado Hills , CA : Savas Beatie , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61121 - 150 - 4 . Mackowski , Chris , and Kristopher D. White . That Furious Struggle : Chancellorsville and the High Tide of the Confederacy , May 1 -- 4 , 1863 . Emerging Civil War Series . El Dorado Hills , CA : Savas Beatie , 2014 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61121 - 219 - 8 . Parsons , Philip W . The Union Sixth Army Corps in the Chancellorsville Campaign : A Study of the Engagements of Second Fredericksburg , Salem Church , and Banks 's Ford . Jefferson , NC : McFarland & Co. , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 2521 - 1 . Pula , James S. Under the Crescent Moon with the XI Corps in the Civil War . Vol. 1 , From the Defenses of Washington to Chancellorsville , 1862 -- 1863 . El Dorado Hills , CA : Savas Beatie , 2017 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61121 - 337 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of a 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article about Battle of Chancellorsville . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Chancellorsville . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania National Military Park . The Battle of Chancellorsville : Battle Maps , histories , photos , and preservation news ( Civil War Trust ) Battle of Chancellorsville Virtual Tour Chancellorsville Campaign in Encyclopedia Virginia Second Battle of Fredericksburg in Encyclopedia Virginia The Brothers War : The Battle of Chancellorsville Animated Powerpoint slide presentation of campaign Animated history of the Battle of Chancellorsville C - SPAN American History TV Tour of Jackson 's Flank Attack at Chancellorsville Texts on Wikisource : Guernsey , Alfred H. ( 1879 ) . `` Chancellorsville , Battle of '' . The American Cyclopædia . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who led the union troops at the battle of chancellorsville | [
"The Battle of Chancellorsville was a major battle of the American Civil War (1861–1865), and the principal engagement of the Chancellorsville Campaign.[13] It was fought from April 30 to May 6, 1863, in Spotsylvania County, Virginia, near the village of Chancellorsville. Two related battles were fought nearby on May 3 in the vicinity of Fredericksburg. The campaign pitted Union Army Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker's Army of the Potomac against an army less than half its size, General Robert E. Lee's Confederate Army of Northern Virginia. Chancellorsville is known as Lee's \"perfect battle\" because his risky decision to divide his army in the presence of a much larger enemy force resulted in a significant Confederate victory. The victory, a product of Lee's audacity and Hooker's timid decision making, was tempered by heavy casualties, including Lt. Gen. Thomas J. \"Stonewall\" Jackson. Jackson was hit by friendly fire, requiring his left arm to be amputated; he died of pneumonia eight days later, a loss that Lee likened to losing his right arm. Lee's difficulty in replacing his lost men has led to his great victory being regarded as a Pyrrhic one.[14]"
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"Union Army Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker"
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6165380857909903238 | Sprat | Sprat - wikipedia Sprat Jump to : navigation , search For the environmental care group SPRATS , see Sea Spurge Remote Area Teams . See also : Sprat ( surname ) Salted sprats ( Sprattus sprattus ) at Odessa bazaar , Ukraine This article is part of a series on Commercial fish Large pelagic billfish bonito mackerel salmon shark tuna Forage anchovy herring menhaden sardine shad sprat Demersal cod eel flatfish pollock ray Mixed carp tilapia A sprat is the common name applied to a group of forage fish belonging to the genus Sprattus in the family Clupeidae . The term is also applied to a number of other small sprat - like forage fish . Like most forage fishes , sprats are highly active small oily fish . They travel in large schools with other fish and swim continuously throughout the day . They are also recognized for their nutritional value as they contain high levels of polyunsaturated fats , considered beneficial to the human diet . They are eaten in many places around the world . Sprats are sometimes passed for other fish ; products sold as having been prepared from anchovies ( since the 19th century ) and sardines are sometimes prepared from sprats , as the authentic ones used to be less accessible . They are known for their smooth flavour and are easy to mistake for baby sardines . Contents ( hide ) 1 Species 1.1 True sprats 1.2 Other sprats 2 Characteristics 3 Distribution 4 Ecology 5 Fisheries 6 As food 7 Notes 8 References Species ( edit ) True sprats ( edit ) True sprats belong to the genus Sprattus in the family Clupeidae . There are five species . ( hide ) Sprattus species Common name Scientific name Maximum length Common length Maximum weight Maximum age Trophic level Fish Base FAO ITIS IUCN status New Zealand blueback sprat Sprattus antipodum ( Hector 1872 ) 12.0 cm 9.0 cm kg years 3.0 Not assessed Falkland sprat Sprattus fuegensis ( Blomefield , 1842 ) 18.0 cm 15.0 cm kg years 3.4 Not assessed New Zealand sprat Sprattus muelleri ( Klunzinger , 1879 ) 13.0 cm 10.0 cm kg years 3.0 Not assessed Australian sprat Sprattus novaehollandiae ( Valenciennes , 1847 ) 14.0 cm cm kg years 3.0 Not assessed European sprat * Sprattus sprattus ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) 16.0 cm 12.0 cm kg 6 years 3.0 Not assessed * Type species Other sprats ( edit ) The term is also commonly applied to a number of other small sprat - like forage fish which share characteristics of the true sprat . Apart from the true sprats , FishBase list another 48 species whose common names ends with `` sprat '' . Some examples are : ( hide ) Sprat - like species Common name Scientific name Maximum length Common length Maximum weight Maximum age Trophic level Fish Base FAO ITIS IUCN status Black and Caspian Sea sprat Clupeonella cultriventris ( Nordmann , 1840 ) 14.5 cm 10 cm kg 5 years 3.0 Not assessed Characteristics ( edit ) The European sprat , Sprattus sprattus , is the type species for the genus Sprattus . The average length of time from fertilization to hatching is approximately fifteen days , with environmental factors playing a major role in the size and overall success of the sprat . The development of young larval sprat and reproductive success of the sprat have been largely influenced by environmental factors . Some of these factors that are affecting the sprat can be seen in the Baltic Sea , where specific gravity , water temperature , depth , and other such factors play a role in the success of the sprat . The amount of sprat over the last two decades has fluctuated due primarily to availability of zooplankton , a common food source , and also from overall changes in Clupeidae total abundance . Although the overall survival rates of the sprat decreased in the late 1980s and early 1990s , there has been an increase in the last two decades . Recent studies suggesting that there is a progression in the reproductive success of the sprat acknowledge that there has been a significant increase in spawning stock biomass . One of the main concerns for reproductive success for the sprat include winters that are exceedingly cold , as cold temperatures , especially in the Baltic Sea , have been known to affect the development of sprat eggs and larvae . The metabolic rate of the sprat is highly influenced by environmental factors such as water temperature . Several related fish such as the Atlantic Herring ( C. harengus ) have a much lower metabolic rate than that of the sprat . Some of the difference may be due to size differences among the related species but the most important reason for high levels of metabolism for the sprat is their exceedingly high level of activity throughout the day . Distribution ( edit ) Fish of the different species of sprat are found in various parts of the world including New Zealand , Australia , and parts of Europe . By far , the most highly studied location where the sprat , most commonly Sprattus sprattus , resides is the Baltic Sea , located in Northern Europe . The Baltic Sea provides the sprat with a highly diverse environment , with spatial and temporal potential allowing for successful reproduction . One of the most well - known locations in the Baltic Sea where they forage for their food is the Bornholm Basin , located in the southern portion of the Baltic Sea . Although the Baltic Sea has undergone several ecological changes during the last two decades , the sprat has dramatically increased in population . One of the environmental changes that has occurred in the Baltic Sea since the 1980s includes a decrease in water salinity , due to a lack of inflow from the North Sea that contains high saline and oxygen content . Ecology ( edit ) A gannet begins its take off run . It takes a lot of `` fuel '' to achieve take off for this huge bird . This can be provided for by sprats and other forage fish which are abundant in the summer months . In the Baltic Sea , cod , herring , and sprat are considered the most important species . Cod is the top predator while the herring and sprat are recognized primarily as prey . This has been proven by many studies that analyze the stomach contents of such fish , often finding contents that immediately signify predation among the species . Although cod primarily feed on adult sprat , sprat tend to feed on cod before they have been fully developed . The sprat tends to prey on the cod eggs and larvae . Furthermore , sprat and herring are considered highly competitive for the same resources that are available to them . This is most present in the two species ' vertical migration in the Baltic Sea , where they compete for the limited zooplankton that is available and necessary for their survival . Sprat are highly selective in their diet and are strict zooplanktivores that do not change their diet with fish size like some herring , but include only zooplankton in their diet . They eat various species of zooplankton in accordance to changes in the environment , as temperature and other such factors affect the availability of their food . During autumn , sprat tend to have a diet high in Temora longicornis and Bosmina maritime . During the winter , their diet includes Pesudocalanus elongates . Pseudocalanus is genus of the order calanoida and subclass copepoda that is important to the predation and diet of fish in the Baltic Sea . In both autumn and winter , there has been a tendency for sprat to avoid eating Acartia spp . The main reason for sprat not including Acartia spp. in their diet is that they tend to be very small in size and have a high escape response to predators such as the herring and sprat . Although Acartia spp . may be present in large numbers , they also tend to dwell more towards the surface of the water , whereas the sprat , especially during the day , tend to dwell in deeper waters . Fisheries ( edit ) Global commercial capture of sprats in million tonnes 1950 -- 2010 The total capture of sprats in 2010 reported by the FAO was 667,000 tonnes . As food ( edit ) In Northern Europe , European sprats are commonly smoked and preserved in oil , which retains a strong smoky flavor . Sprat , if smoked , is considered to be one of the foods highest in purine content . People who suffer from gout or high uric acid in the blood should avoid eating such foods . Sprat , most importantly contains long - chained polyunsaturated fatty acids , including eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) , and docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) . Present in amounts that are comparable to Atlantic Salmon , and up to seven times higher in EPA and DHA than common fresh fillets of gilthead , the sprat contains approximately 1.43 g / 100g of these polyunsaturated fatty acids that have been found to help prevent mental , neural , and cardiovascular diseases . Further comparison of the canned fish that contain high amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids show that although this is a canned species , the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids exceeds that of some terrestrial animal products such as Thai fermented pork sausage that contains only 0.01 g / 100g DHA , with no EPA being detected at all . Sprattus sprattus , the European sprat Creel with sprat , National Fishery Museum , Belgium Oven to smoke sprat , National Fishery Museum , Belgium Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Meskendahl , L. , J. - P. Herrmann , and A. Temming . `` Effects of Temperature and Body Mass on Metabolic Rates of Sprat , Sprattus Sprattus L . '' Marine Biology 157.9 ( 2010 ) : 1917 -- 1927 . Academic Search Premier . Web . 26 Nov. 2011 . p. 1925 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Sprats Fried in Batter Jump up ^ Froese , Rainer and Pauly , Daniel , eds. ( 2012 ) . `` Sprattus antipodum '' in FishBase. April 2012 version . Jump up ^ `` Sprattus antipodum '' . Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved April 2012 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Froese , Rainer and Pauly , Daniel , eds. ( 2012 ) . `` Sprattus fuegensis '' in FishBase. April 2012 version . Jump up ^ `` Sprattus fuegensis '' . Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved April 2012 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Froese , Rainer and Pauly , Daniel , eds. ( 2012 ) . `` Sprattus muelleri '' in FishBase. April 2012 version . Jump up ^ `` Sprattus muelleri '' . Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved April 2012 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Froese , Rainer and Pauly , Daniel , eds. ( 2012 ) . `` Sprattus novaehollandiae '' in FishBase. April 2012 version . Jump up ^ `` Sprattus novaehollandiae '' . Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved April 2012 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Froese , Rainer and Pauly , Daniel , eds. ( 2012 ) . `` Sprattus sprattus '' in FishBase. April 2012 version . Jump up ^ Sprattus sprattus ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) FAO , Species Fact Sheet . Retrieved April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sprattus sprattus '' . Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved April 2012 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Froese , Rainer and Pauly , Daniel , eds. ( 2012 ) . `` Clupeonella cultriventris '' in FishBase. April 2012 version . Jump up ^ Clupeonella cultriventris ( Nordmann , 1840 ) FAO , Species Fact Sheet . Retrieved April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Clupeonella cultriventris '' . Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved April 2012 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Nissling , Anders . `` Effects Of Temperature On Egg And Larval Survival Of Cod ( Gadus Morhua ) And Sprat ( Sprattus Sprattus ) In The Baltic Sea -- Implications For Stock Development . '' Hydrobiologia 514.1 - 3 ( 2004 ) : 115 - 123 . Academic Search Premier . Web . 24 Nov. 2011 . p. 121 ( 2 ) ^ Jump up to : Casini , Michele , Cardinale , Massimiliano , and Arrheni , Fredrik . `` Feeding preferences of herring ( Clupea harengus ) and sprat ( Sprattus sprattus ) in the southern Baltic Sea . '' ICES Journal of Marine Science , 61 ( 2004 ) : 1267 - 1277 . Science Direct . Web . 22 November 2011 . p. 1268 . ( 3 ) ^ Jump up to : Friedrich W. Köster , et al. `` Developing Baltic Cod Recruitment Models . I. Resolving Spatial And Temporal Dynamics Of Spawning Stock And Recruitment For Cod , Herring , And Sprat . '' Canadian Journal Of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences 58.8 ( 2001 ) : 1516 . Academic Search Premier . Web . 21 Nov. 2011 . p. 1516 . ( 4 ) ^ Jump up to : Casini , Michele , Massimiliano Cardinale , and Joakim Hjelm . `` Inter-Annual Variation In Herring , Clupea Harengus , And Sprat , Sprattus Sprattus , Condition In The Central Baltic Sea : What Gives The Tune ? . '' Oikos 112.3 ( 2006 ) : 638 - 650 . Academic Search Premier . Web . 22 Nov. 2011 . p. 638 . ( 5 ) Jump up ^ Maris Plikshs , et al. `` Developing Baltic Cod Recruitment Models . I. Resolving Spatial And Temporal Dynamics Of Spawning Stock And Recruitment For Cod , Herring , And Sprat . '' Canadian Journal Of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences 58.8 ( 2001 ) : 1516 . Academic Search Premier . Web . 23 Nov. 2011 , p. 1517 ( 6 ) Jump up ^ Renz , Jasmin , Peters , Janna , Hirch , Hans - Jürgen . `` Life cycle of Pseudocalanus acuspes Giesbrecht ( Copepoda , Calanoida ) in the Central Baltic Sea : II . Reproduction , growth and secondary production . '' Marine Biology , 151 ( 2007 ) : 515 - 527 . Springer Link . Web . 4 December 2011 . p. 515 ( 7 ) ^ Jump up to : Based on data sourced from the relevant FAO Species Fact Sheets Jump up ^ Various food types and their purine content http://www.acumedico.com/purine.htm ^ Jump up to : Galina S. Kalachova , et al. `` Content of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids in three canned fish species . '' International Journal of Food Sciences & Nutrition 60.3 ( 2009 ) : 224 - 230 . Academic Search Premier . EBSCO . Web . 26 Oct. 2011 . p. 224 . ( 8 ) References ( edit ) Froese , Rainer , and Daniel Pauly , eds. ( 2006 ) . Species of Sprattus in FishBase . March 2006 version . Tony Ayling & Geoffrey Cox , Collins Guide to the Sea Fishes of New Zealand , ( William Collins Publishers Ltd , Auckland , New Zealand 1982 ) ISBN 0 - 00 - 216987 - 8 ( hide ) Forage fish Marine Clupeidae Anchovies herring Ilisha mackerel ( small ) menhaden sardine shad sprats Other Capelin goldband fusilier halfbeak smelt krill squid ( small ) Freshwater Minnow Leuciscinae dace shiner Other Carp ( small ) killifish mosquitofish herrings river herring alewives sucker Related topics Bait ball Bait fish Feeder fish Fish migration Filter feeder Food fish Ichthyoplankton Juvenile fish Predator fish Sardine run Shoaling and schooling Principal commercial fishery species groups Wild Large pelagic fish Mackerel Salmon Saury Shark Swordfish Tuna albacore bigeye Atlantic bluefin Pacific bluefin southern bluefin skipjack yellowfin Forage fish Anchovy Capelin Herring Ilish Menhaden Sardines Shad Sprat european Demersal fish Catfish Cod Atlantic Pacific Alaska pollock Flatfish flounder halibut plaice sole turbot Haddock Mullet Orange roughy Pollock Rockfish Smelt - whitings Toothfish Freshwater fish Carp Sturgeon Tilapia Trout Other wild fish Eel Whitebait more ... Crustaceans Crab Krill Lobster Shrimp more ... Molluscs Abalone Mussels Octopus Oysters Scallops Squid more ... Echinoderms Sea cucumbers Sea urchin more ... Farmed Carp bighead common crucian grass silver Catfish Freshwater prawns Gilt - head bream Mussels Oysters Salmon Atlantic salmon trout coho chinook Scallops Seaweed Shrimp Tilapia Commercial fishing World fish production Commercial species Fishing topics Fisheries glossary Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sprat&oldid=788391061 '' Categories : Sprattus Commercial fish Clupeidae Fish common names Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Use dmy dates from January 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Deutsch Esperanto فارسی Gaeilge Italiano Қазақша Nederlands 日本 語 Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 1 July 2017 , at 03 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | small silvery marine food fish of the sardine family clupea harengus | [
"A sprat is the common name applied to a group of forage fish belonging to the genus Sprattus in the family Clupeidae. The term is also applied to a number of other small sprat-like forage fish. Like most forage fishes, sprats are highly active small oily fish. They travel in large schools with other fish and swim continuously throughout the day.[1]"
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"sprat"
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5253120490013380033 | The Three Musketeers | The Three Musketeers - wikipedia The Three Musketeers Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see The Three Musketeers ( disambiguation ) . For the novel 's film adaptations , see The Three Musketeers in film . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Three Musketeers `` D'Artagnan , Athos , Aramis , and Porthos '' Image by Maquet Original title Les Trois Mousquetaires Country France Language French Genre Historical novel Publication date March -- July 1844 ( serialised ) Pages c. 700 ( depending on edition ) Followed by Twenty Years After , The Vicomte of Bragelonne The Three Musketeers ( French : Les Trois Mousquetaires ( le tʁwa muskətɛʁ ) ) is a historical novel written in 1844 by French author Alexandre Dumas . Set in 1625 -- 1628 , it recounts the adventures of a young man named d'Artagnan ( based on Charles de Batz - Castelmore d'Artagnan ) after he leaves home to travel to Paris , to join the Musketeers of the Guard . Although d'Artagnan is not able to join this elite corps immediately , he befriends the three most formidable musketeers of the age -- Athos , Porthos and Aramis -- and gets involved in affairs of the state and court . In genre , The Three Musketeers is primarily a historical and adventure novel . However , Dumas also frequently works into the plot various injustices , abuses , and absurdities of the old regime , giving the novel an additional political aspect at a time when the debate in France between republicans and monarchists was still fierce . The story was first serialised from March to July 1844 , during the July Monarchy , four years before the French Revolution of 1848 violently established the Second Republic . The author 's father , Thomas - Alexandre Dumas , had been a well - known General in France 's Republican army during the French Revolutionary Wars . The story of d'Artagnan is continued in Twenty Years After and The Vicomte of Bragelonne : Ten Years Later . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Plot summary 3 Characters 4 Editions 5 Adaptations 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 5.3 Stage 5.4 Video games and board games 5.5 Web Series 5.6 Other 6 References 7 External links Origin ( edit ) A Musketeer of the Guard c. 1660 . In the very first sentences of his preface , Alexandre Dumas indicated as his source Mémoires de Monsieur d'Artagnan ( 1700 ) , a historical novel by Gatien de Courtilz de Sandras , which Dumas discovered during his research for his history of Louis XIV , printed by Pierre Rouge in Amsterdam . It was in this book , he said , that d'Artagnan relates his first visit to M. de Tréville , captain of the Musketeers , where in the antechamber , he met three young Béarnese with the names Athos , Porthos , and Aramis . This information struck the imagination of Dumas so much -- he tells us -- that he continued his investigation and finally encountered once more the names of the three musketeers in a manuscript with the title Mémoire de M. le comte de la Fère , etc ... Excited , Dumas requested permission to reprint the manuscript -- a permission which was granted : Now , this is the first part of this precious manuscript which we offer to our readers , restoring it to the title which belongs to it , and entering into an engagement that if ( of which we have no doubt ) this first part should obtain the success it merits , we will publish the second immediately . In the meanwhile , since godfathers are second fathers , as it were , we beg the reader to lay to our account , and not to that of the Comte de la Fère , the pleasure or the ennui he may experience . This being understood , let us proceed with our story . The book he referred to was Mémoires de M. d'Artagnan , capitaine lieutenant de la première compagnie des Mousquetaires du Roi ( Memoirs of Sir d'Artagnan , Lieutenant Captain of the first company of the King 's Musketeers ) by Gatien de Courtilz de Sandras ( Cologne , 1700 ) . The book was borrowed from the Marseille public library , and the card - index remains to this day ; Dumas kept the book when he went back to Paris . Following Dumas 's lead in his preface , Eugène d'Auriac ( de la Bibliothèque Royale ) in 1847 was able to write the biography of d'Artagnan : d'Artagnan , Capitaine - Lieutenant des Mousquetaires -- Sa vie aventureuse -- Ses duels -- etc. based on Courtilz de Sandras . The Three Musketeers was written in collaboration with Auguste Maquet , who also worked with Dumas on its sequels ( Twenty Years After and The Vicomte of Bragelonne : Ten Years Later ) , as well as The Count of Monte Cristo . Maquet would suggest plot outlines after doing historical research ; Dumas then expanded the plot , removing some characters , including new ones , and imbuing the story with his unmistakable style . The Three Musketeers was first published in serial form in the newspaper Le Siècle between March and July 1844 . Plot summary ( edit ) In 1625 France , d'Artagnan ( a poor young nobleman ) leaves his family in Gascony and travels to Paris to join the Musketeers of the Guard . At an inn in Meung - sur - Loire , an older man derides d'Artagnan's horse . Insulted , d'Artagnan demands a duel . The older man 's companions beat d'Artagnan unconscious with a cooking pot and a metal tong that breaks his sword . His letter of introduction to Monsieur de Tréville , the commander of the Musketeers , is also stolen . D'Artagnan resolves to avenge himself upon the man ( who is later revealed to be the Comte de Rochefort , an agent of Cardinal Richelieu , who is passing orders from the Cardinal to his spy Lady de Winter , usually called Milady de Winter or simply Milady ) . In Paris , d'Artagnan visits M. de Tréville at the headquarters of the Musketeers , but without the letter , Tréville politely refuses his application . He does , however , write a letter of introduction to an academy for young gentlemen which may prepare him for recruitment at a later time . From Tréville 's window , d'Artagnan sees Rochefort passing in the street below and rushes out of the building to confront him , but in doing so he offends three Musketeers , Athos , Porthos , and Aramis , who each demand satisfaction ; d'Artagnan must fight a duel with all of them that afternoon . As d'Artagnan prepares himself for the first duel , he realizes that Athos ' seconds are Porthos and Aramis , who are astonished that the young Gascon intends to duel them all . As d'Artagnan and Athos begin , Cardinal Richelieu 's guards appear and try to arrest d'Artagnan and the three Musketeers for illegal dueling . Although outnumbered , the four men win the battle . D'Artagnan seriously wounds Jussac , one of the Cardinal 's officers and a renowned fighter . After learning of this , King Louis XIII appoints d'Artagnan to Des Essart 's company of the King 's Guards and gives him forty pistoles . Depiction of the Cardinal 's musketeers , the great rivals of the King 's musketeers . D'Artagnan hires a servant ( Planchet ) , finds lodgings , and reports to Monsieur des Essart . Des Essart 's company is a less prestigious regiment in which he must serve for two years before being considered for the Musketeers . Shortly after , his landlord speaks to him about his wife Constance Bonacieux 's kidnapping . When she is presently released , d'Artagnan falls in love at first sight with her . She works for Queen Anne of France , who is secretly conducting an affair with the Duke of Buckingham . The King , Louis XIII , gave the Queen a gift of diamond studs but she gives them to her lover as a keepsake . Cardinal Richelieu , who wants war between France and England , plans to expose the tryst and persuades the King to demand the Queen wear the diamonds to a soirée that the Cardinal is sponsoring . Constance tries to send her husband to London but the man is manipulated by Richelieu and does not go , so d'Artagnan and his friends intercede . En route , the Cardinal 's henchmen repeatedly attack them and only d'Artagnan and Planchet reach London . Before arriving , d'Artagnan is compelled to assault and nearly kill the Comte de Wardes , a friend of the Cardinal , cousin of Rochefort and Milady 's lover . Although Milady stole two of the diamond studs , the Duke of Buckingham provides replacements while delaying the thief 's return to Paris . D'Artagnan is thus able to return a complete set of jewels to Queen Anne just in time to save her honour . In gratitude , she gives him a beautiful ring . Shortly afterwards , d'Artagnan begins an affair with Madame Bonacieux . Arriving for an assignation , he sees signs of a struggle and discovers that Rochefort and M. Bonacieux , acting under the orders of the Cardinal , have assaulted and imprisoned her . D'Artagnan and his friends , now recovered from their injuries , return to Paris . D'Artagnan meets Milady de Winter officially , and recognizes her as one of the Cardinal 's agents , but becomes infatuated with her until her maid reveals that Milady is indifferent toward him . Entering her quarters in the dark , he pretends to be the Comte de Wardes and trysts with her . He finds a fleur - de-lis branded on Milady 's shoulder , marking her as a felon . Discovering his identity , Milady attempts to kill him but d'Artagnan eludes her . He is ordered to the Siege of La Rochelle . He is informed that the Queen has rescued Constance from prison . In an inn , the musketeers overhear the Cardinal asking Milady to murder the Duke of Buckingham , a supporter of the Protestant rebels at La Rochelle who has sent troops to assist them . Richelieu gives her a letter that excuses her actions as under orders from the Cardinal himself , but Athos takes it . The next morning , Athos bets that he , d'Artagnan , Porthos , and Aramis , and their servants can hold the recaptured St. Gervais bastion against the rebels for an hour , for the purpose of discussing their next course of action . They resist for an hour and a half before retreating , killing 22 Rochellese in total . They warn Lord de Winter and the Duke of Buckingham . Milady is imprisoned on arrival in England but seduces her guard , Felton ( a fictionalization of the real John Felton ) , and persuades him to allow her escape and to kill Buckingham himself . On her return to France , Milady hides in a convent where Constance is also staying . The naive Constance clings to Milady , who sees a chance for revenge on d'Artagnan , and fatally poisons Constance before d'Artagnan can rescue her . The Musketeers arrest Milady before she reaches Cardinal Richelieu . They bring an official executioner , put her on trial and sentence her to death . After her execution , the four friends return to the siege of La Rochelle . The Comte de Rochefort arrests d'Artagnan and takes him to the Cardinal . When questioned about Milady 's execution , d'Artagnan presents her letter of pardon as his own . Impressed with d'Artagnan's willfulness and secretly glad to be rid of Milady , the Cardinal destroys the letter and writes a new order , giving the bearer a promotion to lieutenant in the Tréville company of musketeers , leaving the name blank . D'Artagnan offers the letter to Athos , Porthos , and Aramis in turn but each refuses it ; Athos because it is below him , Porthos because he is retiring to marry his wealthy mistress and Aramis because he is joining the priesthood . D'Artagnan , though heartbroken and full of regrets , gets the promotion he coveted . Characters ( edit ) Musketeers Athos -- Comte de la Fère : he has never recovered from his marriage to Milady and seeks solace in wine . He becomes a father figure to d'Artagnan . Aramis -- René d'Herblay , a handsome young man who hesitates between his religious calling and his fondness for women and scheming . Porthos -- M. du Vallon : a dandy , fond of fashionable clothes and keen to make a fortune for himself . The least cerebral of the quartet , he compensates with his homeric strength of body and character . D'Artagnan -- Charles de Batz de Castelmore d'Artagnan : a young , foolhardy , brave and clever man seeking his fortune in Paris . Musketeers ' servants Planchet -- a young man from Picardy , he is seen by Porthos on the Pont de la Tournelle spitting into the river below . Porthos takes this as a sign of good character and hires him on the spot to serve d'Artagnan . He turns out to be a brave , intelligent and loyal servant . Grimaud -- a Breton . Athos is a strict master , and only permits his servant to speak in emergencies ; he mostly communicates through sign language . Mousqueton -- originally a Norman named Boniface ; Porthos , however , changes his name to one that sounds better . He is a would - be dandy , just as vain as his master . In lieu of pay , he is clothed and lodged in a manner superior to that usual for servants , dressing grandly in his master 's old clothes . Bazin -- from the province of Berry , Bazin is a pious man who waits for the day his master ( Aramis ) will join the church , as he has always dreamed of serving a priest . Others Milady de Winter -- a beautiful and evil spy of the Cardinal , she is also Athos 's ex-wife . D'Artagnan impersonates a rival to spend a night with her , attracting her deadly hatred . Rochefort is a more conventional agent of the Cardinal . Following their duel on the road to Paris , d'Artagnan swears to have his revenge . He loses several opportunities , but their paths finally cross again towards the end of the novel . Constance Bonacieux -- the Queen 's seamstress and confidante . After d'Artagnan rescues her from the Cardinal 's guard , he immediately falls in love with her . She appreciates his protection , but the relationship is never consummated . Monsieur Bonacieux -- Constance 's husband . He initially enlists d'Artagnan's help to rescue his wife from the Cardinal 's guards , but when he himself is arrested , he and the Cardinal discover they have an understanding . Richelieu turns Monsieur Bonacieux against his wife , and he goes on to play a role in her abduction . Kitty -- a servant of Milady de Winter . She dislikes her mistress and adores d'Artagnan . Lord Winter - brother of Milady 's second husband , who died of a mysterious disease ( apparently poisoned by Milady ) . He imprisoned Milady upon her arrival in England and decided to send her overseas in exile . Later , he took part in Milady 's trial . Historical characters King Louis XIII of France : presented by Dumas as a fairly weak monarch often manipulated by his chief minister . Queen Anne of Austria -- the unhappy Queen of France . Cardinal Richelieu : Armand Jean du Plessis , the King 's chief minister , who plots against the Queen in resentment at having his advances rebuffed . Dumas describes him as being `` 36 or 37 '' though in 1625 Richelieu was 40 . M. de Tréville -- captain of The Musketeers , and something of a mentor to d'Artagnan , though he has only a minor role . George Villiers , 1st Duke of Buckingham - a handsome and charismatic man used to getting his way : he thinks nothing of starting a war between England and France for his personal convenience . His courtship of Anne of Austria gets her in trouble . John Felton -- a puritan officer assigned to guard Milady and warned about her ways , he is nonetheless seduced and fooled by her in a matter of days and assassinates Buckingham at her request . Editions ( edit ) Les Trois Mousquetaires was translated into three English versions by 1846 . One of these , by William Barrow ( 1817 -- 1877 ) , is still in print and fairly faithful to the original , available in the Oxford World 's Classics 1999 edition . To conform to 19th - century English standards , all of the explicit and many of the implicit references to sexuality were removed , adversely affecting the readability of several scenes , such as the scenes between d'Artagnan and Milady . The most recent English translation is by Richard Pevear ( 2006 ) , who , though applauding Barrow 's work , states that most of the modern translations available today are `` textbook examples of bad translation practices '' which `` give their readers an extremely distorted notion of Dumas ' writing '' . Adaptations ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Main article : The Three Musketeers in film Television ( edit ) The Three Musketeers was adapted as a serial by the BBC in 1954 and 1966 . The Musketeers , a 2014 series by Adrian Hodges , is another BBC adaptation . Dogtanian and the Three Muskehounds is a Spanish -- Japanese anime adaptation , where most of the characters are `` funny animal '' dogs . Another anime adaption was later made in Japan called The Three Musketeers Anime , only this time the characters were human . The Young Blades television series is a sequel to the novels , centered on the son of d'Artagnan ; similarly , Albert the Fifth Musketeer is an animated sequel . Three Musketeers is an anime series adaption while The Three Musketeers was an animated adaption that aired as part of Hanna - Barbera 's The Banana Splits Comedy - Adventure Hour and The Banana Splits & Friends show . In 2009 , Barbie and the three musketeers was released . Stage ( edit ) The first stage production was in Dumas ' own lifetime as the opera Les Trois Mousquetaires with a libretto by Dumas himself and music by Albert Visetti . The Three Musketeers is a musical with a book by William Anthony McGuire , lyrics by Clifford Grey and P.G. Wodehouse , and music by Rudolf Friml . The original 1928 production ran on Broadway for 318 performances . A 1984 revival ran for 15 previews and 9 performances . In 2003 , a Dutch musical 3 Musketiers with a book by André Breedland and music & lyrics by Rob & Ferdi Bolland premiered , which went on to open in Germany ( both the Dutch and German production starring Pia Douwes as Milady De Winter ) and Hungary . Playwright Peter Raby , composer George Stiles and lyricist Paul Leigh have written another adaptation titled `` The 3 Musketeers , One Musical For All '' , originally produced by the now defunct American Musical Theatre of San Jose . Video games and board games ( edit ) 1995 saw the release by publisher U.S. Gold of Touché : The Adventures of the Fifth Musketeer by video game developers Clipper Software , a classic point - and - click adventure game . In 2005 , Swedish developer Legendo Entertainment published the side - scrolling platform game The Three Musketeers for Windows XP and Windows Vista . In July 2009 , a version of the game was released for WiiWare in North America and Europe under the title The Three Musketeers : One for All ! . In 2009 , Canadian developer Dingo Games self - published The Three Musketeers : The Game for Windows and Mac OS X . It is the first game to be truly based on the novel ( in that it closely follows the novel 's story ) . 2009 also saw the publication of the asymmetric team board game The Three Musketeers `` The Queen 's Pendants '' ( Настольная игра `` Три мушкетера '' ) from French designer Pascal Bernard by the Russian publisher Zvezda . In 2010 a co-operative game called `` Mousquetaires du Roy '' was released by Ystari and Rio Grande . The alternative spelling of `` Roy '' was taken from the old French and is rumoured to be preferred over the regular spelling because the publisher 's desire to have a letter `` Y '' in the name of the games they publish . Designed by François Combe and Gilles Lehmann for 1 - 5 players , the medium heavy game depicts the quest to retrieve the Queen 's diamonds , while at the same time fending off disasters back in Paris . A sixth player expansion , called `` Treville '' was also made available in 2010 . In 2010 , Anuman Interactive launched The Three Musketeers , a hidden object game on PC and MAC . Players follow d'Artagnan in his quest to become a king 's musketeer . Web series ( edit ) In 2016 , KindaTV launched a web series based on the story of The Three Musketeers , called `` All For One '' . It follows a group of college students , mainly Dorothy Castlemore , and is centred around a sorority - Mu Sigma Theta ( MST ) . The majority of characters have been gender - swapped from the original story and most character names are based of the original characters . It covers several themes including the LGBT community , mental health , long distance relationships and college life . Other ( edit ) Three Musketeers , Issue No. 1 , Classic Comics , published 1941 Publisher Albert Lewis Kanter ( 1897 -- 1973 ) , created Classic Comics for Elliot Publishing Company in 1941 with its debut issues being The Three Musketeers . The Three Mouseketeers was the title of two separate series produced by DC Comics ; the first series was a loose parody of The Three Musketeers . In 1939 , American author Tiffany Thayer published a book titled Three Musketeers ( Thayer , 1939 ) . This is a re-telling of the story in Thayer 's words , true to the original plot but told in a different order and with different points of view and emphasis from the original . The Khaavren Romances by Steven Brust are fantasy ( or science - fiction ) novels heavily influenced by The Three Musketeers and its sequels ; the characters and social background are closer to Dumas 's than the plots . Sarah Hoyt wrote a series of Historical Murder mysteries with the Musketeers as the protagonists . ( Hoyt wrote the novels under the name Sarah D'Almeida . ) Tansy Rayner Roberts wrote Musketeer Space , a space opera retelling of the original book in which almost all characters have a different gender , as a weekly serialized novel from 2014 - 2016 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Les Trois Mousquetaires by Alexandre Dumas -- Free Ebook : Author 's Preface '' . Gutenberg.org. 4 November 2004 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ Dumas , Alexandre . The Three Musketeers , Author 's Preface . Jump up ^ Editions de La Table Ronde , Paris , 1993 ISBN 2 - 7103 - 0559 - 3 Jump up ^ Dumas , Alexandre The Three Musketeers , Penguin Classics Deluxe Edition , `` A Note on the Translation '' , page xxi Jump up ^ Strecker , Erin ( 1 August 2012 ) . `` One for all : BBC announces new show ' The Musketeers ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 1 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Touché : The Adventures of the Fifth Musketeer , Moby Games Jump up ^ `` The Three Musketeers : One for All ! ( WiiWare ) '' . Nintendo Life . Retrieved 18 January 2010 . Jump up ^ The Three Musketeers : The Game , Moby Games Jump up ^ `` Pascal Bernard -- Board Game Designer '' . BoardGameGeek . Retrieved 18 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Звезда . Настольные игры . Сборные модели и миниатюры. ( in Russian ) . Zvezda . Retrieved 18 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mousquetaires du Roy '' . BoardGameGeek . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` 1st Ystari Game where the S comes before the Y ? '' . BoardGameGeek . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Mousquetaires du Roy : Tréville miniature '' . BoardGameGeek . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` HdO Adventure series GamesIndustry International '' . Gamesindustry.biz. 18 March 2010 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ All for One , Gwenlyn Cumyn , Angie Lopez , Claire Gagnon - King , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 11 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Three Musketeers . Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Three Musketeers The Three Musketeers at Project Gutenberg . Plain text format . The Three Musketeers public domain audiobook at LibriVox History of Dumas ' Musketeers , shows links between the characters and actual history . Comprehensive collection of Dumas links The Three Musketeers . Scanned public domain editions in PDF format from Archive.org , some w / illustrations , introductions and other helpful material . `` The Paris of The Three Musketeers '' , by E.H. Blashfield and E.W. Blashfield . Scribner 's Magazine , August 1890 . Cornell University Library . Cooper , Barbara T. , `` Alexandre Dumas , père '' , in Dictionary of Literary Biography , Vol. 119 : Nineteenth - Century French Fiction Writers : Romanticism and Realism , 1800 -- 1860 , edited by Catharine Savage Brosman , Gale Research , 1992 , pp. 98 -- 119 . Hemmings , F.W.J. , `` Alexandre Dumas Père '' , in European Writers : The Romantic Century , Vol. 6 , edited by Jacques Barzun and George Stade , Charles Scribner 's Sons , 1985 , pp. 719 -- 43 . Foote - Greenwell , Victoria , `` The Life and Resurrection of Alexandre Dumas '' , in Smithsonian , July 1996 , p. 110 . Thayer , Tiffany , Three Musketeers , New York : Citadel Press , 1939 . ( On the hard cover , the title is printed as Tiffany Thayer 's Three Musketeers . ) Discussion of the work , bibliography and links Bibliography and references for The Three Musketeers Novels portal Alexandre Dumas , père Novels The Count of Monte Cristo The Three Musketeers The Corsican Brothers The Black Tulip Captain Pamphile Le Chevalier de Maison - Rouge La Dame de Monsoreau Georges The Knight of Sainte - Hermine The Queen 's Necklace La Reine Margot The New Troy Twenty Years After The Two Dianas The Vicomte de Bragelonne The Wolf Leader La Sanfelice The Women 's War Characters Edmond Dantès Aramis Athos Anne of Austria d'Artagnan Abbé Faria Milady de Winter Porthos Cardinal Richelieu Comte de Rochefort M. de Tréville Films The Brigand ( 1952 ) The Corsican Brothers ( 1941 ) The Count of Monte Cristo ( 1934 ) The Count of Monte Cristo ( 1975 ) The Count of Monte Cristo ( 1998 ) The Count of Monte Cristo ( 2002 ) D'Artagnan and Three Musketeers The Fifth Musketeer The Four Musketeers ( 1936 ) The Four Musketeers ( 1974 ) The Iron Mask The Man in the Iron Mask ( 1939 ) The Man in the Iron Mask ( 1977 ) The Man in the Iron Mask ( 1998 ) The Man in the Iron Mask Mickey , Donald , Goofy : The Three Musketeers The Musketeer La Reine Margot ( 1954 ) La Reine Margot ( 1994 ) soundtrack The Return of the Musketeers Les Trois Mousquetaires The Three Musketeers ( 1921 ) The Three Musketeers ( 1933 ) The Three Musketeers ( 1948 ) The Three Musketeers ( 1969 ) The Three Musketeers ( 1973 ) The Three Musketeers ( 1992 animated ) The Three Musketeers ( 1993 ) The Three Musketeers ( 2011 ) TV programmes Gankutsuou Albert the Fifth Musketeer The Count of Monte Cristo Dogtanian and the Three Muskehounds Young Blades The Three Musketeers The Musketeers Related Alexandre Dumas , fils ( son ) Thomas - Alexandre Dumas ( father ) Marie - Cessette Dumas ( grandmother ) Auguste Maquet ( collaborator ) Théâtre Historique Château de Monte - Cristo L'Autre Dumas ( 2010 film ) The d'Artagnan Romances by Alexandre Dumas The Three Musketeers Twenty Years After The Vicomte of Bragelonne : Ten Years Later Characters Athos Aramis Porthos d'Artagnan Cardinal Richelieu Milady de Winter Comte de Rochefort George Villiers , 1st Duke of Buckingham Anne of Austria Louis XIII Louis XIV Tréville Films The Three Musketeers The Three Musketeers ( 1916 ) Les Trois Mousquetaires ( 1921 ) The Three Musketeers ( 1921 ) The Three Musketeers ( 1932 ) The Three Musketeers ( 1933 ) The Three Musketeers ( 1935 ) The Three Musketeers ( 1939 ) The Three Musketeers ( 1942 ) The Three Musketeers ( 1946 ) The Three Musketeers ( 1948 ) Blades of the Musketeers ( 1953 ) The Three Musketeers ( 1953 ) The Three Musketeers ( 1959 ) The Three Musketeers ( 1961 ) The Three Musketeers ( 1969 ) The Three Musketeers ( 1973 ) The Four Musketeers ( 1974 ) d'Artagnan and Three Musketeers ( 1978 ) The Three Musketeers ( 1993 ) The Musketeer ( 2001 ) The Three Musketeers ( 2011 ) 3 Musketeers ( 2011 ) The Three Musketeers ( 2013 ) Twenty Years After The Return of the Musketeers ( 1989 ) Musketeers Twenty Years After ( 1992 ) The Vicomte of Bragelonne The Iron Mask ( 1929 ) The Man in the Iron Mask ( 1939 ) Uthama Puthiran ( 1940 ) Lady in the Iron Mask ( 1952 ) Uthama Puthiran ( 1958 ) Le Masque de fer ( 1962 ) The Man in the Iron Mask ( 1977 ) The Fifth Musketeer ( 1979 ) The Secret of Queen Anne or Musketeers Thirty Years After ( 1993 ) The Man in the Iron Mask ( 1998 ) Other sequels At Sword 's Point ( 1952 ) The Secret Mark of D'Artagnan ( 1962 ) Revenge of the Musketeers ( 1994 ) La Femme Musketeer ( 2004 ) The Return of the Musketeers , or The Treasures of Cardinal Mazarin ( 2009 ) Animated Tom and Jerry The Two Mouseketeers Touché , Pussy Cat ! Tom and Chérie Royal Cat Nap The Four Musketeers ( 1936 ) The Three Musketeers ( 1973 ) The Man in the Iron Mask ( 1985 ) The Three Musketeers ( 1986 ) The Three Musketeers ( 1992 ) Mickey , Donald , Goofy : The Three Musketeers ( 2004 ) Barbie and the Three Musketeers ( 2009 ) Television The Three Musketeers ( 1968 ) The Mind Robber Dogtanian and the Three Muskehounds The Three Musketeers Anime Albert the Fifth Musketeer Young Blades The Three Musketeers ( puppetry ) The Musketeers ( 2014 ) Games Touché : The Adventures of the Fifth Musketeer The Three Musketeers ( 1987 video game ) The Three Musketeers ( 2006 video game ) The Three Musketeers : One for All ! Musicals The Three Musketeers ( 1928 ) 3 Musketiers Other adaptations The Three Mesquiteers Dog in Boots The Three Must - Get - Theres The Three Mouseketeers ( comics ) The Three Musketeers ( South Korean adaptation ) Related Auguste Maquet ( collaborator ) A Modern Musketeer The Three Muscatels Unus pro omnibus , omnes pro uno Man in the Iron Mask Musketeers of the Guard 3 Musketeers ( chocolate bar ) VIAF : 182658327 LCCN : n80036248 GND : 4392104 - 8 SUDOC : 033891117 BNF : cb12470217v ( data ) NLA : 35048714 BNE : XX2036607 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Three_Musketeers&oldid=837139883 '' Categories : The Three Musketeers 1844 novels French adventure novels French historical novels French novels adapted into films French novels adapted into plays Novels adapted into comics Novels adapted into video games Novels adapted into television programs Novels by Alexandre Dumas Novels first published in serial form Novels set in Early Modern France Novels set in the 17th century Works originally published in Le Siècle 1844 in France Cultural depictions of Cardinal Richelieu Cultural depictions of Louis XIII Hidden categories : CS1 uses Russian - language script ( ru ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Use dmy dates from January 2015 Articles needing additional references from August 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles containing French - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013 Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Македонски Malagasy Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt 中文 47 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 23 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the name of the three musketeers | [
"Set in 1625–1628, it recounts the adventures of a young man named d'Artagnan (based on Charles de Batz-Castelmore d'Artagnan) after he leaves home to travel to Paris, to join the Musketeers of the Guard. Although d'Artagnan is not able to join this elite corps immediately, he befriends the three most formidable musketeers of the age—Athos, Porthos and Aramis—and gets involved in affairs of the state and court.",
"Set in 1625–1628, it recounts the adventures of a young man named d'Artagnan (based on Charles de Batz-Castelmore d'Artagnan) after he leaves home to travel to Paris, to join the Musketeers of the Guard. Although d'Artagnan is not able to join this elite corps immediately, he befriends the three most formidable musketeers of the age—Athos, Porthos and Aramis—and gets involved in affairs of the state and court.",
"Set in 1625–1628, it recounts the adventures of a young man named d'Artagnan (based on Charles de Batz-Castelmore d'Artagnan) after he leaves home to travel to Paris, to join the Musketeers of the Guard. Although d'Artagnan is not able to join this elite corps immediately, he befriends the three most formidable musketeers of the age—Athos, Porthos and Aramis—and gets involved in affairs of the state and court."
] | [
"Athos",
"Porthos",
"Aramis"
] |
-6950293056349346071 | The Jim Jefferies Show | The Jim Jefferies Show - wikipedia The Jim Jefferies Show Jump to : navigation , search The Jim Jefferies Show Genre Late - night talk show News satire Created by Jim Jefferies Written by Jason Reich Directed by Brian McAloon Presented by Jim Jefferies Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 22 Production Executive producer ( s ) Jim Jefferies Scott Zabielski Alex Murray Tim Sarkes Location ( s ) Sunset Las Palmas Studios Hollywood , California Editor ( s ) Chris McKinley Tonya Dreher Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Nugget Productions Brillstein Entertainment Partners Addison & Broad Release Original network Comedy Central Picture format 16 : 9 HDTV Original release June 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 06 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website The Jim Jefferies Show is an American late - night talk and news satire television program hosted by comedian Jim Jefferies . The show airs Tuesdays on Comedy Central , and tackles the week 's top stories and most controversial issues . In March 2017 , Comedy Central ordered ten half - hour episodes . The series premiered on June 6 , 2017 , and was later extended with ten additional episodes , that began airing after a five - week hiatus . On January 15 , 2018 , Comedy Central renewed the series for a 20 - episode second season , which premiered on March 27 , 2018 . As of April 3 , 2018 , 22 episodes of The Jim Jefferies Show have aired . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Promotion 2 Production 3 Broadcast 4 Podcast 5 Reception 6 Episodes 6.1 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 6.2 Season 2 ( 2018 ) 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) Jefferies in 2012 Prior to his foray into late night television , Jefferies starred in the comedy series Legit , which ran for two seasons between 2013 and 2014 on FX and FXX . Early in his stand - up career , Jefferies was well known for his off - color humor . In his Netflix special Bare ( 2014 ) , Jefferies performed a routine on gun control , which was previously used in his stand - up and on Legit . The Bare routine has gone viral , especially after mass shootings in the United States . Jefferies revisited the topic in his Netflix special Freedumb ( 2016 ) , in which he also criticized then - Republican candidate Donald Trump during the 2016 presidential campaign . Jefferies has since become a commentator , often speaking to newspapers and appearing on television programs to discuss his political opinions . In late 2016 , Comedy Central ordered a pilot for the show , which was taped on December 7 . The network picked up the show as a weekly half - hour series in March 2017 , with ten episodes set to air in the summer . Actor Brad Pitt became a fan of Jefferies after seeing clips of his standup , and called him to ask if he could be part of his new show . He was enthusiastic when Jefferies suggested he be the show 's weatherman . Pitt , who is only referred to generically as `` Jim Jefferies Show Weatherman '' , is paid the SAG minimum salary of $400 per episode . Promotion ( edit ) In anticipation of the program 's premiere , an online presence was launched for The Jim Jefferies Show in May 2017 , including social media accounts . Jefferies introduced a fictional goldfish for the family of Donald Trump named Dave , who is dubbed the first goldfish of the United States . In June , Jefferies appeared as a guest on Unmasked , The Daily Show , CBS This Morning , Off Camera and Conan . Jefferies will continue performing stand - up gigs in between show tapings and media appearances . Production ( edit ) The Jim Jefferies Show is taped on Tuesdays around 12 : 00 p.m. Pacific time at Sunset Las Palmas Studios in Hollywood , California . Broadcast ( edit ) In Australia , The Jim Jefferies Show airs Thursdays on Foxtel 's Comedy Channel and Fetch TV 's Comedy Central Australia . In Canada , The Jim Jefferies Show airs Tuesdays on The Comedy Network . In the United Kingdom , The Jim Jefferies Show airs Fridays on Comedy Central UK . Podcast ( edit ) Jefferies co-hosted The Jim Jefferies Show Podcast with his fellow comedian Forrest Shaw , which was released alongside the last ten episodes of the first season and served as an aftershow for the television program . Each podcast features detailed commentary on news and politics , segments featured in the latest television episode , and jokes that were left out of the show . This was the first series of a new podcast network for Comedy Central . Reception ( edit ) In a mixed review of the show for the Hollywood Reporter , Daniel Fienberg wrote that `` What The Jim Jefferies Show needs is to stop trying to be like the other kids and to start trying to be like Jim Jefferies . '' Mike Hale of the New York Times also gave the show a mixed review , writing that `` As a late - night host , Mr. Jefferies can appear to be doing nothing much , but there 's a tricky balancing act going on between his ordinary - bloke persona and his sometimes savagely raunchy punch lines . The results are hit and miss , and sometimes it 's a long while between hits . '' However , Hale also praised Jefferies for occasionally delivering `` explosive '' lines in the show . The first season ended with Jefferies listed in Variety 's `` Fresh Voices in TV Who Broke Out in 2017 '' , and the writing team nominated for Best Comedy / Variety Talk Series at the 2018 Writers Guild of America Awards . Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Worldwide Racism '' June 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 06 ) 0.49 Donald Trump 's authoritarian tendencies The arguably racist Black Pete tradition in Holland Racism in the United States Comedy sketch with actor Brad Pitt `` Unpacking Impeachment '' June 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 13 ) 0.38 Trump 's reaction to the 2017 Qatar diplomatic crisis First Lady Melania Trump -- related merchandise in her hometown in Slovenia Efforts to impeach Donald Trump Comedy sketch with actor Brad Pitt `` Criminal Injustice '' June 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 20 ) 0.48 Declaration of mistrial in the Bill Cosby case Discussion with Azerbaijan 's Ambassador to the United States , Elin Suleymanov , in Washington Capital punishment in the United States Comedy sketch with actor Brad Pitt `` Health Care Unhinged '' June 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 27 ) 0.37 Better Care Reconciliation Act Discussion with right - wing senator Pauline Hanson in Australia Bill Cosby 's plans to hold town halls on sexual assault laws 5 5 `` Understanding the First Amendment '' July 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 11 ) 0.43 Slow pace of Donald Trump 's political appointments Conspiracy theories Misinterpretations of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution Comedy sketch with actor Brad Pitt 6 6 `` America 's Age of Unenlightenment '' July 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 18 ) 0.38 Anti-intellectualism in American politics Environmental threats to the Great Barrier Reef Corporate lobbying against environmental regulations Comedy sketch with actor Brad Pitt 7 7 `` Trophy Hunter Takedown '' July 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 25 ) 0.43 Re-emergence of controversial domestic policy issues Political positions of the 2017 Comic - Con attendees Trophy hunting 8 8 `` The Fight for LGBTQ Military Rights '' August 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 01 ) 0.49 The Democratic Party 's failed political campaigns Sexual orientation and gender identity in the United States military Interview with 2016 presidential candidate , Evan McMullin Dismissal of White House Communications Director , Anthony Scaramucci 9 9 `` The Threat of Nuclear War '' August 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 08 ) 0.46 North Korea -- United States relations Assisted suicide in the United States Interview with stand - up comedian Bill Burr NASA 's new job opening for a planetary protection officer 10 10 `` Charlottesville 's White Supremacist Rally '' August 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 15 ) 0.41 Trump 's reaction to the Charlottesville attack The debate over Confederate monuments Reforming American Immigration for Strong Employment Act Reactions to Jefferies ' joke about bombing Reno 11 11 `` Jim 's Police Ride - Along '' September 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 19 ) 0.46 Immigration policy deal between Trump and Democratic leaders Police use of firearms in the United Kingdom Effects of the 2017 Atlantic hurricane season Discussion with the mayor of Reno , Hillary Schieve 12 12 `` Trump 's Anti-NFL Freakout '' September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) 0.50 Debate between Trump and NFL players on race and protest NFL player 's risk of developing chronic traumatic encephalopathy Interview with former CMS acting administrator , Andy Slavitt Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey 13 13 `` Trump 's Bungled Response to Puerto Rico '' October 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) 0.44 Jefferies ' comment on the 2017 Las Vegas shooting Trump 's response to the crisis in Puerto Rico , in the aftermath of Hurricane Maria Wasteful spending by members of Trump 's cabinet Interview with hip hop duo Insane Clown Posse Jefferies ' comment on a librarian rejecting Melania Trump 's donation of Dr. Seuss books 14 14 `` Hawaii 's One - Party System '' October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 0.40 ISIS 's false claim of responsibility for the Las Vegas shooting Politics of Hawaii America 's outdated Social Security number system Logos of discontinued computer programs 15 15 `` Trump 's Congressional Twitter Troll '' October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 0.43 Harvey Weinstein sexual misconduct allegations Discussion with Congressman Ted Lieu in Washington Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections Fearmongering 16 16 `` America 's Opioid Epidemic '' October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) 0.45 Opioid epidemic Alcohol use among college students Interview with national security professor and author , Tom Nichols 2017 World Series 17 17 `` After School Satan Club '' October 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) 0.35 Links between Trump associates and Russian officials Religious after - school groups , Good News Club and After School Satan Republicans ' criticism against Donald Trump Jefferies ' comment on Halloween costumes and cultural appropriation 18 18 `` Mark Cuban vs. Donald Trump '' November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) 0.46 Trump 's inaction on domestic policy issues Discussion with businessman Mark Cuban Discriminations in the DOJ 's `` religious liberty '' memo NFL sponsor Papa John 's claim that NFL protests are hurting pizza sales 19 19 `` Roy Moore 's Sexual Assault Allegations '' November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) 0.46 Roy Moore sexual abuse allegations Technological unemployment Interview with actor , director and activist Rob Reiner Sean Hannity 's fans boycott against Keurig 20 20 `` Let 's Talk About Guns '' November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) 0.53 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 Discussion and shooting range practice with former United States Navy sailor Rob O'Neill History of Thanksgiving Season 2 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 21 `` Jim Attends the March for Our Lives '' March 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 27 ) 0.39 Responses to the `` March for Our Lives '' anti-gun violence rallies Discussion with attendees at `` March for Our Lives '' in San Diego Non-violent civil disobedience Fake news story about Jefferies ' death in a car accident 22 `` Day Drinking with the Press '' April 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 03 ) 0.46 Sex trafficking in the United States Discussion with a group of White House reporters Controversy regarding a citizenship -- related question in the 2020 United States Census Twitter account of the transit system in Heathrow Terminal 5 23 TBA April 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) TBD 24 TBA April 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 17 ) TBD 25 5 TBA April 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 24 ) TBD 26 6 TBA May 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 01 ) TBD 27 7 TBA May 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 08 ) TBD 28 8 TBA May 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 15 ) TBD 29 9 TBA May 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 22 ) TBD 30 10 TBA May 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 29 ) TBD 31 11 TBA TBA TBD 32 12 TBA TBA TBD 33 13 TBA TBA TBD 34 14 TBA TBA TBD 35 15 TBA TBA TBD 36 16 TBA TBA TBD 37 17 TBA TBA TBD 38 18 TBA TBA TBD 39 19 TBA TBA TBD 40 20 TBA TBA TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Jim Jefferies Show Debuts Tuesday June 6 at 1030 PM '' . Comedy Central Press . May 9 , 2017 . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Comedy Central Orders More ' President Show , ' ' Jim Jefferies Show ' '' . Variety . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( January 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Jim Jefferies Show ' Renewed For Second Season By Comedy Central '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( May 14 , 2014 ) . `` FXX 's ' Legit ' & FX 's ' Chozen ' Cancelled '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jefferies , Jim ( April 1 , 2017 ) . `` JIM JEFFERIES ON GUN CONTROL ( FULL TRANSCRIPT ) '' . Scraps from the loft . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Thomas ( April 11 , 2013 ) . `` Q&A : `` Legit '' Star Jim Jefferies `` . Boston . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McKenna , Sean ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` Legit Series Finale Review : Out With A Bang '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pang , Evan ( October 5 , 2015 ) . `` Australian Comedian Jim Jefferies Sums Up Argument Against Gun Control '' . HuffPost . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Jefferies On Gun Control '' . Team Coco . July 26 , 2016 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Husband , Andrew ( June 26 , 2016 ) . `` Jim Jefferies Does n't Mind Talking About Gun Control ( Again ) '' . Uproxx . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blackwell , Eion ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` Jim Jefferies On Donald Trump And The Election : ' Do n't Be The A * * hole , America ' '' . HuffPost . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jen Chaney ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` Jim Jefferies Discusses The Jim Jefferies Show '' . Vulture . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tressler , Bill ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Jim Jefferies Shooting New Show for Comedy Central Next Week '' . The Interrobang . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Comedy Central Orders Jim Jefferies Weekly Late - Night Series '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How Jim Jefferies Got Brad Pitt To Be His Weatherman '' . Conan . TeamCoco . June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dave FGOTUS '' . Instagram . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bonus Unmasked : An Hour with Jim Jefferies '' . The Interrobang . June 7 , 2017 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IS AMERICA GOING TO S * * T ? '' . Comedy Central . June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Comedian Jim Jefferies will take on politics -- and the world -- in new late night show '' . CBS News . June 3 , 2017 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Jefferies '' . Off Camera . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Conan Show Guests Schedule : June 15 , 2017 '' . Team Coco . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Izadi , Elahe ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` Jim Jefferies joins the late - night TV crowd . He 'll try not telling too many Trump jokes '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Jim Jefferies Show '' . On Camera Audiences . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Where to watch The Jim Jefferies Show in other countries '' . Medium . June 15 , 2017 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Salemme , Nadia ( June 18 , 2017 ) . `` From Donald Trump to Brad Pitt : Australian comic Jim Jefferies is the new star of America 's late - night TV '' . News Corp Australia . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` Airdate : The Jim Jefferies Show '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Jim Jefferies Show '' . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dessau , Bruce ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` News : Comedy Central To Broadcast Jim Jefferies Show In UK '' . Beyond the Joke . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Jim Jefferies Show Podcast '' . ART19 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Jim Jefferies Shows Podcast Is Out ! '' . Comedy Central Australia & New Zealand . September 21 , 2017 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Compendio , Chris ( September 21 , 2017 ) . `` Comedy Central Launching Podcast Network , To Include Jim Jefferies and Daily Show Companions '' . Paste . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tressler , Bill ( September 21 , 2017 ) . `` Jim Jefferies Show Podcast Leads Off New Comedy Central Podcast Network '' . The Interrobang . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sandberg , Bryn Elise ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` Comedy Central to Launch Podcast Network ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( 2017 - 06 - 14 ) . `` ' The Jim Jefferies Show ' : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Hale , Mike ( 2017 - 06 - 21 ) . `` Review : Jim Jefferies , the New Recruit in the Political - Comedy Trenches '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Turchiano , Danielle ; Littleton , Cynthia ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Fresh Voices in TV Who Broke Out in 2017 '' . Variety . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` Writers Guild Award TV Nominations : ' The Americans , ' ' Handmaid 's Tale , ' ' GLOW ' Grab Multiple Mentions '' . Variety . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.6. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.13. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.20. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.27. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals &a Network Finals : 7.11. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.18. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.25. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.1. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.8. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.15. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.19. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.26. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.3. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.17. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.24. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.31. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.7. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.14. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.21. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - The Jim Jefferies Show on Comedy Central '' . TheFutonCritic.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 28 , 2018 ) . `` UPDATED with CHARTS : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.27. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.3. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Comedy portal Television portal Official website The Jim Jefferies Show on IMDb Comedy Central original programming Former 1990s debuts Alan King : Inside the Comedy Mind ( 1991 ) Afterdrive ( 1991 ) Clash ! 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( 2013 -- 14 ) The Burn with Jeff Ross ( 2012 -- 13 ) The Comedy Awards ( 2011 -- 12 ) Comedy Underground with Dave Attell ( 2014 ) Gabriel Iglesias Presents Stand Up Revolution ( 2011 -- 14 ) The Gorburger Show ( 2017 ) The High Court with Doug Benson ( 2017 ) Jeff & Some Aliens ( 2017 ) The Jeselnik Offensive ( 2013 ) John Oliver 's New York Stand - Up Show ( 2010 -- 13 ) Jon Benjamin Has a Van ( 2011 ) Key & Peele ( 2012 -- 15 ) Kroll Show ( 2013 -- 15 ) Legends of Chamberlain Heights ( 2016 -- 17 ) The Meltdown with Jonah and Kumail ( 2014 -- 16 ) Moonbeam City ( 2015 ) Nick Swardson 's Pretend Time ( 2010 -- 11 ) The Nightly Show with Larry Wilmore ( 2015 -- 16 ) Problematic with Moshe Kasher ( 2017 ) TripTank ( 2014 - 16 ) Not Safe with Nikki Glaser ( 2016 ) Onion SportsDome ( 2011 ) Review ( 2014 -- 17 ) Sports Show with Norm Macdonald ( 2011 ) Time Traveling Bong ( 2016 ) Ugly Americans ( 2010 -- 12 ) Why ? with Hannibal Buress ( 2015 ) Workaholics ( 2011 -- 17 ) Current and upcoming Current Another Period ( since 2015 ) Broad City ( since 2014 ) Comedy Central Roast ( since 2003 ) Corporate ( since 2018 ) The Daily Show ( since 1996 ) Drunk History ( since 2013 ) Detroiters ( since 2017 ) The Half Hour ( since 2012 ) Idiotsitter ( since 2016 ) Inside Amy Schumer ( since 2013 ) The Jim Jefferies Show ( since 2017 ) Nathan for You ( since 2013 ) The Opposition with Jordan Klepper ( since 2017 ) The President Show ( since 2017 ) South Park ( since 1997 ) Tosh. 0 ( since 2009 ) Current late night talk and news satire comedy shows in the United States Network ABC Jimmy Kimmel Live ! CBS The Late Show with Stephen Colbert The Late Late Show with James Corden NBC The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon Late Night with Seth Meyers Last Call with Carson Daly PBS Amanpour on PBS Beyond 100 Days Cable BET The Rundown with Robin Thede Bravo Watch What Happens Live with Andy Cohen Comedy Central The Jim Jefferies Show The Daily Show with Trevor Noah The Opposition with Jordan Klepper The President Show Fox News The Greg Gutfeld Show HBO Real Time with Bill Maher Last Week Tonight with John Oliver National Geographic StarTalk TBS Conan Full Frontal with Samantha Bee TruTV The Chris Gethard Show Streaming Hulu I Love You , America with Sarah Silverman See also Morning Daytime talk Evening news Late night Overnight news Sunday talk Newsmagazines Tabloid Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Jim_Jefferies_Show&oldid=834554148 '' Categories : 2010s American satirical television series 2017 American television series debuts 2010s American late - night television series Comedy Central late - night programming Comedy Central shows English - language television programs Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 10 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when is the jim jefferies show coming back to comedy central | [
"The Jim Jefferies Show is an American late-night talk and news satire television program hosted by comedian Jim Jefferies. The show airs Tuesdays on Comedy Central, and tackles the week’s top stories and most controversial issues. In March 2017, Comedy Central ordered ten half-hour episodes. The series premiered on June 6, 2017,[1] and was later extended with ten additional episodes, that began airing after a five-week hiatus.[2] On January 15, 2018, Comedy Central renewed the series for a 20-episode second season,[3] which premiered on March 27, 2018. As of April 3, 2018,[update] 22 episodes of The Jim Jefferies Show have aired."
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"March 27, 2018"
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-6596727811659903256 | Shantel VanSanten | Shantel VanSanten - wikipedia Shantel VanSanten Jump to : navigation , search Shantel VanSanten VanSanten in 2010 ( 1985 - 07 - 25 ) July 25 , 1985 ( age 32 ) Luverne , Minnesota , U.S. Occupation Actress , model Years active 1999 -- present Known for One Tree Hill The Flash Shooter Home town Houston , Texas , U.S. Shantel VanSanten ( born July 25 , 1985 ) is an American model and actress . As a model , she has been featured in the magazines Teen Vogue and Seventeen . On television , she played the role of Quinn James in the CW teen drama series One Tree Hill , recurred as Detective Patty Spivot in the CW show The Flash , and stars as Julie Swagger the wife of lead character Bob Lee Swagger on the USA Network series Shooter . On film , she has appeared in The Final Destination , You and I , and Something Wicked . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 3.3 Music videos 4 References 5 External links Early life ( edit ) VanSanten was born in Luverne , Minnesota . She is of Dutch and Norwegian descent . VanSanten was raised in Spring , Texas where she attended Incarnate Word Academy ( an all - girls college prep school ) in Houston and Texas Christian University in Fort Worth , Texas . VanSanten also started her career as a model at the age of fifteen for the Page Parkes Management . Career ( edit ) VanSanten first appeared as a finalist on NBC 's reality television series Sports Illustrated : Swimsuit Model Search but was eliminated in the series ' first episode . In 2007 , it was announced she had signed on in a film adaption of the novel t.A.T.u. Come Back . Filming took place throughout 2007 in Los Angeles and Moscow . Starring alongside Mischa Barton , the film premiered in Russia on January 25 , 2011 , and as You and I in the United States a year later . In 2009 , VanSanten appeared as Lori Milligan in The Final Destination , the fourth installment of the eponymous horror film franchise . That same year , VanSanten was cast as a series regular on The CW television drama series One Tree Hill in the show 's seventh season . She portrayed the role of photographer Quinn James and the on screen sibling to Bethany Joy Lenz 's character . VanSanten 's role on the series continued until the series ninth and final season ; her final appearance was in the series 187th and final episode . BuddyTV ranked her # 24 on its `` TV 's 100 Sexiest Women of 2010 '' list and # 21 in 2011 . VanSanten starred as Christine in Something Wicked . The film is the last to feature the late actress Brittany Murphy , who portrays VanSanten 's sister - in - law Susan . In the spring of 2012 , VanSanten shot the film Golden Christmas 3 opposite Rob Mayes , Mark Famiglietti , Nikki DeLoach and Orson Bean in a family , romantic , holiday comedy directed by Michael Feifer . She portrayed Vera Buckley on the television series The Messengers , before its cancellation after one season . VanSanten portrays Patty Spivot in The CW TV series The Flash based on the DC Comics character of the same name . She is Detective Joe West 's ( Jesse L. Martin ) new protégée and is the only member of his new metahuman task force at the Central City Police Department besides Cisco Ramon ( Carlos Valdes ) , and a love interest of Barry Allen ( Grant Gustin ) . Since 2016 VanSanten has co-starred in the USA Network drama series Shooter , based on the film of the same name and the novel Point of Impact and the Bob Lee Swagger book series it inspired . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2006 Savage Sprit Lori Direct to video 2008 The Open Door Opening Scene Daughter 2009 The Final Destination Lori Milligan 2011 You and I Janie Sawyer 2011 In My Pocket Sophie 2011 Remembrance Rebecca Levine 2014 Something Wicked Christine Filmed in 2009 Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1999 Steel Angel Kurumi Kaori Voice role ( English version ) 2005 Three Wise Guys Beautiful Girl Television film 2009 CSI : NY Tara Habis Episode : `` She 's Not There '' 2009 -- 2012 One Tree Hill Quinn James Main role ( seasons 7 -- 9 ) , 55 episodes 2012 A Golden Christmas 3 Heather Hartly Television film 2013 Beauty & the Beast Tyler 3 episodes 2013 The Glades Jackie Episode : `` Yankee Dan '' 2014 Gang Related Jessica Chapel Main role , 13 episodes 2015 The Night Shift Chloe Episode : `` Eyes Look Your Last '' 2015 The Messengers Vera Buckley Main role , 13 episodes 2015 -- 2016 The Flash Patty Spivot Recurring role , 10 episodes 2016 Rush Hour Victoria Episode : `` Familee Ties '' 2016 Timeless Kate Drummond Episode : Pilot 2016 -- present Shooter Julie Swagger Main role 2017 Love Blossoms Violet Chappel Television film ( Hallmark ) Music videos ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2011 Fragile Bird City and Colour Distressed woman References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Collar , Cammila ( 2010 ) . `` Shantel VanSanten '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( June 17 , 2009 ) . `` Shantel VanSanten joins One Tree Hill '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2015 . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gingold , Michael ( June 17 , 2009 ) . `` Something Wicked marks the final screen appearance of actress Brittany Murphy , who co-stars with The Final Destination 's Shantel VanSanten '' . Fangoria . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shantel VanSanten on How She Relates to Her The Messengers Character '' . Young Hollywood . 2015 . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mateo , Ashley ( February 16 , 2010 ) . `` SELFy VIP : Shantel VanSanten '' . Self . Condé Nast . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brown , Lauren ( April 23 , 2010 ) . `` Five Questions with One Tree Hill 's Shantel VanSanten '' . Seventeen . Hearst Corporation . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TV 's 100 Sexiest Women of 2010 : # 24 Shantel VanSanten , One Tree Hill As Quinn James '' . BuddyTV . December 13 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2016 . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TV 's 100 Sexiest Women of 2011 : # 21 Shantel VanSanten , One Tree Hill As Quinn James '' . BuddyTV . December 7 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2016 . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( October 19 , 2015 ) . `` The Flash 's Shantel VanSanten on Barry and Patty 's budding romance '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2015 . Shantel VanSanten made her debut as the quirky police officer Patty Spivot , who instantly bonded with Barry ( Grant Gustin ) and secured a spot on Joe 's ( Jesse L. Martin ) anti-metahuman task force . Jump up ^ Beedle , Tim ( November 3 , 2015 ) . `` Love and Metahumans : Shantel VanSanten Heats up The Flash '' . DC Comics . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( October 13 , 2015 ) . `` One Tree Hill Alum to Star Opposite Ryan Phillippe in USA 's Shooter '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2016 . One Tree Hill alum Shantel VanSanten has been tapped to co-star in the potential series based on the 2007 Mark Wahlberg feature film of the same name . External links ( edit ) Shantel VanSanten on IMDb VIAF : 106862594 LCCN : no2010004576 ISNI : 0000 0001 1507 2611 GND : 1061568814 BNF : cb16208861p ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shantel_VanSanten&oldid=798363095 '' Categories : 1985 births 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Minnesota Actresses from Texas Female models from Texas American film actresses American people of Dutch descent American people of Norwegian descent American television actresses Female models from Minnesota Living people People from Dallas People from Luverne , Minnesota Texas Christian University alumni Reality modeling competition participants Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 1 September 2017 , at 13 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays patty in the flash season 2 | [
"Shantel VanSanten (born July 25, 1985[1]) is an American model and actress. As a model, she has been featured in the magazines Teen Vogue and Seventeen. On television, she played the role of Quinn James in the CW teen drama series One Tree Hill,[2] recurred as Detective Patty Spivot in the CW show The Flash, and stars as Julie Swagger the wife of lead character Bob Lee Swagger on the USA Network series Shooter. On film, she has appeared in The Final Destination, You and I, and Something Wicked.[3]"
] | [
"Shantel VanSanten"
] |
5217807914216270102 | Not Too Young To Run | Not Too Young to Run - Wikipedia Not Too Young to Run Not Too Young To Run Motto Promote Increased Youth Participation in the Political Process Formation 2016 Type Youth Political Advocacy Location Nigeria , Gambia Key people Samson Itodo , Tony Nwulu ( co-founders , spokesperson ) Website www.nottooyoungtorun.org Not Too Young To Run is a campaign which sought to reduce the age limit for running for elected office in Nigeria and globally . The campaign started in support of bills and motions in Nigeria 's National Assembly sponsored by the Tony Nwulu in the House of Representatives and AbdulAziz Nyako in the Senate . The campaign is now global , symbolized by the hashtag # NotTooYoungToRun . Contents 1 History of Not Too Young To Run bill 2 Advocacies 3 Passage of Not Too Young To Run bill at Nigeria Parliaments 4 Assent of Not Too Young To Run bill by Nigeria 's President 5 Political Controversy 6 References 7 External links 8 Web links 8.1 Videos History of Not Too Young to Run bill ( edit ) The Age Reduction Bill popularly known as Not Too Young To Run bill is a constitutional amendment movement led by young Nigerians . The bill was conceived by a civil society group known as YIAGA Africa in May 2016 . The group is headed by Samson Itodo , a human right activist and good governance campaigner who is the Executive Director of YIAGA Africa . The bill was sponsored in Nigeria 's House of Representatives by Tony Nwulu and in the Nigeria 's Senate by AbdulAziz Nyako . The bill seeks alteration in sections 65 , 106 , 131 , 177 of the Constitution of Nigeria , which is reduce the age of running for elective positions for House of Assembly and House of Representatives from 30 year old to 25 year old , Senate and Governorship from 35 year old to 30 year old and office of the president from 40 to 30 and independent candidature in Nigeria . Advocacies ( edit ) On April 20 , 2018 , the campaigners of the bill met with Nigeria 's Vice President Yemi Osinbajo to advocate for the Presidency to assent the bill . Passage of Not Too Young to Run bill at Nigeria Parliaments ( edit ) The bill was first read at Nigeria 's House of Representatives and was passed with votes of ( 86 - 10 ) in Senate on July 26 , 2017 and 261 - 23 in House of Representatives on July 27 , 2017 . The bill passed first and second reading in Nigeria 's Parliament and was presented to Committee on Constitutional Review . For any constitutional amendments to become a law in Nigeria , the amendments needed to be presented to all the House of Assemblies of 36 states of federation and not less than 24 states are expected to vote Yes to the amendments . It was reported by 33 house of assemblies in Nigeria voted Yes , except Zamfara , Lagos and Kano . The bill was rejected by Taraba State of Assembly initially , but , was reversed after the group made a press release inaugurating the Taraba House of Assembly into the Hall of Shame . On February 16 , 2018 , the conveners gave the Nigeria Parliaments and their president 30days ultimatum to conclude the processes of passage and signing of the bill into law . Assent of Not Too Young to Run bill by Nigeria 's President ( edit ) In April , 2018 , the Nigeria 's Senate resolved to transmit the Not Too Young To Run bill to the President of Nigeria . On May 21 , 2018 , 55 youth - led organizations gave President Buhari an 8day ultimatum to assent on the bill . On 29 May 2018 , Nigeria 's President Buhari announced in his ' democracy day ' national address that he planned to sign the bill into law . He subsequently signed the bill on the 31st of May 2018 . On May 31 , 2018 , Muhammadu Buhari signed the Not Too Young To Run bill into law . Political controversy ( edit ) There was a controversy that the Not Too Young To Run bill was removed from the constitutional review report during the Nigeria 's constitutional review meeting . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ United Nations . `` Launching Global Campaign Promoting the Right of Young People To . '' United Nations . United Nations . Retrieved 7 April 2017 . Jump up ^ YIAGA . `` # NotTooYoungToRun Bill '' . Youth Initiative for Advocacy Growth & Advancement . Retrieved 7 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Ismail , Ahmed ( Jan 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Not Too Young To Run ' Bill Good For Nigerian Youths ' Psyche - Ismail Ahmed '' . Channels Tv . Channels Tv . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Nigeria Television Authority , NTA ( Jun 30 , 2016 ) . `` Not Too Young To Run Bill '' . NTA News . NTA News . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Youth Initiative for Advocacy , Growth & Advancement , YIAGA . `` # NotTooYoungToRun Bill '' . www.yiaga.org . Youth Initiative for Advocacy , Growth & Advancement . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . Jump up ^ The Nation , Online ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Support passage of ` Not Too Young To Run ' bill -- Group '' . The Nation Online . The Nation Online . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` About Not Too Young To Run '' . Not Too Young To Run . Not Too Young To Run . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Office of the Secretary - General 's Envoy on Youth . `` Launching Global Campaign Promoting Right of Young People To Run for Public Office '' . www.un.org . Office of the Secretary - General 's Envoy on Youth . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Channels , Television ( Dec 19 , 2016 ) . `` Channels Beam : Focus On ' Not Too Young To Run ' Campaign Pt 1 '' . Channels Television . Channels Television . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . Jump up ^ United Nations , Web Tv . `` Not Too Young To Run - Youth in Elected Office - Digital Media Zone , ECOSOC Youth Forum 2017 '' . webtv.un.org . United Nations Web Tv . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bolashodun , Oluwatobi . `` We are young but not too young to run - Nigerian youths rally for political inclusion '' . www.naij.com . Naija.com . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Channels , Television ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` LOCAL POLITICS BUSINESS HEALTH SPORTS TECH AFRICA WORLD MORE Yobe Youths Advocate Passage Of ' Not Too Young To Run ' Bill '' . ChannelsTv . ChannelsTv . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Sheriffdeen , Tijani ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Not Too Young To Run campaign hits Ilorin '' . The Nation Online . The Nation Online . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . Jump up ^ YIAGA , Africa . `` Not Too Young To Run '' . yiaga.org . YIAGA Africa . Retrieved 2 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Daily , Trust ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` Senate pass ' Not Too Young to Run ' Bill '' . Daily Trust . Daily Trust . Retrieved 2 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Asadu , Chinedu ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` 24 states pass ' Not too young to run ' bill '' . The Cable . Retrieved 2 June 2018 . Jump up ^ QueenEsther , Iroanusi ; Oluwole , Josiah ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` Majority states pass ' Not Too Young To Run ' bill '' . Premium Times . Retrieved 2 June 2018 . Jump up ^ ATABO , ANGELA ( February 17 , 2018 ) . `` Group gives NASS , FG , state govts ultimatum on Not - Too - Young - to - Run bill '' . The Herald Nigeria . Retrieved 2 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Iroanusi , QueenEsther ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` Senate transmits ' Not Too Young To Run Bill ' , 11 others to Buhari for assent '' . Premium Times . Premium Times . Retrieved 2 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Africa Independent Television , AIT ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` '' Not Too Young To Run '' Group Gives Buhari 8 Days Ultimatum To Sign Bill `` . Africa Independent Television . Retrieved 2 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Jimoh , Abbas ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` 2019 : 55 groups give Buhari eight - day ultimatum to sign elections age limit '' . Media Trust Limited . Media Trust Limited . Retrieved 2 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria 's president , 75 , has reduced the minimum age for presidential aspirants to 35 '' . Quartz . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ Tukur , Sani ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` Buhari signs `` Not Too Young To Run '' bill `` . Premium Times . Retrieved 2 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Adebayo , Bukola ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` # NotTooYoungToRun : Nigeria lowers minimum age for election candidates '' . CNN . CNN . Retrieved 2 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Ajibola , Akinola ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` President Buhari Signs ' Not Too Young To Run ' Bill '' . ChannelsTV . ChannelsTV . Retrieved 2 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Thisday ( June 1 , 2018 ) . `` Buhari Signs ' Not Too Young to Run ' Bill into Law , Charges Youths to Leave Their Mark '' . Thisday Newspapers . Retrieved 2 June 2018 . Jump up ^ SURAJU , OLANREWAJU ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` FACT CHECK : ' Not Too Young To Run ' Bill Was Never Presented , Considered During Lagos Meeting '' . Sahara Reporters . Retrieved 2 June 2018 . External links ( edit ) Web links ( edit ) ( 1 ) Videos ( edit ) Full Video : Finally , President Muhammadu Buhari Signs Not Too Young To Run bill into Law Not Too Young Bill Campaigners Seek Passage of Law Within 30 Days President Buhari Signs Not Too Young To Run Bill into Law Elections in Nigeria Presidential elections 1979 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 House elections 1923 1928 1933 1938 1943 1947 1954 1959 1964 1979 1992 1998 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 Senate elections 1979 1992 1998 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 Regional elections 1951 1953 1954 1956 − 57 1960 − 61 1964 British Cameroons : 1959 1961 Local elections 1950 1953 Referendums 1959 1961 Nigeria articles History Kingdoms Empires Aro Benin Fulani Kanem - Bornu Nri Oyo Timeline Northern Nigeria Southern Nigeria Civil War Geography Adamawa Plateau Cities Ecoregions Environmental issues Islands Jos Plateau Mountains National parks Niger Delta Rivers Niger Benue Wildlife Politics Administrative divisions Cabinet Constitution Elections Federal Executive Council Foreign relations Human rights Law enforcement LGBT history Military National Assembly House of Representatives Senate Political parties PDP APC President Vice-President Supreme Court Economy Agriculture Central Bank Economic history Energy Mining Naira ( currency ) Petroleum Stock Exchange Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Capital punishment Child marriage Corruption Demographics Diaspora Education Ethnic groups MASSOB MOSOP Oodua Peoples Congress Health Languages Organized crime Polygamy Poverty Rankings Refugees Water supply and sanitation Women Conflicts Islamist insurgency Communal conflicts in Nigeria Herder -- farmer conflicts in Nigeria Niger Delta conflicts 2016 conflict Culture Anthem Cinema Nollywood Colonial era Golden Age Video film era New Wave Coat of arms Cuisine Flag List of Nigerians Literature Media Newspapers Radio TV Music Public holidays Religion Smoking Sport Video gaming Outline Index Portal Elections in Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde ( Cabo Verde ) Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies and other territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla ( Spain ) Madeira ( Portugal ) Mayotte / Réunion ( France ) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha ( United Kingdom ) Western Sahara This article about an organisation in Nigeria is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Not_Too_Young_To_Run&oldid=853329638 '' Categories : Elections in Nigeria Political organizations in Nigeria Nigerian organisation stubs Hidden categories : Pages using infobox organization with unsupported parameters All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Add links This page was last edited on 4 August 2018 , at 00 : 10 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | when was the not too young to run bill signed into law | [
"In April, 2018, the Nigeria's Senate resolved to transmit the Not Too Young To Run bill to the President of Nigeria.[19] On May 21, 2018, 55 youth-led organizations gave President Buhari an 8day ultimatum to assent on the bill.[20][21] On 29 May 2018, Nigeria's President Buhari announced in his 'democracy day' national address that he planned to sign the bill into law. He subsequently signed the bill on the 31st of May 2018.[22] On May 31, 2018, Muhammadu Buhari signed the Not Too Young To Run bill into law.[23][24][25][26]\n"
] | [
"May 31, 2018"
] |
-116002892060185039 | Alcohol laws of New Jersey | Alcohol laws of New Jersey - Wikipedia Alcohol laws of New Jersey Jump to : navigation , search The location of New Jersey within the United States The state laws governing alcoholic beverages in New Jersey are among the most complex in the United States , with many peculiarities not found in other states ' laws . They provide for 29 distinct liquor licenses granted to manufacturers , wholesalers , retailers , and for the public warehousing and transport of alcoholic beverages . General authority for the statutory and regulatory control of alcoholic beverages rests with the state government , particularly the Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control overseen by the state 's Attorney General . Under home rule , New Jersey law grants individual municipalities substantial discretion in passing ordinances regulating the sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages within their limits . The number of retail licenses available is determined by a municipality 's population , and may be further limited by the town 's governing body . As a result , the availability of alcohol and regulations governing it vary significantly from town to town . A small percentage of municipalities in the state are `` dry towns '' that do not allow alcoholic beverages to be sold , and do not issue retail licenses for bars or restaurants to serve alcohol to patrons . Other towns permit alcohol sales 24 hours a day . Retail licenses tend to be difficult to obtain , and when available are subject to exorbitant prices and fervent competition . In addition to granting local governments wide latitude over liquor sales , New Jersey law has some other unusual features . Corporations are limited to two retail distribution licenses , making it impractical for chain stores to sell alcoholic beverages ; this restriction , in conjunction with municipal ordinances , severely limits supermarket and convenience store chains from selling beer as they do in many other states . State law treats drunk driving as a traffic offense rather than a crime , and permits individual municipalities to define the scope of underage drinking laws . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Controlling authority 2.1 Statewide statutes and enforcement 2.2 Municipal control 2.3 Other authorities 3 Liquor licenses and permits 3.1 Class A manufacturer 's licenses 3.2 Class B wholesaler 's licenses 3.3 Class C retailer 's licenses 3.4 Class D transportation licenses 3.5 Class E public warehouse licenses 3.6 Special permits 4 Municipal issues 4.1 Availability of retail liquor licenses 4.2 Dry towns 4.3 Hours of operation and other licensing regulations 4.4 BYOB : bring your own bottle 5 Alcohol production and distribution 5.1 Wineries 5.2 Breweries 5.3 Distilleries 5.4 Direct shipping to consumers 6 Legal drinking age 6.1 Underage drinking laws 6.2 Penalties for underage drinking 6.3 History of New Jersey 's drinking age 7 Drunk driving 7.1 DUI laws 7.2 Penalties for DUI 7.3 History of New Jersey 's drunk driving laws 8 Other alcohol - related legal issues 8.1 Open container and public consumption laws 8.2 Purchasing and home production restrictions 8.3 Dram shop liability and social host liability 8.4 Intoxication defense , diversion , and treatment 9 Areas outside state ABC jurisdiction 9.1 Casinos 9.2 Federal lands 10 See also 11 References 12 External links History ( edit ) New Jersey 's history of taverns and alcohol production dates to its early colonial period . Colonial winemakers received recognition by the Royal Society of Arts for producing high - quality wine , and a local distillery owner was asked by George Washington for his recipe for `` cyder spirits '' ( applejack ) . Throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries , the industry developed with the influx of European immigrants , specifically Germans and Italians , who presented a sizable market for alcoholic beverages and brought with them old world winemaking , brewing , and distilling techniques . With the rise of the temperance movement culminating in Prohibition ( 1919 -- 1933 ) , New Jersey 's alcohol industry suffered ; many breweries , wineries , and distilleries either closed or relocated to other states . The legacy of Prohibition restricted and prevented the industry 's recovery until the state legislature began loosening restrictions and repealing Prohibition - era laws starting in 1981 . New Jersey 's alcohol industry is experiencing a renaissance , and recently enacted laws provide new opportunities for the state 's wineries and breweries . Controlling authority ( edit ) Statewide statutes and Enforcement ( edit ) New Jersey 's laws and regulations regarding alcohol are overseen by the Department of Law and Public Safety 's Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control ( ABC ) , which is managed by the state 's Attorney General . The current director of the Alcohol Beverage Control division is Dave Rible . State and municipal laws , including those that regulate alcoholic beverages , apply in all territorial waters which includes inland rivers , lakes , and bays , and tidal waters up to three nautical miles from the New Jersey shoreline . Starting in 1738 , towns in New Jersey began issuing liquor licenses to tavern keepers . Before federal Prohibition in 1919 , despite many state liquor statutes , the regulation of alcoholic beverages in New Jersey was almost exclusively local , with wide variations among municipalities . In 1933 , after the repeal of Prohibition , the states were again permitted to regulate alcoholic beverages . Immediately upon the end of Prohibition in 1933 , New Jersey instituted the Alcoholic Beverage Control Law , which established and granted rulemaking powers to the Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control . The law also established a three - tier alcohol distribution system whereby , with minor exceptions , alcohol manufacturers may only sell to wholesalers , who may only sell to retailers , who may only sell to customers . New Jersey 's alcohol laws and regulations are codified in Title 33 of the New Jersey Statutes , and Title 13 , Chapter 2 of the New Jersey Administrative Code respectively . After New Jersey 's current state constitution was adopted in 1947 and some departments were consolidated , the department was incorporated into the Department of Law and Public Safety under the New Jersey Attorney General 's office . The statutes define an alcoholic beverage as `` any fluid or solid capable of being converted into a fluid , suitable for human consumption , and having an alcohol content of more than one - half of one per centum ( 1 / 2 of 1 % ) by volume , including alcohol , beer , lager beer , ale , porter , naturally fermented wine , treated wine , blended wine , fortified wine , sparkling wine , distilled liquors , blended distilled liquors and any brewed , fermented or distilled liquors fit for use for beverage purposes or any mixture of the same , and fruit juices . '' Municipal Control ( edit ) Ocean City was founded in 1879 as a dry town , and it never has issued a liquor license , forbids the sale of alcohol , and prohibits BYOB at restaurants . New Jersey has a strong tradition of municipal home rule . Local municipalities thus have considerable authority in the licensing and regulating of alcohol - related businesses . These powers include : limiting the number of licenses to sell alcoholic beverages at retail ( Class C licenses ) , limiting the hours of retail alcohol sales , prohibiting the retail sale of alcoholic beverages on Sunday , regulating the conduct of any retail establishment licensed to sell alcoholic beverages , regulating the nature and condition of the licensed premises limiting persons within the municipality to a single liquor license , limiting a license to cover only the specific licensed premises ; and allowing municipalities with populations of 15,000 or more to appoint a municipal alcoholic beverage control board of three persons with terms for three years . Retail licenses for consumption or distribution are allocated proportionally to a municipality 's population . Licenses permitting on - premises retail sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages ( i.e. bars and restaurants ) are allocated at a ratio of one license for 3,000 residents . Distribution licenses are available at a ratio of one license per 7,500 residents . Small towns with populations less than 1,000 can issue at least one consumption and one distribution license . Given the regulatory latitude allowed municipalities , the actual number of licenses extant in a municipality may more or less depend on a variety of factors , including : whether the municipality 's existing licenses were grandfathered by predating the 1948 imposition of statutory limits on the number of retail licenses per town , whether the town has decided to offer fewer licenses , and whether the municipality has decided by ordinance or referendum to become dry , and prohibit the sale of alcoholic beverages within its limits . Because the law grants a municipality significant regulatory latitude , 35 of the state 's 565 municipalities are currently dry . Conversely , because of the grandfathering of licenses , several municipalities have a substantially higher ratio of licenses . For instance , the resort town of Wildwood has a permanent population of 5,300 , but 61 active liquor licenses . Other Authorities ( edit ) Casinos in Atlantic City and federal enclaves ( e.g. military bases , national parks ) are not under the jurisdiction of either the Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control or municipal alcoholic beverage control boards . The New Jersey Division of Gaming Enforcement and the New Jersey Casino Control Commission are responsible for the regulation of alcoholic beverages at casinos . Per Article I , Section 8 , Clause 17 of the United States Constitution , the federal government may `` exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the state in which the same shall be , for the erection of forts , magazines , arsenals , dockyards , and other needful buildings . '' While some state laws do apply in federal enclaves , court decisions have exempted military bases and other federal lands from state and local alcohol laws . Liquor licenses and permits ( edit ) See also : Liquor license New Jersey law provides for 29 distinct liquor licenses divided into the following five classes : Class A for manufacturers , Class B for wholesalers , Class C for retailers , Class D for transportation licenses , and Class E for public warehouses . State law allows the Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control to create temporary permits `` to provide for contingencies where it would be appropriate and consonant with the spirit of this chapter to issue a license , but the contingency has not been expressly provided for . '' Special permits are allowed to range in price from $10 to $2000 , are limited to 25 days per year for a given premises , and currently there are 3 types of permits for non-licensees . Excluding seasonal licenses and special permits , ABC licenses are issued for one year starting on July 1 , and ending on June 30 . Class A manufacturer 's licenses Class a manufacturer 's licenses ( edit ) Type of license Activity permitted Fee for license ( as of 2013 ) Plenary Brewery License to brew any malt alcoholic beverage to sell to wholesalers and at festivals in the state to sell and distribute out of state to maintain a warehouse $10,625 Limited Brewery License to brew any malt beverage , not in excess of 300,000 barrels ( 31 - gallon barrels ) per year to sell to wholesalers and at festivals in the state to sell and distribute out of state as part of a tour , sell beer for on - site consumption to offer samples to visitors to sell up to 15.5 gallons of beer ( i.e. a keg ) for consumption off - premises sale of food is absolutely prohibited to maintain a warehouse $1,250 for up to 50,000 barrels $2,500 for 50,000 -- 100,000 barrels $5,000 for 100,000 -- 200,000 barrels $7,500 for 200,000 -- 300,000 barrels Restricted Brewery License to brew any malt beverage , not in excess of 10,000 barrels per year only for businesses with a Plenary Retail Consumption License and a dining facility limit of 10 licenses to be held by a person to offer samples at off - premises charitable or civic events to sell on - premises , to wholesalers , and at festivals in the state $1,000 for first 1,000 barrels $625 for each additional 1,000 barrels . to sell to wholesalers : $1250 for up to 1,000 barrels $250 for each additional 1000 barrels Plenary Winery License 3 acres minimum required to produce any fermented wines , blend , fortify or treat wines to sell to wholesalers , directly to retailers , at festivals , or to churches ( for religious purposes ) in the state to sell and distribute outside the state to offer samples to visitors to sell to consumers on the winery premises to operate 15 off - premises sales rooms to direct ship up to 12 cases per year to consumers in or out of state to maintain a warehouse $938 annual fee $250 for each offsite salesroom to sell to retailers : $100 for up to 50,000 gallons per year $250 for 50,000 -- 100,000 gallons $500 for 100,000 -- 150,000 gallons $1,000 for 150,000 -- 250,000 gallons Farm Winery License 3 acres minimum required to produce up to 50,000 gallons of wine per year requires that a minimum of 51 % of grapes or fruit used in production be grown in New Jersey for the first 5 years , and a minimum of 75 % thereafter to sell to wholesalers , directly to retailers , at festivals , or to churches ( for religious purposes ) in the state to sell and distribute outside the state to offer samples to visitors to sell to consumers on the winery premises to operate 15 off - premises sales rooms to direct ship up to 12 cases per year to consumers in or out of state to maintain a warehouse $63 for less than 1,000 gallons per year $125 for 1,000 -- 2,500 gallons $250 for 2,500 -- 30,000 gallons $375 for 30,000 -- 50,000 gallons $250 fee per offsite salesroom $100 fee for right to sell to retailers Wine Blending License to blend , treat , mix , or bottle wines to sell to wholesalers in the state to sell and distribute outside the state to maintain a warehouse $625 Instructional Winemaking Facility License to instruct consumers in winemaking with the opportunity to participate directly in winemaking to maintain a warehouse $1,000 Out - of - State Winery License requires a valid winery license in another U.S. state requires that winery no more than 250,000 gallons produced per year right to sell and distribute in New Jersey to operate up to 16 off - site salesrooms right to ship up to 12 cases per year to consumers in or out of state right to sell directly to New Jersey retailers $938 annual fee $250 for each offsite salesroom to sell to retailers : $100 for up to 50,000 gallons per year $250 for 50,000 -- 100,000 gallons $500 for 100,000 -- 150,000 gallons $1,000 for 150,000 -- 250,000 gallons Plenary Distillery License to manufacture any distilled alcoholic beverages to rectify , blend , treat , or mix distilled alcoholic beverages to sell to wholesalers in the state to sell and distribute outside the state to maintain a warehouse $12,500 Limited Distillery License manufacture alcoholic beverages made from fruit juices to blend , treat , mix , compound with wine , and add sweetenings and flavors to make cordials and liqueurs to sell to wholesalers in the state to sell and distribute outside the state to maintain a warehouse $3,750 Limited Supply Distillery License to bottle and rebottle alcoholic beverages distilled from fruit juices to sell to wholesalers in the state to sell and distribute outside the state to maintain a warehouse $313 per year for up to 5,000 gallons $625 per year for 5,000 -- 10,000 gallons $1,250 without capacity limit . Craft Distillery License to manufacture up to 20,000 gallons per year of any distilled alcoholic beverages requires that a minimum of 51 % of raw materials be grown or produced in New Jersey to rectify , blend , treat , or mix distilled alcoholic beverages to sell to wholesalers in the state to sell and distribute outside the state to maintain a warehouse as part of a tour , sell distilled alcoholic beverages for on - site consumption to offer samples to visitors sell up to 5 liters of distilled alcoholic beverages for consumption off - premises sale of food is absolutely prohibited $938 Rectifier and Blender License to rectify , blend , treat , and mix distilled alcoholic beverages to fortify , blend , and treat fermented alcoholic beverages to sell to wholesalers in the state to sell and distribute outside the state to maintain a warehouse $7,500 Bonded Warehouse Bottling License to maintain a bonded warehouse pursuant to the Internal Revenue Code $625 Class B wholesaler 's licenses Class B wholesaler 's licenses ( edit ) Type of license Activity permitted Fee for license ( as of 2013 ) Plenary Wholesale License to sell and distribute alcoholic beverages to retailers and wholesalers in the state to sell and distribute out of state to maintain a warehouse and salesroom $8,750 Limited Wholesale License to sell and distribute brewed malt alcoholic beverages and naturally fermented wines to retailers and wholesalers in the state to sell and distribute out of state to maintain a warehouse and salesroom $1,875 Wine Wholesale License to sell and distribute any naturally fermented , treated , blended , fortified and sparkling wines to retailers and wholesalers in the state to sell and distribute out of state to maintain a warehouse and salesroom $3,750 State Beverage Distributor 's License to sell and distribute unchilled , brewed malt alcoholic beverages in original containers only , in quantities of at least 144 fluid ounces , to retailers or directly to customers to sell and distribute chilled draught malt alcoholic beverages in kegs , barrels or other similar containers of at least one fluid gallon , to retailers or directly to customers to sell and distribute out of State to maintain a warehouse and salesroom maximum of 72 may be issued in the state $1,031 Class C retailer 's licenses Class C retailer 's licenses ( edit ) Type of license Activity permitted Fee for license ( as of 2013 ) Plenary Retail Consumption License to sell alcoholic beverages in open containers , and sell package goods on a limited basis package goods may only be displayed for sale on the premises ' perimeter walls or behind the bar premises can not be a grocery , delicatessen , drug store or mercantile business permitted to hold tastings and tasting dinners licensee can obtain up to two Restricted Brewery Licenses may sell at off - premises events in open containers with Catering Permit ( up to 25 times per year ) number of licenses per municipality is restricted fee set by municipality : $250 -- $2500 $100 per day for Catering Permit Plenary Retail Consumption License with Broad Package Privilege ( Broad C License ) same rights and limitations as a Plenary Retail Consumption License , except the sale of package goods is not restricted license is no longer being issued but an existing one may be renewed or transferred number of licenses per municipality is restricted fee set by municipality : $250 -- $2500 $100 per day for Catering Permit Hotel / Motel License for hotels or motels containing at least 100 guest sleeping rooms same rights and limitations as a Plenary Retail Consumption License number of licenses per municipality is not restricted fee set by municipality : $250 -- $2500 $100 per day for Catering Permit Plenary Retail Consumption License ( Theater Exception ) for non-profit musical or theatrical performances must have seating capacity of 1,000 persons or more alcoholic beverages must be sold in open containers consumption of alcoholic beverages only during performance , and 2 hours before and after number of licenses per municipality is not restricted fee set by municipality : $250 -- $2500 Seasonal Retail Consumption License to sell alcoholic beverages from either May 1 to November 14 or from November 15 to April 30 same rights and limitations as a Plenary Retail Consumption License , but only for 6 months per year number of licenses per municipality is restricted fee set by municipality : 75 % of the fees for a Plenary Retail Consumption License $100 per day for Catering Permit Plenary Retail Distribution License to sell alcoholic beverages in sealed containers for consumption off - premises permitted to hold tastings number of licenses per municipality is restricted fee set by municipality : $125 -- $2,500 Limited Retail Distribution License to sell any unchilled , brewed malt alcoholic beverages in sealed containers for consumption off - premises for use in a grocery store , meat market , or delicatessen license is no longer being issued but an existing one may be renewed or transferred number of licenses per municipality is not restricted fees set by municipality : $31 -- $63 Plenary Retail Transit License to sell any alcoholic beverage for consumption only on trains , airplanes , limousines and boats while in transit number of licenses per municipality is not restricted $375 for train or air transport $31 for vehicle for limousines $63 for boats up to 65 feet in length $125 for boats 65 -- 110 feet in length $375 on boats more than 110 feet in length Club License issued only to non-profit organizations group must have at least 60 voting members and have possessed a clubhouse for at least 3 years , or be a chapter of a state or national organization only for sale of alcoholic beverages to be consumed on premises to bona fide club members and their guests prohibited from selling package goods prohibited from selling alcohol beverages to groups which rent their facilities number of licenses per municipality is not restricted fee set by municipality : $63 -- $188 Class D transportation licenses Class D transportation licenses ( edit ) Type of license Activity permitted Fee for license ( as of 2013 ) Transportation License to transport alcoholic beverages into , out of , through and within the state of New Jersey to maintain a warehouse $625 . Class E public warehouse licenses Class E public warehouse licenses ( edit ) Type of license Activity permitted Fee for license ( as of 2013 ) Public Warehouse License to receive , store and warehouse , alcoholic beverages in a licensed public warehouse does not authorize any transportation of said beverages $500 . Broker 's License to act as a broker ( for a fee or commission ) in the purchase and sale of alcoholic beverages , on behalf of manufacturers and wholesalers in the state or out of the state . can not warehouse or purchase alcohol beverages in his or her own name can not sell to wholesalers or retailers in the state $500 Special permits Special permits ( edit ) Type of permit Activity permitted Fee for permit ( as of 2013 ) Social Affair Permit only for events run by non-profit organizations alcoholic beverages must be sold in open containers permitted to hold tastings and tasting dinners limit of 12 one - day permits per year per organization limit of 25 one - day permits per year per location must have approval of the municipal police chief , and the clerk of the municipal alcoholic beverage control board $100 per day for civic , religious , and educational organizations $150 per day for other non-profit organizations Special Permit for a Golf Facility designed for golf courses which are neither country clubs nor government - owned golf course must have 18 holes , and be at least 5000 linear yards ( i.e. not a driving range or miniature golf course ) alcoholic beverages must be sold in open containers alcohol may only be served during golf - related events $2000 Special Concessionaire Permit for the sale of alcoholic beverages in facilities owned by the state , a county , or a municipality alcoholic beverages must be consumed on - site permitted to hold tastings and tasting dinners may sell at off - premises events in open containers with Special Event Permit ( up to 25 times per year ) $2000 $100 per day for Special Event Permit Municipal issues ( edit ) Availability of retail liquor licenses ( edit ) A sign lights up a liquor store in Wildwood , which has more than 60 active liquor licenses . The number of Class C retail licenses for bars , restaurants , and liquor stores is limited by population and often by municipal ordinances . Licenses are typically obtained from existing licensees who choose to sell , or when a new license is offered as a town 's population grows . As a result , the price for a retail license is often prohibitively expensive . The sale of a new license is usually conducted by public auction . The intense competition can benefit a town by generating several hundred thousand dollars of revenue from the highest bidder . A 2006 license auction in Cherry Hill , New Jersey set the state record at $1.5 million . Supermarkets , convenience stores , and gas stations in New Jersey rarely sell alcoholic beverages because state law prohibits any person or corporation from possessing more than two retail distribution licenses . While licenses for bars , restaurants and liquor stores are limited , other retail licenses are not . Class C licenses can be granted without limit for common carriers ( such as limousines and boats ) , private clubs with a minimum of 60 members , hotels with at least one - hundred rooms , and theatres with at least 1,000 seats . Special permits exist to allow for the sale of alcoholic beverages at golf courses , government - owned facilities , and at social events run by non-profit organizations ( for example , church carnivals ) . A restaurant in New Jersey without a liquor license can sell wine from a New Jersey winery by becoming an offsite retail sales outlet of the winery . Since the early 1990s , there have been a handful of unsuccessful proposals to create a separate restaurant license allowing eating establishments to sell beer and wine . Such proposals have been strongly opposed by current retail license holders who believe that it would decrease their income , and thus the value of their liquor license . Dry towns ( edit ) Some municipalities , particularly in South Jersey , are dry towns where no alcohol can be legally served or sold . Some of them are dry because of their origins as Quaker , Methodist , or other Protestant religious communities . For example , the seaside resort town of Ocean City has been dry since it was founded in 1879 by four Methodist clergymen . In recent years , several municipalities have questioned whether they ought to remain dry . Dry towns frequently have public referendums on whether they should remain dry or allow liquor sales in order to attract new businesses and increase property tax revenue . Dry towns in New Jersey can not forbid the possession , consumption , or transportation of alcohol , but have the option to permit or prohibit BYOB at restaurants and social affair permits for non-profit organizations . In 2012 , Ocean City residents rejected a proposal to allow restaurant patrons to bring their own wine or beer to unlicensed establishments . It is possible for a dry town to have a winery or brewery that offers tastings , since alcohol manufacturing licenses in New Jersey are issued by the state , and are not regulated by municipalities . As of 2013 , there are 35 dry municipalities in New Jersey , down from 44 in 2002 . Some dry towns permit the sale of alcohol if it is produced on site . Hours of operation and other licensing regulations ( edit ) Atlantic City is one of the few municipalities in New Jersey that allow the sale of alcohol 24 hours per day . The hours of sale for on - premises consumption are regulated by local ordinance , and closing times vary by town . Atlantic City does not have closing hours , and alcohol can be purchased at its casinos and local bars 24 hours a day . With the exception of Newark and Jersey City , the law forbids hard liquor packaged goods sales before 9 am and after 10 pm any day of the week . This can be restricted further by local ordinance . Liquor stores may sell beer and wine during any hours that on - premises sales are allowed . New Jersey regulations for liquor stores and bars are extensive . Licensed establishments may not offer nudity . It is illegal to sell liquor below cost , charge a flat fee for unlimited drinks ( except for private parties and on New Year 's Eve ) , offer any promotion that is contingent on drinking a certain amount of alcohol , allow patrons to remain after closing time , or sell liquor at a drive - through window . Bars and clubs are prohibited from having a ' ladies ' night ' or any pricing which is regarded as discriminatory . Police officers are prohibited from working for licensed businesses in the same town where they are employed , and some municipalities require fingerprinting for all liquor store and bar employees . Gambling and related paraphernalia , broadly defined by ABC to include claw and crane machines , casino - themed video games , football pools , and door prizes , irrespective of whether any profit is being made by the business , are prohibited at licensed establishments . The only exceptions are for those bars licensed by the state to sell lottery tickets or have off - track betting on horse racing . Charity bingo games or raffles are also allowed . Card games , darts , billiards and other games are permitted as long as no money is exchanged , and no prizes are given . ABC regulations permit a bar owner or employee to give away a free drink as long as it is not advertised . Businesses may issue free or complimentary drink coupons ( up to one per day per patron ) . Hotel and motel licensees may also give guests complimentary bottles of wine on special occasions . Licensed establishments are permitted to institute dress codes , cover charges , and minimum age restrictions . Liquor stores are allowed to conduct tastings of beer , wine , and spirits . Bars , restaurants , state concessionaires ( e.g. PNC Bank Arts Center ) , and non-profit organizations with a special permit can host both tastings and tasting dinners , the latter of which permits larger sample sizes . BYOB : bring your own bottle ( edit ) Because some restaurants are unable or choose not to get a retail consumption license , the practice of `` bring your own bottle '' ( BYOB ) is prevalent in establishments statewide . Patrons are permitted to bring their own beer or wine to a restaurant that does not possess a liquor license , as long as there is no municipal prohibition against it . By law , a BYOB restaurant may not allow consumption of hard liquor or mixed drinks , nor may it allow consumption of beer or wine by those under 21 , visibly intoxicated , or during hours in which the sale of these products is prohibited by licensees in that municipality ( i.e. after closing time ) . Establishments offering BYOB are not allowed to assess a cover charge , charge a corkage fee , or advertise that patrons may bring beer or wine . A restaurant or other business with a retail consumption license may allow consumers to bring their own beer or wine , though many do not . New Jersey law prohibits strip clubs and `` sexually oriented business '' , where stripteases and erotic dances are regularly performed , from offering both full nudity and alcohol sales . Establishments that possess a retail license and serve alcohol can only offer partially clothed services such as go - go dancing ( typically in bikinis or lingerie ) . Clubs that are not licensed to serve alcohol will work around the restriction by implementing a bring your own bottle ( BYOB ) policy and operating as a `` juice bar '' . Juice bars have the appointments of full bars but only serve non-alcoholic beverages such as water , fruit juice , and flavored carbonated beverages . Such a bar could double as a service counter for the storage of BYOB material and offer ice and mixing services to create mixed drinks using the customer - purchased ingredients . Recent court decisions have held that municipalities that allow BYOB policies for restaurants must allow the same practices for strip clubs . Alcohol production and distribution ( edit ) See also : List of wineries , breweries , and distilleries in New Jersey This is an assortment of New Jersey wines . New Jersey 's 48 wineries produce wine from more than 90 varieties of grapes , and from over 25 other fruits . In 1981 , the state legislature began to reform the laws that governed the production of alcoholic beverages . With the passing of the New Jersey Farm Winery Act in 1981 , and laws providing for licenses for brewpubs and microbreweries in the 1990s , these two industries have grown significantly and the number of wineries and breweries have steadily increased . In February 2013 , New Jersey issued the first new distillery license since before Prohibition , and legislation has been proposed to make it easier to establish craft distilleries in New Jersey . As of 2014 , New Jersey currently has 48 wineries , 28 breweries , and 2 distilleries . Wineries ( edit ) See also : New Jersey wine New Jersey winemaking dates to the colonial period . In 1767 , two landowners , Edward Antill and William Alexander , Lord Stirling , were recognized by the Royal Society of Arts in London , which had challenged colonists in British North America to cultivate vinifera grapes and produce `` those Sorts of Wines now consumed in Great Britain . '' Shortly after , Antill wrote an 80 - page instructional essay on grape cultivation and winemaking that was published in the Transactions of the American Philosophical Society . While the cultivation of grapes and fruit trees supported a flourishing wine industry in the late 19th and early 20th centuries , the effects of Prohibition and a legacy of restrictive laws after its repeal devastated the industry . For 50 years , New Jersey was limited by law to one winery license for every 1,000,000 state residents , which by 1980 effectively allowed for only seven wineries . The growth of the state 's winery industry has been bolstered by the 1981 New Jersey Farm Winery Act , which repealed many Prohibition - era laws and allowed many small growers to open new wineries . As of 2014 , New Jersey has 48 licensed and operating wineries which produce wine from more than 90 varieties of grapes , and from over 25 other fruits . Many New Jersey wineries sell their products at festivals that are held annually throughout the state . In 2012 , 1.56 million gallons ( approximately 656,000 cases ) of wine were produced by New Jersey wineries , making it the ninth - largest wine - producing state . A considerable portion of those are non-grape fruit wine , particularly apple , blueberry , raspberry , and cranberry wines ; fruits produced by many farms in the state . The state 's wineries generate between $30 -- 40 million of revenue annually . New Jersey law treats hard cider as a type of wine because it is made from fermented fruits . Although there is currently no licensed hard cider production in New Jersey , cider can be produced with a plenary or farm winery license , and several businesses have taken preliminary steps in establishing cider mills . Breweries ( edit ) See also : Beer in New Jersey The C. Feigenspan Brewery in Newark , New Jersey , c. 1890 -- 1900 . The first brewery in New Jersey was established in a fledgling Dutch settlement in what is now Hoboken when the state was part of the New Netherland colony . It was soon destroyed by a band of Lenape in 1643 during Governor Kieft 's War ( 1643 -- 1645 ) . Large German immigrant populations in Newark and Jersey City led to the establishment of a healthy brewing industry in the 19th and early 20th centuries . Brewing beer became the fourth - largest industry in Newark , with names like Kruger , Hensler , and Feigenspan among the leading industrial families in Newark . Later , regional ( and later national ) brands Ballantine , and Rheingold , and Pabst , among others , operated large breweries in Newark and surrounding towns . With accusations of German propaganda and persecution of German - Americans during World War I , many of the state 's brewers relocated to the Midwestern United States Prohibition closed many of the remaining breweries in the state . For instance , of Newark 's 27 breweries before Prohibition , none exist today . As the industry reorganized and consolidated in the 1970s and 1980s to compete nationally , the larger producers like Ballantine ( in the 1960s ) Rheingold ( 1977 ) , and Pabst ( 1985 ) closed their doors . Anheuser - Busch still operate a large - production brewery in Newark , originally opened in 1951 , which is used for brewing Budweiser and Rolling Rock . New Jersey offers a limited brewery license for microbreweries and a restricted brewery license for brewpubs . In 1995 , the Ship Inn Restaurant and Brewery in Milford became the first brewpub in New Jersey . Within ten years , the industry expanded to 28 breweries , most of them microbreweries or brewpubs . In 2010 , New Jersey craft brewers produced 32,000 barrels ( 992,000 gallons ) of craft brew . In 2012 , New Jersey liberalized its licensing laws to allow microbreweries to sell beer by the glass as part of a tour , and sell up to 15.5 gallons ( i.e. a keg ) for off - premises consumption . The same legislation permits brewpubs to brew up to 10,000 barrels of beer per year , and sell to wholesalers and at festivals . Distilleries ( edit ) See also : New Jersey distilled spirits New Jersey has had a long distilling history dating to the colonial era when large landowners converted surplus fruit into brandy , sugar into rum , and grain into whiskey . Until recently , New Jersey had only one licensed distillery , Laird & Company in Scobeyville ( Colts Neck ) . Founded by Robert Laird , it is the oldest licensed distillery in the United States and received License No. 1 from the U.S. Department of the Treasury in 1780 . George Washington , who was acquainted with the distillery 's owner , once asked him for his recipe for `` cyder spirits . '' By 1834 , New Jersey boasted 388 distilleries . Today , Laird is the nation 's only remaining producer of applejack . Presently none of the company 's distilling takes place in New Jersey . Laird 's obtains all its apples from Virginia 's Shenandoah Valley and distills its products in Virginia . Distilling at its New Jersey facilities ceased in 1972 and Laird 's blends , ages and bottles its products in Scobeyville . In February 2013 , the state issued the first distillery license since Prohibition to Jersey Artisan Distilling of Fairfield , which currently produces and sells rum . Jersey Spirits Distilling Company set up their craft distillery in February , 2015 also located in Fairfield Township , Essex County , New Jersey and became the first distillery to manufacture and distribute a true Bourbon Whiskey completely in New Jersey since before Prohibition days . Their handmade grain to bottle products include Vodka , Rum , Gin , White Whiskey , Bourbon and Jersey Hooch . Claremont Distillery in Fairfield , NJ began distilling in May 2015 . They 're producing vodka , whiskey , and a retail moonshine called Jersey Devil Moonshine , after the New Jersey Pine Barons legend . Skunktown Distillery in Flemington , NJ opened their doors to the public in December 2016 . Skunktown Distillery produces Vodka , Spicy Vodka ( made with the Carolina Reaper pepper ) , Silver Rum , Oaked Rum - a unique flavor of bourbon with a mild rum backing , Rye Whiskey , Golden Gin and the state 's finest Apple Pie Moonshine . Other prospective distillers , Cooper River Distillers in Camden and Corgi Spirits ( 1 ) in Jersey City , New Jersey are on the path to obtaining licenses in the near future . Others are expected to follow . In August 2013 , the state passed a law creating a craft distillery license . The license costs substantially less than the plenary distillery license ( $938 versus $12,500 ) , but limits production to 20,000 gallons per year . Distillers who certify that at least 51 percent of raw materials used in the distillation are grown or bought from providers in the state can label their product `` New Jersey distilled . '' Direct shipping to consumers ( edit ) See also : Wine shipping laws in the United States Until 2004 , New Jersey permitted in - state wineries to directly ship products to in - state customers . The state did not allow out - of - state producers to ship to New Jersey residents or permit New Jersey wineries to ship to out - of - state customers . This practice was declared unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court in 2005 in a case from Michigan . New Jersey 's statute was subsequently struck down by the Third Circuit Court of Appeals in 2010 because such limitations were held to violate the Interstate Commerce Clause of the U.S. Constitution . On 17 January 2012 , New Jersey Governor Chris Christie signed into law a bill that legalized direct shipping from wineries to consumers , and permits New Jersey wineries to open as many as 15 offsite retail sales outlets in the state . The law allows wineries that make less than 250,000 gallons of wine annually , which includes all of New Jersey 's wineries , to ship up to 12 cases of wine to per year to any person over 21 in New Jersey or any other state that allows wine shipments . Because this prohibits 90 % of wine made in the United States , but does not affect New Jersey 's small wineries , proponents of the law fear that this section of the law will be struck down as unconstitutional . The U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit had struck down a similar limit in Massachusetts in 2008 in light of the United States Supreme Court decision addressing direct shipping laws a few years earlier . Federal law prohibits alcoholic beverages from being shipped through the mail . New Jersey effectively prohibits the shipment of beer and spirits to customers by requiring a liquor license to transport alcohol , but not having any class of liquor license that grants permission to ship beer or spirits . United Parcel Service ( UPS ) and Federal Express will ship wine to a person 's home , but will only deliver beer or hard liquor to a licensed business . Although uncommon , it is legal for a liquor store to deliver alcoholic beverages by car or van to a person 's home . ABC regulations mandate that the alcoholic beverages being delivered are paid for in advance , that they are received by someone 21 or older , and that they take place when the licensed establishment is permitted to be open . Legal drinking age ( edit ) Underage drinking laws ( edit ) See also : Legal drinking age and Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States Exceptions to New Jersey 's Underage Drinking Laws * Religious service -- minors can be served alcohol , and may possess and consume alcohol at a religious observance , ceremony or rite . Employment -- People 18 or older who own or work for a licensed establishment or BYOB restaurant can possess , sell , serve , and transport alcohol , and purchase alcohol from a manufacturer or wholesaler . They can not consume alcohol or purchase alcohol from a retailer ( e.g. liquor store , bar ) . Private location ( with adult relative ) -- minors may be served alcohol , and may possess and consume alcohol when in a house , backyard , hotel room , private room at an unlicensed restaurant , or other area without public access , and in the presence of a relative who is at least 21 . Private location ( without adult relative ) -- minors may possess and consume alcohol when in a house , backyard , hotel room , private room at an unlicensed restaurant , or other area without public access , and in a town without an ordinance prohibiting it ( approximately 1 / 4 of municipalities ) . It is not legal to serve a minor or knowingly allow a property to be used for underage drinking , but it is legal for the person to consume alcohol . A person must be at least 21 years old in New Jersey to purchase alcoholic beverages in a retail establishment , or to possess or consume alcoholic beverages in a public ( for example , a park or on the street ) or semi-public area ( e.g. restaurant , automobile ) . A person only needs to be 18 to own a liquor license , or to sell or serve alcohol ( for example , a waiter or supermarket cashier ) . State law also prohibits an underage person from misrepresenting their age in a licensed establishment . It is illegal to serve alcohol to anyone under 21 , encourage an underage person to drink , knowingly allow underage drinking on property that one owns or leases , or possess alcoholic beverages on public school property without written consent of the school board or school principal . State law grants an exemption for religious services , and for parents and guardians over 21 who serve alcohol to their own children in a private location ( such as a private home ) . New Jersey and all other U.S. states comport with the requirement of the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 , which sought to set a national standard of 21 as the minimum age for purchasing and publicly possessing alcoholic beverages . To make states comply , Congress tied a state 's failure to enact a drinking age at 21 to a punitive decrease in a state 's apportionment of federal highway funding . Federal law requires colleges and universities that accept federal financial aid institute policies to sanction students who violate underage drinking and other alcohol laws , and to track the number of liquor laws violations . The Chronicle of Higher Education has reported that many colleges fail to comply with these laws , and federal enforcement is minimal . There is no state law prohibiting consumption of alcohol by minors while on private property , but many municipalities prohibit underage consumption unless parents or adult relatives are present . Public schools are not permitted to have `` 24 / 7 '' conduct policies which sanction students for alcohol consumption outside of school . Minors are allowed to enter licensed establishments , and while state law does not prohibit bars and nightclubs from having events such as `` teen nights , '' or `` 18 to party , 21 to drink , '' some municipalities impose restrictions . It is legal for a person under 21 to be in a location where underage drinking is occurring , and New Jersey does not have an `` internal possession '' statute criminalizing underage drinking after the fact . Penalties for underage drinking ( edit ) The state underage drinking statute is a disorderly persons offense ( misdemeanor ) , which upon conviction is punishable by up to 6 months in jail ( rarely imposed ) , a $500 -- $1000 fine , and a mandatory 6 - month suspension of the person 's driver 's license . The penalties are the same for using fake identification . Those who unlawfully serve alcohol to an underage person , entice an underage person to drink , knowingly permit underage drinking on their property , or bring alcohol onto a public school property face similar sanctions , except that their driver 's license will not be suspended . A licensed business which serves alcohol to a person under age 21 , even unintentionally , may be fined or have their liquor license suspended or revoked . Violation of a municipal underage drinking statutes is a non-criminal offense , which has a fine of $250 for the first offense , and $350 for subsequent offenses . A person 's driver 's license can be suspended for a municipal underage drinking conviction , but usually it just results in a fine without a court appearance being required . There is a `` good samaritan '' defense to an underage drinking charge -- if an underage drinker calls for medical help for another underage drinker who is ill , and cooperates with law enforcement and medical responders , neither may be prosecuted . It is common for a state underage drinking charge to be downgraded to a municipal ordinance violation in order for the defendant to avoid a criminal record and a suspended license . The statute of limitations for both state and municipal underage drinking charges is one year . History of New Jersey 's drinking age ( edit ) The first drinking age law in New Jersey was passed in 1846 . It allowed the parents of a student under 21 to sue for up to $10 ( $270 in modern dollars ) in damages against a tavern keeper or shopkeeper who supplied alcoholic beverages to their children . In 1880 , a criminal statute was enacted , fining businesses that sold liquor to people under 18 if their parents had told the establishment not to sell to their child . The law was amended in 1888 to eliminate the parental consent provision , thus making it illegal in all cases for a tavern or liquor store to sell alcohol to person under 18 . In 1908 , the penalties were increased so that a tavern keeper who served a minor could be jailed . Upon the start of Prohibition , New Jersey repealed its laws regarding the sale of alcohol to minors since the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibited almost all liquor sales . Upon repeal of Prohibition and the passage of the Alcoholic Beverage Control Law , the ABC issued regulations that prohibited bars and liquor stores from selling alcohol to a person under 21 , which was considered the age of majority at that time . In 1939 , it became a criminal offense to sell alcohol to a person under 21 , and for a person under 21 to purchase or consume alcohol in a licensed establishment . The state criminalized the underage possession of alcohol in motor vehicles and other public areas in 1957 , possibly in response to young New Jerseyans traveling to New York , where the drinking age was 18 , and returning home with liquor . For many years laws against underage drinking and the serving of alcohol to minors did not apply on private property , though an adult who supplied a substantial amount of liquor to an underage person could possibly be prosecuted for contributing to the delinquency of a minor Furthermore , arrests and criminal prosecutions for underage drinking in bars or public areas were very uncommon before the 1980s . New Jersey 's drinking age was lowered to 18 in 1973 as part of a broader legal change which reduced New Jersey 's age of majority from 21 to 18 . Much of the impetus for lowering the drinking age to 18 was to grant returning Vietnam veterans the right to purchase alcohol . Possibly because of concerns about 18 - year - old high school students being able to legally purchase liquor , and then illegally consume it school , the state raised the drinking age to 19 in 1980 . Citing statistics that indicated an increase in car deaths among drivers under 21 , the drinking age was raised back to 21 in 1983 . At the same time , the penalties for underage drinking were increased to include a mandatory driver 's license suspension . In 1985 , the state made it illegal for an adult to give alcohol to a person under 21 , with exception for religious services and parents serving alcohol to their own children at home or in a private area . Historically , a few municipalities had ordinances against underage drinking on private property , but a class action lawsuit in 1998 against the town of Avalon nullified these laws . In 2000 , the New Jersey Legislature passed a bill criminalizing underage consumption of alcoholic beverages on private property New Jersey Governor Christine Whitman pocket vetoed the bill over privacy concerns : `` While I completely support the intent of the bill , I am concerned that the bill 's prohibitions could be construed to apply to situations in which an underage person consumes even a small amount of alcohol under the watchful eye of an adult family member . '' Later that year , Whitman signed a revised bill that allowed municipalities to pass ordinance prohibiting underage drinking on private property . Besides giving municipalities a choice on whether to implement such a policy , the revised bill imposed substantially lighter penalties on underage drinkers , and the new law made an exception for alcohol provided by any relative , not just a parent or guardian . Drunk driving ( edit ) DUI laws ( edit ) See also : Drunk driving in the United States Like all other US states , New Jersey sets a 0.08 percent weight by volume blood alcohol content ( BAC ) as the threshold for intoxication when operating a motor vehicle ( e.g. automobile , boat ) . It is possible to be charged with driving under the influence ( DUI ) with a BAC level below 0.08 % , but there is a presumption in that situation that the driver is not intoxicated . State law prohibits those under 21 from driving if their BAC is 0.01 % or more , prohibits the operation of a commercial vehicle with a BAC of 0.04 % or more , and mandates that drivers submit a breath sample if requested by a police officer . To be convicted of DUI in New Jersey , a person must be operating or attempting to operate a motorized vehicle ; thus activities such as sleeping in a car while intoxicated or bicycling while drunk are not illegal . Drivers are not legally required to take field sobriety tests , although the results are admissible in court . The Alcotest has replaced the Breathalyzer as the standard device for determining blood alcohol level . When a driver is arrested for DUI , the police are prohibited from using force to obtain a breath , blood , or urine sample , and must warn the driver of the consequences of refusing a breath sample . In 2010 , the New Jersey Supreme Court overturned the breath sample refusal conviction of a non-English speaking driver , ruling that drivers must be notified of the law in a language that they understand . A person can be charged with DUI or breath refusal up to 90 days after the incident , except in cases of serious injury or death , in which case the statute of limitations is 5 years . New Jersey is one of only two states ( along with Wisconsin ) that classify DUI as a traffic violation , and not a criminal offense , except in cases of serious injury or death . Because it is not a criminal offense , those charged in New Jersey with DUI and related offenses are not fingerprinted , do not have the right to a jury trial , DUI arrests and convictions are not submitted to the FBI 's NCIC criminal database , and DUI arrests and convictions can not be expunged . Statutory criminal defenses ( e.g. duress , entrapment ) are not available for DUI , and in State v. Hammond , the state Supreme Court upheld the conviction of a person who drove after unknowingly having his drink spiked with alcohol . Common - law criminal defenses are available in DUI cases , and a state appellate court reversed the conviction of a person who drove while intoxicated in order to escape assailants , citing the doctrine of necessity . Penalties for DUI ( edit ) A poster from 1937 warning about the dangers of drunk driving . New Jersey instituted its first DUI law in 1909 . Penalties for DUI vary by level of intoxication and number of previous convictions . A first offense DUI with a BAC level of less than 0.10 % faces a fine of $250 to $400 , an automobile insurance surcharge of $1000 per year for 3 years , 12 hours of alcohol education , a 3 - month license suspension , and imprisonment for up to 30 days ( rarely imposed ) . If the driver 's BAC level is 0.10 % or greater , the fine increases to $300 to $500 , and the license suspension increase to 7 to 12 months . If the driver 's BAC level is 0.15 % or greater , the driver will be required to have an ignition interlock device installed in their car for 6 to 12 months after they have their license restored . New Jersey does not have administrative license revocation , and thus a suspected drunk driver 's license is not suspended until they are convicted . A person under 21 who is convicted of driving with a BAC level of at least 0.01 % , but less than 0.08 % will have their driver 's license suspended for 1 to 3 months , be required to perform 15 -- 30 hours of community service , and take part in an alcohol education program . Penalties for refusal to submit a breath sample are the same as driving with a BAC over 0.15 % . The holder of a commercial driver 's license ( CDL ) is subject to a one - year suspension of their CDL for the first offense , and a lifetime CDL suspension for repeat offenses if they drive a commercial vehicle with a BAC of 0.04 % or greater , drive an automobile with a BAC of 0.08 % or greater , or refuse to submit a breath sample . More severe penalties may be imposed if the DUI took place within 1000 feet of a school , or if there was a juvenile in the vehicle . DUI accidents resulting in serious injury or death are considered indictable crimes . New Jersey prohibits plea bargaining in DUI cases unless the prosecutor believes there is insufficient evidence to prove the case , and New Jersey does not offer hardship ( work ) licenses for people convicted of DUI . Because DUI is not a criminal offense in New Jersey , defendants are ineligible for pretrial intervention ( PTI ) and other diversion programs . A previous DUI conviction , in New Jersey or another state , can not be used to disqualify a person from such programs , and those charged with an indictable offense stemming from drunk driving ( e.g. cases involving serious injuries or eluding arrest ) are eligible for PTI . A person convicted of DUI is barred from recovering accident - related damages from other drivers , but may be able to sue the business or person who served them alcoholic beverages . For a second DUI conviction in a 10 - year period , irrespective of BAC , there is a fine of $500 -- $1,000 , 2 -- 90 days imprisonment , a 2 - year license suspension , an automobile insurance surcharge of $1,000 a year for 3 years , and installation of an ignition interlock device for 1 to 3 years after license restoration . A person who has 3 or more DUI convictions and a gap of less than 10 years since the last conviction incurs a fine of $1,000 , 6 months imprisonment , a 10 - year license suspension , an automobile insurance surcharge of $1,500 a year for 3 years , and installation of an ignition interlock device for 1 to 3 years after license restoration . Jail sentences issued in New Jersey for DUI are often served through work release programs ( e.g. weekends in jail ) . History of New Jersey 's drunk driving laws ( edit ) New Jersey first established drunk driving laws in 1909 , making it a disorderly persons offense ( misdemeanor ) . In 1921 , DUI was converted to a traffic violation with a 1 - year license suspension for the first violation , and a 5 - year suspension for repeat violations . Penalties were increased in 1926 to a 2 - year suspension , and a lifetime suspension and a mandatory 3 months in jail for repeat offenses . In 1951 , out of concerns regarding the evidence needed to prove `` intoxication '' , the New Jersey Legislature amended the DUI statute to state that a driver with a BAC of 0.15 % or greater was presumed to be intoxicated . A driver with a BAC of 0.15 % or greater could be acquitted if they could show that they were not physically intoxicated . Because of new ideas about the treatment of alcoholism , the lifetime suspension was downgraded to a 10 - year suspension in 1952 . DUI prosecutions remained difficult in cases when drivers refused to take a Breathalyzer test , and so in 1966 , the state authorized the suspension of a person 's driver 's license for refusing to submit a breath sample . In 1977 , the BAC limit was reduced to 0.10 % , but the law was modified to differentiate between the second and third offenses , with lesser penalties for first and second convictions . In 1983 , the state established a per se rule wherein a person over the limit was considered drunk in all cases ( that is , not merely a presumption ) . Nine years later , the 0.01 % BAC limit for drivers under 21 was instituted , and in 2003 , the 0.10 % BAC limit was reduced to 0.08 % to comply with federal highway funding requirements . Other alcohol - related legal issues ( edit ) Open container and public consumption laws ( edit ) It is legal to consume alcohol beverages on New Jersey Transit trains . It is illegal in New Jersey to have an open container of alcohol in the passenger portion of a private automobile , but open bottles of alcohol may be transported in the trunk of a car , and consumption of alcohol on a bus , train , taxi , limousine , or boat is permitted . The penalty for having an open container of alcohol in a car is $200 fine for the first offense , and a $250 fine or 10 days of community service for repeat violations . The state Motor Vehicle Commission does not impose license points for open container convictions , but some automobile insurance companies impose a surcharge . New Jersey 's law on open containers in motor vehicles is compliant with the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century ( TEA - 21 ) , a federal act passed in 1998 which reduces the highway funding of states that do not prohibit open containers in passenger areas of automobiles . New Jersey 's state parks and forests prohibit the possession or consumption of alcoholic beverages except at pre-approved events . There is no state law against public consumption of alcohol in other locations , but most municipalities have open container laws prohibiting or restricting public consumption . The fine for alcohol possession in a state park is $71 , whereas municipal fines for public consumption violations can be as high as $2000 , although they are generally much lower . Per the Alcoholism Treatment and Rehabilitation Act ( ATRA ) , public intoxication without accompanying disorderly behavior is not a criminal offense , and municipalities are prohibited from making ordinances against public intoxication . New Jersey law allows a police officer to take people found to be intoxicated in public to their residence or to a medical facility . Purchasing and home production restrictions ( edit ) See also : Ban on caffeinated alcoholic beverages Unlike many other states , New Jersey imposes no restrictions on the types or quantities of alcoholic beverages that a person of legal age may purchase . Grain alcohol , caffeinated alcoholic beverages , and absinthe can be legally sold , and state law imposes no limitations on the alcohol content of beer or wine . New Jersey does not require kegs to be registered , and state ABC regulations prohibit municipal keg registration laws . A resident can import any amount of alcohol into the state for personal use , but a $50 permit is required if more than 3 gallons of beer , 1 gallon of wine , or a half - gallon of spirits are being imported within a 24 - hour period . Any person who is 21 years or older may produce up to 200 gallons of beer or wine per year . No permit is required , but any brewing or winemaking must take place at a private home or non-commercial property , and any beer and wine produced can not be sold . It is a criminal offense to possess an unregistered still , or distill any amount of hard liquor . Dram shop liability and social host liability ( edit ) Bars and restaurants are considered strictly liable for their patrons ' behavior , and liquor licenses can be suspended or revoked if a customer engages in illegal activity ( e.g. fighting , public urination ) after drinking . New Jersey law recognizes both dram shop liability and social host liability , wherein the server of alcohol to visibly intoxicated persons or minors is liable if that person then causes death or injury to a third party in an alcohol - related automobile collision or other accident . In order to mitigate liability , the Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control ( ABC ) grants licensed establishments the right to exclude any patron for any reason , but warns business against violating civil rights laws . While the courts in New Jersey allow actions based on dram shop liability or social host liability , they will instruct a jury to consider the intoxicated person 's negligence under the doctrine of comparative negligence . Licensed establishments and social hosts may be liable for drunk driving accidents , assaults , falls , and other injuries and property damage caused by a customer , but are not liable for behavior which is unforeseeable ( e.g. falling out of a tree ) , nor are they liable if they only served food or non-alcoholic beverages to a drunk patron . Dram shop and social host litigation may involve both compensatory and punitive damages . There is a 2 - year statute of limitations for such lawsuits , but the time limit may be extended if the victim is a juvenile . Social hosts are given more liability protection than licensed businesses in that a private person is generally only liable for the actions of guests over 21 if their blood alcohol content is above 0.15 , and the lawsuit involves drunk driving injuries . As long as a guest is not underage , a social host has no liability for assaults , falls , and other non-DUI injuries . Although most alcohol - related lawsuits involve parties injured by drunk drivers , there have been cases in New Jersey where drunk drivers were able to successfully sue the establishment that served them . Recently , in Voss v. Tranquillino the New Jersey courts held that a drunk driver can sue a bar or restaurant under the `` Dram Shop Act '' and prevail under the theory that : ( a ) person who sustains personal injury or property damage as a result of the negligent service of alcoholic beverages by a licensed alcoholic beverage server may recover damages from a licensed alcoholic beverage server if the server was negligent ( i.e. served a visibly intoxicated person ) , the injury was proximately caused by the negligent service of alcoholic beverages , and the injury was a foreseeable consequence of the negligent service . The Stone Pony nightclub in Asbury Park filed for bankruptcy in 1991 because of a series of drunk driving lawsuits . In 1959 , the New Jersey Supreme Court permitted a lawsuit against several taverns that had served alcohol to an underage person , who then caused a fatal automobile accident . The court stated that its decision was based on the fact that this conduct was already illegal under ABC regulations , stating that , `` We are convinced that recognition of the plaintiff 's claim will afford a fairer measure of justice to innocent third parties whose injuries are brought about by the unlawful and negligent sale of alcoholic beverages to minors and intoxicated persons . '' New Jersey courts have expanded the dram shop doctrine to include social hosts who serve alcoholic beverages to guests , and automobile owners who allow drunk drivers to operate their cars . Because of complaints from bar owners about their inability to obtain liability insurance , the state passed legislation in 1987 to limit liability to cases where the server could have realistically known that the patron was underage or intoxicated , and to limit lawsuits to types of injuries that are foreseeable . The act also instituted the legal standard of comparative negligence in these cases , wherein the monetary damages against a licensed establishment can be reduced if there are others who are also negligent ( e.g. the patron , other bars ) . Additional legislation passed in 1987 substantially limited the liability of social hosts for adult guests . Intoxication defense , diversion , and treatment ( edit ) See also : Intoxication defense and Alcoholism New Jersey 's criminal code prohibits voluntary intoxication from being used directly as a defense to a crime , though if a crime requires that the conduct was committed intentionally , intoxication may prevent the person from having the necessary mens rea to be guilty . For example , a person accused of killing a person during a fight while drunk may not be guilty of murder because New Jersey law requires that the actor purposely or knowingly `` causes death or serious bodily injury resulting in death . '' In such a case , an accused killer could be found guilty of manslaughter , which only requires reckless conduct , including acts committed while intoxicated . Involuntary and pathological intoxication are affirmative defenses to all criminal offenses in New Jersey , but are not defenses to regulatory law and traffic law offenses that are considered strict liability violations ( e.g. environmental regulations , DUI ) . Involuntary intoxication relates to cases where someone did not know that they had consumed alcohol ( e.g. a spiked drink ) . Pathological intoxication is applicable where , for medical reasons , a person had an exaggerated response to alcohol . To be used as a defense , the person being charged must show that `` at the time of his conduct did not know the nature and quality of the act he was doing , or if he did know it , that he did not know what he was doing was wrong . '' Contracts made with an intoxicated person may be voided by courts if `` the defendant was so intoxicated '' that he or she `` could not realize and appreciate the nature and consequences of what defendant was doing . '' In 1976 , the New Jersey legislature passed the Alcoholism Treatment and Rehabilitation Act ( ATRA ) , which declared that the public policy of New Jersey was that `` alcoholics and intoxicated persons may not be subjected to criminal prosecution because of their consumption of alcoholic beverages , but rather should be afforded a continuum of treatment in order that they may lead normal lives as productive members of society . '' Since the implementation of ATRA , it has been the general policy of New Jersey to treat alcoholism as a disease . Under ATRA , an intoxicated person arrested for a non-indictable criminal offense may be taken to a medical facility , instead of jail , and will be released as soon as they are sober , or at most 48 hours . Likewise a person charged with a non-indictable criminal offense , including those being adjudicated in juvenile court , may request alcohol treatment in lieu of criminal prosecution . If a physician attests that the defendant is an alcoholic , the court may impose inpatient treatment for up to 30 days , outpatient treatment for up to 60 days , or both . If the person successfully completes the treatment program , the criminal charges will be dismissed . A person with alcohol dependency who has been charged with an indictable crime may apply for `` special probation '' ( also known as drug court ) . Those charged with severe violent crimes ( e.g. murder , kidnapping ) are not eligible , but people charged with offenses with mandatory sentences , or who have extensive non-violent criminal records may be eligible . If admitted to special probation , the defendant will be subject to 18 months to 5 years of intense probation and residential treatment as an alternative to prison . An employer who terminates an employee for being an alcoholic is in violation of the state 's anti-discrimination laws unless they can show that person 's condition affected their job performance or created a substantial safety risk . No general hospitals may refuse a patient treatment for intoxication or alcoholism , and all individual and group health insurance plans which are regulated by the state of New Jersey are required to offer both inpatient and outpatient treatment for alcoholism . Under federal law , all group health insurances plans for private companies with more than 50 employees must offer insurance coverage for alcoholism that is equal to their insurance coverage for other medical conditions . Areas outside state ABC jurisdiction ( edit ) Casinos ( edit ) In a 1976 referendum , New Jersey voters approved casino gambling in Atlantic City . Because of concerns about organized crime connections to gambling , New Jersey enacted strict regulations that included licensing of all casino employees and contractors , and a separation of powers between the Division of Gaming Enforcement ( DGE ) and the Casino Control Commission ( CCC ) . The Division of Gaming Enforcement is part of the New Jersey Department of Law and Public Safety , and is responsible for investigating casino license applications , monitoring casino operations , and enforcing New Jersey 's casino laws and regulations as defined in Title 5 , Chapter 12 of New Jersey 's statutes , and Title 13 , Chapter 69I of New Jersey 's Administrative Code . The Casino Control Commission is an independent agency in the state Treasury Department with both quasi-legislative and quasi-judicial powers , and is responsible for creating casino regulations , hearing appeals of DGE penalties , and make decisions on casino licensing . In light of such regulation and the uniqueness of casino gambling , New Jersey 's twelve casinos are not under the jurisdiction of the Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control ( ABC ) or Atlantic City 's alcoholic beverage control board . Casinos , and vendors serving , selling or storing alcoholic beverages for a casino , are required to obtain a casino hotel alcoholic beverage ( CHAB ) license from the Division of Gaming Enforcement . CHAB licenses must be renewed every five years . New Jersey 's casino alcohol regulations are divided into five different regions of activity : ( a ) the casino floor ( includes simulcasting facilities ) ; ( b ) the hotel ( includes restaurants and meeting rooms ) ; ( c ) package goods ; ( d ) room service ; and ( e ) storage . Alcohol sold or given away on the casino floor and in hotel areas must be in an open container for immediate consumption , whereas alcohol sold in a package goods area must be sealed . Alcoholic beverages brought to a patron as a room service may be open or closed , whereas storage areas must not be accessible to the public . Although casinos are not under the jurisdiction of the ABC , many of the regulations for casinos and casino vendors are similar to those for ABC class C retailer licensees . Casinos may generally only purchase alcoholic beverages from licensed wholesalers ( i.e. ABC Class B licensees ) . A casino may have a brewpub on site , but production is limited to 3,000 barrels of beer per year , and the beer may only be distributed in open containers on casino floor and in hotel areas of the casino . Casinos may obtain a permit to have tastings , and tasting dinners . Non-profit organizations may obtain a permit to have a social event at a casino where they charge for alcoholic beverages . Organizations are limited to 12 casino social event permits per year , and a given casino may only host 25 such events per year . Casinos are not allowed to serve alcohol to people who are under 21 or intoxicated , are strictly liable for patron 's behavior , and are subject to dram shop lawsuits for injuries stemming from negligence in serving alcohol . Casinos are permitted to give away `` comp '' drinks , and many do to reward and encourage gambling . Except on New Year 's Eve , a casino can not sell an unlimited amount of alcoholic beverages at a set price , nor may they require patrons to purchase alcoholic beverages in order to access an event or service . In 1983 , because of difficulties in preventing underage drinking in casinos , the legal age to gamble at a casino was raised to 21 . In Hakimoglu v. Trump Taj Mahal Associates , a federal appeals court decided that casinos are not legally responsible for gambling losses and debts incurred by intoxicated gamblers , but it is not clear if the decision applies if the intoxicated gambler is also underage . Because they serve alcoholic beverages , casino nightclubs are prohibited from offering full nudity . In 2013 , Trump Taj Mahal opened the nation 's first casino strip club , featuring scantily clad dancers . New Jersey 's casinos initially had closing times like most ABC - licensed establishments , but were allowed to stay open 24 hours per day , 7 days a week starting in 1992 It is legal for a minor to go to a casino , insofar as they do not gamble , consume alcoholic beverages in public areas of the casino , or remain on the gambling floor . Because Atlantic City has ordinances prohibiting underage drinking on private property , it is illegal for a person underage 21 to drink in a casino hotel room unless a family member is present . Federal lands ( edit ) Sandy Hook is one of the few places in New Jersey where alcohol may be consumed on a beach without a permit . The applicability of state and municipal alcohol laws on federal lands is a complex and partially unresolved legal issue that depends on whether the federal property is considered a federal enclave , what rights the state reserved when it granted the property to the federal government , and whether the law is criminal or civil . If the federal property is not an enclave , the federal government either has concurrent jurisdiction ( shared authority with the state ) or proprietary jurisdiction ( only the rights of a landowner ) , and the state can enforce alcohol laws . If the federal property is an enclave , then the federal government has exclusive jurisdiction , unless the state reserved rights when it ceded the land to the federal government . The Assimilative Crimes Act makes it a federal crime to violate a state law while at a federal enclave in that state . The Assimilative Crimes Act only applies to criminal laws ( not regulatory laws ) , and is not applicable if the conduct is already regulated by federal law . Under federal law , military facilities are required to adopt state traffic laws , but the base commander is permitted to institute additional traffic laws . In New Jersey , older Department of Defense and Department of Interior properties such as Fort Dix and parts of Sandy Hook are federal enclaves , but most other federal properties are not enclaves . Because New Jersey generally did not reserve any right to regulate federal enclaves , state liquor licensing rules and alcohol taxes can not be enforced . There is no universal policy regarding the sale of alcoholic beverages on federal lands , but almost all military bases , and some national parks allow for alcohol concessions , both for on - premises or off - premises consumption . Unlike the state , federal agencies which allow alcohol sales do not have a system of liquor licenses or alcoholic beverage control boards , but instead simply award contracts to business per federal procurement laws . New Jersey does not consider municipal ordinances to be criminal offenses , and so open container laws can not be enforced in federal enclaves under the Assimilative Crimes Act . Public consumption of alcohol is allowed on federal lands , except when in an automobile , or when the park superintendent has prohibited open containers in an area . For example , it is legal to consume alcoholic beverages on the beach at Sandy Hook . Because DUI in New Jersey is a non-criminal traffic violation , state DUI laws are not subject to the Assimilative Crimes Act . Members of the Armed Forces can be court martialed for drunk driving , military bases can enforce New Jersey traffic law on civilians , and it is a misdemeanor under federal law to drive while intoxicated on land administered by the National Park Service , the Department of Veterans Affairs , or the Postal Service . Similar to New Jersey , federal DUI statutes prohibit the operation of a motor vehicle while having a BAC of 0.08 % or greater , and require a driver to give a breath sample if requested by a law enforcement authority . Federal DUI law differs from New Jersey law in that there are no mandatory minimum jail sentences , irrespective of the number of previous DUI convictions , and plea bargaining is allowed . A federal DUI conviction will result in unexpungeable criminal record . Federal courts can not suspend a driver 's license , but may notify the New Jersey Motor Vehicle Commission of a DUI conviction . In federal enclaves that are under the jurisdiction of other federal departments ( e.g. Fish and Wildlife Service ) , it is unclear if drunk driving could be prosecuted since the Assimilative Crimes Act is inapplicable , and there is no federal law defining DUI on those properties . Under federal law , the drinking age for the Armed Forces is the same as the state or nation where the military base is located , or the drinking age of a state or nation within 50 miles of the base . Effectively , that restricts the purchase of alcohol at New Jersey military bases to those over 21 . Irrespective of state laws on underage consumption , the Army , Navy , Air Force , and Coast Guard prohibit the consumption of alcohol by underage personnel when stationed in the United States . Marines under 21 are permitted to drink alcohol at U.S. bases on special occasions . Federal law states that national parks will have the same underage laws as the state that they are located in , and the Assimilative Crimes Act is applicable to New Jersey 's underage drinking statute . Thus , in a private location , such as a cabin in a federal enclave in New Jersey , a parent can serve alcohol to their child , and an underage person can possess and consume alcohol . Outside of these exceptions , underage drinking and serving alcohol to a minor are federal misdemeanors , punishable by a fine and up to 6 months in jail . There is a five - year statute of limitations for DUI , underage drinking , and other alcohol violations that take place in federal enclaves . See also ( edit ) Law of New Jersey Alcohol laws of the United States List of wineries , breweries , and distilleries in New Jersey New Jersey Farm Winery Act New Jersey Wine Industry Advisory Council References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Westrich , Sal . New Jersey Wine : A Remarkable History . ( Charleston , SC : The History Press , 2012 ) . ISBN 9781609491833 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' The Royal Society , The Grape and New Jersey '' by R.P. McCormick `` . www.iment.com . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Harrison , Karen Tina . `` Jersey Lightning '' in New Jersey Monthly 13 July 2009 . Retrieved 19 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Pellegrino , Michael . Jersey Brew . ( Wantage , NJ : Pellegrino & Feldstein , 2009 ) . ISBN 9780976523314 . ^ Jump up to : MacNeil , Karen . The Wine Bible . ( New York : Workman Publishing Company , 2001 ) . ISBN 9781563054341 . Jump up ^ N.J.S.A. 33 : 1 -- 3 . Archived 2013 - 09 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : New Jersey Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control . `` ABC Frequently Asked Questions . '' ( Question # 1 : What is The Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control ? ) . Retrieved 26 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Jonathan F. ( Esq . ) . `` Boating While Intoxication ( BWI ) '' Archived 2013 - 06 - 16 at Archive.is ( professional website ) . Retrieved 24 April 2013 . Jump up ^ N.J.S.A. 40A : 13 - 2 Archived 2013 - 09 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Compiled Statutes of New Jersey , Vol . V. ( Newark , NJ : Soney and Sage , 1911 ) . 6329 -- 6332 , showing hundreds of laws relating to alcoholic beverages passed between 1877 and 1910 . ^ Jump up to : Clark Crane Vogel . `` The New Jersey State Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control '' Newark L. Rev. , Volume 5 , Number 3 ( 1940 ) . 243 -- 245 . Jump up ^ Staff , LII ( November 12 , 2009 ) . `` 21st Amendment '' . LII / Legal Information Institute . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` State Board of Equalization v. Young 's Market Co. 299 U.S. 59 ( 1936 ) '' . Justia.com . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jersey Liquor Act Permits Bar Sale ; Bill , Passed by Legislature , Is Expected to Be Signed by Moore on Monday . '' in The New York Times ( 30 November 1933 ) . Retrieved 14 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : New Jersey Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control . `` History of the Division . '' Retrieved 8 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Shannon Mullen . `` N.J. lawmakers try to shake up , stir liquor rules '' Archived 2013 - 04 - 11 at Archive.is in The Daily Journal ( 18 April 2011 ) . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . Jump up ^ N.J.S.A. 33 Archived 2012 - 12 - 08 at the Wayback Machine. , known as `` Intoxicating Liquors . '' Jump up ^ N.J.A.C. 13 : 2 , known as `` Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control . '' Jump up ^ N.J.S.A. 33 : 1 -- 1 ( b ) . Archived 2013 - 09 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Karcher , Alan . New Jersey 's Multiple Municipal Madness . ( New Brunswick , NJ : Rutgers University Press , 1989 ) . ISBN 9780813525662 . Jump up ^ N.J.S.A. 33 : 1 -- 40 . Archived 2013 - 09 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ N.J.S.A. 33 : 1 -- 5 Archived 2013 - 09 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ New Jersey Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control . `` ABC Frequently Asked Questions . '' ( Question # 13 : How many liquor stores and restaurants are allowed in each municipality ? ) . Retrieved 26 January 2013 . Jump up ^ N.J.S.A. 33 : 1 -- 12.15 . Archived 2013 - 09 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Howard ( liquor license broker ) . `` State of liquor licenses in 2012 '' Archived 2013 - 05 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . ( professional website ) ( 3 January 2013 ) . Retrieved 8 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : New Jersey Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control . `` New Jersey ABC list of dry towns '' ( 1 May 2013 ) . Retrieved 22 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Gilfillian , Trudy . `` Wildwood considers beach bars among ways to increase revenue '' in The Press of Atlantic City ( 14 February 2012 ) . Retrieved 5 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : New Jersey Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control . `` Alcoholic Beverage Control Handbook for Retail Licensees . '' Retrieved 26 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : N.J.A.C. 13 : 69I , known as `` Casino Hotel Alcoholic Beverage Control . '' Jump up ^ `` Article 1 , Section 8 , Clause 17 '' . press-pubs.UChicago.edu . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collins v. Yosemite Park Co. , 304 U.S. 518 ( 1938 ) . Jump up ^ United States v. Mississippi Tax Comm'n , 421 U.S. 599 ( 1975 ) . ^ Jump up to : N.J.S.A. 33 : 1 -- 9 ( for the enumeration of classes ) , 33 : 1 -- 10 ( for Class A licenses ) , 33 : 1 -- 11 ( for Class B licenses ) , 33 : 1 -- 12 ( for Class C licenses ) , 33 : 1 -- 13 ( for Class D licenses ) , and 33 : 1 -- 14 ( for Class E licenses ) . Archived 2012 - 12 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : N.J.S.A 33 : 1 -- 74 . Archived 2013 - 09 - 25 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ N.J.A.C. 13 : 2 -- 5 . ^ Jump up to : New Jersey Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control . `` Alcoholic Beverage Control Handbook for Municipal Issuing Authorities . '' Retrieved 26 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Colimore , Edward . `` Record for N.J. liquor license The Cherry Hill Mall paid $1.5 million , the highest ever . In New Jersey , restrictive laws guarantee extravagant prices . '' in The Philadelphia Inquirer ( 29 June 2006 ) . Retrieved 29 January 2013 . Jump up ^ N.J.S.A. 33 : 1 -- 12.31 . Archived 2013 - 09 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Lisa Coryell . `` Winemakers say new law allowing direct sales is a win - win situation '' in The Times of Trenton ( 28 January 2012 ) . Retrieved 1 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fleisher , Lisa . `` NJ BYOB gets check '' in The Wall Street Journal ( 5 January 2011 ) . Retrieved 29 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Peterson , Iver . `` Dry Towns Find That Temperance and Business Do Not Mix '' in The New York Times ( 23 September 2002 ) . Retrieved 27 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Haddon , Heather . `` Bring Your Own Debate Roils Dry City '' Archived August 15 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . in The Wall Street Journal ( archived website ) ( 23 March 2012 ) . Retrieved 1 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Avedissian , Eric . `` Ocean City Tabernacle : Stop serving alcohol at nonprofit functions '' in The Ocean City Sentinel ( 27 August 2009 ) . Retrieved 2 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dry N.J. resort votes to stay that way , rejects BYOB '' in USA Today ( 9 May 2013 ) . Retrieved 1 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Daniel . `` Shiloh farmer corks borough 's opposition to winery '' in The Press of Atlantic City ( archived website ) ( 3 August 2006 ) . Retrieved 19 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Kitchin , Jessica . `` Drying Out '' in New Jersey Monthly ( 19 February 2008 ) . Retrieved 27 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Another dry N.J. town is saying Cheers ! to its first brewery '' . NJ.com . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ New Jersey Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control . `` ABC Frequently Asked Questions . '' ( Question # 14 : What time must liquor sales stop ? ) . Retrieved 26 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Gilfillian , Trudi . `` Wildwood commission tables 24 - hour bar ordinance '' in The Press of Atlantic City ( 29 July 2010 ) . Retrieved 29 January 2013 . Jump up ^ New Jersey Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control . `` ABC Frequently Asked Questions . '' ( Question # 10 : Does New Jersey allow the sale of alcohol at drive up windows ? ) . Retrieved 26 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Grossman , Joanna ( law professor ) . `` The End of Ladies ' Night in New Jersey : A Controversial Ruling Deems the Practice Sex Discrimination Against Men '' on FindLaw Writ website ( 15 June 2004 ) . Retrieved 29 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : New Jersey Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control . `` ABC Frequently Asked Questions . '' ( Question # 4 : Are Non-Licensed restaurants permitted to allow customers to bring their own alcoholic beverages ( BYOB ) for consumption with their meals ? ) . Retrieved 26 January 2013 . Jump up ^ N.J.S.A. 2C : 33 - 27 . Archived 2013 - 10 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ N.J.S.A. 2C : 33 - 27 ( a ) ( 2 ) . Archived 2013 - 10 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Dining Out '' Archived 2013 - 10 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . ( Question : I live in New Jersey , can I legally bring a bottle of wine to a restaurant that has a liquor license ? ) . Retrieved 1 February 2013 . Jump up ^ N.J.S.A. 2C : 34 - 6 , 2C : 34 - 7 . Archived 2013 - 10 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ N.J.A.C. 13 : 2 -- 23.6 ( a ) ( 1 ) described broadly as `` lewd and immoral activity . '' Jump up ^ Epstein , Sue . `` Court rules Sayreville strip club allowed to practice BYOB policy '' in The Star - Ledger ( 15 June 2011 ) . Retrieved 1 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Club 35 , LLC v. Borough of Sayreville , 420 N.J. Super . 231 , 20 A. 3d 451 ( App . Div. 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Young , Elise . `` N.J. Closes Book on Prohibition , Gives Distiller License '' in Bloomberg Businessweek ( 7 February 2013 ) . Retrieved 8 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Rowley , Matthew . `` New Jersey craft distilling '' on Rowley 's Whiskey Forge ( blog ) ( 30 June 2011 ) . Retrieved 29 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Nurin , Tara . `` Craft Distillers Ask State to Repeal Prohibition Era Laws '' in New Jersey Spotlight ( 15 October 2012 ) . Retrieved 29 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Garden State Wine Growers Association . GSWGA Wineries Archived 2013 - 06 - 21 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 17 April 2013 . Jump up ^ New Jersey Craft Beer . `` New Jersey Breweries & Brewpubs -- contact info , tours , tastings and more '' ( 10 April 2013 ) . Retrieved 13 May 2013 . Jump up ^ New Jersey Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control . `` New Jersey ABC list of wineries , breweries , and distilleries '' ( 5 February 2013 ) . Retrieved 10 August 2013 . Jump up ^ New Jersey Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control . `` New Jersey ABC license update '' ( 16 April 2013 ) . Retrieved 10 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Antill , Edward , `` An Essay on the cultivation of the Vine , and the making and preserving of Wine , suited to the different Climates in North - America '' ( published posthumously ) in Transactions of the American Philosophical Society ( 1771 ) . Jump up ^ Burt , Daniel S . The Chronology of American Literature : America 's Literary Achievements from the Colonial Era to Modern Times . ( New York : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt , 2004 ) , 71 . ISBN 9780618168217 . Jump up ^ N.J.P.L. 1981 , c. 280 Archived 2014 - 04 - 27 at the Wayback Machine. , which impacted N.J.S.A. 33 : 1 -- 10 and 54 : 43 - 1 Jump up ^ Janson , Donald . `` Wine makers are reporting a good crop '' . in The New York Times ( 18 September 1988 ) . Retrieved 26 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Bart . Garden State Wineries Guide . ( South San Francisco , CA : Wine Appreciation Guild , 2011 ) . ISBN 9781934259573 . Jump up ^ Garden State Wine Growers Association . `` 2013 Festivals '' Archived 2013 - 04 - 11 at Archive.is . Retrieved 23 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Hodgen , Donald A. ( U.S. Department of Commerce ) . `` U.S. Wine Industry 2011 '' . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Capuzzo , Jill . `` Ready For Prime Time ? '' in New Jersey Monthly ( 13 February 2012 ) . Retrieved 26 January 2013 . Jump up ^ N.J.A.C. 18 : 3 - 1.2 Jump up ^ Campbell , Sean . `` Businessman to Launch LV Hard Cider Farm '' in Long Valley Patch ( 13 February 2012 ) . Retrieved 17 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Pellegrino , Michael . `` The history of beer in New Jersey '' in Inside Jersey ( published by The Star - Ledger ) ( 5 May 2010 ) . Retrieved 8 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Newark and Area Breweries '' at Old Newark website . Retrieved 31 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Holl , John . `` Brewers Make a Comeback In a State They Once Left '' in The New York Times ( 6 July 2004 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Joseph Hensler Brewing Company '' . Retrieved 29 January 2013 Jump up ^ `` Feigenspan : Behind the Scenes in a Great American Brewery '' . www.BeerBooks.com . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bennett J. Fairmount Cemetery Part 2 at Newarkology website . Retrieved 31 January 2013 . Jump up ^ United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary . Brewing and liquor interests and German propaganda Hearings before a subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary , United States Senate , Sixty - fifth Congress , second and third sessions , pursuant to S. res. 307 , a resolution authorizing and directing the Committee on the judiciary to call for certain evidence and documents relating to charges made against the United States brewers ' association and allied interests and to submit a report of their investigation to the Senate . ( Washington , D.C. : Government Printing Office , 1919 ) . Jump up ^ Fortunato , John . `` Beer Trails : Port 44 Brewery Exemplifies Newark 's Revitalization '' in The Antiquarian Weekly ( 13 October 2010 ) . Retrieved 31 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Newark , NJ , Anheuser - Busch Jump up ^ `` Class A , 1b '' and `` class A , 1c '' licenses , pursuant to N.J.S.A. 33 : 1 -- 10 . Archived September 22 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Cerasaro , Ashley J. `` Restaurant Review : The Ship Inn '' in New Jersey Monthly ( 9 August 2009 ) . Retrieved 2 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Nurin , Tara . Small Brewers Are Fermenting Hope for Passage of Brewery Law in New Jersey Spotlight ( 18 July 2012 ) . Retrieved 31 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` N.J.P.L. 2012 , c. 47 . '' ( PDF ) . state.NJ.us . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ La Gorce , Tammy . `` New Rules Let More Beer Flow '' in The New York Times ( 4 January 2013 ) . Retrieved 5 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Pinney , Thomas . A History of Wine in America : From the Beginnings to Prohibition . ( Berkeley : University of California Press , 1989 ) , 384 . ISBN 9780520062245 . Jump up ^ New Jersey Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control . `` Fairfield Distillery Becomes First Since the End of Prohibition to Receive New Distiller 's License from Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control '' ( 7 February 2013 ) . Retrieved 26 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Genovese , Peter . `` Jersey 's first distillery since Prohibition opens for business ; it 's yo - ho - ho and many bottles of rum '' in The Star - Ledger ( 4 October 2013 ) . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Lorenzo , Rebecca . `` New distillery looks to delight in Fairfield '' ( 15 October 2015 ) . Retrieved 26 October 2015 . Jump up ^ BarBizMag `` Jersey Fresh '' Archived 2016 - 09 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . ( 30 September 2015 ) . Retrieved 26 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Offredo , Jon . `` New Jersey distilled : Gov. Chris Christie signs craft distillery bill into law '' in The Times of Trenton ( 9 August 2013 ) . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ New Jersey Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control . `` Notice Regarding New Craft Distillery License '' Archived 2013 - 10 - 15 at the Wayback Machine . ( 21 August 2013 ) . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Procida , Lee . `` Outcome of federal court case could sour New Jersey 's wine industry '' in The Press of Atlantic City ( 4 February 2011 ) . Retrieved 29 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Granholm v. Heald , 544 U.S. 460 at 474 , 489 , 125 S. Ct. 1885 , 161 L. Ed. 2d 796 ( 2005 ) held that `` straightforward attempts to discriminate in favor of local producers '' of alcoholic beverages by , for instance , `` subjecting out - of - state ( producers ) , but not local ones , to the three - tier system , '' are `` contrary to the Commerce Clause and ... not saved by the ( states ' authority to regulate alcoholic beverages under ) the Twenty - first Amendment . '' See also , Freeman v. Corzine , 629 F. 3d 146 , at 151 , 162 , ( 3rd Cir. 2010 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Free at Last : New Jersey Passes Direct Shipping Bill '' in Wine Spectator ( 19 January 2012 ) . Retrieved 31 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith , Jessica . `` No sour grapes for N.J. wineries : Law loosens regs , allows shipping '' Archived 2013 - 02 - 16 at Archive.is in News Transcript ( 15 February 2012 ) . Retrieved 1 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Berkery , Patrick . `` Direct wine shipping begins today in New Jersey '' Archived 2012 - 07 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . in The Burlington County Times ( 1 May 2012 ) . Retrieved 2 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Family Winemakers of California v. Jenkins , 592 F. 3d 1 ( 1st Cir. 2010 ) ( Docket No. 09 - 1169 / 1 : 2006cv11682 ) ; relying upon Granholm v. Heald , 544 U.S. 460 , 125 S. Ct. 1885 , 161 L. Ed. 2d 796 ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Taylor , Robert . `` Winery Direct Shipping Coming to Massachusetts Residents '' on Wine Spectator website ( 15 January 2010 ) . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 18 U.S. Code § 1716 - Injurious articles as nonmailable '' . LII / Legal Information Institute . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sanburn , Josh . `` Why Ca n't the Post Office Ship Beer and Wine ? '' in Time ( 30 April 2012 ) . Retrieved 7 February 2013 . Jump up ^ N.J.S.A. 33 : 1 -- 2 Archived 2013 - 09 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Kaiser , Geoff . `` UPS and FedEx Favor Wine and Reject Beer When It Comes to Businesses Shipping to Consumers '' on Seattle Beer News website ( 8 March 2010 ) . Retrieved 7 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Wine Library . `` Does Wine Library deliver in New Jersey by van , and if so what are the minimum requirements ? '' ( commercial website ) . Retrieved 7 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : N.J.S.A. 33 : 1 -- 81 . Archived 2015 - 04 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : N.J.S.A. 2C : 33 - 15 . Archived 2012 - 01 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . Besides N.J.S.A. 2C : 33 - 15 and N.J.S.A. 33 : 1 -- 81 , N.J.S.A. 9 : 17B - 1 and N.J.S.A. 40 : 48 -- 1.2 also set 21 as the minimum drinking age with various exceptions . Jump up ^ New Jersey Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control . `` ABC Frequently Asked Questions . '' ( Question # 3 : How old must someone be to own a license or be employed by a licensee ? ) . Retrieved 26 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : N.J.S.A. 2C : 33 - 17 . Archived 2012 - 04 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : N.J.S.A. 2C : 33 - 16 . Archived 2012 - 04 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . Besides N.J.S.A. 2C : 33 - 16 and N.J.S.A 2C : 33 - 17 , N.J.S.A. 2C : 33 - 27 , N.J.S.A. 33 : 1 -- 77 , N.J.S.A. 33 : 1 -- 81 . N.J.A.C. 13 : 2 -- 23.1 , and N.J.A.C. 13 : 69I - 5.8 ( c ) also impose penalties , with various exceptions , for selling or serving alcohol to someone under 21 . Jump up ^ `` 23 U.S. Code § 158 - National minimum drinking age '' . LII / Legal Information Institute . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ South Dakota v. Dole , 483 U.S. 203 , 107 S. Ct. 2793 , 97 L. Ed. 2d 171 ( 1987 ) , deemed this practice to be constitutional . Jump up ^ `` 20 U.S. Code § 1011i - Drug and alcohol abuse prevention '' . LII / Legal Information Institute . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lipka , Sara . `` Education Department 's Report on Alcohol and Drugs May Prompt Crackdown '' in The Chronicle of Higher Education ( 11 April 2012 ) . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : N.J.S.A. 40 : 48 -- 1.2 . Archived 2013 - 06 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Partnership for a Drug Free New Jersey . `` PDFNJ Announces Private Property Ordinance Results '' ( press release ) ( 3 February 2010 ) . Retrieved 29 January 2013 . Jump up ^ G.D.M. v. Board of Education of the Ramapo Indian Hills Regional High School District , 427 N.J. Super . 246 ( 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Duhart , Bill . `` 24 / 7 School Policy Scrapped , but Lawsuits Remain '' in Haddonfield - Haddon Township Patch ( 14 February 2013 ) . Retrieved 23 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Highlands Borough Ordinance O - 08 - 13 , a sample municipal ordinance banning `` teen nights '' but permitting diners under 21 to eat at a restaurant with a liquor license . ^ Jump up to : Alcohol Policy Information System . `` State Profile of Underage Drinking Laws : New Jersey . '' Archived March 30 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 7 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Lependorf Gabriel ( Esq . ) and David Silverstein ( Esq . ) . `` Dozens Arrested for Underage Drinking in New Brunswick '' Archived 2013 - 04 - 11 at Archive.is ( professional website ) ( 12 December 2012 ) . Retrieved 7 February 2013 . Jump up ^ N.J.S.A. 33 : 1 -- 77 Archived 2013 - 09 - 25 at the Wayback Machine. , allows a licensed establishment to avoid penalties for serving an underage drinker if the person used fake identification , and `` the appearance of the purchaser was such that an ordinary prudent person would believe him or her to be of legal age to make the purchase . '' ^ Jump up to : Sliwinski , Theodore ( Esq . ) . `` Municipal Ordinances ( FAQ ) '' ( professional website ) . Retrieved 29 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Redmond , Kimberly . `` 911 : Lifeline Legislation signed into law to save lives '' in Pascack Valley Community Life ( 5 November 2009 ) on northjersey.com ( North Jersey Media Group ) . Retrieved 29 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Jonathan F. ( Esq . ) . `` Underage Drinking Lawyers '' Archived 2012 - 07 - 15 at the Wayback Machine . ( professional website ) . Retrieved 1 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : N.J.S.A. 2C : 1 -- 6 . Archived 2013 - 09 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Marshall , Jonathan F. ( Esq . ) . `` Municipal Ordinance Offenses '' Archived June 27 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . ( professional website ) . Retrieved 9 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` N.J.P.L. 1846 , R.S. 590 . '' ( PDF ) . Rutgers.edu . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Revision of the statutes of New Jersey / '' . Handle.net . Trenton , N.J. : . October 26 , 1877 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` N.J.P.L. 1888 , p. 253 . '' ( PDF ) . Rutgers.edu . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ N.J.P.L. 1908 , p. 376 . Jump up ^ Staff , LII ( November 12 , 2009 ) . `` 18th Amendment '' . LII / Legal Information Institute . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ N.J.P.L. 1912 , c. 338 , superseded by 18th Amendment to U.S. Constitution ^ Jump up to : Cino v. Driscoll , 130 N.J.L. 535 ( 1943 ) . Jump up ^ Soled , Alice A. `` Effect of Reduction of the Age of Majority on the Permissible Period of the Rule Against Perpetuities . '' Md . L. Rev. , Volume 34 , Issue 2 ( 3 October 2012 ) . 245 -- 247 . Jump up ^ N.J.P.L. 1939 , c. 228 and N.J.P.L. 1939 , c. 246 Jump up ^ `` Liquor Curb Adopted ; Jersey Acts to Bar Sales in New York to Minors '' in The New York Times ( 30 April 1957 ) . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . Jump up ^ N.J.P.L. 1957 , c. 203 Jump up ^ Doris Kulman . `` It Could Happen Here : Parents Can Be Arrested for Serving Liquor to Minors '' in The Red Bank Register ( 25 September 1964 ) . Retrieved 8 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Red Bank Register Newspaper Archives . '' Retrieved 18 February 2013 . An extensive review of the Red Bank Register , which has an online archive of all its newspapers published from 1878 to 1991 , found no reports of arrests in New Jersey for underage drinking before the 1980s . Likewise , a search of the Westlaw legal database , which includes all the decisions from the New Jersey Supreme Court , New Jersey Appellate Division , and New Jersey Court of Errors and Appeals back to 1830 , found no cases before the 1980s directly involving N.J.S.A. 2C : 33 - 15 ( underage drinking in a public area ) , N.J.S.A. 33 : 1 -- 81 ( underage drinking in a licensed establishment ) , or N.J.S.A. 2A : 170 - 54.1 ( predecessor statute to 2C : 33 - 15 ) . Jump up ^ N.J.P.L. 1972 , c. 81 Jump up ^ Sullivan , Ronald . `` Jersey Assembly Approves 18 as Age of Majority '' in The New York Times ( 11 May 1971 ) . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Drinking age upped in New Jersey '' in The Beaver County Times ( 29 December 1982 ) . Retrieved 8 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Magyar , Mark . `` Assembly Oks drinking age of 19 '' in The Red Bank Register ( 24 August 1979 ) . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . Jump up ^ N.J.P.L. 1979 , c. 260 to N.J.P.L. 1979 , c. 265 ^ Jump up to : `` Drinking Age of 21 Gains in Jersey '' in The New York Times ( 11 June 1982 ) . Retrieved 8 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : N.J.P.L. 1983 , c. 574 . Jump up ^ N.J.P.L. 1985 , c. 311 Jump up ^ `` Senate Oks penalties for underage drinkers '' in The Red Bank Register ( 25 January 1985 ) . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Amy S. `` ' Magic Bus ' A Tragic Bust For Avalon In A Tentative $1.5 Million Deal , The Borough Agrees To Repay Fines From Its 1996 -- 98 Arrests Of Young Partyers '' in The Philadelphia Inquirer ( 21 October 1999 ) . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . Avalon agreed to pay $1,500,000 in damages and expunge the convictions of 1670 people that had been arrested under a municipal ordinance that prohibited people under 21 from possessing alcohol , or `` being in the presence of alcohol '' even if they were not drinking . Jump up ^ `` N.J. Senate Bill No. 1617 ( 1999 ) . '' ( PDF ) . state.NJ.us . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Whitman vetos bill targeting teenage drinkers '' in The Press of Atlantic City ( 19 January 2000 ) . Retrieved 8 February 2013 . Jump up ^ N.J.P.L. 2000 , c. 33 . Archived 2013 - 04 - 15 at Archive.is Jump up ^ Kiely , Eugene . `` N.J. Takes Aim Again At Young Drinkers . A ' Watered - Down ' Version Of A Bill Aimed At Shore Renters Passed The Senate . Next Stop : The Assembly '' in The Philadelphia Inquirer ( 28 March 2000 ) . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Insurance Institute for Highway Safety DUI / DWI laws ( January 2013 ) . Retrieved 20 July 2013 . Jump up ^ N.J.S.A. 39 : 4 -- 50 . Archived 2013 - 06 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : New Jersey Division of Highway Traffic Safety . `` Driving While Intoxicated : New Jersey Laws and Penalties '' ( pamphlet ) . Retrieved 29 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hernandez , Steven W. ( Esq . ) . `` Commercial Driver DWI '' Archived 2013 - 07 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . ( professional website ) . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Howell , Tom , Jr . `` A matter of Control Drunken Driving Cases can turn on ' Operation ' of Car '' Archived 2014 - 08 - 12 at the Wayback Machine . originally published in The New Jersey Herald ( no date given ) ; republished on New Jersey DWI Lawyer Greggory M. Marootian , Esq . ( professional website ) . Retrieved 29 January 2013 . Jump up ^ State v. Machuzak , 227 N.J. Super . 279 ( 1988 ) . ^ Jump up to : Sliwinski , Theodore ( Esq . ) . `` New Jersey DWI Center : DWI FAQs '' ( professional website ) . Retrieved 29 January 2013 . Jump up ^ N.J.S.A. 39 : 4 -- 50.2 . Archived 2013 - 06 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Levow , Evan . ( Esq . ) . `` The DWI Report Magazine '' Archived 2013 - 01 - 02 at the Wayback Machine ... ( professional website ) . Retrieved 29 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : State v. Marquez , 202 N.J. 485 ( 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Bruno , Laura . `` N.J. court lowers language barrier for DUI - test consent '' in USA Today ( 12 July 2010 ) . Retrieved 13 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Matrafajlo , Dan T. `` Statute of Limitations on Serious Traffic Offenses '' ( professional website ) ( 19 June 2012 ) . Retrieved 9 March 2013 . Jump up ^ National Conference of State Legislatures . `` Criminal Status of State Drunk Driving Laws '' . Retrieved 29 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Marain , Allan ( Esq . ) . `` Straight Answers to Thirty - four Frequently Asked Questions of Expungement Lawyers in New Jersey '' ( professional website ) . ( Question # 19 : I was found guilty of driving while intoxicated . Your chart does not specify the waiting time before I can get that matter expunged . ) . Retrieved 29 January 2013 . Jump up ^ State v. Fogarty , Archived February 2 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . 128 N.J. 59 ( 1992 ) . ^ Jump up to : States v. Hammond Archived 2014 - 02 - 02 at the Wayback Machine. , 118 N.J. 306 ( 1990 ) . Jump up ^ State v. Romano , 355 N.J. Super . 21 ( 2002 ) . Jump up ^ New Jersey Judiciary . `` Frequently Asked Questions . '' Archived 2013 - 09 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . ( What Is the Alcohol Treatment Rehabilitation Act ( ATRA ) ? ) . Retrieved 10 February 2013 . Jump up ^ State v. McKeon , 897 A. 2d 1127 ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Wolf , Randolph H. ( Esq . ) . `` PTI Application Granted for Individual Charged With Assault by Auto '' ( professional website ) ( 10 September 2012 ) . Retrieved 10 February 2013 . Jump up ^ N.J.S.A. 39 : 6A - 4.5 ( b ) . Archived 2013 - 10 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Voss v. Tranquilino , 413 N.J. Super . 82 ( 2010 ) , ( quoting N.J.S.A. 2A : 22A - 5 ( a ) ) , affirmed by 206 N.J. 92 ( 2011 ) . The court acknowledged that a convicted drunk driver is legally barred from having a `` cause of action for recovery of economic or noneconomic loss sustained as a result of the accident '' per N.J.S.A. 39 : 6A - 4.5 ( b ) . The court upheld the right of the drunk driver to sue in this case because there was no evidence that by enacting N.J.S.A. 39 : 6A - 4.5 ( b ) , `` the Legislature repealed by implication significant portions of the previously enacted Dram Shop Act . '' ^ Jump up to : State v. Hamm , 121 N.J. 109 ( 1990 ) . Jump up ^ N.J.P.L. 1909 , c. 127 . Jump up ^ N.J.P.L. 1921 , c. 208 . Jump up ^ N.J.P.L. 1926 , c. 152 . ^ Jump up to : State v. Chun , 194 N.J. 54 ( 2008 ) . Jump up ^ N.J.P.L. 1951 , c. 23 . Jump up ^ State v. Johnson , 42 N.J. 146 ( 1964 ) . Jump up ^ N.J.P.L. 1952 , c. 286 . Jump up ^ N.J.P.L. 1966 , c. 142 . Jump up ^ N.J.P.L. 1977 , c. 29 , changed the penalties from a 2 - year driver 's license suspension for the first offense , and 10 - year suspension and a mandatory 3 months in jail for repeat offenses to a 2 -- 6 month suspension for the first offense , a 1 -- 3 year suspension and up to 3 months in jail for the second offense , and a 5 - year suspension and 1 -- 6 months in jail for the third offense . Jump up ^ N.J.P.L. 1983 , c. 129 . Archived 2013 - 02 - 21 at WebCite Jump up ^ N.J.P.L. 1992 , c. 189 . Jump up ^ N.J.P.L. 2003 , c. 314 . Archived 2013 - 04 - 15 at Archive.is Jump up ^ New Jersey Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control . `` ABC Frequently Asked Questions . '' ( Question # 6 : May a patron take from a restaurant an unfinished portion of a bottle of wine in an alcoholic beverage version of a `` Doggy Bag '' ? ) . Retrieved 26 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Richard . `` End of the Line for Midnight Drinkers '' in The Wall Street Journal ( 17 May 2012 ) . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . Jump up ^ N.J.S.A. 39 : 4 - 51b . Archived 2012 - 10 - 28 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` New Jersey Driver Manual '' ( PDF ) . New Jersey Motor Vehicle Commission . State of New Jersey . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ United States Department of Transportation . `` DOT HS 809 426 : Executive Summary '' ( April 2002 ) . Retrieved 7 February 2013 . Jump up ^ United States Department of Transportation . `` DOT HS 809 426 : Status of Conformance '' ( April 2002 ) . Retrieved 7 February 2013 . Jump up ^ N.J.A.C. 7 : 2 - 2.6 . Jump up ^ New Jersey Judiciary . `` Statewide Violations Bureau Schedule : State Park and Forest Regulations . '' Archived 2013 - 09 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . ( 1 September 2004 ) . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Implementation of the Alcoholism Treatment and Rehabilitation Act . '' 5 Crim . Just . Q. 67 ( 1977 ) . 1 . Jump up ^ N.J.S.A. 26 : 2B - 26 , 26 : 2B - 29 Jump up ^ McMullen v. Maple Shade Township , Case No. 09 - 4479 ( 3rd Cir. 2011 ) . Jump up ^ N.J.S.A. 26 : 2B - 16 . Jump up ^ Tambin , Kam . `` Four Loko Banned In New York , Still Available In Jersey '' in Death & Taxes ( 16 November 2010 ) . Retrieved 26 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Pellegrino , Michael . `` Absinthe is back after a nearly 100 - year ban '' in Inside Jersey ( published by The Star - Ledger ) ( 27 September 2010 ) . Retrieved 26 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Jerry ( ABC Director ) . `` Municipal Keg Registration Ordinances : Advisory Opinion on the Permissibility of Such Ordinances Under New Jersey Law '' ( 2 October 2007 ) . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . Jump up ^ N.J.S.A. 33 : 1 -- 2 ( a ) . Archived 2013 - 09 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ New Jersey Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control . `` Application for Special Permit to Import for Personal Use . '' Archived 2013 - 07 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 26 February 2013 . Jump up ^ N.J.S.A. 33 : 1 -- 75.1 . Archived 2013 - 09 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ New Jersey Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control . `` ABC Frequently Asked Questions . '' ( Question # 7 : Can people make their own wine or beer at home ? ) . Retrieved 26 February 2013 . Jump up ^ N.J.S.A. 33 : 2 -- 10 . Archived 2012 - 12 - 09 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ N.J.A.C. 13 : 2 -- 23.6 ( a ) ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ N.J.S.A. 2A : 22A - 1 to N.J.S.A. 2A : 22A - 7 Archived 2013 - 09 - 26 at the Wayback Machine. , formally known as the `` New Jersey Licensed Alcoholic Beverage Server Fair Liability Act , '' and commonly known as the `` Dram Shop Act . '' Jump up ^ New Jersey Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control . `` Alcoholic Beverage Control Handbook for Retail Licensees . '' notes that `` licensees should be aware that other state or federal laws ( most likely civil rights laws ) can be implicated by such decisions . It is our understanding that age is not a part of the civil rights laws , and therefore , licensees can generally exclude persons under any selected age . '' Jump up ^ New Jersey Supreme Court , Model Civil Jury Charge Committee . `` Model Jury Charge ( Civil ) 5.71 Tavern Keepers Serving Minors and Intoxicated Persons ( 3 / 10 ) . '' Archived 2013 - 07 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 1 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Luciano , Frank T. ( Esq . ) . `` New Jersey 's Dram Shop Statute : A Help or Hindrance ? '' Archived 2013 - 01 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . ( professional website ) . Retrieved 13 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Bauer v. Nesbitt , 198 N.J. 600 ( 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Hart , Joe . `` C - View Did n't Serve Driver : Court Says Bar Not Liable for Fatal Accident '' in The Cape May County Herald ( 7 May 2009 ) . Retrieved 13 February 2013 . Jump up ^ White , Natalie . Giants Stadium Beer Vendor Held Liable In $135 Million Auto Accident Case in Lawyers Weekly USA ( 17 January 2006 ) . Retrieved 7 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Chamlin , Kenneth W. ( Esq ). , et al. When Are You Responsible For Serving Alcohol In Your Home ? ( professional website ) ( 7 June 2011 ) . Retrieved 7 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Mazzuchetti , Lauri A. ( Esq . ) . `` New Jersey Statute of Limitations Checklist '' Archived 2012 - 09 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . ( professional website ) ( 12 August 2011 ) . Retrieved 9 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Rossetti , Andrew J. ( Esq . ) . and Scott S. Amitrano ( Esq . ) . `` Civil DWI Claims in New Jersey : Overlooked Causes of Action '' Archived 2013 - 04 - 11 at Archive.is ( professional website ) . Retrieved 19 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : P.L. 1987 , c. 404 . Employees of licensed establishments are expected to be trained in detecting intoxication , whereas private individuals are not , and thus the Legislature sought to give additional protection to social hosts . N.J.S.A. 2A : 15 - 5.6 provides that a blood alcohol content ( BAC ) less than 0.10 % results in an irrebuttable presumption that the person tested was not visibly intoxicated in the social host 's presence , thus relieving the social host from liability . If the guest 's BAC is between 0.10 % -- 0.15 % , there is a rebuttable presumption that the driver was not visibly intoxicated in the social host 's presence . Nothing in this act limits the liability of social hosts who serve alcohol to people under 21 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . `` Convicted drunk driver has right to sue bar that served him , N.J. Supreme Court rules '' published on nj.com ( 2 June 2011 ) . Retrieved 29 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Rappaport v. Nichols , 31 N.J. 188 ( 1959 ) . Jump up ^ Kelly v. Gwinnell , 96 N.J. 538 ( 1984 ) . Jump up ^ Wagner v. Schlue , 255 N.J. Super . 391 ( 1992 ) . Jump up ^ `` Wayback Machine '' ( PDF ) . Archive.org . August 12 , 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 12 , 2011 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : N.J.S.A. 2C : 2 -- 8 . Archived December 27 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Brody , David C. ; Acker , James R. ; Logan , Wayne A. ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Criminal Law '' . Jones & Bartlett Learning . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ N.J.S.A. 2C : 11 - 3 . Archived 2014 - 07 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ N.J.S.A. 2C : 11 - 4 . Archived 2013 - 09 - 15 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ State v. Quintanilla , N.J. Super . A-3388 - 09T1 ( 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Palumbo , Anthony N. ( Esq ) . `` When intoxication can be a defense in New Jersey '' ( professional website ) . Retrieved 6 February 2013 . Jump up ^ New Jersey Judiciary . `` Bilateral Contracts : Affirmative Defenses . '' Archived 2013 - 07 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . ( November 1999 ) Retrieved 19 February 2013 . 28 . Jump up ^ N.J.P.L. 1975 , c. 305 . Jump up ^ N.J.S.A. 26 : 2B - 7 . ^ Jump up to : N.J.S.A. 26 : 2B - 17 . Jump up ^ N.J.S.A. 26 : 2B - 19 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Jonathan F. ( Esq . ) . `` Diversion Programs '' Archived October 3 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . ( professional website ) . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2C : 35 - 14 Rehabilitation Program for Drug and Alcohol Depend '' . www.NJLaws.com . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Luciano , Frank T. ( Esq . ) . `` Drug Courts '' Archived 2013 - 01 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . ( professional website ) . Retrieved 10 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Senators Lesniak - Scutari Drug Court Bill signed into law '' in The Cranford Chronicle ( 19 July 2012 ) . Retrieved 10 February 2013 . Jump up ^ A.D.P. v. ExxonMobil Research , 54 A. 3d 813 ( 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Nirenberg , Jonathan I. ( Esq . ) . `` Targeting Alcoholic Employees for Drug Testing Can Violate New Jersey Law Against Discrimination '' ( professional website ) ( 13 November 2012 ) . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . Jump up ^ N.J.S.A. 26 : 2B - 14 . Jump up ^ N.J.S.A. 17B : 26 - 2.1 , 17B : 27 -- 46.1 . Archived 2013 - 09 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Martin Financial Group . `` Health Insurance Mandates : A Detailed Review of Federal and NJ State Mandates '' ( commercial website ) ( 19 January 2011 ) . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . Jump up ^ United States Department of Labor , Employee Benefits Security Administration . `` Frequently Asked Questions : For Employees about the Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act . '' ( Question # 12 : Are there plans that are exempt from MHPAEA ? ) . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Casino gambling OK 'd '' in The Red Bank Register Archived September 22 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . ( 3 November 1976 ) . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Legate , Frank . `` Casino Control : Setting the Bar '' Archived 2012 - 02 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . in Global Gaming Business Magazine ( 1 May 2008 ) . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . Former New Jersey Governor Brendan Byrne told organized crime to `` keep your filthy hands off Atlantic City and keep the hell out of our state ! '' Jump up ^ P.L. 1977 , c. 110 Jump up ^ Waggoner , Walter H. `` Jersey Adopts Casino - Control Bill ; Assembly Gives Final Approved To Casino - Control Legislation '' in The New York Times ( 27 May 1977 ) . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . Jump up ^ New Jersey Division of Gaming Enforcement . `` About the Division of Gaming Enforcement . '' Retrieved 12 February 2013 . Jump up ^ N.J.S.A. 5 : 12 -- 1 Archived 2013 - 09 - 22 at the Wayback Machine. , known as the `` Casino Control Act . '' Jump up ^ New Jersey Casino Control Commission . `` Overview . '' Archived September 22 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Waggoner , Walter H. `` Casino Inquiry Urges Curbs on Liquor and Cigarette Deals '' in The New York Times ( 12 August 1977 ) . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . Jump up ^ N.J.A.C. 13 : 69I - 1.1 ( c ) . Jump up ^ N.J.A.C. 13 : 69I - 1.3 ( f ) . Jump up ^ N.J.A.C 13 : 69I - 1.4 ( a ) . Jump up ^ N.J.A.C. 13 : 69I - 1.4 ( b ) . Jump up ^ N.J.A.C. 13 : 69I - 1.5 ( e ) . Jump up ^ N.J.A.C. 13 : 69I - 1.4 A . Jump up ^ N.J.A.C. 13 : 69I - 5.3 . Jump up ^ N.J.A.C. 13 : 69I - 5.1 . Jump up ^ N.J.A.C. 13 : 69I - 5.8 ( c ) . Jump up ^ Parry , Wayne . `` $115 K in casino fines for cheating , underage cases '' in The Associated Press 5 January 2011 . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Petitto v. Sands Hotel & Casino , 288 N.J. Super . 304 ( 1996 ) . Jump up ^ Targan , Donald G. ( Esq . ) . and Pender , Michael J. ( Esq . ) . `` Injured at a Casino ? '' Archived 2012 - 12 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . ( professional website ) . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . Jump up ^ N.J.A.C. 13 : 69I - 2.2 ( f ) . Jump up ^ Wittkowski , Donald . `` Slot players at Bally 's casino can order drinks with the touch of the screen '' in The Press of Atlantic City ( 8 February 2012 ) . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . Jump up ^ N.J.A.C. 13 : 69I - 2.1 ( e ) . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Joseph F. `` Jersey Passes Bill Raising Casino Gambling Age to 21 from 18 '' in The New York Times ( 25 February 1983 ) . Retrieved 18 February 2013 . Jump up ^ P.L. 1983 , c. 134 Jump up ^ Hakimoglu v. Trump Taj Mahal Associates , 70 F. 3d 291 ( 1995 ) . Jump up ^ Augenstein , Seth . `` Nation 's first casino strip club coming to Atlantic City '' in The Star - Ledger ( 4 July 2013 ) . Retrieved 27 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Parry , Wayne . `` A.C. 's Taj Mahal looks to score with strip club '' in The Philadelphia Inquirer ( 27 August 2013 ) . Retrieved 27 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Nichols , Mark W . `` The Impact of Deregulation on Casino Win in Atlantic City . '' Review of Industrial Organization , Vol. 13 ( 1998 ) . 715 . Jump up ^ `` Casino Panel Approves 24 - Hour Gambling '' in The New York Times ( 9 July 1992 ) . Retrieved 18 February 2013 . Until July 1991 , casinos were required to close between 4 a.m. and 10 a.m. on weekdays , and between 6 a.m. and 10 a.m on weekends . From July 1991 to June 1992 , casinos were allowed to operate 24 hours per day on weekends and holidays . In June 1992 , they were allowed to remain open 24 hours per day from Wednesday to Sunday , and then in July 1992 , the casinos were permitted to be open 24 - hours per day , 7 - days per week . Jump up ^ Wittkowski , Donald . `` Atlantic City casinos target a new non-gambling market : Children '' in The Press of Atlantic City ( 21 December 2011 ) . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Atlantic City , NJ : Alcoholic Beverages '' . Atlantic City , NJ Code . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Haines Jr. , Roger W. Federal Enclave Law . Ashland , OH : Atlas , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` United States Attorneys ' Manual , Title 9 , 667 Assimilative Crimes Act , 18 U.S.C. § 13 '' ( 1997 ) . Retrieved 5 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 32 CFR 634.25 - Installation traffic codes '' . LII / Legal Information Institute . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greer v. Spock , 424 U.S. 828 ( 1976 ) . Jump up ^ State v. Schumann , 218 N.J. Super . 501 ( 1987 ) Jump up ^ United States Government Printing Office `` Jurisdiction Over Federal Areas Within the States . '' Archived February 3 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . ( 1956 ) . 28 . Jump up ^ Moore , Mark H. and Dean R. Gerstein . Alcohol and Public Policy : Beyond the Shadow of Prohibition . ( Washington , DC : National Academy Press , 1981 ) . ISBN 9780309078283 . Jump up ^ `` US P.L. 105 - 391 ( 1998 ) . 7 -- 22 . '' ( PDF ) . GPO.gov . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ National Park Service `` Commercial Visitor Services '' Archived February 15 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 36 CFR 4.14 - Open container of alcoholic beverage '' . LII / Legal Information Institute . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 36 CFR 2.35 - Alcoholic beverages and controlled substances '' . LII / Legal Information Institute . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Department of the Interior . `` Gateway National Recreation Area : Superintendent 's Compendium , 2012 . '' 9 -- 10 . Jump up ^ United States v. Golden , 825 F. Supp. 667 ( D.N.J. 1993 ) Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. 911 -- Art . 111. , ^ Jump up to : `` 36 CFR 4.23 - Operating under the influence of alcohol or drugs '' . LII / Legal Information Institute . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Owsley , Brian L. ( judge ) . `` Issues Concerning Charges for Driving While Intoxicated in Texas Federal Courts . '' St. Mary 's L.J. , Vol. 42 ( 2011 ) . 413 -- 424 . Jump up ^ Nolan , Scott C. ( Esq . ) . `` DUI charges on the federal level . '' Archived 2012 - 06 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . ( professional website ) . Retrieved 7 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hernandez , Steven W. ( Esq . ) . `` Federal DUI / DWI Information . '' Archived 2012 - 06 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . ( professional website ) . Retrieved 4 February 2013 . Jump up ^ U.S. v. Snyder 852 F. 2d 471 ( 9th Cir. 1988 ) Jump up ^ `` 32 CFR 634.8 - Implied consent '' . LII / Legal Information Institute . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 10 U.S. Code § 2683 - Relinquishment of legislative jurisdiction ; minimum drinking age on military installations '' . LII / Legal Information Institute . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Underage Marines To Be Allowed To Drink Alcohol On Base '' on ABC News ( 18 May 2007 ) . Retrieved 24 April 2013 Jump up ^ United States v. Dotson , No. 09 - 30149 ( 2010 ) . Jump up ^ 26 C.F.R. 1.3 Archived 2013 - 11 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 18 U.S. Code § 3282 - Offenses not capital '' . LII / Legal Information Institute . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) New Jersey Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control New Jersey Statutes Title 33 : Intoxicating Liquors New Jersey Administrative Code ( ABC regulations are at N.J.A.C. 13 : 2 ) Drink portal Law portal New Jersey portal ( hide ) New Jersey Wineries , Breweries , and Distilleries Wineries Alba Vineyard Amalthea Cellars Auburn Road Vineyards Balic Winery Bellview Winery Beneduce Vineyards Brook Hollow Winery Cape May Winery & Vineyard Cava Winery & Vineyard Cedarvale Winery Chestnut Run Farm Coda Rossa Winery Cream Ridge Winery DeMastro Vineyards DiBella Winery DiMatteo Vineyards Four JG 's Orchards & Vineyards Four Sisters Winery Hawk Haven Vineyard & Winery Heritage Vineyards Hopewell Valley Vineyards Jessie Creek Winery Laurita Winery Monroeville Vineyard & Winery Mount Salem Vineyards Natali Vineyards Old York Cellars Peppadew Fresh Vineyards Plagido 's Winery Renault Winery Sharrott Winery Southwind Vineyard & Winery Swansea Vineyards Sylvin Farms Winery Terhune Orchards Tomasello Winery Turdo Vineyards & Winery Unionville Vineyards Vacchiano Farm Valenzano Winery Ventimiglia Vineyard Villa Milagro Vineyards Wagonhouse Winery Westfall Winery Willow Creek Winery Working Dog Winery Breweries Anheuser - Busch Artisan 's Brewery Basil T 's Brewery Cape May Brewing Carton Brewing Climax Brewing Cricket Hill Brewery Egan & Sons Flounder Brewing Flying Fish Brewing Gaslight Brewery Harvest Moon Brewery High Point Brewing Iron Hill Brewery ( Maple Shade ) Iron Hill Brewery ( Voorhees ) J.J. 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Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_laws_of_New_Jersey&oldid=843001296 '' Categories : Alcohol law in the United States by state Beer in New Jersey Food and drink in New Jersey New Jersey law New Jersey wine Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template archiveis links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Webarchive template webcite links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Featured articles Use American English from October 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from October 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 05 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did nj drinking age changed to 21 | [
"New Jersey's drinking age was lowered to 18 in 1973 as part of a broader legal change which reduced New Jersey's age of majority from 21 to 18.[146][147] Much of the impetus for lowering the drinking age to 18 was to grant returning Vietnam veterans the right to purchase alcohol.[148] Possibly because of concerns about 18-year-old high school students being able to legally purchase liquor, and then illegally consume it school,[149] the state raised the drinking age to 19 in 1980.[150][151] Citing statistics that indicated an increase in car deaths among drivers under 21,[148] the drinking age was raised back to 21 in 1983.[151][152] At the same time, the penalties for underage drinking were increased to include a mandatory driver's license suspension.[152] In 1985, the state made it illegal for an adult to give alcohol to a person under 21, with exception for religious services and parents serving alcohol to their own children at home or in a private area.[153][154]"
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2106649955549012688 | The Lion King (2019 film) | The Lion King ( 2019 film ) - wikipedia The Lion King ( 2019 film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the upcoming 2019 film . For the 1994 film , see The Lion King . For other films and related topics , see The Lion King ( franchise ) . The Lion King Official teaser logo Directed by Jon Favreau Produced by Jon Favreau Karen Gilchrist Jeffrey Silver Screenplay by Jeff Nathanson Based on Disney 's The Lion King by Irene Mecchi Jonathan Roberts Linda Woolverton Starring Donald Glover Beyoncé James Earl Jones Chiwetel Ejiofor Billy Eichner Seth Rogen John Oliver John Kani Alfre Woodard Eric Andre Florence Kasumba Keegan - Michael Key J.D. McCrary Shahadi Wright Joseph Music by Hans Zimmer Cinematography Caleb Deschanel Edited by Mark Livolsi Production company Walt Disney Pictures Fairview Entertainment Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date July 19 , 2019 ( 2019 - 07 - 19 ) Country United States Language English The Lion King is an upcoming American musical drama film , directed and co-produced by Jon Favreau , produced by Walt Disney Pictures , and written by Jeff Nathanson . It is the remake of Disney 's 1994 animated film of the same name and inspired in part by William Shakespeare 's Hamlet . The film stars the voices of Donald Glover , Beyoncé , James Earl Jones , Chiwetel Ejiofor , Billy Eichner , Seth Rogen , John Oliver , John Kani , Alfre Woodard , Eric Andre , Florence Kasumba , Keegan - Michael Key , J.D. McCrary and Shahadi Wright Joseph . It is set to be released on July 19 , 2019 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Voice cast 2 Production 2.1 Development 2.2 Casting 2.3 Filming 2.4 Music 3 Release 4 References 5 External links Voice cast Main article : List of The Lion King characters Donald Glover as Simba J.D. McCrary as young Simba Beyoncé as Nala Shahadi Wright Joseph as young Nala James Earl Jones as Mufasa Chiwetel Ejiofor as Scar Alfre Woodard as Sarabi John Oliver as Zazu John Kani as Rafiki Seth Rogen as Pumbaa Billy Eichner as Timon Eric Andre as Azizi Florence Kasumba as Shenzi Keegan - Michael Key as Kamari Production Development On September 28 , 2016 , Walt Disney Pictures confirmed that Jon Favreau would be directing a fast - tracked remake of the 1994 animated film The Lion King , which would feature the songs from the 1994 film , following a string of recent box office successes on the other Disney remake films such as Maleficent , Cinderella , The Jungle Book and Beauty and the Beast with the latter three also earning critical praise . Later on October 13 , it was reported that Disney had hired Jeff Nathanson to write the screenplay for the remake . In November , talking with ComingSoon.net , Favreau said the virtual reality technology he used in The Jungle Book would be used to a greater degree in The Lion King . Casting In mid-February 2017 , Donald Glover was cast as Simba , with James Earl Jones reprising his role as Mufasa from the 1994 film . WWE wrestlers Big E , Kofi Kingston and Xavier Woods of The New Day indicated their interest in providing voices in the film . In April , Billy Eichner and Seth Rogen were cast to play Timon and Pumbaa respectively . In July , John Oliver was cast as Zazu . In August , Alfre Woodard and John Kani were announced to play Sarabi and Rafiki , respectively . Earlier in March , it was announced that Beyoncé was Favreau 's top choice for the role of Nala and that the director and studio would be willing to do whatever it took to accommodate her busy schedule . Later on November 1 , her role was confirmed in an official announcement , which also confirmed that Chiwetel Ejiofor would play the role of Scar , with Eric Andre , Florence Kasumba , Keegan - Michael Key , J.D. McCrary and Shahadi Wright Joseph joining the cast as Azizi , Shenzi and Kamari , young Simba and young Nala , respectively . Filming Production on the film commenced in the summer of 2017 , on a blue screen stage in Los Angeles , California . Music On November 1 , 2017 , it was announced that Hans Zimmer would return to score the film , having previously scored the 1994 animated version . On November 28 , 2017 , it was reported that Elton John had signed onto the project to rework his musical compositions from the original film . The following day it was reported that Beyoncé would be assisting John in the reworking of the soundtrack . Release The Lion King is scheduled to be released on July 19 , 2019 . References Jump up ^ Verhoeven , Beatrice ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Beyonce Will Voice Nala in Live - Action Adaptation of ' The Lion King ' '' . TheWrap . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney and Jon Favreau Joining Forces on `` The Lion King '' `` . The Walt Disney Company . September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action ' Lion King ' Taps Jeff Nathanson As Writer '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Busch , Jenna ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` Live - Action Lion King Movie to Use VR Tech '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Donald Glover , James Earl Jones cast in Disney 's live - action `` Lion King '' `` . CNN . February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WWE 's The New Day lobbying for The Lion King roles '' . flickeringmyth . February 21 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Seth Rogen and Billy Eichner to Play Pumbaa and Timon in ' Lion King ' ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap. April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Donnelly , Matt ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` John Oliver Joins Disney 's Live - Action `` The Lion King '' `` . TheWrap . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Galuppo , Mia ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` Alfre Woodard Joins Disney 's ' The Lion King ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Umberto ; Verhoeven , Beatrice ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lion King ' Rafiki Casting : John Kani , ' Civil War ' Star , to Play Wise Baboon ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beyoncé Top Choice to Voice Nala in ' Lion King ' Remake ( Exclusive ) '' . Variety . March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pallotta , Frank ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Beyoncé joins cast of Disney 's live - action ' Lion King ' '' . cnn.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chiwetel Ejiofor Will Voice Scar in The Lion King '' . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Smith , Reiss ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` The Lion King : 2019 release date , cast including Beyoncé , plot synopsis and more '' . express.co.uk . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Lion King 's ' Young Simba Actor Signs With ICM Partners ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shahadi Wright Joseph as Young Nala '' . New York Daily News . November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lammers , Timothy ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action The Lion King Starts Production This Summer '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lion King ' : Disney Unveils Jaw - Dropping First Footage Of Jon Favreau 's Remake at D23 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Criscitiello , Alaxa ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Beyonce and More Additional Casting Revealed in New Preview Poster for THE LION KING '' . Broadway World . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Elton John will make millions with live - action remake of ' The Lion King ' '' . New York Daily News . November 28 , 2017 . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beyoncé and Elton John are reportedly working on new versions of ' The Lion King ' songs '' . NME . November 29 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Disney Movie Release Schedule Gets a Major Update '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . External links Disney portal Film in the United States portal 2010s portal The Lion King on IMDb The Lion King at Rotten Tomatoes The Lion King Films The Lion King ( 1994 ) The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride The Lion King 11⁄2 The Lion King ( 2019 ) Theater The Lion King Television and short films Timon & Pumbaa episodes Wild About Safety The Lion Guard episodes Characters Simba Timon and Pumbaa Nala Scar Music The Lion King `` Circle of Life '' `` I Just Ca n't Wait to Be King '' `` Be Prepared '' `` Hakuna Matata '' `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' The Lion King musical `` Endless Night '' `` The Madness of King Scar '' `` Shadowland '' Other Return to Pride Rock `` Love Will Find a Way '' Rhythm of the Pride Lands `` He Lives in You '' Video games The Lion King ( 1994 ) Disney 's Animated Storybook : The Lion King ( 1994 ) Timon & Pumbaa 's Jungle Games ( 1996 ) The Lion King : Simba 's Mighty Adventure ( 2000 ) The Lion King 11⁄2 ( 2003 ) Attractions Circle of Life : An Environmental Fable The Legend of the Lion King Festival of the Lion King The Lion King Celebration William Shakespeare 's Hamlet Characters Hamlet Claudius Gertrude Ghost Polonius Laertes Ophelia Horatio Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Fortinbras The Gravediggers Yorick Soliloquies `` To be , or not to be '' `` Mortal coil '' `` What a piece of work is a man '' `` Speak the speech '' Words and phrases `` The lady doth protest too much , methinks '' `` Thy name is '' `` Primrose path '' Terminology Dumbshow Induction Quiddity Substitution Sources Criticism Legend of Hamlet The Spanish Tragedy Ur - Hamlet Critical approaches Bibliographies Horwendill Saxo Grammaticus House of Gonzaga Damon and Pythias Influence Common phrases from Hamlet Hamlet in popular culture References to Ophelia Language of flowers Human skull symbolism Performances Moscow Art Theatre ( 1911 -- 1912 ) Richard Burton ( 1964 ) On screen 1900 1907 1908 1912 1913 1917 1921 1935 1948 1954 1961 1964 1969 2000 2011 Adaptations Films The Rest Is Silence ( 1959 ) The Bad Sleep Well ( 1960 ) Ophelia ( 1963 ) Johnny Hamlet ( 1968 ) One Hamlet Less ( 1973 ) The Angel of Vengeance -- The Female Hamlet ( 1977 ) Strange Brew ( 1983 ) Hamlet Goes Business ( 1987 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Let the Devil Wear Black ( 1999 ) The Banquet ( 2006 ) Tardid ( 2009 ) Karmayogi ( 2012 ) Haider ( 2014 ) Hamlet A.D.D. ( 2014 ) The Lion King ( 2019 ) Novels Gertrude and Claudius ( 2000 ) Dating Hamlet ( 2002 ) Ophelia 's Revenge ( 2003 ) The Dead Fathers Club ( 2006 ) Something Rotten ( 2007 ) Hamlet 's Father ( 2008 ) The Story of Edgar Sawtelle ( 2008 ) Plays Hamletmachine ( 1977 ) Dogg 's Hamlet ( 1979 ) Fortinbras ( 1991 ) Musicals Rockabye Hamlet ( 1973 ) The Lion King ( 1997 ) Television Hamlet ( Australian TV , 1959 ) Hamlet at Elsinore ( BBC , 1964 ) Hamlet , Prince of Denmark ( BBC , 1980 ) Hamlet ( BBC 2 , animated , 1992 ) Hamlet ( BBC 2 , 2009 ) Parodies 15 - Minute Hamlet The Complete Works of William Shakespeare ( Abridged ) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Io , Amleto The Klingon Hamlet `` Lyle the Kindly Viking '' To Be or Not to Be : That is the Adventure Songs `` My Robin is to the Greenwood Gone '' ( 16th century ) `` Pull Me Under '' ( 1992 ) `` Song for Athene '' ( 1997 ) Opera / classical Hamlet ( Thomas ) Amleto ( Faccio ) Hamlet ( Tchaikovsky ) Tristia ( Berlioz ) Die Hamletmaschine ( Rihm ) Hamlet ( Dean ) Story within a story Films To Be or Not to Be ( 1942 ) Acting Hamlet in the Village of Mrdusa Donja ( 1973 ) To Be or Not to Be ( 1983 ) Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead ( 1990 ) Renaissance Man ( 1994 ) In the Bleak Midwinter ( 1995 ) Hamlet 2 ( 2008 ) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Undead ( 2009 ) Three Days ( 2012 ) Plays Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead ( 1966 ) Stage Blood ( 1974 ) I Hate Hamlet ( 1991 ) To Be or Not to Be ( 2008 ) Novels Hamlet , Revenge ! ( 1937 ) Theatre of War ( 1994 ) `` The Undiscovered '' ( 1997 ) The Shakespeare Stealer ( 1998 ) Interred with Their Bones ( 2007 ) Television `` The Producer '' ( 1966 ) Slings & Arrows ( 2003 ) Art Ophelia Affe mit Schädel Video game Last Action Hero ( 1993 ) Hamlet ( 2010 ) Intertextuality Asterix and the Great Crossing The Seagull Sharpe 's Havoc Related Hamlet and Oedipus Hamlet Had an Uncle Hamlet and His Problems Hebenon Hamlet Q1 Ostalo je ćutanje The Chronicles of Amber `` Symphony No. 65 '' ( Haydn ) War Highlander II : The Quickening The Hobart Shakespeareans Gertrude -- The Cry Poor Murderer Something Rotten ! `` The Conscience of the King '' `` Born to Be King '' Films directed by Jon Favreau Made ( 2001 ) Elf ( 2003 ) Zathura : A Space Adventure ( 2005 ) Iron Man ( 2008 ) Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) Cowboys & Aliens ( 2011 ) Chef ( 2014 ) The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) The Lion King ( 2019 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lion_King_(2019_film)&oldid=815461667 '' Categories : Upcoming films 2019 films English - language films 2019 3D films 2010s adventure films 2010s drama films 2010s fantasy films 2010s musical films 2010s musical comedy films American films American adventure drama films American children 's adventure films American computer - animated films American fantasy adventure films American musical comedy films American musical fantasy films American musical drama films Disney film remakes Films scored by Hans Zimmer Films directed by Jon Favreau Films about animals Films about lions Films about revenge Films about royalty Films based on musicals based on films Films based on Hamlet Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films set in Africa Films shot in Los Angeles High fantasy films The Lion King Performance capture in film Regicide in fiction Walt Disney Pictures films Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from August 2017 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français 한국어 עברית Magyar Polski Português Русский Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 23 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when will the lion king remake be released | [
"The Lion King is an upcoming American musical drama film, directed and co-produced by Jon Favreau, produced by Walt Disney Pictures, and written by Jeff Nathanson. It is the remake of Disney's 1994 animated film of the same name and inspired in part by William Shakespeare's Hamlet. The film stars the voices of Donald Glover, Beyoncé, James Earl Jones, Chiwetel Ejiofor, Billy Eichner, Seth Rogen, John Oliver, John Kani, Alfre Woodard, Eric Andre, Florence Kasumba, Keegan-Michael Key, J.D. McCrary and Shahadi Wright Joseph. It is set to be released on July 19, 2019."
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"July 19, 2019"
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6280441191069289084 | Ms. | Ms - wikipedia Ms . Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the title . For the magazine , see Ms. ( magazine ) . For other uses , see MS ( disambiguation ) . `` Ms '' or `` Ms . '' ( normally / ˈmɪz / , but also / məz / , or / məs / when unstressed ) is an English honorific used with the last name or full name of a woman , intended as a default form of address for women regardless of their marital status . Like `` Miss '' and `` Mrs . '' , the term `` Ms . '' has its origins in the female English title once used for all women , `` Mistress '' . It has its origin in the 17th century and was revived into mainstream usage in the 20th century . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical development and revival of the term 2 Usage 3 Notes 4 External links Historical development and revival of the term ( edit ) `` Ms . '' began to be used as early as the 17th century , along with `` Miss '' and `` Mrs . '' , as a title derived from the then formal `` Mistress '' , which , like Mister , did not originally indicate marital status . `` Ms . '' , however , fell into disuse in favor of the other two titles and was not revived until the 20th century . The earliest known proposal for the modern revival of `` Ms . '' as a title appeared in The Republican of Springfield , Massachusetts , on November 10 , 1901 : There is a void in the English language which , with some diffidence , we undertake to fill . Every one has been put in an embarrassing position by ignorance of the status of some woman . To call a maiden Mrs is only a shade worse than to insult a matron with the inferior title Miss . Yet it is not always easy to know the facts ... Now , clearly , what is needed is a more comprehensive term which does homage to the sex without expressing any views as to their domestic situation , and what could be simpler or more logical than the retention of what the two doubtful terms have in common . The abbreviation `` Ms '' is simple , it is easy to write , and the person concerned can translate it properly according to circumstances . For oral use it might be rendered as `` Mizz , '' which would be a close parallel to the practice long universal in many bucolic regions , where a slurred Mis ' does duty for Miss and Mrs alike . The term was again suggested as a convenience to writers of business letters by such publications as the Bulletin of the American Business Writing Association ( 1951 ) and The Simplified Letter , issued by the National Office Management Association ( 1952 ) . In 1961 , Sheila Michaels attempted to put the term into use when she saw what she thought was a typographical error on the address label of a copy of News & Letters sent to her roommate . Michaels `` was looking for a title for a woman who did not ' belong ' to a man . '' She knew the separation of the now common terms Miss and Mrs. had derived from `` Mistress '' , but one could not suggest that women use the original title with its now louche connotations . Her efforts to promote use of a new honorific were at first ignored . Around 1971 , in a lull during a WBAI - radio interview with The Feminists group , Michaels suggested the use of Ms. A friend of Gloria Steinem heard the interview and suggested it as a title for her new magazine . Ms. magazine 's popularity finally allowed the term to enjoy widespread usage . In February 1972 , the US Government Printing Office approved using `` Ms . '' in official government documents . In 1976 Marvel Comics introduced a new superhero named `` Ms. Marvel '' , billing her as the `` first feminist superhero '' . Even several public opponents of `` non-sexist language '' , such as William Safire , were finally convinced that Ms. had earned a place in English by the case of US Congresswoman Geraldine A. Ferraro . Ferraro , a United States vice-presidential candidate in 1984 , was a married woman who used her birth surname professionally rather than her husband 's ( `` Zaccaro '' ) . Safire pointed out that it would be equally incorrect to call her `` Miss Ferraro '' ( as she was married ) or `` Mrs. Ferraro '' ( as her husband was not `` Mr. Ferraro '' ) -- and that calling her `` Mrs. Zaccaro '' would confuse the reader . Usage ( edit ) Suggestions about how Ms. should be used , or whether it should be used at all , are varied . Daily Telegraph states in its style guide that Ms should only be used if a subject requests it herself and it `` should not be used merely because we do not know whether the woman is Mrs or Miss '' . On the other hand , Guardian , which restricts its use of honorific titles to leading articles , states in its style guide : `` use Ms for women ... unless they have expressed a preference for Miss or Mrs '' . The Economist states that it generally uses the title a person adopts but warns that Ms. is an `` ugly '' title . A BBC Academy style guide states , `` In choosing between Miss , Mrs and Ms , try to find out what the person herself uses , and stick to that . '' The New York Times embraces the use of all three : Mrs. Miss and Ms. , and will follow the individual 's preferences . Some etiquette writers and famous figures do not support the use of Ms. , including Charles Kidd , the current editor of Debrett 's Peerage and Baronetage , who claims the usage is `` not very helpful '' and that he had been `` brought up to address a married woman as Mrs John Smith , for example '' . Debrett 's itself , concerning the case of a married woman who chooses not to take her husband 's name , states , `` The ugly - sounding Ms is problematic . Although many women have assumed this bland epithet , it remains incorrect to use it when addressing a social letter . '' The former British Conservative Party MP Ann Widdecombe has stated `` I ca n't see the point of Ms and I do n't see it as an issue '' , whilst author and journalist Jessica Fellowes describes the title Ms. as `` ghastly '' . The Queen 's English Society has criticised the use of Ms as `` an abbreviation that is not short for anything '' , describing it as a `` linguistic misfit ( that ) came about because certain women suddenly became sensitive about revealing their marital status '' . On the other hand , the default use of Ms. , especially for business purposes , is championed by some American sources , including Judith Martin ( a.k.a. `` Miss Manners '' ) , Concerning business , the Emily Post Institute states that , `` Ms. is the default form of address , unless you know positively that a woman wishes to be addressed as Mrs . '' The American Heritage Book of English Usage states that , `` Using Ms. obviates the need for the guesswork involved in figuring out whether to address someone as Mrs. or Miss : you ca n't go wrong with Ms. Whether the woman you are addressing is married or unmarried , has changed her name or not , Ms. is always correct . '' Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Oxford English Dictionary online , Ms , n. . Etymology : An orthographic and phonetic blend of Mrs n . and miss n . Compare mizz n . The pronunciation with final / - z / would appear to have arisen as a result of deliberate attempts to distinguish between this word and miss n. ; compare mizz n. , and perhaps also Miz n . -- ( mizz n. : Etymology : Representing the spoken realization of Ms n . ( see discussion at that entry ) . ) Accessed 2012 - 07 - 25 Jump up ^ Wells , John C. ( 1990 ) . Longman pronunciation dictionary r . Harlow , England : Longman . p. 463 . ISBN 0 - 582 - 05383 - 8 . entry `` Ms '' . It may be pronounced with schwa even in stressed situation . Jump up ^ `` Emily Post 's Guide to Addressing Correspondence : Addressing a Woman '' . The Emily Post Institute . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Zimmer , Ben ( 2009 - 06 - 23 ) . `` Hunting the Elusive First ' Ms . ' '' . Word Routes . The Visual Thesaurus . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Spender , Dale ( 1981 ) . Man Made Language . London : Routledge & Kegan Paul . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7100 - 0675 - 2 . Jump up ^ Stannard , Una ( 1977 ) . Mrs Man . San Francisco : Germainbooks . ISBN 978 - 0 - 914142 - 02 - 7 . Jump up ^ Martin , Judith ( October 11 , 2009 ) . `` What 's in a name ? '' . Miss Manners . Buffalo News . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ Martin , Judith . Miss Manners ' Guide for the Turn of the Millennium . New York , New York : Simon & Schuster . p. 10 . ISBN 0 - 671 - 72228 - X . Jump up ^ `` Ms . '' . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language . Houghton Mifflin Company . 2009 . Jump up ^ Jeffs , Angela ( November 5 , 2000 ) . `` Missing piece of puzzle in story of ' Ms . ' '' . The Japan Times Online . Jump up ^ Michaels , Sheila ( March -- April 2008 ) . `` Forty Years of Defying the Odds '' . Solidarity Webzine . Solidarity . Retrieved November 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kay , Eve ( 28 June 2007 ) . `` Call Me Ms '' . The Guardian . Retrieved August 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Fishko , Sara ( June 28 , 2012 ) . `` Fishko Files : Ms . '' . WNYC . Archived from the original on 2013 - 03 - 12 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Zimmer , Ben ( 2009 - 10 - 25 ) . `` On Language : Ms . '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Frum , David ( 2000 ) . How We Got Here : The ' 70s . New York , New York : Basic Books . p. 246 . ISBN 0 - 465 - 04195 - 7 . Jump up ^ Safire , William . `` On Language : Goodbye Sex , Hello Gender '' , The New York Times , August 5 , 1984 , Section 6 p. 8 . Jump up ^ Grigg , John ( 1991 - 11 - 02 ) . `` The Times '' . Most married women are still addressed , and wish to be addressed , as Mrs , while most unmarried women are still addressed as Miss . Ms is used by feminists to make their point , or by male chauvinists trying to make the opposite point , though of course it is also used by unprejudiced correspondents in a state of doubt . quoted in Burchfield , R.W. ( 1996 ) . The New Fowler 's Modern English Usage ( 3rd ed . ) . p. 512 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 969036 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Telegraph style book : names and titles '' . Telegraph.co.uk. 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Guardian Style Guide : Mr , Ms , Mrs , Miss '' . The Guardian . August 2009 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Titles '' . Style Guide . The Economist . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Names '' . BBC Academy . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ Zimmer , Ben . `` On Language ; Ms . '' New York Times ' '. 23 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Siegal , Allan M. , Connolly , William G. `` Courtesy title '' . The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage : The Official Style Guide Used by the Writers and Editors of the World 's Most Authoritative News Organization . Random House USA Incorporated , 2015 . ISBN 9781101905449 . Page 79 . ^ Jump up to : `` BBC NEWS -- UK -- Mrs ? Or is that Ms , Miss ? '' . ^ Jump up to : Fellowes , By Jessica . `` Etiquette : Mind your ' please ' and cues '' . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20100806111200/http://www.queens-english-society.com/errors_ms.html . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2010 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Martin , Judith . `` Miss Manners : How and When to Use ' Ms . ' in Business Correspondence '' . Lifestyle . MSN . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Addressing Correspondence '' . Jump up ^ `` The American Heritage Book of English Usage '' . 31 October 2007 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 09 . External links ( edit ) Look up Ms in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . The Times style guide The Guardian style guide ( hide ) English social honorific titles Feminine Mrs . Miss Ms . Mistress Madam Dame Lady Masculine Mr . Master Esquire Sir Sire Lord Neutral Mx Dr Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ms.&oldid=802683415 '' Categories : Honorifics Women 's social titles Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 maint : Unfit url Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Eesti Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano Русский Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 September 2017 , at 19 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when do you use ms to address a woman | [
"\"Ms\" or \"Ms.\" (normally /ˈmɪz/, but also /məz/, or /məs/ when unstressed)[1][2] is an English honorific used with the last name or full name of a woman, intended as a default form of address for women regardless of their marital status.[3] Like \"Miss\" and \"Mrs.\", the term \"Ms.\" has its origins in the female English title once used for all women, \"Mistress\". It has its origin in the 17th century and was revived into mainstream usage in the 20th century.[4][1]"
] | [
"default form of address for women regardless of their marital status"
] |
-7421161662665750132 | Firearms policy in the United Kingdom | Firearms policy in the United Kingdom - Wikipedia Firearms policy in the United Kingdom Gun laws by country Overview Argentina Australia Brazil Canada Chile China Czech Republic European Union Finland France Germany Honduras India Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Kuwait Lebanon Mexico New Zealand Norway Pakistan Philippines South Africa Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United States USSR In the United Kingdom , access by the general public to firearms is tightly controlled by law which is much more restrictive than the minimum rules required by the European Firearms Directive , but it is less restrictive in Northern Ireland . The country has one of the lowest rates of gun homicides in the world . There were 0.05 recorded intentional homicides committed with a firearm per 100,000 inhabitants in the five years to 2011 ( 15 to 38 people per annum ) . Gun homicides accounted for 2.4 % of all homicides in the year 2011 . There is some concern over the availability of illegal firearms . Office for National Statistics figures show 7,866 offences in which firearms were involved in the year ending March 2015 , 2 % up on the previous year and the first increase in 10 years . Of these , 19 were fatalities , 10 fewer than the previous year and the lowest since records began in 1969 . There was a further rise to 8,399 in the year ending March 2016 , the highest number in four years , but significantly lower than the all - time high of 24,094 in 2003 / 04 . Twenty - six resulted in fatal injuries . Members of the public may own sporting rifles and shotguns , subject to licensing , but handguns were effectively banned after the Dunblane school massacre in 1996 with the exception of Northern Ireland . Dunblane was the UK 's first and only school shooting . There has been one spree killing since Dunblane , the Cumbria shootings in June 2010 , which involved a shotgun and a . 22 calibre rifle , both legally - held . Prior to Dunblane though , there had only been one mass shooting carried out by a civilian in the entire history of Great Britain , which took place in Hungerford on 19 August 1987 . Police in the United Kingdom ( aside from Northern Ireland ) are not routinely armed . Fatal shootings of police are extremely rare ; there were three in England and Wales in the eleven - year period from 2000 / 01 to 2010 / 11 . Armed response units are available to deal with incidents , and as of the 31 March 2017 there were 6,278 armed officers serving in territorial police forces in England and Wales . Contents 1 Shooting sports 2 Impact of firearm legislation 3 Gun licensing and legislation 3.1 Classifications of firearms 3.1. 1 Rifles 3.1. 2 Pistols 3.1. 3 Long - barrelled revolvers and pistols 3.1. 4 Target pistols 3.1. 5 Shotguns 3.1. 6 Airguns 3.1. 7 Ammunition 3.1. 8 Prohibited firearms 3.2 Firearm licensing 4 Northern Ireland 5 Scotland 5.1 Air weapon licensing 6 Firearms legislation in the United Kingdom 6.1 Pistols Act 1903 6.2 Firearms Act 1920 6.3 Firearms Act 1937 6.4 Firearms Act 1968 6.5 The Firearms ( Amendment ) Act 1988 6.6 1997 Firearms ( Amendment ) Acts 6.7 Violent Crime Reduction Act 2006 6.8 The 2012 Olympics 7 Firearms crime 7.1 Spree killings and mass shootings 7.2 Hungerford massacre 7.3 Dunblane massacre 7.4 Cumbria shootings 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Legislation 11.1 Relevant acts of Parliament 11.2 2008 European Directive 12 External links Shooting sports ( edit ) Shooting sports split into different categories in the UK between target shooting , clay pigeon shooting , pest control , and hunting . Sports , once a relatively elitist activity , have become far more popular in modern times amongst people from all walks of life . A lot of current civilian rifle clubs trace their history to the ' volunteers ' of the middle 19th century , raised locally among the gentry to afford some readiness to counter the constant threat of invasion by Napoleon III . These volunteer organisations and military shooting clubs developed over time into civilian clubs as the volunteer organisations were incorporated into the Territorial Army . The rise in popularity in the civilian clubs started in the late 19th and early 20th centuries , especially fullbore rifle events sponsored by the military and National Rifle Association of the United Kingdom to improve the general standard of marksmanship under the auspices of Defence of the Realm . Impact of firearm legislation ( edit ) In 2012 the Home Office reported that , `` in 2010 / 11 , firearms were involved in 11,227 recorded offences in England and Wales , the seventh consecutive annual fall '' . Firearms statistics in England and Wales include airguns and imitation guns , which make up a high proportion of these recorded offences ( see under `` Firearms crime '' below ) . However , this was a return to the levels seen prior to the legislation in 1997 . Fully automatic ( submachine - guns , etc . ) are `` prohibited weapons '' and require explicit permission from central government to permit ownership . Generally , such permits are not available to private citizens . Semi-automatic rifles over . 22 in ( 5.6 mm ) and pistols are similarly `` prohibited '' , although there are exceptions for short barrelled breech - loading semi-automatic and revolver pistols for use for the humane dispatch of animals ( classed under section 5 ) . There are also very limited exceptions for pistols both to preserve firearms of historic or technical interest ( classed as section 7 firearms ) and to enable use by elite sports teams . Semi-automatic shotguns are restricted to a magazine capacity of no more than two shot and is held under section 2 of the Firearms Act , although a ' multi-shot ' shotgun can be owned under section 1 ( restricted firearms and ammunition ) of the Firearms Act . Where the term ' multi-shot ' is used , this refers to either a Semi-automatic or pump action shotgun with no restriction on magazine capacity . All other rifles and their ammunition are permitted with no limits as to magazine size , to include : target shooting , hunting , and historic and muzzle - loading weapons , as well as long barrelled breachloading pistols with a specific overall length , but not for self - defence ; however if a home - owner is threatened they may be used in self - defence , so long as the force is reasonable . Shotgun possession and use is controlled , and even low - power air rifles and pistols , while permitted , are controlled to some extent . A Firearm Certificate issued by the police is required for all weapons and ammunition except air weapons of modest power ( of muzzle energy not over 12 ft ⋅ lbf ( 16 J ) for rifles , and 6 ft ⋅ lbf ( 8.1 J ) for pistols ) . Shotguns with a capacity of three rounds or less ( up to guns with a magazine holding no more than two rounds , in addition to one in the chamber ) are subject to less stringent licensing requirements than other firearms and require a shotgun certificate ; shotguns with higher capacity require a Firearm Certificate . Possession of a live firearms round can lead to severe penalties . Live firearms ammunition , other than most shotgun ammunition , may only be purchased and possessed with the authority of a Firearm Certificate . Shotgun cartridges can be possessed by anybody over the age of 15 but no licence is required to hold such ammunition so long as the cartridges contain 5 or more shots . However , a licence covering possession of a firearm capable of firing shotgun ammunition is required for purchase . While Scotland has had its own parliament ( Holyrood ) since the Scotland Act 1998 , power to legislate on firearms was reserved to the Westminster Parliament , which led to tensions between the British and Scottish parliaments , with the Scottish government wanting to enact stricter laws . In Northern Ireland , possessing a firearm with a Firearm Certificate issued by the Police Service of Northern Ireland is legal . Firearms control laws in Northern Ireland are primarily regulated by the Firearms ( Northern Ireland ) Order 2004 , slightly different from the law in Great Britain . Gun licensing and legislation ( edit ) The legislation is interpreted in different ways by different police authorities . For example , some authorities allow clubs to possess long - barrelled pistols for members to use , and allow members who own them to allow other members to use them . Other authorities place the condition that only the owner may fire them ; it is considered an offence for anyone else to even touch the firearm . This effectively requires members each to own their own pistol . In 2002 the Home Office issued firearms law guidance to the police , a 212 - page long document . A revised version was published in October 2013 . In 2012 the British Shooting Sports Council believed that the law needed to be consolidated , but did not call for a review . Classifications of firearms ( edit ) Rifles ( edit ) UK law defines a `` rifle '' as a rifled firearm with a barrel longer than 30 cm ( 12 in ) , and a total length longer than 60 cm ( 24 in ) that does not fall under the classification of long - barrelled revolver or pistol . Single - shot , bolt - action , Martini - action , lever - action ( also called under - lever action ) and revolver rifles and carbines are permitted , with certificate , in any calibre . Self - loading ( also known as semi-automatic ) or pump - action rifles are only permitted in . 22 rimfire calibre . Pistols ( edit ) The 1997 law did not ban pistols as such and was drafted in terms of small firearms . British law defines a `` pistol '' as a firearm with a barrel shorter than 30 cm ( 12 in ) or a total length of less than 60 cm ( 24 in ) ( this definition encompasses revolvers , revolving pistols ) . Only muzzle - loading pistols -- including muzzle - loading revolvers -- are permitted ; in practice all such firearms use black powder -- a Class 1 explosive -- as the propellant . Small quantities of muzzle - loading pistols and revolvers in various calibres , which comply with the regulations , are manufactured . All other pistols are prohibited in Great Britain , with some exceptions such as pistols used for the humane dispatch of injured animals ( such as deer ) and some historical firearms . Specific models of blank - firing starting pistol that are `` readily convertible '' to fire live ammunition can also be banned . The Bruni Olympic . 380 BBM blank - firing revolver was banned in 2010 on evidence that it was being illegally converted . Long - barrelled revolvers and pistols ( edit ) `` Long - barrelled revolvers '' and `` long - barrelled pistols '' meeting specified criteria are not classified as small , and hence prohibited , firearms ; it is legal , with a Firearm Certificate , to possess them . The barrel must be at least 30 cm ( 12 in ) long , and the firearm at least 60 cm ( 24 in ) long , which can be achieved by having a permanently attached extension to the grip or butt of the firearm . Long - barrelled single - shot firearms of any calibre , and semi-automatic pistols of . 22 rimfire calibres , are permitted with FAC . Target pistols ( edit ) Pistol shooting for sporting purposes has been effectively banned since 1997 , although a temporary exemption was made for competitors to bring Section 5 firearms into the UK for the 2002 Commonwealth Games . This exemption only applied to the Games period and Home Nation pistol shooters had to train abroad prior to the Games . Ahead of the 2012 Olympic Games , Tessa Jowell ( Minister for the Olympics ) and the Home Secretary agreed to use Home Office powers to issue a small number of Section 5 Permits to elite pistol shooters nominated by British Shooting . With Glasgow winning the right to host the 2014 Commonwealth Games , this arrangement was continued after the 2012 Olympics , with a small number of UK ranges licensed for Section 5 shooting . A few models of single - shot . 22 calibre free pistol , as used in the 50 m Olympic ' Free Pistol ' match , have been produced to meet the `` long - barrelled pistol '' conditions . Some free pistols have removable stabiliser bars extending backwards to improve stability ; the UK - legal models have been made with non-removable stabilisers to extend the dimensions , instead of contrived and non-functional grip extensions . Examples are the single - shot Pardini K22 Longarm and the Westlake Britarms Long Pistol , a permitted . 22 LR five - shot semi-automatic pistol . Shotguns ( edit ) Single , double or triple - barrelled shotguns , or those with a lever - action or , pump - action , or semi-automatic and fixed magazine capacity of no more than three ( 2 in the magazine and one in the chamber ) cartridges are permitted on a Shotgun Certificate . Shotguns with a detachable magazine or larger fixed magazine are permitted on a Section 1 Firearm Certificate . Types of shotgun ammunition , such as solid slugs can only be bought following the grant of an FAC ( Firearm Certificate ) . There is no limit on the number of guns or amount of ammunition that a SGC ( shotgun certificate ) holder can acquire or possess at one time , although each shotgun is recorded on the certificates . Airguns ( edit ) See also : Air gun laws § United Kingdom Airguns are firearms like any other according to the definition given in the Firearms Act 1968 at section 57 ( 1 ) . However , they are exempt from the requirement that a Firearm Certificate or Shotgun Certificate need be obtained to possess or acquire them provided that they meet certain limits as to their power . Air pistols with a muzzle energy not exceeding 6 foot - pounds force ( 8.1 joules ) and other airguns with a muzzle energy not exceeding 12 ft ⋅ lbf ( 16 J ) do not require a certificate and may be acquired , purchased and possessed by anyone over the age of 18 and who is not a prohibited person as specified in section 21 of the Act which relates to persons previously convicted of crime . The UK Violent Crime Reduction Act 2006 controls online or mail - order sales of airguns by way of trade or business ; transactions must be finalised face - to - face although the contract of sale may take place at a distance . The airgun may be sent by the seller to a Registered Firearms Dealer ( who will act as the sellers agent in the sale ) from whom the gun may be collected by the purchaser . The same Act introduced the requirement that a person selling airguns or ammunition for airguns by way of trade or business be a Registered Firearms Dealer . It is not an offence for a private individual to sell an airgun to another person as long as both parties are not legally barred from possessing airguns and the transaction does not constitute a business activity . It became a crime to fire an air weapon beyond the boundary of any premises without the occupier 's permission , and increased the lower age limit for buying or possessing an air weapon to 18 years . From 10 February 2011 The Crime & Security Act 2010 ( S. 46 ) made it an offence `` ... for a person in possession of an air weapon to fail to take reasonable precautions to prevent any person under the age of eighteen from having the weapon with him ... '' . Any person who is in a building or is on land as a trespasser whilst having a firearm with them commits the offence of trespassing with a firearm . It is immaterial whether or not they have any ammunition with them at the time or whether they actually intend to use it at the place in which they were trespassing . Ammunition ( edit ) Explosive , incendiary , noxious ( biological , chemical ) and armour piercing ammunition types are `` prohibited '' for civilians . Expanding ammunition is not only permitted but a legal requirement for deer stalking . Holders of a FAC for the purpose of ( game ) shooting or deer - stalking are required to have authorisation to acquire and possess expanding ammunition noted on it . The amount of ammunition allowed for purchase and possession is determined by conditions stated on an FAC . Prohibited firearms ( edit ) The following are generally prohibited : Fully automatic or burst - fire weapons , which may include some air guns . Semi-automatic or pump - action rifles that fire centre - fire ammunition ( e.g. Colt AR - 15 , L1A1 ) Cartridge ammunition handguns , regardless of calibre Firearms disguised as another item ( e.g. walking sticks , mobile telephones , etc . ) Rockets and mortars . Air guns chambered for self - contained gas cartridges . ( Existing owners prior to 20 January 2004 were allowed ownership subject to obtaining a firearm certificate ) Any weapon of whatever description designed or adapted for the discharge of any noxious liquid , gas or other substance . This would generally include stun guns , or electric shock devices , CS gas ( tear gas ) , OC spray ( pepper spray ) , etc ... Cattle prods would not generally be included , but it would depend on the type . Firearms which previously fell into a prohibited category , but have been converted to an otherwise permitted form . For example , a pistol which is adapted by permanently fitting a 60 - centimetre ( 24 in ) long smooth - bore barrel to it does not thereby become permitted . Firearm licensing ( edit ) With a few specialised exceptions , all firearms in the United Kingdom must be licensed on either a 5 - year firearm certificate ( FAC ) or a shotgun certificate ( SGC ) issued by the police for the area in which they normally reside . Each certificate can list multiple firearms , and the certificate remains valid until expiry even if all the listed firearms were subsequently banned . Shotguns ( Section 2 Firearms under the 1968 Act as amended ) are defined in UK law as smoothbore firearms with barrels not shorter than 24 inches ( 61 cm ) and a bore not larger than 2 inches ( 5.1 cm ) in diameter , no revolving cylinder , and either no magazine or a non-detachable magazine that is not capable of holding more than two cartridges , plus one in the chamber ; shotguns with higher capacity require a firearm certificate . Shotguns thus defined are subject to a less rigorous certification process than for the full FAC ; an applicant is not required by law to make a good case for being granted a certificate , but the police may withhold a certificate if they consider that the applicant does not have satisfactory security in place , or granting it would constitute a danger to public safety or to the peace . A certificate holder may possess as many shotguns as can be securely stored . When applying for a firearm certificate , justification must be provided to the police for each firearm , and they are individually listed on the certificate by type , calibre , and serial number . A shotgun certificate similarly lists type , calibre and serial number , but permits possession of as many shotguns as can be safely accommodated . To gain permission for a new firearm , a `` variation '' must be sought , for a fee , unless the variation is made at the time of renewal , or unless it constitutes a one - for - one replacement of an existing firearm that will be disposed of . The certificate also sets out , by calibre , the maximum quantities of ammunition someone may possess at any one time , and is used to record ammunition purchases ( except where ammunition is bought to use immediately on a range under s11 or s15 of the Firearms Act ) . To obtain a firearm certificate , the police must be satisfied that a person has `` good reason '' to own each firearm , and that they can be trusted with it `` without danger to the public safety or to the peace '' . Under Home Office guidelines , Firearm Certificates are only issued if a person has legitimate sporting , collecting , or work - related reasons for ownership . Since 1968 , self - defence has not been considered a valid reason to own a firearm . The current licensing procedure involves : positive verification of identity , two referees of verifiable good character who have known the applicant for at least two years ( and who may themselves be interviewed and / or investigated as part of the certification ) , approval of the application by the applicant 's own family doctor , an inspection of the premises and cabinet where firearms will be kept and a face - to - face interview by a Firearms Enquiry Officer ( FEO ) also known as a Firearms Liaison Officer ( FLO ) . A thorough background check of the applicant is then made by Special Branch on behalf of the firearms licensing department . Only when all these stages have been satisfactorily completed will a licence be issued , which must be renewed every 5 years . Any person who has been sentenced to between three months and three years in prison is automatically prohibited from possessing firearms ( including airguns ) and ammunition for five years from release . A person who has been sentenced to more than three years is prohibited for life . Application may be made to a court to reverse these prohibitions and this is likely to be successful in relation to convictions for crimes which do not relate to a person 's fitness to possess firearms . Similarly , persons applying for licences with recent , serious mental health issues will also be refused a certificate . Any person holding a Firearm or Shotgun Certificate must comply with strict conditions regarding such things as safe storage . These storage arrangements are checked by the police before a licence is first granted , and on every renewal of the licence . In the case of a firearm certificate the issuing police force may impose additional conditions over and above the statutory ones . However any condition appended to a certificate must be reasonable and must not be of such a restrictive nature as would amount to a constructive refusal to grant the certificate by making use so unlikely as to be practically impossible . Failure to comply with any of these conditions can result in criminal prosecution resulting in a prison sentence of up to six months . Revocation of the certificate is also possible , depending upon the nature of the breach . A visitors permit is available for possession of firearms without certificate by visitors to the UK . The penalty for possession of any type of firearm without a certificate is a maximum of 14 years in prison and an unlimited fine . The penalty for section 5 categories of firearm is subject to a mandatory minimum of five years . ( Although the sentencing judge has discretion to depart from the minimum sentence if there are `` exceptional circumstances '' ) . The Violent Crime Reduction Act 2006 increased restrictions on the use , possession , sale and manufacture of both airguns and imitation firearms . Northern Ireland ( edit ) More than 100,000 people in Northern Ireland ( approximately 5.7 % of the population ) own firearms , having 380,000 among them . Gun control laws in Northern Ireland are less restrictive than gun laws in Great Britain due to the Good Friday Agreement , allowing Northern Ireland to govern itself and pass less restrictive laws . Gun laws in Northern Ireland are primarily affected by the Firearms ( Northern Ireland ) Order 2004 . Under the new law , first - time buyers will be required to demonstrate they can be trusted with the firearm . It will be up to firearms dealers selling the products to tell new buyers , and those upgrading their firearms , about the safety procedures . Firearm possessors in Northern Ireland must not transport their firearms to Great Britain . All gun owners in Northern Ireland are required to apply for a Firearm Certificate to possess firearms . Permits are normally issued to anyone who has good reason to possess firearms , such as target shooting , hunting , and personal protection . Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom where personal protection is accepted as a legitimate reason to obtain and own a firearm and is the only part where handguns are permitted . Semi-automatic rifles are only permitted when chambered in . 22 calibre ( with certain exceptions ) . Handguns and Shotguns are permitted in any calibre . There is no limit on magazine capacity for rifles and handguns , and the magazine limit for shotguns is 2 rounds . In the countryside , people will often open carry loaded rifles and shotguns . A firearm certificate for a personal protection weapon will only be authorised where the Police Service of Northern Ireland deems there is a ' verifiable specific risk ' to the life of an individual and that the possession of a firearm is a reasonable , proportionate and necessary measure to protect their life . Permits for personal protection also allow the holder to carry their firearms concealed . Scotland ( edit ) This section has been nominated to be checked for its neutrality . Discussion of this nomination can be found on the talk page . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Gun laws in Scotland differ in some details from those in the rest of the UK . However , in terms of licensing they are , currently , identical to the rest of Great Britain . A firearms certificate is required to purchase firearms , and a separate shotgun certificate is required for shotguns . The guiding laws for firearms in Scotland are the Firearms ( Scotland ) Rules 1989 and the Firearms Act ( 1968 ) . All handguns , semi-automatic and pump - action non-rim - fire rifles are prohibited . A few pistols are licensed on a Firearm Certificate for exactly the same reasons as the rest of Great Britain . There are only 566 licensed handgun owners in Scotland . Air weapon licensing ( edit ) In 2006 , Glasgow politician Tommy Sheridan of the political party Solidarity launched a consultation to restrict possession of air guns , highlighting recent cases including the death of toddler Andrew Morton but the Scottish Parliament did not have the power to ban airguns at the time so any measures would have needed to be formally approved by Westminster . Around this time , the media gave some exposure to growing public desire to have air guns banned or regulated , particularly from the parents of a child that died after being struck in the head by a pellet in Easterhouse , a suburb of east Glasgow . The child was said to have had a skull only two millimetres thick at the point of impact . MSPs such as Kenny Macaskill have claimed Scotland has a problem with air gun violence . However official figures show that out of the estimated 500,000 airguns in Scotland there were only 195 offences a ratio of less than 0.04 % . Not all of these offences have been linked to violence with many being minor . The Commission on Scottish Devolution when implemented gave the Scottish Parliament powers to regulate air guns . On 14 December 2012 , a consultation was launched to investigate proposals for licensing air weapons in Scotland . The Scottish Cabinet Secretary for Justice foreword in the consultation paper ( titled Proposals for Licensing Air Weapons in Scotland ) stated that the regional government `` ( does ) not intend to ban air weapons outright , but ( does ) not think that it is appropriate in our modern Scotland that there can be up to half a million unregistered , uncontrolled and often forgotten firearms ( however , air weapons are not considered ' firearms ' under the law ) in circulation '' . It stated an aim to `` ensure that only those people with a legitimate reason for owning and using an airgun should have access to them in the future , and that they are properly licensed and accounted for '' . In 2011 / 12 there were 195 offences involving air weapons in Scotland , compared to 3,554 in England and Wales . The consultation closed in March 2013 with 1,101 responses , 87 % of which were opposed to the principle of licensing air weapons . In July 2013 , Shooting UK reported that a petition against the introduction of air weapon licensing in Scotland had so far gained 14,193 signatures . Petition founder Dave Ewing -- who was due to appear before the Scottish Parliament 's Public Petitions Committee in September -- was reported as being pleased with the response to date , but that , `` it is very important for people to continue signing and showing support , as the shooting community must pull together to defend our rights ... Every single law - abiding person that is deterred from shooting due to overly restrictive laws or unfair financial hurdles weakens ( the shooting ) community . '' BASC and the Scottish Gamekeepers ' Association ( SGA ) is also supporting the petition , with the SGA 's George Macdonald saying : `` Responsible people object to having legislation forced upon them where there is no demonstrable need . The statistics for misuse of an airgun are very low . '' As of 31 December 2016 , it is a requirement to hold an airgun certificate in Scotland to possess a sub 12 ft / lb air rifle or sub 6 ft / lb air pistol . There are some exceptions for current FAC and SGC holders in that they may hold an air rifle on their current certificate and apply to add it / them when next renewing their FAC or SGC . Firearms legislation in the United Kingdom ( edit ) Many laws and amendments governing possession and use of firearms have been enacted over the years ; see Firearms Act # United Kingdom for a more complete list . Following the assassination of William of Orange in 1584 with a concealed wheellock pistol , Queen Elizabeth I , fearing assassination by Roman Catholics , banned possession of wheellock pistols near a royal palace in 1594 . There were growing concerns in the 16th century over the use of guns and crossbows . Four acts were imposed to restrict their use . The Bill of Rights restated the ancient rights of the people to bear arms by reinstating the right of Protestants to have arms after they had been illegally disarmed by James II . It follows closely the Declaration of Rights made in Parliament in February 1689 . The Bill of Rights text declares that `` That the Subjects which are Protestants may have Arms for their Defence suitable to their Conditions and as allowed by Law '' . `` Whereas the late King James the Second , by the Assistance of divers evil Counsellors , Judges , and Ministers , employed by Him , did endeavour to subvert and extirpate the Protestant Religion , and the Laws and Liberties of this Kingdom ... ( b ) y assuming and exercising a Power of dispensing with and suspending of Laws , and the Execution of Laws , without Consent of Parliament ... ( b ) y causing several good Subjects , being Protestants , to be disarmed , at the same Time when Papists were both armed and employed contrary to Law ... ( a ) ll which are utterly and directly contrary to the known Laws and Statutes and Freedom of this Realm ... the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons , pursuant to their respective Letters and Elections , being now assembled in a full and free Representative of this Nation , taking into their most serious Consideration the best Means for attaining the Ends aforesaid , do in the First Place ( as their Ancestors in like Case have usually done ) , for the vindicating and asserting their ancient Rights and Liberties , Declare , ... That the Subjects which are Protestants may have Arms for their Defence , suitable to their Condition , and as allowed by Law . The rights of English subjects and , after 1707 , British subjects , to possess arms was recognised under English common law . Sir William Blackstone 's Commentaries on the Laws of England , were highly influential and were used as a reference and text book for English Common Law . In his Commentaries , Blackstone described the right to arms . The fifth and last auxiliary right of the subject , that I shall at present mention , is that of having arms for their defence , suitable to their condition and degree , and such as are allowed by law . Which is also declared by the same statute I W. & M. st. 2 . c. 2 . and is indeed a public allowance , under due restrictions , of the natural right of resistance and self - preservation , when the sanctions of society and laws are found insufficient to restrain the violence of oppression . Formerly , this same British common law applied to the UK and Australia , and until 1791 to the colonies in North America that became the United States . The right to keep and bear arms had originated in England during the reign of Henry II with the 1181 Assize of Arms , and developed as part of common law . After the Jacobite rebellions of 1715 and 1745 , harsh laws providing , amongst other things , for disarming the Highlands of Scotland , were enacted by the Parliament of Great Britain : the Disarming Acts of 1716 and 1725 , and the Act of Proscription 1746 . The first British firearm controls were introduced as part of the Vagrancy Act 1824 , which was set up in a reaction against the large number of people roaming the country with weapons brought back from the Napoleonic wars . It allowed the police to arrest `` any person with any gun , pistol , hanger ( dagger ) , cutlass , bludgeon or other offensive weapon ... with intent to commit a felonious act '' . It was followed by the Night Poaching Act 1828 and Night Poaching Act 1844 , the Game Act 1831 , and the Poaching Prevention Act 1862 , which made it an offence to shoot game illegally by using a firearm . Gun licence notice from 1870 The Gun Licence Act 1870 was created to raise revenue . It required a person to obtain a licence to carry a gun outside his own property for any reason . A licence was not required to buy a gun . The licences cost 10 shillings ( equivalent to about £ 31 in 2005 ) , lasted one year and could be bought over the counter at Post Offices . Pistols Act 1903 ( edit ) The Pistols Act 1903 was the first to place restrictions on the sale of firearms . Titled `` An Act to regulate the sale and use of Pistols or other Firearms '' , it was short , with just nine sections , and applied solely to pistols . It defined a pistol as a firearm whose barrel did not exceed 9 in ( 230 mm ) in length and made it illegal to sell or rent a pistol to anyone who could not produce a current gun licence or game licence , were exempt from the Gun Licence Act , could prove that they planned to use the pistol on their own property , or had a statement signed by a police officer of Inspector 's rank or above or a Justice of the Peace to the effect that they were about to go abroad for six months or more . The Act was more or less ineffective , as anyone wishing to buy a pistol commercially merely had to purchase a licence on demand over the counter from a Post Office before doing so . In addition , it did not regulate private sales of such firearms . The legislators laid some emphasis on the dangers of pistols in the hands of children and drunkards and made specific provisions regarding sales to these two groups : persons under 18 could be fined 40 shillings if they bought , hired , or carried a pistol , while anyone who sold a pistol to such a person could be fined £ 5 . Anyone who sold a pistol to someone who was `` intoxicated or of unsound mind '' was liable to a fine of £ 25 or 3 months ' imprisonment with hard labour . However , it was not an offence under the Act to give or lend a pistol to anyone belonging to the two groups . Firearms Act 1920 ( edit ) The Firearms Act 1920 was partly spurred by fears of a possible surge in crime from the large number of firearms available following World War I and also fears of working - class unrest in this period . `` An Act to amend the law relating to firearms and other weapons and ammunition '' , its main stated aim was to enable the government to control the overseas arms trade and so fulfill its commitment to the 1919 Paris Arms Convention . The ongoing Anglo - Irish War may also have been a factor , as Britain and Ireland were at that time still in union with each other at the time , and the Act also applied to Ireland . It required anyone wanting to purchase or possess a firearm or ammunition to obtain a firearm certificate . The certificate , which lasted for three years , specified not only the firearm but also the amount of ammunition the holder could buy or possess . Local chief constables decided who could obtain a certificate and had the power to exclude anyone of `` intemperate habits '' or `` unsound mind '' , or anyone considered `` ... for any reason unfitted to be trusted with firearms '' . Applicants for certificates also had to convince the police that they had a good reason for needing a certificate . The law did not affect smooth - bore guns , which were available for purchase without any form of paperwork . The penalty for violating the Act was a fine of up to £ 50 or `` imprisonment with or without hard labour for a term not exceeding three months '' , or both . The right of individuals to bear arms had previously been , in the words of the 1689 Bill of Rights , `` as allowed by law '' . The 1920 Act made this right conditional upon the Home Secretary and the police . A series of classified Home Office directives defined for the benefit of chief constables what constituted good reason to grant a certificate . They originally included self - defence . As the 1920 Act did not prevent criminals from obtaining firearms illegally , in 1933 the Firearms and Imitation Firearms ( Criminal Use ) Bill was submitted to Parliament . It increased the punishment for the use of a gun in the commission of a crime and made it an offence punishable by up to 14 years ' imprisonment for anyone to `` attempt to make use '' of any firearm or imitation firearm to resist arrest . Possession of a real or imitation firearm was also made an offence unless the possessor could show he had it for `` a lawful object '' . Firearms Act 1937 ( edit ) The Firearms Act 1937 incorporated various modifications to the 1920 Act based on the recommendations of a 1934 committee chaired by Sir Archibald Bodkin . The resulting legislation raised the minimum age for buying a firearm or airgun from 14 to 17 , extended controls to shotguns and other smooth - bore weapons with barrels shorter than 20 in ( 510 mm ) ( later raised by the Firearms Act 1968 to 24 in ( 610 mm ) , transferred certificates for machine guns to military oversight , regulated gun dealers , and granted chief constables the power to add conditions to individual Firearms Certificates . The same year , the Home Secretary ruled that self - defence was no longer a suitable reason for applying for a firearm certificate and directed police to refuse such applications on the grounds that `` firearms can not be regarded as a suitable means of protection and may be a source of danger '' . Firearms Act 1968 ( edit ) The Firearms Act 1968 brought together all existing firearms legislation in a single statute . Disregarding minor changes , it formed the legal basis for British firearms control policy until the Firearms ( Amendment ) Act 1988 was put through Parliament in the aftermath of the 1987 Hungerford massacre . For the first time , it introduced controls for long - barrelled shotguns , in the form of Shotgun Certificates that , like Firearm Certificates , were issued by an area 's chief constable in England , Scotland , and Wales . While applicants for Firearms Certificates had to show a good reason for possessing the firearm or ammunition , it did not apply to Shotgun Certificates . Firearms had to be locked up , with ammunition stored and locked in a different cabinet . This was introduced after the 1973 Green Paper , which advocated more controls on firearms . The Act also prohibited the possession of firearms or ammunition by criminals who had been sentenced to imprisonment ; those sentenced to three months to three years imprisonment were banned from possessing firearms or ammunition for five years , while those sentenced to longer terms were banned for life . However , an application could be made to have the prohibition removed . The Act was accompanied by an amnesty ; many older weapons were handed in to the police . It has remained a feature of British policing that from time - to - time a brief firearms amnesty is declared . The firearms ( Amendment ) Act 1988 ( edit ) In the aftermath of the Hungerford massacre , Parliament passed the Firearms ( Amendment ) Act 1988 . This confined semi-automatic and pump - action centre - fire rifles , military weapons firing explosive ammunition , short shotguns that had magazines , and elevated both pump - action and self - loading rifles to the Prohibited category . Registration and secure storage of shotguns held on Shotgun Certificates became required , and shotguns with more than a 2 + 1 capacity came to need a Firearm Certificate . The law also introduced new restrictions on shotguns . Rifles in . 22 rimfire and semi-automatic pistols were unaffected . 1997 firearms ( Amendment ) acts ( edit ) Following the Dunblane massacre , the government passed the Firearms ( Amendment ) Act 1997 and the Firearms ( Amendment ) ( No. 2 ) Act 1997 , defining `` short firearms '' as Section 5 Prohibited Weapons , which effectively banned private possession of handguns almost completely . Exceptions to the ban include muzzle - loading guns , pistols of historic interest ( such as pistols used in notable crimes , rare prototypes , unusual serial numbers , guns forming part of a collection ) , guns used for starting sporting events , signal pistols , pistols that are of particular aesthetic interest ( such as engraved or jewelled guns ) and shot pistols for pest control . Under certain circumstances , individuals may be issued a PPW ( Personal Protection Weapon ) licence . Even the UK 's Olympic shooters fell under this ban ; shooters could only train in Northern Ireland , the Channel Islands , the Isle of Man , or outside the UK ( in Switzerland , in practice ) . Prior to the 2012 London Olympics , British Shooting negotiated an agreement with the Home Office to issue Section 5 Permits to a limited number of nominated elite athletes , allowing them to keep pistols and train on the UK Mainland at nominated `` Section 5 Ranges '' . This agreement was renewed following the Olympics and Section 5 Permits remain on issue for eligible members of the GB Squad . 162,000 pistols and 700 tons of ammunition and related equipment were handed in by an estimated 57,000 people -- 0.1 % of the population , or 1 in every 960 persons . At the time , the renewal cycle for FACs was five years , meaning that it would take six years for the full reduction of valid certificates for both large - calibre and . 22 handguns bans ( because certificates remained valid even if the holder had disposed of all their firearms ) . On 31 December 1996 , prior to the large - calibre handgun ban , there were 133,600 FACs on issue in England and Wales ; by 31 December 1997 it had fallen to 131,900 . The following year , after the . 22 handgun ban , the number stood at 131,900 . On 31 December 2001 , five years after the large calibre ban , the number had fallen to 119,600 and 117,700 the following year . This represents a net drop of 24,200 certificates . Comparable figures for Scotland show a net drop of 5,841 from 32,053 to 26,212 certificates , making a GB total net drop of 30,041 . However , while the number of certificates in England and Wales rose each year after 2002 to stand at 126,400 at 31 March 2005 ( due to a change in reporting period ) , those in Scotland remained relatively static , standing at 26,538 at 31 December 2005 . Violent Crime Reduction Act 2006 ( edit ) This act mainly impacted upon firearms legislation by creating minimum sentences for some firearms offences , regulating the sale of primers and provisions relating to imitation firearms . From 6 April 2007 the sale and transfer of new `` air weapons '' by mail order ( `` by way of trade or business '' ) became an offence ( they may still be purchased in person ) , as well as the sale of primers , and realistic imitation firearms ( RIFs ) . The only exceptions are for the purposes of military and historical reenactment , media & theatre production , paintballing and Airsoft as a sport . This has affected Airsoft in the UK by restricting the sale , import and purchase of airsoft replicas to individuals entitled to a specific defence , e.g. members of an organised airsoft site holding permitted activities with third - party liability insurance cover or re-enactors . The 2012 Olympics ( edit ) Following the awarding of the 2012 Olympic Games to London , the government announced that special dispensation would be granted to allow the various shooting events to be held , as had been the case previously for the 2002 Commonwealth Games . Further dispensations allowed foreign participants in shooting events to train in the UK , even though it remained illegal for native pistol shooters to train in England , Scotland or Wales . Controversially , shooting events for the Games were held at a temporary facilities at the Royal Artillery Barracks in Woolwich , with the cost of £ 42 million including their subsequent demolition . Shooting sports bodies and some politicians argued that the money would have been better spent on the lasting legacy that would be gained by refurbishing and upgrading permanent facilities at the National Shooting Centre at Bisley , which would have cost a maximum of £ 30 million . Firearms Crime ( edit ) A Home Office study published in 2007 reported that gun crime in England and Wales remained a relatively rare event . Firearms ( including air guns ) were used in 21,521 recorded crimes . It said that injury caused during a firearm offence was rare , with fewer than 3 % of offences resulting in a serious or fatal injury . In the year Apr 2015 to Mar 2016 there were 8,399 recorded offences involving firearms , broken down as follows . By weapon type : Long - barrelled shotgun = 261 Sawn - off shotgun = 150 Handgun = 2,157 Rifle = 48 Imitation firearm = 1,431 Unidentified firearm = 666 Other firearm = 469 Air weapons = 3,217 Only those items proven to be `` imitations '' ( which includes BB / soft air types ) or air weapons are classed as such , otherwise they are placed by default in the main `` live '' categories , e.g. an imitation pistol not proven to be such would be counted as a live `` handgun . '' `` Other firearm '' includes CS gas ( 65 crimes ) , pepper spray ( 72 ) , and stun guns ( 200 ) . By crime type : Violence against the person : Homicide = 27 Attempted murder / GBH with intent = 579 Other = 1,655 Robbery = 1,551 Burglary = 113 Criminal damage = 2,449 ( 2,162 of which involved air weapons ) Other = 2025 The long - term trend in the use of firearms in crime in England and Wales show consistent falls between 2003 / 04 and 2013 / 14 for both non-air weapons and air weapons , with a slight rise between 2014 / 15 and 2015 / 16 : Year Non-air weapons Air weapons Total 7,243 6,098 13,341 7,730 6,337 14,067 6,002 7,165 13,167 1995 5,866 7,568 13,434 6,063 7,813 13,876 4,904 7,506 12,410 1997 / 98 4,904 7,506 12,410 1998 / 99 5,209 8,665 13,874 1999 / 00 6,843 10,103 16,946 2000 / 01 7,471 10,227 17,698 2001 / 02 10,024 12,377 22,401 2002 / 03 10,248 13,822 24,070 2003 / 04 10,338 13,756 24,094 2004 / 05 11,069 11,824 22,893 2005 / 06 11,088 10,438 21,526 2006 / 07 9,645 8,836 18,481 2007 / 08 9,865 7,478 17,343 2008 / 09 8,199 6,041 14,240 2009 / 10 8,082 4,931 13,013 2010 / 11 7,040 4,295 11,335 2011 / 12 6,022 3,510 9,532 2012 / 13 5,158 2,977 8,135 2013 / 14 4,856 2,872 7,729 2014 / 15 4,911 2,954 7,865 2015 / 16 5,182 3,217 8,399 The number of fatal firearms injuries in England and Wales by year is : Year Fatal firearm injuries 1998 / 99 49 1999 / 00 62 2000 / 01 72 2001 / 02 96 2002 / 03 80 2003 / 04 68 2004 / 05 76 2005 / 06 49 2006 / 07 56 2007 / 08 53 2008 / 09 39 2009 / 10 39 2010 / 11 58 2011 / 12 42 2012 / 13 30 2013 / 14 29 2014 / 15 19 2015 / 16 26 Spree killings and mass shootings ( edit ) Britain has had three spree killings or mass shootings since 1980 . The Hungerford massacre of 1987 , the Dunblane school massacre of 1996 , and the Cumbria shootings of 2010 . After Hungerford and Dunblane , firearms legislation was amended , tightening firearms restrictions in the United Kingdom . The United Kingdom Gun legislation has been described by The Huffington Post as ' one of the toughest regimes in the world ' . After Hungerford , the Firearms ( Amendment ) Act 1988 criminalised most semi-automatic long - barrelled weapons ; it was generally supported by the Labour opposition although some Labour backbenchers thought it inadequate . After the second incident , the Firearms ( Amendment ) Act 1997 criminalised private possession of most handguns having a calibre over . 22 ; the Snowdrop Campaign continued to press for a wider ban , and in 1997 the incoming Labour government introduced the Firearms ( Amendment ) ( No. 2 ) Act was passed . This extended this to most handguns with a calibre of . 22 , excepting antique handguns and black - powder revolvers . Hungerford massacre ( edit ) Main article : Hungerford massacre On 19 August 1987 , 27 - year - old Michael Ryan , armed with two semi-automatic rifles ( a Type 56 sporter , and an M1 carbine ) , and a Beretta 92 pistol , dressed in combat fatigues and proceeded around the town of Hungerford killing 16 people , wounding fifteen and shooting himself , in what became known as the Hungerford massacre . Ryan 's collection of weapons had been legally licensed , according to the Hungerford Report . Dunblane massacre ( edit ) Main article : Dunblane massacre On 13 March 1996 , Thomas Hamilton , a 43 - year - old former scout leader who had been ousted by The Scout Association in 1974 , shot dead sixteen young children and their teacher , Gweneth Mayor , in Dunblane Primary School 's gymnasium with two Browning Hi - Power 9 × 19mm pistols and two Smith & Wesson . 357 Magnum revolvers . He then shot himself . The four handguns used in the attack were legally owned . There is a memorial to the seventeen victims in the local cemetery and a cenotaph in the cathedral . The funds raised in the aftermath of the tragedy have been used to build a new community centre for the town . Personnel of the Police Firearms Licensing Office were unaware of Hamilton 's expulsion by the Scout Association , nor were they aware of allegations made against him regarding unsavoury behaviour on a number of boy 's summer camps he had organised , allegations that would have exposed his poor character . The tragedy led to improvements in inter-departmental sharing of Police Intelligence and deeper background checks of firearm certificate applicants . After the incident , legislation was introduced in 1997 to prohibit , with some extremely specialised exemptions , `` Small firearms '' with a barrel length of less than 30 cm ( 12 in ) or an overall length of less than 60 cm ( 24 in ) . Cumbria shootings ( edit ) Main article : Cumbria shootings On 2 June 2010 , Derrick Bird , a 52 - year - old taxi driver , shot and killed 12 people and injured 11 others while driving through Cumbria . He then shot himself . Bird was a licensed firearms holder ; his weapons were a 12 gauge double - barrelled shotgun and CZ 452 - 2E ZKM . 22 - calibre bolt - action rifle . See also ( edit ) Police use of firearms in the United Kingdom ( Police ) Armed response vehicle Lobbying in the United Kingdom Firearms Enquiries Officer Fireworks law in the United Kingdom Gun politics Gun safe Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` UNODC Homicide statistics '' . United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime . Retrieved 15 March 2015 . Jump up ^ United Kingdom -- Gun Facts , Figures and the Law . Gun Policy . Jump up ^ Cambell , Duncan ( 30 August 2008 ) . `` Firearms : cheap , easy to get and on a street near you '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Daly , Max ( 2 October 2014 ) . `` Hunting For Guns '' . VICE . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Hales , Lewis , Silverstone , Gavin , Chris , Daniel ( 2006 ) . Gun crime : the market in and use of illegal firearms ( PDF ) . Home Office . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 October 2015 . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Frances Perraudin ( 28 January 2017 ) . `` Police launch murder inquiries after two men die in unrelated shootings '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` List Of Massacres in Great Britain '' . Jump up ^ `` Mass shootings and gun control '' . BBC News Online . BBC . 2 June 2010 . Retrieved 24 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Rosemary Hunter ( 16 February 2018 ) . `` We banned the guns that killed school children in Dunblane . Here 's how '' . New Statesman . Progressive Digital Media . Retrieved 24 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Home Office . `` Police use of firearms '' . National Archive . Archived from the original on 8 April 2010 . The policy in England and Wales has long been that the police should not generally be armed ... But where an operational need arises , specialist armed officers should be available to be deployed . ( as ) a rare last resort , considered only when there is a serious risk to public or police safety . Jump up ^ `` Section 5 Firearms Act : Sentencing Manual : Legal Guidance : The Crown Prosecution Service '' . Cps.gov.uk. 22 January 2004 . Archived from the original on 5 October 2012 . Retrieved 18 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Waldren , p. 222 Jump up ^ `` Homicides , Firearm Offences and Intimate Violence 2010 / 11 : '' . Homicides , Firearm Offences and Intimate Violence 2010 / 11 : . Table 2C : Home Office . p. 63 . Jump up ^ `` Police use of firearms statistics , England and Wales - April 2016 to March 2017 '' . Gov.uk . Home Office . Retrieved 23 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Target Shooting '' . Basc.org.uk . Archived from the original on 25 November 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Game Shooting '' . Basc.org.uk . Archived from the original on 4 August 2012 . Retrieved 6 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NRA -- NSC Home -- History of Bisley ( 1 ) '' . National Rifle Association . Jump up ^ `` Statistical News Release - ' Homicides , Firearm Offences and Intimate Violence 2010 / 11 : Supplementary Volume 2 to Crime in England and Wales 2010 / 11 '' . 2012 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Firearms Act 1968 '' . www.legislation.gov.uk . Jump up ^ `` Firearms ( Amendment ) Act 1997 '' . www.legislation.gov.uk . Jump up ^ `` Guidance on Firearms Licensing Law para 2.9 '' . Jump up ^ `` British Self Defence Governing Body -- Law Relating to Self Defence '' . www.bsdgb.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Firearms Act 1968 '' . www.legislation.gov.uk . Jump up ^ `` UK rejection over gun laws review BBC News , 2 March 2008 '' . BBC News . 2008 - 03 - 02 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Business regulation -- GOV.UK '' . www.betterregulation.gov.uk . ^ Jump up to : `` Home Office Firearms Law : Guidance To The Police '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 November 2012 . Retrieved 19 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Firearms licensing law 2016 - GOV.UK '' . www.gov.uk . Jump up ^ `` Submission to the Home Affairs Committee 's Inquiry into Firearms Controls '' ( PDF ) . British Shooting Sports Council . Jump up ^ `` British Shooting and Countryman Show website -- legal definitions and restrictions '' . Shootingshow.co.uk . Archived from the original on 25 July 2012 . Retrieved 6 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Westlake Taurus . 357 muzzle - loading revolver . A few other muzzle - loaders are listed '' . Archived from the original on 30 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Home Office reclassification of the Olympic . 380 BBM Revolver ( PDF ) Jump up ^ Correspondence between the Home Office and a firearms manufacturer Archived 30 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine. which culminates in classifying a semi-automatic . 22 long - barelled pistol as section 1 ( permitted ) rather than section 5 ( forbidden ) . Jump up ^ Fraser , Andrew ( 2005 - 08 - 19 ) . `` Shooters seek handgun law change '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` Why David Blunkett is shooting himself in the foot '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media Limited . 17 December 2001 . Archived from the original on 10 May 2014 . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` GB Pistol Shots to be allowed to train in the UK '' . ShootingUK . Time Inc . ( UK ) Ltd. 17 July 2008 . Archived from the original on 29 May 2018 . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Craig Davies ( 21 April 2015 ) . `` Tunnel Given Section 5 Licence '' . British Shooting . British Shooting . Archived from the original on 28 April 2015 . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Specification of UK - legal Pardini K22 UK Longarm free pistol '' . Targetshooting.ca. 7 December 2004 . Archived from the original on 26 April 2012 . Retrieved 6 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Westlake Britarms Long Pistol '' . Archived from the original on 10 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Firearms Act 1968 '' . www.legislation.gov.uk . ^ Jump up to : `` Firearms Act 1968 '' . www.legislation.gov.uk . Jump up ^ `` Violent Crime Reduction Act 2006 '' . www.legislation.gov.uk . Jump up ^ `` Violent Crime Reduction Act 2006 '' . www.legislation.gov.uk . Jump up ^ `` BBC : Britain 's changing firearms laws , 12 November 2007 '' . BBC News . 2007 - 11 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` UK legislation concerning the prevention of airguns falling into the hands of those under 18 years of age '' . Legislation.gov.uk. 2011 - 05 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Firearms Act 1968 '' . www.legislation.gov.uk . Jump up ^ `` Firearms Act 1968 '' . www.legislation.gov.uk . Jump up ^ `` Durham Constabulary : Prohibited Weapons '' . Archived from the original on 28 November 2010 . Retrieved 31 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Prohibited Weapons Defined by section 5 Firearms Act 1968 as Amended '' . Jump up ^ Metropolitan Police . `` Metropolitan Police , Firearms Licensing , Frequently Asked Questions ( including duration of licence ) '' . Met.police.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Home Office Statistical Bulletin : Firearm certificates , England and Wales , 2004 / 05 ( PDF ) Jump up ^ `` How to obtain a Shotgun Certificate '' . Marple Rifle and Pistol Club . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` West Midlands Police : Firearms licensing : Good Reason '' . West Midlands Police . Archived from the original on 27 August 2013 . Retrieved 23 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Metropolitan Police . `` Metropolitan Police : Firearms Licensing -- Overseas Visitors '' . Met.police.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ David Blunkett ( 2003 - 01 - 08 ) . `` Politics Blunkett denies guns U-turn '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` Firearms : Legal Guidance : The Crown Prosecution Service '' . www.cps.gov.uk . Jump up ^ `` Violent Crime Reduction Act 2006 ( c. 38 ) '' . legislation.gov.uk. 2006 - 11 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guns in Northern Ireland : Facts , Figures and Firearm Law '' . Gunpolicy.org . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 30 . A website with many statistics on civilian and government firearm ownership country - by - country , including the UK as a whole , England , Wales , Northern Ireland , and Scotland Jump up ^ Know the Law Police Service of Northern Ireland Archived 26 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ryder , Chris ( 5 January 2003 ) . `` Ulster gun owners face weapons licence tests '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 4 May 2010 . Jump up ^ PERSONAL PROTECTION WEAPON POLICY https://www.psni.police.uk/globalassets/advice--information/our-publications/policies-and-service-procedures/policy_directive_09_06.pdf Jump up ^ `` The Firearms ( Scotland ) Rules 1989 '' . www.legislation.gov.uk . Jump up ^ `` The Firearms ( Scotland ) Rules 1989 '' . www.legislation.gov.uk . Jump up ^ Alpers , Philip . `` Guns in Scotland -- Firearms , gun law and gun control '' . www.gunpolicy.org . Jump up ^ `` Sheridan 's anti-airgun proposals '' . BBC News . 18 December 2006 . Retrieved 13 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Gentleman , Amelia ( 31 March 2010 ) . `` Regeneration ( Society ) , Society , Politics , Conservatives tories tory party , Labour , Poverty ( Society ) , Iain Duncan Smith , Communities ( Society ) , Social exclusion ( Society ) '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ `` Social Focus on Deprived Areas 2005 '' . Retrieved 13 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Toddler 's death was ' inevitable ' '' . BBC News . 5 August 2005 . Retrieved 13 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Statistical Bulletin : RECORDED CRIMES AND OFFENCES INVOLVING FIREARMS , SCOTLAND , 2011 - 12 ( PDF ) Jump up ^ Scottish Government : Proposals for Licensing Air Weapons in Scotland ( PDF ) Jump up ^ `` Air gun owners will need licence in Scotland '' . BBC News . 2012 - 12 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` ( PDF ) '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Shooting community urged to sign airgun petition -- Shooting UK '' . 10 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Airgun licensing in Scotland -- frequently asked questions -- BASC '' . BASC . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Jardine , Lisa ( 19 June 2006 ) . `` The Awful End of Prince William the Silent : The First Assassination of a Head of State with a Hand - Gun '' . Harper Perennial -- via Amazon . Jump up ^ Warlow , Tom A. ( 1996 ) . Firearms , the Law , and Forensic Ballistics . Taylor & Francis . pp. 11 -- 12 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7484 - 0432 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` House of Commons Journal 29 '' . Jump up ^ `` Bill of Rights ( 1688 ) '' . www.legislation.gov.uk . Jump up ^ William Blackstone , Commentaries on the Laws of England 136 Jump up ^ Greenwood , pp. 27 - 29 Jump up ^ Greenwood , p. 241 ^ Jump up to : Malcolm , p. 148 - 149 Jump up ^ Malcolm , p. 153 Jump up ^ Malcolm , p. 155 Jump up ^ Malcolm , p. 157 Jump up ^ Simon , Rita James ( 2001 ) . A Comparative Perspective on Major Social Problems . Lexington Books . p. 90 . ISBN 0 - 7391 - 0248 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 Firearms Amnesty '' . BBC News . 30 September 2004 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Firearms ( Amendment ) Act 1988 '' . legislation.gov.uk. 1988 - 11 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Firearms ( Amendment ) Act 1988 ( c. 45 ) - Specially dangerous weapons '' . legislation.gov.uk. 1987 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Fraser , Andrew ( 19 August 2005 ) . `` Shooters seek handgun law change '' . BBC News . Retrieved 5 January 2010 . Jump up ^ paragraph 58 ; original copy unavailable -- cached copy of Greenwood Paper ( PDF ) Jump up ^ `` Statistics Bulletin Criminal Justice Series CrJ / 2006 / 4 : Firearm Certificates Statistics , Scotland , 2005 '' . Scotland.gov.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Firearms -- Legal Guidance '' . Crown Prosecution Service . Retrieved 23 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Violent Crime Reduction Act '' . British Association of Shooting and Conservation . Retrieved 23 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Fraser , Andrew ( 19 August 2005 ) . `` Shooters seek handgun law change '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS - England - London - Shooting group wants 2012 boycott '' . news.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ( 19 March 2009 ) . `` Shooters up in arms at choice of Woolwich for London Olympics '' -- via The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Bisley faces being shot down as 2012 Olympics venue '' . Jump up ^ Home Office : Homicides , Firearm Offences and Intimate Violene 2005 / 2006 : Page 32 Archived 6 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine . ( PDF ) Jump up ^ `` Focus on violent crime and sexual offences , England and Wales -- Office for National Statistics '' . www.ons.gov.uk . ^ Jump up to : `` Appendix Tables -- focus on violent crime and sexual offences -- Office for National Statistics '' . www.ons.gov.uk . Jump up ^ Home Office : Crime in England and Wales 2003 / 2004 : Supplementary Volume 1 : Homicide and Gun Crime , Table 2b Jump up ^ Home Office : Homicides , firearm offences and intimate violence 2010 to 2011 : supplementary volume 2 to crime in England and Wales 2010 to 2011 , Table 2.02 ( PDF ) Jump up ^ Office for National Statistics : Types of violence -- offences involving firearms Jump up ^ `` Violent Crime and Sexual Offences -- Weapons , page 1 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` British Gun Laws : System One Of The World 's Toughest '' . Press Association . 2 January 2012 . Retrieved 7 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Maev Kennedy , `` Gun ban ' to cause owners a loss ' '' , The Guardian , 22 January 1988 , p. 6 . ^ Jump up to : The Public Inquiry into the Shootings at Dunblane Primary School on 13 March 1996 , 16 October 1996 . Retrieved 14 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Adam ; Watts , Alex ( 2 June 2010 ) . `` Cumbria Killing Spree : Probe Into Family Feud '' . Sky News . Archived from the original on 18 December 2012 . Retrieved 2 June 2010 . References ( edit ) Greenwood , Colin ( 1972 ) . Firearms Control : A Study of Armed Crime and Firearms Control in England and Wales . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 7100 - 7435 - 2 . Malcolm , Joyce Lee ( 2002 ) . Guns and Violence : The English Experience . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 01608 - 4 . Waldren , Michael J. ( 2007 ) . Armed Police , The Police Use of Firearms since 1945 . England : Sutton . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 4637 - 7 . Utterley , Sandra ( 2006 ) . Dunblane Unburied . BookPublishingWorld . ISBN 1905553056 . Legislation ( edit ) Relevant acts of Parliament ( edit ) Information in the following references is released under Crown Copyright by the Office of Public Sector Information . This allows reproduction free of charge in any format or medium provided it is reproduced accurately and not used in a misleading context . Gun Barrel Proof Act 1868 Firearms Act 1920 Firearms Act 1934 Firearms Act 1936 Firearms Act 1937 Firearms ( Amendment ) Act 1988 ( c. 45 ) Statutory Instrument 1989 No. 853 ( C. 23 ) - The Firearms ( Amendment ) Act 1988 ( Commencement No. 2 ) Order 1989 Statutory Instrument 1989 No. 854 - The Firearms Rules 1989 Statutory Instrument 1989 No. 889 ( S. 90 ) - The Firearms ( Scotland ) Rules 1989 Firearms ( Amendment ) Act 1992 ( c. 31 ) Statutory Instrument 1992 No. 2823 - The Firearms Acts ( Amendment ) Regulations 1992 Firearms ( Amendment ) Act 1994 Statutory Instrument 1994 No. 2615 - The Firearms ( Variation of Fees ) Order 1994 Firearms ( Amendment ) Act 1997 Firearms ( Amendment ) ( No. 2 ) Act 1997 Statutory Instrument 2002 No. 127 - The Firearms ( Amendment ) Act 1988 ( Firearms Consultative Committee ) Order 2002 Firearms ( Northern Ireland ) Order 2004 No. 7 Draft Statutory Instrument 2005 No . ( N.I. ) - The Firearms ( Amendment ) ( Northern Ireland ) Order 2005 2008 European Directive ( edit ) Text of 2008 / 51 / EC External links ( edit ) British Association for Shooting and Conservation London Metropolitan Police Firearms Enquiry Team Practical Shotgun Association Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Firearms_policy_in_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=854330583 '' Categories : Firearm laws Law in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from May 2013 Use British English from May 2013 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from May 2018 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2015 Articles needing POV - check from October 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 14 : 57 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what kind of guns can you own in the uk | [
"Members of the public may own sporting rifles and shotguns, subject to licensing, but handguns were effectively banned after the Dunblane school massacre in 1996 with the exception of Northern Ireland. Dunblane was the UK's first and only school shooting. There has been one spree killing since Dunblane, the Cumbria shootings in June 2010, which involved a shotgun and a .22 calibre rifle, both legally-held. Prior to Dunblane though, there had only been one mass shooting carried out by a civilian in the entire history of Great Britain, which took place in Hungerford on 19 August 1987.[7][better source needed][8][9]\n"
] | [
"sporting rifles and shotguns"
] |
-718831195972164438 | Arizona gubernatorial election, 2018 | Arizona gubernatorial Election , 2018 - wikipedia Arizona gubernatorial Election , 2018 See also : Arizona elections , 2018 Arizona gubernatorial election , 2018 ← 2014 November 6 , 2018 2022 → Nominee Doug Ducey David Garcia Party Republican Democratic Incumbent Governor Doug Ducey Republican Elections in Arizona Federal government ( show ) Presidential elections 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Presidential primaries Democratic 2008 2016 Republican 2008 2012 2016 U.S. Senate elections 1912 1914 1916 1920 1922 1926 1928 1932 1934 1938 1940 1944 1946 1950 1952 1956 1958 1962 1964 1968 1970 1976 1980 1982 1986 1988 1992 1994 1998 2000 2006 2012 2016 2018 2020 ( special ) U.S. House elections 1992 1994 1998 2000 2002 2006 1st 8th 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 Special elections 8th district , 2012 8th district , 2018 State government ( show ) State elections 2006 2014 Gubernatorial elections 1911 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Ballot propositions 2000 203 200 204 2006 107 207 2008 102 100 203 Legislature elections 2006 Phoenix ( show ) Mayoral elections 2011 2015 Tucson ( show ) Mayoral elections 2011 The 2018 Arizona gubernatorial election will take place on November 6 , 2018 , to elect the Governor of Arizona , concurrently with the election of Arizona 's Class I U.S. Senate seat , as well as other elections to the United States Senate in other states and elections to the United States House of Representatives and various state and local elections . The primary was held on August 28 . Incumbent Republican Governor Doug Ducey is running for re-election to a second term . Contents 1 Republican primary 1.1 Candidates 1.1. 1 Nominee 1.1. 2 Eliminated in primary 1.2 Endorsements 1.3 Polling 1.4 Results 2 Democratic primary 2.1 Candidates 2.1. 1 Nominee 2.1. 2 Eliminated in primary 2.1. 3 Declined 2.2 Endorsements 2.3 Polling 2.4 Results 3 Libertarian primary 3.1 Candidates 3.1. 1 Disqualified 3.2 Endorsements 4 Green primary 4.1 Candidates 4.1. 1 Nominee 4.1. 2 Eliminated in primary 4.2 Results 5 Independents 5.1 Candidates 5.1. 1 Disqualified 5.1. 2 Declined 6 General election 6.1 Debates 6.2 Predictions 6.3 Polling 6.4 Results 7 References 8 External links Republican primary ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Nominee ( edit ) Doug Ducey , incumbent Governor Eliminated in primary ( edit ) Ken Bennett , former Secretary of State of Arizona Robert Weber ( write - in ) Endorsements ( edit ) show Doug Ducey Arizona Association of REALTORS Arizona Chamber of Commerce and Industry Arizona Fraternal Order of Police Arizona Police Association The Arizona Republic Casa Grande Dispatch Chandler Chamber of Commerce Gilbert Chamber of Commerce Greater Phoenix Chamber of Commerce Mesa Chamber of Commerce Tucson Metro Chamber National Border Patrol Council Mark Lamb , Pinal County Sheriff Scott Mascher , Yavapai County Sheriff Mark Napier , Pima County Sheriff John Doyle , Nogales Mayor Gerardo Sanchez , San Luis Mayor Robert Uribe , Douglas Mayor Cindy McCain , philanthropist and businesswoman Mike Pence , 48th Vice President of the United States Donald Trump , 45th President of the United States Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Doug Ducey Ken Bennett Undecided Emerson College June 21 -- 22 , 2018 305 ± 5.9 % 44 % 22 % 35 % Results ( edit ) Results by county : Ducey -- 70 -- 80 % Ducey -- 60 -- 70 % Ducey -- 50 -- 60 % Republican primary results Party Candidate Votes % Republican Doug Ducey ( incumbent ) 463,672 70.7 Republican Ken Bennett 191,775 29.3 Republican Robert Weber ( write - in ) 91 0.0 Total votes 655,538 99.98 Democratic primary ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Nominee ( edit ) David Garcia , Arizona State University professor and nominee for Superintendent of Public Instruction in 2014 Eliminated in primary ( edit ) Steve Farley , State Senator Kelly Fryer , nonprofit executive and activist Mirza Fareed `` Fareed '' Baig ( write - in ) Declined ( edit ) Terry Goddard , former Arizona Attorney General and nominee for Governor in 2010 and 1990 Kyrsten Sinema , U.S. Representative ( running for U.S. Senate ) Greg Stanton , Mayor of Phoenix ( running for AZ - 09 ) Endorsements ( edit ) show David Garcia Labor unions American Federation of Government Employees Arizona Building and Construction Trades Council Arizona Education Association Communications Workers of America Organizations Democracy for America Latino Victory Fund People for the American Way Planned Parenthood Advocates of Arizona Progressive Change Campaign Committee Sierra Club VoteVets.org Working Families Party Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Steve Farley Kelly Fryer David Garcia Undecided OH Predictive Insights August 14 -- 15 , 2018 589 ± 4.0 % 25 % 7 % 40 % 28 % Data Orbital June 25 -- 27 , 2018 550 ± 4.2 % 11 % 6 % 33 % 49 % Emerson College June 21 -- 22 , 2018 260 ± 6.2 % 13 % 8 % 30 % 48 % Garin - Hart - Yang ( D - Garcia ) May 21 -- 23 , 2018 400 ± 5.0 % 11 % 11 % 32 % 46 % Public Policy Polling ( D - Garcia ) January 5 -- 7 , 2018 446 -- 22 % -- 43 % 36 % Results ( edit ) Results by county : Garcia -- 60 -- 70 % Garcia -- 50 -- 60 % Garcia -- 40 -- 50 % Garcia -- < 40 % Farley -- 40 -- 50 % Democratic primary results Party Candidate Votes % Democratic David Garcia 255,555 50.6 Democratic Steve Farley 163,072 32.3 Democratic Kelly Fryer 86,810 17.2 Democratic Mirza Fareed Baig ( write - in ) 44 0.0 Total votes 505,481 100.0 Libertarian primary ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Disqualified ( edit ) Jeff Funicello , activist Barry Hess ( write - in ) Kevin McCormick , candidate for President in 2016 Endorsements ( edit ) show Kevin McCormick Individuals William Weld , former Governor of Massachusetts Green primary ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Nominee ( edit ) Angel Torres ( write - in ) Eliminated in primary ( edit ) Noah Dyer ( write - in ) Results ( edit ) Results by county : Torres ( show ) 100 % 80 -- 90 % 70 -- 80 % 60 -- 70 % Torres / Dyer tie ( show ) 50 % No votes ( show ) No votes Green primary results Party Candidate Votes % Green Angel Torres ( write - in ) 357 76.3 Green Noah Dyer ( write - in ) 111 23.7 Total votes 468 100.0 Independents ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Disqualified ( edit ) Noah Dyer , author , businessman and educator Christian R. Komor , author , psychologist , climate scientist Declined ( edit ) Tim Jeffries , former Director of the Arizona Department of Economic Security General election ( edit ) Debates ( edit ) Complete video of debate , September 24 , 2018 Complete video of debate , September 25 , 2018 Predictions ( edit ) Source Ranking As of The Cook Political Report Likely R October 5 , 2018 The Washington Post Likely R October 16 , 2018 FiveThirtyEight Likely R October 17 , 2018 Rothenberg Political Report Likely R October 12 , 2018 Sabato 's Crystal Ball Likely R October 11 , 2018 Real Clear Politics Likely R October 11 , 2018 Daily Kos Likely R October 5 , 2018 Fox News Likely R October 12 , 2018 Politico Lean R October 12 , 2018 Governing Lean R October 2 , 2018 Notes Jump up ^ The Fox News Midterm Power Rankings uniquely does not contain a category for Safe / Solid races Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Doug Ducey ( R ) David Garcia ( D ) Angel Torres ( G ) Other Undecided HighGround Public Affairs October 26 -- 28 , 2018 400 ± 4.9 % 55 % 35 % 4 % -- 7 % Marist College October 23 -- 27 , 2018 506 LV ± 5.4 % 54 % 40 % 5 % < 1 % 2 % 55 % 42 % -- 1 % 1 % 793 RV ± 4.4 % 54 % 38 % 5 % < 1 % 3 % 55 % 41 % -- 1 % 3 % YouGov October 23 -- 26 , 2018 972 ± 4.1 % 52 % 41 % -- 1 % 5 % Change Research ( D - Garcia ) October 9 -- 10 , 2018 783 -- 47 % 40 % -- -- 11 % OH Predictive Insights October 3 , 2018 600 ± 4.0 % 54 % 37 % 2 % -- 7 % Data Orbital October 1 -- 3 , 2018 550 ± 4.2 % 52 % 34 % 2 % 2 % 9 % Fox News September 29 -- October 2 , 2018 716 LV ± 3.5 % 55 % 37 % -- 1 % 7 % 806 RV ± 3.5 % 54 % 35 % -- 2 % 9 % Vox Populi Polling September 29 -- October 1 , 2018 702 ± 3.5 % 57 % 43 % -- -- -- Suffolk University September 27 -- 30 , 2018 500 ± 4.4 % 50 % 38 % 2 % 0 % 10 % Latino Decisions September 10 -- 25 , 2018 463 LV -- 45 % 40 % -- -- 15 % 610 RV -- 41 % 37 % -- -- 19 % Emerson College September 19 -- 21 , 2018 650 ± 4.4 % 42 % 38 % -- 6 % 14 % Marist College September 16 -- 20 , 2018 564 LV ± 4.7 % 49 % 39 % 6 % < 1 % 6 % 51 % 43 % -- < 1 % 5 % 763 RV ± 4.2 % 48 % 37 % 7 % < 1 % 7 % 51 % 42 % -- 1 % 6 % CNN / SSRS September 11 -- 15 , 2018 761 LV ± 4.3 % 49 % 46 % -- 0 % 2 % 854 RV ± 4.1 % 48 % 45 % -- 1 % 4 % Ipsos September 5 -- 14 , 2018 1,016 ± 4.0 % 51 % 39 % -- 4 % 7 % TargetSmart ( D - ProgressNow AZ ) September 8 -- 13 , 2018 800 ± 4.0 % 49 % 48 % -- 0 % 3 % Fox News September 8 -- 11 , 2018 710 LV ± 3.5 % 51 % 40 % -- 1 % 8 % 801 RV ± 3.5 % 49 % 39 % -- 1 % 10 % Gravis Marketing September 5 -- 7 , 2018 882 ± 3.3 % 48 % 44 % -- -- 9 % Data Orbital September 4 -- 6 , 2018 550 ± 4.2 % 49 % 41 % -- 2 % 8 % Public Policy Polling ( D - Garcia ) August 30 -- 31 , 2018 554 ± 4.2 % 44 % 43 % -- -- 13 % Gravis Marketing June 27 -- July 2 , 2018 925 ± 3.2 % 41 % 42 % -- -- 17 % Public Policy Polling ( D - Garcia ) January 5 -- 7 , 2018 735 ± 4.0 % 42 % 43 % -- -- 15 % Public Policy Polling ( D - Garcia ) June 7 -- 8 , 2017 1,020 ± 3.1 % 42 % 44 % -- -- 14 % Hypothetical polling with Steve Farley Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Doug Ducey ( R ) Steve Farley ( D ) Undecided Gravis Marketing June 27 -- July 2 , 2018 925 ± 3.2 % 42 % 39 % 19 % GQR Research ( D - Farley ) February 23 -- March 5 , 2018 500 ± 4.4 % 49 % 44 % 7 % Public Policy Polling ( D - Garcia ) January 5 -- 7 , 2018 735 ± 4.0 % 42 % 39 % 19 % Public Policy Polling ( D - Garcia ) June 7 -- 8 , 2017 1,020 ± 3.1 % 42 % 40 % 18 % with generic Democrat Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Doug Ducey ( R ) Generic Democrat Undecided Morning Consult June 29 -- July 9 , 2018 1,641 ± 2.0 % 34 % 41 % 25 % with Kyrsten Sinema Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Doug Ducey ( R ) Kyrsten Sinema ( D ) Undecided Public Policy Polling May 13 -- 15 , 2016 896 ± 3.3 % 43 % 36 % 21 % Results ( edit ) Arizona gubernatorial election , 2018 Party Candidate Votes % ± Republican Doug Ducey ( incumbent ) Democratic David Garcia Green Angel Torres Green Cary D. Dolego ( write - in ) Republican Takeover Arthur Ray `` RT '' Arvizu ( write - in ) Humanitarian James `` MarvelMan '' Gibson II ( write - in ) None Christian Komor ( write - in ) None Patrick Masoya ( write - in ) Majority Turnout References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Legislatures , National Conference of State . `` 2018 State Primary Election Dates '' . www.ncsl.org . Retrieved 22 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ducey 2018 '' . www.ducey2018.com . Jump up ^ `` Former Secretary of State Ken Bennett to challenge Gov. Ducey in primary '' . Jump up ^ `` Ducey draws primary challenge from Bennett '' . ^ Jump up to : https://apps.arizona.vote/electioninfo/elections/2018-primary-election/state/1348/3/0 Jump up ^ `` Arizona REALTORS ® Announces 2018 Primary Election Endorsements '' . blog.aaronline.com . Jump up ^ `` Arizona Chamber of Commerce and Industry announces 2018 statewide office endorsements '' . azchamber.com . June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIZONA FRATERNAL ORDER OF POLICE ENDORSES DOUG DUCEY '' . Doug Ducey for Governor of Arizona . August 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIZONA POLICE ASSOCIATION ENDORSES DOUG DUCEY '' . Doug Ducey for Governor of Arizona . August 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` THE ARIZONA REPUBLIC ENDORSES DOUG DUCEY '' . Doug Ducey for Governor of Arizona . August 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Governor 's race '' . Casa Grande Dispatch . July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chandler Chamber announces picks for upcoming election '' . Wrangler News . June 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` GREATER PHOENIX CHAMBER ANNOUNCES ENDORSEMENTS FOR 2018 STATE ELECTIONS '' . Gilbert Chamber of Commerce . Jump up ^ `` GREATER PHOENIX CHAMBER ENDORSES GOVERNOR DUCEY '' . phoenixchamber.com . June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mesa Chamber Announces 2018 Candidate Endorsements '' . mesachamber.org . June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TUCSON METRO CHAMBER ENDORSES GOVERNOR DUCEY '' . Doug Ducey for Governor of Arizona . October 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ The Associated Press ( September 10 , 2018 ) . `` Border Patrol Unions Back Arizona Gov. Ducey for Re-Election '' . usnews.com . ^ Jump up to : `` ARIZONA SHERIFFS ENDORSE GOVERNOR DUCEY '' . Doug Ducey for Governor of Arizona . October 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` DOUG DUCEY EARNS BIPARTISAN SUPPORT FROM BORDER MAYORS '' . Doug Ducey for Governor of Arizona . September 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Maria Polletta ( September 26 , 2018 ) . `` Cindy McCain endorses Doug Ducey in governor 's race '' . The Arizona Republic . Jump up ^ Mike Pence . `` Congratulations to @ DougDucey on his primary victory tonight in Arizona . We need strong governors like Doug across this nation to help enact the @ RealDonaldTrump agenda that has our economy BOOMING ! We 're with you all the way ! '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ Donald J. Trump . `` Governor Doug Ducey of Arizona is doing a great job . It would be really nice to show your support tomorrow by voting for him in Tuesdays Primary . Doug is strong on Crime , the Border , and our Second Amendment . Loves our Military & our Vets . He has my full and complete Endorsement '' . Twitter . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Resnik , Brahm ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` Democrat David Garcia to announce run for Arizona governor '' . 12 News . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Democrat David Garcia challenging Doug Ducey for Arizona governor '' . Jump up ^ Nunez , Steve . `` UPDATE : Democrat Kelly Fryer announces run for AZ governor . Democrat Steve Farley announces run for AZ governor '' . Jump up ^ `` Tucson Democrat Kelly Fryer enters race for governor '' . Jump up ^ `` Valdez : Who do politicians love ? Here 's why you need to see the donor list '' . Retrieved 22 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Zach C. ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` FWIW , @ RepSinema ( D - AZ ) told me yesterday , `` I am not running for governor . '' `` . Twitter . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gardiner , Dustin ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Phoenix Mayor Greg Stanton eyeing run for statewide office '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Boehm , Jessica ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Phoenix Mayor Greg Stanton announces run for Congress '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFGE Vote 2018 '' . www.afge.org . Jump up ^ `` AZBTC endorses candidates running for statewide office - Arizona Building Trades '' . Arizona Building Trades . May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ball , Amy ; Gould , Amber ; Thomas , Joe ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` AEA - AEA Endorses David Garcia for Governor of Arizona '' . www.arizonaea.org . Jump up ^ `` Our Candidates - CWA Political '' . CWA Political . Jump up ^ `` Democracy for America Endorses David Garcia for Governor and January Contreras for Attorney General '' . Jump up ^ `` Current Candidates - LatinoVictory.us '' . LatinoVictory.us . Jump up ^ `` PFAW Announces Endorsements of History - Making Candidates for Governor '' . Jump up ^ `` Endorsement '' . www.plannedparenthoodaction.org . Jump up ^ `` Join the Bold Progressive Movement ! '' . Progressive Change Campaign Committee ( BoldProgressives.org ) . Jump up ^ https://www.sierraclub.org/sites/www.sierraclub.org/files/sce/grand-canyon-chapter/election/2018%20General%20Election%20Voter%20Guide.pdf Jump up ^ Sotlz , Jon ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` VoteVets PAC Endorses David Garcia for Governor '' . VoteVets.org . Jump up ^ `` Our 2018 Endorsements - Working Families '' . Working Families . March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Candidates - Libertarian Party '' . Jump up ^ `` McCormick For Governor Announcement '' . September 14 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Martinez , Remso W. ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Breaking : Former Libertarian Presidential Candidate To Run For Arizona Governor '' . Halsey News . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Weld Endorses McCormick '' . Facebook . Facebook . Jump up ^ Candidate Search Jump up ^ Candidate Search Jump up ^ `` Torres for Arizona Governor video ( Arizona Primary Election victory ) : September 8 , 2018 '' . www.torresforarizona.com . Angel Torres / Green Party . Jump up ^ `` Noah Dyer announces his bid for Arizona governor '' . azcentral . Jump up ^ Wingett Sanchez , Yvonne ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` Fed up with Democrats , Arizona governor candidate Noah Dyer changes to independent '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference komorindependent was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` Jeffries Will Not Run For Governor , Will Proceed With Lawsuit '' . Arizona Daily Independent . January 22 , 2018 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Governor Race ratings The Cook Political Report '' . The Cook Political Report . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The Washington Post 's gubernatorial race ratings '' . The Washington Post . October 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Governor Forecast FiveThirtyEight '' . FiveThirtyEight . Retrieved October 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gubernatorial Ratings Inside Elections '' . insideelections.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Larry J. Sabato 's Crystal Ball '' 2018 Governor `` . www.centerforpolitics.org . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` RealClearPolitics - 2018 Election Maps - 2018 Governor Races '' . www.realclearpolitics.com . August 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Kos Elections 2018 race ratings '' . Daily Kos . August 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Midterm Power Ranking '' . Fox News . Jump up ^ `` Politico Race Ratings '' . Politico . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Governor Elections : As November Nears , More Governors ' Races Become Tossups '' . www.governing.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Barry Hess ( L ) with 2 % External links ( edit ) Candidates at Vote Smart Candidates at Ballotpedia Official campaign websites Doug Ducey ( R ) for Governor David Garcia ( D ) for Governor Angel Torres ( G ) for Governor Christian Komor ( No Party ) ( Write - in ) for Governor Patrick Masoya ( No Party ) ( Write - in ) for Governor ( 2017 ← ) 2018 United States elections ( → 2019 ) U.S. Senate Arizona California Connecticut Delaware Florida Hawaii Indiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota special Mississippi special Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Jersey New Mexico New York North Dakota Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming U.S. House Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona 8th , special Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan 13th , special Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York 25th , special North Carolina North Dakota Northern Mariana Islands Ohio 12th , special Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania 18th , special 7th and 15th , special Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas 27th , special Utah Vermont Virginia U.S. Virgin Islands Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Governors Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Iowa Kansas Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Mexico New York Northern Mariana Islands Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas U.S. Virgin Islands Vermont Wisconsin Wyoming Mayoral Nashville ( special ) Newark Newport News Phoenix ( special ) San Francisco ( special ) Washington , D.C. States and territories Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas U.S. Virgin Islands Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Elections in Arizona Governor 1911 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 U.S. President 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 U.S. Senate Class 1 1912 1916 1922 1928 1934 1940 1946 1952 1958 1964 1970 1976 1982 1988 1994 2000 2006 2012 2018 Class 3 1912 1914 1920 1926 1932 1938 1944 1950 1956 1962 1968 1980 1986 1992 1998 2016 2020 U.S. House 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1998 2000 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 See also : Political party strength in Arizona Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arizona_gubernatorial_election,_2018&oldid=866450065 '' Categories : Arizona elections , 2018 Arizona gubernatorial elections United States gubernatorial elections , 2018 Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with broken reference names Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 12 : 11 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who are the democrats running for governor in arizona | [
"Arizona gubernatorial election, 2018\n\n\n← 2014\nNovember 6, 2018\n2022 →\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\nNominee\n\nDoug Ducey\n\nDavid Garcia\n\n\n\n\n\n\nParty\n\nRepublican\n\nDemocratic\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIncumbent Governor\nDoug Ducey\nRepublican\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"David Garcia"
] |
-6687171492668178627 | Space Jam | Space Jam - Wikipedia Space Jam Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the motion picture . For other uses , see Space Jam ( disambiguation ) . Space Jam Theatrical release poster Directed by Joe Pytka Produced by Ivan Reitman Joe Medjuck Daniel Goldberg Written by Leo Benvenuti Steve Rudnick Timothy Harris Herschel Weingrod Starring Michael Jordan Billy West Wayne Knight Theresa Randle Danny DeVito Music by James Newton Howard Cinematography Michael Chapman Edited by Sheldon Kahn Production company Warner Bros. Feature Animation Warner Bros. Family Entertainment Northern Lights Entertainment Courtside Seats Productions Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date November 15 , 1996 ( 1996 - 11 - 15 ) Running time 88 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $80 million Box office $230.4 million Space Jam is a 1996 American live - action / animated sports comedy film starring basketball player Michael Jordan and featuring the Looney Tunes cartoon characters . The film was produced by Ivan Reitman , and directed by Joe Pytka . Nigel Miguel was a basketball technical advisor . The film presents an alternate history of what happened between Jordan 's initial retirement from the NBA in 1993 and his comeback in 1995 , in which he is enlisted by Bugs Bunny and his friends to help them win a basketball match against a group of aliens who want to enslave them for their amusement park . Space Jam also serves to introduce a new Looney Tunes character , Bugs ' love interest , Lola Bunny . Released theatrically by Warner Bros. Pictures under their Warner Bros. Family Entertainment label on November 15 , 1996 , Space Jam opened at No. 1 in the US and grossed over $230 million worldwide , becoming the highest - grossing basketball film of all - time . The film received mixed reviews from critics , who were divided on the merits of combining Jordan and his profession with the Looney Tunes characters , and was particularly criticized by veteran animator and Looney Tunes director Chuck Jones . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Voices 3 Music 4 Merchandise 4.1 Comics 4.2 Video games 4.3 Home media 4.4 Toys 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Box office 5.3 Accolades 6 In other media 7 Sequel 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) On a summer night in 1973 , a young Michael Jordan is practicing basketball . His father steps out and tells him it is bedtime , but lets him make a few more shots . Jordan shoots while making several wishes like going to the University of North Carolina , playing on a championship team , joining the NBA , going on to play baseball , and successfully scores every shot . Impressed , Jordan 's father jokingly asks if next he is going to wish he could fly , and Jordan turns to make one final shot . In 1993 , Jordan announces his retirement from professional basketball to follow his now deceased father 's career as a baseball player . However , it becomes evident that he is not as skilled in baseball as he was in basketball . Jordan is assigned a publicist and assistant , the bumbling Stan Podolak , to make his new career less bumpy . Elsewhere , in outer space , an intergalactic amusement park called Moron Mountain faces dwindling popularity , so its owner , Mr. Swackhammer , sends his diminutive minions , the Nerdlucks , to capture the Looney Tunes as new entertainment . The Looney Tunes live in an animated world called `` Looney Tunes Land '' hidden in the center of the Earth , but ignore the Nerdlucks ' threats and challenge them to a game of basketball . The Nerdlucks steal the talents of professional basketball players Charles Barkley , Shawn Bradley , Patrick Ewing , Larry Johnson and Muggsy Bogues , leaving them incapable of playing . The Nerdlucks absorb the talent , transforming into the gigantic `` Monstars '' who easily intimidate the Looney Tunes . While playing golf with Bill Murray , Larry Bird and Stan , Jordan is sucked down a hole and is recruited by Bugs Bunny to help the Tunes win against the Monstars . Jordan at first refuses , saying he does not play basketball anymore , but changes his decision after he is insulted and humiliated by the Monstars when they squash him into the shape of a basketball and bounce him around like one . He then sends Bugs and Daffy Duck to his house to retrieve his basketball gear . Meanwhile , Stan has been digging out the golf hole to find Jordan , but spots Bugs and Daffy leaping down another one and pursues them , reuniting with Jordan in the Tunes ' world and joins their team , the Tune Squad . Another new recruit is Lola Bunny , a skilled basketball player whom Bugs falls in love with . On the day of the match , the Monstars dominate the first half , leaving the Looney Tunes unconfident . Stan overhears a conversation between the Monstars and Swackhammer , learning of how they gained their talent and informs Jordan and the Tune Squad . Bugs and Jordan convince the rest of the Tune Squad to fight back and the first quarter of the second half allows the Tunes to catch up using old school gags and Acme weaponry . During a timeout , Jordan raises the stakes of the game with Swackhammer : a win by the Tune Squad would require the Monstars to give their stolen talents back to the NBA players , while a Monstars win would get Jordan as a new attraction . To ensure his victory , Swackhammer has the Monstars play rough and injure all of the Tune Squad until only Jordan , Bugs , Daffy , Lola and Stan are left . Stan becomes the fifth player and manages to score , but is literally flattened by the Monstars and is removed from the court to be inflated . The referee , Marvin the Martian , informs Jordan that unless the team gets a fifth player , they will have to forfeit the game , at which point Murray appears and volunteers to be the team 's fifth member . In the final seconds of the game , Jordan gains the ball and manages to use cartoon physics to extend his arm and score the winning points . Murray retires from the sport and the Monstars blast Swackhammer to the Moon in a rocket when Jordan makes them realize that they do not have to take his abuse anymore . Jordan convinces them to give up the stolen talents , and the Looney Tunes agree to recruit the reformed Nerdlucks in their ensemble . Jordan and a recovered Stan return to the surface , the Nerdlucks dropping them off at Jordan 's next baseball game . Later on , the two visit the incapacitated basketball players and return their talent . The players invite Jordan to a three - on - three match , but when he declines , they question his loss of talent . Jordan later returns to the Chicago Bulls to resume his basketball career . Cast ( edit ) Michael Jordan as himself , an NBA shooting guard for the Chicago Bulls who retires to pursue a career in baseball . Brandon Hammond portrays a younger Jordan . Wayne Knight as Stanley `` Stan '' Podolak , a publicist and assistant who helps Michael Jordan . Theresa Randle as Juanita Jordan , Michael 's supportive wife . Bill Murray as himself , an actor and Jordan 's friend . Larry Bird as himself , the Boston Celtics forward and Jordan 's friend . Charles Barkley as himself , the Phoenix Suns power forward who gets his talent stolen by Pound . Patrick Ewing as himself , the New York Knicks center who gets his talent stolen by Bang . Shawn Bradley as himself , the Philadelphia 76ers center who gets his talent stolen by Blanko . Larry Johnson as himself , the Charlotte Hornets power forward who gets his talent stolen by Bupkus . Muggsy Bogues as himself , the Hornets point guard who gets his talent stolen by Nawt . Thom Barry as James R. Jordan , Sr. , Michael 's father . Penny Bae Bridges as Jasmine Jordan , Michael 's daughter . Dan Castellaneta and Patricia Heaton as basketball fans . Voices ( edit ) Billy West as Bugs Bunny and Elmer Fudd Dee Bradley Baker as Daffy Duck , Tasmanian Devil and Toro Bob Bergen as Marvin the Martian , Porky Pig , Tweety Bird , Hubie and Bertie Bill Farmer as Foghorn Leghorn , Yosemite Sam and Sylvester the Cat Maurice LaMarche as Pepé Le Pew June Foray as Granny Kath Soucie as Lola Bunny , a female rabbit who plays for the Tune Squad . Lola is a new character introduced in this film . Frank W. Welker as Charles , Michael 's pet bulldog who menaces both Bugs and Daffy when they are in Michael 's house . Danny DeVito as Mr. Swackhammer , the proprietor of the intergalactic theme park `` Moron Mountain '' who seeks new attractions to save his failing business . Colleen Wainwright as Sniffles , a tiny mouse . Pound , the orange leader of the Nerdlucks , is voiced by Jocelyn Blue as a Nerdluck and Darnell Suttles as a Monstar . Bang , the belligerent green Nerdluck , is voiced by June Melby as a Nerdluck and Joey Camen as a Monstar . Bupkus , the giggly and crazy purple Nerdluck , is voiced by Catherine Reitman as a Nerdluck and Dorian Harewood as a Monstar . Blanko , the dim - witted and gangly blue Nerdluck , is voiced by Charity James as a Nerdluck and Steve Kehela as a Monstar . Nawt , the diminutive and clever red Nerdluck , is voiced by Colleen Wainwright as a Nerdluck and T.K. Carter as a Monstar . Music ( edit ) Main article : Space Jam ( soundtrack ) The soundtrack sold enough albums to be certified as 6x Platinum . It also served as a high point for musical artist R. Kelly , whose song `` I Believe I Can Fly '' not only was a hit , but earned him two Grammy Awards . Other tracks included a cover of Steve Miller Band 's `` Fly Like an Eagle '' ( by Seal ) , `` Hit ' Em High ( The Monstars ' Anthem ) '' ( by B - Real , Busta Rhymes , Coolio , LL Cool J , and Method Man ) , `` Basketball Jones '' ( by Barry White & Chris Rock ) , `` Pump up the Jam '' ( by Technotronic ) , `` I Turn to You '' ( by All - 4 - One ) and `` For You I Will '' ( by Monica ) . The movie 's title song was performed by the Quad City DJ 's . Merchandise ( edit ) Comics ( edit ) The film was adapted into a graphic novel , drawn by Leonardo Batic . Video games ( edit ) There was a licensed pinball game by Sega based on the film , a video game for the PlayStation , Sega Saturn and MS - DOS by Acclaim , and a handheld LCD game by Tiger Electronics . Home media ( edit ) Warner Home Video released the film on VHS , Laserdisc and DVD on March 11 , 1997 . The VHS tape was re-printed and re-released through Warner Home Video 's catalog promotions : the Warner Bros. 75th Anniversary Celebration ( 1998 ) , Century Collection ( 1999 ) , Century 2000 ( 2000 ) and Warner Spotlight ( 2001 ) . The film was re-released on DVD on July 25 , 2000 . On October 28 , 2003 , the film was released as a 2 - disc special edition DVD including newly made extras such as a commentary track and a featurette . On November 6 , 2007 , the movie was featured as one of four films in Warner Home Video 's 4 - Film Favorites : Family Comedies collection DVD ( the other three being Looney Tunes : Back in Action ( released seven years after Space Jam ) , Osmosis Jones and Funky Monkey ) . On February 8 , 2011 , the first disc of the previous 2 - disc edition was released by itself in a movie only edition DVD and on October 4 , the film was released for the first time in widescreen HD on Blu - ray which , save for an hour of classic Looney Tunes shorts , ported over all the extras from the 2003 2 - disc edition DVD . A double DVD and Blu - ray release , paired with Looney Tunes : Back in Action , was released on June 7 , 2016 . On November 15 , 2016 , Warner Bros. released another Blu - ray for Space Jam , to commemorate the movie 's 20th Anniversary . Toys ( edit ) Toys were released coinciding with the film , including various action figures released by Playmates under the short lived banner `` WB Toy '' . The toys had limited articulation and paired Michael Jordan or another characters of the movie ( Charles Barkley and the Monstars with a Looney Tunes character and accessories ) . Some figures depicted Michael Jordan as a basketball player , a baseball player and a golf player . The line included stuffed toys , decorated basketballs , as well as a McDonald 's Happy Meal promotion . Reception ( edit ) Looney Tunes director Chuck Jones heavily criticized Space Jam . Critical response ( edit ) On the critical response aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds a rating of 38 % , based on 53 reviews , with an average rating of 5.1 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads , `` A harmless mishmash of basketball and animation that 'll entertain kids but leave adults less than thrilled . '' On Metacritic , it has a score of 59 out of 100 , based on reviews from 22 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave Space Jam a thumbs up , as did Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune , although his zeal was more subdued . In his print review , Ebert gave the film 3 1 / 2 stars , noting , `` Space Jam is a happy marriage of good ideas -- three films for the price of one , giving us a comic treatment of the career adventures of Michael Jordan , crossed with a Looney Tunes cartoon and some showbiz warfare ... the result is delightful , a family movie in the best sense ( which means the adults will enjoy it , too ) . '' Siskel focused much of his praise on Jordan 's performance , saying , `` He wisely accepted as a first movie a script that builds nicely on his genial personality in an assortment of TV ads . The sound bites are just a little longer . '' Leonard Maltin also gave the film a positive review ( three stars ) , stating , `` Jordan is very engaging , the vintage characters perform admirably ... and the computer - generated special effects are a collective knockout . '' Todd McCarthy of Variety praised the film for its humor . He also praised the Looney Tunes ' antics and Jordan 's acting . Although Janet Maslin of The New York Times criticized the film 's animation , she later went on to say that the film is a `` fond tribute to ( the Looney Tunes characters ' ) past . '' Michael Wilmington of the Chicago Tribune complained about some aspects of the movie , stating , `` ... we do n't get the co-stars ' best stuff . Michael does n't soar enough . The Looney Tunes do n't pulverize us the way they did when Chuck Jones , Friz Freleng or Bob Clampett were in charge . '' Yet overall , he also liked the film , giving it 3 stars and saying : `` Is it cute ? Yes . Is it a crowd - pleaser ? Yup . Is it classic ? Nope . ( Though it could have been . ) '' TV Guide gave the movie only two stars , calling it a `` cynical attempt to cash in on the popularity of Warner Bros. cartoon characters and basketball player Michael Jordan , inspired by a Nike commercial . '' Margaret A. McGurk of The Cincinnati Enquirer gave the film 2 1 / 2 stars , saying , `` Technical spectacle amounts do nothing without a good story . '' Veteran Looney Tunes / Merrie Melodies director Chuck Jones was highly critical of the film . In a 1998 interview , he expressed his views that the film was `` terrible '' and said , as a man who worked with the characters for almost thirty years , the story was deeply flawed . `` I can tell you , with the utmost confidence , '' he said , `` Porky Pig would never say ' I think I wet myself . ' '' Jones added that , had the film been more true to the source material , Bugs Bunny would not have enlisted the help of Jordan or the other Looney Tunes characters to defeat the Monstars `` and moreover , it would n't have taken him an hour and a half . Those aliens , whether they were tiny or colossal , would 've been dealt with in short order come the seven minute mark . '' Finally , Jones also recounted that after the film 's release he was invited to a dinner on the Warner Bros. Studio Lot with the executives that produced Space Jam , and was asked to give a speech his thoughts on the film . At the dinner , Jones tried to give his honest opinion in a polite and respectful manner , but before he could finish Warner Bros. security proceeded to `` escort '' him off the lot . Box Office ( edit ) Space Jam was a box office success . At the end of its run , it grossed approximately $90.4 million domestically and an estimated $230 -- $250 million internationally . As of July 2017 , Box Office Mojo ranks it as the highest grossing basketball film of all time . The film made its cable television premiere on TNT on March 14 , 1999 The film made its television premiere on ABC 's The Wonderful World of Disney on November 14 , 1999 . Accolades ( edit ) 1997 ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Won : Most Performed Songs from Motion Pictures ( Diane Warren for the song `` For You I Will '' ) Won : Top Box Office Films ( James Newton Howard ) 1997 Annie Awards Won : Best Individual Achievement : Technical Achievement Nomination : Best Animated Feature Nomination : Best Individual Achievement : Directing in a Feature Production ( Bruce W. Smith and Tony Cervone ) Nomination : Best Individual Achievement : Producing in a Feature Production ( Ron Tippe ) 1997 Grammy Awards Won : Best Song Written Specifically for Motion Picture or for Television ( R. Kelly for the song `` I Believe I Can Fly '' ) 1997 MTV Movie Awards Nomination : Best Movie Song ( R. Kelly for the song `` I Believe I Can Fly '' ) 1997 Satellite Awards Nomination : Best Motion Picture - Animated or Mixed Media ( Daniel Goldberg , Joe Medjuck , Ivan Reitman ) 1997 World Animation Celebration Won : Best Use of Animation in a Motion Picture Trailer 1997 Young Artist Awards Nomination : Best Family Feature - Animation or Special Effects In other media ( edit ) The Monstars make a cameo in the Animaniacs and Pinky and the Brain episode `` Star Warners '' ( a parody of Star Wars ) . Jordan himself , who was a spokesman for MCI Communications before the film was made , would appear with the Looney Tunes characters ( as his `` Space Jam buddies '' ) in several MCI commercials for several years after the film was released before MCI merged with WorldCom and subsequently Verizon Communications . Bugs had previously appeared with Jordan as `` Hare Jordan '' in Nike ads for the Air Jordan VII and Air Jordan VIII . In 2013 , Yahoo ! Screen released a parody of ESPN 's 30 for 30 about the game shown in the film . The short dates the game as taking place on November 17 , 1995 , although Jordan 's real - life return to basketball occurred on March 18 . Sequel ( edit ) In February 2014 , Warner Bros. announced a potential sequel set to star LeBron James . Charlie Ebersol was set to produce , with a script by his brother , Willie . Representatives of James denied the claim that he would be involved . In May 2014 , James was quoted as saying , `` I 've always loved Space Jam . It was one of my favorite movies growing up . If I have the opportunity , it will be great . '' In July 2015 , James and his production company , SpringHill Entertainment , signed a deal with Warner Bros. for television , movies and digital content after receiving positive reviews for his acting role in Trainwreck . On May 2 , 2016 , Justin Lin was said to be in talks to direct the sequel ; co-writing the screenplay with Andrew Dodge and Alfredo Botello . In August 2016 , the Sneaker Bar Detroit company said that the movie is still in the works . On November 15 , 2016 , the film 's anniversary , a teaser trailer , in the form of a Nike advertisement , was released on Twitter under # MonstarsBack . On December 1 , 2016 , Bugs Bunny and the Monstars returned in a Foot Locker commercial starring Blake Griffin and Jimmy Butler . In a November 2016 interview with Mr. Wavvy , Space Jam director Joe Pytka revealed that following the first film 's success , he had been pitched a `` really weird '' idea for a sequel that would have starred pro golfer Tiger Woods , with Jordan in a smaller role . Pytka explained how the idea came from an out of studio script conference , with people who worked on the original film allegedly involved . Ultimately , nothing materialized from the idea . Producer Ivan Reitman participated in similar interview with Mr. Wavvy , also in November 2016 , in which he also revealed an idea he had for a sequel , though his sequel would have starred Jordan . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Detail view of Movies Page '' . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Space Jam ( 1996 ) - Box Office Mojo '' . Jump up ^ `` Belize has new Films Commissioner '' . channel5belize.com . February 11 , 2009 . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Maslin , Janet ( November 15 , 1996 ) . `` Icons Meet : Bugs , Daffy And Jordan '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA Gold and Platinum Searchable Database '' . Retrieved January 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy - Past Winners Search '' . National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pump Up the Jam '' . Wikipedia . 2017 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Technotronic '' . Wikipedia . 2017 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ https://www.lambiek.net/artists/b/batic_leonardo.htm Jump up ^ `` Celebrity Sightings '' . GamePro . No. 92 . IDG . May 1996 . p. 21 . Jump up ^ `` Space Jam / Looney Tunes : Back in Action '' product information Amazon.com Retrieved 17 December 2016 ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Trevor . `` My Conversation with Chuck Jones '' . The Booo Tooons Blooog . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Space Jam '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Space Jam '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ebert , Roger ( November 15 , 1996 ) . `` Space Jam Movie Review & Film Summary ( 1996 ) '' . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Siskel , Gene ( November 15 , 1996 ) . `` Mj Delivers On The Screen In ` Space Jam ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Maltin , Leonard ( August 4 , 2009 ) . Leonard Maltin 's 2010 Movie Guide . Penguin Group . ISBN 9781101108765 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( November 17 , 1996 ) . `` Space Jam '' . Variety . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wilmington , Michael ( November 15 , 1996 ) . `` Hare , Jordan '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Space Jam Review '' . TV Guide . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McGurk , Margaret A. `` Dazzle of ' Space Jam ' ca n't hide its lame story '' . The Cincinnati Enquirer . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Trevor . `` Space Jam Stinks ! ( pt. 2 ) : WB vs. Chuck Jones '' . YouTube . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Space Jam ( 1996 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Space Jam ( 1996 ) - Financial Information '' . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sports -- Basketball Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Company , Johnson Publishing ( November 15 , 1999 ) . `` Jet '' . Johnson Publishing Company . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Porter , David L. Michael Jordan : A Biography , Greenwood Publishing Group 2007 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 33767 - 5 Jump up ^ Hare Jordan & Air Jordan - Air Jordan VII YouTube ( created by Nike and Warner Bros . ) Jump up ^ Hare Jordan & Air Jordan - Air Jordan VIII YouTube ( created by Nike and Warner Bros . ) Jump up ^ ESPN 30 for 30 Short - Tune Squad vs. Monstars ( the Space Jam Game ) YouTube ( created by Yahoo ! Screen and Warner Bros . ) Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( February 21 , 2014 ) . `` Ebersols Aboard To Produce And Script Warner Bros ' ' Space Jam 2 ′ As A Starring Vehicle For LeBron James '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Moore , Matt ( February 21 , 2014 ) . `` Report : No ' Space Jam 2 ' planned for LeBron James '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Space Jam 2 Rumors : NBA MVPs Rumored To Clash As LeBron James And Kevin Durant To Star In Sequel ! KD To Tune Squad And LBJ To Monstars ? '' . KDrama Stars . May 16 , 2014 . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James signs with Warner Bros. , stokes rumors of ' Space Jam ' sequel '' . Los Angeles Times . July 22 , 2015 . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James : I 'll help pay for hundreds of kids to go to college '' . TODAY.com . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( August 14 , 2015 ) . `` LeBron James Hopeful for ' Great Things ' in ' Space Jam 2 ′ '' . Collider . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Lin Circling ' Space Jam ' Sequel Starring LeBron James ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Air Jordan 7 `` Hare '' Promo Space Jam Movie Prop Up for Grabs `` . SneakerBarDetroit . August 11 , 2016 . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` And you thought this was over ... # MonstarsBack - The Monstars '' . Twitter . November 15 , 2016 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Space Jam Commercial '' . ComingSoon.Net . December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Foot Locker ad brings back Bugs Bunny '' . Cartoon Brew . December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Space Jam '' Director Reveals Spike Lee Almost Wrote the Film , Scrapped Tiger Woods Sequel `` . Mr. Wavvy . November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Space Jam 2 You Never Saw Almost Featured Tiger Woods '' . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ivan Reitman confirms Twins sequel still in the works with Eddie Murphy '' . consequenceofsound.net . November 23 , 2016 . 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Cartoons Warner Bros. Family Entertainment Hanna - Barbera Cartoon Network Productions Cartoon Network Studios Williams Street Cartoon Network Studios Europe Michael Jordan Main Career achievements The Shot Game 6 of the 1998 NBA Finals 1982 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Championship Game Air Jordan ( Jumpman ) Jordan Rules Family James R. 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"\nBilly West as Bugs Bunny and Elmer Fudd\nDee Bradley Baker as Daffy Duck, Tasmanian Devil and Toro\nBob Bergen as Marvin the Martian, Porky Pig, Tweety Bird, Hubie and Bertie\nBill Farmer as Foghorn Leghorn, Yosemite Sam and Sylvester the Cat\nMaurice LaMarche as Pepé Le Pew\nJune Foray as Granny\nKath Soucie as Lola Bunny, a female rabbit who plays for the Tune Squad. Lola is a new character introduced in this film.\nFrank W. Welker as Charles, Michael's pet bulldog who menaces both Bugs and Daffy when they are in Michael's house.\nDanny DeVito as Mr. Swackhammer, the proprietor of the intergalactic theme park \"Moron Mountain\" who seeks new attractions to save his failing business.\nColleen Wainwright as Sniffles, a tiny mouse.\nPound, the orange leader of the Nerdlucks, is voiced by Jocelyn Blue as a Nerdluck and Darnell Suttles as a Monstar.\nBang, the belligerent green Nerdluck, is voiced by June Melby as a Nerdluck and Joey Camen as a Monstar.\nBupkus, the giggly and crazy purple Nerdluck, is voiced by Catherine Reitman as a Nerdluck and Dorian Harewood as a Monstar.\nBlanko, the dim-witted and gangly blue Nerdluck, is voiced by Charity James as a Nerdluck and Steve Kehela as a Monstar.\nNawt, the diminutive and clever red Nerdluck, is voiced by Colleen Wainwright as a Nerdluck and T. K. Carter as a Monstar.\n"
] | [
"Mr. Swackhammer"
] |
-7900298731965717523 | Black Panther (film) | Black Panther ( film ) - wikipedia Black Panther ( film ) Black Panther Theatrical release poster Directed by Ryan Coogler Produced by Kevin Feige Written by Ryan Coogler Joe Robert Cole Based on Black Panther by Stan Lee Jack Kirby Starring Chadwick Boseman Michael B. Jordan Lupita Nyong'o Danai Gurira Martin Freeman Daniel Kaluuya Letitia Wright Winston Duke Angela Bassett Forest Whitaker Andy Serkis Music by Ludwig Göransson Cinematography Rachel Morrison Edited by Michael P. Shawver Debbie Berman Production company Marvel Studios Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date January 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 29 ) ( Dolby Theatre ) February 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 16 ) ( United States ) Running time 134 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $200 -- 210 million Box office $1.346 billion Black Panther is a 2018 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name . Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures , it is the eighteenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) . The film is directed by Ryan Coogler , who co-wrote the screenplay with Joe Robert Cole , and stars Chadwick Boseman as T'Challa / Black Panther , alongside Michael B. Jordan , Lupita Nyong'o , Danai Gurira , Martin Freeman , Daniel Kaluuya , Letitia Wright , Winston Duke , Angela Bassett , Forest Whitaker , and Andy Serkis . In Black Panther , T'Challa is crowned king of Wakanda following his father 's death , but his sovereignty is soon challenged by a new adversary who plans to abandon the country 's isolationist policies and begin a global revolution . Wesley Snipes expressed interest in working on a Black Panther film in 1992 , but the project did not come to fruition . In September 2005 , Marvel Studios announced a Black Panther film as one of ten based on Marvel characters and distributed by Paramount Pictures . Mark Bailey was hired to write a script in January 2011 . Black Panther was announced in October 2014 , and Boseman made his first appearance as the character in Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) . By 2016 , Cole and Coogler had joined ; additional cast joined in May , making Black Panther the first Marvel film with a predominantly black cast . Principal photography took place from January to April 2017 , at EUE / Screen Gems Studios in the Atlanta metropolitan area , and Busan , South Korea . Black Panther premiered in Los Angeles on January 29 , 2018 , and was released theatrically in the United States on February 16 , 2018 , in 2D , 3D , IMAX and other premium large formats . The film received praise from critics for its direction , screenplay , acting , production and costume design , and soundtrack . Critics considered it one of the best films set in the MCU and noted its cultural significance . It grossed over $1.3 billion worldwide , and became the second - highest - grossing film of 2018 behind Avengers : Infinity War , the third - highest - grossing film ever in the United States , the ninth - highest - grossing film of all time , and the highest - grossing film by a black director . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Pre-production 3.2. 1 Writing 3.2. 2 Design 3.2. 2.1 Sets 3.2. 2.2 Costumes 3.3 Filming 3.4 Post-production 3.4. 1 Visual effects 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 Pre-sale ticket records 6.1. 2 United States and Canada 6.1. 3 Other territories 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Community response 6.4 Analysis 6.4. 1 Cultural importance 6.4. 2 African and African - American representation 6.5 Accolades 7 Future 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Plot Five African tribes war over a meteorite containing vibranium . One warrior ingests a `` heart - shaped herb '' affected by the metal and gains superhuman abilities , becoming the first `` Black Panther '' . He unites all but the Jabari Tribe to form the nation of Wakanda . Over centuries , the Wakandans use the vibranium to develop advanced technology and isolate themselves from the world by posing as a Third World country . In 1992 , King T'Chaka visits his brother N'Jobu , who is working undercover in Oakland , California . T'Chaka accuses N'Jobu of assisting black - market arms dealer Ulysses Klaue with stealing vibranium from Wakanda . N'Jobu's partner reveals he is Zuri , another undercover Wakandan , and confirms T'Chaka's suspicions . In the present day , following T'Chaka's death , his son T'Challa returns to Wakanda to assume the throne . He and Okoye , the leader of the Dora Milaje regiment , extract T'Challa's ex-lover Nakia from an undercover assignment so she can attend his coronation ceremony with his mother Ramonda and younger sister Shuri . At the ceremony , the Jabari Tribe 's leader M'Baku challenges T'Challa for the crown in ritual combat . T'Challa defeats M'Baku and persuades him to yield rather than die . When Klaue and Erik Stevens steal a Wakandan artifact from a London museum T'Challa's friend and Okoye 's lover W'Kabi urges him to bring Klaue back alive . T'Challa , Okoye , and Nakia travel to Busan , South Korea , where Klaue plans to sell the artifact to CIA agent Everett K. Ross . A firefight erupts and Klaue attempts to flee but is caught by T'Challa , who reluctantly releases him to Ross ' custody . Klaue tells Ross that Wakanda 's international image is a front for a technologically advanced civilization . Erik attacks and extracts Klaue as Ross is gravely injured protecting Nakia . Rather than pursue Klaue , T'Challa takes Ross to Wakanda where their technology can save him . While Shuri heals Ross , T'Challa confronts Zuri about N'Jobu . Zuri explains that N'Jobu planned to share Wakanda 's technology with people of African descent around the world to help them conquer their oppressors . As T'Chaka arrested N'Jobu , the latter attacked Zuri and forced T'Chaka to kill him . T'Chaka ordered Zuri to lie that N'Jobu had disappeared and left behind N'Jobu's American son in order to maintain the lie . This boy grew up to be Stevens , a U.S. black ops soldier who adopted the name `` Killmonger '' . Meanwhile , Killmonger kills Klaue and takes his body to Wakanda . He is brought before the tribal elders , revealing his identity and claim to the throne . Killmonger challenges T'Challa to ritual combat , where he kills Zuri , defeats T'Challa , and hurls him over a waterfall to his presumed death . Killmonger ingests the heart - shaped herb and orders the rest incinerated , but Nakia extracts one first . Killmonger , supported by W'Kabi and his army , prepares to distribute shipments of Wakandan weapons to operatives around the world . Nakia , Shuri , Ramonda , and Ross flee to the Jabari Tribe for aid . They find a comatose T'Challa , rescued by the Jabari in repayment for sparing M'Baku's life . Healed by Nakia 's herb , T'Challa returns to fight Killmonger , who dons his own Black Panther suit and commands W'Kabi and his army to attack . Shuri , Nakia , and the Dora Milaje join T'Challa , while Ross remotely pilots a jet and shoots down the planes carrying the vibranium weapons . M'Baku and the Jabari arrive to reinforce T'Challa . Confronted by Okoye , W'Kabi and his army stand down . Fighting in Wakanda 's vibranium mine , T'Challa disrupts Killmonger 's suit and stabs him . Killmonger refuses to be healed , choosing to die a free man rather than be incarcerated . T'Challa establishes an outreach center at the building where N'Jobu died , to be run by Nakia and Shuri . In a mid-credits scene , T'Challa appears before the United Nations to reveal Wakanda 's true nature to the world . In a post-credits scene , Shuri helps Bucky Barnes with his recuperation . Cast ( L : R ) Producer Kevin Feige , director Ryan Coogler , and actors Lupita Nyong'o , Michael B. Jordan , Danai Gurira , and Chadwick Boseman promoting Black Panther at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con International . Chadwick Boseman as T'Challa / Black Panther : The king of the African nation of Wakanda , who gains enhanced strength by ingesting the heart - shaped herb . He ascends to the throne following the death of his father T'Chaka in Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) . Boseman called T'Challa an anti-hero who is `` very much aware '' of his responsibility as the leader of Wakanda . Black Panther 's suit , which forms around his body , was inspired by a similar design in Ta - Nehisi Coates ' Black Panther comic book run . Boseman worked with the same dialect coach he had during Message from the King ( 2016 ) , and worked with Marrese Crump to stay in shape between Civil War and Black Panther . To prepare for the role , Boseman visited South Africa twice ; examined Shaka Zulu , Patrice Lumumba , speeches from Nelson Mandela , and Fela Kuti songs ; talked to a Yoruba Babalawo ; trained in Dambe , Capoeira Angola , and Zulu stick fighting ; and took a DNA test to better understand his African ancestry . He signed a five - film contract with Marvel . Ashton Tyler plays a young T'Challa . Michael B. Jordan as N'Jadaka / Erik `` Killmonger '' Stevens : A U.S. black - ops soldier who seeks to overthrow his cousin T'Challa , with his own opinion on how Wakanda should be ruled . Jordan had wanted to play a villain for `` a while '' , and likened Killmonger and T'Challa's relationship to the X-Men characters Magneto and Professor X . He added that Killmonger is strategic , thoughtful , patient , and `` trained to a T '' . Killmonger 's bumpy , ritualistic tribal markings on his chest and torso resemble the scar tattoos of the Mursi and Surma tribes , and consisted of 90 individually sculpted silicone molds that took two - and - a-half hours to apply . Jordan would have to sit in a sauna for two hours at the end of the day to remove the prosthetics . Killmonger 's dreadlocks hairstyle was a modern take on the character 's long hair in the comics . To prepare for the role , Jordan examined Malcolm X , Marcus Garvey , Huey P. Newton , Fred Hampton , and Tupac Shakur . Corey Calliet served as Jordan 's trainer on the film , after also doing so on Creed . Seth Carr plays a young Stevens . Lupita Nyong'o as Nakia : T'Challa's former lover and a War Dog , an undercover spy for Wakanda , from the River Tribe . Nyong'o called Nakia a `` departure '' from her comic counterpart . She begins the film fighting for enslaved women in Nigeria . Nyong'o learned to speak Hausa for the film , and also trained in judo , jujitsu , silat , and Filipino martial arts . Danai Gurira as Okoye : An `` extremely proud '' Wakandan and traditionalist from the Border Tribe , who is the head of the Dora Milaje , Wakanda 's all - female special forces and T'Challa's bodyguards . Director Ryan Coogler cast Gurira based on her performance in Mother of George ( 2013 ) , rather than her popular role of Michonne in the television series The Walking Dead , which Coogler had not seen . Gurira said that the fighting skills she learned playing Michonne complemented the skills of Okoye , but noted that the Dora Milaje are a secret service , which covers intel as well as fighting . She explained that though the character is stoic , `` she also has an unexpected sense of humor . She has a heart , but for her country and for her people . '' Gurira 's head was re-shaved every day to have her head tattoos applied , which took two - and - a-half to three - and - a-half hours . Martin Freeman as Everett K. Ross : A member of the Central Intelligence Agency , who Freeman described as having an `` uneasy peace '' with T'Challa . He added that the character goes on an `` enlightening journey to Wakanda '' in the film . Freeman and the filmmakers sought to depict Ross as a capable agent rather than just comic relief as he is in the comics . Daniel Kaluuya as W'Kabi : A confidant to T'Challa and his best friend , who is the head of security for the Border Tribe , serving as the first line of defense for Wakanda . Letitia Wright as Shuri : T'Challa's 16 - year - old sister who designs new technology for the country . Wright described Shuri as innovative of spirit and mind , wanting to take Wakanda to `` a new place '' , and felt she was a good role model for young black girls . Executive producer Nate Moore called Shuri the smartest person in the world , even more so than Tony Stark . Winston Duke as M'Baku : A powerful , ruthless warrior who is the leader of Wakanda 's mountain tribe , the Jabari , who are in protest to T'Challa being the new king . Duke described the Jabari as people who `` strongly believe that to move forward , you have to have a strong adherence and respect for the past . So they have a deep moral conscience . '' Character elements from Christopher Priest 's 1998 -- 2003 Black Panther series were adapted for M'Baku's portrayal in the film . M'Baku is not referred to in the film by his comics alter ego `` Man - Ape '' , since Marvel felt there were `` a lot of racial implications that do n't sit well '' in having a black character dress up as an ape . This aspect of the character was instead reworked to have the Jabari tribe worship the gorilla gods , with M'Baku still wearing elements of fur on his arms and legs and a chest - plate that hints at the gorilla . Moore continued , `` Man - Ape is a problematic character for a lot of reasons , but the idea behind Man - Ape we thought was really fascinating ... It 's a line I think we 're walking , and hopefully walking successfully . '' To further differentiate the Jabari , Duke spoke a version of the Nigerian Igbo language rather than the Xhosa language spoken by other Wakandans . Angela Bassett as Ramonda : T'Challa and Shuri 's mother , the Queen Mother of Wakanda . Ramonda serves as an adviser to T'Challa for when he would otherwise have turned to his father . Bassett wore a silver , waist - length wig for the role that was made from 120 pieces of hair hand - rolled into dreadlocks . Calliet also served as Bassett 's trainer before and during filming , creating high - intensity interval training circuits and helping to craft her diet . Forest Whitaker as Zuri : An elder statesman in Wakanda and the keeper of the heart - shaped herb . Coogler called Zuri a religious and spiritual figure , referencing the spirituality of Wakanda from the comics , and compared him to Obi - wan Kenobi from the Star Wars series . Zuri is also a `` major tie back '' to T'Chaka for T'Challa . Denzel Whitaker , who is not related to Forest , plays a young Zuri . Andy Serkis as Ulysses Klaue : A South African black - market arms dealer , smuggler and gangster , who is allied with Killmonger . He uses a piece of advanced Wakandan mining equipment as a sonic disruptor arm - cannon , replacing his left arm , which he lost in Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) . Boseman described Klaue as a threat to Wakanda , one of the few outsiders to enter the country , and someone with access to vibranium . He compared the character to Osama bin Laden . Serkis added that in addition to his desire for vibranium , Klaue is motivated by a `` personal '' vendetta against T'Challa , and `` to expose what he thinks is the hypocrisy of Wakanda '' . Additionally , John Kani and Florence Kasumba reprise their respective roles of T'Chaka and Ayo from Captain America : Civil War . Kani 's son Atandwa portrays a young T'Chaka , and Sterling K. Brown plays his brother N'Jobu , who is Killmonger 's father . Wakandan elders in the film include Isaach de Bankolé for the River Tribe , Connie Chiume for the Mining Tribe , Dorothy Steel for the Merchant Tribe , and Danny Sapani for the Border Tribe . Sydelle Noel appears as Xoliswa , a member of the Dora Milaje . Marija Abney , Janeshia Adams - Ginyard , Maria Hippolyte , Marie Mouroum , Jénel Stevens , Zola Williams , Christine Hollingsworth , and Shaunette Renée Wilson also play Doras . Nabiyah Be initially announced that she was playing criminal Tilda Johnson , but her character was simply named Linda in the final film due to Gabrielle Dennis being cast as Johnson in the second season of Luke Cage . Comedian Trevor Noah voices Griot , a Wakandan ship A.I. , Black Panther co-creator Stan Lee has a cameo as a patron in the South Korean casino , and Sebastian Stan makes an uncredited appearance in the post-credits scene reprising his role as Bucky Barnes . Production Development In June 1992 , Wesley Snipes announced his intention to make a film about Black Panther , and began work on the film by that August . Snipes wanted to highlight the majesty of Africa , which he felt was poorly portrayed in Hollywood films , saying , `` Black Panther spoke to me because he was noble , and he was the antithesis of the stereotypes presented and portrayed about Africans , African history and the great kingdoms of Africa . '' The next July , Snipes planned to begin The Black Panther after starring in Demolition Man ( 1993 ) , and the next month he expressed interest in making sequels to the film as well . In January 1994 , Snipes entered talks with Columbia Pictures to portray Black Panther , and Black Panther co-creator Stan Lee joined the film by March ; it entered early development by May . Snipes had discussions with several different screenwriters and directors about the project , including Mario Van Peebles and John Singleton . When the film had not progressed by January 1996 , Lee explained that he had not been pleased with the scripts for the project . Snipes said that there was confusion among those unfamiliar with the comics , who thought that the film was about the Black Panther Party . We 've yet to have a major black comic book hero on the screen . Especially the Black Panther , which is such a rich , interesting life . It 's a dream come true to originate something ( like ) that . -- Actor Wesley Snipes , who worked on early iterations of Black Panther In July 1997 , Black Panther was listed as part of Marvel Comics ' film slate , and in March 1998 , Marvel reportedly hired Joe Quesada and Jimmy Palmiotti , who at the time were editors of the Black Panther comics under the Marvel Knights brand , to work on it ; Quesada and Palmiotti have both denied that this happened . That August , corporate problems at Marvel put the project on hold , while in August 1999 , Snipes was set to produce , and possibly star , in the film . In May 2000 , Artisan Entertainment announced a deal with Marvel to co-produce , finance , and distribute a film based on Black Panther . In March 2002 , Snipes said he planned to film Blade 3 ( 2004 ) or Black Panther in 2003 , and reiterated his interest five months later . In July 2004 , Blade 3 director David S. Goyer said this was unlikely , as Snipes was `` already so entrenched as Blade that another Marvel hero might be overkill '' . In September 2005 , Marvel chairman and CEO Avi Arad announced Black Panther as one of ten films that would be developed by Marvel Studios and distributed by Paramount Pictures . In June 2006 , Snipes said he hoped to have a director for the project soon , and Marvel Studios president Kevin Feige reiterated that Black Panther was in development in February 2007 . By July , John Singleton had been approached to direct the film . In March 2009 , Marvel hired writers to help come up with creative ways to launch its lesser - known properties , including Black Panther ; Nate Moore , the head of the writers program , was overseeing the development of the Black Panther film specifically . Additional development from Snipes stalled at this time , as he was convicted of failing to file a tax return , serving his sentence from June 2010 to April 2013 . In January 2011 , Marvel Studios hired documentary filmmaker Mark Bailey to write a script for Black Panther , to be produced by Feige . In October 2013 , Feige said the film would be made `` some day '' and noted that the metal vibranium , which comes from Black Panther 's home nation Wakanda , had already appeared in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . There were discussions of showing Wakanda in the MCU as early as Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) , but this was put off until Marvel had `` a full idea '' of how to depict it . In October 2014 , Feige announced that Black Panther would be released on November 3 , 2017 , with Chadwick Boseman cast in the title role . Boseman did not audition before he was hired for the role , instead discussing what he wanted to do with the part with Marvel . The actor was set to first portray the character in Captain America : Civil War , before starring in his own film . Snipes gave his support for the project , despite no longer being involved . Feige said that Marvel was considering minority filmmakers for the director and writer , but that they were focused on `` looking for the best filmmakers , the best writers , the best directors possible . So I 'm not going to say for sure that we 're going to hire from any one demographic , but we 're meeting a lot of people . '' He added that they had met with former Black Panther comics writer Reginald Hudlin . In January 2015 , Boseman said that the film was going through a `` brainstorming phase '' , and he was looking at the different stories in the comics and how they may be merged for the film . The next month , Marvel pushed back the release date to July 6 , 2018 . In April 2015 , Feige said he would be meeting with directors after the release of Avengers : Age of Ultron at the end of the month , and that further casting was underway . By May 2015 , Marvel had discussions with Ava DuVernay to direct this film or Captain Marvel ( 2019 ) . In June , Feige confirmed that he had met with DuVernay alongside a number of other directors , and said that he expected a decision to be made by mid - to late 2015 . By early July , DuVernay had passed on directing the film , explaining that `` Marvel has a certain way of doing things and I think they 're fantastic and a lot of people love what they do . I loved that they reached out to me ... ( but ) we had different ideas about what the story would be ... we just did n't see eye to eye . Better for me to realize that now than cite creative differences later . '' Later in the month , DuVernay expanded , wondering if the film was important enough for her to work on , at the expense of other opportunities , stating , `` At one point , the answer was yes because I thought there was value in putting that kind of imagery into the culture in a worldwide , huge way ... a black man as a hero -- that would be pretty revolutionary . '' However , despite finding value in the global reach Marvel films have , DuVernay felt it was `` important to me that ( my work ) be true to who I was in this moment . And if there 's too much compromise , it really was n't going to be an Ava DuVernay film . By October 2015 , F. Gary Gray and Ryan Coogler had been considered to direct the film , though negotiations with Coogler had cooled , and Gray had chosen to direct Fast & Furious 8 ( 2017 ) instead . Joe Robert Cole , a member of the Marvel writers program , was in talks to write the screenplay , and Marvel changed the release date once again , moving it to February 16 , 2018 . By December , discussions with Coogler were reignited after the successful opening of his film Creed ( 2015 ) . Pre-production Coogler was confirmed as director in January 2016 , and explained that he grew up reading comics , so Black Panther `` is just as personal to me as the last couple of films I was able to make . I feel really fortunate to be able to work on something I 'm this passionate about again . '' After being `` wooed '' by Feige for months , Coogler agreed to direct the film if he could bring collaborators from his previous films to work on Black Panther , to differentiate it from other MCU films that are often `` shot , composed , and edited by the same in - house people '' . This included Fruitvale Station ( 2013 ) cinematographer Rachel Morrison , as well as production designer Hannah Beachler and composer Ludwig Göransson , who both worked with Coogler on Fruitvale Station and Creed . Discussing working in with the MCU while still creating `` a Ryan Coogler movie '' , the director said , What Marvel 's doing ... is making content that exists in a particular universe , where the characters tie in and crossover , and I think that 's a great creative challenge to me -- to make this movie as personal as possible . It 's going to be my most personal movie to date , which is crazy to say , but it 's completely the case . I 'm obsessed with this character and this story right now , and I think it 's going to be very unique and still fit into the overall narrative that they 're establishing . I grew up as a comic book fan , and the same things used to happen in the comic books . You 'd have Wolverine 's books , and they 'd be so much darker and more brutal than the X-Men books , but they 'd still fit in when you open the pages of the X-Men book . It 's new to movies , but it 's not new to storytelling . What 's so great about Panther is he 's a superhero who ... sees himself as a politician , as a leader in his country . It just so happens that the country is a warrior - based nation where the leaders have to be warriors , as well , so sometimes he has to go fight . -- Ryan Coogler , director of Black Panther In April 2016 , Feige said that Coogler was working on the script with Cole , and that filming would begin at the `` very beginning of next year '' . He added that the film would be the first Marvel Studios production to feature a `` primarily African - American cast '' . Lupita Nyong'o entered negotiations to star as T'Challa's love interest the next month , and Michael B. Jordan also joined , in an undisclosed role , after previously working with Coogler on Fruitvale Station and Creed . Later in the month , Nate Moore , now serving as a producer on the film , stated that filming would occur in Atlanta , Georgia , with Marvel `` definitely investigating shooting in Africa '' as well . At San Diego Comic - Con International 2016 , Nyong'o was confirmed for the film , in the role of Nakia , while Jordan 's role was revealed to be Erik Killmonger . Also announced was Danai Gurira as Okoye . Coogler confirmed that filming would begin in January 2017 . Additional casting occurred from September 2016 until the start of filming , with Winston Duke cast as M'Baku ( a role that Yahya Abdul - Mateen II had also tested for ) , Forest Whitaker as Zuri , Daniel Kaluuya as W'Kabi , Angela Bassett as T'Challa's mother , Ramonda , Sterling K. Brown as N'Jobu , and Letitia Wright in an unspecified role . Florence Kasumba was also revealed to be reprising her role as Ayo from Captain America : Civil War . Amandla Stenberg , who is bi-racial and light skinned , was also considered for a role in the film but was not comfortable taking the place of a dark - skinned actor , and described her decision to pass on the role `` really challenging '' . By January 2017 , Marvel received permission from the Oakland , California - based public transit agency AC Transit to use their logo in the film for the opening flashback sequence . The setting was chosen due to Coogler 's Oakland roots . Writing Coogler promoting Black Panther at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con International The production team was inspired by Ta - Nehisi Coates ' run on Black Panther , who was writing the comic at the time , including Coates ' poetic dialogue , the art by Brian Stelfreeze , and `` some of the questions that it 's asking '' . Other runs of Black Panther in the comics that inspired the film include those by Jack Kirby , Christopher Priest ( which Coogler felt most influenced the film ) , Jonathan Hickman , and Hudlin . Characters for the film were picked from throughout the comics , based on what worked best for the film 's story . Coogler had hoped to include Spider - Man villain Kraven the Hunter early in the process ( before being told the character was unavailable to use in the film ) because of a scene in Priest 's run that had T'Challa fighting Kraven . Donald Glover and his brother Stephen Glover made some minor contributions to an early draft of the script , which included developing the relationship between T'Challa and his younger sister Shuri . Moore noted that an early script had more scenes outside of Wakanda , with the main characters exploring the theme of `` what it means to be African and African - American in the world a bit more '' . He hoped that these sequences could be revisited for a later film , particularly a `` super cool '' sequence that was storyboarded but cut to keep the story concise . Feige described Black Panther as `` a big geopolitical action adventure that focuses on the family and royal struggle of T'Challa in Wakanda , and what it means to be a king '' , with Civil War laying `` the groundwork '' for T'Challa's morality , and establishing the `` geopolitical landscape '' that he would have to deal with on returning to Wakanda . Moore compared the politics and humor of the film to Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) , saying that the former would be inherent but not `` preachy '' , and that the latter would avoid the tones of Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) and Ant - Man ( 2015 ) . He also said the film would be a cross between The Godfather ( 1972 ) and the James Bond films as a `` big , operatic family drama centered around a world of international espionage . '' Coogler was influenced by 1970s films such as the works of Francis Ford Coppola in that decade , as well as crime fiction . He also watched the film A Prophet ( 2009 ) for inspiration . Feige called the film 's story `` rich in culturally relevant ideas '' , with Boseman indicating there were parallels to `` pull from '' in the film in relation to Donald Trump becoming President of the United States after Barack Obama , though Feige added that `` these are conversations we were having two years ago because that is inherently the story within the comics . '' Moore felt that the film does not depend on the plots of any other MCU films , but the events of this film do affect the wider MCU moving forward , with Feige stating the film was `` a very important '' link to Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) and its sequel ( 2019 ) . Civil War also introduced the Wakandan language , based on the Xhosa language . Boseman was taught Xhosa by John Kani , who portrays T'Challa's father King T'Chaka . The ceremonial betrothal aspect of the Dora Milaje was not adapted from the comics for the film . Design The Maasai people of Kenya ( top ) inspired about 80 % of the design of the Dora Milaje , Wakanda 's all - female special forces ( bottom ) . Cole called the film an historic opportunity to depict a black superhero `` at a time when African - Americans are affirming their identities while dealing with vilification and dehumanization '' . He added that it was important to root the themes of the film in the actual cultures of Africa , and that they would be working with experts on the region of Africa that Wakanda is supposed to be located in . Elaborating on this , Cole noted that all the countries in Africa have `` different histories , mythologies , and cultures ( so ) what we tried to do was hone in on some of the history , some of the cultural influences and then extrapolate out in our technology ... we wanted to root it in reality first and then build out from there '' . Coogler compared the rarity of vibranium existing only in Wakanda to the real - life mineral coltan that can almost only be found in Congo . He wanted Wakanda to feel like a country rather than just one city by featuring multiple tribes , each with their own cultures , and created a project bible that listed each Wakandan tribe and their origins , which guided the design process . Special care was taken in all aspects of the design to create a futuristic look that was not alien , as some of Jack Kirby 's comic designs appeared . Sets Beachler wanted to honor the comic designs , but fill in the gaps with research concentrated on Sub-Saharan Africa , pulling inspiration from Uganda , Rwanda , Burundi , Congo - Kinshasa , and Ethiopia , as well as the designs of Zaha Hadid . Moore described this approach as a love letter to Africa . Beachler looked at the architecture of existing tribes , and then tried to advance the technology naturally rather than if Wakanda had been colonized . This combination of old and new was an important theme throughout the film , as well as circular motifs to signify the transmission of energy . Some of the older areas explored in the film include Warrior Falls , the City of the Dead , and the Hall of Kings , which are juxtaposed with the more modern Afro - punk style of the Golden City , the capital . Rondavels were incorporated into the tops of Wakanda 's skyscrapers , inspired by the look of mountains at Blyde River Canyon in South Africa . Beachler created different sigils and architecture for each of the Wakandan tribes , with the Border Tribe inspired by Lesotho , the Merchant Tribe having a sigil based on Nigerian writing , and the Golden Tribe using a sun symbol found throughout Africa . Gorilla City , home to the Jabari Tribe , was originally set in a rain forest , but Coogler suggested that it be found up a mountain in snow . Beachler based the written form of the Wakandan language on an old Nigerian language and also consulted with mining and metallurgy experts for the vibranium technology used throughout the country . This included the vibranium mine where the substance is depicted as glowing blue rocks , before it is refined into the stainless steel look previously seen in the MCU . The film also adapts the kimoyo bead technology from the comics , and features sand - based technology . Beachler wanted all of the futuristic elements of the film to be consistent with projections of what real world technology may be like in 25 or 30 years , including the maglev and hovercraft technology used in vehicles . The Wakandan vehicles depicted in the film include a maglev train for carrying vibranium ; the king 's Royal Talon Fighter , which looks like a mask from the top and bottom ; and the Dragon Flyer , inspired by the Congo peafowl . The majority of Beachler 's sets were constructed on sound stages in Atlanta , including the Tribal Council , Shuri 's design space , and the Hall of Kings . The Tribal Council set was built with a glass floor through which an old ruin can be seen . The exterior set for Warrior Falls was built on a backlot north of Atlanta , and was inspired by the Oribi Gorge . The set was 36 feet ( 11 m ) , made up of a 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) high pool , and then 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) high cliff faces that were designed to be extended to 100 feet ( 30 m ) with visual effects . A framework for the cliffs was hand - sculpted from industrial styrofoam , with a system of tunnels built - in to the design to allow extras to climb up to different areas of the cliffs . The framework was then covered with 25,000 cubic feet ( 710 m ) of foam that was sculptured to match rocks found at Oribi Gorge . Six large pumps were used to fill the pool at the base of the set , and create a waterfall over the ledge at the bottom . The base of the pool was made from padding so stunts could safely be carried out on the set , but designed to look like rocks and to have enough grip that the actors would not fall over in the water . The set took four months to complete , and was used for two weeks of filming . Costumes Costume designer Ruth E. Carter referenced the Maasai , Himba , Dogon , Basotho , Tuareg , Turkana , Xhosa , Zulu , Suri and Dinka people in her designs . She also examined appropriate works by Japanese fashion designer Issey Miyake , French fashion designer Yves Saint Laurent , and American fashion designer Donna Karan . Winnie Mandela provided inspiration to Carter for Angela Bassett 's costumes . The Dora Milaje costumes primarily used red to reflect different African cultures , and included beaded tabards that feature talismans for `` protection , good spirit , and good luck , and a sense of ownership , as if the costume could be handed down from mother to daughter '' . Carter specifically wanted to avoid the `` girls in the bathing suits '' look , and instead have the Dora Milaje wear full armor that they would practically need for battle . She also had to take actors ' stunt work into consideration . Anthony Francisco , the Senior Visual Development Illustrator , noted the Dora Milaje costumes were based 80 percent on the Maasai , five percent on samurai , five percent on ninjas , and five percent on the Ifugao people from the Philippines . The arm band and neck rings were a reference to the Southern Ndebele people , which denotes stature . As such , Okoye has gold bands and rings to denote she is a general , compared to the other Dora Milaje wearing silver . The costumes for T'Challa combined his role as king and as the head of the military , including combining a kente cloth cloak with military boots . Carter also used distinct colors and patterns for each of Wakanda 's tribes , such as green with shells for the River Tribe based on the Suri ; blue with wood for the Border Tribe ; black with royal purple for the Black Panther and the Royal Palace ; plums and purples for the Merchant Tribe in reference to the Tuareg ; and ochre for the Mining Tribe inspired by the Himba . Three out of every five people in Wakanda go barefoot , which also influenced the costuming process . The Wakandans wear `` normal '' clothes outside of the country , which are consistent with their respective Wakandan designs and colors . Carter created 700 costumes for the film , working with `` an army '' of illustrators , designers , mold makers , fabric dyers , jewelry makers and more . Hair department head Camille Friend referenced traditional African art , fabrics , hair , and textures , and the current - day natural hair movement in her designs . Friend strived to keep the hair natural , using `` braids , locs and twists ... extensions , ( and ) wigs '' , and as with Carter , designed each tribe to have their own identifiable hair aesthetic , such as the Jabari Tribe having `` very straight , clean lines '' with war - paint detail , inspired by Senegalese warriors . Filming Principal photography had begun by January 21 , 2017 , at EUE / Screen Gems Studios in the Atlanta metropolitan area , under the working title Motherland . Filming also took place in the Sweet Auburn neighborhood in Atlanta , which doubled as Oakland ; the High Museum of Art , which served as the fictional Museum of Great Britain in London ; and Atlanta City Hall , which served as a United Nations building . Cinematographer Rachel Morrison , who was eager to work on Black Panther after working with Coogler on Fruitvale Station , first watched all of the other MCU films to understand the established `` language '' , and decided `` to see how far we could push '' that language and not match it by featuring more contrast in color and shots in this film . Visual effects supervisor Geoff Baumann provided Morrison with before - and - after shots of scenes from Civil War so she could understand what elements are captured on set and what is created digitally . She filmed in 3.4 K ArriRaw with Arri Alexa XT Plus cameras and Panavision Primo lenses , primarily using a two - camera set - up with a third or fourth camera on occasion . Morrison said that lighting was her biggest challenge , the magnitude of which `` was much bigger than I 'd experienced before '' , and made extensive use of Arri SkyPanel LED light fixtures , which she could preprogram from an iPad . Morrison explained that she surrounded entire sets with SkyPanels and even `` built an entire jungle on a sound stage '' . Shortly after filming started , Kani 's son Atandwa stated that he would appear in the film alongside his father , the latter reprising the role of T'Chaka , while on - set photographs revealed that Martin Freeman would reprise his role as Everett K. Ross . Marvel announced the start of production on January 26 , along with confirming the casting of Freeman , Wright , and John Kani , and revealing that Andy Serkis would reprise his role as Ulysses Klaue from Avengers : Age of Ultron . Atandwa portrays a younger version of his father 's character , and also served as a cultural consultant during filming , along with dialect coach Beth McGuire who ensured there was continuity between the various actors who had to use `` Wakandan accents '' . Jordan joined the production later than the rest of the core cast . He felt that this aided his performance , since his character is separate from and in conflict with the other characters . Because of this , Jordan kept to himself while he was on set . Since Black Panther and Avengers : Infinity War were filming simultaneously in Atlanta , both production teams worked together closely to ensure a unified presentation of Wakanda in the films , as the country also plays a large role in Infinity War . Additional filming took place in South Korea , with the city of Busan serving as the setting of a car chase scene , involving 150 cars and over 700 people . Coogler and Morrison referenced the car chase sequences from Bullitt ( 1968 ) , Drive ( 2011 ) , and The French Connection ( 1971 ) , taking the best elements from each for Black Panther 's sequence . Filming in Busan began on March 17 , 2017 , with shooting occurring at the Jagalchi Fish Market . Filming took place by Gwangalli Beach on March 21 , with other South Korean filming locations including Marine City in the Haeundae District and at the Gwangandaegyo Bridge . The production crew also hired hundreds of current and former film students from local universities as staff or assistant staff during the South Korea filming . Filming in the country wrapped on March 27 , with additional location shooting also taking place at the Rwenzori Mountains and Bwindi Impenetrable National Park in Uganda . John Marzano served as cinematographer for aerial footage of South Africa , Zambia , Uganda , and South Korea . At CinemaCon 2017 , Wright was revealed to be portraying Shuri in the film . Filming concluded on April 19 , 2017 . Post-production At the end of June 2017 , Sydelle Noel revealed she had been cast in the film as Xoliswa , a member of the Dora Milaje . In January 2018 , Coogler hinted at the inclusion of post-credit scenes . Two are included , with the first showing T'Challa address the United Nations and the second featuring Sebastian Stan reprising his role as Bucky Barnes . The first scene was originally intended to be part of the actual ending of the film , but was taken out so the film could conclude in Oakland , where it begins . Coogler felt having this symmetry was important . The scene was then moved to during the credits . In the scene , T'Challa says `` The foolish build barriers , while the wise build bridges . '' Some noted the relevance of this statement to the political climate of the presidency of Donald Trump , but Coogler stated that the line was added before Trump 's election and was simply an African proverb that his wife had found . He added that the intention of the scene was to inspire the audience by making T'Challa seem like a real person in a familiar , real - world environment , similar to how Tony Stark was treated in Iron Man ( 2008 ) . Coogler was not mandated by Marvel to feature any connections to other films , but was interested in addressing the fact that Barnes was in Wakanda ( per the end of Civil War ) because he felt it would be fun for the audience . He did not want to include the character in the body of the film since Barnes is not involved in the actual conflict faced by the other characters , but felt that a scene at the end of the credits would be appropriate . The film was edited by Michael Shawver and Debbie Berman , with Shawver spending time on set during filming as well as at an editing suite near the Atlanta production base . Berman joined the film after an initial director 's cut had been produced , two weeks after she completed work on Marvel 's Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) . Berman was added because Coogler likes to have both a male and female editing his films . She believed that she was chosen by Marvel because she is South African , and had been expressing interest in Black Panther throughout the editing process for Homecoming after first seeing the character in Civil War . Shawver said that a lot of their time editing was spent discussing the film with Coogler , particularly how their work was affecting the experience of the audience . For instance , Shawver felt that initial versions of the first Warrior Falls fight fell `` flat '' and used techniques he learned working with Coogler on Creed to have the editing move back - and - forth to mimic the back - and - forth of the fighters . He also felt that adding more reaction shots to the crowd during the fight gave more weight to T'Challa's victory at the end . During the editing of the final fight sequence , Berman pointed out to Coogler that the female Dora Milajae are rescued by the all - male Jabari tribe , which she felt defeated the purpose of all the focus on female characters leading up to that moment . Coogler agreed , and subsequently used additional photography for the film to make the first Jabari fighter to be focused on in the scene female , and also to add female Jabari fighters to the background of the scene . Berman felt that this was an important change that would not have been made without her female perspective in the editing room . Visual effects Previsualization ( top ) and completed visual effects shot of Wakanda by Industrial Light & Magic ( bottom ) Visual effects for the film were created by : Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM ) with help from Virtuos , Stereo D , and Scanline VFX ; Double Negative ; Luma Pictures ; Mammal Studios ; Method Studios ; Perception ; Rise Visual Effects Studios ; Torm Studios ; Trixter ; Cantina Creative ; Lola VFX ; Capital T ; Exceptional Minds ; Technicolor VFX ; Rodeo FX ; Imageloom VFX ; Anibrain ; Method Pune ; Bot VFX ; Pixstone Images ; Futureworks ; Vertigo Visual ; FX3X ; and Yannix Thailand Co . Previsualization was completed by Digital Domain and The Third Floor , while Perception also created the main title sequence for the film . Geoffrey Baumann served as visual effects supervisor . Comparing Black Panther to other MCU films , Baumann noted that the visual effects department often have free rein when creating otherworldly science fiction designs , but had to be more specific with this film due to the need to be authentic to African culture and geography . He noted that for the Warrior Falls environment , the amphitheater - like cliff walls had to be populated with digital spectators that could not simply be copy - and - pasted around the set due to the precise costume designs created by Carter for each tribe and character . Instead , the visual effects department had to work with the costumers to individually model each digital extra for the sequence , with each model being complex . Additionally , Baumann noted that visual effects were used to make adjustments to the opening sequence after test audiences were confusing the characters of T'Chaka and T'Challa , both dressed as the Black Panther . Artists digitally added some grey to T'Chaka's beard and some gold trimmings to his suit to help differentiate the characters without having to reshoot the scene . ILM was primarily responsible for creating the digital urban environments of Wakanda . ILM VFX supervisor Craig Hammack compared this work to his time on Tomorrowland ( 2015 ) , but noted the additional challenge of not just building a futuristic city , but also one that was culturally appropriate . He explained that African culture has a `` certain amount of earthy material qualities that make things difficult to design as a futuristic city , '' which would typically use lots of steel and glass . ILM looked to real life examples that blend modern architecture with natural environments like One Central Park in Sydney and modern African architecture like The Pearl of Africa Hotel in Kampala as influences , but also had to `` depart from a strict understanding of physics and go into a movie cheat world '' at times to produce the desired look . Hammack was also inspired by the architecture of Uganda , where he spent time while aerial footage for the film was being shot . 60,000 individual buildings were designed and modeled for the city , which Hammack said was the first thing ILM began work on and also the last thing they were doing when the film was completed . Other things that ILM worked on during the production included set extensions and blue - screen replacements for interior sets , and the initial rhinoceros . For T'Challa's ancestral plane scenes , ILM replaced the basic set that was used with a full CG environment including an acacia tree and animated panthers . The sky was based on the Northern Lights , with this first designed for nighttime scenes before being replicated for daytime scenes in which the animators had to work hard to keep the effects visible . ILM also added additional sand for the burial sequences to aid in the breathing of Boseman when filming , and additional flames when Killmonger burns the heart - shaped herb . Method Studios created much of the digital natural environments of Wakanda . The company built a 3,600 square kilometers ( 1,400 sq mi ) landscape that is visible in various aerial shots in the film , which was based on multiple landscapes from across Africa just as diverse landscapes can be seen from the top of Mount Bashenga . Method was also responsible for creating Black Panther 's and Killmonger 's digital suits , including developing the look of the nanotechnology used in both suits . They created many of the film 's digital characters , vehicles , and weapons , with some of those digital creatures being rhinoceroses for the final battle , a sequence that Method did the majority of the work for . Because these rhinoceroses did not have to be seen on screen with the one designed by ILM , only basic structures , scale , and details of the character models had to be shared between the two companies . Much of the work for the final fight included crowd simulation , with Method working alongside the stunt coordinators in motion capture sessions to give each Dora Milaje or Jabari fighter their unique fighting style . In addition to randomizing the height and weight of each digital fighter , the models had to incorporate specific design elements such as the unique face tattoos of each Dora Milaje fighter . Method also worked on the vibranium mine and Shuri 's laboratory , including animating the gadgets seen in the latter . Luma Pictures worked on the Busan car chase sequence , digitally creating the Lexus cars featured in the sequence based on CAD models and on - set reference . Multiple digital versions of the same car were created , so the production could have the actual cars crash and do various stunts with them , with Luma then inserting the digital versions to augment these moments . Luma also created the sonic forces from Klaue 's cannon , while Scanline VFX worked on digitally removing Serkis ' left arm for the sonic cannon and the London museum heist sequence . Several companies worked on the vibranium sand effects used in Wakandan technology , including ILM for the beginning of the film . Perception referenced these sand effects when creating the main - on - end titles for the film , and also helped create Shuri 's laboratory and the interface designs for the displays . Music Main article : Black Panther ( soundtrack ) After reading the script , composer Ludwig Göransson decided to go to Africa to do research for the film . He spent a month in Senegal , first traveling around with musician Baaba Maal on his tour , and then spending several weeks working with local musicians to form the `` base '' of his score . Göransson was particularly drawn to the talking drum and the tambin , or Fula flute , to use in his character themes , along with horns . Nate Moore compared the work Göransson did in defining the sound of the film to the use of music by James Gunn in the Guardians of the Galaxy films , with the composer pushing Marvel out of their comfort zone . Kendrick Lamar produced the film 's curated soundtrack , Black Panther : The Album , along with Top Dawg Entertainment founder Anthony Tiffith , after Coogler wanted to include original songs from Lamar in the film because his `` artistic themes align with those we explore in the film '' . The soundtrack features songs that are heard in the film as well as others that are inspired by it , with the other artists featured the majority of `` top - billing names '' under Top Dawg Entertainment . Göransson collaborated with Lamar and producer Sounwave on the soundtrack . Three singles from the album were released throughout January and February 2018 : `` All the Stars '' , `` King 's Dead '' , and `` Pray for Me '' . Black Panther : The Album was released on February 9 , 2018 , while a soundtrack of Göransson 's score was released on February 16 . Release Black Panther had its world premiere at the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles on January 29 , 2018 . The premiere featured a purple carpet that was flanked by women dressed as the Dora Milaje , while Coogler , the cast members , and other guests wore African clothing at the request of Marvel for attendees to wear `` royal attire '' , honoring the African roots of the film . Ahead of the premiere screening , Coogler received an extended standing ovation before he announced the cast of the film . Black Panther was released in the United Kingdom , Hong Kong , and Taiwan on February 13 , in South Korea on February 14 , and the United States on February 16 . In the United States , the film opened in 4,020 theaters , with over 3,200 of those in 3D , 404 in IMAX , over 660 in premium large format , and over 200 D - Box locations . In addition , Black Panther was the first MCU film to be converted to ScreenX , a 270 - degree wraparound format , that played in over 101 locations in eight countries . The film opened in most markets in its first weekend of release including a `` cross-nation release '' in Africa , a first for a Disney film . Black Panther was originally scheduled for release on November 3 , 2017 , before moving to July 6 , 2018 to accommodate Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) . It was then moved to the final February date to accommodate Ant - Man and the Wasp ( 2018 ) . Black Panther premiered in Riyadh , Saudi Arabia on April 18 , 2018 . The occasion marked the first public film screening since movie theaters were banned in the kingdom in the early 1980 's , after ultraconservative religious standards were introduced in 1979 . The ban was lifted in December 2017 by Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman . The film premiered in a newly constructed 620 leather seat cinema , owned by AMC Theatres , in Riyadh 's King Abdullah Financial District that was originally intended to be a symphony hall . Disney 's regional distributor Italia Film revealed that 40 seconds of the film had been removed , which was in line with cuts made to the film across the region . Awwad Alawwad , Saudi Arabia 's Minister of Culture and Information , and Adam Aron , CEO of AMC Entertainment , were in attendance for the premiere along with other diplomats and industry experts ; no one from the cast or production team was in attendance . Men and women sat together at the screening , after the Saudi government relaxed enforcement of laws banning co-mingling between unrelated men and women . Black Panther screened there for five days before Avengers : Infinity War premiered on April 26 . Marketing Marvel debuted early footage and concept art from the film in April 2017 , at a press event for several of the MCU Phase Three films . Kyle Buchanan at Vulture.com praised the cinematography , costume and production design , and focus on dark - skinned actors and characters , saying `` Black Panther does n't look like any of the other Marvel movies ... If this is what the future of superhero movies looks like , deal me in . '' Feige believed the screened footage was the first time Marvel had shown raw dailies , a decision made because the company wanted to show off the film 's cast ( which Feige called `` the highest - class cast we 've had on a first movie '' ) and diversity , even though editing for it had not yet begun . A poster was released ahead of the first teaser trailer , which premiered during Game 4 of the 2017 NBA Finals . Fans felt the poster was poorly photoshopped , with tweets about it being 27 percent positive and 27 percent negative , according to CNBC 's marketing technology firm Amobee . The poster was also compared to a real - life picture of Black Panther Party co-founder Huey P. Newton . The trailer received a much more positive response , with Peter Sciretta of / Film calling it unexpected and refreshing . io9 's Charles Pulliam - Moore said it was `` every bit as intense as you were hoping it would be '' , while Andrew Husband for Uproxx felt the single teaser `` easily '' outshone the entire Homecoming marketing campaign . Forbes 's Scott Mendelson felt the film had a chance to become a `` seminal event '' like Wonder Woman ( 2017 ) . The trailer was viewed 89 million times in 24 hours , and was a top - trending item on Twitter , generating 349,000 mentions , which was second to the amount the Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) teaser received , and `` dominated the conversation on social media '' over Game 4 . comScore and its PreAct service noted the film was the subject of the most new social media conversations for the rest of the week , and the second-most for the week ending June 18 behind Homecoming . ( L : R ) Moderator Chris Hardwick , Feige , Coogler , and the cast of Black Panther at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con Costumes from the film were on display at D23 Expo 2017 and the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con , with Coogler , Boseman , and other members of the cast presenting exclusive footage of the film at the latter event , to a standing ovation from the audience . The footage featured Kendrick Lamar 's song `` DNA '' , which Coogler called `` amazing '' with appropriate lyrics for the film . In September , Coogler , Gurira , and Moore participated in a panel at the Congressional Black Caucus Foundation 's Annual Legislative Conference , where exclusive footage from the film was also shown and met with a positive response . On October 16 , 2017 , a full trailer was released . Dave Trumbore for Collider praised the trailer for showing an `` unmistakable sense of style '' unique to the character along with usual superhero elements . Graeme McMillan of The Hollywood Reporter said the message of the trailer was clear : `` this is n't like the other Marvel movies , this is something else '' . BamSmackPow 's Brendan Day felt the trailer `` does everything right '' , and noted the music of `` BagBak '' by Vince Staples and `` The Revolution Will Not Be Televised '' by Gil Scott - Heron as unique choices . Writing for Rolling Stone , Tre Johnson felt the trailer showed T'Challa as `` someone with the arrogance of ( John ) Shaft , the coolness of ( Barack ) Obama and the hot - headed impulsiveness of Kanye West '' , and felt it revealed `` an important resetting of a standard of what 's possible '' . A few days later , Marvel Comics published a prelude tie - in comic focusing on one of T'Challa's first missions as the Black Panther set around the time of Iron Man . The first College Football Playoff National Championship halftime show was organized by Disney for the 2018 championship game , with Kendrick Lamar performing to promote Black Panther : The Album and the beginning of ticket sales . By February 12 , Black Panther became the most tweeted about film of 2018 with more than 5 million tweets on Twitter globally , after being a top film in 2017 as well . Twitter launched a custom emoji for the film , that appears when the hashtag # BlackPanther is used . By mid-March , it was the most - tweeted about film of all time , with 35 million tweets . Twitter noted # Wakanda and # WakandaForever , in addition to # BlackPanther , were the most used hashtags related to the film . During New York Fashion Week , designers Cushnie et Ochs , Ikiré Jones , Tome , Sophie Theallet , Fear of God , Chromat , and LaQuan Smith created custom pieces that were inspired by the film for an event titled `` Welcome to Wakanda : Fashion for the Black Panther Era '' . Nick Barose applied makeup for the event and Rodney Cutler styled hair . Marvel Studios formed a partnership with Lexus on the film , with the 2018 Lexus LC being featured in it . A graphic novel featuring the LC , Black Panther : Soul of a Machine , was released in December 2017 from writers Fabian Nicieza , Geoffrey Thorne and Chuck Brown , with cover illustrations by Scott `` Rahzzah '' Wilson and Szymon Kudranski . Lexus also unveiled a concept coupe inspired by the Black Panther . Marvel partnered with Lexus to create a commercial for Super Bowl LII . Promoting the 2018 Lexus LS 500 F Sport , it featured Boseman and Wright reprising their roles . The commercial was released on January 25 , 2018 , ahead of its airing during the Super Bowl . According to RelishMix , the Lexus commercial had 4.3 million views on social media after its Super Bowl airing . Other marketing partners included shoe manufacturer Clarks who created a variant of their Originals ' Trigenic Evo shoe inspired by the film ; PepsiCo and Unilever , which launched an arts program in urban areas to provide an opportunity for young people interested in film to be mentored by established artists ; Brisk created an interactive Black Panther installation at the 2018 NBA All - Star Game weekend , which showcased nine Brisk labels created by emerging artists to promote the Creators Class program ; Lancôme highlighted a line of makeup that Lupita Nyong'o and Letitia Wright used at the premiere of the film ; and Synchrony Financial worked with Coogler and Marvel to award the Ghetto Film School Fellows program with a $50,000 grant , with Coogler also visiting the school to speak to the students . Overall , it had the most expansive advertising budget and biggest line of merchandise of any Marvel non-sequel . Deadline Hollywood estimated that budget to be $140 million . In order to make the film `` feel like a cultural event '' , Asad Ayaz , Executive Vice President of Marketing for Marvel films at Disney , said the marketing campaign was about `` super-serving black moviegoers '' while still trying to appeal to all . Disney and Marvel created a `` synergy program '' with the College Football Playoffs on ESPN , the ABC television series Black - ish , Grey 's Anatomy , Scandal , and How to Get Away With Murder , the Freeform series Grown - ish , and the Bravo franchise The Real Housewives . Marketing in territories outside the United States by Disney was fairly uniform , though in the Middle East the focus was kept on Black Panther rather than Boseman out of costume , as superhero films `` just keep working '' in the territory , according to Gianluca Chakra , Managing Partner of major regional Middle East distributor Front Row . This was the same for Asian territories , as well as the film 's action which is a strong selling point for audiences there . A Wakanda exhibit was featured in malls in seven Chinese cities , along with displays showing Black Panther next to other established MCU characters . A special trailer created for China had Boseman introducing himself and the character 's connection to the other MCU films . Weibo attended the Los Angeles premiere of the film to take pictures and videos with the cast and crew in real time for China , the first time the company has partnered with a foreign studio for this type of engagement . Home media Black Panther was released for digital download by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on May 8 , 2018 , and on Ultra HD Blu - ray , Blu - ray , and DVD on May 15 . The digital and Blu - ray releases included several bonus features : behind - the - scenes featurettes , audio commentary , deleted scenes , a blooper reel , an exclusive look at Ant - Man and the Wasp , and a featurette on the first ten years of the MCU . Reception Box Office As of June 17 , 2018 , Black Panther has grossed $699.6 million in the United States and Canada , and $646.5 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $1.346 billion . During its theatrical run , it became the highest - grossing solo superhero film , the third - highest - grossing film of the MCU and superhero film overall after The Avengers ( 2012 ) and Age of Ultron , as well as the ninth - highest - grossing film of all time . The $370.5 million earned worldwide in its opening weekend was the 15th - largest of all time . By its second weekend , the film earned $54.6 million globally from IMAX , which was the fastest Marvel film to reach the $50 million mark . In its fourth weekend , the film surpassed $1 billion , becoming the fifth MCU film , sixteenth Walt Disney Studios film , and 33rd film overall to do so . Black Panther became the highest grossing film by a black director , surpassing F. Gary Gray 's The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) ( $1.236 billion ) . In March 2018 , five weeks after the film released , Deadline Hollywood estimated the net profit of the film would be $461 million , accounting for production budgets , P&A , talent participations and other costs , with box office grosses and ancillary revenues from home media . Presale ticket Records In December 2017 , a survey from Fandango indicated that Black Panther was the second most anticipated film of 2018 , behind Avengers : Infinity War . Fandango reported that its first 24 hours of ticket pre-sales for the film were the largest ever for a Marvel film , surpassing Captain America : Civil War . Two weeks ahead of the film 's release , Fandango announced that the film outsold all previous superhero films at the same point in the sales cycle , breaking the record previously held by Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( 2016 ) . Additionally , Black Panther had the highest number of ticket pre-sales for any superhero film at Alamo Drafthouse Cinema , after 18 days of sales . This was more than Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) , the next closest film , which only had 72 % of Black Panther 's ticket sales in the same time frame . AMC Theatres also revealed that the film was out - selling all previous Marvel films , with strong sales in both urban areas and suburban locations . Four days before its United States opening , IMAX Entertainment CEO Greg Foster revealed that Black Panther had the most advanced IMAX ticket sales of any Marvel film . He added that it did not appear the ticket sales had peaked , stating that a film usually peaks 10 days before it opens , but Black Panther `` feels like it 's going to peak the day it opens '' . Atom Tickets also revealed strong pre-sales for the film . On February 15 , 2017 , Fandango announced that the film had the fourth - highest pre-sale tickets sold , behind Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) , Star Wars : The Last Jedi , and Rogue One ( 2016 ) . It also became the top pre-seller for a superhero film , beating Captain America : Civil War and Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , for a film released in February , beating Deadpool ( 2016 ) , as well as for the first quarter of the year , beating The Hunger Games ( 2012 ) and Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) . United States and Canada Black Panther earned $75.8 million on its opening day in the United States and Canada ( including $25.2 million from Thursday night previews ) , and earned $242.1 million over the four - day Presidents ' Day weekend , which was the best Presidents ' Day weekend opening , the second - best four - day opening after Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( $288 million ) , best ever for a black director , surpassing F. Gary Gray with The Fate of the Furious ( $98 million ) , and the best ever for a predominantly black cast , surpassing films such as Coming to America ( 1988 ) and Bad Boys ( 1995 ) . The Thursday night gross was the second - best for an MCU film , behind Avengers : Age of Ultron ( $27.6 million ) , the second - best preview night for a non-summer release , behind Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( $27.7 million ) , and the best preview night for a February release , beating Deadpool ( $12.7 million ) . $3 million of the Thursday preview gross came from IMAX , which was tied for the most with Age of Ultron and Captain America : Civil War . The total opening day gross was the third - highest for a superhero film , behind Age of Ultron ( $84 million ) and The Avengers ( $80 million ) , the second - highest pre-summer release , behind Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( $81 million ) , and the eighth - highest opening day ever . The $50.6 million earned on Friday was the largest single - day gross for a solo superhero film and the largest single - day gross for a non-sequel film . The $60.1 million earned on Sunday was the best single - day gross for a superhero film and the second best Sunday ever , behind Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( $60.5 million ) . The three - day total weekend gross of $202 million was the fifth - best three - day opening ever and the biggest opening for a pre-summer and February release . The film 's $40.2 million gross on Monday was the best Monday gross of all time . IMAX contributed $23.5 million to the opening weekend gross , which was the best ever for a February release and any Marvel film , and the fourth - best opening ever . Speaking to the success of the film in its opening weekend , Anthony D'Alessandro of Deadline Hollywood said it was `` summer box office records during the second month of the year '' . AMC Theatres also reported that Black Panther became the highest - grossing film in history at 33 of their locations after two days , earning more than other films have earned in an entire weekend . They later stated that the film became the highest - grossing film in an opening weekend for 150 of their theaters , with 15 locations more than doubling their previous record and two tripling their previous record . Black Panther also had the second - largest Saturday and largest Sunday in AMC history , and had the second - largest opening weekend for the chain with 4.4 million admissions . Atom Tickets sold more tickets for Black Panther than any other superhero film . Fandango 's pre-sales accounted for 30 % of the opening weekend gross , one of the largest box office shares for any film in Fandango 's history . The opening weekend gross surpassed early projections for the film . Early projections in December 2017 had it earning between $80 -- 90 million , which increased to $100 -- 120 million by the end of January 2018 , and ultimately increasing again closer to the film 's release , projecting it to earn $150 -- 170 million or more . Several other film studios projected the total could be as high as $180 -- 200 million , while Disney initially projected the film to gross around $150 million in its opening weekend . On the Tuesday after its opening weekend , Black Panther earned an estimated $21.1 million , which was the best pre-summer Tuesday ever , beating Beauty and the Beast ( $17.8 million ) , the best Tuesday ever for an MCU film , beating The Avengers ( $17.6 million ) , and the second - best Tuesday of all time , after The Force Awakens ( $37.3 million ) . Its five - day total of $263.2 million was still second to The Force Awakens ( $325.4 million ) . The $14.3 million earned the Thursday after its opening weekend was the best Thursday ever for a MCU film , beating The Avengers ( $12.4 million ) . It also surpassed $300 million on Friday , becoming the fastest MCU film to reach that mark in eight days , once again surpassing The Avengers , which had reached the mark in nine days , and tying The Last Jedi and Jurassic World ( 2015 ) . It also became the MCU film with the highest first - week gross . In its second weekend , the film earned $112 million , which was a 45 percent decrease from its opening week . This percentage was the smallest decline in a second weekend for any MCU film and was described by D'Alessandro as `` an amazing second - weekend hold '' . It was the second - best second weekend ever after The Force Awakens ( $149.2 million ) and the best second weekend ever for a Marvel film , beating The Avengers ( $103 million ) . Over its second weekend , the film also surpassed $400 million for its total domestic gross , reaching the mark in ten days ; this was the second fastest to reach that milestone , tied with Jurassic World behind The Force Awakens ( eight days ) . It became the highest - grossing film released in the month of February , surpassing The Passion of the Christ ( 2004 ) ( $370.3 million ) . IMAX also contributed $9 million to the weekend gross , bringing the domestic total to $36 million , which was the most for any MCU film . By surpassing $400 million , Black Panther exceeded initial early projections for its total domestic gross . By February 28 , 2018 , the film had earned $421.8 million , which made it the highest - grossing superhero origin film , surpassing Wonder Woman ( 2017 ) ( $412.6 million ) . The third weekend at the box office saw the film remain the top grossing film , earning $65.7 million and having its total gross surpass $500 million , becoming the second - highest - grossing MCU film ; the $65.7 million was the third - best third weekend ever , behind The Force Awakens ( $90.2 million ) and Avatar ( 2009 ) ( $68.5 million ) . Black Panther remained the top film for the fourth straight weekend with an additional $41.1 million , which was the third - highest fourth weekend of all time , again behind The Force Awakens and Avatar . Black Panther remained number one in its fifth weekend , having the fourth - highest fifth weekend ever with $27 million . It became the first film to hold the number one spot at the box office for at least five weekends since Avatar , which led for seven weeks , and the first February release to hold the top box office spot for five weekends since The Silence of the Lambs in 1991 and Wayne 's World in 1992 . By surpassing $600 million , it became the seventh film ever to break that point , and the second fastest film to do so in 31 days , after The Force Awakens ( 12 days ) . The film 's sixth weekend saw it fall to number two at the box office , behind Pacific Rim : Uprising , while also becoming the highest - grossing superhero film ever . The next weekend it fell to third , behind Ready Player One and Acrimony , to fourth in its eighth weekend , to sixth in its ninth weekend , and to eighth in its tenth weekend . However , in its eleventh weekend , Black Panther rose back to fifth place , in part because of the release of Avengers : Infinity War the same weekend . The next weekend , the film placed seventh , earning $3.14 million from over 1,600 locations . D'Alessandro noted the gross from that number of locations indicated people were continuing to see Black Panther in conjunction with Infinity War . Black Panther remained in the top ten in its thirteenth weekend , placing ninth . Black Panther is the highest - grossing film of 2018 and became the third - highest - grossing film of all time . Other territories Outside the United States and Canada , the film opened in 48 territories in its first weekend and earned $184 million , opening at number one in most territories ( and second in territories where Fifty Shades Freed performed better , such as in Germany and Italy ) , and becoming the top February opening in many as well . The film opened at number one in the United Kingdom , where it had the best single day gross of 2018 so far and the highest - grossing February opening weekend ever . In South Korea , where it also opened at number one , the opening day gross of $4.7 million was the second - best MCU opening and the best ever for February . The $25.3 million it earned in its opening weekend was the fifth - highest Western release in South Korea . The other Asian markets that opened in its first weekend were also number one along with the biggest opening weekend of 2018 to date . The Latin America market also had all territories open at number one , and Black Panther was the best opening of 2018 in all except Argentina and Uruguay . It also was the highest - grossing opening of February of all time in Mexico , Brazil , Colombia , Bolivia , Ecuador , Panama and Paraguay . The African market saw the highest - grossing February opening of all time in Bahrain , East Africa , Kuwait , Qatar , South Africa , the United Arab Emirates , and West Africa . South Africa also had the highest - grossing Saturday ever and the second highest - grossing opening weekend of all time . The Netherlands had the highest - grossing day ever for a superhero film and the highest - grossing February opening weekend ever . Other territories opening at number one included Australia , Bosnia , Croatia , Czech Republic , Greece , Israel , Portugal , Serbia , Ukraine , and in France , Belgium , and Switzerland for the remainder of the opening weekend , after Fifty Shades Freed 's top gross on Valentine 's Day . Malaysia , Thailand , the Philippines , and Indonesia recorded the largest opening day ever for February , while Malaysia was the third - highest MCU opening of all time and Indonesia had the third - largest opening weekend of all time . In Hong Kong , the opening was the second - largest opening day in February , while Taiwan and Australia had the third - largest February opening . IMAX accounted for $11.5 million of the opening weekend gross on 272 screens , with Nigeria , Kenya , and Indonesia having the best opening weekend ever in the format , South Korea had the second - best opening weekend , and Angola , Belgium , Bahrain , France , Israel , Netherlands , and Argentina and the best IMAX opening ever for a Marvel film . In its second weekend in 55 territories , the film earned $83.5 million and remained number one in most territories , including retaining the top spot in the Latin America market and becoming the top film in Germany . The West Africa region saw a 7 % increase , which resulted in the biggest three - day weekend ever . In South Africa , the second weekend gross became the third - biggest three - day weekend ever , behind the first weekend gross and The Fate of the Furious . The film opened in Russia in IMAX , earning $1.7 million which was a February record in the country , while the opening in Vietnam ( $2.5 million , including previews ) was the fifth - highest opening weekend , and Trinidad had the biggest opening weekend ever ( $700,000 ) . In its third weekend in 56 territories , the film remained number one in Austria , the Czech Republic , Denmark , Finland , Germany , Switzerland , the United Kingdom , Australia , Malaysia , New Zealand , the Philippines , Singapore , and all markets in Latin America , while its opening in Japan was the top Western film for the weekend , the second overall . IMAX contributed $713,000 to Japan 's opening weekend , which was a record for a March opening and the fourth - highest Marvel IMAX opening ever . Black Panther also became the highest - grossing film of all time in West and East Africa , the fifth - highest - grossing film all time in South Africa , and the top MCU film in the Netherlands . In its fourth weekend , Black Panther opened in China ( $66.5 million ) , which was the fourth - highest MCU and superhero opening ever in the market . $7.3 million came from IMAX , which was the best - ever March opening weekend and the best - ever opening day for March in the territory . The film also remained at number one in the United Kingdom and the Latin America market except Argentina for the fourth straight weekend , as well as number one in South Africa , Australia and New Zealand . The film 's fifth weekend saw it once again be the top film in South Africa , where it also became the highest - grossing film ever . along with becoming the highest - grossing film in southern Africa . It also became the fifth - highest - grossing MCU film of all time in other territories . Black Panther remained the top film in South Africa for a sixth weekend and became the highest - grossing superhero film ever in the Netherlands . The film continued to be the top film in South Africa for a seventh week , where it also became the fourth best MCU film in the country , and it became the second - highest grossing MCU film in the United Kingdom in its eighth weekend . As of April 8 , 2018 , the film 's largest markets were China ( $104.6 million ) , the United Kingdom ( $67.7 million ) , and South Korea ( $42.8 million ) . Critical response The performances of Chadwick Boseman , Michael B. Jordan , and Letitia Wright ( L to R ) were widely praised by critics . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports an approval rating of 97 % based on 378 reviews , with an average rating of 8.2 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Black Panther elevates superhero cinema to thrilling new heights while telling one of the MCU 's most absorbing stories -- and introducing some of its most fully realized characters . '' As of February 18 , 2018 , it is the best - reviewed live - action superhero film on the site , beating The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) and Iron Man ( both 94 % ) . Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 88 out of 100 , based on 55 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A + '' on an A+ to F scale , the second superhero film to receive that grade after Marvel 's The Avengers . Filmgoers polled by comScore 's PostTrak service gave the film a 92 % overall positive score and a 88 % `` definite recommend '' , with a third of people planning to see the film again . RelishMix reported that Twitter hashtags for # BlackPanther and tagging of the film 's Twitter account from audiences leaving the theater set an all - time film record in its opening weekend , with 559,000 unique posts in one day ( 100,000 posts for a film is average ) . Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter highlighted the actors in the film , feeling that Boseman `` certainly holds his own , but there are quite a few charismatic supporting players '' including Jordan , Nyong'o , and Wright . Peter Debruge at Variety said the film was one of the best standalone Marvel films so far , and that it `` celebrates its hero 's heritage '' . Writing for The New York Times , Manohla Dargis called Black Panther `` a jolt of a movie '' , and praised it as an `` emblem of a past that was denied and a future that feels very present '' due to its focus on black imagination , creation , and liberation . At the Los Angeles Times , Kenneth Turan praised the themes of the film and their exploration of what wealthy countries owe to the poor and oppressed , and noted that the film `` draws energy from Coogler 's sense of excitement at all he 's attempting '' , saying that the film was worth seeing twice which he felt was rare for a modern superhero film . Richard Roeper , writing for the Chicago Sun - Times , called the film `` one of the best superhero movies of the century '' and said audiences should watch the film if they appreciate `` finely honed storytelling with a Shakespearean core ; winning performances from an enormously talented ensemble ; provocative premises touching on isolationism , revolution and cultures of oppression , and oh yeah , tons of whiz - bang action sequences and good humor '' . Brian Truitt of USA Today awarded the film four out of four stars , and called it Marvel Studios ' best origin film since Guardians of the Galaxy . Truitt also praised the `` superb cast '' and stated , `` While the themes are deep , Black Panther is at the same time a visual joy to behold , with confident quirkiness , insane action sequences and special effects , and the glorious reveal of Wakanda '' . Also giving the film four stars , Peter Travers of Rolling Stone called it unlike any other Marvel film , `` an exhilarating triumph on every level from writing , directing , acting , production design , costumes , music , special effects to you name it '' . Natasha Alford of The Grio said , `` Black Panther is remarkable because this film is a movement , a revolution in progress , and a joy to experience all wrapped into one '' , and called it `` a master class in what it means to be proud of who you are , where you have been and where you and your people are going . '' Jamie Broadnax of Black Girl Nerds called the film a masterpiece from Marvel and added , `` it 's afro - futuristic and Blackity - black as hell . It 's everything I 've ever desired in a live - action version of this popular superhero and yet so much more . Quite frankly , the experience is indescribable . '' Jamelle Bouie of Slate said , `` it is fair to say that Black Panther is the most political movie ever produced by Marvel Studios , both in its very existence ... and in the questions its story raises . '' He added that the film should be included with Superman ( 1978 ) , Spider - Man 2 ( 2004 ) , and The Dark Knight as superhero films that do not `` transcend the genre as much as they embrace it in all its respects '' . Bouie concluded , `` Black Panther could have been just another Marvel romp ( but ) Coogler and company had the power , and perhaps the responsibility , to do much more . And they did . '' Community response Many have wondered why Black Panther means so much to the black community and why schools , churches and organizations have come to the theaters with so much excitement . The answer is that the movie brings a moment of positivity to a group of people often not the centerpiece of Hollywood movies . Plus , what we know from the research on racial and ethnic socialization is that it helps to strengthen identity and helps reduce the likelihood on internalizing negative stereotypes about one 's ethnic group . -- Erlanger Turner , assistant professor of Psychology at the University of Houston -- Downtown In early January 2018 , New York resident Frederick Joseph created a GoFundMe campaign to raise money for children of color at the Boys & Girls Club in Harlem to see Black Panther . Joseph called the film a `` rare opportunity for young students ( primarily of color ) to see a black major cinematic and comic book character come to life . This representation is truly fundamental for young people , especially those who are often underserved , unprivileged , and marginalized both nationally and globally . '' Joseph promoted the campaign with Boseman on The Ellen DeGeneres Show , where host Ellen DeGeneres personally pledged $10,000 . The campaign went on to raise over $45,000 , exceeding its goal . Joseph planned to donate excess money from the campaign to other programs for children in Harlem , and asked others to create their own campaigns in their own communities to take more children to see the film , which he named the `` Black Panther Challenge '' . GoFundMe created a centralized page for anyone wishing to create a campaign for the challenge , and donated $100 to 10 campaigns created using the sign - up page . Over 400 additional campaigns were started around the world , and the overall campaign became the largest GoFundMe in history for an entertainment event by raising over $400,000 . Many celebrities offered their support and contributions to the campaigns , including Snoop Dogg , Chelsea Clinton , director J.J. Abrams , and actress Octavia Spencer who intended to buy out a theater in Mississippi for underserved members of the community . Obi Umunna , a Jacksonville , Florida - based attorney born to Nigerian immigrants , participated in the challenge , wanting the children of her community to have the `` awesome opportunity ... to see themselves represented in a very positive light ( rather than ) the negative images that you see on a daily basis '' . British actress Jade Anouka created a version of the challenge specifically for the United Kingdom , seeking to raise £ 1000 to send 100 young people to the Peckhamplex theater in London to see the film . When almost £ 4000 were raised , Anouka decided to double the number of young people she would send to the film while donating the remainder of the money to local charities . Anouka stated , `` A superhero movie with black actors and that has a great female presence is something I could n't even imagine dreaming about seeing when I was younger ... I think it 's going to be just really inspiring for some young people '' . Other versions of the challenge were run in South Africa and Ghana . Joseph explained that he chose not to stop after the end of the original GoFundMe campaign because he had hoped the challenge would spread to other countries like this , saying the film `` is wrapped in blackness but it 's not inherently American blackness ; it 's actually an African blackness and that layer of the black existence is fundamental , globally . '' Science & Entertainment Exchange Director for the National Academy of Sciences Richard Loverd felt the film would increase interest in science , technology , and Africa for young black Americans , similarly to how The Hunger Games films and Brave ( 2012 ) sparked girls ' interest in archery . Jamie Broadnax , editor - in - chief and creator of the website Black Girl Nerds , felt many people of color who generally do not watch comic book films would go to Black Panther since `` they 're going to see themselves reflected in a huge way that they just have n't been able to see before '' , especially since the film avoided black pain , suffering , and poverty , usual topics in films about the black experience . She added that the strong female characters , such as Shuri , would be an inspiration for girls . Gil Robertson , co-founder and president of the African American Film Critics Association , called the film `` critically important '' and `` a gate - opener opportunity for other black - centered projects '' . Child development expert Deborah Gilboa felt the film would make a huge impact on children 's spirits , by offering positive role models and showing `` someone like them succeed ( ing ) in a big , big way . That 's how we help build a generation of young people who are engaged in the greater good and courageous in their actions . '' Tre Johnson of Rolling Stone felt that `` after decades of trying to nail the modern black superhero , we may finally be getting what we 've asked for -- and getting it right . '' Johnson said Black Panther felt different from the Blaxploitation films in the 1970s and the `` Blaxploitation - lite '' attempts at black superhero films in the 1990s and early 2000s because it was `` respectable , imaginative and powerful '' , setting `` a new direction for depicting not only black superheroes , but also how we imagine our heroes '' . In the film 's opening weekend , 37 % of audiences in the United States were African - American , according to Screen Engine / comScore 's PostTrak service , compared to 35 % Caucasian , 18 % Hispanic , and 5 % Asian . This was the most diverse audience for a superhero film ever , where African - Americans generally make up 15 % of audiences for such films . In its second weekend , demographics were 37 % Caucasian , 33 % African American , 18 % Hispanic and 7 % Asian . Analysis Cultural importance Writing for Time , Jamil Smith felt Black Panther , which he described as a film `` about what it means to be black in both America and Africa -- and , more broadly , in the world '' , was `` poised to prove to Hollywood that African - American narratives have the power to generate profits from all audiences . And , more important , that making movies about black lives is part of showing that they matter . '' He added that the film felt like a resistance to `` a regressive cultural and political moment fueled in part by the white - nativist movement ... Its themes challenge institutional bias , its characters take unsubtle digs at oppressors , and its narrative includes prismatic perspectives on black life and tradition . '' Discussing why the film was a defining moment for black America in The New York Times Magazine , Carvell Wallace said that in contrast to earlier black superhero films , Black Panther `` is steeped very specifically and purposefully in its blackness '' . He felt the film and the fictional Wakanda would `` function as a place for multiple generations of black Americans to store some of our most deeply held aspirations . We have for centuries sought to either find or create a promised land where we would be untroubled by the criminal horrors of our American existence . '' Wallace also commented on how the film fits into the larger idea of Afrofuturism , particularly in its presentation of Wakanda . Historian Nathan D.B. Connolly felt Black Panther was `` a breakthrough in black cultural representation . It 's a powerful fictional analogy for real - life struggles . And Black Panther owes its very existence to centuries of political and artistic activity , always occurring in real places and under the mortal ( but still super - ) powers of real people ... Black Panther taps a 500 - year history of African - descended people imagining freedom , land and national autonomy . '' Connolly also felt , culturally , the film would be this generation 's A Raisin in the Sun ( 1961 ) . Writer and activist Shaun King felt the film was a cultural moment in American black history similar to Rosa Parks ' Montgomery bus boycott , Martin Luther King Jr. 's `` I Have a Dream '' speech , the rise of the hip - hop music genre , Michael Jackson 's album Thriller becoming the best - selling album of all time , Barack Obama being elected president , and Colin Kaepernick 's protests during the national anthem . By contrast , James Wilt , writing for Canadian Dimension , stated that `` at its core , Black Panther contains a fundamentally reactionary understanding of black liberation that blatantly advocates respectability politics over revolution , sterilizes the history of real - life anti-colonial struggles in Africa and elsewhere , and allows white folks such as myself to feel extremely comfortable watching it '' . Wilt considered the scene where Ross is portrayed as `` the hero '' for shooting down the Wakandan ships attempting to leave as the film 's way of endorsing the crushing of armed revolt against oppression , and in particular , `` it helped solidify the message that violence is perfectly fine , so long as it 's not directed against white people . '' Wilt also wrote , concerning the villain Killmonger , that `` all the most hideous traits imaginable are downgraded on to ( him ) , making the only major African - American character and agitator for revolution a manic killer consumed by rage and violence '' , which is a common trope . Russell Rickford of Africa is a Country agreed with Wilt 's assessment of Killmonger , whose role as a character is `` to discredit radical internationalism '' and reproduce `` a host of disturbing tropes '' . Faisal Kutty from Middle East Eye felt the film had underlying Islamophobic themes , such as in the beginning of the film where Islamic characters are depicted as villains by showing a group based on Boko Haram that kidnapped several girls and forced them to wear hijab . African and African - American representation A number of writers looked to the film 's subtext and what it said about African history , colonialism ( including post-colonialism and neocolonialism ) , and tensions between African and African - American cultures . Patrick Gathara , writing in The Washington Post , described the film as offering a `` regressive , neocolonial vision of Africa '' , which -- rather than a `` redemptive counter-mythology '' -- offers `` the same destructive myths '' . Gathara highlighted the Africa that is portrayed , still essentially a European creation , as being divided and tribalized , with Wakanda run by a wealthy and feuding elite , centered upon `` royalty and warriors '' , whose fortune comes not from its citizens ' endeavors , skill or innate abilities , but from a `` lucky meteor strike '' , and as a country which , despite its advanced technical abilities , does not evince any great thinkers , nor even a means of succession beyond lethal combat and primeval trials of strength . The Wakandans `` still cleanly fit into the Western molds ( of ) a dark people in a dark continent '' according to Gathara , and that they `` remain so remarkably unsophisticated that a ' returning ' American can basically stroll in and take over , just as 19th - century Europeans did to the real Africa ... ( The film ) should not be mistaken for an attempt at liberating Africa from Europe . Quite the opposite . Its ' redemptive counter-mythology ' entrenches the tropes that have been used to dehumanize Africans for centuries . '' Dwayne Wong ( Omowale ) writing in HuffPost saw the film and its comic origins as `` address ( ing ) serious political issues concerning Africa 's relationship to the West that is very rarely given the serious attention that it deserves '' . Wakandans are `` at times portrayed as being very suspicious towards outsiders , to the point of almost being xenophobic '' and `` no outsider can truly be trusted '' with its security . He concluded that while the country is fictional , the politics `` are very real . The end of colonialism did not end Western tampering in Africa 's politics . We see this issue still going on in Africa today '' with the film offering `` an opportunity to explore this issue of neo-colonialism and its continued impact on Africa 's development '' . Carlos Rosario Gonzalez of Bam ! Smack ! Pow ! , noting the struggle between T'Challa and Killmonger , saw `` two very distinct philosophies collide ... what it means to be African and conversely , what Africa means to Afro - minorities today '' , and described the film as exploring these themes `` through the lens of colonialism '' . In this view , Wakanda represents Africa without Western colonialism , and Killmonger shows us that `` we can sometimes inevitably become what we seek to destroy , '' concluding that Killmonger wants to use Wakanda 's resources to become a colonizer of the West while `` Wakanda 's conservative ways created the very problem that sought to destroy them , Erik Killmonger '' . Jelani Cobb , writing in The New Yorker , discussed the divide between Africans and African - Americans , which he called a `` fundamental dissonance '' . He felt T'Challa and Killmonger represented `` dueling responses to five centuries of African exploitation at the hands of the West . The villain , to the extent that the term applies , is history itself '' . Cobb added , `` nothing in Marvel 's collection of films is or could be political in the same way as Black Panther , because , in those other stories , we were at least clear about where the lines of fantasy departed from reality . '' The film `` exists in an invented nation in Africa , a continent that has been grappling with invented versions of itself ever since white men first declared it the ' dark continent ' and set about plundering its people and its resources . '' Christopher Lebron , in a piece for Boston Review , saw Black Panther as `` racist '' . He observed that black Americans who had been left in poverty and oppression , as exemplified by Killmonger , were still being `` relegated to the lowest rung of political regard '' in the film , treated as less deserving of empathy and less capable of their acts being deemed heroic , than even Ross ' white spy . Lebron felt that T'Challa could have shown himself a good person by `` understand ( ing ) that Killmonger is in part the product of American racism and T'Chaka's cruelty '' and by `` realiz ( ing ) that Wakanda has been hoarding resources '' , and could have agreed that justice sometimes requires violence as a last resort against oppression . He summed up by commenting that `` In 2018 , a world home to both the Movement for Black Lives and a president ( Donald Trump ) who identifies white supremacists as fine people , we are given a movie about black empowerment where the only redeemed blacks are African nobles . They safeguard virtue and goodness against the threat not of white Americans or Europeans , but a black American '' . Accolades Year Award Category Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) 2018 Billboard Music Awards Top Soundtrack Black Panther : The Album Nominated Golden Trailer Awards Best of Show `` Crown '' ( Create Advertising Group ) Won Best Action Won Best Action TV Spot `` Entourage : 60 '' ( AV Squad ) Won Best Music TV Spot ( for a Feature Film ) `` Women of Wakanda '' ( Tiny Hero ) Won Best Sound Editing in a TV Spot ( for a Feature Film ) `` Team '' ( Tiny Hero ) Nominated Best Billboard `` Arclight Motion Billboard '' ( The M Factor ) Nominated Best Radio / Audio Spot `` Just Getting Started '' ( Tiny Hero ) Nominated Best Wildposts ( Teaser Campaign ) `` Character Series '' ( Art Machine ) Nominated MTV Movie & TV Awards Movie of the Year Black Panther Won Best Actor Chadwick Boseman Won Best Hero Chadwick Boseman Won Best Villain Michael B. Jordan Won Best Scene Stealer Letitia Wright Nominated Best Fight Chadwick Boseman vs. Winston Duke Nominated Best On - Screen Team Chadwick Boseman , Lupita Nyong'o , Danai Gurira , and Letitia Wright Nominated Saturn Awards Best Comic - to - Motion Picture Release Black Panther Pending Best Actor in a Film Chadwick Boseman Pending Best Actress in a Film Lupita Nyong'o Pending Best Supporting Actor in a Film Michael B. Jordan Pending Best Supporting Actress in a Film Danai Gurira Pending Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Film Letitia Wright Pending Best Film Director Ryan Coogler Pending Best Film Screenplay Ryan Coogler , Joe Robert Cole Pending Best Film Production Design Hannah Beachler Pending Best Film Editing Michael P. Shawver , Claudia Castello Pending Best Film Music Ludwig Göransson Pending Best Film Costume Designer Ruth E. Carter Pending Best Film Make - Up Joel Harlow , Ken Diaz Pending Best Film Special / Visual Effects Geoffrey Baumann , Craig Hammack , Dan Sudick Pending BET Awards Best Movie Black Panther Pending Album of the Year Black Panther : The Album Pending Teen Choice Awards Choice Sci - Fi Movie Black Panther Pending Choice Sci - Fi Movie Actor Chadwick Boseman Pending Choice Sci - Fi Movie Actress Lupita Nyong'o Pending Letitia Wright Pending Danai Gurira Pending Choice Collaboration `` Pray for Me '' -- The Weeknd & Kendrick Lamar Pending Future With the release of Black Panther , Feige said `` there are many , many stories to tell '' about the character , and that he wanted Coogler to return for any potential sequel . Coogler added that he wanted to see how T'Challa would grow as a king in future films , since his reign only began recently in the MCU , while in the comics , he has been king since childhood . In March 2018 , Feige added there was `` nothing specific to reveal '' in terms of a sequel , but that there `` absolutely '' were `` ideas and a pretty solid direction on where we want to head with the second one '' . See also Afrofuturism in film List of black film box office receipts List of black films of the 2010s Notes Jump up ^ As depicted in the 2016 film Captain America : Civil War References Jump up ^ `` Black Panther ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2018 . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Setoodeh , Ramin ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Chadwick Boseman and Ryan Coogler on How ' Black Panther ' Makes History '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Poised For $460 M+ Profit ; Faith - Based ' I Can Only Imagine ' Surprises With $15 M + '' . Deadline Hollywood . 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Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Wilding , Josh ( January 21 , 2017 ) . `` Martin Freeman , Chadwick Boseman And More Spotted on Black Panther Set '' . We Got This Covered . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Walljasper , Matt ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` What 's filming in Atlanta now ? Black Panther , I , Tonya , Stranger Things , and why MCU = ATL '' . Atlanta . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lussier , Germain ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` How the Teams Behind Black Panther and Infinity War Worked Together to Create a Unified Wakanda '' . io9 . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2018 . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Peters , Megan ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` Black Panther Working Title Revealed '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . 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Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Goes Wild : At $242 M Superhero Owns 2nd Best 4 - Day Opening & Defeats ' Last Jedi ' -- Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2018 . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` Before ' Black Panther ' Pounces To Potential $180 M+ , ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Will Pop at Valentine 's Day B.O. '' Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2018 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Vivarelli , Nick ( April 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' to Break Saudi Arabia 's 35 - Year Cinema Ban '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2018 . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ritman , Alex ( April 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' to Break Saudi Arabia 's 35 - Year Cinema Ban '' . 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Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Maloney , Nora ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` Backstage at the Black Panther New York Fashion Week Presentation '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Couch , Aaron ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Unveils Lexus Partnership Ahead of Comic - Con ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arrant , Chris ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` Black Panther Taken for a Ride in a Lexus Courtesy of Fabian Nicieza '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lexus ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Lexus Introduces Two New Vehicles Inspired by Marvel Studios ' ' Black Panther ' Ahead of SEMA 2017 '' . PR Newswire . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Super Bowl Ad Drops Early '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schneider - Levy , Barbara ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` Marvel Teams Up With Clarks to Launch Special ' Black Panther ' Sneakers '' . Footwear News . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bart , Peter ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Registers Global Social & Box Office Impact , Even Setting Records on Turbulent African Continent '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2018 . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` Can ' Black Panther ' Be A Box Office Game - Changer Overseas ? '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2018 . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Blu - ray Release Date , Bonus Features , and Cover Art Revealed '' . Collider . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2018 . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Pacific Rim : Uprising ' Tops $150 M In Global Bow ; ' Black Panther ' Now # 1 Solo Superhero Movie WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2018 . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( March 24 , 2018 ) . `` Box Office : ' Black Panther ' Becomes Top - Grossing Superhero Film of All Time in U.S. '' The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2018 . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Box Office : What Fueled the Movie 's Record Opening '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2018 . 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Jump up ^ Khal ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` Every Record ' Black Panther ' Has Broken ( So Far ) '' . Complex . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2018 . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( February 17 , 2018 ) . `` Box Office : ' Black Panther ' Superhero Fatigues To Record $76 M Friday '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2018 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Box Office Halo Heats Up Exhibition Stocks '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2018 . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( February 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Top - Grossing Film in History at 33 AMC Theaters '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2018 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 20 , 2018 ) . `` Fandango Ticket Sales Rep More Than 30 % Of ' Black Panther 's $242 M Record Opening Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2018 . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Shawn ( December 22 , 2017 ) . `` Long Range Forecast : Is Marvel 's ' Black Panther ' Poised to Become 2018 's First Blockbuster ? '' . BoxOffice . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2017 . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Poised To Pounce on B.O. : Advance Ticket Sales Beating ' Captain America : Civil War ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2018 . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Tracking for Heroic $100 M -- $120 M U.S. Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2018 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Bounds Toward Huge $150 Million Presidents Day Weekend Opening '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( February 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Now Tracking for Massive $165 M U.S. Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Posts Record $21 M Pre-Summer Tuesday ; Second Weekend To Reap $104 M -- $109 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2018 . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ; D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Dashes Past $520 M Worldwide , Eyes $190 M+ In Second Global Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2018 . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Breaks More Records : $112 M Second Weekend Is Second - Best Ever As Marvel Movie Crosses $400 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2018 . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` Box Office : ' Black Panther ' Becomes Highest - Grossing MCU Film in First Week '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2018 . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( February 25 , 2018 ) . `` Box Office : ' Black Panther ' Rules With $108 Million in Second Weekend '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2018 . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Long Range Tracking : ' Ready Player One ' '' . BoxOffice . February 2 , 2018 . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2018 . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schwerdtfeger , Conner ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` Black Panther Is About To Hit A Major Superhero Movie Milestone '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2018 . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Passes ' Wonder Woman , ' ' Toy Story 3 ' at U.S. Box Office '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2018 . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Busts Past Half Billion ; ' Red Sparrow ' Flies Low With $17 M -- Sunday AM B.O. Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2018 . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 11 , 2018 ) . `` Box Office : ' Black Panther ' Tops ' A Wrinkle in Time ' in Disney - Dominant Weekend '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2018 . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Surpasses ' Tomb Raider ' for Fifth Box Office Crown '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2018 . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` Can ' Tomb Raider ' Take Down ' Black Panther ' At The Weekend Box Office ? -- Preview '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2018 . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Keeps B.O. Treasure From ' Tomb Raider ' ; How ' I Can Only Imagine ' Hit A $17 M High Note '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2018 . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Surpasses ' The Avengers ' as Highest - Grossing Superhero Movie of All Time in U.S. '' Variety . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2018 . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 1 , 2018 ) . `` How Warner Bros. Sold ' Ready Player One ' On The Spielberg Spirit & Beat Tracking With $53 M+ 4 - Day -- Sunday Postmortem '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2018 . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Quiet Place ' Opens To $50 M : How Paramount Turned Up The Volume on the John Krasinski - Emily Blunt Pic '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2018 . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 16 , 2018 ) . `` The Rock Rebounds : ' Rampage ' Shushes ' A Quiet Place ' With $35.7 M No. 1 Opening '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2018 . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ; D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Quiet Place ' Still Noisy With $21.7 M As ' Rampage ' Beats Chest , ' Super Trooper 2 ' Surprises -- Sunday AM Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2018 . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Infinity War ' Is Second - Fastest Pic To $400 M With Second - Best 2nd Weekend Ever , Now Back At $115 M+ -- Monday '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2018 . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ; D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Infinity War ' Is Now Second - Fastest To Half Billion ; ' Life of the Party ' No Pizzazz With $18 M + '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2018 . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( April 7 , 2018 ) . `` Box Office : ' Black Panther ' Sails Past ' Titanic ' to Become No. 3 Title of All Time in U.S. '' The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2018 . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( February 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Rises To $82 M Through Friday ; $150 M+ Weekend in Sight -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2018 . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( March 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Pouncing On $400 M Overseas , $900 M WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2018 . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( March 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Tops $500 M Overseas , $1 B WW With $67 M China Bow ; ' Tomb Raider ' Kicks Off -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2018 . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Tomb Raider ' Tops $100 M Offshore , Digs Up $41 M in China -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2018 . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chutel , Lynsey ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' is now the highest grossing film ever in East , West and southern Africa '' . Quartz Africa . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2018 . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ; Tartaglione , Nancy ( April 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' Ready Player One ' Grabs $128 M Abroad While Taking $181 M+ Globally ; ' Peter Rabbit ' Crosses $200 M -- Int'l Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2018 . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( April 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Ready Player One ' Racing To $400 M WW ; Scores $161 M+ In China For WB Best -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2018 . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Black Panther Reviews : More Than Just Another Marvel Triumph '' . Rotten Tomatoes . February 6 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2018 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Black Panther ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes ( Fandango ) . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( February 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Earns Highest - Ever Score for Live - Action Superhero Pic on Rotten Tomatoes '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2018 . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Black Panther Reviews '' . Metacritic ( CBS Interactive ) . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Debruge , Peter ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Film Review : ' Black Panther ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Review : ' Black Panther ' Shakes Up Marvel With Flair and Feeling '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' is a royally imaginative standout in the Marvel Cinematic Universe '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richrd ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' : One of Marvel 's best movie superheroes comes out of Africa '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2018 . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Review : Rousing , representative ' Black Panther ' is one spectacular superhero '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' : Marvel 's History - Making Superhero Movie 's a Masterpiece '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2018 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alford , Natasha ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Early Review : ' Black Panther ' is a masterpiece . Here 's why you need to see it for yourself '' . The Grio . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2018 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Broadnax , Jamie ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` BGN Film Review : ' Black Panther ' -- Marvel 's Greatest Accomplishment '' . Black Girl Nerds . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2018 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bouie , Jamelle ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Black Panther Is a Marvel Movie Superpowered by Its Ideas '' . Slate . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2018 . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Turner , Erlanger ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` Why ' Black Panther ' means so much to the black community '' . Houston Chronicle . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2018 . Retrieved June 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Edwards , Breanna ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` # BlackPantherChallenge Has Taken the Internet by Storm and Celebrities Are Chipping In '' . The Root . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tate , Allison Slater ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` Man wants kids everywhere to see ' Black Panther ' -- and he 's going to send them '' . Today . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Agbabiaka , Precious Mayowa ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Young black people can be heroes too ' : the campaign to send kids to see Black Panther '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2018 . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rosario , Richy ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` # BlackPantherChallenge Inspires Nationwide Initiative For Kids To Watch ' Black Panther ' '' . Vibe . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lee , Lauren ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` An activist starts a GoFundMe campaign to help kids in Harlem see ' Black Panther ' '' . CNN . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lenker , Maureen Lee ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` Octavia Spencer plans to buy out Mississippi screening of ' Black Panther ' for underserved communities '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Tiffanie ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` Local attorney puts Jacksonville up to Black Panther Challenge for underprivileged youth '' . The Florida Times - Union . Jacksonville . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Truitt , Brian ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` Daring , diverse ' Black Panther ' promises to be Hollywood 's latest ' cultural touchstone ' '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Smith , Jamil ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` The Revolutionary Power of Black Panther '' . Time . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Connolly , Nathan D.B. ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` How ' Black Panther ' Taps into 500 Years of History '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2018 . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ King , Shaun ( February 20 , 2018 ) . `` Black Panther is one of the most important cultural moments in American history '' . Medium . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2018 . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wilt , James ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` How Black Panther liberalizes black resistance for white comfort '' . Canadian Dimension . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2018 . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rickford , Russell ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` I have a problem with Black Panther '' . Africa is a Country . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2018 . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kutty , Faisal ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` Is Black Panther Islamophobic ? '' . Middle Eastern Eye . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2018 . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gathara , Patrick ( February 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' offers a regressive , neocolonial vision of Africa '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2018 . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wong ( Omowale ) , Dwayne ( January 14 , 2018 ) . `` The Black Panther and Neo-Colonial Politics in Africa '' . HuffPost . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2018 . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Carlos Rosario ( February 19 , 2018 ) . `` The remnants of colonialism still haunt us , but Black Panther offers a solution '' . Bam ! Smack ! Pow ! ( Fansided ) . Time , Inc . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2018 . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Jelani ( February 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' and the Invention of ' Africa ' '' . The New Yorker . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2018 . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lebron , Christopher ( February 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Is Not the Movie We Deserve '' . Boston Review . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2018 . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Music Awards 2018 Nominations : See the Full List '' . Billboard. April 17 , 2018 . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2018 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( May 9 , 2018 ) . `` Golden Trailer Award Nominations : ' The Shape Of Water ' , ' Hitman 's Bodyguard ' Top List '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2018 . Retrieved June 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Wins Best in Show at Golden Trailer Awards '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2018 . Retrieved June 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( June 18 , 2018 ) . `` MTV Movie & TV Awards : ' Black Panther , ' ' Stranger Things ' Take Top Honors '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BET Networks Announces Official Nominees For The ' BET Awards ' 2018 '' ( Press release ) . New York , NY : Black Entertainment Television . May 16 , 2018 . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2018 . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Jess ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2018 : Avengers : Infinity War , Black Panther and Riverdale Among Top Nominees '' . E ! Online . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Setoodeh , Ramin ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' : Marvel Studios President Kevin Feige on Casting Chadwick Boseman and Sequel Talk '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2018 . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Erao , Matthew ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Coogler Interested in Seeing What Kind of King Black Panther Becomes in Sequels '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` Marvel Studios chief Kevin Feige on the future of Black Panther , Captain Marvel , X-Men -- and beyond '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2018 . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Black Panther ( film ) . Official website Black Panther on IMDb Black Panther Stan Lee Jack Kirby Black Panthers T'Chaka T'Challa Kasper Cole Shuri Supporting characters Avengers Blade Brother Voodoo Captain America Dora Milaje Eden Fesi Everett K. 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"\n\nBlack Panther\n\n\n\nTheatrical release poster\n\n\n\nDirected by\nRyan Coogler\n\n\nProduced by\nKevin Feige\n\n\nWritten by\n\n\n\nRyan Coogler\nJoe Robert Cole\n\n\n\n\n\nBased on\n\nBlack Panther\nby\n\n\nStan Lee\nJack Kirby\n\n\n\n\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nChadwick Boseman\nMichael B. Jordan\nLupita Nyong'o\nDanai Gurira\nMartin Freeman\nDaniel Kaluuya\nLetitia Wright\nWinston Duke\nAngela Bassett\nForest Whitaker\nAndy Serkis\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic by\nLudwig Göransson\n\n\nCinematography\nRachel Morrison\n\n\nEdited by\n\n\n\nMichael P. Shawver\nDebbie Berman\n\n\n\n\n\n\nProduction\ncompany\n\n\nMarvel Studios\n\n\n\nDistributed by\nWalt Disney Studios\nMotion Pictures\n\n\n\nRelease date\n\n\n\n\nJanuary 29, 2018 (2018-01-29) (Dolby Theatre)\nFebruary 16, 2018 (2018-02-16) (United States)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRunning time\n\n134 minutes[1]\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nBudget\n$200–210 million[2][3]\n\n\nBox office\n$1.346 billion[4]\n\n"
] | [
"Marvel Studios"
] |
-7728702425029555550 | Abu Simbel temples | Abu Simbel temples - wikipedia Abu Simbel temples Jump to : navigation , search Abu Simbel temples The Great Temple of Ramesses II is on the left and the Small Temple of Nefertari is on the right . Shown within Egypt Location Aswan Governorate , Egypt Region Nubia Coordinates 22 ° 20 ′ 13 '' N 31 ° 37 ′ 32 '' E / 22.33694 ° N 31.62556 ° E / 22.33694 ; 31.62556 Coordinates : 22 ° 20 ′ 13 '' N 31 ° 37 ′ 32 '' E / 22.33694 ° N 31.62556 ° E / 22.33694 ; 31.62556 Type temple History Builder Ramesses II Founded Approximately 1264 BCE Periods New Kingdom of Egypt UNESCO World Heritage Site Official name Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae Type Cultural Criteria i , iii , vi Designated 1979 ( 3rd session ) Reference no . 88 Region Arab States The Abu Simbel temples are two massive rock temples at Abu Simbel ( Arabic : أبو سمبل ) , a village in Nubia , southern Egypt , near the border with Sudan . They are situated on the western bank of Lake Nasser , about 230 km southwest of Aswan ( about 300 km by road ) . The complex is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site known as the `` Nubian Monuments '' , which run from Abu Simbel downriver to Philae ( near Aswan ) . The twin temples were originally carved out of the mountainside in the 13th century BC , during the 19th dynasty reign of the Pharaoh Ramesses II . They serve as a lasting monument to the king and his queen Nefertari , and commemorate his victory at the Battle of Kadesh . Their huge external rock relief figures have become iconic . The complex was relocated in its entirety in 1968 , on an artificial hill made from a domed structure , high above the Aswan High Dam reservoir . The relocation of the temples was necessary or they would have been submerged during the creation of Lake Nasser , the massive artificial water reservoir formed after the building of the Aswan High Dam on the Nile River . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Construction 1.2 Rediscovery 1.3 Relocation 1.4 Great Temple 1.4. 1 Solar alignment 1.5 Small Temple 2 Climate 3 Gallery 4 See also 5 Notes 6 Further reading 7 External links History ( edit ) Construction ( edit ) Geneva architect , Jean Jacquet , a Unesco expert , makes an architectural survey of the Great Temple of Rameses II ( 1290 - 1223 B.C. ) . Construction of the temple complex started in approximately 1264 BC and lasted for about 20 years , until 1244 BC . Known as the `` Temple of Ramesses , beloved by Amun '' it was one of six rock temples erected in Nubia during the long reign of Ramesses II . Their purpose was to impress Egypt 's southern neighbours , and also to reinforce the status of Egyptian religion in the region . Rediscovery ( edit ) With the passage of time , the temples fell into disuse and eventually became covered by sand . By the 6th century BC , the sand already covered the statues of the main temple up to their knees . The temple was forgotten until 1813 , when Swiss orientalist Jean - Louis Burckhardt found the top frieze of the main temple . Burckhardt talked about his discovery with Italian explorer Giovanni Belzoni , who travelled to the site , but was unable to dig out an entry to the temple . Belzoni returned in 1817 , this time succeeding in his attempt to enter the complex . A detailed early description of the temples , together with contemporaneous line drawings , can be found in Edward William Lane 's Description of Egypt ( 1825 -- 1828 ) . Tour guides at the site relate the legend that ' Abu Simbel ' was the name of a young local boy who guided these early re-discoverers to the site of the buried temple which he had seen from time to time in the shifting sands . Eventually , they named the complex after him . Relocation ( edit ) The statue of Ramses the Great at the Great Temple of Abu Simbel is reassembled after having been moved in 1967 to save it from flooding . A scale model showing the original and current location of the temple ( with respect to the water level ) at the Nubian Museum , in Aswan A close - up of one of the colossal statues of Ramesses II wearing the double crown of Lower and Upper Egypt The collapsed colossus of the Great Temple supposedly fell during an earthquake shortly after its construction . On moving the temple , it was decided to leave it as the face is missing . In 1959 , an international donations campaign to save the monuments of Nubia began : the southernmost relics of this ancient human civilization were under threat from the rising waters of the Nile that were about to result from the construction of the Aswan High Dam . One scheme to save the temples was based on an idea by William MacQuitty to build a clear fresh water dam around the temples , with the water inside kept at the same height as the Nile . There were to be underwater viewing chambers . In 1962 the idea was made into a proposal by architects Jane Drew and Maxwell Fry and civil engineer Ove Arup . They considered that raising the temples ignored the effect of erosion of the sandstone by desert winds . However the proposal , though acknowledged to be extremely elegant , was rejected . The salvage of the Abu Simbel temples began in 1964 by a multinational team of archeologists , engineers and skilled heavy equipment operators working together under the UNESCO banner ; it cost some USD $40 million at the time ( equal to $300 million in 2017 dollars ) . Between 1964 and 1968 , the entire site was carefully cut into large blocks ( up to 30 tons , averaging 20 tons ) , dismantled , lifted and reassembled in a new location 65 meters higher and 200 meters back from the river , in one of the greatest challenges of archaeological engineering in history . Some structures were even saved from under the waters of Lake Nasser . Today , a few hundred tourists visit the temples daily . Guarded convoys of buses and cars depart twice a day from Aswan , the nearest city . Many visitors also arrive by plane at an airfield that was specially constructed for the temple complex . The complex consists of two temples . The larger one is dedicated to Ra - Harakhty , Ptah and Amun , Egypt 's three state deities of the time , and features four large statues of Ramesses II in the facade . The smaller temple is dedicated to the goddess Hathor , personified by Nefertari , Ramesses 's most beloved of his many wives . The temple is now open to the public . Great temple ( edit ) View of the partially excavated Great Temple from the right , with a human figure for scale Front view of the Great Temple before 1923 Interior of the Great Temple , before cleaning Interior of the Great Temple , after cleaning Human figures standing at the entrance to the Great Temple , sometime before 1923 The Great Temple at Abu Simbel , which took about twenty years to build , was completed around year 24 of the reign of Ramesses the Great ( which corresponds to 1265 BC ) . It was dedicated to the gods Amun , Ra - Horakhty , and Ptah , as well as to the deified Rameses himself . It is generally considered the grandest and most beautiful of the temples commissioned during the reign of Rameses II , and one of the most beautiful in Egypt . Four colossal 20 meter statues of the pharaoh with the double Atef crown of Upper and Lower Egypt decorate the facade of the temple , which is 35 meters wide and is topped by a frieze with 22 baboons , worshippers of the sun and flank the entrance . The colossal statues were sculptured directly from the rock in which the temple was located before it was moved . All statues represent Ramesses II , seated on a throne and wearing the double crown of Upper and Lower Egypt . The statue to the left of the entrance was damaged in an earthquake , leaving only the lower part of the statue still intact . The head and torso can still be seen at the statue 's feet . Next to the legs of the colossi , there are other statues no higher than the knees of the pharaoh . These depict Nefertari , Ramesses 's chief wife , and queen mother Mut - Tuy , his first two sons Amun - her - khepeshef , Ramesses , and his first six daughters Bintanath , Baketmut , Nefertari , Meritamen , Nebettawy and Isetnofret . The entrance itself is crowned by a bas - relief representing two images of the king worshipping the falcon - headed Ra Harakhti , whose statue stands in a large niche . This god is holding the hieroglyph `` user '' and a feather in his right hand , with Ma'at , ( the goddess of truth and justice ) in his left ; this is nothing less than a gigantic cryptogram for Ramesses II 's throne name , User - Maat - Re . The facade is topped by a row of 22 baboons , their arms raised in the air , supposedly worshipping the rising sun . Another notable feature of the facade is a stele which records the marriage of Ramesses with a daughter of king Hattusili III , which sealed the peace between Egypt and the Hittites . The inner part of the temple has the same triangular layout that most ancient Egyptian temples follow , with rooms decreasing in size from the entrance to the sanctuary . The temple is complex in structure and quite unusual because of its many side chambers . The hypostyle hall ( sometimes also called a pronaos ) is 18 meters long and 16.7 meters wide and is supported by eight huge Osirid pillars depicting the deified Ramses linked to the god Osiris , the god of the Underworld , to indicate the everlasting nature of the pharaoh . The colossal statues along the left - hand wall bear the white crown of Upper Egypt , while those on the opposite side are wearing the double crown of Upper and Lower Egypt ( pschent ) . The bas - reliefs on the walls of the pronaos depict battle scenes in the military campaigns the ruler waged . Much of the sculpture is given to the Battle of Kadesh , on the Orontes river in present - day Syria , in which the Egyptian king fought against the Hittites . The most famous relief shows the king on his chariot shooting arrows against his fleeing enemies , who are being taken prisoner . Other scenes show Egyptian victories in Libya and Nubia . From the hypostyle hall , one enters the second pillared hall , which has four pillars decorated with beautiful scenes of offerings to the gods . There are depictions of Ramesses and Nefertari with the sacred boats of Amun and Ra - Harakhti . This hall gives access to a transverse vestibule in the middle of which is the entrance to the sanctuary . Here , on a black wall , are rock cut sculptures of four seated figures : Ra - Horakhty , the deified king Ramesses , and the gods Amun Ra and Ptah . Ra - Horakhty , Amun Ra and Ptah were the main divinities in that period and their cult centers were at Heliopolis , Thebes and Memphis respectively . Solar alignment ( edit ) It is believed that the axis of the temple was positioned by the ancient Egyptian architects in such a way that on October 22 and February 22 , the rays of the sun would penetrate the sanctuary and illuminate the sculptures on the back wall , except for the statue of Ptah , a god connected with the Underworld , who always remained in the dark . People gather at Abu Simbel to witness this remarkable sight , on October 21 and February 21 . These dates are allegedly the king 's birthday and coronation day , respectively . There is no direct evidence to support this . It is logical to assume , however , that these dates had some relation to a great event , such as the jubilee celebrating the thirtieth anniversary of the pharaoh 's rule . In fact , according to calculations made on the basis of the heliacal rising of the star Sirius ( Sothis ) and inscriptions found by archaeologists , this date must have been October 22 . This image of the king was enhanced and revitalized by the energy of the solar star , and the deified Ramesses the Great could take his place next to Amun Ra and Ra - Horakhty . Due to the displacement of the temple and / or the accumulated drift of the Tropic of Cancer during the past 3,280 years , it is widely believed that each of these two events has moved one day closer to the Solstice , so they would be occurring on October 22 and February 20 ( 60 days before and 60 days after the Solstice , respectively ) . Small temple ( edit ) The Small Temple from below and left , before 1923 The Small Temple after relocation The temple of Hathor and Nefertari , also known as the Small Temple , was built about one hundred meters northeast of the temple of pharaoh Ramesses II and was dedicated to the goddess Hathor and Ramesses II 's chief consort , Nefertari . This was in fact the second time in ancient Egyptian history that a temple was dedicated to a queen . The first time , Akhenaten dedicated a temple to his great royal wife , Nefertiti . The rock - cut facade is decorated with two groups of colossi that are separated by the large gateway . The statues , slightly more than ten meters high , are of the king and his queen . On either side of the portal are two statues of the king , wearing the white crown of Upper Egypt ( south colossus ) and the double crown ( north colossus ) ; these are flanked by statues of the queen . The gods Set ( left ) and Horus ( right ) blessing Ramesses in the small temple at Abu Simbel Remarkably , this is one of very few instances in Egyptian art where the statues of the king and his consort have equal size . Traditionally , the statues of the queens stood next to those of the pharaoh , but were never taller than his knees . Ramesses went to Abu Simbel with his wife in the 24th year of his reign . As the Great Temple of the king , there are small statues of princes and princesses next to their parents . In this case they are positioned symmetrically : on the south side ( at left as one faces the gateway ) are , from left to right , princes Meryatum and Meryre , princesses Meritamen and Henuttawy , and princes Rahirwenemef and Amun - her - khepeshef , while on the north side the same figures are in reverse order . The plan of the Small Temple is a simplified version of that of the Great Temple . Nefertari offering sistrums to seated goddess Hathor , frieze inside the Small Temple As the larger temple dedicated to the king , the hypostyle hall or pronaos is supported by six pillars ; in this case , however , they are not Osiris pillars depicting the king , but are decorated with scenes with the queen playing the sistrum ( an instrument sacred to the goddess Hathor ) , together with the gods Horus , Khnum , Khonsu , and Thoth , and the goddesses Hathor , Isis , Maat , Mut of Asher , Satis and Taweret ; in one scene Ramesses is presenting flowers or burning incense . The capitals of the pillars bear the face of the goddess Hathor ; this type of column is known as Hathoric . The bas - reliefs in the pillared hall illustrate the deification of the king , the destruction of his enemies in the north and south ( in this scenes the king is accompanied by his wife ) , and the queen making offerings to the goddess Hathor and Mut . The hypostyle hall is followed by a vestibule , access to which is given by three large doors . On the south and the north walls of this chamber there are two graceful and poetic bas - reliefs of the king and his consort presenting papyrus plants to Hathor , who is depicted as a cow on a boat sailing in a thicket of papyri . On the west wall , Ramesses II and Nefertari are depicted making offerings to god Horus and the divinities of the Cataracts -- Satis , Anubis and Khnum . The rock cut sanctuary and the two side chambers are connected to the transverse vestibule and are aligned with the axis of the temple . The bas - reliefs on the side walls of the small sanctuary represent scenes of offerings to various gods made either by the pharaoh or the queen . On the back wall , which lies to the west along the axis of the temple , there is a niche in which Hathor , as a divine cow , seems to be coming out of the mountain : the goddess is depicted as the Mistress of the temple dedicated to her and to queen Nefertari , who is intimately linked to the goddess . Each temple had its own priest that represents the king in daily religious ceremonies . In theory , the Pharaoh would have been the only celebrant in daily religious ceremonies performed in different temples throughout Egypt . In reality , the high priest also played that role . To reach that position , an extensive education in art and science was necessary , like the one pharaoh had . Reading , writing , engineering , arithmetic , geometry , astronomy , space measurement , time calculations , were all part of this learning . The priests of Heliopolis , for example , became guardians of sacred knowledge and earned the reputation of wise men . Climate ( edit ) Köppen - Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as hot desert ( BWh ) . ( hide ) Climate data for Abu Simbel Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 23.6 ( 74.5 ) 26 ( 79 ) 30.2 ( 86.4 ) 35.3 ( 95.5 ) 39.1 ( 102.4 ) 40.6 ( 105.1 ) 40.2 ( 104.4 ) 40.2 ( 104.4 ) 38.7 ( 101.7 ) 36 ( 97 ) 29.7 ( 85.5 ) 24.9 ( 76.8 ) 33.71 ( 92.73 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 16.4 ( 61.5 ) 18.2 ( 64.8 ) 22.1 ( 71.8 ) 27 ( 81 ) 31 ( 88 ) 32.7 ( 90.9 ) 32.7 ( 90.9 ) 32.9 ( 91.2 ) 31.4 ( 88.5 ) 28.8 ( 83.8 ) 22.7 ( 72.9 ) 18.1 ( 64.6 ) 26.17 ( 79.16 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 9.2 ( 48.6 ) 10.4 ( 50.7 ) 14.1 ( 57.4 ) 18.8 ( 65.8 ) 23 ( 73 ) 24.8 ( 76.6 ) 25.3 ( 77.5 ) 25.7 ( 78.3 ) 24.2 ( 75.6 ) 21.6 ( 70.9 ) 15.8 ( 60.4 ) 11.4 ( 52.5 ) 18.69 ( 65.61 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) Average rainy days 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mean daily sunshine hours 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 10 10 10 10 10.3 Source # 1 : Climate-Data.org Source # 2 : Weather to Travel for sunshine and rainy days Gallery ( edit ) Temple of Ramesses II Earliest photo , 1854 by John Beasley Greene Temple of Ramesses II , photo taken in 2007 Close - up of the leftmost statue at the temple of Rameses II Central , inset statue of Ra - Horakhty at the Great Temple Baboon carvings above the heads of the statues of Ramses at the Great Temple View of the Great Temple from the right , photo credited to William Henry Goodyear ( before 1923 ) Front view of the Great Temple from before 1923 View of the rightmost statue at the Great Temple , partially excavated , with a human figure ( possibly William Henry Goodyear ) for scale View of the Great Temple 's colossal statues from the right , partially excavated Interior of the Great Temple , before cleaning Colour photo of the Great Temple from the right , partially excavated , from before 1923 The Great Temple from the right , from before 1923 Abu Simbel temple , four statues of divinities in sanctuary Temple of Nefertari Earliest photo , 1854 by John Beasley Greene Earliest photo , 1854 by John Beasley Greene The Small Temple in its relocated context , 1999 Closer view of the Small Temple , 2007 Ramesses offering to seated god Ptah . Frieze inside the Small Temple . Abu Simbel Inscription at the entrance to the Great Temple . Hooper Brooklyn Museum Archives The Small Temple in context , before relocation . Goodyear Brooklyn Museum Archives Statues in the sanctuary of the Great Temple Interior of one of the temples at Abu Simbel , with graffiti View of the Nile from Abu Simbel , before 1923 . Brooklyn Museum Archives See also ( edit ) List of archaeoastronomical sites sorted by country Luxor Temple Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae -- UNESCO World Heritage Centre Jump up ^ Lane E , `` Descriptions of Egypt , '' American University in Cairo Press . pp. 493 - 502 . Jump up ^ Fry Drew Knight Creamer , 1978 , London , Lund Humphries Jump up ^ Spencer , Terence ( 1966 ) . The Race to Save Abu Simbel Is Won . Life magazine , December 2 , 1966 . Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , Stephanie ( 2008 ) . Ramses II : Egyptian Pharaoh , Warrior and Builder . New York : Compass Point Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7565 - 3836 - 1 ^ Jump up to : Alberto Siliotti , Egypt : temples , people , gods , 1994 ^ Jump up to : Ania Skliar , Grosse kulturen der welt - Ägypten , 2005 Jump up ^ `` Climate : Abu Sinbil -- Climate graph , Temperature graph , Climate table '' . Climate-Data.org . Retrieved 14 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Abu Simbel Climate and Weather Averages , Egypt '' . Weather to Travel . Retrieved 12 July 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Berg , Lennart ( 1978 ) . `` The Salvage of the Abu Simbel Temples '' ( PDF ) . International Council on Monuments and Sites . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . - Highly detailed article describing the process of saving and creating a new location for the temples . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Abu Simbel temples . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Abu Simbel . Wikisource has the text of the 1921 Collier 's Encyclopedia article Abu - Simbel . Google ( 20 February 2016 ) . `` Abu Simbel archeological site '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved 20 February 2016 . Abu Simbel at the website of Egypt State Information Service Abu Simbel at Aldokkan Abu Simbel temples ' plan Abu Simbel temples images Abu Simbel map , images and info Abu Simbel UNESCO page Links to related articles World Heritage Sites in Egypt Abu Mena Islamic Cairo Memphis and its Necropolis -- Giza pyramid complex to Dahshur Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae Saint Catherine Area Ancient Thebes with its Necropolis Wadi El Hitan ( Whale Valley ) List of World Heritage Sites in Egypt Ancient Egypt topics Outline Index Major topics Glossary of artifacts Agriculture Architecture ( Egyptian Revival architecture ) Art Astronomy Burial customs Chronology Cities ( list ) Clothing Cuisine Dynasties Geography Great Royal Wives History Language Literature Mathematics Medicine Military Music Mythology People Pharaohs ( list ) Philosophy Religion Sites Technology Trade Writing Egyptology Egyptologists Museums Book Ancient Egypt portal WikiProject Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abu_Simbel_temples&oldid=815594536 '' Categories : World Heritage Sites in Egypt Buildings and structures completed in the 13th century BC Egyptian temples Archaeological sites in Egypt Monuments and memorials in Egypt Open - air museums in Egypt Colossal statues Relocated ancient Egyptian monuments Lake Nasser Ramesses II Nefertari Rock reliefs in Egypt 13th - century BC establishments in Egypt Tourist attractions in Egypt Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles containing Arabic - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from November 2015 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kiswahili Кыргызча Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 20 : 26 . 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"Construction of the temple complex started in approximately 1264 BC and lasted for about 20 years, until 1244 BC. Known as the \"Temple of Ramesses, beloved by Amun\" it was one of six rock temples erected in Nubia during the long reign of Ramesses II. Their purpose was to impress Egypt's southern neighbours, and also to reinforce the status of Egyptian religion in the region."
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"Ramesses II"
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1641995796041350492 | Roman Republic | Roman Republic - wikipedia Roman Republic Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Roman Republic . Roman Republic Official name ( as on coins ) : Roma after c. 100 BC : Senatus populusque Romanus ( Latin ) ( SPQR ) ( `` The Senate and People of Rome '' ) 509 BC -- 27 BC Roman consul accompanied by two lictors Roman provinces on the eve of the assassination of Julius Caesar , 44 BC Capital Rome Languages Latin ( official ) Etruscan , Greek , Osco - Umbrian , Venetic , Ligurian , Rhaetian , Nuragic , Sicel , Hebrew , Aramaic , Syriac , Punic , Berber , Illyrian , Iberian , Lusitanian , Celtiberian , Gallic , Aquitanian ( Unofficial , but commonly spoken ) Religion Roman polytheism Government Republic Consul 509 -- 508 BC Lucius Brutus , Lucius Collatinus 27 BC Gaius Octavianus , Marcus Agrippa Legislature Legislative Assemblies Historical era Classical antiquity Overthrow of Tarquinius Superbus following the Rape of Lucretia 509 BC Caesar proclaimed dictator for 10 years 47 BC Battle of Actium 2 September 31 BC Octavian proclaimed Augustus 16 January 27 BC Area 326 BC 10,000 km ( 3,900 sq mi ) 200 BC 360,000 km ( 140,000 sq mi ) 146 BC 800,000 km ( 310,000 sq mi ) 100 BC 1,200,000 km ( 460,000 sq mi ) 50 BC 1,950,000 km ( 750,000 sq mi ) Currency Roman Republican currency Preceded by Succeeded by Roman Kingdom Roman Empire Part of a series on Ancient Rome and the fall of the Republic Mark Antony Cleopatra VII Assassination of Julius Caesar Pompey Theatre of Pompey Cicero First Triumvirate Roman Forum Comitium Rostra Curia Julia Curia Hostilia The Roman Republic ( Latin : Res publica Romana ; Classical Latin : ( ˈreːs ˈpuːb. lɪ. ka roːˈmaː.na ) ) was the era of ancient Roman civilization beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom , traditionally dated to 509 BC , and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire . It was during this period that Rome 's control expanded from the city 's immediate surroundings to hegemony over the entire Mediterranean world . Roman government was headed by two consuls , elected annually by the citizens and advised by a senate composed of appointed magistrates . As Roman society was very hierarchical by modern standards , the evolution of the Roman government was heavily influenced by the struggle between the patricians , Rome 's land - holding aristocracy , who traced their ancestry to the founding of Rome , and the plebeians , the far more numerous citizen - commoners . Over time , the laws that gave patricians exclusive rights to Rome 's highest offices were repealed or weakened , and leading plebeian families became full members of the aristocracy . The leaders of the Republic developed a strong tradition and morality requiring public service and patronage in peace and war , making military and political success inextricably linked . Many of Rome 's legal and legislative structures ( later codified into the Justinian Code , and again into the Napoleonic Code ) can still be observed throughout Europe and much of the world in modern nation states and international organizations . During the first two centuries of its existence , the Roman Republic expanded through a combination of conquest and alliance , from central Italy to the entire Italian peninsula . By the following century , it included North Africa , most of the Iberian Peninsula , and what is now southern France . Two centuries after that , towards the end of the 1st century BC , it included the rest of modern France , Greece , and much of the eastern Mediterranean . By this time , internal tensions led to a series of civil wars , culminating with the assassination of Julius Caesar , which led to the transition from republic to empire . The exact date of transition can be a matter of interpretation . Historians have variously proposed Julius Caesar 's crossing of the Rubicon River in 49 BC , Caesar 's appointment as dictator for life in 44 BC , and the defeat of Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC . However , most use the same date as did the ancient Romans themselves , the Roman Senate 's grant of extraordinary powers to Octavian and his adopting the title Augustus in 27 BC , as the defining event ending the Republic . Contents ( hide ) 1 Military history 1.1 Early Republic ( 458 -- 274 BC ) 1.1. 1 Early Italian campaigns ( 458 -- 396 BC ) 1.1. 2 Celtic invasion of Italy ( 390 -- 387 BC ) 1.1. 3 Roman expansion into Italy ( 343 -- 282 BC ) 1.1. 4 Pyrrhic War ( 280 -- 275 BC ) 1.2 Mid-Republic ( 264 -- 133 BC ) 1.2. 1 Punic Wars ( 264 -- 146 BC ) 1.2. 2 Kingdom of Macedonia , the Greek poleis , and Illyria ( 215 -- 148 BC ) 1.3 Late Republic ( 147 -- 30 BC ) 1.3. 1 Jugurthine War ( 111 -- 104 BC ) 1.3. 2 Celtic threat ( 121 BC ) and Germanic threat ( 113 -- 101 BC ) 1.3. 3 Internal unrest ( 135 -- 71 BC ) 1.3. 4 Conflicts with Mithridates ( 89 -- 63 BC ) and the Cilician pirates ( 67 BC ) 1.3. 5 Caesar 's early campaigns ( 59 -- 50 BC ) 1.3. 6 Triumvirates and Caesarian ascension ( 53 -- 30 BC ) 2 Political history 2.1 Patrician era ( 509 -- 367 BC ) 2.2 Conflict of the Orders ( 367 -- 287 BC ) 2.3 Supremacy of the New Nobility ( 287 -- 133 BC ) 2.4 From the Gracchi to Caesar ( 133 -- 49 BC ) 2.4. 1 The Gracchi 2.4. 2 The populares and the optimates 2.4. 3 Pompey , Crassus and the Catilinarian conspiracy 2.4. 4 First Triumvirate 2.4. 5 End of the First Triumvirate 2.5 Period of transition ( 49 -- 29 BC ) 2.5. 1 Caesar 's assassination and the Second Triumvirate 3 Military 3.1 Hoplite armies ( 509 -- c. 315 BC ) 3.2 Manipular legion ( c. 315 -- 107 BC ) 3.3 The legion after the reforms of Gaius Marius ( 107 -- 27 BC ) 4 Politics 4.1 Senate of the Roman Republic 4.2 Legislative Assemblies 4.3 Executive Magistrates 5 Culture 5.1 Social structure 5.2 Clothing 5.3 Dining 5.4 Education and language 5.5 The arts 5.6 Sports and entertainment 5.7 Religion 6 See also 7 References 8 Sources 8.1 Primary sources 9 External links Military history ( edit ) Main article : Campaign history of the Roman military Further information : Military history of Italy The ruins of the Servian Wall , built during the 4th century BC , one of the earliest ancient Roman defensive walls ; by the 3rd century AD it was superseded by the larger Aurelian Walls of Rome Temple of Janus as seen in the present church of San Nicola in Carcere , in the Forum Holitorium of Rome , Italy , dedicated by Gaius Duilius after his naval victory against the Carthaginians at the Battle of Mylae in 260 BC . The exact causes and motivations for Rome 's military conflicts and expansions during the republic are subject to wide debate . While they can be seen as motivated by outright aggression and imperialism , historians typically take a much more nuanced view . They argue that Rome 's expansion was driven by short - term defensive and inter-state factors ( that is , relations with city - states and kingdoms outside Rome 's hegemony ) , and the new contingencies that these decisions created . In its early history , as Rome successfully defended itself against foreign threats in central and then northern Italy , neighboring city - states sought the protection a Roman alliance would bring . As such , early republican Rome was not an `` empire '' or `` state '' in the modern sense , but an alliance of independent city - states ( similar to the Greek hegemonies of the same period ) with varying degrees of genuine independence ( which itself changed over time ) engaged in an alliance of mutual self - protection , but led by Rome . With some important exceptions , successful wars in early republican Rome generally led not to annexation or military occupation , but to the restoration of the way things were . But the defeated city would be weakened ( sometimes with outright land concessions ) and thus less able to resist Romanizing influences , such as Roman settlers seeking land or trade with the growing Roman confederacy . It was also less able to defend itself against its non-Roman enemies , which made attack by these enemies more likely . It was , therefore , more likely to seek an alliance of protection with Rome . This growing coalition expanded the potential enemies that Rome might face , and moved Rome closer to confrontation with major powers . The result was more alliance - seeking , on the part of both the Roman confederacy and city - states seeking membership ( and protection ) within that confederacy . While there were exceptions to this ( such as military rule of Sicily after the First Punic War ) , it was not until after the Second Punic War that these alliances started to harden into something more like an empire , at least in certain locations . This shift mainly took place in parts of the west , such as the southern Italian towns that sided with Hannibal . In contrast , Roman expansion into Spain and Gaul occurred as a mix of alliance - seeking and military occupation . In the 2nd century BC , Roman involvement in the Greek east remained a matter of alliance - seeking , but this time in the face of major powers that could rival Rome . According to Polybius , who sought to trace how Rome came to dominate the Greek east in less than a century , this was mainly a matter of several Greek city - states seeking Roman protection against the Macedonian kingdom and Seleucid Empire in the face of destabilisation created by the weakening of Ptolemaic Egypt . In contrast to the west , the Greek east had been dominated by major empires for centuries , and Roman influence and alliance - seeking led to wars with these empires that further weakened them and therefore created an unstable power vacuum that only Rome could fill . This had some important similarities to ( and important differences from ) the events in Italy centuries earlier , but this time on a global scale . Historians see the growing Roman influence over the east , as with the west , as not a matter of intentional empire - building , but constant crisis management narrowly focused on short - term goals within a highly unstable , unpredictable , and inter-dependent network of alliances and dependencies . With some major exceptions of outright military rule , the Roman Republic remained an alliance of independent city - states and kingdoms ( with varying degrees of independence , both de jure and de facto ) until it transitioned into the Roman Empire . It was not until the time of the Roman Empire that the entire Roman world was organized into provinces under explicit Roman control . Early Republic ( 458 -- 274 BC ) ( edit ) Further information : Early Roman army Early Italian campaigns ( 458 -- 396 BC ) ( edit ) The first Roman republican wars were wars of both expansion and defence , aimed at protecting Rome itself from neighbouring cities and nations and establishing its territory in the region . Initially , Rome 's immediate neighbours were either Latin towns and villages , or else tribal Sabines from the Apennine hills beyond . One by one Rome defeated both the persistent Sabines and the local cities , both those under Etruscan control and those that had cast off their Etruscan rulers . Rome defeated the Latin cities in the Battle of Lake Regillus in 496 BC , the Battle of Mons Algidus in 458 BC , the Battle of Corbione in 446 BC , the Battle of Aricia , and especially the Battle of the Cremera in 477 BC wherein it fought against the most important Etruscan city of Veii . Rome 's Early Italian Campaigns Lake Regillus Cremera Mons Algidus Corbione Fidenae Veii By the end of this period , Rome had effectively completed the conquest of their immediate Etruscan and Latin neighbours , and also secured their position against the immediate threat posed by the nearby Apennine hill tribes . Celtic invasion of Italy ( 390 -- 387 BC ) ( edit ) Roman -- Gallic wars Allia River Arretium Lake Vadimo Faesulae Telamon Clastidium Cremona Placentia Mutina By 390 BC , several Gallic tribes were invading Italy from the north as their culture expanded throughout Europe . The Romans were alerted to this when a particularly warlike tribe , the Senones , invaded two Etruscan towns close to Rome 's sphere of influence . These towns , overwhelmed by the enemy 's numbers and ferocity , called on Rome for help . The Romans met the Gauls in pitched battle at the Battle of Allia River around 390 -- 387 BC . The Gauls , led by the chieftain Brennus , defeated the Roman army of approximately 15,000 troops , pursued the fleeing Romans back to Rome , and sacked the city before being either driven off or bought off . The Romans and Gauls continued to war intermittently in Italy for more than two centuries . Roman expansion into Italy ( 343 -- 282 BC ) ( edit ) Map showing Roman expansion in Italy . Ancient unification of Italy Roman - Etruscan Wars Roman - Latin wars Roman - Volscian wars Roman conquest of the Hernici Samnite Wars Pyrrhic War Social War Samnite Wars Mons Gaurus Saticula Suessula Neapolis Caudine Forks Lautulae Bovianum Camerinum Tifernum Sentinum Aquilonia After recovering surprisingly fast from the sack of Rome , the Romans immediately resumed their expansion within Italy . The First Samnite War from 343 BC to 341 BC was relatively short : the Romans defeated the Samnites in two battles , but were forced to withdraw before they could pursue the conflict further due to the revolt of several of their Latin allies in the Latin War . Rome defeated the Latins in the Battle of Vesuvius and again in the Battle of Trifanum , after which the Latin cities were obliged to submit to Roman rule . The Second Samnite War , from 327 BC to 304 BC , was much longer and more serious for both the Romans and Samnites . The fortunes of the two sides fluctuated throughout its course . But the Romans won the Battle of Bovianum , and the tide turned strongly against the Samnites from 314 BC onwards , leading them to sue for peace with progressively less generous terms . By 304 BC , the Romans had effectively annexed the greater degree of the Samnite territory , founding several colonies . Seven years after their defeat , with Roman dominance of the area looking assured , the Samnites rose again and defeated a Roman army in 298 BC , to open the Third Samnite War . Following this success they built a coalition of several previous enemies of Rome . At the Battle of Populonia in 282 BC Rome finished off the last vestiges of Etruscan power in the region . Pyrrhic war ( 280 -- 275 BC ) ( edit ) Route of Pyrrhus of Epirus Pyrrhic War Heraclea Asculum Venusia Rhegium Syracuse Eryx Cranita Lilybaeum Messina Beneventum By the beginning of the 3rd century BC , Rome had established itself as a major power on the Italian Peninsula , but had not yet come into conflict with the dominant military powers in the Mediterranean Basin at the time : Carthage and the Greek kingdoms . When a diplomatic dispute between Rome and a Greek colony in Italy erupted into open warfare in a naval confrontation , the Greek colony appealed for military aid to Pyrrhus , ruler of the northwestern Greek kingdom of Epirus . Motivated by a personal desire for military accomplishment , Pyrrhus landed a Greek army of some 25,000 men on Italian soil in 280 BC . Despite early victories , Pyrrhus found his position in Italy untenable . Rome steadfastly refused to negotiate with Pyrrhus as long as his army remained in Italy . Facing unacceptably heavy losses from each encounter with the Roman army , Pyrrhus withdrew from the peninsula . In 275 BC , Pyrrhus again met the Roman army at the Battle of Beneventum . While Beneventum was indecisive , Pyrrhus realised his army had been exhausted and reduced by years of foreign campaigns . Seeing little hope for further gains , he withdrew completely from Italy . The conflicts with Pyrrhus would have a great effect on Rome . Rome had shown it was capable of pitting its armies successfully against the dominant military powers of the Mediterranean , and that the Greek kingdoms were incapable of defending their colonies in Italy and abroad . Rome quickly moved into southern Italia , subjugating and dividing the Greek colonies . Now , Rome effectively dominated the Italian peninsula , and won an international military reputation . Mid-republic ( 264 -- 133 BC ) ( edit ) Further information : Roman army of the mid-Republic and Rise of Rome Punic wars ( 264 -- 146 BC ) ( edit ) Main article : Punic Wars Theatre of the Punic Wars First Punic War Messana Agrigentum Lipari Islands Mylae Sulci Tyndaris Cape Ecnomus Aspis Adys Tunis Cape Hermaeum Panormus 1st Drepana Lilybaeum 2nd Drepana Mt Ercte 1st Mt Eryx 2nd Mt Eryx Aegates Islands Second Punic War Prelude Saguntum Rhone Crossing of the Alps Hannibal 's invasion of Italy Ticinus Trebia Lake Trasimene Ager Falernus Geronium Cannae 1st Nola 2nd Nola 3rd Nola 1st Beneventum 1st Tarentum 1st Capua Silarus 1st Herdonia 2nd Beneventum 2nd Capua 2nd Herdonia Numistro Battle of Canusium 2nd Tarentum Grumentum Metaurus Crotona Po Valley Roman expeditions to Iberia Cissa Ebro River Dertosa Upper Baetis 1st New Carthage Baecula Ilipa Guadalquivir Campaigns in Sicily and the western Mediterranean Cornus Syracuse Roman invasion of Northeast Africa Utica Great Plains Cirta Zama Naval battles Lilybaeum Carteia Third Punic War Lake Tunis 1st Nepheris Port of Carthage 2nd Nepheris Carthage The First Punic War began in 264 BC when inhabitants of Sicily began to appeal to the two powers between which they lay -- Rome and Carthage -- to resolve internal conflicts . The war saw land battles in Sicily early on , but the theatre shifted to naval battles around Sicily and Africa . Before the First Punic War there was no Roman navy to speak of . The new war in Sicily against Carthage , a great naval power , forced Rome to quickly build a fleet and train sailors . The first few naval battles were disasters for Rome . However , after training more sailors and inventing a grappling engine , a Roman naval force was able to defeat a Carthaginian fleet , and further naval victories followed . The Carthaginians then hired Xanthippus of Carthage , a Spartan mercenary general , to reorganise and lead their army . He cut off the Roman army from its base by re-establishing Carthaginian naval supremacy . The Romans then again defeated the Carthaginians in naval battle at the Battle of the Aegates Islands and left Carthage with neither a fleet nor sufficient financial means to raise one . For a maritime power the loss of their access to the Mediterranean stung financially and psychologically , and the Carthaginians sued for peace . Continuing distrust led to the renewal of hostilities in the Second Punic War when Hannibal Barca attacked an Iberian town which had diplomatic ties to Rome . Hannibal then crossed the Italian Alps to invade Italy . Hannibal 's successes in Italy began immediately , and reached an early climax at the Battle of Cannae , where 70,000 Romans were killed . A Carthaginian coin possibly depicting Hannibal as Hercules ( i.e. Heracles ) The Romans held off Hannibal in three battles , but then Hannibal smashed a succession of Roman consular armies . By this time Hannibal 's brother Hasdrubal Barca sought to cross the Alps into Italy and join his brother with a second army . Hasdrubal managed to break through into Italy only to be defeated decisively on the Metaurus River . Unable to defeat Hannibal on Italian soil , the Romans boldly sent an army to Africa under Scipio Africanus to threaten the Carthaginian capital . Hannibal was recalled to Africa , and defeated at the Battle of Zama . Carthage never recovered militarily after the Second Punic War , but quickly did so economically and the Third Punic War that followed was in reality a simple punitive mission after the neighbouring Numidians allied to Rome robbed / attacked Carthaginian merchants . Treaties had forbidden any war with Roman allies , and defence against robbing / pirates was considered as `` war action '' : Rome decided to annihilate the city of Carthage . Carthage was almost defenceless , and submitted when besieged . However , the Romans demanded complete surrender and removal of the city into the ( desert ) inland far off any coastal or harbour region , and the Carthaginians refused . The city was besieged , stormed , and completely destroyed . Ultimately , all of Carthage 's North African and Iberian territories were acquired by Rome . Note that `` Carthage '' was not an ' empire ' , but a league of Punic colonies ( port cities in the western Mediterranean ) like the 1st and 2nd Athenian ( `` Attic '' ) leagues , under leadership of Carthage . Punic Carthage was gone , but the other Punic cities in the western Mediterranean flourished under Roman rule . Kingdom of Macedonia , the Greek poleis , and Illyria ( 215 -- 148 BC ) ( edit ) Poleis and wars Map showing the southern Balkans and western Asia Minor Macedonian Wars First Second Third Fourth First Macedonian War 1st Lamia 2nd Lamia Mantinea Second Macedonian War Aous Cynoscephalae Third Macedonian War Callinicus Pydna Fourth Macedonian War Pydna ( 148 BC ) Roman -- Seleucid War Thermopylae Eurymedon Myonessus Magnesia Rome 's preoccupation with its war with Carthage provided an opportunity for Philip V of the kingdom of Macedonia , located in the north of the Greek peninsula , to attempt to extend his power westward . Philip sent ambassadors to Hannibal 's camp in Italy , to negotiate an alliance as common enemies of Rome . However , Rome discovered the agreement when Philip 's emissaries were captured by a Roman fleet . The First Macedonian War saw the Romans involved directly in only limited land operations , but they ultimately achieved their objective of pre-occupying Philip and preventing him from aiding Hannibal . The past century had seen the Greek world dominated by the three primary successor kingdoms of Alexander the Great 's empire : Ptolemaic Egypt , Macedonia and the Seleucid Empire . In 202 BC , internal problems led to a weakening of Egypt 's position , thereby disrupting the power balance among the successor states . Macedonia and the Seleucid Empire agreed to an alliance to conquer and divide Egypt . Fearing this increasingly unstable situation , several small Greek kingdoms sent delegations to Rome to seek an alliance . The delegation succeeded , even though prior Greek attempts to involve Rome in Greek affairs had been met with Roman apathy . Our primary source about these events , the surviving works of Polybius , do not state Rome 's reason for getting involved . Rome gave Philip an ultimatum to cease his campaigns against Rome 's new Greek allies . Doubting Rome 's strength ( a reasonable doubt , given Rome 's performance in the First Macedonian War ) Philip ignored the request , and Rome sent an army of Romans and Greek allies , beginning the Second Macedonian War . Despite his recent successes against the Greeks and earlier successes against Rome , Philip 's army buckled under the pressure from the Roman - Greek army . In 197 BC , the Romans decisively defeated Philip at the Battle of Cynoscephalae , and Philip was forced to give up his recent Greek conquests . The Romans declared the `` Peace of the Greeks '' , believing that Philip 's defeat now meant that Greece would be stable . They pulled out of Greece entirely , maintaining minimal contacts with their Greek allies . With Egypt and Macedonia weakened , the Seleucid Empire made increasingly aggressive and successful attempts to conquer the entire Greek world . Now not only Rome 's allies against Philip , but even Philip himself , sought a Roman alliance against the Seleucids . The situation was made worse by the fact that Hannibal was now a chief military advisor to the Seleucid emperor , and the two were believed to be planning an outright conquest not just of Greece , but of Rome itself . The Seleucids were much stronger than the Macedonians had ever been , because they controlled much of the former Persian Empire , and by now had almost entirely reassembled Alexander the Great 's former empire . Roman bronze bust of Scipio Africanus the Elder from the Naples National Archaeological Museum ( Inv . No. 5634 ) , dated mid 1st century BC Excavated from the Villa of the Papyri at Herculaneum by Karl Jakob Weber , 1750 - 65 . Fearing the worst , the Romans began a major mobilization , all but pulling out of recently pacified Spain and Gaul . They even established a major garrison in Sicily in case the Seleucids ever got to Italy . This fear was shared by Rome 's Greek allies , who had largely ignored Rome in the years after the Second Macedonian War , but now followed Rome again for the first time since that war . A major Roman - Greek force was mobilized under the command of the great hero of the Second Punic War , Scipio Africanus , and set out for Greece , beginning the Roman - Syrian War . After initial fighting that revealed serious Seleucid weaknesses , the Seleucids tried to turn the Roman strength against them at the Battle of Thermopylae ( as they believed the 300 Spartans had done centuries earlier ) . Like the Spartans , the Seleucids lost the battle , and were forced to evacuate Greece . The Romans pursued the Seleucids by crossing the Hellespont , which marked the first time a Roman army had ever entered Asia . The decisive engagement was fought at the Battle of Magnesia , resulting in a complete Roman victory . The Seleucids sued for peace , and Rome forced them to give up their recent Greek conquests . Although they still controlled a great deal of territory , this defeat marked the decline of their empire , as they were to begin facing increasingly aggressive subjects in the east ( the Parthians ) and the west ( the Greeks ) . Their empire disintegrated into a rump over the course of the next century , when it was eclipsed by Pontus . Following Magnesia , Rome again withdrew from Greece , assuming ( or hoping ) that the lack of a major Greek power would ensure a stable peace . In fact , it did the opposite . In 179 BC Philip died . His talented and ambitious son , Perseus , took the throne and showed a renewed interest in conquering Greece . With her Greek allies facing a major new threat , Rome declared war on Macedonia again , starting the Third Macedonian War . Perseus initially had some success against the Romans . However , Rome responded by sending a stronger army . This second consular army decisively defeated the Macedonians at the Battle of Pydna in 168 BC and the Macedonians duly capitulated , ending the war . Convinced now that the Greeks ( and therefore the rest of the region ) would not have peace if left alone , Rome decided to establish its first permanent foothold in the Greek world , and divided the Kingdom of Macedonia into four client republics . Yet , Macedonian agitation continued . The Fourth Macedonian War , 150 to 148 BC , was fought against a Macedonian pretender to the throne who was again destabilizing Greece by trying to re-establish the old kingdom . The Romans swiftly defeated the Macedonians at the Second battle of Pydna . The Achaean League chose this moment to fight Rome but was swiftly defeated . In 146 BC ( the same year as the destruction of Carthage ) , Corinth was besieged and destroyed , which led to the league 's surrender . After nearly a century of constant crisis management in Greece , which always led back to internal instability and war when she withdrew , Rome decided to divide Macedonia into two new Roman provinces , Achaea and Macedonia . Late Republic ( 147 -- 30 BC ) ( edit ) Further information : Roman army of the late Republic Jugurthine war ( 111 -- 104 BC ) ( edit ) Jugurthine War Cirta Suthul Muthul Zama Thala Muluccha 2nd Cirta The Jugurthine War of 111 -- 104 BC was fought between Rome and Jugurtha of the North African kingdom of Numidia . It constituted the final Roman pacification of Northern Africa , after which Rome largely ceased expansion on the continent after reaching natural barriers of desert and mountain . Following Jugurtha 's usurpation of the throne of Numidia , a loyal ally of Rome since the Punic Wars , Rome felt compelled to intervene . Jugurtha impudently bribed the Romans into accepting his usurpation . Jugurtha was finally captured not in battle but by treachery . Celtic threat ( 121 BC ) and Germanic threat ( 113 -- 101 BC ) ( edit ) Cimbrian War Noreia Burdigala Arausio Aquae Sextiae Vercellae In 121 BC , Rome came into contact with two Celtic tribes ( from a region in modern France ) , both of which they defeated with apparent ease . The Cimbrian War ( 113 -- 101 BC ) was a far more serious affair than the earlier clashes of 121 BC . The Germanic tribes of the Cimbri and the Teutons migrated from northern Europe into Rome 's northern territories , and clashed with Rome and her allies . At the Battle of Aquae Sextiae and the Battle of Vercellae both tribes were virtually annihilated , which ended the threat . Internal unrest ( 135 -- 71 BC ) ( edit ) Roman Servile Wars First Second Third Ancient unification of Italy Roman - Etruscan Wars Roman - Latin wars Roman - Volscian wars Roman conquest of the Hernici Samnite Wars Pyrrhic War Social War First Civil War of the Roman Republic Mount Tifata Asio River Sacriporto Sena Gálica Saturnia Glanis River Espolecio 1 Clusium 1 Espolecio 2 Faventia Fidentia Clusium 2 Colline Gate Praeneste Neápolis Utica Norba Caesarina Nola Volterras A Roman naval bireme depicted in a relief from the Temple of Fortuna Primigenia in Praeneste ( Palastrina ) , which was built c. 120 BC ; exhibited in the Pius - Clementine Museum ( Museo Pio - Clementino ) in the Vatican Museums . The extensive campaigning abroad by Roman generals , and the rewarding of soldiers with plunder on these campaigns , led to a general trend of soldiers becoming increasingly loyal to their generals rather than to the state . Rome was also plagued by several slave uprisings during this period , in part because vast tracts of land had been given over to slave farming in which the slaves greatly outnumbered their Roman masters . In the 1st century BC at least twelve civil wars and rebellions occurred . This pattern continued until 27 BC , when Octavian ( later Augustus ) successfully challenged the Senate 's authority , and was made princeps ( first citizen ) . Between 135 BC and 71 BC there were three `` Servile Wars '' involving slave uprisings against the Roman state . The third and final uprising was the most serious , involving ultimately between 120,000 and 150,000 slaves under the command of the gladiator Spartacus . In 91 BC the Social War broke out between Rome and its former allies in Italy when the allies complained that they shared the risk of Rome 's military campaigns , but not its rewards . Although they lost militarily , the allies achieved their objectives with legal proclamations which granted citizenship to more than 500,000 Italians . The internal unrest reached its most serious state , however , in the two civil wars that were caused by the clash between generals Gaius Marius and Lucius Cornelius Sulla starting from 88 BC . In the Battle of the Colline Gate at the very door of the city of Rome , a Roman army under Sulla bested an army of the Marius supporters and entered the city . Sulla 's actions marked a watershed in the willingness of Roman troops to wage war against one another that was to pave the way for the wars which ultimately overthrew the Republic , and caused the founding of the Roman Empire . Conflicts with Mithridates ( 89 -- 63 BC ) and the Cilician pirates ( 67 BC ) ( edit ) First Mithridatic War Amnias Mount Scorobas Rhodes Athens and Piraeus Chaeronea Tenedos Orchomenus Second Mithridatic War Magnesia on the Maeander Amasra Halys Third Mithridatic War Chalcedon Tenedos Cyzicus Rhyndacus Cabira Tigranocerta Artaxata Zela Lycus Mithridates the Great was the ruler of Pontus , a large kingdom in Asia Minor ( modern Turkey ) , from 120 to 63 BC . Mithridates antagonised Rome by seeking to expand his kingdom , and Rome for her part seemed equally eager for war and the spoils and prestige that it might bring . In 88 BC , Mithridates ordered the killing of a majority of the 80,000 Romans living in his kingdom . The massacre was the official reason given for the commencement of hostilities in the First Mithridatic War . The Roman general Lucius Cornelius Sulla forced Mithridates out of Greece proper , but then had to return to Italy to answer the internal threat posed by his rival , Gaius Marius . A peace was made between Rome and Pontus , but this proved only a temporary lull . The Second Mithridatic War began when Rome tried to annex a province that Mithridates claimed as his own . In the Third Mithridatic War , first Lucius Licinius Lucullus and then Pompey the Great were sent against Mithridates and his Armenian ally Tigranes the Great . Mithridates was finally defeated by Pompey in the night - time Battle of the Lycus . Rome against the Cilician pirates Korakesion The Mediterranean had at this time fallen into the hands of pirates , largely from Cilicia . The pirates not only strangled shipping lanes but also plundered many cities on the coasts of Greece and Asia . Pompey was nominated as commander of a special naval task force to campaign against the pirates . It took Pompey just forty days to clear the western portion of the sea of pirates and restore communication between Iberia ( Spain ) , Africa , and Italy . Caesar 's early campaigns ( 59 -- 50 BC ) ( edit ) Map of the Gallic Wars Gallic Wars Magetobriga ( 63 BC ) Arar ( 58 BC ) Bibracte ( 58 BC ) Vosges ( 58 BC ) Axona ( 57 BC ) Sabis ( 57 BC ) Octodurus ( 57 -- 56 BC ) Ambiorix 's revolt ( 54 -- 53 BC ) Avaricum ( 52 BC ) Gergovia ( 52 BC ) Alesia ( 52 BC ) Uxellodunum ( 51 BC ) During his term as praetor in the Iberian Peninsula ( modern Portugal and Spain ) , Pompey 's contemporary Julius Caesar defeated two local tribes in battle . After his term as consul in 59 BC , he was appointed to a five - year term as the proconsular Governor of Cisalpine Gaul ( part of current northern Italy ) , Transalpine Gaul ( current southern France ) and Illyria ( part of the modern Balkans ) . Not content with an idle governorship , Caesar strove to find reason to invade Gaul ( modern France and Belgium ) , which would give him the dramatic military success he sought . When two local tribes began to migrate on a route that would take them near ( not into ) the Roman province of Transalpine Gaul , Caesar had the barely sufficient excuse he needed for his Gallic Wars , fought between 58 BC and 49 BC . Caesar defeated large armies at major battles 58 and 57 BC . In 55 and 54 BC he made two expeditions into Britain , the first Roman to do so . Caesar then defeated a union of Gauls at the Battle of Alesia , completing the Roman conquest of Transalpine Gaul . By 50 BC , all of Gaul lay in Roman hands . Gaul never regained its Celtic identity , never attempted another rebellion , and , except for the Crisis of the Third Century , remained loyal to Rome until the fall of the empire in 476 . Triumvirates and caesarian ascension ( 53 -- 30 BC ) ( edit ) Caesar 's Civil War Massilia ( land ) Ilerda Massilia ( naval ) Utica Bagradas River Dyrrhachium Pharsalus Ruspina Thapsus Munda Lauro By 59 BC an unofficial political alliance known as the First Triumvirate was formed between Gaius Julius Caesar , Marcus Licinius Crassus , and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus ( `` Pompey the Great '' ) to share power and influence . In 53 BC , Crassus launched a Roman invasion of the Parthian Empire ( modern Iraq and Iran ) . After initial successes , he marched his army deep into the desert ; but here his army was cut off deep in enemy territory , surrounded and slaughtered at the Battle of Carrhae in which Crassus himself perished . The death of Crassus removed some of the balance in the Triumvirate and , consequently , Caesar and Pompey began to move apart . While Caesar was fighting in Gaul , Pompey proceeded with a legislative agenda for Rome that revealed that he was at best ambivalent towards Caesar and perhaps now covertly allied with Caesar 's political enemies . In 51 BC , some Roman senators demanded that Caesar not be permitted to stand for consul unless he turned over control of his armies to the state , which would have left Caesar defenceless before his enemies . Caesar chose civil war over laying down his command and facing trial . By the spring of 49 BC , the hardened legions of Caesar crossed the river Rubicon , the legal boundary of Roman Italy beyond which no commander might bring his army , and swept down the Italian peninsula towards Rome , while Pompey ordered the abandonment of Rome . Afterwards Caesar turned his attention to the Pompeian stronghold of Hispania ( modern Spain ) but decided to tackle Pompey himself in Greece . Pompey initially defeated Caesar , but failed to follow up on the victory , and was decisively defeated at the Battle of Pharsalus in 48 BC , despite outnumbering Caesar 's forces two to one , albeit with inferior quality troops . Pompey fled again , this time to Egypt , where he was murdered . Detail from the Ahenobarbus relief showing ( centre - right ) two Roman foot - soldiers ca . 122 BC . Note the Montefortino - style helmets with horsehair plume , chain mail cuirasses with shoulder reinforcement , oval shields with calfskin covers , gladius and pilum Pompey 's death did not end the civil war , as Caesar 's many enemies fought on . In 46 BC Caesar lost perhaps as much as a third of his army , but ultimately came back to defeat the Pompeian army of Metellus Scipio in the Battle of Thapsus , after which the Pompeians retreated yet again to Hispania . Caesar then defeated the combined Pompeian forces at the Battle of Munda . Caesar was now the primary figure of the Roman state , enforcing and entrenching his powers . His enemies feared that he had ambitions to become an autocratic ruler . Arguing that the Roman Republic was in danger , a group of senators hatched a conspiracy and assassinated Caesar at a meeting of the Senate in March 44 BC . Mark Antony , Caesar 's lieutenant , condemned Caesar 's assassination , and war broke out between the two factions . Antony was denounced as a public enemy , and Caesar 's adopted son and chosen heir , Gaius Octavianus , was entrusted with the command of the war against him . At the Battle of Mutina Mark Antony was defeated by the consuls Hirtius and Pansa , who were both killed . Octavian came to terms with Caesarians Antony and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus in 43 BC when the Second Triumvirate was formed . In 42 BC Mark Antony and Octavian fought the Battle of Philippi against Caesar 's assassins Brutus and Cassius . Although Brutus defeated Octavian , Antony defeated Cassius , who committed suicide . Brutus did likewise soon afterwards . However , civil war flared again when the Second Triumvirate of Octavian , Lepidus and Mark Antony failed . The ambitious Octavian built a power base of patronage and then launched a campaign against Mark Antony . At the naval Battle of Actium in 31 BC off the coast of Greece , Octavian decisively defeated Antony and Cleopatra . Octavian was granted a series of special powers including sole `` imperium '' within the city of Rome , permanent consular powers and credit for every Roman military victory , since all future generals were assumed to be acting under his command . In 27 BC Octavian was granted the use of the names `` Augustus '' and `` Princeps '' , indicating his primary status above all other Romans , and he adopted the title `` Imperator Caesar '' making him the first Roman Emperor . Political history ( edit ) Left image : : Silenus holding a lyre , detail of a fresco from the Villa of the Mysteries , Pompeii , Italy , c. 50 BC Right image : wall fresco of a seated woman with a kithara , 40 - 30 BC , from the Villa Boscoreale of P. Fannius Synistor ; late Roman Republic . Main article : History of the Constitution of the Roman Republic The constitutional history of the Roman Republic can be divided into five phases . The first phase began with the revolution which overthrew the monarchy in 509 BC . The final phase ended with the transition that transformed the Republic into what would effectively be the Roman Empire , in 27 BC . Throughout the history of the Republic , the constitutional evolution was driven by the Conflict of the Orders between the aristocracy and the ordinary citizens . Patrician era ( 509 -- 367 BC ) ( edit ) Main article : Overthrow of the Roman monarchy The last king of the Roman Kingdom , Lucius Tarquinius Superbus , was overthrown in 509 BC by a group of noblemen led by Lucius Junius Brutus . Tarquin made a number of attempts to retake the throne , including the Tarquinian conspiracy , the war with Veii and Tarquinii and finally the war between Rome and Clusium , all of which failed to achieve Tarquin 's objectives . The most important constitutional change during the transition from kingdom to republic involved a new form of chief magistrate . Before the revolution , a king would be elected by the senators for a life term . Now , two consuls were elected by the citizens for an annual term . Each consul would check his colleague , and their limited term in office would open them up to prosecution if they abused the powers of their office . Consular political powers , when exercised conjointly with a consular colleague , were no different from those of the old king . In 494 BC , the city was at war with two neighboring tribes . The plebeian soldiers refused to march against the enemy , and instead seceded to the Aventine Hill . The plebeians demanded the right to elect their own officials . The patricians agreed , and the plebeians returned to the battlefield . The plebeians called these new officials `` plebeian tribunes '' . The tribunes would have two assistants , called `` plebeian aediles '' . During the 5th century BC , a series of reforms were passed . The result of these reforms was that any law passed by the plebeian would have the full force of law . In 443 BC , the censorship was created . From 375 BC to 371 BC , the republic experienced a constitutional crisis during which the tribunes used their vetoes to prevent the election of senior magistrates . Conflict of the Orders ( 367 -- 287 BC ) ( edit ) Main article : Conflict of the Orders The `` Capitoline Brutus '' , a bust of Lucius Junius Brutus ( d . 509 BC ) , dated 4th - 3rd centuries BC , an early example of Roman portraiture In 367 BC a law was passed which required the election of at least one plebeian aedile each year . Also in 366 BC , the praetorship and curule aedileship were created . Shortly after the founding of the Republic , the Comitia Centuriata ( `` Assembly of the Centuries '' ) became the principal legislative assembly . In this assembly , magistrates were elected and laws were passed . After the consulship had been opened to the plebeians , the plebeians were able to hold both the dictatorship and the censorship . Plebiscites of 342 BC placed limits on political offices ; an individual could hold only one office at a time , and ten years must elapse between the end of his official term and his re-election . Further laws attempted to relieve the burden of debt from plebeians by banning interest on loans . In 337 BC , the first plebeian praetor was elected . During these years , the tribunes and the senators grew increasingly close . The senate realised the need to use plebeian officials to accomplish desired goals . To win over the tribunes , the senators gave the tribunes a great deal of power and the tribunes began to feel obligated to the senate . As the tribunes and the senators grew closer , plebeian senators were often able to secure the tribunate for members of their own families . In time , the tribunate became a stepping stone to higher office . Shortly before 312 BC , the Plebeian Council enacted the Plebiscitum Ovinium . During the early republic , only consuls could appoint new senators . This initiative , however , transferred this power to the censors . It also required the censor to appoint any newly elected magistrate to the senate . By this point , plebeians were already holding a significant number of magisterial offices . Thus , the number of plebeian senators probably increased quickly . However , it remained difficult for a plebeian to enter the senate if he was not from a well - known political family , as a new patrician - like plebeian aristocracy emerged . The old nobility existed through the force of law , because only patricians were allowed to stand for high office . The new nobility existed due to the organization of society . As such , only a revolution could overthrow this new structure . By 287 BC , the economic condition of the average plebeian had become poor . The problem appears to have centered around widespread indebtedness . The plebeians demanded relief , but the senators refused to address their situation . The result was the final plebeian secession . The plebeians seceded to the Janiculum hill . To end the secession , a dictator was appointed . The dictator passed a law ( the Lex Hortensia ) , which ended the requirement that the patrician senators must agree before any bill could be considered by the Plebeian Council . This was not the first law to require that an act of the Plebeian Council have the full force of law . The Plebeian Council acquired this power during a modification to the original Valerian law in 449 BC . The significance of this law was in the fact that it robbed the patricians of their final weapon over the plebeians . The result was that control over the state fell , not onto the shoulders of voters , but to the new plebeian nobility . The plebeians had finally achieved political equality with the patricians . However , the plight of the average plebeian had not changed . A small number of plebeian families achieved the same standing that the old aristocratic patrician families had always had , but the new plebeian aristocrats became as uninterested in the plight of the average plebeian as the old patrician aristocrats had always been . The plebeians rebelled by leaving Rome and refusing to return until they had more rights . The patricians then noticed how much they needed the plebeians and accepted their terms . The plebeians then returned to Rome and continued their work . Supremacy of the new nobility ( 287 -- 133 BC ) ( edit ) The Temple of Hercules Victor , Rome , built in the mid 2nd century BC , most likely by Lucius Mummius Achaicus , Roman commander in the Achaean War that destroyed Corinth The Temple of Portunus , Rome , built between 120 - 80 BC O : Bearded head of Mars with Corinthian helmet left . R : Horse head right , grain ear behind . The first Roman silver coin , 281 BC . Crawford 13 / 1 The Hortensian Law deprived the patricians of their last weapon against the plebeians , and thus resolved the last great political question of the era . No such important political changes occurred between 287 BC and 133 BC . The important laws of this era were still enacted by the senate . In effect , the plebeians were satisfied with the possession of power , but did not care to use it . The senate was supreme during this era because the era was dominated by questions of foreign and military policy . This was the most militarily active era of the Roman Republic . In the final decades of this era many plebeians grew poorer . The long military campaigns had forced citizens to leave their farms to fight , while their farms fell into disrepair . The landed aristocracy began buying bankrupted farms at discounted prices . As commodity prices fell , many farmers could no longer operate their farms at a profit . The result was the ultimate bankruptcy of countless farmers . Masses of unemployed plebeians soon began to flood into Rome , and thus into the ranks of the legislative assemblies . Their poverty usually led them to vote for the candidate who offered them the most . A new culture of dependency was emerging , in which citizens would look to any populist leader for relief . From the gracchi to Caesar ( 133 -- 49 BC ) ( edit ) See also : Crisis of the Roman Republic The prior era saw great military successes and great economic failures . The patriotism of the plebeians had kept them from seeking any new reforms . Now , the military situation had stabilised , and fewer soldiers were needed . This , in conjunction with the new slaves that were being imported from abroad , inflamed the unemployment situation further . The flood of unemployed citizens to Rome had made the assemblies quite populist . The gracchi ( edit ) Main article : Gracchi Gaius Gracchus , tribune of the people , presiding over the Plebeian Council Tiberius Gracchus was elected tribune in 133 BC . He attempted to enact a law which would have limited the amount of land that any individual could own . The aristocrats , who stood to lose an enormous amount of money , were bitterly opposed to this proposal . Tiberius submitted this law to the Plebeian Council , but the law was vetoed by a tribune named Marcus Octavius . Tiberius then used the Plebeian Council to impeach Octavius . The theory , that a representative of the people ceases to be one when he acts against the wishes of the people , was counter to Roman constitutional theory . If carried to its logical end , this theory would remove all constitutional restraints on the popular will , and put the state under the absolute control of a temporary popular majority . His law was enacted , but Tiberius was murdered with 300 of his associates when he stood for reelection to the tribunate . Tiberius ' brother Gaius was elected tribune in 123 BC . Gaius Gracchus ' ultimate goal was to weaken the senate and to strengthen the democratic forces . In the past , for example , the senate would eliminate political rivals either by establishing special judicial commissions or by passing a senatus consultum ultimum ( `` ultimate decree of the senate '' ) . Both devices would allow the Senate to bypass the ordinary due process rights that all citizens had . Gaius outlawed the judicial commissions , and declared the senatus consultum ultimum to be unconstitutional . Gaius then proposed a law which would grant citizenship rights to Rome 's Italian allies . This last proposal was not popular with the plebeians and he lost much of his support . He stood for election to a third term in 121 BC , but was defeated and then murdered by representatives of the senate with 3,000 of his supporters on Capitoline Hill in Rome . The populares and the optimates ( edit ) A Roman denarius struck in 56 BC showing on one side the bust of the Goddess Diana , and on the reverse the Roman general Lucius Cornelius Sulla is offered an olive branch by his ally Bocchus I as the captive Jugurtha kneels beside Sulla with his hands bound . In 118 BC , King Micipsa of Numidia ( current - day Algeria and Tunisia ) died . He was succeeded by two legitimate sons , Adherbal and Hiempsal , and an illegitimate son , Jugurtha . Micipsa divided his kingdom between these three sons . Jugurtha , however , turned on his brothers , killing Hiempsal and driving Adherbal out of Numidia . Adherbal fled to Rome for assistance , and initially Rome mediated a division of the country between the two brothers . Eventually , Jugurtha renewed his offensive , leading to a long and inconclusive war with Rome . He also bribed several Roman commanders , and at least two tribunes , before and during the war . His nemesis , Gaius Marius , a legate from a virtually unknown provincial family , returned from the war in Numidia and was elected consul in 107 BC over the objections of the aristocratic senators . Marius invaded Numidia and brought the war to a quick end , capturing Jugurtha in the process . The apparent incompetence of the Senate , and the brilliance of Marius , had been put on full display . The populares party took full advantage of this opportunity by allying itself with Marius . Several years later , in 88 BC , a Roman army was sent to put down an emerging Asian power , king Mithridates of Pontus . The army , however , was defeated . One of Marius ' old quaestors , Lucius Cornelius Sulla , had been elected consul for the year , and was ordered by the senate to assume command of the war against Mithridates . Marius , a member of the `` populares '' party , had a tribune revoke Sulla 's command of the war against Mithridates . Sulla , a member of the aristocratic ( `` optimates '' ) party , brought his army back to Italy and marched on Rome . Sulla was so angry at Marius ' tribune that he passed a law intended to permanently weaken the tribunate . He then returned to his war against Mithridates . With Sulla gone , the populares under Marius and Lucius Cornelius Cinna soon took control of the city . During the period in which the populares party controlled the city , they flouted convention by re-electing Marius consul several times without observing the customary ten - year interval between offices . They also transgressed the established oligarchy by advancing unelected individuals to magisterial office , and by substituting magisterial edicts for popular legislation . Sulla soon made peace with Mithridates . In 83 BC , he returned to Rome , overcame all resistance , and recaptured the city . Sulla and his supporters then slaughtered most of Marius ' supporters . Sulla , having observed the violent results of radical popular reforms , was naturally conservative . As such , he sought to strengthen the aristocracy , and by extension the senate . Sulla made himself dictator , passed a series of constitutional reforms , resigned the dictatorship , and served one last term as consul . He died in 78 BC . Pompey , Crassus and the Catilinarian conspiracy ( edit ) See also : Second Catilinarian conspiracy The Orator , c. 100 BC , an Etrusco - Roman bronze statue depicting Aule Metele ( Latin : Aulus Metellus ) , an Etruscan man wearing a Roman toga while engaged in rhetoric ; the statue features an inscription in the Etruscan alphabet In 77 BC , the senate sent one of Sulla 's former lieutenants , Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus ( `` Pompey the Great '' ) , to put down an uprising in Hispania . By 71 BC , Pompey returned to Rome after having completed his mission . Around the same time , another of Sulla 's former lieutenants , Marcus Licinius Crassus , had just put down the Spartacus - led gladiator / slave revolt in Italy . Upon their return , Pompey and Crassus found the populares party fiercely attacking Sulla 's constitution . They attempted to forge an agreement with the populares party . If both Pompey and Crassus were elected consul in 70 BC , they would dismantle the more obnoxious components of Sulla 's constitution . The two were soon elected , and quickly dismantled most of Sulla 's constitution . Around 66 BC , a movement to use constitutional , or at least peaceful , means to address the plight of various classes began . After several failures , the movement 's leaders decided to use any means that were necessary to accomplish their goals . The movement coalesced under an aristocrat named Lucius Sergius Catilina . The movement was based in the town of Faesulae , which was a natural hotbed of agrarian agitation . The rural malcontents were to advance on Rome , and be aided by an uprising within the city . After assassinating the consuls and most of the senators , Catiline would be free to enact his reforms . The conspiracy was set in motion in 63 BC . The consul for the year , Marcus Tullius Cicero , intercepted messages that Catiline had sent in an attempt to recruit more members . As a result , the top conspirators in Rome ( including at least one former consul ) were executed by authorisation ( of dubious constitutionality ) of the senate , and the planned uprising was disrupted . Cicero then sent an army , which cut Catiline 's forces to pieces . The most important result of the Catilinarian conspiracy was that the populares party became discredited . The prior 70 years had witnessed a gradual erosion in senatorial powers . The violent nature of the conspiracy , in conjunction with the senate 's skill in disrupting it , did a great deal to repair the senate 's image . First Triumvirate ( edit ) Main article : First Triumvirate A Roman marble head of Pompey ( now found in the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek ) In 62 BC , Pompey returned victorious from Asia . The Senate , elated by its successes against Catiline , refused to ratify the arrangements that Pompey had made . Pompey , in effect , became powerless . Thus , when Julius Caesar returned from a governorship in Spain in 61 BC , he found it easy to make an arrangement with Pompey . Caesar and Pompey , along with Crassus , established a private agreement , now known as the First Triumvirate . Under the agreement , Pompey 's arrangements would be ratified . Caesar would be elected consul in 59 BC , and would then serve as governor of Gaul for five years . Crassus was promised a future consulship . Caesar became consul in 59 BC . His colleague , Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus , was an extreme aristocrat . Caesar submitted the laws that he had promised Pompey to the assemblies . Bibulus attempted to obstruct the enactment of these laws , and so Caesar used violent means to ensure their passage . Caesar was then made governor of three provinces . He facilitated the election of the former patrician Publius Clodius Pulcher to the tribunate for 58 BC . Clodius set about depriving Caesar 's senatorial enemies of two of their more obstinate leaders in Cato and Cicero . Clodius was a bitter opponent of Cicero because Cicero had testified against him in a sacrilege case . Clodius attempted to try Cicero for executing citizens without a trial during the Catiline conspiracy , resulting in Cicero going into self - imposed exile and his house in Rome being burnt down . Clodius also passed a bill that forced Cato to lead the invasion of Cyprus which would keep him away from Rome for some years . Clodius also passed a law to expand the previous partial grain subsidy to a fully free grain dole for citizens . End of the first Triumvirate ( edit ) Clodius formed armed gangs that terrorised the city and eventually began to attack Pompey 's followers , who in response funded counter-gangs formed by Titus Annius Milo . The political alliance of the triumvirate was crumbling . Domitius Ahenobarbus ran for the consulship in 55 BC promising to take Caesar 's command from him . Eventually , the triumvirate was renewed at Lucca . Pompey and Crassus were promised the consulship in 55 BC , and Caesar 's term as governor was extended for five years . Crassus led an ill - fated expedition with legions led by his son , Caesar 's lieutenant , against the Kingdom of Parthia . This resulted in his defeat and death at the Battle of Carrhae . Finally , Pompey 's wife , Julia , who was Caesar 's daughter , died in childbirth . This event severed the last remaining bond between Pompey and Caesar . Beginning in the summer of 54 BC , a wave of political corruption and violence swept Rome . This chaos reached a climax in January of 52 BC , when Clodius was murdered in a gang war by Milo . On 1 January 49 BC , an agent of Caesar presented an ultimatum to the senate . The ultimatum was rejected , and the senate then passed a resolution which declared that if Caesar did not lay down his arms by July of that year , he would be considered an enemy of the Republic . Meanwhile , the senators adopted Pompey as their new champion against Caesar . On 7 January of 49 BC , the senate passed a senatus consultum ultimum , which vested Pompey with dictatorial powers . Pompey 's army , however , was composed largely of untested conscripts . On 10 January , Caesar crossed the Rubicon with his veteran army ( in violation of Roman laws ) and marched towards Rome . Caesar 's rapid advance forced Pompey , the consuls and the senate to abandon Rome for Greece . Caesar entered the city unopposed . Period of transition ( 49 -- 29 BC ) ( edit ) The Grave relief of Publius Aiedius and Aiedia , 30 BC , Pergamon Museum ( Berlin ) A period of reform occurred between 49 BC , when Julius Caesar crossed the Rubicon , and 29 BC , when Octavian returned to Rome after Actium . During this period the previous century 's gradual unravelling of republican institutions accelerated rapidly . By 29 BC , Rome had completed its transition from a city - state with a network of dependencies to the capital of a world empire . With Pompey defeated and order restored , Caesar wanted to achieve undisputed control over the government . The powers which he gave himself were later assumed by his imperial successors . His assumption of these powers decreased the authority of Rome 's other political institutions . Caesar held both the dictatorship and the tribunate , and alternated between the consulship and the proconsulship . In 48 BC , Caesar was given permanent tribunician powers . This made his person sacrosanct , gave him the power to veto the senate , and allowed him to dominate the Plebeian Council . In 46 BC , Caesar was given censorial powers , which he used to fill the senate with his own partisans . Caesar then raised the membership of the Senate to 900 . This robbed the senatorial aristocracy of its prestige , and made it increasingly subservient to him . While the assemblies continued to meet , he submitted all candidates to the assemblies for election , and all bills to the assemblies for enactment . Thus , the assemblies became powerless and were unable to oppose him . Near the end of his life , Caesar began to prepare for a war against the Parthian Empire . Since his absence from Rome would limit his ability to install his own consuls , he passed a law which allowed him to appoint all magistrates in 43 BC , and all consuls and tribunes in 42 BC . This transformed the magistrates from representatives of the people to representatives of the dictator . Caesar 's assassination and the Second Triumvirate ( edit ) Main articles : Assassination of Julius Caesar and Second Triumvirate The Curia Julia , the Roman Senate house established by Julius Caesar in 44 BC and completed by Octavian in 29 BC , replacing the Curia Cornelia as the meeting place of the Senate Caesar was assassinated on March 15 , 44 BC . The assassination was led by Gaius Cassius and Marcus Brutus . Most of the conspirators were senators , who had a variety of economic , political , or personal motivations for carrying out the assassination . Many were afraid that Caesar would soon resurrect the monarchy and declare himself king . Others feared loss of property or prestige as Caesar carried out his land reforms in favor of the landless classes . Virtually all the conspirators fled the city after Caesar 's death in fear of retaliation . The civil war that followed destroyed what was left of the Republic . After the assassination , Marcus Antonius ( Mark Antony ) formed an alliance with Caesar 's adopted son and great - nephew , Gaius Octavianus ( Octavian ) . Along with Marcus Lepidus , they formed an alliance known as the Second Triumvirate . They held powers that were nearly identical to the powers that Caesar had held under his constitution . As such , the Senate and assemblies remained powerless , even after Caesar had been assassinated . The conspirators were then defeated at the Battle of Philippi in 42 BC . Eventually , however , Antony and Octavian fought against each other in one last battle . Antony was defeated in the naval Battle of Actium in 31 BC , and he committed suicide with his lover , Cleopatra . In 29 BC , Octavian returned to Rome as the unchallenged master of the Empire and later accepted the title of Augustus ( `` Exalted One '' ) . He was convinced that only a single strong ruler could restore order in Rome . Military ( edit ) Part of a series on the Military of ancient Rome 753 BC -- AD 476 Structural history Army Unit types and ranks Legions Auxilia Generals Navy Fleets Admirals Campaign history Wars and battles Decorations and punishments Technological history Military engineering Castra Siege engines Triumphal arches Roads Political history Strategy and tactics Infantry tactics Frontiers and fortifications Limes Limes Britannicus Antonine Wall Hadrian 's Wall Saxon Shore Limes Germanicus Alb Limes Lauter Valley Limes Lower Germanic Limes Main Limes Neckar - Odenwald Limes Upper Germanic - Rhaetian Limes Wetterau Limes Danube -- Iller -- Rhine Limes Norican Limes Claustra Alpium Iuliarum Pannonian Limes Limes Alutanus Limes Moesiae Trajan 's Wall Anastasian Wall Limes Sarmatiae Limes Arabicus Limes Tripolitanus Limes Mauretaniae Military of ancient Rome portal Main article : Structural history of the Roman military The structural history of the Roman military describes the major chronological transformations in the organisation and constitution of the Roman armed forces . The Roman military was split into the Roman army and the Roman navy , although these two branches were less distinct than they tend to be in modern defence forces . Within the top - level branches of army and navy , structural changes occurred both as a result of positive military reform and through organic structural evolution . As with most ancient civilizations , Rome 's military served the triple purposes of securing its borders , exploiting peripheral areas through measures such as imposing tribute on conquered peoples , and maintaining internal order . From the outset , Rome 's military typified this pattern and the majority of Rome 's wars were characterized by one of two types . The first is the foreign war , normally begun as a counter-offensive or defense of an ally . The second is the civil war , which plagued the Roman Republic in its final century . Roman armies were not invincible , despite their formidable reputation and host of victories . Over the centuries the Romans `` produced their share of incompetents '' who led Roman armies into catastrophic defeats . Nevertheless , it was generally the fate of the greatest of Rome 's enemies , such as Pyrrhus and Hannibal , to win early battles but lose the war . The history of Rome 's campaigning is , if nothing else , a history of obstinate persistence overcoming appalling losses . Hoplite armies ( 509 -- c. 315 BC ) ( edit ) Main article : Phalanx During this period , Roman soldiers seem to have been modelled after those of the Etruscans to the north , who themselves are believed to have copied their style of warfare from the Greeks . Traditionally , the introduction of the phalanx formation into the Roman army is ascribed to the city 's penultimate king , Servius Tullius ( ruled 578 to 534 BC ) . According to Livy and Dionysius of Halicarnassus , the front rank was composed of the wealthiest citizens , who were able to purchase the best equipment . Each subsequent rank consisted of those with less wealth and poorer equipment than the one before it . One disadvantage of the phalanx was that it was only effective when fighting in large , open spaces , which left the Romans at a disadvantage when fighting in the hilly terrain of the central Italian peninsula . In the 4th century BC , the Romans abandoned the phalanx in favour of the more flexible manipular formation . This change is sometimes attributed to Marcus Furius Camillus and placed shortly after the Gallic invasion of 390 BC ; it is more likely , however , that they were copied from Rome 's Samnite enemies to the south , possibly as a result of Samnite victories during the Second Samnite War ( 326 to 304 BC ) . Manipular legion ( c. 315 -- 107 BC ) ( edit ) During this period , an army formation of around 5,000 men ( of both heavy and light infantry ) was known as a legion . The manipular army was based upon social class , age and military experience . Maniples were units of 120 men each drawn from a single infantry class . The maniples were typically deployed into three discrete lines based on the three heavy infantry types : 1 . Each first line maniple were leather - armoured infantry soldiers who wore a bronze breastplate and a bronze helmet adorned with 3 feathers approximately 30 cm ( 12 in ) in height and carried an iron - clad wooden shield . They were armed with a sword and two throwing spears . 2 . The second infantry line was armed and armoured in the same manner as was the first infantry line . The second infantry line , however , wore a lighter coat of mail rather than a solid brass breastplate . 3 . The third infantry line was the last remnant of the hoplite - style ( the Greek - style formation used occasionally during the early Republic ) troops in the Roman army . They were armed and armoured in the same manner as were the soldiers in the second line , with the exception that they carried a lighter spear . The three infantry classes may have retained some slight parallel to social divisions within Roman society , but at least officially the three lines were based upon age and experience rather than social class . Young , unproven men would serve in the first line , older men with some military experience would serve in the second line , and veteran troops of advanced age and experience would serve in the third line . The heavy infantry of the maniples were supported by a number of light infantry and cavalry troops , typically 300 horsemen per manipular legion . The cavalry was drawn primarily from the richest class of equestrians . There was an additional class of troops who followed the army without specific martial roles and were deployed to the rear of the third line . Their role in accompanying the army was primarily to supply any vacancies that might occur in the maniples . The light infantry consisted of 1,200 unarmoured skirmishing troops drawn from the youngest and lower social classes . They were armed with a sword and a small shield , as well as several light javelins . Rome 's military confederation with the other peoples of the Italian peninsula meant that half of Rome 's army was provided by the Socii , such as the Etruscans , Umbrians , Apulians , Campanians , Samnites , Lucani , Bruttii , and the various southern Greek cities . Polybius states that Rome could draw on 770,000 men at the beginning of the Second Punic War , of which 700,000 were infantry and 70,000 met the requirements for cavalry . Rome 's Italian allies would be organized in alae , or wings , roughly equal in manpower to the Roman legions , though with 900 cavalry instead of 300 . The so - called `` Togatus Barberini '' , a statue depicting a Roman senator holding the imagines ( effigies ) of deceased ancestors in his hands ; marble , late 1st century BC ; head ( not belonging ) : mid 1st century BC . A small navy had operated at a fairly low level after about 300 BC , but it was massively upgraded about forty years later , during the First Punic War . After a period of frenetic construction , the navy mushroomed to a size of more than 400 ships on the Carthaginian ( `` Punic '' ) pattern . Once completed , it could accommodate up to 100,000 sailors and embarked troops for battle . The navy thereafter declined in size . The extraordinary demands of the Punic Wars , in addition to a shortage of manpower , exposed the tactical weaknesses of the manipular legion , at least in the short term . In 217 BC , near the beginning of the Second Punic War , Rome was forced to effectively ignore its long - standing principle that its soldiers must be both citizens and property owners . During the 2nd century BC , Roman territory saw an overall decline in population , partially due to the huge losses incurred during various wars . This was accompanied by severe social stresses and the greater collapse of the middle classes . As a result , the Roman state was forced to arm its soldiers at the expense of the state , which it did not have to do in the past . The distinction between the heavy infantry types began to blur , perhaps because the state was now assuming the responsibility of providing standard - issue equipment . In addition , the shortage of available manpower led to a greater burden being placed upon Rome 's allies for the provision of allied troops . Eventually , the Romans were forced to begin hiring mercenaries to fight alongside the legions . The legion after the reforms of Gaius Marius ( 107 -- 27 BC ) ( edit ) Bust of Gaius Marius , instigator of the Marian reforms . Main article : Roman army of the late Republic In a process known as the Marian reforms , Roman consul Gaius Marius carried out a programme of reform of the Roman military . In 107 BC , all citizens , regardless of their wealth or social class , were made eligible for entry into the Roman army . This move formalised and concluded a gradual process that had been growing for centuries , of removing property requirements for military service . The distinction among the three heavy infantry classes , which had already become blurred , had collapsed into a single class of heavy legionary infantry . The heavy infantry legionaries were drawn from citizen stock , while non-citizens came to dominate the ranks of the light infantry . The army 's higher - level officers and commanders were still drawn exclusively from the Roman aristocracy . Unlike earlier in the Republic , legionaries were no longer fighting on a seasonal basis to protect their land . Instead , they received standard pay , and were employed by the state on a fixed - term basis . As a consequence , military duty began to appeal most to the poorest sections of society , to whom a salaried pay was attractive . A destabilising consequence of this development was that the proletariat `` acquired a stronger and more elevated position '' within the state . The legions of the late Republic were , structurally , almost entirely heavy infantry . The legion 's main sub-unit was called a cohort and consisted of approximately 480 infantrymen . The cohort was therefore a much larger unit than the earlier maniple sub-unit , and was divided into six centuries of 80 men each . Each century was separated further into 10 `` tent groups '' of 8 men each . The cavalry troops were used as scouts and dispatch riders rather than battlefield cavalry . Legions also contained a dedicated group of artillery crew of perhaps 60 men . Each legion was normally partnered with an approximately equal number of allied ( non-Roman ) troops . However , the most obvious deficiency of the Roman army remained its shortage of cavalry , especially heavy cavalry . As Rome 's borders expanded and its adversaries changed from largely infantry - based to largely cavalry - based troops , the infantry - based Roman army began to find itself at a tactical disadvantage , particularly in the East . After having declined in size following the subjugation of the Mediterranean , the Roman navy underwent short - term upgrading and revitalisation in the late Republic to meet several new demands . Under Caesar , an invasion fleet was assembled in the English Channel to allow the invasion of Britannia ; under Pompey , a large fleet was raised in the Mediterranean Sea to clear the sea of Cilician pirates . During the civil war that followed , as many as a thousand ships were either constructed or pressed into service from Greek cities . Politics ( edit ) Main article : Constitution of the Roman Republic The Constitution of the Roman Republic was a constantly - evolving , unwritten set of guidelines and principles passed down mainly through precedent , by which the government and its politics operated . The Roman Forum , the commercial , cultural , and political center of the city and the Republic which housed the various offices and meeting places of the government Senate of the Roman Republic ( edit ) Main article : Senate of the Roman Republic The senate 's ultimate authority derived from the esteem and prestige of the senators . This esteem and prestige was based on both precedent and custom , as well as the caliber and reputation of the senators . The senate passed decrees , which were called senatus consulta . These were officially `` advice '' from the senate to a magistrate . In practice , however , they were usually followed by the magistrates . The focus of the Roman senate was usually directed towards foreign policy . Though it technically had no official role in the management of military conflict , the senate ultimately was the force that oversaw such affairs . The power of the senate expanded over time as the power of the legislative assemblies declined , and the senate took a greater role in ordinary law - making . Its members were usually appointed by Roman Censors , who ordinarily selected newly elected magistrates for membership in the senate , making the senate a partially elected body . During times of military emergency , such as the civil wars of the 1st century BC , this practice became less prevalent , as the Roman Dictator , Triumvir or the senate itself would select its members . Legislative assemblies ( edit ) Main article : Legislative Assemblies of the Roman Republic The legal status of Roman citizenship was limited and was a vital prerequisite to possessing many important legal rights such as the right to trial and appeal , to marry , to vote , to hold office , to enter binding contracts , and to special tax exemptions . An adult male citizen with the full complement of legal and political rights was called `` optimo jure . '' The optimo jure elected their assemblies , whereupon the assemblies elected magistrates , enacted legislation , presided over trials in capital cases , declared war and peace , and forged or dissolved treaties . There were two types of legislative assemblies . The first was the comitia ( `` committees '' ) , which were assemblies of all optimo jure . The second was the concilia ( `` councils '' ) , which were assemblies of specific groups of optimo jure . Citizens were organized on the basis of centuries and tribes , which would each gather into their own assemblies . The Comitia Centuriata ( `` Centuriate Assembly '' ) was the assembly of the centuries ( i.e. , soldiers ) . The president of the Comitia Centuriata was usually a consul . The centuries would vote , one at a time , until a measure received support from a majority of the centuries . The Comitia Centuriata would elect magistrates who had imperium powers ( consuls and praetors ) . It also elected censors . Only the Comitia Centuriata could declare war , and ratify the results of a census . It also served as the highest court of appeal in certain judicial cases . Ancient Rome This article is part of a series on the politics and government of ancient Rome Periods Roman Kingdom 753 -- 509 BC Roman Republic 509 -- 27 BC Roman Empire 27 BC -- AD 1453 Empire of Trebizond 1204 -- 1461 Principate Dominate Timeline Roman Constitution Constitution of the Kingdom Constitution of the Republic Constitution of the Empire Constitution of the Late Empire Senate Legislative Assemblies Executive Magistrates Ordinary magistrates Consul Praetor Quaestor Promagistrate Aedile Tribune Censor Governor Extraordinary magistrates Dictator Magister equitum Consular tribune Rex Triumviri Decemviri Titles and honours Emperor Legatus Dux Officium Praefectus Vicarius Vigintisexviri Lictor Magister militum Imperator Princeps senatus Pontifex Maximus Augustus Caesar Tetrarch Precedent and law Roman law Imperium Mos maiorum Collegiality Auctoritas Roman citizenship Cursus honorum Senatus consultum Senatus consultum ultimum Assemblies Centuriate Curiate Plebeian Tribal Other countries Atlas The assembly of the tribes ( i.e. , the citizens of Rome ) , the Comitia Tributa , was presided over by a consul , and was composed of 35 tribes . The tribes were not ethnic or kinship groups , but rather geographical subdivisions . The order that the thirty - five tribes would vote in was selected randomly by lot . Once a measure received support from a majority of the tribes , the voting would end . While it did not pass many laws , the Comitia Tributa did elect quaestors , curule aediles , and military tribunes . The Plebeian Council was identical to the assembly of the tribes , but excluded the patricians ( the elite who could trace their ancestry to the founding of Rome ) . They elected their own officers , plebeian tribunes and plebeian aediles . Usually a plebeian tribune would preside over the assembly . This assembly passed most laws , and could also act as a court of appeal . Executive magistrates ( edit ) Main article : Executive Magistrates of the Roman Republic Each republican magistrate held certain constitutional powers . Only the People of Rome ( both plebeians and patricians ) had the right to confer these powers on any individual magistrate . The most powerful constitutional power was imperium . Imperium was held by both consuls and praetors . Imperium gave a magistrate the authority to command a military force . All magistrates also had the power of coercion . This was used by magistrates to maintain public order . While in Rome , all citizens could seek judgment against coercion . This protection was called provocatio ( see below ) . Magistrates also had both the power and the duty to look for omens . This power would often be used to obstruct political opponents . One check on a magistrate 's power was his collegiality . Each magisterial office would be held concurrently by at least two people . Another such check was provocatio . Provocatio was a primordial form of due process . It was a precursor to habeas corpus . If any magistrate tried to use the powers of the state against a citizen , that citizen could appeal the decision of the magistrate to a tribune . In addition , once a magistrate 's one - year term of office expired , he would have to wait ten years before serving in that office again . This created problems for some consuls and praetors , and these magistrates would occasionally have their imperium extended . In effect , they would retain the powers of the office ( as a promagistrate ) , without officially holding that office . The consuls of the Roman Republic were the highest ranking ordinary magistrates ; each consul served for one year . Consuls had supreme power in both civil and military matters . While in the city of Rome , the consuls were the head of the Roman government . They would preside over the senate and the assemblies . While abroad , each consul would command an army . His authority abroad would be nearly absolute . Praetors administered civil law and commanded provincial armies . Every five years , two censors were elected for an 18 - month term , during which they would conduct a census . During the census , they could enroll citizens in the senate , or purge them from the senate . Aediles were officers elected to conduct domestic affairs in Rome , such as managing public games and shows . The quaestors would usually assist the consuls in Rome , and the governors in the provinces . Their duties were often financial . Since the tribunes were considered to be the embodiment of the plebeians , they were sacrosanct . Their sacrosanctity was enforced by a pledge , taken by the plebeians , to kill any person who harmed or interfered with a tribune during his term of office . All of the powers of the tribune derived from their sacrosanctity . One consequence was that it was considered a capital offense to harm a tribune , to disregard his veto , or to interfere with a tribune . In times of military emergency , a dictator would be appointed for a term of six months . Constitutional government would be dissolved , and the dictator would be the absolute master of the state . When the dictator 's term ended , constitutional government would be restored . Culture ( edit ) Main article : Culture of ancient Rome Julius Caesar , from the bust in the British Museum , in Cassell 's History of England ( 1902 ) . Life in the Roman Republic revolved around the city of Rome , and its famed seven hills . The city also had several theatres , gymnasiums , and many taverns , baths and brothels . Throughout the territory under Rome 's control , residential architecture ranged from very modest houses to country villas , and in the capital city of Rome , to the residences on the elegant Palatine Hill , from which the word `` palace '' is derived . The vast majority of the population lived in the city center , packed into apartment blocks . Most Roman towns and cities had a forum and temples , as did the city of Rome itself . Aqueducts brought water to urban centers and wine and cooking oil were imported from abroad . Landlords generally resided in cities and left their estates in the care of farm managers . To stimulate a higher labor productivity , many landlords freed large numbers of slaves . Beginning in the middle of the 2nd century BC , Greek culture was increasingly ascendant , in spite of tirades against the `` softening '' effects of Hellenised culture . By the time of Augustus , cultured Greek household slaves taught the Roman young ( sometimes even the girls ) . Greek sculptures adorned Hellenistic landscape gardening on the Palatine or in the villas , and much of ancient Roman cuisine was essentially Greek . Roman writers disdained Latin for a cultured Greek style . Social structure ( edit ) Main article : Social class in ancient Rome Many aspects of Roman culture were borrowed from the Greeks . In architecture and sculpture , the difference between Greek models and Roman paintings are apparent . The chief Roman contributions to architecture were the arch and the dome . Rome has also had a tremendous impact on European cultures following it . Its significance is perhaps best reflected in its endurance and influence , as is seen in the longevity and lasting importance of the works of Virgil and Ovid . Latin , the Republic 's primary language , remains used for liturgical purposes by the Roman Catholic Church , and up to the 19th century was used extensively in scholarly writings in , for example , science and mathematics . Roman law laid the foundations for the laws of many European countries and their colonies . The center of the early social structure was the family , which was not only marked by blood relations but also by the legally constructed relation of patria potestas . The Pater familias was the absolute head of the family ; he was the master over his wife , his children , the wives of his sons , the nephews , the slaves and the freedmen , disposing of them and of their goods at will , even putting them to death . Roman law recognised only patrician families as legal entities . Slavery and slaves were part of the social order ; there were slave markets where they could be bought and sold . Many slaves were freed by their masters for services rendered ; some slaves could save money to buy their freedom . Generally , mutilation and murder of slaves was prohibited by legislation . However , Rome did not have a law enforcement arm . All actions were treated as `` torts , '' which were brought by an accuser who was forced to prove the entire case himself . If the accused were a noble and the victim not a noble , the likelihood of finding for the accused was small . At most , the accused might have to pay a fine for killing a slave . It is estimated that over 25 % of the Roman population was enslaved . Clothing ( edit ) Main article : Clothing in ancient Rome Roman clad in a toga . Men typically wore a toga , and women a stola . The woman 's stola differed in looks from a toga , and was usually brightly coloured . The cloth and the dress distinguished one class of people from the other class . The tunic worn by plebeians , or common people , like shepherds and slaves , was made from coarse and dark material , whereas the tunic worn by patricians was of linen or white wool . A knight or magistrate would wear an augusticlavus , a tunic bearing small purple studs . Senators wore tunics with broad red stripes , called tunica laticlavia . Military tunics were shorter than the ones worn by civilians . Boys , up until the festival of Liberalia , wore the toga praetexta , which was a toga with a crimson or purple border . The toga virilis ( or toga pura ) was worn by men over the age of 16 to signify their citizenship in Rome . The toga picta was worn by triumphant generals and had embroidery of their skill on the battlefield . The toga pulla was worn when in mourning . Even footwear indicated a person 's social status . Patricians wore red and orange sandals , senators had brown footwear , consuls had white shoes , and soldiers wore heavy boots . The Romans also invented socks for those soldiers required to fight on the northern frontiers , sometimes worn in sandals . Dining ( edit ) Main article : Ancient Roman cuisine Banquet scene , fresco , Herculaneum , Italy , c. 50 BC The staple foods were generally consumed around 11 o'clock , and consisted of bread , lettuce , cheese , fruits , nuts , and cold meat left over from the dinner the night before . The Roman poet Horace mentions another Roman favorite , the olive , in reference to his own diet , which he describes as very simple : `` As for me , olives , endives , and smooth mallows provide sustenance . '' The family ate together , sitting on stools around a table . Fingers were used to eat solid foods and spoons were used for soups . Wine was considered the basic drink , consumed at all meals and occasions by all classes and was quite inexpensive . Cato the Elder once advised cutting his rations in half to conserve wine for the workforce . Many types of drinks involving grapes and honey were consumed as well . Drinking on an empty stomach was regarded as boorish and a sure sign for alcoholism , the debilitating physical and psychological effects of which were known to the Romans . An accurate accusation of being an alcoholic was an effective way to discredit political rivals . Prominent Roman alcoholics included Marcus Antonius , and Cicero 's own son Marcus ( Cicero Minor ) . Even Cato the Younger was known to be a heavy drinker . Education and language ( edit ) Main articles : Roman school and Latin Following various military conquests in the Greek East , Romans adapted a number of Greek educational precepts to their own fledgling system . They began physical training to prepare the boys to grow as Roman citizens and for eventual recruitment into the army . Conforming to discipline was a point of great emphasis . Girls generally received instruction from their mothers in the art of spinning , weaving , and sewing . Schooling in a more formal sense was begun around 200 BC . Education began at the age of around six , and in the next six to seven years , boys and girls were expected to learn the basics of reading , writing and counting . By the age of twelve , they would be learning Latin , Greek , grammar and literature , followed by training for public speaking . Oratory was an art to be practiced and learnt , and good orators commanded respect . The language of Rome has had a profound impact on later cultures , as demonstrated by this manuscript from the Middle Ages . The native language of the Romans was Latin . Although surviving Latin literature consists almost entirely of Classical Latin , an artificial and highly stylised and polished literary language from the 1st century BC , the actual spoken language was Vulgar Latin , which significantly differed from Classical Latin in grammar , vocabulary , and eventually pronunciation . Rome 's expansion spread Latin throughout Europe , and over time Vulgar Latin evolved and dialectised in different locations , gradually shifting into a number of distinct Romance languages . Many of these languages , including French , Italian , Portuguese , Romanian and Spanish , flourished , the differences between them growing greater over time . Although English is Germanic rather than Roman in origin , English borrows heavily from Latin and Latin - derived words . The arts ( edit ) Main articles : Latin literature , Roman art , Music of ancient Rome , and Roman architecture Roman literature was from its very inception influenced heavily by Greek authors . Some of the earliest works we possess are of historical epics telling the early military history of Rome . As the republic expanded , authors began to produce poetry , comedy , history , and tragedy . Virgil represents the pinnacle of Roman epic poetry . His Aeneid tells the story of the flight of Aeneas from Troy and his settlement of the city that would become Rome . Lucretius , in his On the Nature of Things , attempted to explicate science in an epic poem . The genre of satire was common in Rome , and satires were written by , among others , Juvenal and Persius . The rhetorical works of Cicero are considered to be some of the best bodies of correspondence recorded in antiquity . In the 3rd century BC , Greek art taken as booty from wars became popular , and many Roman homes were decorated with landscapes by Greek artists . Portrait sculpture during the period utilised youthful and classical proportions , evolving later into a mixture of realism and idealism . Advancements were also made in relief sculptures , often depicting Roman victories . Music was a major part of everyday life . The word itself derives from Greek μουσική ( mousike ) , `` ( art ) of the Muses '' . Many private and public events were accompanied by music , ranging from nightly dining to military parades and manoeuvres . In a discussion of any ancient music , however , non-specialists and even many musicians have to be reminded that much of what makes our modern music familiar to us is the result of developments only within the last 1,000 years ; thus , our ideas of melody , scales , harmony , and even the instruments we use may not have been familiar to Romans who made and listened to music many centuries earlier . Inside the `` Temple of Mercury '' or Temple of Echo at Baiae , containing one of the largest domes in the world before the building of the Pantheon , Rome in the 2nd century AD Over time , Roman architecture was modified as their urban requirements changed , and the civil engineering and building construction technology became developed and refined . The Roman concrete has remained a riddle , and even after more than 2,000 years some Roman structures still stand magnificently . The architectural style of the capital city was emulated by other urban centers under Roman control and influence . Roman cities were well planned , efficiently managed and neatly maintained . Sports and entertainment ( edit ) The city of Rome had a place called the Campus Martius ( `` Field of Mars '' ) , which was a sort of drill ground for Roman soldiers . Later , the Campus became Rome 's track and field playground . In the campus , the youth assembled to play and exercise , which included jumping , wrestling , boxing and racing . Equestrian sports , throwing , and swimming were also preferred physical activities . In the countryside , pastimes included fishing and hunting . Board games played in Rome included dice ( Tesserae or Tali ) , Roman Chess ( Latrunculi ) , Roman Checkers ( Calculi ) , Tic - tac - toe ( Terni Lapilli ) , and Ludus duodecim scriptorum and Tabula , predecessors of backgammon . Other activities included chariot races , and musical and theatrical performances . Religion ( edit ) Main article : Religion in ancient Rome Roman religious beliefs date back to the founding of Rome , around 800 BC . However , the Roman religion commonly associated with the republic and early empire did not begin until around 500 BC , when Romans came in contact with Greek culture , and adopted many of the Greek religious beliefs . Private and personal worship was an important aspect of religious practices . In a sense , each household was a temple to the gods . Each household had an altar ( lararium ) , at which the family members would offer prayers , perform rites , and interact with the household gods . Many of the gods that Romans worshiped came from the Proto - Indo - European pantheon , others were based on Greek gods . The two most famous deities were Jupiter ( the king God ) and Mars ( the god of war ) . With its cultural influence spreading over most of the Mediterranean , Romans began accepting foreign gods into their own culture , as well as other philosophical traditions such as Cynicism and Stoicism . See also ( edit ) History of the Roman Empire Roman commerce Roman economy Roman conceptions of citizenship Sino - Roman relations ( see also Daqin , the Chinese name for the Roman Empire ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Taagepera , Rein ( 1979 ) . `` Size and Duration of Empires : Growth -- Decline Curves , 600 BC to 600 AD '' . Social Science History . Social Science History , Vol. 3 , No. 3 / 4 . 3 ( 3 / 4 ) : 115 -- 138 ( 125 ) . JSTOR 1170959 . doi : 10.2307 / 1170959 . Jump up ^ Tacitus . Annales. II. 49 . ^ Jump up to : Eckstein , Arthur . `` Rome Enters the Greek East '' . p42 Jump up ^ Eckstein , Arthur . `` Rome Enters the Greek East '' . p44 ^ Jump up to : Luttwak , The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire , p. 38 Jump up ^ Eckstein , Arthur . `` Rome Enters the Greek East '' . p22 Jump up ^ Madden , Thomas . `` Empires of Trust '' . p. 25 Jump up ^ Madden , Thomas . `` Empires of Trust '' . p. 53 Jump up ^ Madden , Thomas . `` Empires of Trust '' . p. 43 Jump up ^ Lane Fox , The Classical World , p. 287 Jump up ^ Eckstein , Arthur . `` Rome Enters the Greek East '' . p23 Jump up ^ Eckstein , Arthur . `` Rome Enters the Greek East '' . p. 24 Jump up ^ Eckstein , Arthur . `` Rome Enters the Greek East '' . p12 Jump up ^ Eckstein , Arthur . `` Rome Enters the Greek East '' . p. 40 Jump up ^ Eckstein , Arthur . `` Rome Enters the Greek East '' . p. 45 Jump up ^ Goldsworthy , In the Name of Rome , p. 36 Jump up ^ Eckstein , Arthur . `` Rome Enters the Greek East '' . p. 38 Jump up ^ Madden , Thomas . `` Empires of Trust '' . p. 62 Jump up ^ Madden , Thomas . `` Empires of Trust '' . p. 64 Jump up ^ Grant , The History of Rome , p. 33 ^ Jump up to : Florus , The Epitome of Roman History , Book 1 , ch. 11 Jump up ^ Grant , The History of Rome , p. 38 Jump up ^ Grant , The History of Rome , p. 37 See also : Livy , The Rise of Rome , p. 89 Jump up ^ Cassius Dio , The Roman History , Vol. 1 , VII , 17 Jump up ^ The Enemies of Rome , p. 13 Jump up ^ Livy , The Rise of Rome , p. 96 Jump up ^ Grant , The History of Rome , p. 41 Jump up ^ Florus , The Epitome of Roman History , Book 1 , ch. 12 Jump up ^ Pennell , Ancient Rome , Ch. II Jump up ^ Florus , The Epitome of Roman History , Book 1 , ch. 13 Jump up ^ Livy , The Rise of Rome , p. 329 See also : Lane Fox , The Classical World , p. 283 Jump up ^ Pennell , Ancient Rme , Ch . IX , para. 4 Jump up ^ Grant , The History of Rome , p. 48 ^ Jump up to : Pennell , Ancient Rome , Ch . IX , para. 13 Jump up ^ Grant , The History of Rome , p. 49 See also : Pennell , Ancient Rome , Ch . IX , para. 14 Jump up ^ Grant , The History of Rome , p. 52 Jump up ^ Grant , The History of Rome , p. 53 Jump up ^ MatyszakThe Enemies of Rome , p. 14 Jump up ^ Grant , The History of Rome , p. 78 Jump up ^ Lane Fox , The Classical World , p. 294 Jump up ^ Cassius Dio , The Roman history , Vol. 1 , VIII , 3 Jump up ^ Lane Fox , The Classical World , p. 307 Jump up ^ Pennell , Ancient Rome , Ch . XI , para. 1 Jump up ^ Grant , The History of Rome , p. 80 Jump up ^ Pennell , Ancient Rome , Ch . XII , para. 14 Jump up ^ Lane Fox , The Classical World , p. 309 Jump up ^ Goldsworthy , The Punic Wars , p. 113 Jump up ^ Goldsworthy , The Punic Wars , p. 84 Jump up ^ Goldsworthy , The Punic Wars , p. 88 Jump up ^ Goldsworthy , In the Name of Rome , p. 29 See also : Matyszak , The Enemies of Rome , p. 25 Jump up ^ Pennell , Ancient Rome , Ch . XIII , para. 15 ^ Jump up to : Cantor , Antiquity , p. 153 See also : Matyszak , The Enemies of Rome , p. 27 Jump up ^ Pennell , Ancient Rome , Ch . XV , para. 24 Jump up ^ Goldsworthy , The Punic Wars , p. 338 Jump up ^ Goldsworthy , The Punic Wars , p. 339 ^ Jump up to : Matyszak , The Enemies of Rome , p. 47 Jump up ^ Grant , The History of Rome , p. 115 Jump up ^ Eckstein , Arthur . `` Rome Enters the Greek East '' . p43 Jump up ^ Matyszak , The Enemies of Rome , p. 49 Jump up ^ Grant , The History of Rome , p. 117 Jump up ^ Eckstein , Arthur . `` Rome Enters the Greek East '' . p48 Jump up ^ Eckstein , Arthur . `` Rome Enters the Greek East '' . p51 ^ Jump up to : Grant , The History of Rome , p. 119 ^ Jump up to : Eckstein , Arthur . `` Rome Enters the Greek East '' . p52 Jump up ^ AncientRome.ru . `` THE DATABASE OF ANCIENT ART . '' Retrieved 25 August 2016 . Jump up ^ AncientRome.ru . `` Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus . '' Retrieved 25 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Lane Fox , The Classical World , p. 326 Jump up ^ Eckstein , Arthur . `` Rome Enters the Greek East '' . p55 ^ Jump up to : Grant , The History of Rome , p. 120 Jump up ^ Goldsworthy , In the Name of Rome , p. 75 Jump up ^ Goldsworthy , In the Name of Rome , p. 92 Jump up ^ Matyszak , The Enemies of Rome , p. 53 Jump up ^ History of Rome -- The republic , Isaac Asimov . Jump up ^ Santosuosso , Storming the Heavens , p. 29 Jump up ^ Sallust , The Jugurthine War , XII Jump up ^ Matyszak , The Enemies of Rome , p. 64 Jump up ^ Appian , History of Rome , § 6 Jump up ^ Matyszak , The Enemies of Rome , p. 75 Jump up ^ Santosuosso , Storming the Heavens , p. 6 Jump up ^ D.B. Saddington ( 2011 ) ( 2007 ) . `` the Evolution of the Roman Imperial Fleets , '' in Paul Erdkamp ( ed ) , A Companion to the Roman Army , 201 - 217 . Malden , Oxford , Chichester : Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 2153 - 8 . Plate 12.2 on p. 204 . 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Jump up ^ Santosuosso , Storming the Heavens , p. 39 Jump up ^ Matyszak , The Enemies of Rome , p. 77 Jump up ^ Appian , Civil Wars , 1 , 117 Jump up ^ Santosuosso , Storming the Heavens , p. 43 Jump up ^ Grant , The History of Rome , p. 161 ^ Jump up to : Florus , The Epitome of Roman history , Book 3 , ch. 5 Jump up ^ Matyszak , The Enemies of Rome , p. 76 Jump up ^ Grant , The History of Rome , p. 158 ^ Jump up to : Lane Fox , The Classical World , p. 363 ^ Jump up to : Plutarch , Lives , Pompey Jump up ^ Florus , The Epitome of Roman history , Book 3 , ch. 6 ^ Jump up to : Plutarch , Lives , Caesar Jump up ^ Santosuosso , Storming the Heavens , p. 58 Jump up ^ Santosuosso , Storming the Heavens , p. 62 See also : Goldsworthy , In the Name of Rome , p. 212 Jump up ^ Cantor , Antiquity , p. 168 Jump up ^ Matyszak , The Enemies of Rome , p. 133 Jump up ^ Plutarch , Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans , p. 266 Jump up ^ Goldsworthy , In the Name of Rome , p. 214 Jump up ^ Goldsworthy , In the Name of Rome , p. 217 Jump up ^ Julius Caesar , The Civil War , 81 -- 92 See also : Goldsworthy , In the Name of Rome , p. 218 Jump up ^ Goldsworthy , In the Name of Rome , p. 227 See also : Lane Fox , The Classical World , p. 403 Jump up ^ Holland , Rubicon , p. 312 ^ Jump up to : Cantor , Antiquity , p. 170 ^ Jump up to : Goldsworthy , In the Name of Rome , p. 237 Jump up ^ Luttwak , The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire , p. 7 Jump up ^ Abbott , 25 Jump up ^ Abbott , 26 Jump up ^ Abbott , 28 Jump up ^ Abbott , 37 Jump up ^ Abbott , 43 Jump up ^ Livy , Ab Urbe Condita , Book 7 , 42 : link to perseus.com Jump up ^ Abbott , 42 Jump up ^ Abbott , 44 Jump up ^ Abbott , 45 Jump up ^ Abbott , 46 Jump up ^ Abbott , 47 ^ Jump up to : Abbott , 48 Jump up ^ Abbott , 52 Jump up ^ Abbott , 51 Jump up ^ Abbott , 53 Jump up ^ Abbott , 63 Jump up ^ Abbott , 65 Jump up ^ Abbott , 66 Jump up ^ Abbott , 77 Jump up ^ Abbott , 80 Jump up ^ Abbott , 96 ^ Jump up to : Bishop , Paul . `` Rome : Transition from Republic to Empire '' ( PDF ) . Hillsborough Community College . Retrieved 19 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Abbott , 97 Jump up ^ Stobart , J.C. ( 1978 ) . `` III '' . In Maguinness , W.S ; Scullard , H.H. The Grandeur That was Rome ( 4th ed . ) . Book Club Associates . pp. 75 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Abbott , 100 Jump up ^ Abbott , 103 Jump up ^ Abbott , 106 Jump up ^ Abbott , 104 Jump up ^ Abbott , 108 Jump up ^ Abbott , 109 Jump up ^ Abbott , 109 -- 110 Jump up ^ Abbott , 110 ^ Jump up to : Abbott , 111 ^ Jump up to : Abbott , 112 Jump up ^ Abbott , 113 Jump up ^ Abbott , 114 Jump up ^ Abbott , 115 Jump up ^ Abbott , 129 ^ Jump up to : Abbott , 134 Jump up ^ Abbott , 135 ^ Jump up to : Abbott , 137 Jump up ^ Abbott , 138 Jump up ^ Abbott , 133 Jump up ^ Goldsworthy , In the Name of Rome , p. 15 Jump up ^ Lane Fox , The Classical World , p. 312 Jump up ^ Nicholas V Sekunda , Early Roman Armies , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Nicholas V Sekunda , Early Roman Armies , p. 18 . 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New Haven : Yale University Press , 2000 . Jump up ^ Gregory S. Aldrete ( 2004 ) . Daily Life in the Roman City : Rome , Pompeii and Ostia . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 78 -- 80 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33174 - 9 . Jump up ^ Kevin Greene , `` Technological Innovation and Economic Progress in the Ancient World : M.I. Finley Re-Considered '' , The Economic History Review , New Series , Vol. 53 , No. 1 . ( February , 2000 ) , pp. 29 -- 59 ( 39 ) ^ Jump up to : Scott , 404 Jump up ^ Abbott , 1 Jump up ^ Abbott , 2 Jump up ^ Abbott , 6 Jump up ^ `` Law in Ancient Rome , The Twelve Tables - Crystalinks '' . crystalinks.com . Jump up ^ `` Resisting Slavery in Ancient Rome '' . BBC . Retrieved 20 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Slavery in Ancient Rome '' . Kentucky Educational Television . Retrieved 20 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Pliny the Elder 's Natural History , book 12 pp. 38 Jump up ^ `` Ancient Roman Clothing '' . Unrv.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` angusti - , angust - + ( Latin : narrow , tight , slender , thin ) '' . Wordinfo.info . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Romans ' crimes of fashion revealed '' . BBC . 26 August 2003 . Retrieved 19 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Me pascunt olivae , me cichorea levesque malvae . '' Horace , Odes 1.31. 15 , ca 30 BC Jump up ^ Phillips pg 46 -- 56 Jump up ^ Phillips pg 35 -- 45 Jump up ^ Phillipa pg 57 -- 63 Jump up ^ `` Af first , he would drink once after supper and then leave the table ; but as time went on he would allow himself to drink very generously , so that he often tarried at his wine till early morning . '' Plutarch . `` Cato the Younger . '' In Plutarch 's Lives , trans . Bernadotte Perrin , vol. 8 . Loeb Classical Library , p. 249 . Jump up ^ The Legacy of Roman Education ( in the Forum ) , Nanette R. Pacal , The Classical Journal , Vol. 79 , No. 4 . ( April -- May 1984 ) Jump up ^ Oxford Classical Dictionary , Edited by Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth , Third Edition . Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press , 1996 Jump up ^ Palmer ( 1954 ) . Jump up ^ Gaius Lucilius -- the acknowledged originator of Roman Satire in the form practiced by Juvenal -- experimented with other meters before settling on dactylic hexameter . Jump up ^ Toynbee , J.M.C. ( December 1971 ) . `` Roman Art '' . The Classical Review . 21 ( 3 ) : 439 -- 442 . JSTOR 708631 . doi : 10.1017 / S0009840X00221331 . Jump up ^ `` Mousike , Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon , at Perseus '' . Jump up ^ W.L. MacDonald , The Architecture of the Roman Empire , rev . ed . Yale University Press , New Haven , 1982 , fig . 131B ; Lechtman and Hobbs `` Roman Concrete and the Roman Architectural Revolution '' Jump up ^ Austin , Roland G. `` Roman Board Games . I '' , Greece & Rome 4 : 10 , October 1934 . pp. 24 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Agathias , Histories , 2.31 . Sources ( edit ) Abbott , Frank Frost ( 1901 ) . A History and Description of Roman Political Institutions . Elibron Classics . ISBN 0 - 543 - 92749 - 0 . Byrd , Robert ( 1995 ) . The Senate of the Roman Republic . U.S. Government Printing Office Senate Document 103 - 23 . Eck , Werner ( 2003 ) . The Age of Augustus . Oxford : Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 0 - 631 - 22957 - 4 . Flower , Harriet I. ( 2004 ) . The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic . Cambridge . Flower , Harriet I. ( 2009 ) . Roman Republics . Princeton . Goldsworthy , Adrian ( 2003 ) . The Complete Roman Army . Thames & Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 05124 - 0 . Hart , B.H. Liddell ( 2004 ) ( 1926 ) . Scipio Africanus -- Greater than Napoleon . DA CAPO Press . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81363 - 7 . Holland , Tom ( 2005 ) . Rubicon : the last years of the Roman Republic . Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 385 - 50313 - X . Lintott , Andrew ( 1999 ) . The Constitution of the Roman Republic . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 926108 - 3 . MacDonald , W.L. ( 1982 ) . The Architecture of the Roman Empire . Yale University Press , New Haven . Matyszak , Philip ( 2004 ) . The Enemies of Rome . Thames & Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 25124 - X . Owen , Francis ( 1993 ) . The Germanic people ; their Origin Expansion & Culture . Barnes & Noble Books . ISBN 0 - 19 - 926108 - 3 . Palmer , L.R. ( 1954 ) . The Latin Language . Univ . Oklahoma . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 2136 - X . Taylor , Lily Ross ( 1966 ) . Roman Voting Assemblies : From the Hannibalic War to the Dictatorship of Caesar . The University of Michigan Press . ISBN 0 - 472 - 08125 - X . Primary sources ( edit ) Caesar , Julius ( 1983 ) . Gardner , Jane P. , ed . The conquest of Gaul . Translated by S.A. Handford . London : Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 044433 - 5 . Cicero , Marcus Tullius ( 1841 ) . The Political Works of Marcus Tullius Cicero : Comprising his Treatise on the Commonwealth ; and his Treatise on the Laws . vol. 1 ( Translated from the original , with Dissertations and Notes in Two Volumes By Francis Barham , Esq ed . ) . London : Edmund Spettigue . Polybius ( 1823 ) . The General History of Polybius : Translated from the Greek . Vol 2 ( Fifth ed . ) . Oxford : Printed by W. Baxter . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Roman Republic . 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-1839582389367643155 | A League of Their Own | A League of Their Own - Wikipedia A League of Their Own Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1992 film . For other uses , see A League of Their Own ( disambiguation ) . A League of Their Own Theatrical release poster Directed by Penny Marshall Produced by Elliot Abbott Robert Greenhut Screenplay by Lowell Ganz Babaloo Mandel Story by Kelly Candaele Kim Wilson Starring Tom Hanks Geena Davis Madonna Lori Petty Jon Lovitz David Strathairn Garry Marshall Bill Pullman Music by Hans Zimmer Cinematography Miroslav Ondricek Edited by George Bowers Production company Parkway Productions Distributed by Columbia Pictures Release date July 1 , 1992 ( 1992 - 07 - 01 ) Running time 128 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $40 million Box office $132.4 million A League of Their Own is a 1992 American sports comedy - drama film that tells a fictionalized account of the real - life All - American Girls Professional Baseball League ( AAGPBL ) . Directed by Penny Marshall , the film stars Geena Davis , Tom Hanks , Madonna , and Lori Petty . The screenplay was written by Lowell Ganz and Babaloo Mandel from a story by Kelly Candaele and Kim Wilson . In 2012 , A League of Their Own was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Rockford Peaches 2.2 Others 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Locations 3.4 Soundtrack 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 4.3 AFI lists 4.4 20th anniversary 5 Spin - offs 5.1 Television 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1988 , Dottie Hinson ( Geena Davis ) attends the opening of the new All - American Girls Professional Baseball League ( AAGPBL ) exhibit at the Baseball Hall of Fame . She sees many of her former teammates and friends , prompting a flashback to 1943 . When World War II threatens to shut down Major League Baseball , candy magnate and Cubs owner Walter Harvey ( Garry Marshall ) persuades his fellow owners to bankroll a women 's league . Ira Lowenstein ( David Strathairn ) is put in charge , and Ernie Capadino ( Jon Lovitz ) is sent out to recruit players . Capadino attends an industrial - league softball game in rural Oregon and likes what he sees in Dottie , the catcher for a local dairy 's team . Dottie turns down Capadino 's offer , happy with her simple farm life while waiting for her husband Bob ( Bill Pullman ) to come back from the war . Her sister and teammate , Kit ( Lori Petty ) , however , is desperate to get away and make something of herself . Capadino is not impressed by Kit 's hitting performance , but agrees to take her along if she can change Dottie 's mind . Dottie agrees , but only for her sister 's sake . Dottie and Kit head out to Harvey Field in Chicago for the tryout . There they meet a pair of New Yorkers , taxi dancer `` All the Way '' Mae Mordabito ( Madonna ) and her best friend , bouncer Doris Murphy ( Rosie O'Donnell ) , along with soft - spoken right fielder Evelyn Gardner ( Bitty Schram ) , illiterate , shy left fielder Shirley Baker ( Ann Cusack ) , pitcher / shortstop and former Miss Georgia beauty queen Ellen Sue Gotlander ( Freddie Simpson ) , gentle left field / relief pitcher Betty `` Spaghetti '' Horn ( Tracy Reiner ) , homely second baseman Marla Hooch ( Megan Cavanagh ) , who was scouted by Ernie , Dottie and Kit in Fort Collins , Colorado , first baseman Helen Haley ( Anne Ramsay ) , and Saskatchewan native Alice `` Skeeter '' Gaspers ( Renée Coleman ) . They and eight others are selected to form the Rockford Peaches , while 48 others are split among the Racine Belles , Kenosha Comets , and South Bend Blue Sox . The Peaches are managed by Jimmy Dugan ( Tom Hanks ) , a former marquee Cubs slugger who initially treats the whole thing as a joke . The league attracts little interest at first . With a Life magazine photographer in the stands , Lowenstein begs the players to do something spectacular . Dottie obliges when a ball is popped up behind home plate , catching it while doing a split . The resulting photograph makes the magazine cover . A publicity campaign draws more people to the ballgames , but the owners remain unconvinced . Due to Kit 's and Dottie 's sibling rivalry , Kit is traded to the Peaches ' rival , the Racine Belles . The Peaches end the season qualifying for the league 's World Series . In the locker room , Jimmy gives Betty a telegram that informs her her husband was killed in action in the Pacific Theater . The grief - stricken Betty leaves the team . Later that evening , Dottie receives a surprise when Bob , who was serving in Italy , shows up , having been discharged from the Army . The following morning , Jimmy discovers that Dottie is going home with Bob . Unable to persuade her to at least play in the World Series , he tells her she will regret her decision . The Peaches and Belles meet in the World Series , which reaches a seventh and deciding game . Dottie , having reconsidered during the drive back to Oregon , is the catcher for the Peaches , while Kit is the starting pitcher for the Belles . With the Belles leading by a run in the top of the ninth , Dottie drives in the go - ahead run . Kit is the final batter . Under immense pressure , she gets a hit and , ignoring the third base coach 's sign to stop , scores the winning run by knocking her sister over at the plate and dislodging the ball from Dottie 's hand . The sellout crowd convinces Harvey to give Lowenstein the owners ' support . After the game , the sisters reconcile before Dottie leaves . Back in the present , Dottie is reunited with several other players , including Kit . The fates of several of the characters are revealed : Jimmy , Bob , and Evelyn have died , while Marla has been married to Nelson , a man she met in a bar , for over 40 years . The original Peaches sing a team song composed by Evelyn and pose for a group photo . Cast ( edit ) Rockford Peaches ( edit ) Geena Davis as Dorothy `` Dottie '' Hinson ( # 8 , catcher / assistant manager ) Lynn Cartwright as Older Dottie Tom Hanks as Jimmy Dugan ( manager ) Madonna as `` All the Way '' Mae Mordabito ( # 5 , center field ) Eunice Anderson as Older Mae Lori Petty as Kit Keller ( # 23 , pitcher ) Kathleen Butler as Older Kit Rosie O'Donnell as Doris Murphy ( # 22 , third base ) Vera Johnson as Older Doris Anne Ramsay as Helen Haley ( # 15 , first base ) Barbara Pilavin as Older Helen Megan Cavanagh as Marla Hooch ( # 32 , second base ) Patricia Wilson as Older Marla Freddie Simpson as Ellen Sue Gotlander ( # 1 , shortstop / pitcher ) Eugenia McLin as Older Ellen Sue Tracy Reiner as Betty `` Spaghetti '' Horn ( # 7 , left field / relief pitcher ) Betty Miller as Older Betty Bitty Schram as Evelyn Gardner ( # 17 , right field ) Renée Coleman ( credited as Renee Coleman ) -- Alice `` Skeeter '' Gaspers ( # 18 , left field / center field / catcher ) Shirley Burkovich as Older Alice Ann Cusack as Shirley Baker ( # 11 , left field ) Barbara Erwin as Older Shirley Robin Knight as Linda `` Beans '' Babbitt ( shortstop ) Patti Pelton as Marbleann Wilkinson ( second base ) Kelli Simpkins as Beverly Dixon ( # 4 , outfield ) Connie Pounds - Taylor as Connie Calhoun ( Outfield ) On MLB Network 's Costas at the Movies in 2013 , director Penny Marshall talked about her initial interest in Demi Moore for the part of Dottie Hinson , saying : `` Demi Moore , I liked , but by the time we came around , she was pregnant . '' Others ( edit ) Jon Lovitz as Ernie Capadino , AAGPBL scout David Strathairn as Ira Lowenstein , AAGPBL general manager Marvin Einhorn as Older Ira Garry Marshall as Walter Harvey , candy bar mogul and AAGPBL founder Julie Croteau as Helen Haley ( baseball double for Anne Ramsay ) Bill Pullman as Bob Hinson , Dottie 's husband Janet Jones as Racine pitcher Téa Leoni as Racine first baseman Don S. Davis as Charlie Collins , Racine coach Eddie Jones as Dave Hooch , Marla 's father Justin Scheller as Stillwell Gardner , Evelyn 's son Mark Holton as Older Stillwell . He attends the Peaches ' reunion at the Baseball Hall of Fame on behalf of his mother who had died . Pauline Brailsford as Miss Cuthburt , Rockford chaperone Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Director Penny Marshall was inspired to make the film after viewing the 1987 documentary about the AAGPBL entitled `` A League of their Own '' , on television . She had never heard of the league before , and contacted the film 's creators Kelly Candaele and Kim Wilson to collaborate with the scriptwriters Babaloo Mandel and Lowell Ganz on producing a screenplay for 20th Century Fox . Fox eventually passed on the script and Marshall signed with Sony Pictures , who were eager to produce the film . Casting ( edit ) Marshall and the casting directors undertook an exhaustive search for actors , preferring those with previous experience playing baseball . Open casting calls were held in Los Angeles , New York and Chicago . Locations ( edit ) Filming the game scenes involved many physical mishaps : Anne Ramsay ( Helen Haley ) broke her nose with a baseball mitt while trying to catch a ball and the huge bruise seen in the film on actress Renee Coleman 's thigh was real . Discussing the skirts they wore playing baseball in the film , Geena Davis said on MLB Network 's Costas at the Movies in 2013 , `` Some of our real cast , from sliding into home , had ripped the skin off their legs . It was nutty . '' Soundtrack ( edit ) A League of Their Own : Music From The Motion Picture Soundtrack album by various artists Released June 30 , 1992 Genre Soundtrack Length 43 : 44 Label Columbia Records Producer Various Singles from A League of Their Own `` This Used to Be My Playground '' Released : June 16 , 1992 `` Now and Forever '' Released : July 1992 A League of Their Own soundtrack was released on CD and cassette tape by Columbia Records on June 30 , 1992 . The album peaked at # 159 on the US Billboard 200 albums chart on July 25 , 1992 . Although Madonna contributed `` This Used to Be My Playground '' to the film , featured over the closing credits , her recording was not included on the soundtrack album for contractual reasons . Track listing `` Now and Forever '' -- Performed by Carole King `` Choo Choo Ch'Boogie '' -- Performed by The Manhattan Transfer `` It 's Only a Paper Moon '' -- Performed by James Taylor `` In a Sentimental Mood '' -- Performed by Billy Joel `` Two Sleepy People '' -- Performed by Art Garfunkel `` I Did n't Know What Time It Was '' -- Performed by James Taylor `` On the Sunny Side of the Street '' -- Performed by The Manhattan Transfer `` Flying Home '' -- Performed by Doc 's Rhythm Cats `` Life Goes On '' -- Performed by Hans Zimmer `` The Final Game '' -- Performed by Hans Zimmer `` The All - American Girls Professional Baseball League Song '' -- Performed by The Rockford Peaches Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) The film was released on July 1 , 1992 , and grossed $13.2 million in its first weekend , finishing second at the box office behind Batman Returns . In its second weekend it dropped just 15 % , making $11.5 million and finishing first . It ended up being a commercial success , making $107.5 million in the United States , and $24.9 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $132.4 million , against a production budget of $40 million budget . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 78 % based on 60 reviews , with an average rating of 7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Sentimental and light , but still thoroughly charming , A League of Their Own is buoyed by solid performances from a wonderful cast . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , the film has a weighted average score 67 out of 100 , based 20 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale . The film was well received by critics , who praised the cast and their performances . AFI lists ( edit ) The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2005 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : Jimmy Dugan : `` There 's no crying in baseball ! '' -- # 54 2006 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers -- Nominated 2008 : AFI 's 10 Top 10 : Nominated Sports Film On December 19 , 2012 , it was announced that the film would be preserved as part of the United States National Film Registry . 20th Anniversary ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) With 2012 marking the 20th year since the film 's release , A League of Their Own was released as a 20th Anniversary Edition Blu - ray on October 16 , 2012 . Forty - seven former players of the AAGPBL reunited in New York to celebrate the film and the real women who inspired it . Events included a trip to Cooperstown for a special program at the National Baseball Hall of Fame , reminiscent of the film 's final scene depicting members of the AAGPBL and family coming together to witness the honoring of the Women 's Professional Baseball League . The reunion wrapped up with a game of softball held at Alliance Bank Stadium in nearby Syracuse . Former players also made an appearance at Bosse Field in Evansville , Indiana , on June 6 , 2012 , where many of the film 's game scenes were filmed . Bosse Field still retains many of the `` Racine Belles '' themes from the movie . The event included an outdoor screening of the film as well as a scene - setting display of cars featured in the film . In addition to Bosse Field , the production used Huntingburg , Indiana 's League Stadium , another Southwestern Indiana field older than Bosse that was renovated for the film . Spin - offs ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Main article : A League of Their Own ( TV series ) A short - lived series of the same title based on the film aired on CBS in April 1993 , with Garry Marshall , Megan Cavanagh , Tracy Reiner , and Jon Lovitz reprising their roles . Only five of the six episodes made were broadcast . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` A League of Their Own ( 1992 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . September 29 , 1992 . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ King , Susan . `` National Film Registry selects 25 films for preservation '' Los Angeles Times ( December 19 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ `` Penny Marshall '' . Costas at the Movies . MLB Network . January 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ESPNW Staff ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` An Oral History of ' A League of their Own ' on its 25th Anniversary '' . espn.com . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ESPNW Staff ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` An Oral History of ' A League of their Own ' on its 25th Anniversary '' . espn.com . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Demi Moore in ' A League of Their Own ? ' Almost happened '' . Newsday . March 7 , 2010 . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ A League of Their Own soundtrack - The Billboard 200 , retrieved June 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Madonna : A League of Their Own soundtrack , retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A League of Their Own ( 1992 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A League of Their Own reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A League of Their Own -- CinemaScore '' . CinemaScore . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kronke , David ( July 2 , 1992 ) . `` Penny Marshall pitches ' League of Their Own ' agenda '' . The Dispatch . Lexington , NC . Los Angeles Daily News . p. 4C . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ White , Sue ( October 26 , 2011 ) . `` ' A League of Their Own ' brings former ballplayer to the Riverside Saginaw Film Festival '' . MLive . MLive Media Group . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sidewater , Nancy ( April 23 , 2004 ) . `` DVD Q&A -- Penny Marshall '' . Entertainment Weekly . Entertainment Weekly Inc. ( 761 ) . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A League of Their Own '' . Fort - Worth Star - Telegram . June 30 , 1992 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Rachlin , Jill ( February 12 , 1993 ) . `` A League of Their Own Review Reviews and News '' . Entertainment Weekly . Entertainment Weekly , Inc. ( 157 ) . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Breakfast at Tiffany 's added to film archive '' . BBC News . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kekis , John ( September 23 , 2013 ) . `` Women Remain in League of Their Own '' . The Chronicle Herald . Retrieved October 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Prell , Jon ( June 12 , 2012 ) . `` A League Of Their Own Comes Home To Bosse Field On June 22 '' . Evansville Courier & Press . Retrieved October 31 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Baseball portal Film portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : A League of Their Own A League of Their Own on IMDb A League of Their Own at Rotten Tomatoes A League of Their Own at the TCM Movie Database A League of Their Own at AllMovie A League of Their Own at the American Film Institute Catalog A League of Their Own at Box Office Mojo ESPN.com -- Page 2 -- Reel Life : ' A League of Their Own ' Movie stills Films directed by Penny Marshall Jumpin ' Jack Flash ( 1986 ) Big ( 1988 ) Awakenings ( 1990 ) A League of Their Own ( 1992 ) Renaissance Man ( 1994 ) The Preacher 's Wife ( 1996 ) Riding in Cars with Boys ( 2001 ) All - American Girls Professional Baseball League Teams Battle Creek Belles Chicago Colleens Fort Wayne Daisies Grand Rapids Chicks Kalamazoo Lassies Kenosha Comets Milwaukee Chicks Minneapolis Millerettes Muskegon Belles Muskegon Lassies Peoria Redwings Racine Belles Rockford Peaches South Bend Blue Sox Springfield Sallies Seasons 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 Awards and recognition All - Star Team Player of the Year Batting records Fielding records Pitching records Related articles List of managers List of players Rules of play A League of Their Own ( film ) A League of Their Own ( TV series ) Arthur Meyerhoff Philip K. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played alice in a league of their own | [
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-7520230678460804753 | Google | Google - Wikipedia Google Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the company . For the search engine , see Google Search . For other uses , see Google ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with Googol . Google LLC Google 's logo since 2015 Google 's headquarters , the Googleplex , in August 2014 Formerly called Google Inc. ( 1998 -- 2017 ) Type Subsidiary Industry Internet Software Computer hardware Founded September 4 , 1998 ; 19 years ago ( 1998 - 09 - 04 ) in Menlo Park , California , U.S. Founders Larry Page Sergey Brin Headquarters Googleplex , Mountain View , California , U.S. Area served Worldwide Key people Sundar Pichai ( CEO ) Ruth Porat ( CFO ) Products List of Google products Number of employees 73,992 ( 2017 ) Parent Alphabet Inc. ( 2015 -- present ) Subsidiaries List of subsidiaries Website google.com Google LLC is an American multinational technology company that specializes in Internet - related services and products , which include online advertising technologies , search engine , cloud computing , software , and hardware . Google was founded in 1998 by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while they were Ph. D. students at Stanford University , California . Together , they own about 14 percent of its shares and control 56 percent of the stockholder voting power through supervoting stock . They incorporated Google as a privately held company on September 4 , 1998 . An Initial public offering ( IPO ) took place on August 19 , 2004 , and Google moved to its new headquarters in Mountain View , California , nicknamed the Googleplex . In August 2015 , Google announced plans to reorganize its various interests as a conglomerate called Alphabet Inc . Google , Alphabet 's leading subsidiary , will continue to be the umbrella company for Alphabet 's Internet interests . Upon completion of the restructure , Sundar Pichai was appointed CEO of Google , replacing Larry Page , who became the CEO of Alphabet . The company 's rapid growth since incorporation has triggered a chain of products , acquisitions , and partnerships beyond Google 's core search engine ( Google Search ) . It offers services designed for work and productivity ( Google Docs , Sheets , and Slides ) , email ( Gmail / Inbox ) , scheduling and time management ( Google Calendar ) , cloud storage ( Google Drive ) , social networking ( Google+ ) , instant messaging and video chat ( Google Allo / Duo / Hangouts ) , language translation ( Google Translate ) , mapping and turn - by - turn navigation ( Google Maps / Waze / Earth / Street View ) , video sharing ( YouTube ) , note - taking ( Google Keep ) , and photo organizing and editing ( Google Photos ) . The company leads the development of the Android mobile operating system , the Google Chrome web browser , and Chrome OS , a lightweight operating system based on the Chrome browser . Google has moved increasingly into hardware ; from 2010 to 2015 , it partnered with major electronics manufacturers in the production of its Nexus devices , and in October 2016 , it released multiple hardware products ( including the Google Pixel smartphone , Home smart speaker , Wifi mesh wireless router , and Daydream View virtual reality headset ) . The new hardware chief , Rick Osterloh , stated : `` a lot of the innovation that we want to do now ends up requiring controlling the end - to - end user experience '' . Google has also experimented with becoming an Internet carrier . In February 2010 , it announced Google Fiber , a fiber - optic infrastructure that was installed in Kansas City ; in April 2015 , it launched Project Fi in the United States , combining Wi - Fi and cellular networks from different providers ; and in 2016 , it announced the Google Station initiative to make public Wi - Fi available around the world , with initial deployment in India . Alexa , a company that monitors commercial web traffic , lists Google.com as the most visited website in the world . Several other Google services also figure in the top 100 most visited websites , including YouTube and Blogger . Google is the most valuable brand in the world as of 2017 , but has received significant criticism involving issues such as privacy concerns , tax avoidance , antitrust , censorship , and search neutrality . Google 's mission statement , from the outset , was `` to organize the world 's information and make it universally accessible and useful '' , and its unofficial slogan was `` Do n't be evil '' . In October 2015 , the motto was replaced in the Alphabet corporate code of conduct by the phrase `` Do the right thing '' , while the original one was retained in the code of conduct of Google . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Financing , 1998 and initial public offering , 2004 1.2 Growth 1.3 2013 onward 1.4 Acquisitions and partnerships 1.4. 1 2000 -- 2009 1.4. 2 2010 -- present 1.5 Google data centers 1.6 Alphabet 2 Products and services 2.1 Advertising 2.2 Search engine 2.3 Enterprise services 2.3. 1 Business incubator 2.4 Consumer services 2.4. 1 Web - based services 2.4. 2 Software 2.4. 3 Hardware 2.5 Internet services 2.6 Other products 2.7 APIs 2.8 Other websites 3 Corporate affairs and culture 3.1 Employees 3.2 Office locations and headquarters 3.2. 1 Mountain View 3.2. 2 New York City 3.2. 3 Other U.S. cities 3.2. 4 International locations 3.3 Doodles 3.4 Easter eggs and April Fools ' Day jokes 3.5 Philanthropy 3.6 Tax avoidance 3.7 Environment 3.8 Lobbying 3.9 Litigation 4 Criticism and controversy 4.1 Legal controversies 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links History Main article : History of Google Google 's original homepage had a simple design because the company founders had little experience in HTML , the markup language used for designing web pages . Google began in January 1996 as a research project by Larry Page and Sergey Brin when they were both PhD students at Stanford University in Stanford , California . While conventional search engines ranked results by counting how many times the search terms appeared on the page , the two theorized about a better system that analyzed the relationships among websites . They called this new technology PageRank ; it determined a website 's relevance by the number of pages , and the importance of those pages that linked back to the original site . Page and Brin originally nicknamed their new search engine `` BackRub '' , because the system checked backlinks to estimate the importance of a site . Eventually , they changed the name to Google ; the name of the search engine originated from a misspelling of the word `` googol '' , the number 1 followed by 100 zeros , which was picked to signify that the search engine was intended to provide large quantities of information . Originally , Google ran under Stanford University 's website , with the domains google.stanford.edu and z.stanford.edu . The domain name for Google was registered on September 15 , 1997 , and the company was incorporated on September 4 , 1998 . It was based in the garage of a friend ( Susan Wojcicki ) in Menlo Park , California . Craig Silverstein , a fellow PhD student at Stanford , was hired as the first employee . Financing , 1998 and initial public offering , 2004 Google 's first production server . Google was initially funded by an August 1998 contribution of $100,000 from Andy Bechtolsheim , co-founder of Sun Microsystems ; the money was given before Google was incorporated . Google received money from three other angel investors in 1998 : Amazon.com founder Jeff Bezos , Stanford University computer science professor David Cheriton , and entrepreneur Ram Shriram . After some additional , small investments through the end of 1998 to early 1999 , a new $25 million round of funding was announced on June 7 , 1999 , with major investors including the venture capital firms Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers and Sequoia Capital . Early in 1999 , Brin and Page decided they wanted to sell Google to Excite . They went to Excite CEO George Bell and offered to sell it to him for $1 million . He rejected the offer . Vinod Khosla , one of Excite 's venture capitalists , talked the duo down to $750,000 , but Bell still rejected it . Google 's initial public offering ( IPO ) took place five years later , on August 19 , 2004 . At that time Larry Page , Sergey Brin , and Eric Schmidt agreed to work together at Google for 20 years , until the year 2024 . At IPO , the company offered 19,605,052 shares at a price of $85 per share . Shares were sold in an online auction format using a system built by Morgan Stanley and Credit Suisse , underwriters for the deal . The sale of $1.67 bn ( billion ) gave Google a market capitalization of more than $23 bn . By January 2014 , its market capitalization had grown to $397 bn . The vast majority of the 271 million shares remained under the control of Google , and many Google employees became instant paper millionaires . Yahoo ! , a competitor of Google , also benefitted because it owned 8.4 million shares of Google before the IPO took place . There were concerns that Google 's IPO would lead to changes in company culture . Reasons ranged from shareholder pressure for employee benefit reductions to the fact that many company executives would become instant paper millionaires . As a reply to this concern , co-founders Brin and Page promised in a report to potential investors that the IPO would not change the company 's culture . In 2005 , articles in The New York Times and other sources began suggesting that Google had lost its anti-corporate , no evil philosophy . In an effort to maintain the company 's unique culture , Google designated a Chief Culture Officer , who also serves as the Director of Human Resources . The purpose of the Chief Culture Officer is to develop and maintain the culture and work on ways to keep true to the core values that the company was founded on : a flat organization with a collaborative environment . Google has also faced allegations of sexism and ageism from former employees . In 2013 , a class action against several Silicon Valley companies , including Google , was filed for alleged `` no cold call '' agreements which restrained the recruitment of high - tech employees . The stock performed well after the IPO , with shares hitting $350 for the first time on October 31 , 2007 , primarily because of strong sales and earnings in the online advertising market . The surge in stock price was fueled mainly by individual investors , as opposed to large institutional investors and mutual funds . GOOG shares split into GOOG class C shares and GOOGL class A shares . The company is listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange under the ticker symbols GOOGL and GOOG , and on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol GGQ1 . These ticker symbols now refer to Alphabet Inc. , Google 's holding company , since the fourth quarter of 2015 . Growth In March 1999 , the company moved its offices to Palo Alto , California , which is home to several prominent Silicon Valley technology start - ups . The next year , Google began selling advertisements associated with search keywords against Page and Brin 's initial opposition toward an advertising - funded search engine . In order to maintain an uncluttered page design , advertisements were solely text - based . This model of selling keyword advertising was first pioneered by Goto.com , an Idealab spin - off created by Bill Gross . When the company changed names to Overture Services , it sued Google over alleged infringements of the company 's pay - per - click and bidding patents . Overture Services would later be bought by Yahoo ! and renamed Yahoo ! Search Marketing . The case was then settled out of court ; Google agreed to issue shares of common stock to Yahoo ! in exchange for a perpetual license . In 2001 , Google received a patent for its PageRank mechanism . The patent was officially assigned to Stanford University and lists Lawrence Page as the inventor . In 2003 , after outgrowing two other locations , the company leased an office complex from Silicon Graphics , at 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway in Mountain View , California . The complex became known as the Googleplex , a play on the word googolplex , the number one followed by a googol zeroes . The Googleplex interiors were designed by Clive Wilkinson Architects . Three years later , Google bought the property from SGI for $319 million . By that time , the name `` Google '' had found its way into everyday language , causing the verb `` google '' to be added to the Merriam - Webster Collegiate Dictionary and the Oxford English Dictionary , denoted as : `` to use the Google search engine to obtain information on the Internet '' . The first use of `` Google '' as a verb in pop culture happened on the TV series Buffy the Vampire Slayer , in 2002 . In 2005 , The Washington Post reported on a 700 percent increase in third - quarter profit for Google , largely thanks to large companies shifting their advertising strategies from newspapers , magazines , and television to the Internet . In January 2008 , all the data that passed through Google 's MapReduce software component had an aggregated size of 20 petabytes per day . In 2009 , a CNN report about top political searches of 2009 noted that `` more than a billion searches '' are being typed into Google on a daily basis . In May 2011 , the number of monthly unique visitors to Google surpassed one billion for the first time , an 8.4 percent increase from May 2010 ( 931 million ) . The year 2012 was the first time that Google generated $50 billion in annual revenue , which topped the $38 billion that was generated the previous year . In January 2013 , then - CEO Larry Page commented , `` We ended 2012 with a strong quarter ... Revenues were up 36 % year - on - year , and 8 % quarter - on - quarter . And we hit $50 billion in revenues for the first time last year -- not a bad achievement in just a decade and a half . '' 2013 onward Screenshot of the Google homepage in 2015 Google announced the launch of a new company , called Calico , on September 19 , 2013 , to be led by Apple , Inc. chairman Arthur Levinson . In the official public statement , Page explained that the `` health and well - being '' company would focus on `` the challenge of ageing and associated diseases '' . Google celebrated its 15 - year anniversary on September 27 , 2013 , and in 2016 it celebrated its 18th birthday with an animated Doodle shown on web browsers around the world . although it has used other dates for its official birthday . The reason for the choice of September 27 remains unclear , and a dispute with rival search engine Yahoo ! Search in 2005 has been suggested as the cause . The Alliance for Affordable Internet ( A4AI ) was launched in October 2013 ; Google is part of the coalition of public and private organizations that also includes Facebook , Intel , and Microsoft . Led by Sir Tim Berners - Lee , the A4AI seeks to make Internet access more affordable so that access is broadened in the developing world , where only 31 % of people are online . Google will help to decrease Internet access prices so they fall below the UN Broadband Commission 's worldwide target of 5 % of monthly income . The corporation 's consolidated revenue for the third quarter of 2013 was reported in mid-October 2013 as $14.89 billion , a 12 percent increase compared to the previous quarter . Google 's Internet business was responsible for $10.8 billion of this total , with an increase in the number of users ' clicks on advertisements . According to Interbrand 's annual Best Global Brands report , Google has been the second most valuable brand in the world ( behind Apple Inc . ) in 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , and 2016 , with a valuation of $133 billion . In September 2015 , Google engineering manager Rachel Potvin revealed details about Google 's software code at an engineering conference . She revealed that the entire Google codebase , which spans every single service it develops , consists of over 2 billion lines of code . All that code is stored in a code repository available to all 25,000 Google engineers , and the code is regularly copied and updated on 10 Google data centers . To keep control , Potvin said Google has built its own `` version control system '' , called `` Piper '' , and that `` when you start a new project , you have a wealth of libraries already available to you . Almost everything has already been done . '' Engineers can make a single code change and deploy it on all services at the same time . The only major exceptions are that the PageRank search results algorithm is stored separately with only specific employee access , and the code for the Android operating system and the Google Chrome browser are also stored separately , as they do n't run on the Internet . The `` Piper '' system spans 85 TB of data . Google engineers make 25,000 changes to the code each day and on a weekly basis change approximately 15 million lines of code across 250,000 files . With that much code , automated bots have to help . Potvin reported , `` You need to make a concerted effort to maintain code health . And this is not just humans maintaining code health , but robots too . '' Bots are n't writing code , but generating a lot of the data and configuration files needed to run the company 's software . `` Not only is the size of the repository increasing , '' Potvin explained , `` but the rate of change is also increasing . This is an exponential curve . '' As of October 2016 , Google operates 70 offices in more than 40 countries . Alexa , a company that monitors commercial web traffic , lists Google.com as the most visited website in the world . Several other Google services also figure in the top 100 most visited websites , including YouTube and Blogger . Acquisitions and partnerships Main article : List of mergers and acquisitions by Alphabet Larry Page and Sergey Brin in 2003 2000 -- 2009 In 2001 , Google acquired Deja News , the operators of a large archive of materials from Usenet . Google rebranded the archive as Google Groups , and by the end of the year , it had expanded the history back to 1981 . In April 2003 , Google acquired Applied Semantics , a company specializing in making software applications for the online advertising space . The AdSense contextual advertising technology developed by Applied Semantics was adopted into Google 's advertising efforts . In 2004 , Google acquired Keyhole , Inc . Keyhole 's eponymous product was later renamed Google Earth . In 2005 . Google acquired Urchin Software in April 2005 , using their Urchin on Demand product ( along with ideas from Adaptive Path 's Measure Map ) to create Google Analytics in 2006 . In October 2006 , Google announced that it had acquired the video - sharing site YouTube for $1.65 billion in Google stock , and the deal was finalized on November 13 , 2006 . On April 13 , 2007 , Google reached an agreement to acquire DoubleClick for $3.1 billion , transferring to Google valuable relationships that DoubleClick had with Web publishers and advertising agencies . The deal was approved despite anti-trust concerns raised by competitors Microsoft and AT&T . In addition to the many companies Google has purchased , the firm has partnered with other organizations for research , advertising , and other activities . In 2005 , Google partnered with NASA Ames Research Center to build 1,000,000 square feet ( 93,000 m ) of offices . In 2005 Google partnered with AOL to enhance each other 's video search services . In 2006 Google and Fox Interactive Media of News Corporation entered into a $900 million agreement to provide search and advertising on the then - popular social networking site MySpace . In 2007 , Google began sponsoring NORAD Tracks Santa , displacing the former sponsor AOL . NORAD Tracks Santa purports to follow Santa Claus ' progress on Christmas Eve , using Google Earth to `` track Santa '' in 3 - D for the first time . In 2008 , Google developed a partnership with GeoEye to launch a satellite providing Google with high - resolution ( 0.41 m monochrome , 1.65 m color ) imagery for Google Earth . The satellite was launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base on September 6 , 2008 . Google also announced in 2008 that it was hosting an archive of Life Magazine 's photographs . 2010 -- present In 2010 , Google Energy made its first investment in a renewable energy project , putting $38.8 million into two wind farms in North Dakota . The company announced the two locations will generate 169.5 megawatts of power , enough to supply 55,000 homes . The farms , which were developed by NextEra Energy Resources , will reduce fossil fuel use in the region and return profits . NextEra Energy Resources sold Google a twenty - percent stake in the project to get funding for its development . In February 2010 , the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission FERC granted Google an authorization to buy and sell energy at market rates . The order specifically states that Google Energy -- a subsidiary of Google -- holds the rights `` for the sale of energy , capacity , and ancillary services at market - based rates '' , but acknowledges that neither Google Energy nor its affiliates `` own or control any generation or transmission '' facilities . The corporation exercised this authorization in September 2013 when it announced it would purchase all the electricity produced by the not - yet - built 240 - megawatt Happy Hereford wind farm . Also in 2010 , Google purchased Global IP Solutions , a Norway - based company that provides web - based teleconferencing and other related services . This acquisition enabled Google to add telephone - style services to its list of products . On May 27 , 2010 , Google announced it had also closed the acquisition of the mobile ad network AdMob . This occurred days after the Federal Trade Commission closed its investigation into the purchase . Google acquired the company for an undisclosed amount . In July 2010 , Google signed an agreement with an Iowa wind farm to buy 114 megawatts of energy for 20 years . On April 4 , 2011 , The Globe and Mail reported that Google bid $900 million for 6000 Nortel Networks patents . On August 15 , 2011 , Google made its largest - ever acquisition to - date when it announced that it would acquire Motorola Mobility for $12.5 billion subject to approval from regulators in the United States and Europe . In a post on Google 's blog , Google Chief Executive and co-founder Larry Page revealed that the acquisition was a strategic move to strengthen Google 's patent portfolio . The company 's Android operating system has come under fire in an industry - wide patent battle , as Apple and Microsoft have sued Android device makers such as HTC , Samsung , and Motorola . The merger was completed on May 22 , 2012 , after the approval of People 's Republic of China . This purchase was made in part to help Google gain Motorola 's considerable patent portfolio on mobile phones and wireless technologies , to help protect Google in its ongoing patent disputes with other companies , mainly Apple and Microsoft , and to allow it to continue to freely offer Android . After the acquisition closed , Google began to restructure the Motorola business to fit Google 's strategy . On August 13 , 2012 , Google announced plans to lay off 4000 Motorola Mobility employees . On December 10 , 2012 , Google sold the manufacturing operations of Motorola Mobility to Flextronics for $75 million . As a part of the agreement , Flextronics will manufacture undisclosed Android and other mobile devices . On December 19 , 2012 , Google sold the Motorola Home business division of Motorola Mobility to Arris Group for $2.35 billion in a cash - and - stock transaction . As a part of this deal , Google acquired a 15.7 % stake in Arris Group valued at $300 million . In June 2013 , Google acquired Waze , a $966 million deal . While Waze would remain an independent entity , its social features , such as its crowdsourced location platform , were reportedly valuable integrations between Waze and Google Maps , Google 's own mapping service . On January 26 , 2014 , Google announced it had agreed to acquire DeepMind Technologies , a privately held artificial intelligence company from London . DeepMind describes itself as having the ability to combine the best techniques from machine learning and systems neuroscience to build general - purpose learning algorithms . DeepMind 's first commercial applications were used in simulations , e-commerce and games . As of December 2013 , it was reported that DeepMind had roughly 75 employees . Technology news website Recode reported that the company was purchased for $400 million though it was not disclosed where the information came from . A Google spokesman would not comment of the price . The purchase of DeepMind aids in Google 's recent growth in the artificial intelligence and robotics community . On January 29 , 2014 , Google announced that it would divest Motorola Mobility to Lenovo for $2.91 billion , a fraction of the original $12.5 billion price paid by Google to acquire the company . Google retained all but 2000 of Motorola 's patents and entered into cross-licensing deals . On September 21 , 2017 , HTC announced a `` cooperation agreement '' in which it would sell non-exclusive rights to certain intellectual property , as well as smartphone talent , to Google for $1.1 billion . Google data centers As of 2016 , Google owned and operated nine data centers across North and South America , two in Asia , and four in Europe . In 2011 , the company had announced plans to build three data centers at a cost of more than $200 million in Asia ( Singapore , Hong Kong and Taiwan ) and said they would be operational within two years . In December 2013 , Google announced that it had scrapped the plan to build a data center in Hong Kong . In October 2013 , The Washington Post reported that the U.S. National Security Agency intercepted communications between Google 's data centers , as part of a program named MUSCULAR . This wiretapping was made possible because Google did not encrypt data passed inside its own network . Google began encrypting data sent between data centers in 2013 . Google 's most efficient data center runs at 95 ° F ( 35 ° C ) using only fresh air cooling , requiring no electrically powered air conditioning ; the servers run so hot that humans can not go near them for extended periods . An August 2011 report estimated that Google had about 900,000 servers in their data centers , based on energy usage . The report does state that `` Google never says how many servers are running in its data centers . '' In December 2016 , Google announced that starting in 2017 , it will power all of its data centers , as well as all of its offices , from 100 % renewable energy . The commitment will make Google `` the world 's largest corporate buyer of renewable power , with commitments reaching 2.6 gigawatts ( 2,600 megawatts ) of wind and solar energy '' . Google also stated that it does not count that as its final goal ; it says that `` since the wind does n't blow 24 hours a day , we 'll also broaden our purchases to a variety of energy sources that can enable renewable power , every hour of every day '' . Additionally , the project will `` help support communities '' around the world , as the purchase commitments will `` result in infrastructure investments of more than $3.5 billion globally '' , and will `` generate tens of millions of dollars per year in revenue to local property owners , and tens of millions more to local and national governments in tax revenue '' . Alphabet Main article : Alphabet Inc . On August 10 , 2015 , Google announced plans to reorganize its various interests as a conglomerate called Alphabet . Google became Alphabet 's leading subsidiary , and will continue to be the umbrella company for Alphabet 's Internet interests . Upon completion of the restructure , Sundar Pichai became CEO of Google , replacing Larry Page , who became CEO of Alphabet . On September 1 , 2017 , Google Inc. announced its plans of restructuring as a limited liability company , Google LLC , as a wholly owned subsidiary of XXVI Holdings Inc. , which is formed as a subsidiary of Alphabet Inc. to hold the equity of its other subsidiaries , including Google LLC and other bets . Products and services See also : List of Google products Advertising Google on ad - tech London , 2010 For the 2006 fiscal year , the company reported $10.492 billion in total advertising revenues and only $112 million in licensing and other revenues . In 2011 , 96 % of Google 's revenue was derived from its advertising programs . In addition to its own algorithms for understanding search requests , Google uses technology from the company DoubleClick , to project user interest and target advertising to the search context and the user history . In 2007 , Google launched `` AdSense for Mobile '' , taking advantage of the emerging mobile advertising market . Google Analytics allows website owners to track where and how people use their website , for example by examining click rates for all the links on a page . Google advertisements can be placed on third - party websites in a two - part program . Google 's AdWords allows advertisers to display their advertisements in the Google content network , through a cost - per - click scheme . The sister service , Google AdSense , allows website owners to display these advertisements on their website and earn money every time ads are clicked . One of the criticisms of this program is the possibility of click fraud , which occurs when a person or automated script clicks on advertisements without being interested in the product , causing the advertiser to pay money to Google unduly . Industry reports in 2006 claimed that approximately 14 to 20 percent of clicks were fraudulent or invalid . In February 2003 , Google stopped showing the advertisements of Oceana , a non-profit organization protesting a major cruise ship 's sewage treatment practices . Google cited its editorial policy at the time , stating `` Google does not accept advertising if the ad or site advocates against other individuals , groups , or organizations . '' In June 2008 , Google reached an advertising agreement with Yahoo ! , which would have allowed Yahoo ! to feature Google advertisements on its web pages . The alliance between the two companies was never completely realized because of antitrust concerns by the U.S. Department of Justice . As a result , Google pulled out of the deal in November 2008 . Search engine Main articles : Google Search and Google Images Google Search homepage as of December 2 , 2016 According to comScore market research from November 2009 , Google Search is the dominant search engine in the United States market , with a market share of 65.6 % . Google indexes billions of web pages to allow users to search for the information they desire through the use of keywords and operators . In 2003 , The New York Times complained about Google 's indexing , claiming that Google 's caching of content on its site infringed its copyright for the content . In both Field v. Google and Parker v. Google , the United States District Court of Nevada ruled in favor of Google . The publication 2600 : The Hacker Quarterly has compiled a list of words that google 's new instant search feature will not search . Google Watch has criticized Google 's PageRank algorithms , saying that they discriminate against new websites and favor established sites . Google also hosts Google Books . The company began scanning books and uploading limited previews , and full books were allowed , into its new book search engine . The Authors Guild , a group that represents 8,000 U.S. authors , filed a class action suit in a New York City federal court against Google in 2005 over this service . Google replied that it is in compliance with all existing and historical applications of copyright laws regarding books . Google eventually reached a revised settlement in 2009 to limit its scans to books from the U.S. , the UK , Australia , and Canada . Furthermore , the Paris Civil Court ruled against Google in late 2009 , asking it to remove the works of La Martinière ( Éditions du Seuil ) from its database . In competition with Amazon.com , Google sells digital versions of new books . On July 21 , 2010 , in response to Bing , Google updated its image search to display a streaming sequence of thumbnails that enlarge when pointed at . Although web searches still appear in a batch per page format , on July 23 , 2010 , dictionary definitions for certain English words began appearing above the linked results for web searches . The `` Hummingbird '' update to the Google search engine was announced in September 2013 . The update was introduced over the month prior to the announcement and allows users ask the search engine a question in natural language rather than entering keywords into the search box . In August 2016 , Google announced two major changes to its mobile search results . The first change removes the `` mobile - friendly '' label that highlighted easy to read pages from its mobile search results page . For the second change , the company , starting on January 10 , 2017 , will punish mobile pages that show intrusive interstitial advertisements when a user first opens a page . Such pages will also rank lower in Google search results . In May 2017 , Google enabled a new `` Personal '' tab in Google Search , letting users search for content in their Google accounts ' various services , including email messages from Gmail and photos from Google Photos . Enterprise services Main article : G Suite G Suite is a monthly subscription offering for organizations and businesses to get access to a collection of Google 's services , including Gmail , Google Drive and Docs , Sheets , and Slides , with additional administrative tools , unique domain names , and 24 / 7 support . Google 's search appliance at the 2008 RSA Conference Google Search Appliance was launched in February 2002 , targeted toward providing search technology for larger organizations . Google launched the Mini three years later , which was targeted at smaller organizations . Late in 2006 , Google began to sell Custom Search Business Edition , providing customers with an advertising - free window into Google. com 's index . The service was renamed Google Site Search in 2008 . Site Search customers were notified by email in late March 2017 that no new licenses for Site Search would be sold after April 1 , 2017 , but that customer and technical support would be provided for the duration of existing license agreements . On March 15 , 2016 , Google announced the introduction of Google Analytics 360 Suite , `` a set of integrated data and marketing analytics products , designed specifically for the needs of enterprise - class marketers . '' Among other things , the suite is designed to help `` enterprise class marketers '' `` see the complete customer journey '' , generate `` useful insights '' , and `` deliver engaging experiences to the right people '' . Jack Marshall of The Wall Street Journal wrote that the suite competes with existing marketing cloud offerings by companies including Adobe , Oracle , Salesforce , and IBM . Business incubator On September 24 , 2012 , Google launched Google for Entrepreneurs , a largely not - for - profit business incubator providing startups with co-working spaces known as Campuses , with assistance to startup founders that may include workshops , conferences , and mentorships . Presently , there are 7 Campus locations in Berlin , London , Madrid , Seoul , São Paulo , Tel Aviv , and Warsaw . Consumer services Web - based services Google offers Gmail , and the newer variant Inbox , for email , Google Calendar for time - management and scheduling , Google Maps for mapping , navigation and satellite imagery , Google Drive for cloud storage of files , Google Docs , Sheets and Slides for productivity , Google Photos for photo storage and sharing , Google Keep for note - taking , Google Translate for language translation , YouTube for video viewing and sharing , and Google+ , Allo , and Duo for social interaction . Software Google develops the Android mobile operating system , as well as its smartwatch , television , car , and Internet of things - enabled smart devices variations . It also develops the Google Chrome web browser , and Chrome OS , an operating system based on Chrome . Hardware In January 2010 , Google released Nexus One , the first Android phone under its own , `` Nexus '' , brand . It spawned a number of phones and tablets under the `` Nexus '' branding until its eventual discontinuation in 2016 , replaced by a new brand called , Pixel . In 2011 , the Chromebook was introduced , described as a `` new kind of computer '' running Chrome OS . In July 2013 , Google introduced the Chromecast dongle , that allows users to stream content from their smartphones to televisions . In June 2014 , Google announced Google Cardboard , a simple cardboard viewer that lets user place their smartphone in a special front compartment to view virtual reality ( VR ) media . In April 2016 , Recode reported that Google had hired Rick Osterloh , Motorola Mobility 's former President , to head Google 's new hardware division . In October 2016 , Osterloh stated that `` a lot of the innovation that we want to do now ends up requiring controlling the end - to - end user experience '' , and Google announced several hardware platforms : The Pixel and Pixel XL smartphones with the Google Assistant , a next - generation contextual voice assistant , built - in . Google Home , an Amazon Echo - like voice assistant placed in the house that can answer voice queries , play music , find information from apps ( calendar , weather etc . ) , and control third - party smart home appliances ( users can tell it to turn on the lights , for example ) . Daydream View virtual reality headset that lets Android users with compatible Daydream - ready smartphones put their phones in the headset and enjoy VR content . Google Wifi , a connected set of Wi - Fi routers to simplify and extend coverage of home Wi - Fi . Internet services In February 2010 , Google announced the Google Fiber project , with experimental plans to build an ultra-high - speed broadband network for 50,000 to 500,000 customers in one or more American cities . Following Google 's corporate restructure to make Alphabet Inc. its parent company , Google Fiber was moved to Alphabet 's Access division . In April 2015 , Google announced Project Fi , a mobile virtual network operator , that combines Wi - Fi and cellular networks from different telecommunication providers in an effort to enable seamless connectivity and fast Internet signal . In September 2016 , Google began its Google Station initiative , a project for public Wi - Fi at railway stations in India . Caesar Sengupta , VP for Google 's next billion users , told The Verge that 15,000 people get online for the first time thanks to Google Station and that 3.5 million people use the service every month . The expansion meant that Google was looking for partners around the world to further develop the initiative , which promised `` high - quality , secure , easily accessible Wi - Fi '' . By December , Google Station had been deployed at 100 railway stations , and in February , Google announced its intention to expand beyond railway stations , with a plan to bring citywide Wi - Fi to Pune . Other products Google launched its Google News service in 2002 , an automated service which summarizes news articles from various websites . In March 2005 , Agence France Presse ( AFP ) sued Google for copyright infringement in federal court in the District of Columbia , a case which Google settled for an undisclosed amount in a pact that included a license of the full text of AFP articles for use on Google News . In May 2011 , Google announced Google Wallet , a mobile application for wireless payments . In 2013 , Google launched Google Shopping Express , a delivery service initially available only in San Francisco and Silicon Valley . Google Alerts is a content change detection and notification service , offered by the search engine company Google . The service sends emails to the user when it finds new results -- such as web pages , newspaper articles , or blogs -- that match the user 's search term . In July 2015 Google released DeepDream , an image recognition software capable of creating psychedelic images using a convolutional neural network . Google introduced its Family Link service in March 2017 , letting parents buy Android Nougat - based Android devices for kids under 13 years of age and create a Google account through the app , with the parents controlling the apps installed , monitor the time spent using the device , and setting a `` Bedtime '' feature that remotely locks the device . In April 2017 , Google launched AutoDraw , a web - based tool using artificial intelligence and machine learning to recognize users ' drawings and replace scribbles with related stock images that have been created by professional artists . The tool is built using the same technology as QuickDraw , an experimental game from Google 's Creative Lab where users were tasked with drawing objects that algorithms would recognize within 20 seconds . In May 2017 , Google added `` Family Groups '' to several of its services . The feature , which lets users create a group consisting of their family members ' individual Google accounts , lets users add their `` Family Group '' as a collaborator to shared albums in Google Photos , shared notes in Google Keep , and common events in Google Calendar . At announcement , the feature is limited to Australia , Brazil , Canada , France , Germany , Ireland , Italy , Japan , Mexico , New Zealand , Russia , Spain , United Kingdom and United States . APIs Google APIs are a set of application programming interfaces ( APIs ) developed by Google which allow communication with Google Services and their integration to other services . Examples of these include Search , Gmail , Translate or Google Maps . Third - party apps can use these APIs to take advantage of or extend the functionality of the existing services . Other websites Google Developers is Google 's site for software development tools , APIs , and technical resources . The site contains documentation on using Google developer tools and APIs -- including discussion groups and blogs for developers using Google 's developer products . Google Labs was a page created by Google to demonstrate and test new projects . Google owns the top - level domain 1e100.net which is used for some servers within Google 's network . The name is a reference to the scientific E notation representation for 1 googol , 1E100 = 1 × 10 . In March 2017 , Google launched a new website , opensource.google.com , to publish its internal documentation for Google Open Source projects . In June 2017 , Google launched `` We Wear Culture '' , a searchable archive of 3,000 years of global fashion . The archive , a result of collaboration between Google and over 180 museums , schools , fashion institutes , and other organizations , also offers curated exhibits of specific fashion topics and their impact on society . Corporate affairs and culture Eric Schmidt Then - CEO , now Chairman of Google Eric Schmidt with cofounders Sergey Brin and Larry Page ( left to right ) in 2008 . On Fortune magazine 's list of the best companies to work for , Google ranked first in 2007 , 2008 and 2012 and fourth in 2009 and 2010 . Google was also nominated in 2010 to be the world 's most attractive employer to graduating students in the Universum Communications talent attraction index . Google 's corporate philosophy includes principles such as `` you can make money without doing evil , '' `` you can be serious without a suit , '' and `` work should be challenging and the challenge should be fun . '' Employees As of the second quarter in 2015 , Google has 57,100 employees . Google has released that 30 percent of their employees are female , and 70 percent are male . A March 2013 report detailed that it had 10,000 developers based in more than 40 offices . Google 's employees are hired based on a hierarchical system . Employees are split into six hierarchies based on experience and can range `` from entry - level data center workers at level one to managers and experienced engineers at level six . '' After the company 's IPO in 2004 , founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page and CEO Eric Schmidt requested that their base salary be cut to $1 . Subsequent offers by the company to increase their salaries were turned down , primarily because their main compensation continues to come from owning stock in Google . Before 2004 , Schmidt made $250,000 per year , and Page and Brin each received an annual salary of $150,000 . In March 2008 , Sheryl Sandberg , then vice-president of global online sales and operations , began her position as chief operating officer of Facebook . In 2009 , early employee Tim Armstrong left to become CEO of AOL . In July 2012 , Google 's first female engineer , Marissa Mayer , left Google to become Yahoo ! 's CEO . In 2017 former Intel executive Diane Bryant became Chief Operating Officer of Google Cloud . New employees are called `` Nooglers , '' and are given a propeller beanie cap to wear on their first Friday . As a motivation technique , Google uses a policy often called Innovation Time Off , where Google engineers are encouraged to spend 20 % of their work time on projects that interest them . Some of Google 's services , such as Gmail , Google News , Orkut , and AdSense originated from these independent endeavors . In a talk at Stanford University , Marissa Mayer , Google 's Vice President of Search Products and User Experience until July 2012 , showed that half of all new product launches in the second half of 2005 had originated from the Innovation Time Off . Office locations and headquarters Google Mountain View campus garden Bicycles painted in the corporate color scheme are available for free use by any employee travelling around the Googleplex Mountain View Main article : Googleplex Google 's headquarters in Mountain View , California is referred to as `` the Googleplex '' , a play on words on the number googolplex and the headquarters itself being a complex of buildings . The lobby is decorated with a piano , lava lamps , old server clusters , and a projection of search queries on the wall . The hallways are full of exercise balls and bicycles . Many employees have access to the corporate recreation center . Recreational amenities are scattered throughout the campus and include a workout room with weights and rowing machines , locker rooms , washers and dryers , a massage room , assorted video games , table football , a baby grand piano , a billiard table , and ping pong . In addition to the recreation room , there are snack rooms stocked with various foods and drinks , with special emphasis placed on nutrition . Free food is available to employees 24 / 7 , with the offerings provided by paid vending machines prorated based on and favoring those of better nutritional value . Google 's extensive amenities are not available to all of its workers . Temporary workers such as book scanners do not have access to shuttles , Google cafes , or other perks . New York City Google 's New York City office building houses its largest advertising sales team . In 2006 , Google moved into about 300,000 square feet ( 27,900 m ) of office space in New York City , at 111 Eighth Avenue in Manhattan . The office was designed and built specially for Google , and houses its largest advertising sales team , which has been instrumental in securing large partnerships . The New York headquarters includes a game room , micro-kitchens , and a video game area . In 2010 , Google bought the building housing the headquarter , in a deal that valued the property at around $1.9 billion , the biggest for a single building in the United States that year . In February 2012 , Google moved additional employees to the New York City campus , with a total of around 2,750 employees . Other U.S. cities By late 2006 , Google established a new headquarters for its AdWords division in Ann Arbor , Michigan . In November 2006 , Google opened offices on Carnegie Mellon 's campus in Pittsburgh , focusing on shopping - related advertisement coding and smartphone applications and programs . Other office locations in the U.S. include Atlanta , Georgia ; Austin , Texas ; Boulder , Colorado ; Cambridge , Massachusetts ; San Francisco , California ; Seattle , Washington ; Reston , Virginia , and Washington , D.C. In October 2006 , the company announced plans to install thousands of solar panels to provide up to 1.6 mega watts of electricity , enough to satisfy approximately 30 % of the campus ' energy needs . The system will be the largest solar power system constructed on a U.S. corporate campus and one of the largest on any corporate site in the world . In addition , Google announced in 2009 that it was deploying herds of goats to keep grassland around the Googleplex short , helping to prevent the threat from seasonal bush fires while also reducing the carbon footprint of mowing the extensive grounds . The idea of trimming lawns using goats originated from Bob Widlar , an engineer who worked for National Semiconductor . In 2008 , Google faced accusations in Harper 's Magazine of being an `` energy glutton '' . The company was accused of employing its `` Do n't be evil '' motto and its public energy - saving campaigns to cover up or make up for the massive amounts of energy its servers require . International locations Internationally , Google has over 78 offices in more than 50 countries . It also has product research and development operations in cities around the world , namely Sydney ( birthplace location of Google Maps ) and London ( part of Android development ) . In November 2013 , Google announced plans for a new London headquarter , a notable 1 million square foot office able to accommodate 4,500 employees . Recognized as one of the biggest ever commercial property acquisitions at the time of the deal 's announcement in January , Google submitted plans for the new headquarter to the Camden Council in June 2017 . The new building , if approved , will feature a rooftop garden with a running track , giant moving blinds , a swimming pool , and a multi-use games area for sports . In May 2015 , Google announced its intention to create its own campus in Hyderabad , India . The new campus , reported to be the company 's largest outside the United States , will accommodate 13,000 employees . Doodles Main article : Google Doodle Since 1998 , Google has been designing special , temporary alternate logos to place on their homepage intended to celebrate holidays , events , achievements and people . The first Google Doodle was in honor of the Burning Man Festival of 1998 . The doodle was designed by Larry Page and Sergey Brin to notify users of their absence in case the servers crashed . Subsequent Google Doodles were designed by an outside contractor , until Larry and Sergey asked then - intern Dennis Hwang to design a logo for Bastille Day in 2000 . From that point onward , Doodles have been organized and created by a team of employees termed `` Doodlers '' . Easter eggs and April Fools ' day jokes Main articles : List of Google April Fools ' Day jokes and List of Google Easter eggs Google has a tradition of creating April Fools ' Day jokes . On April 1 , 2000 , Google MentalPlex allegedly featured the use of mental power to search the web . In 2007 , Google announced a free Internet service called TiSP , or Toilet Internet Service Provider , where one obtained a connection by flushing one end of a fiber - optic cable down their toilet . Also in 2007 , Google 's Gmail page displayed an announcement for Gmail Paper , allowing users to have email messages printed and shipped to them . In 2008 , Google announced Gmail Custom time where users could change the time that the email was sent . In 2010 , Google changed its company name to Topeka in honor of Topeka , Kansas , whose mayor changed the city 's name to Google for a short amount of time in an attempt to sway Google 's decision in its new Google Fiber Project . In 2011 , Google announced Gmail Motion , an interactive way of controlling Gmail and the computer with body movements via the user 's webcam . Google 's services contain easter eggs , such as the Swedish Chef 's `` Bork bork bork , '' Pig Latin , `` Hacker '' or leetspeak , Elmer Fudd , Pirate , and Klingon as language selections for its search engine . The search engine calculator provides the Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life , the Universe , and Everything from Douglas Adams ' The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy . When searching the word `` recursion '' , the spell - checker 's result for the properly spelled word is exactly the same word , creating a recursive link . When searching for the word `` anagram , '' meaning a rearrangement of letters from one word to form other valid words , Google 's suggestion feature displays `` Did you mean : nag a ram ? '' In Google Maps , searching for directions between places separated by large bodies of water , such as Los Angeles and Tokyo , results in instructions to `` kayak across the Pacific Ocean . '' During FIFA World Cup 2010 , search queries including `` World Cup '' and `` FIFA '' caused the `` Goooo ... gle '' page indicator at the bottom of every result page to read `` Goooo ... al ! '' instead . Philanthropy Main article : Google.org In 2004 , Google formed the not - for - profit philanthropic Google.org , with a start - up fund of $1 billion . The mission of the organization is to create awareness about climate change , global public health , and global poverty . One of its first projects was to develop a viable plug - in hybrid electric vehicle that can attain 100 miles per gallon . Google hired Larry Brilliant as the program 's executive director in 2004 , and the current director is Megan Smith . In 2008 , Google announced its `` project 10 '' which accepted ideas for how to help the community and then allowed Google users to vote on their favorites . After two years of silence , during which many wondered what had happened to the program , Google revealed the winners of the project , giving a total of ten million dollars to various ideas ranging from non-profit organizations that promote education to a website that intends to make all legal documents public and online . In 2011 , Google donated 1 million euros to International Mathematical Olympiad to support the next five annual International Mathematical Olympiads ( 2011 -- 2015 ) . In July 2012 , Google launched a `` Legalize Love '' campaign in support of gay rights . Tax avoidance Further information : Corporation tax in the Republic of Ireland § Multinational tax schemes Google uses various tax avoidance strategies . Out of the five largest American technology companies , it pays the lowest taxes to the countries of origin of its revenues . Google between 2007 and 2010 saved $3.1 billion in taxes by shuttling non-U.S. profits through Ireland and the Netherlands and then to Bermuda . Such techniques lower its non-U.S. tax rate to 2.3 per cent , while normally the corporate tax rate in for instance the UK is 28 per cent . This has reportedly sparked a French investigation into Google 's transfer pricing practices . Following criticism of the amount of corporate taxes that Google paid in the United Kingdom , Chairman Eric Schmidt said , `` It 's called capitalism . We are proudly capitalistic . '' During the same December 2012 interview , Schmidt confirmed that the company had no intention of paying more to the UK exchequer . Google Vice President Matt Brittin testified to the Public Accounts Committee of the UK House of Commons that his UK sales team made no sales and hence owed no sales taxes to the UK . In January 2016 , Google reached a settlement with the UK to pay £ 130m in back taxes plus higher taxes in future . Environment Since 2007 , Google has aimed for carbon neutrality in regard to its operations . Google disclosed in September 2011 that it `` continuously uses enough electricity to power 200,000 homes '' , almost 260 million watts or about a quarter of the output of a nuclear power plant . Total carbon emissions for 2010 were just under 1.5 million metric tons , mostly due to fossil fuels that provide electricity for the data centers . Google said that 25 percent of its energy was supplied by renewable fuels in 2010 . An average search uses only 0.3 watt - hours of electricity , so all global searches are only 12.5 million watts or 5 % of the total electricity consumption by Google . In 2007 , Google launched a project centered on developing renewable energy , titled the `` Renewable Energy Cheaper than Coal ( RE < C ) '' project . However , the project was cancelled in 2014 , after engineers Ross Koningstein and David Fork understood , after years of study , that `` best - case scenario , which was based on our most optimistic forecasts for renewable energy , would still result in severe climate change '' , writing that they `` came to the conclusion that even if Google and others had led the way toward a wholesale adoption of renewable energy , that switch would not have resulted in significant reductions in carbon dioxide emissions '' . In June 2013 , The Washington Post reported that Google had donated $50,000 to the Competitive Enterprise Institute , a libertarian think tank that calls human carbon emissions a positive factor in the environment and argues that global warming is not a concern . In July 2013 , it was reported that Google had hosted a fundraising event for Oklahoma Senator Jim Inhofe , who has called climate change a `` hoax '' . In 2014 Google cut ties with the American Legislative Exchange Council ( ALEC ) after pressure from the Sierra Club , major unions and Google 's own scientists because of ALEC 's stance on climate change and opposition to renewable energy . In November 2017 , Google bought 536 megawatts of wind power . The purchase made the firm reach 100 % renewable energy . The wind energy comes from two power plants in South Dakota , one in Iowa and one in Oklahoma . Lobbying In 2013 , Google ranked 5th in lobbying spending , up from 213th in 2003 . In 2012 , the company ranked 2nd in campaign donations of technology and Internet sections . Litigation Main article : Google litigation Google has been involved in a number of lawsuits including the High - Tech Employee Antitrust Litigation which resulted in Google being one of four companies to pay a $415 million settlement to employees . On June 27 , 2017 , the company received a record fine of € 2.42 billion from the European Union for `` promoting its own shopping comparison service at the top of search results . '' Commenting on the penalty , New Scientist magazine said : `` The hefty sum -- the largest ever doled out by the EU 's competition regulators -- will sting in the short term , but Google can handle it . Alphabet , Google 's parent company , made a profit of $2.5 billion ( € 2.2 billion ) in the first six weeks of 2017 alone . The real impact of the ruling is that Google must stop using its dominance as a search engine to give itself the edge in another market : online price comparisons . '' The company disputed the ruling . Criticism and controversy Main articles : Criticism of Google and Censorship by Google Google 's market dominance has led to prominent media coverage , including criticism of the company over issues such as aggressive tax avoidance , search neutrality , copyright , censorship of search results and content , and privacy . Other criticisms include alleged misuse and manipulation of search results , its use of others ' intellectual property , concerns that its compilation of data may violate people 's privacy , and the energy consumption of its servers , as well as concerns over traditional business issues such as monopoly , restraint of trade , anti-competitive practices , and patent infringement . Google 's mission statement , from the outset , was `` to organize the world 's information and make it universally accessible and useful '' , and its unofficial slogan is `` Do n't be evil '' . In October 2015 , a related motto was adopted in the Alphabet corporate code of conduct by the phrase : `` Do the right thing '' . The original motto was retained in the code of conduct of Google , now a subsidiary of Alphabet . Google 's commitment to such robust idealism has been increasingly called into doubt due to a number of the firm 's actions and behaviours which appear to contradict this . Following media reports about PRISM , NSA 's massive electronic surveillance program , in June 2013 , several technology companies were identified as participants , including Google . According to leaks of said program , Google joined the PRISM program in 2009 . On August 8 , 2017 , Google fired employee James Damore after he distributed a memo throughout the company which argued that `` Google 's ideological echo chamber '' and bias clouded their thinking about diversity and inclusion , and that it is also biological factors , not discrimination alone , that cause the average woman to be less interested than men in technical positions . Google CEO Sundar Pichai accused Damore in violating company policy by `` advancing harmful gender stereotypes in our workplace '' , and he was fired on the same day . New York Times columnist David Brooks argued Pichai had mishandled the case , and called for his resignation . Reportedly , Google 's influenced New America think tank to expel their Open Markets research group , after the group has criticized Google monopolistic power and supported the EU $2.7 B fine of Google . Google was working with the United States Department of Defense on drone software called `` Project Maven '' that could be used to improve the accuracy of drone strikes . Thousands of Google employees , including senior engineers , have signed a letter urging Google CEO Sundar Pichai to end a controversial contract with the Pentagon . Legal controversies In 2017 , David Elliot and Chris Gillespie argued before the Ninth Circuit of the United States Court of Appeals that `` google '' had suffered genericide . The controversy began in 2012 when Gillespie acquired 763 domain names containing the word `` google . '' Google promptly filed a complaint with the NAF . Elliot then filed a petition for cancelling the Google trademark . Ultimately , the court ruled in favor of Google because Elliot failed to show a preponderance of evidence showing the genericide of `` google . '' See also AngularJS Comparison of web search engines Do n't Be Evil Google ( verb ) Google Balloon Internet Google Catalogs Google China Google bomb Google Chrome Experiments Google Get Your Business Online Google logo Google Maps Google platform Google Street View Google tax Google Ventures -- venture capital fund Google X Life sciences division of Google X Googlebot -- web crawler Googlization List of Google apps for Android List of mergers and acquisitions by Alphabet Apple , Inc . Outline of Google Reunion Ungoogleable Surveillance capitalism Calico Google portal Alphabet portal Internet portal Companies portal San Francisco Bay Area portal References Jump up ^ `` Company '' . Google . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Claburn , Thomas ( September 24 , 2008 ) . `` Google Founded By Sergey Brin , Larry Page ... And Hubert Chang ? ! ? '' . InformationWeek . UBM plc . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Fogel , Stefanie ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` Google 's AutoDraw turns your clumsy scribbles into art '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Titcomb , James ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Google 's new drawing app can turn your terrible sketches into works of art '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Claire ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` Does Google 's AutoDraw AI grasp modern art better than you ? '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lardinois , Frederic ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` Google 's AutoDraw uses machine learning to help you draw like a pro '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Chris ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Google adds easy , simple family sharing to Calendar , Keep , and Photos '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . 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Fifty percent of what Google launched in the second half of 2005 actually got built out of 20 % time . Jump up ^ `` About the Googleplex '' . Google . Retrieved March 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Marion Nestle ( July 2011 ) . `` What Google 's Famous Cafeterias Can Teach Us About Health '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barry Schwartz ( May 2 , 2011 ) . `` Does Google Have A Class System For Googlers ? '' . SearchEngineLand . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Reardon , Marguerite ( October 11 , 2006 ) . `` Google takes a bigger bite of Big Apple '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Annie Georgia ( September 11 , 2012 ) . `` The Ultimate Office : Inside Google 's NYC Compound '' . Refinery29 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grant , Peter ( December 3 , 2010 ) . `` Google to Buy New York Office Building '' . The Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones & Company . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Gustin , Sam ( December 22 , 2010 ) . `` Google buys giant New York building for $1.9 billion '' . Wired . Condé Nast . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Glazer , Emily ( February 29 , 2012 ) . `` Google Web Grows in City '' . The Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones & Company . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Weier , Mary Hayes ( October 24 , 2007 ) . `` Inside Google 's Michigan Office '' . InformationWeek . UBM plc . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2008 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google Completes Pittsburgh Office , Holds Open House '' . WTAE . November 17 , 2006 . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2009 . Retrieved January 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Olson , Thomas ( December 8 , 2010 ) . `` Google search : Tech - minded workers '' . Trib Total Media . Retrieved December 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Google locations '' . Google . ^ Jump up to : Richmond , Riva ( October 17 , 2006 ) . `` Google plans to build huge solar energy system for headquarters '' . post1.net . MarketWatch . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 17 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Official Google Blog : Mowing with goats '' . Google . May 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Siegler , MG ( May 3 , 2009 ) . `` My Day With The Google Goats '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sheep Mow Lawns '' . National Semiconductor . Archived from the original on May 6 , 1999 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Strand , Ginger . `` Keyword : Evil '' . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2009 . Retrieved April 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Google : Our Offices '' . Retrieved 19 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sydney '' . Google Careers . Google . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` London '' . Google Careers . Google . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mirani , Leo ( November 1 , 2013 ) . `` Inside Google 's new 1 - million - square - foot London office -- three years before it 's ready '' . Quartz . Atlantic Media . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vincent , James ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Google 's new London HQ is a ' landscraper ' with a rooftop garden '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brian , Matt ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Google 's ' innovative ' new London HQ features giant moving blinds '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google to build biggest campus outside US in Hyderabad '' . The Indian Express . May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google 's upcoming campus in Hyderabad to be its biggest outside the US '' . Firstpost . Network 18 . May 13 , 2015 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Doodle 4 Google '' . Google.com . Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Burning Man Festival '' . Google.com . August 30 , 1998 . Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the people behind the Google Doodles '' . The Guardian . April 12 , 2014 . Retrieved September 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Google MentalPlex '' . Google , Inc . April 1 , 2000 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Google TiSP '' . Google , Inc . April 1 , 2007 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Google Paper '' . Google , Inc . April 1 , 2000 . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2008 . Retrieved July 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Gmail Custom Time : Google makes custom time '' . Google . April 14 , 2011 . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Eric ( April 1 , 2010 ) . `` A different kind of company name '' . Google , Inc . Retrieved July 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` April Fools : Google Changes Name to Topeka '' . CBS News . April 1 , 2010 . Retrieved July 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Google 's GMail Motion launched April 1 '' . GMA News . April 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Language Tools '' . Google , Inc . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2009 . Retrieved July 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Google Search Results for ' answer to life the universe and everything ' '' . Google , Inc . Retrieved July 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Google Search Results for ' recursion ' '' . Google , Inc . Retrieved July 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` anagram search '' . Google , Inc . Retrieved September 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Chan , John ( June 9 , 2010 ) . `` Google celebrates World Cup with Gooooooooooal ! '' . CNET Asia . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` About the Foundation '' . Google , Inc . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2010 . Retrieved July 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hafner , Katie ( September 14 , 2006 ) . `` Philanthropy Google 's Way : Not the Usual '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Helft , Miguel ( February 23 , 2009 ) . `` Google Chief for Charity Steps Down on Revamp '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Project 10 to the 100th '' . Google , Inc . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2009 . Retrieved July 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Van Burskirk , Elliot ( June 28 , 2010 ) . `` Google Struggles to Give Away $10 million '' . Wired . Retrieved September 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Twohill , Lorraine ( September 24 , 2010 ) . `` $10 million for Project 10 ^ 100 winners '' . Google , Inc . Retrieved September 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Duffy , Jill ( January 21 , 2011 ) . `` Mathletes Receive & # 128 ; 1M Donation from Google '' . PC Magazine . Ziff Davis . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google donating 1 million euros to IMO '' . January 20 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2011 . Retrieved February 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Google launches ' Legalise Love ' gay rights campaign '' . PinkNews.co.uk . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Metz , Cade ( October 22 , 2010 ) . `` Google slips $3.1 bn through ' Double Irish ' tax loophole '' . The Register . 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Jump up ^ Glanz , James ( September 8 , 2011 ) . `` Google Details , and Defends , Its Use of Electricity '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google 's Goal : Renewable Energy Cheaper than Coal '' . Google . November 27 , 2007 . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Koningstein , Ross ; Fork , David ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` What It Would Really Take to Reverse Climate Change '' . IEEE Spectrum . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Juliet Eilperin ( June 20 , 2013 ) . `` Anatomy of a Washington dinner : Who funds the Competitive Enterprise Institute ? '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Suzanne Goldenberg ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` Google hosts fundraiser for climate change denying US senator '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ EVAN HALPER ( September 23 , 2014 ) . `` Google pulls out of conservative group amid environmentalist pressure '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . 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( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` The Case Against Google '' . nytimes.com. 2018 - 02 - 20 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Google ranked ' worst ' on privacy '' . BBC News . June 11 , 2007 . Retrieved April 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Jeffrey ( November 28 , 2008 ) . `` Google 's Gatekeepers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gibbs , Samuel ( November 3 , 2014 ) . `` Google has ' outgrown ' its 14 - year old mission statement , says Larry Page '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google Code of Conduct '' . Alphabet Investor Relations . Alphabet Inc . April 11 , 2012 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Richard ( October 2 , 2015 ) . `` Alphabet replaces Google 's ' Do n't be evil ' with ' Do the right thing ' '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baxter , Holly ( October 25 , 2013 ) . `` Who 's more evil -- Facebook or Google ? '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gay , Roxane ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` The Blog That Disappeared '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Edward Snowden : Leaks that exposed US spy programme '' . BBC News . January 17 , 2014 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greenwald , Glenn ; MacAskill , Ewen ( June 7 , 2013 ) . `` NSA Prism program taps in to user data of Apple , Google and others '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Google Fires Engineer Who Wrote Memo Questioning Women in Tech . The New York Times , August 7 , 2017 Jump up ^ Contentious Memo Strikes Nerve Inside Google and Out . The New York Times , August 8 , 2017 Jump up ^ diversitymemo.com Jump up ^ Friedersdorf , Conor . `` The Most Common Error in Media Coverage of the Google Memo '' . Jump up ^ Brooks , David ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` Sundar Pichai Should Resign as Google 's C.E.O. '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New York Times columnist David Brooks wants Google 's CEO to resign '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2017 . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vogel , Kenneth P. ( August 31 , 2017 ) , `` Google Critic Ousted From Think Tank Funded by the Tech Giant '' , The New York Times , pp. A1 , retrieved September 11 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Tell Google : Stop Killing Monopoly Research '' . citizensagainstmonopoly.org . Jump up ^ `` Google employees revolt , say company should shut down military drone project '' . Ars Technica. April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Google staff protest company 's involvement with Pentagon drones programme '' . The Independent . April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Elliott v. Google , Inc. , No. 15 - 15809 ( 9th Cir. 2017 ) '' . Justia Law . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Further reading Saylor , Michael ( 2012 ) . 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"Google LLC[5] is an American multinational technology company that specializes in Internet-related services and products, which include online advertising technologies, search engine, cloud computing, software, and hardware. Google was founded in 1998 by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while they were Ph.D. students at Stanford University, California. Together, they own about 14 percent of its shares and control 56 percent of the stockholder voting power through supervoting stock. They incorporated Google as a privately held company on September 4, 1998. An Initial public offering (IPO) took place on August 19, 2004, and Google moved to its new headquarters in Mountain View, California, nicknamed the Googleplex. In August 2015, Google announced plans to reorganize its various interests as a conglomerate called Alphabet Inc. Google, Alphabet's leading subsidiary, will continue to be the umbrella company for Alphabet's Internet interests. Upon completion of the restructure, Sundar Pichai was appointed CEO of Google, replacing Larry Page, who became the CEO of Alphabet.",
"Google LLC[5] is an American multinational technology company that specializes in Internet-related services and products, which include online advertising technologies, search engine, cloud computing, software, and hardware. Google was founded in 1998 by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while they were Ph.D. students at Stanford University, California. Together, they own about 14 percent of its shares and control 56 percent of the stockholder voting power through supervoting stock. They incorporated Google as a privately held company on September 4, 1998. An Initial public offering (IPO) took place on August 19, 2004, and Google moved to its new headquarters in Mountain View, California, nicknamed the Googleplex. In August 2015, Google announced plans to reorganize its various interests as a conglomerate called Alphabet Inc. Google, Alphabet's leading subsidiary, will continue to be the umbrella company for Alphabet's Internet interests. Upon completion of the restructure, Sundar Pichai was appointed CEO of Google, replacing Larry Page, who became the CEO of Alphabet."
] | [
"Larry Page",
"Sergey Brin"
] |
-2542584630840698502 | Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer | Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer - wikipedia Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the fictional character . For the song , see Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer ( song ) . For other uses , see Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer ( disambiguation ) . Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Cover of one of the books of the Robert L. May story by Maxton Publishers , Inc . First appearance 1939 Created by Robert L. May Voiced by Billie Mae Richards ( TV series , 1964 -- 2010 ) Kathleen Barr ( movie ) Information Nickname ( s ) Rudolph in Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer : The Movie : Red , Rudy , Rudy the Red nosed Reject , Neon - nose . Species Reindeer Gender Male Title The Red Nosed Reindeer Family Donner ( father in 1964 film ) Mrs. Donner ( mother in 1964 film ) Blitzen ( father in 1998 film ) Mitzi ( mother in 1998 film ) Rusty ( brother in Holidaze : The Christmas That Almost Did n't Happen ) Arrow ( cousin in 1998 film ) Comet , Cupid and Dasher ( uncles in 1998 film ) Leroy , the Redneck Reindeer ( cousin from the Joe Diffie song of the same name , on the album , Mr. Christmas ) Spouse ( s ) Clarice ( in 1964 film and 2001 film ) / Zoey in Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer : The Movie Children Robbie ( son in the Robbie the Reindeer films ) Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer , popularly known as `` Santa 's ninth reindeer '' , is a fabled reindeer created by Robert Lewis May . Rudolph is usually depicted as the lead reindeer pulling Santa 's sleigh on Christmas Eve , though he is a young buck who has only adolescent antlers and a glowing red nose . Though he receives scrutiny for it , the luminosity of his nose is so great that it illuminates the team 's path through harsh winter weather . Rudolph first appeared in a 1939 booklet written by Robert L. May and published by Montgomery Ward , the department store . The story is owned by The Rudolph Company , LP and has been adapted in numerous forms including a popular song , the iconic 1964 television special and sequels , and a feature film and sequel . Character Arts , LLC manages the licensing for the Rudolph Company , LP . In many countries , Rudolph has become a figure of Christmas folklore . 2014 marked the 75th anniversary of the character and the 50th anniversary of the television special . A series of postage stamps featuring Rudolph was issued by the United States Postal Service on November 6 , 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Publication history 2 The story 3 In media 3.1 Theatrical cartoon short ( 1948 ) 3.2 Song ( 1949 ) 3.3 Comic books ( beginning in 1950 ) 3.4 Children 's book ( 1958 ) 3.5 Stop - motion animation television special ( 1964 ) and sequels ( 1976 -- 79 ) 3.6 Animated feature - length films 3.7 Other 4 Homages in media 4.1 Film 4.2 Games 4.3 Music 4.4 Television and webisodes 5 Relatives in different adaptations 5.1 Parents 5.2 Offspring 5.3 Siblings 5.4 Aunts , uncles , and cousins 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Publication history ( edit ) Robert L. May created Rudolph in 1939 as an assignment for Chicago - based Montgomery Ward . The retailer had been buying and giving away coloring books for Christmas every year and it was decided that creating their own book would save money . May considered naming the reindeer `` Rollo '' or `` Reginald '' before deciding upon using the name `` Rudolph . '' In its first year of publication , Montgomery Ward distributed 2.4 million copies of Rudolph 's story . The story is written as a poem in anapestic tetrameter , the same meter as `` A Visit from St. Nicholas '' ( also known as `` ' Twas the Night Before Christmas '' ) . Publication and reprint rights for the book Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer are controlled by Pearson PLC . While May was pondering how best to craft a Christmas story about a reindeer , while staring out his office window in downtown Chicago , a thick fog from Lake Michigan blocked his view -- giving him a flash of inspiration . `` Suddenly I had it ! '' he recalled . `` A nose ! A bright red nose that would shine through fog like a spotlight . '' The cultural significance of a red nose has changed since the story 's publication . In 1930 's popular culture , a bright red nose was closely associated with chronic alcoholism and drunkards , so the story idea was initially rejected . May asked his illustrator friend at Montgomery Ward , Denver Gillen , to draw `` cute reindeer '' , using zoo deer as models . The alert , bouncy character Gillen developed convinced management to support the idea . Maxton Books published the first mass - market edition of Rudolph in 1947 and a sequel , Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Shines Again , in 1954 . In 1992 , Applewood Books published Rudolph 's Second Christmas , an unpublished sequel that Robert May wrote in 1947 . In 2003 , Penguin Books issued a reprint version of the original Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer with new artwork by Lisa Papp . Penguin also reprinted May 's sequels , Rudolph Shines Again and Rudolph 's Second Christmas ( now retitled Rudolph to the Rescue ) . The story ( edit ) The story chronicles the experiences of Rudolph , a youthful reindeer buck ( male ) who possesses an unusual luminous red nose . Mocked and excluded by his peers because of this trait , Rudolph proves himself one Christmas Eve with poor visibility due to inclement weather after Santa Claus catches sight of Rudolph 's nose and asks Rudolph to lead his sleigh for the evening . Rudolph agrees , and is finally favored by his fellow reindeer for his heroism and accomplishment . In media ( edit ) Theatrical cartoon short ( 1948 ) ( edit ) Main article : Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer ( 1948 film ) Rudolph made his first screen appearance in 1948 , in a cartoon short produced by Max Fleischer for the Jam Handy Corporation that was more faithful to May 's original story than Marks ' song , which had not yet been written . It was reissued in 1951 with the song added . Song ( 1949 ) ( edit ) Main article : Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer ( song ) May 's brother - in - law , Johnny Marks , adapted the story of Rudolph into a song . Gene Autry 's recording of the song hit No. 1 on the Billboard pop singles chart the week of Christmas 1949 . Autry 's recording sold 2.5 million copies the first year , eventually selling a total of 25 million , and it remained the second best - selling record of all time until the 1980s . Comic books ( beginning in 1950 ) ( edit ) DC Comics , then known as National Periodical Publications , published a series of 13 annuals titled Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer from 1950 to 1962 . Rube Grossman drew most of the 1950s stories . In 1972 , DC Comics published a 14th edition in an extra-large format . Subsequently , they published six more in that format : Limited Collectors ' Edition C - 24 , C - 33 , C - 42 , C - 50 and All - New Collectors ' Edition C - 53 , C - 60 . Additionally , one digest format edition was published as The Best of DC # 4 ( March -- April 1980 ) . The 1970s Rudolph stories were written and drawn by Sheldon Mayer . Children 's book ( 1958 ) ( edit ) In 1958 , Little Golden Books published an illustrated storybook , adapted by Barbara Shook Hazen and illustrated by Richard Scarry . The book , similar in story to the Max Fleischer cartoon short , is no longer in print , but a revised Little Golden Books version of the storybook was reissued in 1972 . Stop - motion animation television special ( 1964 ) and sequels ( 1976 -- 79 ) ( edit ) Main article : Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer ( TV special ) Young Rudolph ( right ) and Hermey the Elf as seen in the 1964 TV special . Perhaps the most well - known version of all the Rudolph adaptations is the Rankin / Bass Productions version of 1964 . Filmed in Japan , with all sound recordings done in Toronto , Canada , the show premièred on NBC . As the producers of the special only had the song as source material and did not have a copy of the original book , they interpolated an original story around the central narrative of the song , one that differed from the book . This re-telling chronicles Rudolph 's social rejection among his peers and his decision to run away from home . Rudolph is accompanied by a similarly outcast elf named Hermey , who skipped elf practice to become a dentist , along with a loud , boisterous , eager prospector named Yukon Cornelius who was in search of wealth . Additional original characters include Rudolph 's love interest , Clarice ; the antagonistic `` Abominable Snow Monster '' ; and , as narrator , the living Sam the Snowman , voiced by Burl Ives . In the 1964 stop - motion movie , Rudolph is born to Donner the Reindeer and Donner 's wife . He is discovered by Santa to have a shiny , glowing red nose . Donner , regardless of Rudolph 's defect , trains him to be a normal reindeer with skills such as gathering food and hiding from the `` Abominable Snow Monster '' , a giant , furry white beast . To hide Rudolph 's nose , Donner puts dirt on it to cover it with a black coating . This causes Rudolph to talk in a funny accent , as told by the Rudolph 's peers . A short time later , Rudolph joins his peers at the Reindeer Games , where he meets Fireball , who is initially friendly and has a shock of strawberry blond hair on his head , and Clarice , a female spectator who takes a liking to Rudolph . Clarice 's flirtation inspires Rudolph to perform better than all of his peers at flying , but in his excitement he knocks the black cover off his nose , revealing a red glow that causes Fireball and the others to turn against him ; this distraction , in turn , prompts the coach ( Comet ) to ban Rudolph from the Reindeer Games . Clarice remains loyal to him , only to be ordered by her father not to shame the family by associating with `` a red - nosed reindeer . '' Rudolph soon runs into Hermey , an elf who was forced out of his job at the North Pole 's toy factory ; Hermey showed a total lack of interest in the toymaking and singing aspects of being an elf and instead wanted to pursue dentistry . They come to the conclusion that they 're both misfits and decide to run away together . On their aimless journey , they run into Yukon Cornelius , the self - described `` greatest prospector of the North '' who nevertheless seems to never find any silver or gold , and attempt to stay away from the Bumble , a huge abominable snow monster . Their journey leads them to the Island of Misfit Toys , where sentient but unorthodox toys go when they are abandoned by their owners . King Moonracer , the winged lion that lords over the Island , refuses to let them stay there permanently , instead telling the trio to return home and tell Santa Claus of the toys ' plight , in exchange for one night 's stay on the island . Rudolph refuses the offer and , fearing for his friends ' life , runs off alone . A now older Rudolph , still unable to find a place in the world , returns home to the North Pole , only to find that his family and Clarice had left to look for him and are now about to be eaten by the Bumble . With the help of Hermey and Yukon ( who arrived separately ) , they lure the Bumble away and pacify him by knocking him unconscious and allowing Hermey ( with dental skills he has acquired by reading books ) to remove his sharp teeth . Everyone eventually returns to Santa 's workshop , where a dismayed Santa Claus breaks the bad news that the weather is too bad to take the sleigh out and that Christmas would be canceled . Santa changes his mind when he notices Rudolph 's red nose and asks Rudolph to lead the sleigh team , which he happily accepts . After the story 's initial broadcast , its closing credits were revised . Images of wrapped presents being dropped from Santa 's sleigh were replaced by a scene in which Santa stops to pick up the Misfit Toys and delivers them to the homes of children below , where they were found by children who loved them . The changes were prompted by viewer feedback pleading for a happy ending for each toy . The special now airs annually on CBS , rather than NBC , and is hailed as a classic by many . The special 's original assortment of characters have acquired iconic status , and an uncertainty surrounding an error in the special 's copyright has allowed the special to be widely parodied and imitated in the decades since its original airing . The sequel Rudolph 's Shiny New Year ( premier air date December 10 , 1976 ) continued the reindeer 's journeys , and the series was made into a trilogy with the 1979 feature - length film Christmas in July , which integrated the Rudolph universe into that of Rankin / Bass 's adaptation of Frosty the Snowman . Animated feature - length films ( edit ) Main article : Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer : The Movie Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer : The Movie ( 1998 ) is an animated feature film . It received only a limited theatrical release before debuting on home video . Its inclusion of a villain , a love interest , a sidekick , and a strong protector are more derivative of the Rankin / Bass adaptation of the story than the original tale and song ( the characters of Stormella , Zoey , Arrow , Slyly , and Leonard parallel the Rankin / Bass characters of the Bumble , Clarice , Fireball , Hermey , and Yukon , respectively ) . The movie amplifies the early backstory of Rudolph 's harassment by his schoolmates ( primarily his cousin Arrow ) during his formative years . Main article : Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer and the Island of Misfit Toys GoodTimes Entertainment , the producers of Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer : The Movie , brought back most of the same production team for a CGI animated sequel , Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer and the Island of Misfit Toys ( 2001 ) . Unlike the previous film , the sequel featured the original characters from the Rankin / Bass special ( as GoodTimes soon learned that Rankin / Bass had made a copyright error that made the characters unique to their special free to use ) . Role Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer : The Movie ( 1998 ) Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer : The Island of Misfit Toys ( 2001 ) Director William R. Kowalchuk Producer Writer Michael Aschner Composer Al Kasha and Michael Lloyd Bruce Roberts and Diana B Editor Tom Hok Lennie Nelson Production Companies GoodTimes Entertainment Golden Books Family Entertainment Tundra Productions Distributor Legacy Releasing GoodTimes Entertainment Running Time 80 minutes 74 minutes Release Date October 6 , 1998 October 30 , 2001 Other ( edit ) A live - action version of Rudolph ( complete with glowing nose ) along with Donner and Blitzen appears in the Doctor Who Christmas special , `` Last Christmas '' which was broadcast on BBC One on 25 December 2014 . In this special , Santa is able to park him like a car and turn off his nose . Nathaniel Dominy , an anthropology professor at Dartmouth College ( Robert L. May 's alma mater ) , published a scholarly paper on Rudolph 's red nose in the open access online journal Frontiers for Young Minds in 2015 . In the paper , Dominy noted that reindeer eyes can perceive shorter wavelengths of light than humans , allowing them to see ultraviolet light ; ultraviolet light , however , is much more easily scattered in fog , which would blind reindeer . Thus , Rudolph 's red nose , emitting longer - wavelength red light , would penetrate the fog more easily . A summary of Dominy 's findings was released in an Associated Press article on December 22 . Homages in media ( edit ) This article appears to contain trivial , minor , or unrelated references to popular culture . Please reorganize this content to explain the subject 's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances ; add references to reliable sources if possible . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) Film ( edit ) In the film remake of Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) , The Grinch disguises his dog , Max , as Rudolph for his plan to disguise himself as Santa Claus and steal everything in each house in Whoville , to stop Christmas from coming . He also changes Rudolph 's story saying , he hates Christmas and is gon na steal it . He then yells `` Action ! '' through a megaphone . But Max takes off the fake red nose the Grinch had put on him . In the film Fred Claus ( 2007 ) , Rudolph is mentioned and briefly seen , although his red nose is not glowing . Fred ( Vince Vaughn ) is filling in for his injured brother Nick ( Paul Giamatti ) delivering the toys on Christmas Eve . While en route , he crashes the sleigh through a billboard advertisement for Pepsi Cola featuring Santa Claus and tells Rudolph to `` shake it off '' . There are quick edits of Fred flying through the night making his deliveries . Willie the elf says , `` Fred , I have a bad feeling about this '' , followed by a shot of the full moon . The sleigh zips by and turns to go head on into the camera . Here , you can see Rudolph leading the pack . In slow motion , you can clearly count nine reindeer . Games ( edit ) Rudolph is mentioned in the video game Army of Two ( 2008 ) during a tutorial video about the use of the game 's Aggro feature . In Guild Wars Nightfall ( 2006 ) , player characters are accompanied by a reindeer named Rudy whose nose begins to glow red when coming into range of presents that the player is tasked to find in a holiday themed quest . Music ( edit ) Rudolph is mentioned in the Beach Boys ' song `` Little Saint Nick '' ( 1963 ) in the following lyric : `` Now haulin ' through the snow at a frightening speed with a half a dozen deer with Rudy to lead . '' `` Run Rudolph Run '' ( 1958 ) is a Christmas song popularized by Chuck Berry and written by Johnny Marks and Marvin Brodie and published by St. Nicholas Music ( ASCAP ) . The song was released as a single on Chess Records ( label no . 1714 ) and has since been covered by numerous other artists , sometimes under the title `` Run , Run , Rudolph '' . The song is a 12 - bar blues and has a clear musical parallel to Chuck Berry 's popular and recognizable song , `` Johnny B. Goode '' ( 1958 ) ; it is also melodically identical to Berry 's `` Little Queenie '' ( 1959 ) . In Ray Stevens ' novelty song `` Santa Claus Is Watching You '' ( 1962 ) , Rudolph is replaced on Santa 's team by `` Clyde the Camel '' , a character from Steven 's earlier hit , `` Ahab the Arab '' . In the original version , aimed at children in a similar fashion to `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' , Rudolph was said to be recuperating from an injury sustained during `` a twist contest '' ; a later version , warning a lover away from infidelity because Santa is watching , has Rudolph on a `` stakeout at ( the lover 's ) house '' . Television and webisodes ( edit ) In the Doctor Who promotional mini-webisode , `` Songtaran Carols '' ( 2012 ) , the Sontaran warrior - nurse - detective , Strax , stated : `` Rudolph the red - nosed reindeer , had a very shiny nose . It proved to be a tactical disadvantage , because it enabled me to punch him in the dark . '' Rudolph along with Donner and Blitzen appear in the Doctor Who Christmas special , Last Christmas . The anime and manga series One Piece has a main character called Tony Tony Chopper , a shapeshifter born on Christmas Eve , who was often discriminated against because of his blue nose . However his background and story is otherwise very different . MadTV featured Rudolph in a parody of the 1964 Rankin - Bass special called Raging Rudolph . Rudolph is beaten up for his red nose , and decides to get revenge on Santa Claus with Hermie the Elf by hiring Yukon Cornelius ( a hitman in the special ) to kill and decapitate Santa . Rudolph then takes over the North Pole . A sequel to the skit , The Reinfather , shows Rudolph exacting revenge for his hitman 's death in a nod to The Godfather . Relatives in different adaptations ( edit ) Main article : Santa Claus 's reindeer § Additional reindeer Parents ( edit ) Robert L. May 's original book does not name Rudolph 's parents . The animated specials produced by both Rankin / Bass and GoodTimes Entertainment have given Rudolph different sets of parents : In Rankin / Bass 's holiday special , he is Donner 's son , and his mother is a tan doe who is called Mrs. Donner . In GoodTimes ' retelling , Rudolph 's father is Blitzen , and his mother is named Mitzi . Offspring ( edit ) Three BBC animations carry on the legend by introducing Rudolph 's son , Robbie the Reindeer . However , Rudolph is never directly mentioned by name ( references are replaced by the first and second films ' villain Blitzen interrupting with the phrase , `` Do n't say that name ! '' , or something similar , presumably for copyright reasons . ) Siblings ( edit ) Rudolph is also given a younger brother , Rusty Reindeer , in the American special , Holidaze : The Christmas That Almost Did n't Happen ( 2006 ) . Unlike in the `` Robbie the Reindeer '' cartoons , Rudolph 's name is mentioned in the film . Michael Fry and T. Lewis have given Rudolph another brother in a series of Over the Hedge comic strips : an overweight , emotionally damaged reindeer named Ralph , the Infra - Red nosed Reindeer , who is referred to as Rudolph 's older brother . Ralph 's red nose is good for defrosting Santa 's sleigh and warming up toast and waffles ; he enviously complains about his brother Rudolph 's publicity and his own anonymity . Aunts , uncles , and cousins ( edit ) Rudolph has a cousin , Leroy , in Joe Diffie 's 1995 song , `` Leroy the Redneck Reindeer '' ( 1995 ) , which tells the story of Leroy 's joining the sleigh team to substitute for Rudolph , who was ill . In GoodTimes ' retelling , three of Santa 's reindeer ( Dasher , Comet , and Cupid ) are his uncles , and Cupid 's son Arrow is Rudolph 's cousin and rival . See also ( edit ) Holidays portal Santa Claus Santa Claus 's reindeer Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer video game References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mikkelson , Barbara ; Mikkelson , David P. ( December 19 , 2010 ) . `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer '' . Urban Legends Reference Pages . Snopes.com . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2011 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ramer , Holly ; Talbot , Toby ( photo ) ( December 23 , 2011 ) . `` Scrapbook tells how Rudolph went down in history '' . Hanover , NH : Associated Press . Retrieved December 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kim , Wook ( December 17 , 2012 ) . `` Yule Laugh , Yule Cry : 10 Things You Did n't Know About Beloved Holiday Songs '' . Time . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Parrella , Andrew ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` From The Archives : Rudolph Turns 75 '' . New Hampshire Public Radio . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer celebrates 50th anniversary '' . CBS News . December 9 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rudolph all red - nosed over stamp of approval '' . United States Postal Service . November 6 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2014 . Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer , the nation 's longest - running and highest - rated Christmas television special ' went down in history ' to receive its stamp of approval today . The set of four Limited Edition Forever stamps depicting Rudolph , Hermey , Santa and Bumble were created from still television frames from the special which premiered 50 years ago in 1964 . Jump up ^ http://www.altogetherchristmas.com/traditions/rudolph.html Jump up ^ `` Old Fashioned Christmas '' . University Place / Wisconsin Historical Society . December 12 , 2010 . 0 : 28 minutes in . Wisconsin Public Television . Jump up ^ Moreau , Jennifer ( December 24 , 2010 ) . `` Rudolph 's Burnaby roots '' . Burnaby Now . p . A11 . Jump up ^ Powell , J. Mark . `` The Jewish man who created a Christmas classic '' . Washington Examiner . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Chow , Wanda ( December 2010 ) . `` How Rudolph the reindeer came to be '' . Burnaby Now : A3 . Jump up ^ https://www.abebooks.com/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=3289176038&tab=1&searchurl= ^ Jump up to : `` Library of Congress Unveils Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Restoration '' . Animation World Network . December 18 , 2014 . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Kenneth T. Jackson ; Markoe , Karen ; Markoe , Arnie ( 1998 ) . The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives . Simon and Schuster . p. 28 . Jump up ^ Irvine , Alex ( 2010 ) . `` 1950s '' . In Dolan , Hannah . DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle . London , United Kingdom : Dorling Kindersley . p. 65 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7566 - 6742 - 9 . DC began an annual tradition of producing a Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Christmas special . Following the success of the famous song ( released in 1949 ) , DC licensed the character and put Rudolph at the center of a series of lighthearted adventures ... The Christmas Special would continue until 1962 , and then return from 1972 -- 1977 . Jump up ^ Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer at the Grand Comics Database and Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Annual at the Grand Comics Database Jump up ^ Markstein , Don . `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer '' . Don Markstein 's Toonopedia . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2011 . Retrieved December 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Limited Collectors ' Edition # C - 20 , # C - 24 , # C - 33 , # C - 42 , and # C - 50 at the Grand Comics Database Jump up ^ All - New Collectors ' Edition # C - 53 and # C - 60 at the Grand Comics Database Jump up ^ `` The Best of DC # 4 '' . Grand Comics Database. 1980 . Jump up ^ Markstein , Don ( 2006 ) . `` Sheldon Mayer '' . Don Markstein 's Toonopedia . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2011 . Retrieved December 3 , 2011 . ( Mayer ) also worked on several tabloid - formatted comic books for DC in the mid-1970s , including the company 's first use of Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer since the early 60s . Jump up ^ Arnold , Mark ( December 2012 ) . `` You Know Dasher and Dancer : Rudolph The Red - Nosed Reindeer '' . Back Issue ! . TwoMorrows Publishing ( 61 ) : 7 -- 10 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who '' . BBC . December 12 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2014 . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . In the North Pole the Doctor and Clara are joined by a familiar figure ... and his reindeer ! Jump up ^ Ramer , Holly ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` Rudolph 's shiny red nose may be tied to eyes that glow blue '' . Associated Press . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` '' Little Saint Nick '' Lyrics `` . Lyricsfreak.com . n.d. Archived from the original on December 10 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer . Manuscript of the Montgomery Ward book Official Licensor for Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Official CBS website for Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Rudolph The Red Nosed Reindeer ( 1948 ) Rudolph The Red Nosed Reindeer ( 1948 ) Full Film ( public domain footage ) Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer on IMDb Rudolph The Red - Nosed Reindeer ( Jam Handy ) at The Big Cartoon DataBase Rudolph The Red - Nosed Reindeer ( Rankin / Bass ) at The Big Cartoon DataBase Preceded by `` Mule Train '' by Frankie Laine U.S. Billboard Best Sellers in Stores number - one single January 7 , 1950 ( Gene Autry ) Succeeded by `` I Can Dream , Ca n't I '' by The Andrews Sisters Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Music `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer `` Run Rudolph Run '' Film and television adaptations Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer ( 1948 film short ) Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer ( 1964 TV special ) Rudolph 's Shiny New Year ( 1976 TV special ) Rudolph and Frosty 's Christmas in July ( 1979 TV film ) Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer : The Movie ( 1998 film ) Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer and the Island of Misfit Toys ( 2001 made - for - video film ) Related Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer ( video game ) Santa Claus 's reindeer Robert L. May Christmas Christmas Eve Children 's Day Boxing Day Nochebuena Saint Nicholas Day St. Stephen 's Day Sol Invictus Yule In Christianity Biblical Magi Adoration of the Magi Adoration of the Shepherds Advent Angel Gabriel Annunciation Annunciation to the shepherds Baptism of the Lord Bethlehem Christingle Christmastide Epiphany Herod the Great Jesus Joseph Mary Massacre of the Innocents flight into Egypt Nativity Fast Nativity of Jesus in art in later culture Nativity scene Saint Nicholas Star of Bethlehem Twelfth Night In folklore Badalisc La Befana Belsnickel Caganer Christkind Ded Moroz Elves Father Christmas Grýla Jack Frost Joulupukki Knecht Ruprecht Korvatunturi Krampus Mikulás Miner 's figure Mrs. Claus Nisse / Tomte North Pole Old Man Winter Olentzero Père Fouettard Père Noël Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Saint Lucy Santa 's reindeer Santa 's workshop Sinterklaas Tió de Nadal Vertep Yule Cat Yule Lads Zwarte Piet Gift - bringers Saint Nicholas Santa Claus List of Christmas gift - bringers by country Traditions Advent calendar Advent candle Advent wreath Boar 's Head Feast Candle arches Cards Carols by Candlelight Cavalcade of Magi Crackers Decorations Events and celebrations Feast of the Seven Fishes Flying Santa Google Santa Tracker Hampers Las Posadas Letters Lights Lord of Misrule Markets Meals and feasts Moravian star Nine Lessons and Carols NORAD Tracks Santa Nutcrackers dolls Ornaments Parades list Piñatas Pyramids Räuchermann Seals Secret Santa Spanbaum Stamps Stockings Tree Twelve Days Wassailing Windows Yule Goat Yule log By country Australia and New Zealand Denmark Germany Hawaii Hungary Iceland Indonesia Ireland Mexico Norway Philippines Poland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Sweden Ukraine Music Carols list Hit singles UK Hit singles US Music books Carols for Choirs The Oxford Book of Carols The New Oxford Book of Carols Piae Cantiones Other media Films Poetry `` Old Santeclaus with Much Delight '' `` A Visit from St. Nicholas '' Television specials Yule Log In modern society Advent Conspiracy Black Friday ( partying ) Black Friday ( shopping ) Bronner 's Christmas Wonderland Christmas club Christmas creep Christmas Day ( Trading ) Act 2004 Christmas Lectures Christmas Mountains Christmas truce Controversies Cyber Monday Economics Giving Tuesday El Gordo Holiday season In July In August Leon Day NBA games NFL games Puritan New England American Civil War Post-War United States Running of the Santas SantaCon Santa 's Candy Castle Small Business Saturday Super Saturday Virginia O'Hanlon White Christmas Winter festivals WWE Tribute to the Troops Xmas Food and drink Dinner Joulupöytä Julebord Kūčios Réveillon Twelve - dish supper Smörgåsbord Wigilia Sweets bûche de Noël Cake Candy cane Cookies Fruitcake Gingerbread Kourabiedes Melomakarono Mince pie Pavlova Pecan pie Pumpkin pie Pudding Rosca de reyes Szaloncukor Turrón Soup Menudo Sauce Cranberry sauce Beverages Apple cider Champurrado Eggnog Mulled wine Smoking Bishop Ponche crema Dumpling Hallaca Tamale Meat Ham Roast goose Romeritos Turkey Stuffing Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolph_the_Red-Nosed_Reindeer&oldid=825841007 '' Categories : Christmas children 's books Christian folklore Fictional characters introduced in 1939 Fictional deer and moose Montgomery Ward Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Santa 's helpers Holiday characters Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with trivia sections from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ænglisc Brezhoneg Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 February 2018 , at 18 : 58 . 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"\n\nRudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\n\n\n\nCover of one of the books of the Robert L. May story by Maxton Publishers, Inc.\n\n\n\nFirst appearance\n1939\n\n\nCreated by\nRobert L. May\n\n\nVoiced by\nBillie Mae Richards (TV series, 1964–2010)\nKathleen Barr (movie)\n\n\nInformation\n\n\nNickname(s)\nRudolph in Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie: Red, Rudy, Rudy the Red nosed Reject, Neon-nose.\n\n\nSpecies\nReindeer\n\n\nGender\nMale\n\n\nTitle\nThe Red Nosed Reindeer\n\n\nFamily\nDonner (father in 1964 film)\nMrs. Donner (mother in 1964 film)\nBlitzen (father in 1998 film)\nMitzi (mother in 1998 film)\nRusty (brother in Holidaze: The Christmas That Almost Didn't Happen)\nArrow (cousin in 1998 film)\nComet, Cupid and Dasher (uncles in 1998 film)\nLeroy, the Redneck Reindeer (cousin from the Joe Diffie song of the same name, on the album, Mr. Christmas)\n\n\nSpouse(s)\nClarice (in 1964 film and 2001 film)/Zoey in Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie\n\n\nChildren\nRobbie (son in the Robbie the Reindeer films)\n\n"
] | [
"1939"
] |
3149821895009886091 | Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film) | Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 film ) - wikipedia Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 film ) Jump to : navigation , search For the Disney franchise , see Snow White ( franchise ) . Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Theatrical release poster Directed by David Hand ( supervising ) William Cottrell Wilfred Jackson Larry Morey Perce Pearce Ben Sharpsteen Produced by Walt Disney Written by Ted Sears Richard Creedon Otto Englander Dick Rickard Earl Hurd Merrill De Maris Dorothy Ann Blank Webb Smith Based on Snow White by The Brothers Grimm Starring Adriana Caselotti Lucille La Verne Harry Stockwell Roy Atwell Pinto Colvig Otis Harlan Scotty Mattraw Billy Gilbert Eddie Collins Moroni Olsen Stuart Buchanan Music by Frank Churchill Paul Smith Leigh Harline Production company Walt Disney Productions Distributed by RKO Radio Pictures Release date December 21 , 1937 ( 1937 - 12 - 21 ) ( Carthay Circle Theatre ) February 4 , 1938 ( 1938 - 02 - 04 ) ( United States ) Running time 83 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $1.49 million Box office $418 million Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs is a 1937 American animated musical fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Productions and originally released by RKO Radio Pictures . Based on the German fairy tale by the Brothers Grimm , it is the first full - length cel animated feature film and the earliest Disney animated feature film . The story was adapted by storyboard artists Dorothy Ann Blank , Richard Creedon , Merrill De Maris , Otto Englander , Earl Hurd , Dick Rickard , Ted Sears and Webb Smith . David Hand was the supervising director , while William Cottrell , Wilfred Jackson , Larry Morey , Perce Pearce , and Ben Sharpsteen directed the film 's individual sequences . Snow White premiered at the Carthay Circle Theatre on December 21 , 1937 , followed by a nationwide release on February 4 , 1938 . It was a critical and commercial success , and with international earnings of $8 million during its initial release briefly assumed the record of highest - grossing sound film at the time . The popularity of the film has led to it being re-released theatrically many times , until its home video release in the 1990s . Adjusted for inflation , it is one of the top ten performers at the North American box office . At the 11th Academy Awards , Walt Disney was awarded an honorary Oscar , and the film was nominated for Best Musical Score the year before . In 1989 , the United States Library of Congress deemed the film `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' and selected it for preservation in the National Film Registry and is ranked in the American Film Institute 's list of the 100 greatest American films , who also named the film as the greatest American animated film of all time in 2008 . Disney 's take on the fairy tale has had a significant cultural impact , resulting in popular theme park attractions , a video game , and a Broadway musical . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Story development 3.2 Animation 3.3 Music 3.4 Cinematic influences 4 Release 4.1 Original theatrical run 4.2 Re-releases 4.3 Reception 4.4 Home media 5 Appearances in other media 5.1 Theme parks 5.2 Video games 5.3 Broadway musical 5.4 Canceled prequel 5.5 Live - action adaptations 5.6 Other appearances 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot Snow White is a lonely princess living with her stepmother , a vain Queen . The Queen worries that Snow White will look better than her , so she forces Snow White to work as a scullery maid and asks her Magic Mirror daily `` who is the fairest one of all '' . For years the mirror always answered that the Queen was , pleasing her . One day , the Magic Mirror informs the Queen that Snow White is now `` the fairest '' in the land . The jealous Queen orders her Huntsman to take Snow White into the forest and kill her . She further demands that the huntsman return with Snow White 's heart in a jeweled box as proof of the deed . However , the Huntsman can not bring himself to kill Snow White . He tearfully begs for her forgiveness , revealing the Queen wants her dead and urges her to flee into the woods and never look back . Lost and frightened , the princess is befriended by woodland creatures who lead her to a cottage deep in the woods . Finding seven small chairs in the cottage 's dining room , Snow White assumes the cottage is the untidy home of seven orphaned children . In reality , the cottage belongs to seven adult dwarfs , named Doc , Grumpy , Happy , Sleepy , Bashful , Sneezy , and Dopey , who work in a nearby mine . Returning home , they are alarmed to find their cottage clean and suspect that an intruder has invaded their home . The dwarfs find Snow White upstairs , asleep across three of their beds . Snow White awakes to find the dwarfs at her bedside and introduces herself , and all of the dwarfs eventually welcome her into their home after they she offers to clean and cook for them . Snow White keeps house for the dwarfs while they mine for jewels during the day , and at night they all sing , play music and dance . Meanwhile , the Queen discovers that Snow White is still alive when the mirror again answers that Snow White is the fairest in the land and reveals that the heart in the jeweled box is actually that of a pig . Using a potion to disguise herself as an old hag , the Queen creates a poisoned apple that will put whoever eats it into the `` Sleeping Death '' , a curse she learns can only be broken by `` love 's first kiss '' , but is certain Snow White will be buried alive . While the Queen goes to the cottage while the dwarfs are away , the animals are wary of her and rush off to find the dwarfs . Faking a potential heart attack , the Queen tricks Snow White into bringing her into the cottage to rest . The Queen fools Snow White into biting into the poisoned apple under the pretense that it is a magic apple that grants wishes . As Snow White falls asleep the Queen proclaims that she is now the fairest of the land . The dwarfs return with the animals as the Queen leaves the cottage and give chase , trapping her on a cliff . She tries to roll a boulder over them , but before she can do so , lightning strikes the cliff , causing her to fall to her death . The dwarfs return to their cottage and find Snow White seemingly dead , being kept in a deathlike slumber by the poison . Unwilling to bury her out of sight in the ground , they instead place her in a glass coffin trimmed with gold in a clearing in the forest . Together with the woodland creatures , they keep watch over her . A year later , a prince , who had previously met and fallen in love with Snow White , learns of her eternal sleep and visits her coffin . Saddened by her apparent death , he kisses her , which breaks the spell and awakens her . The dwarfs and animals all rejoice as the Prince takes Snow White to his castle . Cast Walt Disney introduces each of the Seven Dwarfs in a scene from the original 1937 Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs theatrical trailer . Adriana Caselotti as Snow White : Snow White is a young princess . Her stepmother has forced her to work as a scullery maid in the castle . Despite this , she retains a cheerful but naïve demeanor . Lucille La Verne as Queen Grimhilde / Witch : The Queen is the stepmother of Snow White . Once her magic mirror says that Snow White is the `` fairest '' instead of her , she immediately enlists Humbert the huntsman to kill her in the woods . After she discovers that Snow White did not die , she disguises herself as an old hag and uses a poisoned apple to remove Snow White from her path without killing her . Harry Stockwell as The Prince . He first sees Snow White singing at her wishing well . The prince immediately falls in love with her and her voice . He later reappears to revive her . Roy Atwell as Doc : The leader of the seven dwarfs , Doc wears glasses and often mixes up his words . Pinto Colvig as Grumpy and Sleepy in a dual role : Grumpy initially disapproves of Snow White 's presence in the dwarfs ' home , but later warns her of the threat posed by the Queen and rushes to her aid upon realizing that she is in danger , leading the charge himself . He has the biggest nose of the dwarfs and is frequently seen with one eye shut . Sleepy is always tired and appears laconic in most situations . Sterling Holloway , who would later voice many other characters for future Disney films was originally considered to voice Sleepy by Walt Disney . Otis Harlan as Happy : Happy is the joyous dwarf and is usually portrayed laughing . Scotty Mattraw as Bashful : Bashful is the shyest of the dwarfs , and is often embarrassed by the presence of any attention directed at him . Billy Gilbert as Sneezy : Sneezy 's name is earned by his extraordinarily powerful sneezes ( caused by hay fever ) , which are seen blowing even the heaviest of objects across a room . Eddie Collins as Dopey ( vocal effects and live - action reference only ) : Dopey is the only dwarf who does not have a beard . He is mute , with Happy explaining that he has simply `` never tried '' to speak . In the movie 's trailer , Walt Disney describes Dopey as `` nice , but sort of silly '' . Mel Blanc was considered to voice Dopey by Walt Disney . Moroni Olsen as The Magic Mirror : The Slave of the Magic Mirror appears as a green mask in clouds of smoke . The Queen regularly asks him who is `` the fairest '' in the land . Stuart Buchanan as the Huntsman : Despite his status as the Queen 's assassin , the Huntsman can not bear to kill Snow White , even when the Queen orders him to take the princess 's heart . Production Play media Film trailer , featuring reviews , cels from the production , and introducing the characters by their personality . Development on Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs began in early 1934 , and in June 1934 , Walt Disney announced the production of his first feature , to be released under Walt Disney Productions , to The New York Times . One evening that same year , Disney acted out the entire story of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs to his staff , announcing that the film would be produced as a feature - length film . Before Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , the Disney studio had been primarily involved in the production of animated short subjects in the Mickey Mouse and Silly Symphonies series . Disney hoped to expand his studio 's prestige and revenues by moving into features , and estimated that Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs could be produced for a budget of US $250,000 ; this was ten times the budget of an average Silly Symphony . Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was to be the first full - length cel animated feature in motion picture history , and as such Walt Disney had to fight to get the film produced . Both his brother and business partner Roy Disney and his wife Lillian attempted to talk him out of it , and the Hollywood movie industry referred to the film derisively as `` Disney 's Folly '' while it was in production . He had to mortgage his house to help finance the film 's production , which eventually ran up a total cost of $1,488,422.74 , a massive sum for a feature film in 1937 . Story development On August 9 , 1934 , twenty - one pages of notes -- entitled `` Snowwhite suggestions '' -- were compiled by staff writer Richard Creedon , suggesting the principal characters , as well as situations and ' gags ' for the story . As Disney had stated at the very beginning of the project , the main attraction of the story for him was the Seven Dwarfs , and their possibilities for `` screwiness '' and `` gags '' ; the three story meetings held in October and attended by Disney , Creedon , Larry Morey , Albert Hurter , Ted Sears and Pinto Colvig were dominated by such subjects . At this point , Disney felt that the story should begin with Snow White 's discovery of the Cottage of the Seven Dwarfs . Walt Disney had suggested from the beginning that each of the dwarfs , whose names and personalities are not stated in the original fairy tale , could have individual personalities . The dwarfs names were chosen from a pool of about fifty potentials , including Jumpy , Deafy , Dizzey , Hickey , Wheezy , Baldy , Gabby , Nifty , Sniffy , Swift , Lazy , Puffy , Stuffy , Tubby , Shorty , and Burpy . The seven finalists were chosen through a process of elimination . The leader of the dwarfs , required to be pompous , self - important and bumbling , was named Doc ; others were named for their distinguishing character traits . At the end of the October story meetings , however , only Doc , Grumpy , Bashful , Sleepy and Happy of the final seven were named ; at this point , Sneezy and Dopey were replaced by ' Jumpy ' and an unnamed seventh dwarf . Along with a focus on the characterizations and comedic possibilities of the dwarfs , Creedon 's eighteen - page outline of the story written from the October meetings , featured a continuous flow of gags as well as the Queen 's attempt to kill Snow White with a poisoned comb , an element taken from the Grimms ' original story . After persuading Snow White to use the comb , the disguised Queen would have escaped alive , but the dwarfs would have arrived in time to remove it . After the failure of the comb , the Queen was to have the Prince captured and taken to her dungeon , where she would have come to him ( story sketches show this event both with the Queen and the Witch ) and used magic to bring the dungeon 's skeletons to life , making them dance for him and identifying one skeleton as `` Prince Oswald '' , an example of the more humorous atmosphere of this original story treatment . It is written in story notes that the Queen has such magical power only in her own domain , the castle . With the Prince refusing to marry her , the Queen leaves him to his death ( one sketch shows the Prince trapped in a subterranean chamber filling with water ) as she makes her way to the dwarfs ' cottage with the poisoned apple . The forest animals were to help the Prince escape the Queen 's minions and find his horse . The Prince was to ride to the cottage to save Snow White but took the wrong road ( despite warnings from the forest animals and his horse , whom he , unlike Snow White , could not understand ) . He , therefore , would not have arrived in time to save her from the Queen but would have been able to save her with love 's first kiss . This plot was not used in the final film , though many sketches of the scene in the dungeon were made by Ferdinand Hovarth . Other examples of the more comical nature of the story at this point include suggestions for a `` fat , batty , cartoon type , self - satisfied '' Queen . The Prince was also more of a clown , and was to serenade Snow White in a more comical fashion . Walt Disney encouraged all staff at the studio to contribute to the story , offering five dollars for every ' gag ' ; such gags included the dwarfs ' noses popping over the foot of the bed when they first meet Snow White . Disney became concerned that such a comical approach would lessen the plausibility of the characters and , sensing that more time was needed for the development of the Queen , advised in an outline circulated on November 6 that attention be paid exclusively to `` scenes in which only Snow White , the Dwarfs , and their bird and animal friends appear '' . The names and personalities of the dwarfs , however , were still `` open to change '' . A meeting of November 16 resulted in another outline entitled ' Dwarfs Discover Snowwhite ' , which introduced the character of Dopey , who would ultimately prove to be the most successful and popular of the dwarf characterisations . For the rest of 1934 Disney further developed the story by himself , finding a dilemma in the characterization of the Queen , who he felt could no longer be `` fat '' and `` batty '' , but a `` stately beautiful type '' , a possibility already brought up in previous story meetings . Disney did not focus on the project again until the autumn of 1935 . It is thought that he may have doubted his , and his studio 's ability , and that his trip to Europe that summer restored his confidence . At this point , Disney and his writers focused on the scenes in which Snow White and the dwarfs are introduced to the audience and each other . He laid out the likely assignments for everyone working on the film in a memorandum of November 25 , 1935 , and had decided on the personalities of the individual dwarfs . It had first been thought that the dwarfs would be the main focus of the story , and many sequences were written for the seven characters . However , at a certain point , it was decided that the main thrust of the story was provided by the relationship between the Queen and Snow White . For this reason , several sequences featuring the dwarfs were cut from the film . The first , which was animated in its entirety before being cut , showed Doc and Grumpy arguing about whether Snow White should stay with them . Another , also completely animated , would have shown the dwarfs eating soup noisily and messily ; Snow White unsuccessfully attempts to teach them how to eat ' like gentlemen ' . A partially animated sequence involved the dwarfs holding a `` lodge meeting '' in which they try to think of a gift for Snow White ; this was to be followed by the elaborate ' bed building sequence ' , in which the dwarfs and the forest animals construct and carve a bed for the princess . This also was cut , as it was thought to slow down the movement of the story . The soup - eating and bed - building sequences were animated by Ward Kimball , who was sufficiently discouraged by their removal to consider leaving the studio , however Disney persuaded him to stay by promoting him to supervising animator of Jiminy Cricket in his next feature Pinocchio ( 1940 ) . Animation The famous `` Heigh - Ho '' sequence from Snow White was animated by Shamus Culhane . The primary authority on the design of the film was concept artist Albert Hurter . All designs used in the film , from characters ' appearances to the look of the rocks in the background , had to meet Hurter 's approval before being finalized . Two other concept artists -- Ferdinand Hovarth and Gustaf Tenggren -- also contributed to the visual style of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs . Hovarth developed a number of dark concepts for the film , although many other designs he developed were ultimately rejected by the Disney team as less easily translated into animation than Hurter 's . Tenggren was used as a color stylist and to determine the staging and atmosphere of many of the scenes in the film , as his style borrowed from the likes of Arthur Rackham and John Bauer and thus possessed the European illustration quality that Walt Disney sought . He also designed the posters for the film and illustrated the press book . However , Hovarth did n't receive a credit for the film . Other artists to work on the film included Joe Grant , whose most significant contribution was the design for the Queen 's Witch form . Don Graham really knew what he was teaching , and he `` showed '' you how to do something -- he did n't just talk . He taught us things that were very important for animation . How to simplify our drawings -- how to cut out all the unnecessary hen scratching amateurs have a habit of using . He showed us how to make a drawing look solid . He taught us about tension points -- like a bent knee , and how the pant leg comes down from that knee and how important the wrinkles from it are to describe form . I learned a hell of a lot from him ! Art Babbitt Art Babbit , an animator who joined the Disney studio in 1932 , invited seven of his colleagues ( who worked in the same room as him ) to come with him to an art class that he himself had set up at his home in the Hollywood Hills . Though there was no teacher , Babbit had recruited a model to pose for him and his fellow animators as they drew . These `` classes '' were held weekly ; each week , more animators would come . After three weeks , Walt Disney called Babbit to his office and offered to provide the supplies , working space and models required if the sessions were moved to the studio . Babbit ran the sessions for a month until animator Hardie Gramatky suggested that they recruit Don Graham ; the art teacher from the Chouinard Institute taught his first class at the studio on November 15 , 1932 , and was joined by Phil Dike a few weeks later . These classes were principally concerned with human anatomy and movement , though instruction later included action analysis , animal anatomy and acting . The first duty of the cartoon is not to picture or duplicate real action or things as they actually happen -- but to give a caricature of life and action -- to picture on the screen things that have run thru the imagination of the audience to bring to life dream - fantasies and imaginative fancies that we have all thought of during our lives or have had pictured to us in various forms during our lives ( ... ) I definitely feel that we can not do the fantastic things , based on the real , unless we first know the real . This point should be brought out very clearly to all new men , and even the older men . Walt Disney in 1935 Though the classes were originally described as a `` brutal battle '' , with neither instructor nor students well - versed in the other 's craft , the enthusiasm and energy of both parties made the classes stimulating and beneficial for all involved . Graham often screened Disney shorts and , along with the animators , provided critique featuring both strengths and weaknesses . For example , Graham criticised Babbit 's animation of Abner the mouse in The Country Cousin as `` taking a few of the obvious actions of a drunk without coordinating the rest of the body '' , while praising it for maintaining its humour without getting `` dirty or mean or vulgar . The country mouse is always having a good time '' . Very few of the animators at the Disney studio had had artistic training ( most had been newspaper cartoonists ) ; among these few was Grim Natwick , who had trained in Europe . The animator 's success in designing and animating Betty Boop for Fleischer Studios showed an understanding of human female anatomy , and when Walt Disney hired Natwick he was given female characters to animate almost exclusively . Attempts to animate Persephone , the female lead of The Goddess of Spring , had proved largely unsuccessful ; Natwick 's animation of the heroine in Cookie Carnival showed greater promise , and the animator was eventually given the task of animating Snow White herself . Though live action footage of Snow White , the Prince and the Queen was shot as reference for the animators , the artists ' animators disapproved of rotoscoping , considering it to hinder the production of effective caricature . None of Babbit 's animation of the Queen was rotoscoped ; despite Graham and Natwick 's objections , however , some scenes of Snow White and the Prince were directly traced from the live - action footage . The studio 's new multiplane camera gave a three - dimensional feeling in many sequences and was also used to give a rotating effect in the scene where the Queen transforms into a witch . Music Play media Theatrical trailer featuring the song `` Heigh - Ho '' . Main article : Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( soundtrack ) The songs in Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs were composed by Frank Churchill and Larry Morey . Paul J. Smith and Leigh Harline composed the incidental music score . Well - known songs from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs include `` Heigh - Ho '' , `` Some Day My Prince Will Come '' , and `` Whistle While You Work '' . Since Disney did not have its own music publishing company at the time , the publishing rights for the music and songs were administered through Bourne Co . Music Publishers , which continues to hold these rights . In later years , the studio was able to acquire back the rights to the music from many of the other films , but not Snow White . Snow White became the first American film to have a soundtrack album , released in conjunction with the feature film . Before Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , a film soundtrack recording was unheard of and of little value to a movie studio . Cinematic influences At this time , Disney also encouraged his staff to see a variety of films . These ranged from the mainstream , such as MGM 's Romeo and Juliet ( 1936 ) -- to which Disney made direct reference in a story meeting pertaining to the scene in which Snow White lies in her glass coffin -- to the more obscure , including European silent cinema . Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , as well as the two Disney films to follow it , were also influenced by such German expressionist films as Nosferatu ( 1922 ) and The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari ( 1919 ) , both of which were recommended by Disney to his staff . This influence is particularly evident in the scenes of Snow White fleeing through the forest and the Queen 's transformation into the Witch . The latter scene was also inspired by Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1931 ) , to which Disney made specific reference in story meetings . Release Original theatrical run Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs premiered at the Carthay Circle Theatre on December 21 , 1937 , to a wildly receptive audience , many of whom were the same naysayers who dubbed the film `` Disney 's Folly '' . The film received a standing ovation at its completion from an audience that included Judy Garland and Marlene Dietrich . Six days later , Walt Disney and the seven dwarfs appeared on the cover of Time magazine . The New York Times said : `` Thank you very much , Mr. Disney '' . Variety suggested that `` ( so ) perfect is the illusion , so tender the romance and fantasy , so emotional are certain portions when the acting of the characters strikes a depth comparable to the sincerity of human players , that the film approaches real greatness . '' Following successful exclusive runs at Radio City Music Hall in New York City and a theater in Miami in January 1938 , RKO Radio Pictures put the film into general release on February 4 . It became a major box - office success , making four times more money than any other motion picture released in 1938 . In its original release , Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs grossed $3.5 million in the United States and Canada , and by May 1939 its total international gross of $6.5 million made it the most successful sound film of all time , displacing Al Jolson 's The Singing Fool ( 1928 ) ( Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was soon displaced from this position by Gone with the Wind in 1940 ) . By the end of its original run , Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs had earned $7,846,000 in international box office receipts . This earned RKO a profit of $380,000 . Re-releases Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was first re-released in 1944 , to raise revenue for the Disney studio during the World War II period . This re-release set a tradition of re-releasing Disney animated features every seven to ten years , and Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was re-released to theaters in 1952 , 1958 , 1967 , 1975 , 1983 , 1987 and 1993 . Coinciding with the fiftieth - anniversary release in 1987 , Disney released an authorized novelization of the story , written by children 's author Suzanne Weyn . In 1993 , Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs became the first film to be entirely scanned to digital files , manipulated , and recorded back to film . The restoration project was carried out entirely at 4K resolution and 10 - bit color depth using the Cineon system to digitally remove dirt and scratches and restore faded colors . Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs has had a lifetime gross of $418 million across its original release and several reissues . Adjusted for inflation , and incorporating subsequent releases , the film still registers one of the top ten American film moneymakers of all time . Reception The film was a tremendous critical success , with many reviewers hailing it as a genuine work of art , recommended for both children and adults . Although film histories often state that the animation of the human characters was criticized , more recent scholarship finds that most reviewers praised the realistic style of the human animation , with several stating that audiences will forget that they are watching animated humans rather than real ones . At the 11th Academy Awards , the film won an Academy Honorary Award for Walt Disney `` as a significant screen innovation which has charmed millions and pioneered a great new entertainment field '' . Disney received a full - size Oscar statuette and seven miniature ones , presented to him by 10 - year - old child actress Shirley Temple . The film was also nominated for Best Musical Score . `` Some Day My Prince Will Come '' has become a jazz standard that has been performed by numerous artists , including Buddy Rich , Lee Wiley , Oscar Peterson , Frank Churchill , and Oliver Jones . Albums by Miles Davis , by Wynton Kelly , and Alexis Cole . Noted filmmakers such as Sergei Eisenstein and Charlie Chaplin praised Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs as a notable achievement in cinema ; Eisenstein went so far as to call it the greatest film ever made . The film inspired Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer to produce its own fantasy film , The Wizard of Oz , in 1939 . Another animation pioneer , Max Fleischer , decided to produce his animated feature film Gulliver 's Travels in order to compete with Snow White . The 1943 Merrie Melodies short Coal Black and de Sebben Dwarfs , directed by Bob Clampett , parodies Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs by presenting the story with an all - black cast singing a jazz score . Snow White 's success led to Disney moving ahead with more feature - film productions . Walt Disney used much of the profits from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs to finance a new $4.5 million studio in Burbank -- the location on which The Walt Disney Studios is located to this day . Within two years , the studio completed Pinocchio and Fantasia and had begun production on features such as Dumbo , Bambi , Alice in Wonderland and Peter Pan . American Film Institute recognition The American Film Institute ( AFI ) , an independent non-profit organization created in the United States by the National Endowment for the Arts , releases a variety of annual awards and film lists recognizing excellence in filmmaking . The AFI 100 Years ... series , which ran from 1998 to 2008 , created categorized lists of America 's best movies as selected by juries composed from among over 1,500 artists , scholars , critics , and historians . A film 's inclusion in one of these lists was based on the film 's popularity over time , historical significance and cultural impact . Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was selected by juries for inclusion on many AFI lists , including the following : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- No. 49 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- No. 34 AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- No. 1 Animated film AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains : The Queen -- No. 10 Villain AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : `` Someday My Prince Will Come '' -- No. 19 Home Media On October 28 , 1994 , the film was released for the first time on home video on VHS and LaserDisc as the first release in the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection . Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was released on DVD on October 9 , 2001 , the first in Disney 's Platinum Editions , and featured , across two discs , the digitally restored film , a making - of documentary narrated by Angela Lansbury , an audio commentary by John Canemaker and , via archived audio clips , Walt Disney. . A VHS release followed on November 27 , 2001 . Both versions were returned to the Disney Vault on January 31 , 2002 . Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was released on Blu - ray Disc on October 6 , 2009 , the first of Disney 's Diamond Editions , and a new DVD edition was released on November 24 , 2009 . The Blu - ray includes a high - definition version of the movie sourced from a new restoration by Lowry Digital , a DVD copy of the film , and several bonus features not included on the 2001 DVD . This set returned to the Disney Vault on April 30 , 2011 . Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment re-released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs on Blu - ray and DVD on February 2 , 2016 , as the first of the Walt Disney Signature Collection Line . It was released on Digital HD on January 19 , 2016 , with bonus material . Appearances in other Media Theme parks At Disneyland , Snow White and the Evil Queen take a photo with a visitor in 2012 . Snow White 's Scary Adventures is a popular theme park ride at Disneyland ( an opening day attraction dating from 1955 ) , Tokyo Disneyland , and Disneyland Paris . Fantasyland at Walt Disney World 's Magic Kingdom underwent an expansion from 2012 to 2014 . The Snow White 's Scary Adventures ride was replaced with Princess Fairytale Hall , where Snow White and other princesses are located for a meet and greet . Included in the 2013 expansion of Fantasyland is the Seven Dwarfs Mine Train roller coaster . Snow White , her Prince , the Queen , and the Seven Dwarfs are also featured in parades and character appearances throughout the parks . Disneyland 's Fantasyland Theater hosted Snow White : An Enchanting Musical from 2004 to 2006 . Video games The first attempt at a Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs video game was for the Atari 2600 as part of their line of children 's games . It was never officially released , although a `` homebrew '' version was made available on a limited basis . Walt Disney 's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was released for the Game Boy Color system in 2001 . Snow White also makes an appearance in the PlayStation 2 game Kingdom Hearts as one of the seven fabled Princesses of Heart . A world based on the movie , Dwarf Woodlands , appears in Kingdom Hearts : Birth by Sleep for the PSP . In 2013 's free - to - play mobile game Snow White : Queen 's Return ( also known as Seven Dwarfs : The Queen 's Return ) , an uncanonical continuation of the film , the Queen has survived the fall at the climax of the film and then reverted to her youthful form to cast a curse on Snow White and the dwarfs and their entire forest . Broadway musical Unknown Mary Jo Salerno played Snow White in the Disney - produced Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( also known as Snow White Live ! ) at the Radio City Music Hall . Music and lyrics for four new songs were created by Jay Blackton and Joe Cook , respectively ; titles included `` Welcome to the Kingdom of Once Upon a Time '' and `` Will I Ever See Her Again ? '' . It ran from October 18 to November 18 , 1979 , and January 11 to March 9 , 1980 , a total of 106 performances . Canceled prequel In the 2000s , DisneyToon Studios began development on a computer - animated prequel to Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , titled The Seven Dwarfs . Director Mike Disa and screenwriter Evan Spiliotopoulos pitched a story explaining how the Dwarfs met , and how the Evil Queen killed Snow White 's father and took the throne . According to Disa , DisneyToon management changed the prequel to center around how Dopey lost his voice upon witnessing the death of his mother . After Disney purchased Pixar in 2006 , John Lasseter , DisneyToons ' new Chief Creative Officer , canceled Dwarfs . Live - action adaptations In March 2016 , the studio announced a new film in development titled Rose Red , a live - action spin - off film which will be told from the perspective of Snow White 's sister , Red Rose . In late October that year , a live - action feature - length Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was announced , with Erin Cressida Wilson in negotiations to write the script and Pasek and Paul writing new songs for the film . Other appearances The Seven Dwarfs made rare appearances in shorts , despite their popularity ; they simply were too numerous to animate efficiently . Commissioned shorts The Standard Parade ( 1939 ) , The Seven Wise Dwarfs ( 1941 , using mostly recycled footage ) , All Together ( 1942 ) and The Winged Scourge ( 1943 ) all include appearances . The animated television series House of Mouse , which included many Disney character animated cameos , included the characters in the special Mickey 's Magical Christmas : Snowed in at the House of Mouse . The Evil Queen appeared in a starring role in the film Once Upon a Halloween as well . In the arena of live action , the fantasy television series Once Upon a Time ( produced by Disney - owned ABC Studios ) regularly includes live - action interpretations of these characters including Snow White , the Evil Queen and Grumpy . An animated television series featuring the seven dwarfs titled The 7D premiered on Disney XD on July 7 , 2014 , and ended its run on November 5 , 2016 . The show takes place 30 years before the events of the original film . A 1937 -- 1938 newspaper comic strip adaptation was republished repeatedly as a comic book , most recently in 1995 . See also List of animated feature - length films List of Disney animated features List of Disney animated films based on fairy tales Disney portal Film in the United States portal Cartoon portal References ^ Jump up to : Barrier 1999 , p. 229 . ^ Jump up to : Box - office Wilhelm , Henry Gilmer ; Brower , Carol ( 1993 ) . The Permanence and Care of Color Photographs : Traditional and Digital Color Prints , Color Negatives , Slides , and Motion Pictures . Preservation Pub . p. 359 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 911515 - 00 - 8 . In only 2 months after the 1987 re-release , the film grossed another $45 million -- giving it a total gross to date of about $375 million ! ( Online copy at Google Books ) `` Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1987 Re-issue ) '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . North American box - office : $46,594,719 `` Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1993 Re-issue ) '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . North American box - office : $41,634,791 ^ Jump up to : `` The Seven Dwarfs Character History '' . Disney Archives . Disney . 2008 . Retrieved September 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Disney Voice Actors : A Biographical Dictionary by Thomas S. Hischak ^ Jump up to : Smith , Dave . Disney A to Z , Third Edition , ( 2006 ) , page 33 . ^ Jump up to : Barrier 1999 , pp. 125 -- 126 . 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HarperCollins . p. 206 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 177889 - 6 . Jump up ^ Weyn , Suzanne ( 1987 ) . Snow White & the Seven Dwarfs : Walt Disney Classics Series . New York NY : Scholastic . p. 80 . ISBN 0 - 590 - 41170 - 5 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Walt Disney 's classic Snow White and the seven dwarfs : based on Walt Disney 's full - length animated classic '' . WorldCat.org . Dublin OH : OCLC Online Computer Library Center , Inc . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Aldred , John ( Winter 1997 ) . `` Disney 's Snow White : The Story Behind the Picture '' . The Association of Motion Picture Sound . Archived from the original on 2001 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved April 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` All - Time Box Office : Adjusted for Ticket Price Inflation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 8 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Frome , Jonathan ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` Snow White : Critics and Criteria for the Animated Feature Film '' . 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Atariage.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs -- Game Boy Color '' . IGN . News Corporation . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Kingdom Hearts Page '' . Square Enix . Retrieved April 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Square Enix , Inc. via PR Newswire ( September 7 , 2010 ) . `` KINGDOM HEARTS Birth by Sleep Unveils the Saga 's Untold Origins Today '' . Sys - Con Media . Woodcliff Lake , NJ : SYS - CON Media . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Best Disney iOS Games '' . Arcadesushi.com . November 15 , 2013 . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White : The Queen 's Return -- Android - apps op Google Play '' . Play.google.com . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Debnam , Betty ( February 7 , 1980 ) . `` '' Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs '' made into musical `` . The Nevada Daily Mail . Nevada MO . United Press Syndicate . p. 7 . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . 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Filmic Light : Snow White Archive. April 5 , 2011 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Bibliography Barrier , Michael ( 1999 ) . Hollywood Cartoons : American Animation in Its Golden Age . New York. : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 516729 - 5 . Holliss , Richard and Brian Sibley ( 1994 ) . Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs & the Making of the Classic Film . Hyperion . p. 96 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7868 - 6133 - 0 . Kaufman , J.B. ( 2012 ) . Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs : The Art and Creation of Walt Disney 's Classic Animated Film . San Francisco CA : Weldon Owen . p. 256 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61628 - 437 - 4 . Kaufman , J.B. ( 2012 ) . The Fairest One of All : The Making of Walt Disney 's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs . San Francisco CA : Weldon Owen . p. 320 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61628 - 438 - 1 . Krause , Martin and Linda Witowski ( 1994 ) . Walt Disney 's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs : An Art in Its Making . Disney Editions . p. 194 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7868 - 6144 - 6 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 film ) Official website Walt 's Masterworks : Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs at Disney.com ( archived ) Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs on IMDb Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs at the TCM Movie Database Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs at AllMovie Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs at Box Office Mojo Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs at Rotten Tomatoes Streaming audio Snow White on Lux Radio Theater : December 26 , 1938 . Guest appearance by Walt Disney . Snow White on Screen Guild Theater : December 23 , 1946 Snow White by the Brothers Grimm Disney franchise Gold - Tree and Silver - Tree Snow - White - Fire - Red The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Knights Standalone films Snow White ( 1902 ) Snow White ( 1916 ) Betty Boop in Snow - White ( 1933 ) Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Coal Black and de Sebben Dwarfs ( 1943 ) The Seven Dwarfs to the Rescue ( 1951 ) Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1955 ) Snow White and the Three Stooges ( 1961 ) Snow White ( 1962 ) The New Adventures of Snow White ( 1969 ) A Snow White Christmas ( 1980 ) Neberte nám princeznú ( 1981 ) Snow White ( 1987 ) Happily Ever After ( 1990 ) Snow White ( 1995 ) Snow White : A Tale of Terror ( 1997 ) Snow White : The Fairest of Them All ( 2001 ) 7 Dwarves -- Men Alone in the Wood ( 2004 ) Snow White : The Sequel ( 2007 ) Sydney White ( 2007 ) Happily N'Ever After 2 : Snow White Another Bite @ the Apple ( 2009 ) Blanche Neige ( 2009 ) Grimm 's Snow White ( 2012 ) Mirror Mirror ( 2012 ) Blancanieves ( 2012 ) Snow White : A Deadly Summer ( 2012 ) The Seventh Dwarf ( 2014 ) Charming ( 2018 ) The Huntsman film series Snow White and the Huntsman ( 2012 ) The Huntsman : Winter 's War ( 2016 ) Television series The 10th Kingdom ( miniseries ) The Charmings ( sitcom ) The Legend of Snow White ( anime series ) Prétear ( anime series ) Once Upon a Time ( drama series ) Sofia the First ( TV series ) ( `` The Enchanted Feast '' ) ( Season 2 , Episode 27 ) The 7D ( TV series ) Stage Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1912 play ) Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( musical ) A Snow White Christmas ( musical ) Other media Fables ( comics ) Mira , Mirror ( novel ) Mirror Mirror ( novel ) Red as Blood ( short story ) Schneewittchen ( opera ) Seven Dwarfs Mine Train ( attraction ) Snow White ( comic strip ) Snow White 's Scary Adventures ( attraction ) Snow White Grotto ( attraction ) Snow White : Happily Ever After ( video game ) `` Snow , Glass , Apples '' ( short story ) The Serpent 's Shadow ( novel ) Fairest ( novel ) Politically Correct Bedtime Stories ( short story collection ) Amada Anime Series : Super Mario Bros. ( OVA ) The Wolf Among Us ( video game ) Ballet The Magic Mirror ( 1903 ) Characters Snow White Snow White ( Disney ) Mary Margaret Blanchard The Queen Evil Queen ( Disney ) Regina Mills Queen of Fables The Seven Dwarfs The Magic Mirror The King The Huntsman Prince Charming David Nolan Walt Disney Animation Studios List of feature films Released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Upcoming films Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Associated productions The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1949 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) People Executives Edwin Catmull Roy Conli Roy E. Disney Walt Disney Don Hahn Jeffrey Katzenberg John Lasseter Peter Schneider Thomas Schumacher David Stainton Disney 's Nine Old Men Les Clark Marc Davis Ollie Johnston Milt Kahl Ward Kimball Eric Larson John Lounsbery Wolfgang Reitherman Frank Thomas Related topics History Disney animators ' strike Disney Renaissance Methods and technologies 12 basic principles of animation Computer Animation Production System Disney Animation : The Illusion of Life Multiplane camera Documentaries Frank and Ollie ( 1995 ) The Sweatbox ( 2001 ) Dream On Silly Dreamer ( 2005 ) Waking Sleeping Beauty ( 2009 ) Other Disney animation units Disney Television Animation DisneyToon Studios ( WDAS unit ) Lucasfilm Animation Marvel Animation Pixar Animation Studios Circle 7 ( defunct ) Miscellaneous Alice Comedies Laugh - O - Gram Studio List of Disney animated shorts List of Disney theatrical animated features unproduced Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Mickey Mouse ( film series ) Silly Symphonies Once Upon a Time Disney theatrical animated features Walt Disney Animation Studios films Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Live - action films with animation The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) DisneyToon Studios films DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp ( 1990 ) A Goofy Movie ( 1995 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Return to Never Land ( 2002 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) Bambi II ( 2006 ) Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Other Disney units films The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Doug 's 1st Movie ( 1999 ) Recess : School 's Out ( 2001 ) Teacher 's Pet ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Mars Needs Moms ( 2011 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Related lists Unproduced films Book VIAF : 179112884 LCCN : n94051442 GND : 4377506 - 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snow_White_and_the_Seven_Dwarfs_(1937_film)&oldid=825291097 '' Categories : 1937 films English - language films Snow White ( franchise ) 1937 animated films 1930s fantasy films 1930s American animated films American children 's animated adventure films American children 's animated fantasy films American fantasy adventure films American musical films American romantic fantasy films Animated musical films Animated films about friendship Films about royalty Films about shapeshifting Films awarded an Academy Honorary Award Films based on Snow White Films directed by David Hand Films set in the Middle Ages Films produced by Walt Disney Films scored by Frank Churchill Films scored by Leigh Harline Films scored by Paul Smith ( film and television composer ) Rotoscoped films United States National Film Registry films Walt Disney Animation Studios films Walt Disney Pictures films Witchcraft in film Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from December 2017 Official website not in Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Good articles Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans አማርኛ Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did snow white and the seven dwarfs come out | [
"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs is a 1937 American animated musical fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Productions and originally released by RKO Radio Pictures. Based on the German fairy tale by the Brothers Grimm, it is the first full-length cel animated feature film and the earliest Disney animated feature film. The story was adapted by storyboard artists Dorothy Ann Blank, Richard Creedon, Merrill De Maris, Otto Englander, Earl Hurd, Dick Rickard, Ted Sears and Webb Smith. David Hand was the supervising director, while William Cottrell, Wilfred Jackson, Larry Morey, Perce Pearce, and Ben Sharpsteen directed the film's individual sequences."
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"1937"
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7332181481060615844 | Chip Fields | Chip Fields - wikipedia Chip Fields This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Chip Fields Laverne Fields ( 1951 - 08 - 05 ) August 5 , 1951 ( age 67 ) New York City , New York , U.S. Nationality American Other names Chip Hurd Chip Fields -- Hurd Occupation Singer , actress , television director , consultant , dialogue coach Years active 1973 -- present Known for Lynetta Gordon -- Good Times Laverne Hunter - Living Single Spouse ( s ) Erv Hurd ( m . 1994 ) Children Kim Fields ( b . 1969 ) Alexis Fields ( b . 1982 ) Laverne `` Chip '' Fields , who is sometimes credited as Chip Hurd or Chip Fields -- Hurd , ( born August 5 , 1951 ) is an American singer , actress , television director , producer , consultant , and dialogue coach , who has appeared in popular films , television shows , and Broadway theatre . She is best known for portraying Lynetta Gordon , the abusive birth mother of Penny Gordon Woods ( played by Janet Jackson ) in a three -- part episode ( 1977 ) of the 1970s sitcom Good Times . Contents 1 Acting career 2 Personal life 3 Discography 4 Filmography 4.1 Acting 4.1. 1 Film 4.1. 2 Television 4.2 Production 4.2. 1 Film 4.2. 2 Television 5 References 6 External links Acting career ( edit ) Fields began her acting career as an extra in the 1974 film Claudine . She has had numerous supporting roles and guest appearances on television . She played an unwed mother opposite Patty Weaver in the NBC television soap opera , Days of Our Lives . Also during the ' 70s , she played the abusive birth - mother of Millicent `` Penny '' Gordon Woods ( Janet Jackson ) on the sitcom Good Times . She played Rita Conway in the short - lived The Amazing Spider - Man TV Series from 1978 - 1979 . Rita Conway was J. Jonah Jameson 's secretary , the same function as the African - American Glory Grant from the 1970s comics . She also appeared in What 's Happening ! ! , Hill Street Blues , T.J. Hooker , Roc , Kirk ( a short - lived sitcom starring Kirk Cameron ) , The Wayans Bros. , and The Parkers . She has been a consultant for The Parkers , Zenon : Girl of the 21st Century , Living Single , and was a dialogue coach for the film , Menace II Society . She played the role of `` Laverne '' , mother to the character `` Regine '' on Living Single . She has also directed episodes of the popular UPN sitcoms , One on One , All of Us , Girlfriends , The Parkers , as well as episodes of Romeo ! , Just Jordan , Hannah Montana , Tyler Perry 's House of Payne and Meet the Browns . Personal Life ( edit ) Chip is the mother of actress Kim Fields ( famous for her roles on Facts of Life and Living Single ) and Alexis Fields ( famous for her roles on Kenan & Kel , Moesha and Sister , Sister ) . Chip has been married to technical director Ervin Hurd since August 20 , 1994 . Discography ( edit ) 1973 ( as Ronnie and the Ronettes ) - `` Go Out and Get It '' b / w `` Lover , Lover '' ( Buddha 384 ) 1974 ( as Ronnie Spector and the Ronettes ) - `` I Wish I Never Saw the Sunshine '' b / w `` I Wonder What He 's Doing '' ( Buddha 408 ) Filmography ( edit ) Acting ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes ref Claudine Rioter on Hallway Stairs Comedy - drama / romantic film directed by John Berry . Uncredited The Happy Hooker Red Hat Biographical - comedy film directed by Nicholas Sgarro . 1978 Blue Collar Caroline Brown Crime drama film directed by Paul Schrader . 1979 The Lady in Red Satin Action - drama / romantic film directed by Lewis Teague Woman Thou Art Loosed Woman in Church Drama film directed by Michael Schultz . Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes ref Change at 125th Street Harriet Morse Made - for - TV - Movie directed by Bob LaHendro and Michael Schultz Police Story Girl in Bar Episode : `` Face for a Shadow '' ( S 3 : Ep 6 ) 1976 Good Times Rochelle Episode : `` J.J. 's New Career , part 2 '' ( S 4 : Ep 8 ) 1977 Rhoda Nurse Franklin Episode : `` A Night in the Emergency Room '' ( S 3 : Ep 16 ) Days of Our Lives Toni Johnson Episode : `` Episode # 1.2962 '' ( S 12 : Ep 962 ) What 's Happening ! ! Norma Episode : `` From Here to Maternity '' ( S 1 : Ep 21 ) Good Times Lynetta Gordon Recurring What 's Happening ! ! Donna Episode : `` Give Me Odds '' ( S 2 : Ep 8 ) Freeman Osa Lee Made - for - TV - Movie directed by Lloyd Richards . 1978 Barnaby Jones Kelly Johnson Episode : `` A Ransom in Diamonds '' ( S 6 : Ep 16 ) Battered Ginny Sinclair Made - for - TV - Movie directed by Peter Werner . 1978 -- 79 The Amazing Spider - Man Rita Conway Recurring 1979 What 's Happening ! ! Donna Episode : `` Food Poisoning '' ( S 3 : Ep 16 ) Good Times Lynetta Gordon Episode : `` A Matter of Mothers '' ( S 6 : Ep 21 ) 1980 The Night the City Screamed Yvonne Clements Made - for - TV - Movie directed by Harry Falk . 1982 Hill Street Blues Mrs. Halloran Episode : `` The Shooter '' ( S 2 : Ep 17 ) The Facts of Life Goes to Paris Louise Made - for - TV - Movie directed by Asaad Kelada . 1984 T.J. Hooker Carolyn Webster Episode : `` Anatomy of a Killing '' ( S 4 : Ep 5 ) The Facts of Life Diane Ramsey Episode : `` Mother and Daughter '' ( S 5 : Ep 21 ) 1986 Episode : `` The Graduate '' ( S 7 : Ep 23 ) Roc Ms. Wilson Episode : `` No Notes Is Good Notes '' ( S 1 : Ep 16 ) 1993 Where I Live Bonita Episode : `` The Terminator '' ( S 1 : Ep 13 ) Living Single Bar Patron Episode : `` Living Kringle '' ( S 1 : Ep 15 ) 1994 Bev Episode : `` The Hand That Robs the Cradle '' ( S 1 : Ep 17 ) Laverne Hunter Episode : `` She Ai n't Heavy , She My Mother '' ( S 1 : Ep 26 ) 1995 Episode : `` To Grandmother 's House We Go '' ( S 2 : Ep 25 ) Episode : `` Talk Showdown '' ( S 2 : Ep 26 ) Episode : `` Come Back Little Diva '' ( S 3 : Ep 1 ) Episode : `` Rags to Riches '' ( S 3 : Ep 5 ) Kirk Nurse Episode '' Operation Kirk '' ( S 1 : Ep 20 ) Living Single Laverne Hunter Episode : `` Compromising Positions '' ( S 3 : Ep 26 ) 1997 Episode : `` Mother Inferior '' ( S 4 : Ep 13 ) Episode : `` Never Can Say Goodbye '' ( S 4 : Ep 24 ) Woman Episode : `` Up the Ladder Through the Roof '' ( S 5 : Ep 6 ) Laverne Hunter Episode : `` Three Men and a Buckeye '' ( S 5 : Ep 8 ) 1998 The Wayans Bros . Susan Sparks Episode : `` Escorting Ai n't Easy '' ( S 5 : Ep 6 ) 2000 The Parkers Wilma McCoy Episode : `` Turkey Day Blues '' ( S 2 : Ep 10 ) 2007 Just Jordan Gert Episode : `` Fist of Funny '' ( S 1 : Ep 8 ) Production ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes ref 1993 Menace II Society Dialogue coach Hood drama thriller film directed by Allen and Albert Hughes . Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes ref 1993 -- 94 Hangin ' with Mr. Cooper Consultant Television sitcom . Living Single 1994 Me and the Boys Dialogue consultant Hangin ' with Mr. Cooper Director Episode : `` Groom & Bride '' ( S 2 : Ep 21 ) 1997 Arsenio Consultant Television sitcom . 1999 Zenon : Girl of the 21st Century Disney Channel Original Movie directed by Kenneth Johnson . Sister , Sister Director Episode : `` The Road Less Traveled '' ( S 6 : Ep 21 ) 2000 -- 03 The Parkers Consultant ( 69 episodes ) / Director ( 4 episodes ) Television sitcom . Girlfriends Director Episode : `` You Better Watch Out '' ( S 2 : Ep 11 ) 2003 -- 05 Romeo ! Television sitcom. ( 7 episodes ) 2003 -- 06 One on One Television sitcom. ( 5 episodes ) 2005 All of Us Episode : `` If You Ca n't Stand the Heat '' ( S 3 : Ep 2 ) 2006 Hannah Montana Episode : `` You 're So Vain , You Probably Think This Zit Is About You '' ( S 1 : Ep 13 ) 2007 Ned 's Declassified School Survival Guide Episode : `` Boys & Girls '' ( S 3 : Ep 11 ) Just Jordan Television sitcom ( 4 episodes ) 2009 Meet the Browns Television sitcom ( 2 episodes ) 2009 -- 12 House of Payne Television sitcom ( 12 episodes ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Chip Fields Filmography '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Claudine '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Happy Hooker '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Collar '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Lady in Red '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Woman Thou Art Loosed '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Change at 125th Street '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Battered '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Night the City Screamed '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Facts of Life Goes to Paris '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Menace II Society '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Zenon : Girl of the 21st Century '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Chip Fields on IMDb Chip Fields at the Internet Broadway Database VIAF : 65732402 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chip_Fields&oldid=855813438 '' Categories : 1951 births Actresses from New York City African - American television directors American television directors American film actresses American stage actresses American television actresses Women television directors Living people African - American actresses The Ronettes members Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from December 2015 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 August 2018 , at 01 : 08 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played janet jackson's mom on good times | [
"Laverne \"Chip\" Fields, who is sometimes credited as Chip Hurd or Chip Fields–Hurd, (born August 5, 1951) is an American singer, actress, television director, producer, consultant, and dialogue coach, who has appeared in popular films, television shows, and Broadway theatre. She is best known for portraying Lynetta Gordon, the abusive birth mother of Penny Gordon Woods (played by Janet Jackson) in a three–part episode (1977) of the 1970s sitcom Good Times.\n"
] | [
"Laverne \"Chip\" Fields, who is sometimes credited as Chip Hurd or Chip Fields–Hurd"
] |
2210820024124673614 | AFC West | AFC West - wikipedia AFC West Jump to : navigation , search AFC West Conference American Football Conference League National Football League Sport American football Founded 1960 ( as the American Football League Western Division ) Country United States Teams No. of teams 4 ( 1960 -- 1967 ) 5 ( 1968 -- 1969 ) 4 ( 1970 -- 1975 ) 5 ( 1976 -- 2001 ) 4 ( 2002 -- present ) Championships Most recent AFC West champion ( s ) Kansas City Chiefs ( 10th title ) Most AFC West titles Denver Broncos / Oakland Raiders / Los Angeles Chargers ( 15 Each ) The AFC West is a division of the National Football League ( NFL ) 's American Football Conference ( AFC ) , formerly known as the AFL West . The division comprises the Denver Broncos , Los Angeles Chargers , Kansas City Chiefs , and Oakland Raiders . The division has sent teams to the Super Bowl sixteen times beginning with Super Bowl I vs. Green Bay . Currently as of the 2017 season , the Broncos and Raiders are tied with the most Super Bowl wins within the division with 3 each ; Denver and Oakland have respectively appeared in the Super Bowl 5 and 2 additional times . The Chiefs are 1 - 1 , while the Chargers lost in Super Bowl XXIX , their lone Super Bowl appearance . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Division lineups 3 Division champions 4 Wild Card qualifiers 5 Total playoff berths 6 See also 7 References History ( edit ) The division was formed in 1960 as the American Football League 's Western Division . In 1970 , as part of the new NFL 's two - conference , six - division alignment , the AFL West entered the merged league more or less intact as the AFC West . The original AFL West had four members -- the Dallas Texans ( who moved to Kansas City in 1963 as the Chiefs ) , Denver Broncos , Los Angeles Chargers ( who moved to San Diego in 1961 ) and Oakland Raiders . These four teams have remained in the AFL / AFC West since its inception , and are currently the only teams in the division . Largely because of this , and the fact they have played each other twice a year for over half a century , the entire division is considered one very large and very heated rivalry . When the Raiders played in Los Angeles from 1982 to 1994 , they remained in the AFC West . The Cincinnati Bengals played the last two AFL seasons in the AFL West despite being further east than Houston , where the Houston Oilers played at the time and were members of the AFC East . The Bengals ( along with the Oilers ) moved to the AFC Central ( formerly the NFL Century , now the AFC North ) in 1970 , instantly forming rivalries with the Cleveland Browns and the Pittsburgh Steelers . In 1977 , the Seattle Seahawks were added to the AFC West after spending their expansion season in the NFC West ; they would move back to the NFC West in 2002 . The first - year Tampa Bay Buccaneers in 1976 played as a member of the AFC West before being aligned into the NFC Central in 1977 . Each of the four AFC West teams won a division title in the first four years of the realignment -- Oakland in 2002 , Kansas City in 2003 , San Diego in 2004 and Denver in 2005 . It is the only one of the eight NFL divisions to have all of its teams win titles in the first four seasons of the North - East - West - South format . ESPN 's Chris Berman often calls this division the `` AFC Smythe '' due to its geographical similarity to the old Smythe Division of the NHL , now succeeded by the Pacific Division . In the early and mid-2000s , the division was often cited as one of the NFL 's `` Toughest Divisions '' due partially to the home - field advantages of Sports Authority Field at Mile High , Arrowhead Stadium , Qualcomm Stadium and the Oakland Coliseum , although in 2008 the division was the NFL 's weakest since the AFC Central in 1985 by sending the San Diego Chargers to the playoffs as division winners with an 8 -- 8 record while the New England Patriots missed out at 11 -- 5 after losing out on tiebreakers for both the AFC East and the wild - card . In 2010 , the Raiders swept the entire division , going 6 - 0 , but failed to qualify for the playoffs as they only won two non-divisional games . The division was very weak in 2011 as well , when a loss by the Raiders in the last game of the season gave the Broncos the division title with only an 8 - 8 record . Only the NFC West in 2010 and the NFC South in 2014 have historically sent a worse division winner to the playoffs , when the Seahawks ( themselves a former AFC West member ) won that division with a 7 - 9 record and the Panthers won the NFC South division with a 7 - 8 - 1 record . Along with the AFC ( formerly AFL ) East , the AFC West is the oldest NFL division in terms of creation date ( 1960 ) . Division lineups ( edit ) Place cursor over year for division champ or Super Bowl team . AFL Western Division 1900s 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 Dallas Texans Kansas City Chiefs Team not in division Denver Broncos Division Won AFL Championship LA Chargers San Diego Chargers Division Won AFL Championship , Lost Super Bowl Oakland Raiders Division Won AFC Championship Cincinnati Bengals Division Won Super Bowl NFL AFC West Division 1900s 2000s 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 Kansas City Chiefs Denver Broncos San Diego Chargers Oakland Raiders Los Angeles Raiders Oakland Raiders Tampa Bay Bucs Seattle Seahawks NFL AFC West Division after reorganization 2000s 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Kansas City Chiefs Denver Broncos San Diego Chargers Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders Dallas Texans moved to Kansas City , Missouri and were subsequently renamed the Kansas City Chiefs ( 1963 season ) Los Angeles Chargers moved to San Diego ( 1961 season ) but moved back in 2017 . Oakland Raiders moved to Los Angeles ( 1982 season ) . The team returned to Oakland for the 1995 season . Cincinnati Bengals enfranchised ( 1968 season ) . After 1970 merger with NFL , the team moved to the AFC Central . Tampa Bay was enfranchised in 1976 . The Bucs moved to the NFC Central after one year ( 1977 season ) . The NFC Central was reorganized after the 2001 season . Seattle Seahawks moved into AFC West from the NFC West division ( 1977 Season ) . In 2002 they moved back to the NFC West . Division champions ( edit ) Season Team Record Playoff results 1960 Los Angeles Chargers 10 -- 4 -- 0 Lost AFL Championship Game 1961 San Diego Chargers 12 -- 2 -- 0 Lost AFL Championship Game 1962 Dallas Texans 11 -- 3 -- 0 Won AFL Championship Game 1963 San Diego Chargers 11 -- 3 -- 0 Won AFL Championship Game 1964 San Diego Chargers 8 -- 5 -- 1 Lost AFL Championship Game 1965 San Diego Chargers 9 -- 2 -- 3 Lost AFL Championship Game 1966 Kansas City Chiefs 11 -- 2 -- 1 Won AFL Championship Game , Lost Super Bowl I 1967 Oakland Raiders 13 -- 1 -- 0 Won AFL Championship Game , Lost Super Bowl II 1968 Oakland Raiders 12 -- 2 -- 0 Won Divisional Playoff , Lost AFL Championship Game 1969 Oakland Raiders 12 -- 1 -- 1 Won Divisional Playoff , Lost AFL Championship Game 1970 Oakland Raiders 8 -- 4 -- 2 Won Divisional Playoff , Lost AFC Championship Game 1971 Kansas City Chiefs 10 -- 3 -- 1 Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs 1972 Oakland Raiders 10 -- 3 -- 1 Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs 1973 Oakland Raiders 9 -- 4 -- 0 Won Divisional Playoff , Lost AFC Championship Game Oakland Raiders 12 -- 2 -- 0 Won Divisional Playoff , Lost AFC Championship Game Oakland Raiders 11 -- 3 -- 0 Won Divisional Playoff , Lost AFC Championship Game 1976 Oakland Raiders 13 -- 1 -- 0 Won Divisional and AFC Championship Games , Won Super Bowl XI 0 1977 Denver Broncos 12 -- 2 -- 0 Won Divisional and AFC Championship Games , Lost Super Bowl XII 1978 Denver Broncos 10 -- 6 -- 0 Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs 1979 San Diego Chargers 12 -- 4 -- 0 Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs 1980 San Diego Chargers 11 -- 5 -- 0 Won Divisional Playoff , Lost AFC Championship Game 1981 San Diego Chargers 10 -- 6 -- 0 Won Divisional Playoff , Lost AFC Championship Game 1982 Los Angeles Raiders 8 -- 1 -- 0 Won AFC First Round , Lost AFC Second Round Los Angeles Raiders 12 -- 4 -- 0 Won Divisional and AFC Championship Games , Won Super Bowl XVIII 0 1984 Denver Broncos 13 -- 3 -- 0 Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs 1985 Los Angeles Raiders 12 -- 4 -- 0 Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs 1986 Denver Broncos 11 -- 5 -- 0 Won Divisional and AFC Championship Games , Lost Super Bowl XXI Denver Broncos 10 -- 4 -- 1 Won Divisional and AFC Championship Games , Lost Super Bowl XXII 1988 Seattle Seahawks 9 -- 7 -- 0 Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs 1989 Denver Broncos 11 -- 5 -- 0 Won Divisional and AFC Championship Games , Lost Super Bowl XXIV 1990 Los Angeles Raiders 12 -- 4 -- 0 Won Divisional Playoff , Lost AFC Championship Game 1991 Denver Broncos 12 -- 4 -- 0 Won Divisional Playoff , Lost AFC Championship Game 1992 San Diego Chargers 11 -- 5 -- 0 Won Wild Card Playoff , Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs 1993 Kansas City Chiefs 11 -- 5 -- 0 Won Wild Card and Divisional Playoffs , Lost AFC Championship Game 1994 San Diego Chargers 11 -- 5 -- 0 Won Divisional and AFC Championship Games , Lost Super Bowl XXIX 1995 Kansas City Chiefs 13 -- 3 -- 0 Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs Denver Broncos 13 -- 3 -- 0 Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs 1997 Kansas City Chiefs 13 - 3 - 0 Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs 1998 Denver Broncos 14 -- 2 -- 0 Won Divisional and AFC Championship Games , Won Super Bowl XXXIII 0 1999 Seattle Seahawks 9 -- 7 -- 0 Lost AFC Wild Card Playoffs 2000 Oakland Raiders 12 -- 4 -- 0 Won Divisional Playoff , Lost AFC Championship Game 2001 Oakland Raiders 10 -- 6 -- 0 Won Wild Card Playoff , Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs 2002 Oakland Raiders 11 -- 5 -- 0 Won Divisional and AFC Championship Games , Lost Super Bowl XXXVII 2003 Kansas City Chiefs 13 -- 3 -- 0 Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs San Diego Chargers 12 -- 4 -- 0 Lost AFC Wild Card Playoffs 2005 Denver Broncos 13 -- 3 -- 0 Won Divisional Playoff , Lost AFC Championship Game 2006 San Diego Chargers 14 -- 2 -- 0 Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs 2007 San Diego Chargers 11 -- 5 -- 0 Won Wild Card and Divisional Playoffs , Lost AFC Championship Game 2008 San Diego Chargers 8 -- 8 -- 0 Won Wild Card Playoff , Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs 2009 San Diego Chargers 13 -- 3 -- 0 Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs Kansas City Chiefs 10 -- 6 -- 0 Lost AFC Wild Card Playoffs 2011 Denver Broncos 8 -- 8 -- 0 Won Wild Card Playoff , Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs 2012 Denver Broncos 13 -- 3 -- 0 Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs 2013 Denver Broncos 13 -- 3 -- 0 Won Divisional and AFC Championship Games , Lost Super Bowl XLVIII 2014 Denver Broncos 12 -- 4 -- 0 Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs 2015 Denver Broncos 12 -- 4 -- 0 Won Divisional and AFC Championship Games , Won Super Bowl 50 2016 Kansas City Chiefs 12 -- 4 -- 0 Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs 2017 Kansas City Chiefs 10 -- 6 -- 0 The Oakland Raiders and Kansas City Chiefs tied for the regular season division title at 12 -- 2 -- 0 . The Raiders won the ensuing playoff game to represent the West in the AFL Championship Game . A players ' strike in 1982 reduced the regular season to nine games . Thus , the league used a special 16 - team playoff tournament just for this year . Division standings were ignored , the Los Angeles Raiders had the best record of the division teams . Wild card qualifiers ( edit ) Season Team Record Playoff results 1969 Kansas City Chiefs 11 -- 3 -- 0 Won Interdivisional and AFL Championship Games , Won Super Bowl IV 0 1977 Oakland Raiders 11 -- 3 -- 0 Won Divisional Playoff , Lost AFC Championship Game 1979 Denver Broncos 10 -- 6 -- 0 Lost AFC Wild Card Playoffs 1980 Oakland Raiders 11 -- 5 -- 0 Won Wild Card , Divisional and AFC Championship Games , Won Super Bowl XV 0 1982 + San Diego Chargers 6 -- 3 -- 0 Won AFC First Round , Lost AFC Second Round Seattle Seahawks Denver Broncos 9 -- 7 -- 0 9 -- 7 -- 0 Won Wild Card and Divisional Playoffs , Lost AFC Championship Game Lost AFC Wild Card Playoffs 1984 Seattle Seahawks Los Angeles Raiders 12 -- 4 -- 0 11 -- 5 -- 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs , Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs Lost AFC Wild Card Playoffs 1986 Kansas City Chiefs 10 -- 6 -- 0 Lost AFC Wild Card Playoffs Seattle Seahawks 9 -- 6 -- 0 Lost AFC Wild Card Playoffs 1990 Kansas City Chiefs 11 -- 5 -- 0 Lost AFC Wild Card Playoffs 1991 Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Raiders 10 -- 6 -- 0 9 -- 7 -- 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs , Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs Lost AFC Wild Card Playoffs 1992 Kansas City Chiefs 10 -- 6 -- 0 Lost AFC Wild Card Playoffs 1993 Los Angeles Raiders Denver Broncos 10 -- 6 -- 0 9 -- 7 -- 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs , Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs Lost AFC Wild Card Playoffs 1994 Kansas City Chiefs 9 -- 7 -- 0 Lost AFC Wild Card Playoffs 1995 San Diego Chargers 9 -- 7 -- 0 Lost AFC Wild Card Playoffs 1997 Denver Broncos 12 -- 4 -- 0 Won Wild Card , Divisional and AFC Championship Games , Won Super Bowl XXXII 0 2000 Denver Broncos 11 -- 5 -- 0 Lost AFC Wild Card Playoffs 2003 Denver Broncos 10 -- 6 -- 0 Lost AFC Wild Card Playoffs Denver Broncos 10 -- 6 -- 0 Lost AFC Wild Card Playoffs 2006 Kansas City Chiefs 9 -- 7 -- 0 Lost AFC Wild Card Playoffs 2013 Kansas City Chiefs San Diego Chargers 11 -- 5 -- 0 9 -- 7 -- 0 Lost AFC Wild Card Won AFC Wild Card , Lost AFC Divisional 2015 Kansas City Chiefs 11 -- 5 -- 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs , Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs 2016 Oakland Raiders 12 -- 4 -- 0 Lost in Wild Card Playoffs to Houston Texans In 1969 , The Western Division 2nd place team played the Eastern Division 1st place team in an Interdivisional game . A players ' strike in 1982 reduced the regular season to nine games . Thus , the league used a special 16 - team playoff tournament just for this year . Division standings were ignored , the Los Angeles Raiders had the best record of the division teams . Total playoff berths ( edit ) 1960 -- 2017 season Team AFL / AFC West Division Championships Playoff Berths AFC Conference Championships * AFL Championships † Super Bowl Championships Total Championships ‡ Denver Broncos 15 23 8 0 Dallas Texans / Kansas City Chiefs 10 20 Oakland / Los Angeles / Oakland Raiders 15 22 5 Los Angeles / San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers 15 18 0 Totals 82 16 7 10 * Combines AFC Championships and AFL Championships won between 1966 and 1969 † AFL Championships won prior to Super Bowl I ( 1960 -- 1965 ) ‡ Combined Super Bowl championships and AFL Championships won prior to Super Bowl I in 1967 See also ( edit ) Broncos -- Chargers rivalry Broncos -- Chiefs rivalry Broncos -- Raiders rivalry Chargers -- Chiefs rivalry Chargers -- Raiders rivalry Chiefs -- Raiders rivalry References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.usatoday.com/sports/football/nfl/2006-11-29-afc-west-power-division_x.htm Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2005 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 22 . National Football League ( 2017 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history AFL Championship ( 1960 -- 1969 ) NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Other Owners Officials Properties Stadiums ( chronology ) Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Awards All - Pro Numbers ( retired ) Hall of Fame Lore Nicknames AFL Merger International Foreign players London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Media TV NFL Network Radio Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement NFLPA Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Tied games Canceled games Lockouts Controversies Cheerleading Mascots Color Rush Denver Broncos Founded in 1960 Based in Denver , Colorado Headquartered in Englewood , Colorado Franchise History Players Starting quarterbacks Coaches Seasons First - round draft picks Broadcasters Stadiums Mile High Stadium Sports Authority Field at Mile High Key personnel Owner Pat Bowlen President / CEO Joe Ellis Executive Vice President / General Manager John Elway Head Coach Vance Joseph Culture Barrel Man Cheerleaders Miles Mork & Mindy No Fly Zone Orange Crush Defense `` Rocky Mountain Way '' South Park Thunder `` You Only Move Twice '' ( The Simpsons episode ) Lore Mile High Miracle Snowball Game The Drive The Fumble The Helicopter Rivalries Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders New England Patriots Brady -- Manning rivalry Retired numbers 7 18 44 Ring of Fame Steve Atwater Pat Bowlen Terrell Davis Jason Elam John Elway Simon Fletcher Goose Gonsoulin Randy Gradishar Rich Jackson Tom Jackson Charley Johnson Floyd Little John Lynch Karl Mecklenburg Gene Mingo Craig Morton Haven Moses Tom Nalen Gerald Phipps Dan Reeves Shannon Sharpe Dennis Smith Paul Smith Rod Smith Lionel Taylor Billy Thompson Frank Tripucka Jim Turner Rick Upchurch Louis Wright Gary Zimmerman Division championships 1977 1978 1984 1986 1989 1991 1998 2005 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Conference championships 1977 1986 1989 1997 1998 2013 2015 League championships 1997 ( XXXII ) 1998 ( XXXIII ) 2015 ( 50 ) Media Broadcasters Dave Logan Brian Griese Scott Hastings Ed McCaffrey Alan Roach TV : KUSA 9News Radio : 850 KOA ( AM ) Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : West Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Kansas City Chiefs Founded in 1960 Formerly the Dallas Texans ( 1960 -- 62 ) Based and headquartered in Kansas City , Missouri Franchise Franchise History Seasons Players First - round picks Coaches Logos and uniforms Awards Records Starting quarterbacks ( list ) Stadiums Cotton Bowl Municipal Stadium Arrowhead Stadium Personnel Owner : Clark Hunt President : Mark Donovan General Manager : Brett Veach Head Coach : Andy Reid Co-Offensive Coordinator : Brad Childress Co-Offensive Coordinator : Matt Nagy Defensive Coordinator : Bob Sutton Special Teams Coach : Dave Toub Culture Lamar Hunt H. Roe Bartle Warpaint K.C. Wolf Marty Ball Cheerleaders Rivalries Denver Broncos Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders St. Louis Cardinals / Rams Playoff appearances ( 19 ) 1962 1966 1968 1969 1971 1986 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 2003 2006 2013 2015 2016 Division championships ( 10 ) 1962 1966 1971 1993 1995 1997 2003 2016 2017 League championships ( 2 ) 1962 1969 ( IV ) does not include 1966 or 1969 AFL championships Retired numbers 16 18 28 33 36 58 63 78 86 Media Broadcasters Television : KCTV WDAF - TV KSHB - TV Radio : KCFX Personalities : Dave Armstrong Len Dawson Kendall Gammon Bob Gretz Art Hains Bill Grigsby Kevin Harlan Mitch Holthus Roger Twibell Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : West Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Los Angeles Chargers Founded in 1960 Played in San Diego ( 1961 -- 2016 ) Based in Carson , California Headquartered in Costa Mesa , California Franchise Franchise History in San Diego Seasons Retired numbers 14 19 21 55 Hall of Fame Anniversary teams 40th 50th First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Coaches History Broadcasters Stadiums Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Balboa Stadium Qualcomm Stadium San Diego stadium proposals StubHub Center Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park ( under construction ) Culture Fearsome Foursome Air Coryell `` San Diego Super Chargers '' Bruise Brothers Marty Ball San Diego sports curse Los Angeles Charger Girls Rivalries Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Oakland Raiders Lore Holy Roller Epic in Miami Freezer Bowl Division championships ( 15 ) 1960 1961 1963 1964 1965 1979 1980 1981 1992 1994 2006 2007 2008 2009 Conference championships ( 1 ) 1994 League championships ( 1 ) 1963 Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : West Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Oakland Raiders Founded in 1960 Played in Los Angeles ( 1982 -- 94 ) Based in Oakland , California Headquartered in Alameda , California Franchise History in Los Angeles relocation to Las Vegas Seasons Players First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Head coaches Stadiums Kezar Stadium Candlestick Park Frank Youell Field Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Las Vegas Stadium Key personnel Owner / CEO : Mark Davis President : Marc Badain General manager : Reggie McKenzie Head coach : Jack Del Rio Culture Oakland Raiderettes Raider Nation The Autumn Wind Mount Davis Ricky 's Sports Theatre and Grill Straight Outta L.A. Lore Heidi Game Immaculate Reception The Sea of Hands Ghost to the Post Holy Roller Red Right 88 Tuck Rule Game Rivalries Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Pittsburgh Steelers Media Broadcasters Television : NBC Sports California NBC Sports Bay Area KTVU KVVU Radio : KGMZ KBLX KUFX KCYE KDWN Other : Compass Media Networks The Raider Cast Personalities : Bill King Greg Papa J.T. the Brick Playoff appearances ( 22 ) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1972 1973 1976 1977 1980 1982 1984 1985 1990 1991 1993 2000 2001 2002 2016 Division championships ( 15 ) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1972 1973 1976 1985 1990 2000 2001 2002 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1976 1980 2002 League championships ( 3 ) 1976 ( XI ) 1980 ( XV ) 1983 ( XVIII ) does not include 1967 AFL championship Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : West Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AFC_West&oldid=818340672 '' Categories : National Football League divisions Cincinnati Bengals Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Oakland Raiders Los Angeles Chargers Seattle Seahawks Tampa Bay Buccaneers Sports in the Western United States 1960 establishments in the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Čeština Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 3 January 2018 , at 00 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who has won the most afc west titles | [
"\nAFC West\n\nConference\nAmerican Football Conference\n\n\nLeague\nNational Football League\n\n\nSport\nAmerican football\n\n\nFounded\n1960 (as the American Football League Western Division)\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nTeams\n\n\nNo. of teams\n4 (1960–1967)\n5 (1968–1969)\n4 (1970–1975)\n5 (1976–2001)\n4 (2002–present)\n\n\nChampionships\n\n\nMost recent AFC West champion(s)\nKansas City Chiefs (10th title)\n\n\nMost AFC West titles\nDenver Broncos/Oakland Raiders/Los Angeles Chargers\n(15 Each)\n\n",
"\nAFC West\n\nConference\nAmerican Football Conference\n\n\nLeague\nNational Football League\n\n\nSport\nAmerican football\n\n\nFounded\n1960 (as the American Football League Western Division)\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nTeams\n\n\nNo. of teams\n4 (1960–1967)\n5 (1968–1969)\n4 (1970–1975)\n5 (1976–2001)\n4 (2002–present)\n\n\nChampionships\n\n\nMost recent AFC West champion(s)\nKansas City Chiefs (10th title)\n\n\nMost AFC West titles\nDenver Broncos/Oakland Raiders/Los Angeles Chargers\n(15 Each)\n\n",
"\nAFC West\n\nConference\nAmerican Football Conference\n\n\nLeague\nNational Football League\n\n\nSport\nAmerican football\n\n\nFounded\n1960 (as the American Football League Western Division)\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nTeams\n\n\nNo. of teams\n4 (1960–1967)\n5 (1968–1969)\n4 (1970–1975)\n5 (1976–2001)\n4 (2002–present)\n\n\nChampionships\n\n\nMost recent AFC West champion(s)\nKansas City Chiefs (10th title)\n\n\nMost AFC West titles\nDenver Broncos/Oakland Raiders/Los Angeles Chargers\n(15 Each)\n\n"
] | [
"Denver Broncos",
"Oakland Raiders",
"Los Angeles Chargers"
] |
1695573521303799812 | List of Prime Ministers of Israel | List of Prime ministers of Israel - wikipedia List of Prime ministers of Israel Jump to : navigation , search This article lists the Prime Ministers of Israel since the adoption of the Israeli Declaration of Independence in 1948 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Prime Ministers of Israel ( 1948 -- present ) 1.1 Notes 2 Term of office in years 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Prime ministers of Israel ( 1948 -- present ) Colour key Mapai / Alignment / Labor Likud Kadima A total of twelve people have served as Prime Minister of Israel , five of whom have served on two non-consecutive occasions . Additionally , one person , Yigal Allon , has served solely as an Interim Prime Minister . The other two who have served as ad interim Prime Minister have gone on to become the Prime Minister . No . Name ( birth and death ) Portrait Political party Term of office Elected ( Knesset ) Government No . Composition David Ben - Gurion דָּוִד בֶּן - גּוּרִיּוֹן ( 1886 -- 1973 ) Mapai 14 May 1948 10 March 1949 -- Prov . Mapai Mapam HHaM New Aliyah S&O Mizrachi Gen. Zionists Aguda 10 March 1949 1 November 1950 1949 ( 1st ) 1st Mapai URF Progressives S&O DLN 1 November 1950 8 October 1951 2nd 8 October 1951 24 December 1952 1951 ( 2nd ) 3rd Mapai Mizrachi HHaM - Aguda - PAY DLIA - P&W - A&D 24 December 1952 26 January 1954 4th Mapai Gen. Zionists Progressive Mizrachi HHaM DLIA - P&W - A&D Moshe Sharett משֶׁה שָרֵת ( 1894 -- 1965 ) Mapai 26 January 1954 29 June 1955 5th 29 June 1955 3 November 1955 6th Mapai Mizrachi HHaM DLIA - P&W - A&D ( 1 ) David Ben - Gurion דָּוִד בֶּן - גּוּרִיּוֹן ( 1886 -- 1973 ) Mapai 3 November 1955 7 January 1958 1955 ( 3rd ) 7th Mapai NRP Mapam AHaA Progressives DLIA - P&W - A&D P&D - C&B 7 January 1958 17 December 1959 8th 17 December 1959 2 November 1961 1959 ( 4th ) 9th 2 November 1961 26 June 1963 1961 ( 5th ) 10th Mapai NRP AHaA PAY P&D - C&B Levi Eshkol לֵוִי אֶשְׁכּוֹל ( 1895 -- 1969 ) Mapai 26 June 1963 22 December 1964 11th 22 December 1964 12 January 1966 12th Alignment Mapai / Labor 12 January 1966 26 February 1969 1965 ( 6th ) 13th Alignment NRP Mapam Indep. Liberals PAY P&D - C&B Gahal Rafi -- Yigal Allon ( acting ) יִגְאָל אַלּוֹן ( 1918 -- 1980 ) Alignment Labor 26 February 1969 17 March 1969 Golda Meir גּוֹלְדָּה מֵאִיר ( 1898 -- 1978 ) Alignment Labor 17 March 1969 15 December 1969 14th 15 December 1969 10 March 1974 1969 ( 7th ) 15th Alignment Gahal NRP Indep. Liberals P&D - C&B 10 March 1974 3 June 1974 1973 ( 8th ) 16th Alignment NRP Indep. Liberals 5 Yitzhak Rabin יִצְחָק רַבִּין ( 1922 -- 1995 ) Alignment Labor 3 June 1974 20 June 1977 17th Alignment Indep. Liberals Ratz NRP 6 Menachem Begin מְנַחֵם בֵּגִין ( 1913 -- 1992 ) Likud 20 June 1977 5 August 1981 1977 ( 9th ) 18th Likud NRP Aguda Dash 5 August 1981 10 October 1983 1981 ( 10th ) 19th Likud NRP Aguda Tami Telem / MRSZ Tehiya 7 Yitzhak Shamir יִצְחָק שָׁמִיר ( 1915 -- 2012 ) Likud 10 October 1983 13 September 1984 20th 8 Shimon Peres שִׁמְעוֹן פֶּרֶס ( 1923 -- 2016 ) Alignment Labor 13 September 1984 20 October 1986 1984 ( 11th ) 21st Alignment Likud NRP Aguda Shas Morasha Shinui Ometz ( 7 ) Yitzhak Shamir יִצְחָק שָׁמִיר ( 1915 -- 2012 ) Likud 20 October 1986 22 December 1988 22nd 22 December 1988 11 June 1990 1988 ( 12th ) 23rd Likud Alignment NRP Shas Aguda Degel HaTorah 11 June 1990 13 July 1992 24th Likud NRP Shas Aguda Degel HaTorah New Liberal Tehiya Tzomet Moledet UPI Geula ( 5 ) Yitzhak Rabin יִצְחָק רַבִּין ( 1922 -- 1995 ) Labor 13 July 1992 4 November 1995 1992 ( 13th ) 25th Labor Meretz Shas Yiud ( 8 ) Shimon Peres שִׁמְעוֹן פֶּרֶס ( 1923 -- 2016 ) Labor ( acting , 4 Nov. 1995 ) 22 November 1995 18 June 1996 26th 9 Benjamin Netanyahu בִּנְיָמִין נְתַנְיָהוּ ( 1949 -- ) Likud 18 June 1996 6 July 1999 14th 27th Likud - Gesher - Tzomet Shas NRP BaAliyah UTJ Third Way 10 Ehud Barak אֵהוּד בָּרָק ( 1942 -- ) One Israel Labor 6 July 1999 7 March 2001 1999 15th 28th One Israel Shas Meretz BaAliyah Centre NRP UTJ 11 Ariel Sharon אֲרִיאֵל שָׁרוֹן ( 1928 -- 2014 ) Likud 7 March 2001 28 February 2003 29th Likud Labor - Meimad Shas Centre NRP UTJ BaAliyah NU - Beiteinu New Way Gesher 28 February 2003 21 November 2005 2003 ( 16th ) 30th Likud Shinui NU NRP Labor - Meimad Aguda Kadima 21 November 2005 ( 4 Jan. 2006 ) 14 April 2006 Kadima Likud Agudat 12 Ehud Olmert אֵהוּד אוֹלְמֶרט ( 1945 -- ) Kadima ( acting , 4 Jan. 2006 ) 14 April 2006 4 May 2006 4 May 2006 31 March 2009 2006 ( 17th ) 31st Kadima Labor Shas Gil Beiteinu ( 9 ) Benjamin Netanyahu בִּנְיָמִין נְתַנְיָהוּ ( 1949 -- ) Likud 31 March 2009 18 March 2013 2009 ( 18th ) 32nd Likud Beiteinu Shas Labor / Indep . Jewish Home UTJ 18 March 2013 6 May 2015 2013 ( 19th ) 33rd Likud Yesh Atid The Jewish Home Yisrael Beiteinu Hatnuah 6 May 2015 Incumbent 2015 ( 20th ) 34th Likud Kulanu The Jewish Home Shas UTJ Yisrael Beiteinu Israel This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Israel Constitution ( show ) Basic Laws Jerusalem Law Law of Return Presidency ( show ) President ( list ) Reuven Rivlin Designated Acting President Yuli - Yoel Edelstein Executive ( show ) Prime Minister ( list ) Benjamin Netanyahu Office of the Prime Minister Deputy leaders Cabinet Current ( 34th ) Security Cabinet Kitchen Cabinet State Comptroller Legislature ( show ) Speaker : Yuli Edelstein Members ( Arab ) Leader of the Opposition Isaac Herzog Knesset Guard Elections ( show ) Political parties Elections Law Central Elections Committee Referendums Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court President : Esther Hayut Attorney General Avichai Mandelblit Administrative divisions ( show ) Districts Local government Municipalities Local councils Regional councils Foreign relations ( show ) Arab League International law Status of territories Israel , Palestine , United Nations Israel and the European Union Ambassadors Other countries Atlas Notes For the 1965 elections , Mapai allied with Ahdut HaAvoda to form the Labor Alignment , later renamed Alignment . This first Alignment ended when Mapai , Ahdut HaAvoda and Rafi merged to form the Labor Party on 23 January 1968 . On 28 January 1969 , Labor formed a second Alignment in alliance with Mapam . Eshkol died while in office . Yigal Allon briefly served as Acting Prime Minister until he was replaced by Meir . Rabin resigned and called for early elections in December 1976 . After he was re-elected as the Alignment 's leader , he resigned as candidate for the upcoming elections on 7 April 1977 , but legally remained Prime Minister until Begin 's first government was formed . However , Shimon Peres unofficially served as Acting Prime Minister from 22 April 1977 until 21 June 1977 . After the 1984 elections , Likud and the Alignment reached a coalition agreement by which the role of Prime Minister would be rotated mid-term between them . Shimon Peres of the Alignment served as Prime Minister for the first two years , and then the role was passed to Yitzhak Shamir . After the 1988 election Likud was able to govern without the Alignment , and Yitzhak Shamir became Prime Minister again . Rabin was assassinated while in office . Shimon Peres served as Acting Prime Minister until 22 November 1995 . On 21 November 2005 , Prime Minister Sharon , along with several other ministers and MKs , split from Likud over the issue of disengagement from the Gaza Strip and negotiations over the final status of the West Bank . Sharon formed a new party , Kadima , which would go on to compete in the following elections of March 2006 . Sharon continued as Prime Minister . As the result of Ariel Sharon suffering a severe stroke on 4 January 2006 , and being put under general anaesthetic , Ehud Olmert served as the Acting Prime Minister ( Hebrew : ממלא מקום ראש הממשלה בפועל ) from 4 January to 14 April , according to Basic Law : The Government : `` Should the Prime Minister be temporarily unable to discharge his duties , his place will be filled by the Acting Prime Minister . After the passage of 100 days upon which the Prime Minister does not resume his duties , the Prime Minister will be deemed permanently unable to exercise his office . '' Basic Law : the Government 2001 , section 16b In Sharon 's case , this occurred on 14 April 2006 , upon which Olmert became Interim Prime Minister for the remainder of the 30th government , finally becoming full Prime Minister on the formation of the 31st government . Olmert officially resigned on 21 September 2008 . With this , his cabinet became an interim government , and he was the `` Interim '' Prime Minister until the establishment of a new governing coalition ( he was officially the Prime Minister , however , the government under him was an interim government , in this case ) . The following parties were members of a government during only part of its term : 9th : Progress and Development and Cooperation and Brotherhood , two new parties , were members of the 9th government , which was otherwise identical in composition to the 7th and 8th governments . 13th : Gahal and Rafi joined 5 June 1967 . Rafi merged into Labor ( a member of the Alignment ) 23 January 1968 . 15th : Gahal stood down 6 August 1970 . 17th : National Religious Party joined 30 October 1970 ; Ratz stood down 6 November 1970 . 18th : Democratic Movement for Change joined October 1977 . 19th : Tehiya joined 26 August 1981 ; the Movement for the Renewal of Social Zionism was formed 6 June 1983 following the break - up of Telem . 22nd : Morasha was not included in the 22nd government , which was otherwise identical in composition to the 21st government . 25th : Shas stood down 14 September 1993 ; Yiud joined 9 January 1995 . 28th : United Torah Judaism stood down September 1999 . 29th : Shas stood down 23 May 2002 , returned 3 June ; Labor - Meimad stood down 2 November 2002 . 30th : National Religious Party joined 3 March 2003 , stood down 11 November 2004 ; National Union stood down 6 June 2004 ; Shinui stood down 4 December 2004 ; Labor - Meimad joined 10 January 2005 ; Agudat Yisrael joined 30 March 2005 ; Kadima broke away from Likud and Labor - Meimad stood down 23 November 2005 , leaving a government consisting of Kadima , Likud and Agudat Yisrael ; Likud stood down 15 January 2006 . 31st : Yisrael Beiteinu joined November 2006 ; stood down 16 January 2008 . 32nd : United Torah Judaism joined 1 April 2009 ; Independence broke away from Labor 17 January 2011 ; Independence remained in the government and Labor stood down . Term of office in years David Ben - Gurion : 13 years and 127 days ( first term : 5 years and 257 days ; second term : 7 years and 235 days ) Benjamin Netanyahu : Incumbent - 12 years , 75 days as of 27 May 2018 ( first term : 3 years and 18 days ; second and current term : 9 years , 57 days ) Netanyahu holds the record for the longest single term ( his second term ) of any Israeli prime minister . If Netanyahu serves continuously as Prime Minister on July 16 , 2019 , he will tie Ben - Gurion to become the longest serving Prime Minister in Israel 's history . He will break that record for himself one day later on July 17 , 2019 . Yitzhak Shamir : 6 years and 242 days ( first term : 339 days ; second term : 5 years and 268 days ) Yitzhak Rabin : 6 years and 132 days ( first term : 3 years and 18 days ; second term : 3 years and 114 days ) Menachem Begin : 6 years and 113 days Levi Eshkol : 5 years and 247 days Ariel Sharon : 5 years and 39 days ( Including a 100 days period of `` temporary incapacitation '' wherein the Prime minister 's authorities were delegated to the Designated Acting Prime Minister ) Golda Meir : 5 years and 19 days Ehud Olmert : 2 years and 351 days ( In addition , served as Acting Prime Minister , wherein the Prime Minister 's authorities were delegated to him ) Shimon Peres : 2 years and 264 days ( first term : 2 years and 37 days ; second term : 227 days ) Moshe Sharett : 1 year and 281 days Ehud Barak : 1 year and 245 days Yigal Allon : 19 days ( interim ) This is a graphical lifespan timeline of Prime Ministers of Israel . The prime ministers are listed in order of office . See also Prime Minister of Israel List of Prime Ministers of Israel by longevity List of Presidents of Israel References Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Knesset , Governments of Israel Jump up ^ Basic Law : The Government ( 2001 ) Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs , 7 March 2001 Jump up ^ Mazal Mualem , Shahar Ilan , Barak Ravid , Haaretz Correspondents , and The Associated Press ( 21 September 2008 ) . `` Olmert formally submits his resignation to Peres '' . Haaretz . Retrieved 21 September 2008 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ http://hamodia.com/2016/11/21/netanyahu-now-longest-continuous-serving-prime-minister/ External links The PM 's Who Shaped Israel -- slideshow by The First Post Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Israel&oldid=823045241 '' Categories : Lists of government ministers of Israel Lists of prime ministers Lists of members of the Knesset Prime Ministers of Israel Israel - related lists Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia pages under 30 - 500 editing restriction Articles containing Hebrew - language text Use dmy dates from September 2011 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Deutsch Eesti Euskara فارسی Frysk Հայերեն Ido Bahasa Indonesia עברית Latviešu Magyar Nederlands Occitan Suomi Türkçe Українська اردو 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 January 2018 , at 23 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the present prime minister of israel | [
"\n\nNo.\nName\n(birth and death)\nPortrait\nPolitical party\nTerm of office\nElected\n(Knesset)\nGovernment\n\n\nNo.\nComposition\n\n\n1\nDavid Ben-Gurion\nדָּוִד בֶּן-גּוּרִיּוֹן\n(1886–1973)\n\nMapai\n14 May 1948\n10 March 1949\n—\nProv.\nMapai• Mapam• HHaM• New Aliyah• S&O• Mizrachi• Gen.Zionists• Aguda\n\n\n10 March 1949\n1 November 1950\n1949 (1st)\n1st\nMapai• URF• Progressives• S&O• DLN\n\n\n1 November 1950\n8 October 1951\n2nd\n\n\n8 October 1951\n24 December 1952\n1951 (2nd)\n3rd\nMapai• Mizrachi• HHaM-Aguda-PAY• DLIA-P&W-A&D\n\n\n24 December 1952\n26 January 1954\n4th\nMapai• Gen.Zionists• Progressive• Mizrachi• HHaM• DLIA-P&W-A&D\n\n\n2\nMoshe Sharett\nמשֶׁה שָרֵת\n(1894–1965)\n\nMapai\n26 January 1954\n29 June 1955\n5th\n\n\n29 June 1955\n3 November 1955\n6th\nMapai• Mizrachi• HHaM• DLIA-P&W-A&D\n\n\n(1)\nDavid Ben-Gurion\nדָּוִד בֶּן-גּוּרִיּוֹן\n(1886–1973)\n\nMapai\n3 November 1955\n7 January 1958\n1955 (3rd)\n7th\nMapai• NRP• Mapam• AHaA• Progressives• DLIA-P&W-A&D• P&D-C&B[9]\n\n\n7 January 1958\n17 December 1959\n8th\n\n\n17 December 1959\n2 November 1961\n1959 (4th)\n9th\n\n\n2 November 1961\n26 June 1963\n1961 (5th)\n10th\nMapai• NRP• AHaA• PAY• P&D-C&B\n\n\n3\nLevi Eshkol\nלֵוִי אֶשְׁכּוֹל\n(1895–1969)\n\nMapai\n26 June 1963\n22 December 1964\n11th\n\n\n22 December 1964\n12 January 1966\n12th\n\n\nAlignment[1]\nMapai/Labor\n12 January 1966\n26 February 1969[2]\n1965 (6th)\n13th\nAlignment• NRP• Mapam• Indep.Liberals• PAY• P&D-C&B• Gahal[9]• Rafi[9]\n\n\n—\nYigal Allon\n(acting)\nיִגְאָל אַלּוֹן\n(1918–1980)\n\nAlignment\nLabor\n26 February 1969[2]\n17 March 1969\n\n\n4\nGolda Meir\nגּוֹלְדָּה מֵאִיר\n(1898–1978)\n\nAlignment\nLabor\n17 March 1969\n15 December 1969\n14th\n\n\n15 December 1969\n10 March 1974\n1969 (7th)\n15th\nAlignment• Gahal[9]• NRP• Indep.Liberals• P&D-C&B\n\n\n10 March 1974\n3 June 1974\n1973 (8th)\n16th\nAlignment• NRP• Indep.Liberals\n\n\n5\nYitzhak Rabin\nיִצְחָק רַבִּין\n(1922–1995)\n\nAlignment\nLabor\n3 June 1974\n20 June 1977[3]\n17th\nAlignment• Indep.Liberals• Ratz[9]• NRP[9]\n\n\n6\nMenachem Begin\nמְנַחֵם בֵּגִין\n(1913–1992)\n\nLikud\n20 June 1977\n5 August 1981\n1977 (9th)\n18th\nLikud• NRP• Aguda• Dash[9]\n\n\n5 August 1981\n10 October 1983\n1981 (10th)\n19th\nLikud• NRP• Aguda• Tami• Telem/MRSZ[9]• Tehiya[9]\n\n\n7\nYitzhak Shamir\nיִצְחָק שָׁמִיר\n(1915–2012)\n\nLikud\n10 October 1983\n13 September 1984\n20th\n\n\n8\nShimon Peres\nשִׁמְעוֹן פֶּרֶס\n(1923–2016)\n\nAlignment\nLabor\n13 September 1984[4]\n20 October 1986\n1984 (11th)\n21st\nAlignment• Likud• NRP• Aguda• Shas• Morasha[9]• Shinui• Ometz\n\n\n(7)\nYitzhak Shamir\nיִצְחָק שָׁמִיר\n(1915–2012)\n\nLikud\n20 October 1986[4]\n22 December 1988\n22nd\n\n\n22 December 1988\n11 June 1990\n1988 (12th)\n23rd\nLikud• Alignment• NRP• Shas• Aguda• Degel HaTorah\n\n\n11 June 1990\n13 July 1992\n24th\nLikud• NRP• Shas• Aguda• Degel HaTorah• New Liberal• Tehiya• Tzomet• Moledet• UPI• Geula\n\n\n(5)\nYitzhak Rabin\nיִצְחָק רַבִּין\n(1922–1995)\n\nLabor\n13 July 1992\n4 November 1995[5]\n1992 (13th)\n25th\nLabor• Meretz• Shas[9]• Yiud[9]\n\n\n(8)\nShimon Peres\nשִׁמְעוֹן פֶּרֶס\n(1923–2016)\n\nLabor\n(acting, 4 Nov. 1995)[5]\n22 November 1995\n18 June 1996\n26th\n\n\n9\nBenjamin Netanyahu\nבִּנְיָמִין נְתַנְיָהוּ\n(1949–)\n\nLikud\n18 June 1996\n6 July 1999\n1996\n14th\n27th\nLikud-Gesher-Tzomet• Shas• NRP• BaAliyah• UTJ• Third Way\n\n\n10\nEhud Barak\nאֵהוּד בָּרָק\n(1942–)\n\nOne Israel\nLabor\n6 July 1999\n7 March 2001\n1999\n15th\n28th\nOne Israel• Shas• Meretz• BaAliyah• Centre• NRP• UTJ[9]\n\n\n\n\n11\nAriel Sharon\nאֲרִיאֵל שָׁרוֹן\n(1928–2014)\n\nLikud\n7 March 2001\n28 February 2003\n2001\n29th\nLikud• Labor-Meimad[9]• Shas[9]• Centre• NRP• UTJ• BaAliyah• NU-Beiteinu• New Way• Gesher\n\n\n28 February 2003\n21 November 2005\n2003 (16th)\n30th\nLikud• Shinui[9]• NU[9]• NRP[9]• Labor-Meimad• Aguda[9]\n\n\n\nKadima\n21 November 2005\n(4 Jan. 2006)[7]\n14 April 2006\nKadima• Likud[9]• Agudat\n\n\n12\nEhud Olmert\nאֵהוּד אוֹלְמֶרט\n(1945–)\n\nKadima\n(acting, 4 Jan. 2006)[7]\n14 April 2006\n4 May 2006\n\n\n4 May 2006\n31 March 2009[8]\n2006 (17th)\n31st\nKadima• Labor• Shas• Gil• Beiteinu[9]\n\n\n(9)\nBenjamin Netanyahu\nבִּנְיָמִין נְתַנְיָהוּ\n(1949–)\n\nLikud\n31 March 2009\n18 March 2013\n2009 (18th)\n32nd\nLikud• Beiteinu• Shas• Labor/Indep.[9]• Jewish Home• UTJ[9]\n\n\n18 March 2013\n6 May 2015\n2013 (19th)\n33rd\nLikud• Yesh Atid• The Jewish Home• Yisrael Beiteinu• Hatnuah\n\n\n6 May 2015\nIncumbent\n2015 (20th)\n34th\nLikud• Kulanu• The Jewish Home• Shas• UTJ• Yisrael Beiteinu\n\n"
] | [
"Benjamin Netanyahu"
] |
-5688621625853850954 | Gossip Girl (season 5) | Gossip Girl ( season 5 ) - wikipedia Gossip Girl ( season 5 ) Gossip Girl ( season 5 ) DVD cover art Starring Blake Lively Leighton Meester Penn Badgley Chace Crawford Ed Westwick Kaylee DeFer Kelly Rutherford Matthew Settle Country of origin United States No. of episodes 24 Release Original network The CW Original release September 26 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 26 ) -- May 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 14 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 4 Next → Season 6 List of Gossip Girl episodes The fifth season of the American teen drama television series Gossip Girl premiered on The CW on September 26 , 2011 , and concluded on May 14 , 2012 , consisting of 24 episodes . Based on the novel series of the same name by Cecily von Ziegesar , the series was developed for television by Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage . The CW officially renewed the series for a fifth season on April 26 , 2011 . It was later announced that Taylor Momsen , who played Jenny Humphrey since the pilot , and Jessica Szohr , who joined the series as Vanessa Abrams in season one , would not be returning for the fifth season as regulars . Kaylee DeFer was upgraded to a series regular status in her roles as Serena 's cousin , Charlie Rhodes , and aspiring actress / con artist Ivy Dickens . Hugo Becker also reprises his role as Blair 's love interest , Prince Louis Grimaldi of Monaco . With the confirmation of the 2011 -- 12 schedule , The CW announced that Gossip Girl would be returning to Mondays at 8 : 00pm as a lead - in to Hart of Dixie . Contents 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Recurring cast 1.3 Guest cast 2 Episodes 3 Production 3.1 Cast 3.2 Plot 4 Release 4.1 Ratings 5 References 6 External links Cast and characters ( edit ) See also : List of Gossip Girl characters Main cast ( edit ) Blake Lively as Serena van der Woodsen Leighton Meester as Blair Waldorf Penn Badgley as Dan Humphrey Chace Crawford as Nate Archibald Ed Westwick as Chuck Bass Kaylee DeFer as Ivy Dickens Kelly Rutherford as Lily Humphrey Matthew Settle as Rufus Humphrey Kristen Bell as Gossip Girl ( uncredited ) Recurring cast ( edit ) Hugo Becke as Louis Grimaldi Margaret Colin as Eleanor Waldorf Elizabeth Hurley as Diana Payne Brian J. Smith as Max Harding Zuzanna Szadkowski as Dorota Kishlovsky Sheila Kelley as Carol Rhodes Marina Squerciati as Alessandra Steele Wallace Shawn as Cyrus Rose Alice Callahan as Jessica Leitenberg Amanda Setton as Penelope Shafai Nan Zhang as Kati Farkas James Naughton as William van der Bilt Ella Rae Peck as Lola Rhodes Michelle Trachtenberg as Georgina Sparks Aaron Schwartz as Vanya Guest cast ( edit ) Michael Michele as Jane Bettinger Joanne Whalley as Princess Sophie Grimaldi Zoë Bell as Ally Roxane Mesquida as Beatrice Grimaldi David Patrick Kelly as Noah Shapiro Caroline Lagerfelt as CeCe Rhodes Aaron Tveit as Tripp van der Bilt John Shea as Harold Waldorf William Baldwin as William van der Woodsen Desmond Harrington as Jack Bass Robert John Burke as Bart Bass Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Gossip Girl episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 88 `` Yes , Then Zero '' Mark Piznarski Joshua Safran September 26 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 26 ) 1.37 While working as a production assistant in Hollywood , Serena makes a mistake while trying to impress her new boss ( Michael Michele ) . Chuck and Nate arrive in Los Angeles to visit Serena where Nate gets involved with a shady older woman ( Elizabeth Hurley ) and Chuck has a meeting of minds with actress / stuntwoman Zoë Bell ( playing herself ) as he struggles to get over Blair . Meanwhile , Blair and Louis return to New York from Monaco after spending the summer planning their wedding . Louis ' problem in supporting Blair 's difficult choices and nearly impossible demands threatens their relationship when she begins to see him as weak . Also , Dan gets help from Louis in a desperate attempt to prevent his book from being published in a local magazine . It is revealed in this episode that Dorota is pregnant and expecting her second child . Towards the end of the episode , it is also hinted that Blair is the one that is pregnant in which Dorota lied for her . As she is fitted for her wedding dress , the dress fitter says that by the time of her wedding she will be showing . Also , Serena runs into Charlie in Los Angeles still unaware of her real identity : Ivy Dickens , who has moved to California with her boyfriend , Max . Title reference : The 1987 film Less Than Zero . 89 `` Beauty and the Feast '' Mark Piznarski Sara Goodman October 3 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 03 ) 1.34 Blair tries to conceal the news of her recent pregnancy from Louis as the arrival of her future sister - in - law Beatrice ( Roxane Mesquida ) nears . Nate reconnects with the mysterious Diana Payne ( Elizabeth Hurley ) , a woman whom he had a fling with in Los Angeles who offers him a job opportunity to work at her publishing company , called Spectator , in New York . Meanwhile , Dan is desperately in need of help from Chuck to stop his novel from being published , but finds out that Chuck is hiding a secret . Ivy , still in character as Charlie , tries to avoid her real identity from an unsuspecting Serena but her plans affects her life in L.A. with her unsuspecting boyfriend Max . Blair 's plan does n't go accordingly ; since Beatrice overhears her tell Dan that she 's pregnant , not bulimic . Title reference : The 1991 film Beauty and the Beast . 90 `` The Jewel of Denial '' Larry Shaw Amanda Lasher October 10 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 10 ) 1.27 Serena and Charlie return to New York . Worrying that her identity will be revealed , Ivy decides to start making her own choice by being a part of New York 's social society as Charlie . Meanwhile , Dan learns that his former mentor , Noah Shapiro , is responsible for publishing his novel . After his attempts at stopping Noah fail , Dan soon ends up in the spotlight . Chuck tries to break through his emotional block . Unknowingly , Nate is persuaded by the ruthless maneater Diana to cross moral lines while interviewing a couple at the Jenny Packham fashion show . Lily is finally released from house arrest and attends the fashion show with Rufus , despite the fact that her social life is in shambles . After learning that Ivy stole some of Charlie 's trust fund money for herself , Carol Rhodes tracks down Ivy to New York where Ivy threatens to reveal their scam , as well as implicate Serena and the entire Van Der Woodsen family , if Carol does not back away . Elsewhere , a very reluctant Blair decides she does not want to learn who the father of her unborn child is , but is later seen telling Chuck that she is pregnant with Louis ' baby , but adds `` Part of me wished it was yours '' . He is both amazed and hurt . When Blair tells Louis that she is pregnant , he is ecstatic , but at the end Blair is seen hiding the test results in a drawer . Also , Nate finds Ivy 's missing cell phone with her text messages from her boyfriend Max , but does not make the connection that Ivy and Charlie are one and the same . Title reference : The 1985 film The Jewel of the Nile . 91 `` Memoirs of an Invisible Dan '' Tate Donovan Amy B. Harris October 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 17 ) 1.16 Dan is about to be announced as author of Inside so he gives a copy of the book to Blair , Serena , Nate , Chuck and Rufus hoping they will be supportive at his upcoming book party . In the book , Dan described Serena as the `` old Serena '' : drinking , dating teachers , being shallow , partying , reckless , and having random sex . Nate does n't receive a character description , but is joined with Eric ( a younger , gay character with political relatives ) . Chuck is described as being lonely , cynical and without any friends or family . The book talks about Blair and Dan having sex , and when Louis reads it he says he ca n't trust Blair anymore . Blair is afraid she will have to raise the baby on her own if he leaves and finally tells Serena . Louis apologizes for his behavior and agrees to trust Blair . Even Rufus becomes angry and alienated with Dan when he says he had never regretted leaving the music industry to have a family , until upon reading the book , which portrays him as marrying Lily just for money . Meanwhile , Diana makes the connection of Ivy and Charlie being the same person and forces Charlie to work for her at Spectator . Also , Serena 's boss tells her to get the film rights for Inside and that she has only one week , forcing Serena to choose between Dan and her career . Title reference : The 1992 film Memoirs of an Invisible Man . 92 5 `` The Fasting and the Furious '' Joe Lazarov Peter Elkoff October 24 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 24 ) 1.36 Louis ' mother Princess Sophie and his sister Beatrice pay another visit to New York where Blair announces her pregnancy to everyone . While her stepfather and mother , Cyrus and Eleanore , decide to throw a Yom Kippur dinner party to celebrate , Sophie and Beatrice try to get Blair to accept a series of conditions following the marriage . Blair naturally refuses , and Louis must choose between standing beside Blair or his mother . Meanwhile , Serena tries to get back into Dan 's good graces after her boss tells her to ask Dan to gain the movie rights to his book . Charlie asks Nate for help after Diana gives her a difficult assignment to find more dirt on the Van der Woodsen family kept in the family safe . As Rufus and Lily continue to avoid talking with Dan over his book , Chuck connects with an attractive therapist who rebuffs his advances and seems to see right through his character for who he really is . Title reference : The 2001 film The Fast and the Furious . 93 6 `` I Am Number Nine '' Andy Wolk Jake Coburn November 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 07 ) 1.26 Blair tries out three of her former minions for her Bridesmaids slots , and Charlie willingly teams up with the group in order to seek out a story where she proves herself to be more than a match for the Mean Girls . Nate becomes more frustrated that Diana refuses to publicly speak about their romance . So , Nate tries to make Diana jealous by asking Charlie to accompany him to Diana 's party celebrating the opening of her new gossip Internet blog at Spectator . Meanwhile , Serena is forced by her boss , Jane , to secure the screenwriting rights for Dan 's book , who quickly realizes that Jane wants someone else to write the screenplay in order to make the movie even more sordid and absurd as well as marketable . Also , Chuck discovers that his therapist , Dr. Eliza Barnes , has been recruited by Louis in order to dissuade Chuck from pursuing Blair any further . Title reference : The 2011 film I Am Number Four . 94 7 `` The Big Sleep No More '' Vince Misiano Dan Steele November 14 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 14 ) 1.24 Several of the group attend a performance of Punchdrunk 's provocative theater experience , `` Sleep No More '' , which translates to masks , anonymity and some surprising romantic twists by the end of the evening . Dorota follows Blair to the performance to stop her from trying to prove that Chuck 's attempts to reform himself into a better man is a scam . Meanwhile , Diana sets her sights to snag Serena a job at Spectator as part of her twisted quest to ruin Gossip Girl 's website . Charlie / Ivy 's ex-boyfriend , Max , arrives in town for an interview look for her , and ends up as Serena 's date to the performance . Diana sets about manipulating Max , Serena , Charlie , and Nate , hoping to cause a major confrontation for her own deranged enjoyment . Elsewhere , Dan sets out on his book tour , but Rufus and Lily discover that he is n't exactly having the experience as he claims to be . At the end , more shocking twists are revealed as the evil Diana and Nate 's crooked grandfather , William van der Bilt , are revealed to have been working together to orchestrate Nate 's employment with Diana as part of sinister grand plan for Nate , while Max , sent away by Diana on a ruse , accidentally discovers Ivy 's double life of impersonating Serena 's cousin Charlie . Title reference : The 1946 film The Big Sleep and the 2011 theatrical production Sleep No More . 95 8 `` All the Pretty Sources '' Cherie Nowlan Austin Winsberg November 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 21 ) 1.35 Serena is hard at work planning a dream bridal shower for Blair , but it should come as no surprise that Serena has to plant some false information about the shower in order to keep Blair from finding out all the details . Meanwhile , Chuck and Dan decide to spend the day together to distract themselves from the fact that they did n't make the invite list for Blair 's shower . Nate and Serena find a silver bullet in Diana 's war against Gossip Girl when they uncover a list of all of Gossip Girl 's contacts , but struggle about whether to use it or not . But when the list is leaked anyway , Nate and Serena accuse each other , then Nate accuses Diana , but Blair finds out that the culprit is Louis . Elsewhere , Max confronts Ivy about her double life of impersonating Charlie who tells him that Charlie is her real identity . But Max quickly sees through Ivy 's lies and instead of informing Lily or Serena or the authorities with what he knows , he instead blackmails Ivy for a large sum of money . Also , William van der Bilt makes his presence known where he forces Diana to quit as editor - in - chief of Spectator so that Nate can take her place . Chuck tells Dan that he is in love with Blair . The episode ends with Blair visiting Chuck at the Empire after she learns from Serena that Chuck really has changed . Title reference : The 2000 film All the Pretty Horses . 96 9 `` Rhodes to Perdition '' Andrew McCarthy Natalie Krinsky November 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 28 ) 1.32 CeCe Rhodes arrives back in New York where Lily and Serena are planning to throw her a Studio 54 party in her honor . Serena continues dating Max who begins blackmailing Charlie . Meanwhile , Dan meets with his publicist Alessandra where they create rival `` Dan fan '' and `` Dan hater '' accounts on Twitter in order to create online buzz for his book . Blair attempts to figure out how to make Louis more like the `` new '' Chuck by spending the day with Chuck . She accompanies him to therapy and demands to know how he 's improved himself only to find out that he 's let her go . Upset she runs home and later reveals to Chuck that she 's afraid she is the one that brings the dark side out in him and Louis . Chuck assures her that she is `` the lightest thing that ever came into my life '' and tells her he let her go because she asked him to . He just wants her to be happy . Also , Nate is the new boss of the Spectator and one of his employees finds out that his cousin Tripp 's wife , Maureen , might be having an affair . He soon figures out , however , that Maureen is faking an affair in order to create a sympathetic image for Tripp in the public eye before the upcoming election . Serena learns about Ivy and Max and breaks up with him and Carol Rhodes visits to help find a cover story to get `` Charlie '' her trust fund and to help keep her there where she 's loved . In the final confrontation , everyone believes Ivy 's false story that she really is Charlie and pretended to be Ivy when she was with Max , even though he calls her a liar and says otherwise . Ivy also finds out that CeCe is sick , but keeps it a secret . The episode ends with Max reaffirming his threats to Ivy to expose her scam , Chuck telling Nate that he still loves Blair , and Blair looking despondent in her bedroom , refusing to talking to Louis who is out of the country . Title reference : The 2002 film Road to Perdition . 97 10 `` Riding in Town Cars with Boys '' Vince Misiano Amanda Lasher December 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 05 ) 1.28 Serena and Lily prepare Charlie for her first debutante ball to welcome her into New York high society , but the vindictive Max is determined to reveal Charlie / Ivy 's secret by any means necessary . Meanwhile , Blair must choose where she stands with both Louis and Chuck as she hides out at the Humphrey loft in Brooklyn from the press . Dan realizes that it is time to tell Blair the truth about his feelings for her . Louis returns to New York where he meets with Serena and confides in her about his fears about his future with Blair . Nate learns that his grandfather , William van der Bilt , owns the majority of stock shares at Spectator and he influenced Diana to hire him . William invites Nate to an upstate retreat , but Nate 's cousin , Tripp , has been excluded . After Dan sacrifices his own love for Blair for her happiness , Chuck and Blair are hurried into a car from Charlie 's debutante ball . Their car is tailed by vicious paparazzi ( Charlie sent a blast to Gossip Girl and tipped them off in order to keep them away from her ) who cause them to crash , leaving Chuck fighting for his life and the pregnant Blair fighting to keep her baby . After Max 's pleas to both Serena and Nate about Charlie 's real identity fall on deaf ears , he has a run - in with Tripp van der Bilt whom he apparently tells his story about Ivy . Charlie calls Carol Rhodes to tell her that she is leaving New York City after she tells Rufus that she is a fraud . Also , Diana is called by Jack Bass and informed about Chuck and Blair 's car accident ; she is somehow involved . Title reference : The 2001 film Riding in Cars with Boys . 98 11 `` The End of the Affair ? '' Michael Grossman Sara Goodman January 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 16 ) 1.29 Through a series of emotional flashbacks , Blair reveals to Serena what really happened in the aftermath of her car crash with Chuck . Dan tries to help Blair recover , while both Chuck and Louis mistaken their bonding as an affair . Meanwhile , Nate discovers information about the accident that suggests possible foul play . Having successfully shut down Gossip Girl 's website , Serena is reluctant to become the next Gossip Girl as her work at Spectator News takes off . Elsewhere , Lily is worried by Charlie 's long absence and decides to hire a private detective to track her down despite Rufus ' objections . Vera Wang makes a cameo as herself at Blair 's dress fitting . Title reference : The 1999 film The End of the Affair . 99 12 `` Father and the Bride '' Amy Heckerling Peter Elkoff January 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 23 ) 1.11 Blair decides to throw herself a bachelorette party , but shady enemies who include Beatrice ( Roxane Mesquida ) , and her co-conspirator cousin Father Cavette , scheme to ruin and humiliate Blair , with an unknowing Chuck as their patsy , in order to prevent Blair 's upcoming marriage by any means necessary . Meanwhile , Nate , with the distant assistance of Gossip Girl , finally discovers that Tripp was responsible for the car accident that affected Blair and Chuck and he contacts William van der Bilt for help to expose Tripp 's scheme . Also , Serena and Dan continue their fake relationship to protect Blair while Dan becomes uncertain about writing again . Title reference : The 1991 film Father of the Bride . 100 13 `` G.G. '' Mark Piznarski Joshua Safran January 30 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 30 ) 1.39 In the 100th episode , Blair 's wedding day finally arrives , along with a vengeful Georgina Sparks and her co-conspirator husband who are determined to ruin Blair 's wedding by any means necessary . Meanwhile , Serena decides that she has to tell Dan how she feels while Nate unknowingly meets the real Charlie Rhodes working as a waitress at the reception . Elsewhere , Chuck must decide whether or not to make a final grand gesture to show Blair how he feels until Blair 's mother , Eleanor , approaches him to persuade him to stop the wedding . Blair 's estranged father Harold , and her stepfather , Cyrus , try to get Blair to choose one of them to escort her down the aisle , while Louis ' mother , Sophia , again tries to tell him that Blair is not , and never will be , trustworthy . During the wedding , Gossip Girl leaks a video which shows Blair confessing her love for Chuck . However , an interrupted wedding continues and Blair is officially declared the Princess of Monaco . However , at the reception , Louis reveals to Blair that the wedding stands as contracted and `` a show '' , and their love does not exist , to which Blair reacts in distress and runs away with Dan . The identity of Gossip Girl 's successor is revealed at the end of the episode . Title reference : The 1958 film Gigi . 101 14 `` The Backup Dan '' David Warren Matt Whitney February 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 06 ) 1.25 Following the wedding , Blair tries to leave for the Dominican Republic , with the help of Dan , to get a divorce from Louis without his consent due to a loophole in the Dominican Republic 's law . However , she realizes that she forgot her passport and so asks Dorota for help . Serena , Chuck , Nate reluctantly team up with Georgina to find Blair , until Georgina gets a tip from one of her sources and she leaves . Georgina then , as Gossip Girl , informs Louis and Sophia of Blair 's location . Nate , Serena and Chuck eventually find Blair in a hotel room with Dan . Sophia finds Blair and threatens to forcefully sell Eleanor 's company as dowry if Blair chooses not to return , on which Blair reluctantly decides to go back . Elsewhere , Nate has another meeting with the real Charlie Rhodes , who goes by the name of Lola . At the end , it is implied that neither Chuck nor Serena , who takes the blame , leaked the video of Blair confessing her love for Chuck . It is revealed that Georgina is simply filling in for Gossip Girl ever since she abandoned the blog after Chuck and Blair 's car accident . Title reference : The 2010 film The Back - up Plan . 102 15 `` Crazy , Cupid , Love '' Matt Penn Austin Winsberg February 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 13 ) 1.13 It 's Valentine 's Day on the Upper East Side and Blair ca n't resist playing Cupid for someone she loves as she tries to get Serena and Dan back together . Georgina is intent on stirring up more drama and trouble since taking over Gossip Girl 's website . With the help of a group of informants , Georgina decides to crash Nate 's Valentine 's Day party which is being held at the Empire Hotel , while Chuck does not feel in the holiday spirit and falls into his old habits . Meanwhile , Ivy Dickens returns to New York for a quick visit , but has a run - in with the real Charlie Rhodes , working at the party , whom Nate is still pining after . Serena is shocked by something she witnesses at the party when Dan and Blair 's relationship takes a turn when Dan kisses Blair and she kisses him back . Georgina figures out that Dan was the one who leaked the video of Blair confessing her love for Chuck at her wedding , but keeps silent when Dan discovers her own secret of being Gossip Girl . Charlie discovers Ivy , whom she used to know from acting school , has been impersonating her and also remains quiet as she sets out to investigate her . Ivy is also revealed to have spent the last three months hiding out in the Hamptons where she keeps a bedside vigil at a local hospice for a terminally sick CeCe Rhodes . Title reference : The 2011 film Crazy , Stupid , Love . 103 16 `` Cross Rhodes '' John Terlesky Amy B. Harris February 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 20 ) 1.00 Dan feels honored when he learns that Upright Citizen 's Brigade theater troupe is performing excerpts from his book , Inside . Meanwhile , Blair tries to prove Serena 's suspicions about her feelings for Dan are wrong , in order to save their relationship . A jealous and vindictive Chuck maliciously plots to sabotage Dan 's writing career . On her way out of town , Ivy Dickens ends up on a collision course with the Van der Woodsens and destiny as she continues to look after the cancer - stricken CeCe . Charlie / Lola continues to investigate Ivy 's origins as well as keep what she is doing a secret from Nate and everyone else . Carol Rhodes also arrives back in New York after learning from Lily and Serena about Cece 's medical turn for the worse . It is here at the hospital , that Ivy and Charlie run into each other once again , where this time Charlie finally reveals in front of the whole Van der Woodsen family that Ivy ( whom they still know as Charlie ) is an impostor . Carol , unable to lie any more , tells the truth about Ivy and all about their scheme . Blair admits to her feelings for Dan . At the end of the episode CeCe dies . Title reference : The 1986 film Crossroads . 104 17 `` The Princess Dowry '' Andrew McCarthy Jake Coburn February 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 27 ) 1.11 Blair thinks her stepfather may have found a potential loophole in her prenuptial agreement that would allow her to escape her marriage to Louis . CeCe Rhodes , before her death , arranged for a secret Irish - themed wake to take place at Van der Woodsen penthouse . Georgina Sparks decides to leave her post at Gossip Girl to her loyal but incompetent husband , Phil , and crash the wake to stir up more trouble . Chuck learns that Dan was the one who sent the video of him and Blair at her wedding ceremony and sends a blast to Gossip Girl . However , Phil inadvertently leaves Chuck 's name in the blast . William Van der Woodsen ( William Baldwin ) returns to the Upper East Side for the wake , and is the executor of CeCe 's estate . Ivy Dickens is announced as CeCe 's heir and we learn that CeCe was apparently aware the whole time of Ivy 's real identity . Ivy evicts both Lily and Rufus from the Van der Woodsen penthouse . Carol Rhodes also reveals the identity of Charlie 's father as William Van der Woodsen . The real Charlie ' Lola ' Rhodes continues her affair with Nate but has little interest in getting to know her family until Georgina suggests to her there may be another reason why her mother hid her from them . We learn that Blair 's personal accountant , Estée , is in love with Louis , and she convinces Blair to agree to having her marriage annulled as long as she does n't say a word to the media , including Gossip Girl . However this is all a ruse perpetrated by Georgina herself , who sends a photo of Blair and Dan kissing to Gossip Girl and the Waldorf 's are once again threatened with responsibility of paying the dowry and declaring bankruptcy . Blair tells Chuck that she will always love him but is not in love with him anymore . Georgina no longer wants to act as Gossip Girl after revealing to everyone that she has been filling in for the real Gossip Girl . She sends her computer to Serena and leaves for Monaco to help annul Blair 's marriage ... in exchange for a favor down the road . Blair tells Dan that he 's the one who has her heart and they begin a relationship . Title reference : The 2001 film The Princess Diaries . 105 18 `` Con Heir '' Joe Lazarov Annemarie Navar - Gill April 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 02 ) 0.97 Chuck invites his uncle , Jack , back to New York to thank him for saving his life in the car accident by donating blood , but starts to doubt Jack 's story when Chuck investigates and learns that Jack was recently diagnosed positive with Hepatitis C , and a test on Chuck turns to be negative . Meanwhile , Blair and Dan attempt to consummate their new relationship , but unexpected roadblocks get in their way . Serena takes over the role of Gossip Girl after receiving Georgina 's package , but learns that the job is trickier than she thought . Elsewhere , Ivy believes she has found an ally in William in her quest to be accepted into high society on the Upper East Side . Lily tries to adjust to living in Brooklyn at the Humphrey loft with Rufus until the war against Ivy is settled . Lola decides to help her family , seeing as they are all she has left . Also , Nate is hopeful that a new investor will save his newspaper Spectator . The episode concludes with the real Gossip Girl ready to resume her post , and requesting that Serena give the site back . Chuck discovers that it is his mother who donated the blood . Title reference : The 1997 film Con Air . 106 19 `` It Girl , Interrupted '' Omar Madha Amanda Lasher April 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 09 ) 0.98 Serena is determined to turn Lola into the next `` it - girl '' of the Upper East Side , starting with trying to persuade Lola to model at a Kiki de Montparnasse lingerie show . Meanwhile , Chuck reaches out to Blair for advice about his past but is rejected as she believes he has a hidden agenda . Diana Payne 's return to The Spectator starts a power struggle with Nate for control , while Lola reacts with jealousy ; but everything is not what it appears . It is discovered that Chuck paid Blair 's dowry to get rid of Louis ' family . Also , Rufus and Lily have a falling out after Lily goes behind Rufus ' back to play a simple scheme to remove Ivy from their penthouse . Title reference : The 1999 film Girl , Interrupted . 107 20 `` Salon of the Dead '' Norman Buckley Natalie Krinsky April 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 16 ) 1.06 Blair and Dan throw a salon as a way of coming out as a couple , but drama caused by their friends derail the night . Lola finds out Serena is posing as Gossip Girl but does n't tell Nate , knowing he would be hurt by the revelation . Lily cuts off Rufus ' debit card after she finds out he has been paying for a hotel for Ivy . It is revealed at the end that Diana is really Chuck 's mother , she was too young to raise a baby and gave him to Elizabeth to look after . Title reference : The 2004 film Shaun of the Dead . 108 21 `` Despicable B '' David Warren Austin Winsberg April 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 23 ) 0.99 Blair feels like her Upper East Side status might be slipping away and devises a plan to assure that does n't happen by upstaging Dan at a publishers gathering . Meanwhile , Lily throws a family gathering including William , Carol , and Lola in an attempt to prove the van der Woodsen family is as united as ever , but Lily has an ulterior motive . Finally , Nate digs into Diana 's past and is surprised by what he discovers . Title reference : The 2010 film Despicable Me . 109 22 `` Raiders of the Lost Art '' Bart Wenrich Jake Coburn April 30 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 30 ) 1.02 Chuck , Nate , Blair , Serena and Lola team up to uncover what they think is an explosive secret between Diana and Jack . Meanwhile , Dan is offered a prestigious fellowship in Rome for the summer , but turns it down for his relationship with Blair . Dan tells Blair he loves her but she does n't say it back . Nate and Lola team up with Gossip Girl to take back the site from Serena leaving her hopeless . Diana is seen to be running a high class brothel service . At the end of the episode Chuck finds out his father Bart Bass is still alive . Title reference : The 1981 film Raiders of the Lost Ark . 110 23 `` The Fugitives '' Andy Wolk Matt Whitney May 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 07 ) 0.83 Blair enlists Serena to be her stand - in at an important meeting when Blair finds herself needing to be in two places at the same time as Dan seeks to meet with a college rep from Italy for his oversees summer stay in Italy . Meanwhile , Ivy and Lola team up to help Chuck with a personal vendetta against an old enemy of Bart Bass ' . Also , Nate makes a decision about the future with Diana . Title reference : The 1993 film The Fugitive . 111 24 `` The Return of the Ring '' J. Miller Tobin Sara Goodman May 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 14 ) 1.14 In the fifth season finale , when Gossip Girl begins to upload excerpts from Blair 's diary , her love life begins to unravel causing her to choose between Dan and Chuck . Serena is banished from the Waldorf apartment for her part in the reveal of Blair 's diary , she then retaliates by trying to seduce Dan with the help of Blair 's minions . Nate asks Lola to move in with him , but she turns him down when she tells him that her acting group is going on tour . Meanwhile at the Shephard divorce party , Serena and Dan have sex , but when Dan learns she videotaped their encounter just to hurt Blair , he furiously leaves . Elsewhere , Lily chooses to annul her marriage to Rufus , since her marriage to Bart is still valid . Lola receives her share of the Van der Woodsen estate from her biological father , William Van der Woodsen , and also learns that Lily intentionally sabotaged Carol 's defense in court to keep her imprisoned as well as destroyed Ivy 's case in order to keep Cece 's wealth all for herself . Blair accepts an offer from Eleanor to take over her fashion company . Following a Bass Industries press conference , Blair chooses Chuck over Dan , but Chuck rebuffs her when he is preoccupied with his father 's return as head of Bass Industries who ousts Chuck to reclaim his former position as CEO . One week later ; Lola hands over her inheritance share to Ivy , who in return promises to keep in touch and help her bring down their common enemy : Lily . Lola leaves town to go on tour with her acting troupe , while Ivy returns to Florida to plot her revenge against Lily . The disgraced Serena leaves town and reverts back to her old self by taking drugs and sleeping with her dealer , whilst the alienated Dan leaves for Rome and prepares to write another hurtful , tell - all book about the Upper East Side with the help of Georgina Sparks . Nate receives CCTV footage from Diana Payne of the real Gossip Girl ( a hooded masked figure ) stealing Serena 's laptop on the night of Bart 's return . Whilst in Paris , Blair goes to a casino where Chuck and Jack are scheming to bring down Bart Bass and tells Chuck it 's now her turn to fight for him . Title reference : The 2003 film The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King . Production ( edit ) The CW officially renewed the series for a fifth season on April 26 , 2011 . On May 19 , 2011 , with the reveal of The CW 's 2011 -- 12 television schedule , Gossip Girl stayed on Monday night and moved to the 8 : 00 pm Eastern / 7 : 00 pm Central timeslot as a lead - in to Hart of Dixie , which is produced by Gossip Girl 's executive producers Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage . The fifth season premiered on Monday , September 26 , 2011 . Filming for the season began on July 7 , 2011 . On August 3 , 2011 , The CW ordered two additional episodes for the fifth season , which will now total at 24 . Executive producer Joshua Safran announced that he would be `` pulling out all the stops '' to make the 100th episode of the show special , which is expected to air in January . On the date of the season premiere , the show used footage of the New York cityscape that showed the World Trade Center before the September 11 attacks . Footage containing the World Trade Center have been omitted by films and TV shows such as Sex and the City and The Sopranos to honor individuals who died in the attacks . The network has not responded to criticism regarding the usage of the footage . Despite dwindling ratings , series executives are confident the show will be renewed for a sixth season . Head of Warner Bros. Television , Peter Roth is also confident that the show will return , stating , `` I ca n't really say at this point , but I would hope and expect that there would be at least another year -- if not years -- to come . '' Later on , executive producer Stephanie Savage hinted that a sixth and final season is likely . `` We 're not writing a series finale this year , '' said Savage . She added `` I checked in with the bosses to make sure we 're not shooting ourselves in the foot '' and said the cast contracts run out at the end of the next season so `` that feels like probably an organic ending point '' . St. Vincent performed `` Cruel '' and `` Cheerleader '' from her Strange Mercy album during the Valentine 's Day episode . Cast ( edit ) Diana 's entrance on the Upper East Side will change the lives of all our characters -- including and especially , Gossip Girl herself . -- Stephanie Savage and Joshua Safran on Liz Hurley 's introduction . Blake Lively , Leighton Meester , Penn Badgley , Chace Crawford , and Ed Westwick all returned as series regulars . Kaylee DeFer was upgraded to series regular status , while Taylor Momsen and Jessica Szohr exited the show , though they were both invited back as guest stars . Kelly Rutherford and Matthew Settle also returned as regulars . On April 6 , 2011 , 10 Things I Hate About You star Ethan Peck landed a guest - starring role on the show . Peck made his debut in the fourth season finale and was in talks with producers for a recurring role for the fifth season . Peck would later film his scenes with Lively for the season premiere . French actress and model Roxane Mesquida was cast as Beatrice , Louis ' sister and Blair 's nemesis in a recurring role for the fifth season . Actress Elizabeth Hurley was cast as media mogul Diana Payne and starred in a multi-episode arc , with the character being described as `` a sexy , smart , self - made media mogul and an all - around force to be reckoned with . '' Former Lost actor Marc Menard joined the cast in the role of Father Cavalia , a handsome priest from Monaco who will preside over Blair 's wedding . Brian J. Smith , known for his role on Stargate Universe , had been cast as a love interest for Serena while she is in Los Angeles and would appearing on the show as Max , an aspiring chef . Connor Paolo , who went on to become a regular on ABC 's Revenge , did not return to the show as Eric van der Woodsen stating , `` I 'm done . You should never go back in life . Only forward . '' In an interview with Elle magazine on August 16 , 2011 , Momsen stated that she had quit the series to focus fully on her music career . Hollywood stuntwoman Zoë Bell was slated to appear on the show and made her debut in the season premiere . New York magazine noted the appearance of American novelist Jay McInerney , who reprised his role as writer Jeremiah Harris . Aaron Tveit , who previously portrayed Nate 's cousin Tripp van der Bilt in the third season , returned to the show for a multi-episode arc . Michelle Trachtenberg reprised her role as Georgina Sparks , who was last seen in the fourth season finale . She made her first appearance during the show 's 100th episode . Also returning was William Baldwin as Serena and Eric 's father , William van der Woodsen , for the season 's 17th episode , which aired in February 2012 . It was also reported that Desmond Harrington , who made a cameo appearance in the fall finale , would return as Chuck 's uncle , Jack Bass . Also guest starring was One Life to Live 's alum David A. Gregory as a friend of the real Charlie Rhodes ( Ella Rae Peck ) . Cobra Starship 's Gabe Saporta made a cameo in season 5 finale . Plot ( edit ) I feel like if you 're a fan of the show and you 've been watching from the beginning , you 're going to feel rewarded . But I also feel like if you 're tuning in after a long time , I think you may feel like you 've missed a lot , but we really try to hit on everything that 's happened since ( early on ) . I 'm very proud of it . -- Joshua Safran on the series ' 100th episode milestone . Season five opens in Los Angeles , where a vacationing Chuck and Nate decide to visit Serena , who is working on a film set . Back in New York , Blair learns that planning a royal wedding can be stressful , especially with a baby on the way , and Dan discovers the consequences of writing candidly about his closest friends . Also , the surprise return of cousin Charlie will threaten to destroy the van der Woodsen family . Confused about Chuck 's sudden change , Blair is determined to prove his behaviour is an act to win her back . The series ' 100th episode focused on Blair 's wedding to prince Louis . `` I think it 's our biggest episode since the pilot '' , said executive producer Joshua Safran . Release ( edit ) With the move to 8 : 00pm , The CW charged $50,304 for a 30 - second advertising slot before the fifth season began airing . Ratings ( edit ) The season premiere was watched by 1.37 million viewers and received a 0.7 rating in the Adults 19 -- 49 demo , down 0.3 compared to last season 's premiere . Episode 23 hit a new series low , hitting for the fourth time a total viewership below the one - million - viewer mark , to 869,000 viewers and a 0.4 in the 18 - 49 demographic . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( September 27 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Broadcast Final Ratings : ' Terra Nova , ' ' 2.5 Men , ' ' Castle , ' HIMYM , ' Hart Of Dixie , ' ' Broke Girls ' Adjusted Up ; ' Gossip Girl , ' ' Mike & Molly ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 4 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Broadcast Final Ratings : ' Terra Nova , ' ' 2.5 Men , ' ' 2 Broke Girls ' Adjusted Up ; ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 11 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Terra Nova , ' ' House , ' Unscrambled ; ' Mother , ' ' Sing Off , ' ' Broke Girls , ' ' 2.5 Men , ' ' Hawaii 5 - 0 ' Adjusted Up ; ' Dancing , ' ' Castle , ' ' Mike & Molly ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 18 , 2011 ) . `` TV Monday Final Ratings : ' Terra Nova , ' ' HIMYM , ' ' 2 Broke Girls , ' ' 2.5 Men , ' Adjusted Up ; ' Castle , ' ' Hart of Dixie ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 25 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : World Series Game 5 Draws 14.3 Million ; ' Dancing , ' ' Gossip Girl ' Adjusted Up ; ' Castle , ' ' 2 Broke Girls , ' ' 2.5 Men , ' ' Mike & Molly , ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 8 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' 2 Broke Girls , ' ' 2.5 Men , ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' House , ' ' DWTS ' ' The Sing Off ' Adjusted Up ; ' Castle Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( November 15 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Two And A Half Men , ' ' How I Met Your Mother , ' ' Hart Of Dixie ' Adjusted Up , ' Dancing , ' ' Sing Off , ' ' Rock Center , ' ' 20 / 20 ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( November 22 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' How I Met Your Mother , ' ' 2 Broke Girls ' Adjusted Up ; ' Dancing , ' ' Castle ' ' You Deserve It ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 30 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Hart of Dixie ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Sing - Off , ' ' Rock Center with Brian Williams ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( December 6 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Two And A Half Men ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 18 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' 2 Broke Girls ' Adjusted Up ; ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 24 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Gossip Girl , ' ' Hart of Dixie ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 31 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' House , ' ' Alcatraz ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( February 7 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice , ' ' Alcatraz , ' ' House , ' ' Two and a Half Men ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2012 . Retrieved February 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Biel , Sara ( February 22 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice , ' ' House , ' ' Two and a Half Men , ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2012 . Retrieved February 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Amanda Kondolojy ( February 28 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' 2 Broke Girls ' Adjusted Up ; ' Smash , ' ' Castle ' Adjusted Down + ' Daytona 500 ' Final Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2012 . Retrieved February 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 3 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' House ' , ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' Castle , ' ' Smash ' Adjusted Down + NCAA Basketball Championship '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 10 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' How I Met Your Mother ' , ' Bones ' , ' 2 Broke Girls ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Dancing With The Stars ' Up ; ' House ' , ' Smash ' Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 17 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice , ' ' Mother , ' ' Bones , ' ' 2 Broke Girls , ' ' 2.5 Men ' & ' Dancing ' Adjusted Up ; ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 24 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' Smash ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 1 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Bones ' , ' How I Met Your Mother , ' 2 Broke Girls ' , ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' DWTS ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' The Voice ' , and ' 2 Broke Girls ' Adjusted Up ; ' Castle ' and ' Smash ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' How I Met Your Mother ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Mike & Molly ' , ' America 's Got Talent ' & ' The Bachelorette ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 26 , 2011 ) . `` Breaking : CW Renews Vampire Diaries , Supernatural , Gossip Girl and 90210 '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` The CW 's Fall Schedule : Sarah Michelle Gellar Back on Tuesdays , Nikita Makes Move '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( June 20 , 2011 ) . `` The CW Network Announces Fall 2011 Premiere Dates '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Marcus ( June 29 , 2011 ) . `` Penn Badgley Knows There 's Skepticism About His Ability to Play Jeff Buckley '' . New York . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 3 , 2011 ) . `` CW Orders Additional Episodes Of Four Returning Dramas '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( September 6 , 2011 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on Glee , Grey 's Anatomy , Community , Gossip Girl , HIMYM and More ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Eckstein , David ( September 27 , 2011 ) . `` ' Gossip Girl ' gaffe : World Trade Center shown in season premiere '' . Zap2it . Retrieved October 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gonzalez , Sandra ( November 20 , 2011 ) . `` ' Gossip Girl ' scoop : Bosses planning on another season . Plus , the cast teases big moments in 100th episode '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved November 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ryder , James ( January 26 , 2012 ) . `` Gossip Girl to end after sixth season ? '' . AVT Today . Retrieved January 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pelly , Jenn ( February 1 , 2012 ) . `` St. Vincent to Appear on `` Gossip Girl '' `` . Pitchfork . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( July 5 , 2011 ) . `` Exclusive : Gossip Girl Targets Elizabeth Hurley '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 9 , 2011 ) . `` Gossip Girl Exclusive : Taylor Momsen and Jessica Szohr Not Returning For Season 5 '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The CW Announces 2011 -- 2012 Schedule '' . The CW . May 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2011 . Retrieved May 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 5 , 2011 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on Smallville , Glee , Castle , Bones , How I Met Your Mother and More ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wightman , Catriona ( April 6 , 2011 ) . `` Ethan Peck ' lands Gossip Girl role ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wengen , Deidre ( April 6 , 2011 ) . `` Ethan Peck to appear on Gossip Girl '' . phillyBurbs.com . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2011 . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 22 , 2011 ) . `` Gossip Girl Exclusive : Meet Blair 's New Nemesis '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 7 , 2011 ) . `` Exclusive : Lost Hunk Joins Gossip Girl as ... '' TVLine . Retrieved July 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 12 , 2011 ) . `` Gossip Girl Exclusive : Is Stargate : Universe Stud Serena 's New Boyfriend ? '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( August 8 , 2011 ) . `` Connor Paolo Confirms Gossip Exit : ' I 'm Done ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Davis , Rebecca Willa ( August 16 , 2011 ) . `` Taylor Momsen 's `` Quit Acting '' Forever `` . Elle . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Binkley , Christina ( June 23 , 2011 ) . `` Fighting and Falling in High Heels '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pressler , Jessica ( September 27 , 2011 ) . `` Gossip Girl Recap : The Zip Codes May Be Different , But the Douchebags Are the Same '' . New York . Retrieved October 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mackenzie , Carina Adly ( October 4 , 2011 ) . `` ' Gossip Girl ' : Aaron Tveit returns for multi-episode arc ... is he back for Serena ? '' . Zap2it . Retrieved October 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( November 1 , 2011 ) . `` Gossip Girl Exclusive : Michelle Trachtenberg Returning For ( MAJOR SPOILER ALERT ) ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ dos Santos , Kristin ( January 6 , 2012 ) . `` Gossip Girl Scoop : Billy Baldwin Set to Return for '' . E ! Online . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2012 . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( January 12 , 2012 ) . `` Gossip Girl Exclusive : Look Who 's Returning ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marsters , Megan ( February 6 , 2012 ) . `` TVLine Items : Boss Hires Jonathan Groff , Justified and Gossip Girl Casting News and More ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` Fall Preview : Spoilers on Next Season 's Gossip Girl , Vampire Diaries , Supernatural and More ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( October 24 , 2011 ) . `` ' American Idol , ' NFL Duke it out for Priciest TV Spot '' . Advertising Age . Crain Communications . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario T. ( September 21 , 2010 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Monday , September 20 , 2010 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 8 , 2012 ) . `` ' Gossip Girl , ' ' 2 Broke Girls ' fall to ratings lows '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) List of Gossip Girl season 5 episodes on IMDb List of Gossip Girl season 5 episodes at TV.com Gossip Girl Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Wild Brunch '' `` Victor , Victrola '' `` Hi , Society '' `` The Thin Line Between Chuck and Nate '' `` Desperately Seeking Serena '' `` All About My Brother '' `` Much ' I Do ' About Nothing '' Season 2 `` Summer , Kind of Wonderful '' `` Never Been Marcused '' `` The Dark Night '' `` The Ex Files '' `` The Serena Also Rises '' `` Seder Anything '' `` Valley Girls '' `` The Goodbye Gossip Girl '' Season 3 `` Reversals of Fortune '' `` The Freshman '' `` The Lost Boy '' `` Enough About Eve '' `` They Shoot Humphreys , Do n't They ? '' `` The Last Days of Disco Stick '' `` The Debarted '' `` The Hurt Locket '' `` Last Tango , Then Paris '' Season 4 `` Belles de Jour '' `` Double Identity '' `` The Undergraduates '' `` Touch of Eva '' `` Easy J '' `` Gaslit '' `` The Townie '' `` Petty in Pink '' `` The Princesses and the Frog '' `` The Wrong Goodbye '' Season 5 `` Yes , Then Zero '' `` All the Pretty Sources '' `` Rhodes to Perdition '' `` Riding in Town Cars with Boys '' `` The End of the Affair ? '' `` Father and the Bride '' `` G.G. '' `` The Backup Dan '' Season 6 `` Gone Maybe Gone '' `` New York , I Love You XOXO '' Characters Serena van der Woodsen Blair Waldorf Dan Humphrey Nate Archibald Jenny Humphrey Chuck Bass Vanessa Abrams Eric van der Woodsen Lily van der Woodsen Rufus Humphrey Georgina Sparks Juliet Sharp Ivy Dickens Lola Rhodes Related Gossip Girl novel series The It Girl novel series OMFGG -- Original Music Featured on Gossip Girl No. 1 Gossip Girl : Acapulco episodes Gossip Girl : Thailand Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gossip_Girl_(season_5)&oldid=855755889 '' Categories : 2011 American television seasons 2012 American television seasons Gossip Girl ( season 5 ) episodes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 20 August 2018 , at 16 : 30 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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"No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)881\"Yes, Then Zero\"Mark PiznarskiJoshua SafranSeptember 26, 2011 (2011-09-26)1.37[1]\nWhile working as a production assistant in Hollywood, Serena makes a mistake while trying to impress her new boss (Michael Michele). Chuck and Nate arrive in Los Angeles to visit Serena where Nate gets involved with a shady older woman (Elizabeth Hurley) and Chuck has a meeting of minds with actress/stuntwoman Zoë Bell (playing herself) as he struggles to get over Blair. Meanwhile, Blair and Louis return to New York from Monaco after spending the summer planning their wedding. Louis' problem in supporting Blair's difficult choices and nearly impossible demands threatens their relationship when she begins to see him as weak. Also, Dan gets help from Louis in a desperate attempt to prevent his book from being published in a local magazine. It is revealed in this episode that Dorota is pregnant and expecting her second child. Towards the end of the episode, it is also hinted that Blair is the one that is pregnant in which Dorota lied for her. As she is fitted for her wedding dress, the dress fitter says that by the time of her wedding she will be showing. Also, Serena runs into Charlie in Los Angeles still unaware of her real identity: Ivy Dickens, who has moved to California with her boyfriend, Max.\n\n\nTitle reference: The 1987 film Less Than Zero.\n892\"Beauty and the Feast\"Mark PiznarskiSara GoodmanOctober 3, 2011 (2011-10-03)1.34[2]\nBlair tries to conceal the news of her recent pregnancy from Louis as the arrival of her future sister-in-law Beatrice (Roxane Mesquida) nears. Nate reconnects with the mysterious Diana Payne (Elizabeth Hurley), a woman whom he had a fling with in Los Angeles who offers him a job opportunity to work at her publishing company, called Spectator, in New York. Meanwhile, Dan is desperately in need of help from Chuck to stop his novel from being published, but finds out that Chuck is hiding a secret. Ivy, still in character as Charlie, tries to avoid her real identity from an unsuspecting Serena but her plans affects her life in L.A. with her unsuspecting boyfriend Max. Blair's plan doesn't go accordingly; since Beatrice overhears her tell Dan that she's pregnant, not bulimic.\n\n\nTitle reference: The 1991 film Beauty and the Beast.\n903\"The Jewel of Denial\"Larry ShawAmanda LasherOctober 10, 2011 (2011-10-10)1.27[3]\nSerena and Charlie return to New York. Worrying that her identity will be revealed, Ivy decides to start making her own choice by being a part of New York's social society as Charlie. Meanwhile, Dan learns that his former mentor, Noah Shapiro, is responsible for publishing his novel. After his attempts at stopping Noah fail, Dan soon ends up in the spotlight. Chuck tries to break through his emotional block. Unknowingly, Nate is persuaded by the ruthless maneater Diana to cross moral lines while interviewing a couple at the Jenny Packham fashion show. Lily is finally released from house arrest and attends the fashion show with Rufus, despite the fact that her social life is in shambles. After learning that Ivy stole some of Charlie's trust fund money for herself, Carol Rhodes tracks down Ivy to New York where Ivy threatens to reveal their scam, as well as implicate Serena and the entire Van Der Woodsen family, if Carol does not back away. Elsewhere, a very reluctant Blair decides she does not want to learn who the father of her unborn child is, but is later seen telling Chuck that she is pregnant with Louis' baby, but adds \"Part of me wished it was yours\". He is both amazed and hurt. When Blair tells Louis that she is pregnant, he is ecstatic, but at the end Blair is seen hiding the test results in a drawer. Also, Nate finds Ivy's missing cell phone with her text messages from her boyfriend Max, but does not make the connection that Ivy and Charlie are one and the same.\n\n\nTitle reference: The 1985 film The Jewel of the Nile.\n914\"Memoirs of an Invisible Dan\"Tate DonovanAmy B. HarrisOctober 17, 2011 (2011-10-17)1.16[4]\nDan is about to be announced as author of Inside so he gives a copy of the book to Blair, Serena, Nate, Chuck and Rufus hoping they will be supportive at his upcoming book party. In the book, Dan described Serena as the \"old Serena\": drinking, dating teachers, being shallow, partying, reckless, and having random sex. Nate doesn't receive a character description, but is joined with Eric (a younger, gay character with political relatives). Chuck is described as being lonely, cynical and without any friends or family. The book talks about Blair and Dan having sex, and when Louis reads it he says he can't trust Blair anymore. Blair is afraid she will have to raise the baby on her own if he leaves and finally tells Serena. Louis apologizes for his behavior and agrees to trust Blair. Even Rufus becomes angry and alienated with Dan when he says he had never regretted leaving the music industry to have a family, until upon reading the book, which portrays him as marrying Lily just for money. Meanwhile, Diana makes the connection of Ivy and Charlie being the same person and forces Charlie to work for her at Spectator. Also, Serena's boss tells her to get the film rights for Inside and that she has only one week, forcing Serena to choose between Dan and her career.\n\n\nTitle reference: The 1992 film Memoirs of an Invisible Man.\n925\"The Fasting and the Furious\"Joe LazarovPeter ElkoffOctober 24, 2011 (2011-10-24)1.36[5]\nLouis' mother Princess Sophie and his sister Beatrice pay another visit to New York where Blair announces her pregnancy to everyone. While her stepfather and mother, Cyrus and Eleanore, decide to throw a Yom Kippur dinner party to celebrate, Sophie and Beatrice try to get Blair to accept a series of conditions following the marriage. Blair naturally refuses, and Louis must choose between standing beside Blair or his mother. Meanwhile, Serena tries to get back into Dan's good graces after her boss tells her to ask Dan to gain the movie rights to his book. Charlie asks Nate for help after Diana gives her a difficult assignment to find more dirt on the Van der Woodsen family kept in the family safe. As Rufus and Lily continue to avoid talking with Dan over his book, Chuck connects with an attractive therapist who rebuffs his advances and seems to see right through his character for who he really is.\n\n\nTitle reference: The 2001 film The Fast and the Furious.\n936\"I Am Number Nine\"Andy WolkJake CoburnNovember 7, 2011 (2011-11-07)1.26[6]\nBlair tries out three of her former minions for her Bridesmaids slots, and Charlie willingly teams up with the group in order to seek out a story where she proves herself to be more than a match for the Mean Girls. Nate becomes more frustrated that Diana refuses to publicly speak about their romance. So, Nate tries to make Diana jealous by asking Charlie to accompany him to Diana's party celebrating the opening of her new gossip Internet blog at Spectator. Meanwhile, Serena is forced by her boss, Jane, to secure the screenwriting rights for Dan's book, who quickly realizes that Jane wants someone else to write the screenplay in order to make the movie even more sordid and absurd as well as marketable. Also, Chuck discovers that his therapist, Dr. Eliza Barnes, has been recruited by Louis in order to dissuade Chuck from pursuing Blair any further.\n\n\nTitle reference: The 2011 film I Am Number Four.\n947\"The Big Sleep No More\"Vince MisianoDan SteeleNovember 14, 2011 (2011-11-14)1.24[7]\nSeveral of the group attend a performance of Punchdrunk's provocative theater experience, \"Sleep No More\", which translates to masks, anonymity and some surprising romantic twists by the end of the evening. Dorota follows Blair to the performance to stop her from trying to prove that Chuck's attempts to reform himself into a better man is a scam. Meanwhile, Diana sets her sights to snag Serena a job at Spectator as part of her twisted quest to ruin Gossip Girl's website. Charlie/Ivy's ex-boyfriend, Max, arrives in town for an interview look for her, and ends up as Serena's date to the performance. Diana sets about manipulating Max, Serena, Charlie, and Nate, hoping to cause a major confrontation for her own deranged enjoyment. Elsewhere, Dan sets out on his book tour, but Rufus and Lily discover that he isn't exactly having the experience as he claims to be. At the end, more shocking twists are revealed as the evil Diana and Nate's crooked grandfather, William van der Bilt, are revealed to have been working together to orchestrate Nate's employment with Diana as part of sinister grand plan for Nate, while Max, sent away by Diana on a ruse, accidentally discovers Ivy's double life of impersonating Serena's cousin Charlie.\n\n\nTitle reference: The 1946 film The Big Sleep and the 2011 theatrical production Sleep No More.\n958\"All the Pretty Sources\"Cherie NowlanAustin WinsbergNovember 21, 2011 (2011-11-21)1.35[8]\nSerena is hard at work planning a dream bridal shower for Blair, but it should come as no surprise that Serena has to plant some false information about the shower in order to keep Blair from finding out all the details. Meanwhile, Chuck and Dan decide to spend the day together to distract themselves from the fact that they didn't make the invite list for Blair's shower. Nate and Serena find a silver bullet in Diana's war against Gossip Girl when they uncover a list of all of Gossip Girl's contacts, but struggle about whether to use it or not. But when the list is leaked anyway, Nate and Serena accuse each other, then Nate accuses Diana, but Blair finds out that the culprit is Louis. Elsewhere, Max confronts Ivy about her double life of impersonating Charlie who tells him that Charlie is her real identity. But Max quickly sees through Ivy's lies and instead of informing Lily or Serena or the authorities with what he knows, he instead blackmails Ivy for a large sum of money. Also, William van der Bilt makes his presence known where he forces Diana to quit as editor-in-chief of Spectator so that Nate can take her place. Chuck tells Dan that he is in love with Blair. The episode ends with Blair visiting Chuck at the Empire after she learns from Serena that Chuck really has changed.\n\n\nTitle reference: The 2000 film All the Pretty Horses.\n969\"Rhodes to Perdition\"Andrew McCarthyNatalie KrinskyNovember 28, 2011 (2011-11-28)1.32[9]\nCeCe Rhodes arrives back in New York where Lily and Serena are planning to throw her a Studio 54 party in her honor. Serena continues dating Max who begins blackmailing Charlie. Meanwhile, Dan meets with his publicist Alessandra where they create rival \"Dan fan\" and \"Dan hater\" accounts on Twitter in order to create online buzz for his book. Blair attempts to figure out how to make Louis more like the \"new\" Chuck by spending the day with Chuck. She accompanies him to therapy and demands to know how he's improved himself only to find out that he's let her go. Upset she runs home and later reveals to Chuck that she's afraid she is the one that brings the dark side out in him and Louis. Chuck assures her that she is \"the lightest thing that ever came into my life\" and tells her he let her go because she asked him to. He just wants her to be happy. Also, Nate is the new boss of the Spectator and one of his employees finds out that his cousin Tripp's wife, Maureen, might be having an affair. He soon figures out, however, that Maureen is faking an affair in order to create a sympathetic image for Tripp in the public eye before the upcoming election. Serena learns about Ivy and Max and breaks up with him and Carol Rhodes visits to help find a cover story to get \"Charlie\" her trust fund and to help keep her there where she's loved. In the final confrontation, everyone believes Ivy's false story that she really is Charlie and pretended to be Ivy when she was with Max, even though he calls her a liar and says otherwise. Ivy also finds out that CeCe is sick, but keeps it a secret. The episode ends with Max reaffirming his threats to Ivy to expose her scam, Chuck telling Nate that he still loves Blair, and Blair looking despondent in her bedroom, refusing to talking to Louis who is out of the country.\n\n\nTitle reference: The 2002 film Road to Perdition.\n9710\"Riding in Town Cars with Boys\"Vince MisianoAmanda LasherDecember 5, 2011 (2011-12-05)1.28[10]\nSerena and Lily prepare Charlie for her first debutante ball to welcome her into New York high society, but the vindictive Max is determined to reveal Charlie/Ivy's secret by any means necessary. Meanwhile, Blair must choose where she stands with both Louis and Chuck as she hides out at the Humphrey loft in Brooklyn from the press. Dan realizes that it is time to tell Blair the truth about his feelings for her. Louis returns to New York where he meets with Serena and confides in her about his fears about his future with Blair. Nate learns that his grandfather, William van der Bilt, owns the majority of stock shares at Spectator and he influenced Diana to hire him. William invites Nate to an upstate retreat, but Nate's cousin, Tripp, has been excluded. After Dan sacrifices his own love for Blair for her happiness, Chuck and Blair are hurried into a car from Charlie's debutante ball. Their car is tailed by vicious paparazzi (Charlie sent a blast to Gossip Girl and tipped them off in order to keep them away from her) who cause them to crash, leaving Chuck fighting for his life and the pregnant Blair fighting to keep her baby. After Max's pleas to both Serena and Nate about Charlie's real identity fall on deaf ears, he has a run-in with Tripp van der Bilt whom he apparently tells his story about Ivy. Charlie calls Carol Rhodes to tell her that she is leaving New York City after she tells Rufus that she is a fraud. Also, Diana is called by Jack Bass and informed about Chuck and Blair's car accident; she is somehow involved.\n\n\nTitle reference: The 2001 film Riding in Cars with Boys.\n9811\"The End of the Affair?\"Michael GrossmanSara GoodmanJanuary 16, 2012 (2012-01-16)1.29[11]\nThrough a series of emotional flashbacks, Blair reveals to Serena what really happened in the aftermath of her car crash with Chuck. Dan tries to help Blair recover, while both Chuck and Louis mistaken their bonding as an affair. Meanwhile, Nate discovers information about the accident that suggests possible foul play. Having successfully shut down Gossip Girl's website, Serena is reluctant to become the next Gossip Girl as her work at Spectator News takes off. Elsewhere, Lily is worried by Charlie's long absence and decides to hire a private detective to track her down despite Rufus' objections. Vera Wang makes a cameo as herself at Blair's dress fitting.\n\n\nTitle reference: The 1999 film The End of the Affair.\n9912\"Father and the Bride\"Amy HeckerlingPeter ElkoffJanuary 23, 2012 (2012-01-23)1.11[12]\nBlair decides to throw herself a bachelorette party, but shady enemies who include Beatrice (Roxane Mesquida), and her co-conspirator cousin Father Cavette, scheme to ruin and humiliate Blair, with an unknowing Chuck as their patsy, in order to prevent Blair's upcoming marriage by any means necessary. Meanwhile, Nate, with the distant assistance of Gossip Girl, finally discovers that Tripp was responsible for the car accident that affected Blair and Chuck and he contacts William van der Bilt for help to expose Tripp's scheme. Also, Serena and Dan continue their fake relationship to protect Blair while Dan becomes uncertain about writing again.\n\n\nTitle reference: The 1991 film Father of the Bride.\n10013\"G.G.\"Mark PiznarskiJoshua SafranJanuary 30, 2012 (2012-01-30)1.39[13]\nIn the 100th episode, Blair's wedding day finally arrives, along with a vengeful Georgina Sparks and her co-conspirator husband who are determined to ruin Blair's wedding by any means necessary. Meanwhile, Serena decides that she has to tell Dan how she feels while Nate unknowingly meets the real Charlie Rhodes working as a waitress at the reception. Elsewhere, Chuck must decide whether or not to make a final grand gesture to show Blair how he feels until Blair's mother, Eleanor, approaches him to persuade him to stop the wedding. Blair's estranged father Harold, and her stepfather, Cyrus, try to get Blair to choose one of them to escort her down the aisle, while Louis' mother, Sophia, again tries to tell him that Blair is not, and never will be, trustworthy. During the wedding, Gossip Girl leaks a video which shows Blair confessing her love for Chuck. However, an interrupted wedding continues and Blair is officially declared the Princess of Monaco. However, at the reception, Louis reveals to Blair that the wedding stands as contracted and \"a show\", and their love does not exist, to which Blair reacts in distress and runs away with Dan. The identity of Gossip Girl's successor is revealed at the end of the episode.\n\n\nTitle reference: The 1958 film Gigi.\n10114\"The Backup Dan\"David WarrenMatt WhitneyFebruary 6, 2012 (2012-02-06)1.25[14]\nFollowing the wedding, Blair tries to leave for the Dominican Republic, with the help of Dan, to get a divorce from Louis without his consent due to a loophole in the Dominican Republic's law. However, she realizes that she forgot her passport and so asks Dorota for help. Serena, Chuck, Nate reluctantly team up with Georgina to find Blair, until Georgina gets a tip from one of her sources and she leaves. Georgina then, as Gossip Girl, informs Louis and Sophia of Blair's location. Nate, Serena and Chuck eventually find Blair in a hotel room with Dan. Sophia finds Blair and threatens to forcefully sell Eleanor's company as dowry if Blair chooses not to return, on which Blair reluctantly decides to go back. Elsewhere, Nate has another meeting with the real Charlie Rhodes, who goes by the name of Lola. At the end, it is implied that neither Chuck nor Serena, who takes the blame, leaked the video of Blair confessing her love for Chuck. It is revealed that Georgina is simply filling in for Gossip Girl ever since she abandoned the blog after Chuck and Blair's car accident.\n\n\nTitle reference: The 2010 film The Back-up Plan.\n10215\"Crazy, Cupid, Love\"Matt PennAustin WinsbergFebruary 13, 2012 (2012-02-13)1.13[14]\nIt's Valentine's Day on the Upper East Side and Blair can't resist playing Cupid for someone she loves as she tries to get Serena and Dan back together. Georgina is intent on stirring up more drama and trouble since taking over Gossip Girl's website. With the help of a group of informants, Georgina decides to crash Nate's Valentine's Day party which is being held at the Empire Hotel, while Chuck does not feel in the holiday spirit and falls into his old habits. Meanwhile, Ivy Dickens returns to New York for a quick visit, but has a run-in with the real Charlie Rhodes, working at the party, whom Nate is still pining after. Serena is shocked by something she witnesses at the party when Dan and Blair's relationship takes a turn when Dan kisses Blair and she kisses him back. Georgina figures out that Dan was the one who leaked the video of Blair confessing her love for Chuck at her wedding, but keeps silent when Dan discovers her own secret of being Gossip Girl. Charlie discovers Ivy, whom she used to know from acting school, has been impersonating her and also remains quiet as she sets out to investigate her. Ivy is also revealed to have spent the last three months hiding out in the Hamptons where she keeps a bedside vigil at a local hospice for a terminally sick CeCe Rhodes.\n\n\nTitle reference: The 2011 film Crazy, Stupid, Love.\n10316\"Cross Rhodes\"John TerleskyAmy B. HarrisFebruary 20, 2012 (2012-02-20)1.00[15]\nDan feels honored when he learns that Upright Citizen’s Brigade theater troupe is performing excerpts from his book, Inside. Meanwhile, Blair tries to prove Serena's suspicions about her feelings for Dan are wrong, in order to save their relationship. A jealous and vindictive Chuck maliciously plots to sabotage Dan's writing career. On her way out of town, Ivy Dickens ends up on a collision course with the Van der Woodsens and destiny as she continues to look after the cancer-stricken CeCe. Charlie/Lola continues to investigate Ivy's origins as well as keep what she is doing a secret from Nate and everyone else. Carol Rhodes also arrives back in New York after learning from Lily and Serena about Cece's medical turn for the worse. It is here at the hospital, that Ivy and Charlie run into each other once again, where this time Charlie finally reveals in front of the whole Van der Woodsen family that Ivy (whom they still know as Charlie) is an impostor. Carol, unable to lie any more, tells the truth about Ivy and all about their scheme. Blair admits to her feelings for Dan. At the end of the episode CeCe dies.\n\n\nTitle reference: The 1986 film Crossroads.\n10417\"The Princess Dowry\"Andrew McCarthyJake CoburnFebruary 27, 2012 (2012-02-27)1.11[16]\nBlair thinks her stepfather may have found a potential loophole in her prenuptial agreement that would allow her to escape her marriage to Louis. CeCe Rhodes, before her death, arranged for a secret Irish-themed wake to take place at Van der Woodsen penthouse. Georgina Sparks decides to leave her post at Gossip Girl to her loyal but incompetent husband, Phil, and crash the wake to stir up more trouble. Chuck learns that Dan was the one who sent the video of him and Blair at her wedding ceremony and sends a blast to Gossip Girl. However, Phil inadvertently leaves Chuck's name in the blast. William Van der Woodsen (William Baldwin) returns to the Upper East Side for the wake, and is the executor of CeCe's estate. Ivy Dickens is announced as CeCe's heir and we learn that CeCe was apparently aware the whole time of Ivy's real identity. Ivy evicts both Lily and Rufus from the Van der Woodsen penthouse. Carol Rhodes also reveals the identity of Charlie's father as William Van der Woodsen. The real Charlie 'Lola' Rhodes continues her affair with Nate but has little interest in getting to know her family until Georgina suggests to her there may be another reason why her mother hid her from them. We learn that Blair's personal accountant, Estée, is in love with Louis, and she convinces Blair to agree to having her marriage annulled as long as she doesn't say a word to the media, including Gossip Girl. However this is all a ruse perpetrated by Georgina herself, who sends a photo of Blair and Dan kissing to Gossip Girl and the Waldorf's are once again threatened with responsibility of paying the dowry and declaring bankruptcy. Blair tells Chuck that she will always love him but is not in love with him anymore. Georgina no longer wants to act as Gossip Girl after revealing to everyone that she has been filling in for the real Gossip Girl. She sends her computer to Serena and leaves for Monaco to help annul Blair's marriage... in exchange for a favor down the road. Blair tells Dan that he's the one who has her heart and they begin a relationship.\n\n\nTitle reference: The 2001 film The Princess Diaries.\n10518\"Con Heir\"Joe LazarovAnnemarie Navar-GillApril 2, 2012 (2012-04-02)0.97[17]\nChuck invites his uncle, Jack, back to New York to thank him for saving his life in the car accident by donating blood, but starts to doubt Jack's story when Chuck investigates and learns that Jack was recently diagnosed positive with Hepatitis C, and a test on Chuck turns to be negative. Meanwhile, Blair and Dan attempt to consummate their new relationship, but unexpected roadblocks get in their way. Serena takes over the role of Gossip Girl after receiving Georgina's package, but learns that the job is trickier than she thought. Elsewhere, Ivy believes she has found an ally in William in her quest to be accepted into high society on the Upper East Side. Lily tries to adjust to living in Brooklyn at the Humphrey loft with Rufus until the war against Ivy is settled. Lola decides to help her family, seeing as they are all she has left. Also, Nate is hopeful that a new investor will save his newspaper Spectator. The episode concludes with the real Gossip Girl ready to resume her post, and requesting that Serena give the site back. Chuck discovers that it is his mother who donated the blood.\n\n\nTitle reference: The 1997 film Con Air.\n10619\"It Girl, Interrupted\"Omar MadhaAmanda LasherApril 9, 2012 (2012-04-09)0.98[18]\nSerena is determined to turn Lola into the next \"it-girl\" of the Upper East Side, starting with trying to persuade Lola to model at a Kiki de Montparnasse lingerie show. Meanwhile, Chuck reaches out to Blair for advice about his past but is rejected as she believes he has a hidden agenda. Diana Payne's return to The Spectator starts a power struggle with Nate for control, while Lola reacts with jealousy; but everything is not what it appears. It is discovered that Chuck paid Blair's dowry to get rid of Louis' family. Also, Rufus and Lily have a falling out after Lily goes behind Rufus' back to play a simple scheme to remove Ivy from their penthouse.\n\n\nTitle reference: The 1999 film Girl, Interrupted.\n10720\"Salon of the Dead\"Norman BuckleyNatalie KrinskyApril 16, 2012 (2012-04-16)1.06[19]\nBlair and Dan throw a salon as a way of coming out as a couple, but drama caused by their friends derail the night. Lola finds out Serena is posing as Gossip Girl but doesn't tell Nate, knowing he would be hurt by the revelation. Lily cuts off Rufus' debit card after she finds out he has been paying for a hotel for Ivy. It is revealed at the end that Diana is really Chuck's mother, she was too young to raise a baby and gave him to Elizabeth to look after.\n\n\nTitle reference: The 2004 film Shaun of the Dead.\n10821\"Despicable B\"David WarrenAustin WinsbergApril 23, 2012 (2012-04-23)0.99[20]\nBlair feels like her Upper East Side status might be slipping away and devises a plan to assure that doesn't happen by upstaging Dan at a publishers gathering. Meanwhile, Lily throws a family gathering including William, Carol, and Lola in an attempt to prove the van der Woodsen family is as united as ever, but Lily has an ulterior motive. Finally, Nate digs into Diana's past and is surprised by what he discovers.\n\n\nTitle reference: The 2010 film Despicable Me.\n10922\"Raiders of the Lost Art\"Bart WenrichJake CoburnApril 30, 2012 (2012-04-30)1.02[21]\nChuck, Nate, Blair, Serena and Lola team up to uncover what they think is an explosive secret between Diana and Jack. Meanwhile, Dan is offered a prestigious fellowship in Rome for the summer, but turns it down for his relationship with Blair. Dan tells Blair he loves her but she doesn't say it back. Nate and Lola team up with Gossip Girl to take back the site from Serena leaving her hopeless. Diana is seen to be running a high class brothel service. At the end of the episode Chuck finds out his father Bart Bass is still alive.\n\n\nTitle reference: The 1981 film Raiders of the Lost Ark.\n11023\"The Fugitives\"Andy WolkMatt WhitneyMay 7, 2012 (2012-05-07)0.83[22]\nBlair enlists Serena to be her stand-in at an important meeting when Blair finds herself needing to be in two places at the same time as Dan seeks to meet with a college rep from Italy for his oversees summer stay in Italy. Meanwhile, Ivy and Lola team up to help Chuck with a personal vendetta against an old enemy of Bart Bass'. Also, Nate makes a decision about the future with Diana.\n\n\nTitle reference: The 1993 film The Fugitive.\n11124\"The Return of the Ring\"J. Miller TobinSara GoodmanMay 14, 2012 (2012-05-14)1.14[23]\nIn the fifth season finale, when Gossip Girl begins to upload excerpts from Blair's diary, her love life begins to unravel causing her to choose between Dan and Chuck. Serena is banished from the Waldorf apartment for her part in the reveal of Blair's diary, she then retaliates by trying to seduce Dan with the help of Blair's minions. Nate asks Lola to move in with him, but she turns him down when she tells him that her acting group is going on tour. Meanwhile at the Shephard divorce party, Serena and Dan have sex, but when Dan learns she videotaped their encounter just to hurt Blair, he furiously leaves. Elsewhere, Lily chooses to annul her marriage to Rufus, since her marriage to Bart is still valid. Lola receives her share of the Van der Woodsen estate from her biological father, William Van der Woodsen, and also learns that Lily intentionally sabotaged Carol's defense in court to keep her imprisoned as well as destroyed Ivy's case in order to keep Cece's wealth all for herself. Blair accepts an offer from Eleanor to take over her fashion company. Following a Bass Industries press conference, Blair chooses Chuck over Dan, but Chuck rebuffs her when he is preoccupied with his father's return as head of Bass Industries who ousts Chuck to reclaim his former position as CEO. One week later; Lola hands over her inheritance share to Ivy, who in return promises to keep in touch and help her bring down their common enemy: Lily. Lola leaves town to go on tour with her acting troupe, while Ivy returns to Florida to plot her revenge against Lily. The disgraced Serena leaves town and reverts back to her old self by taking drugs and sleeping with her dealer, whilst the alienated Dan leaves for Rome and prepares to write another hurtful, tell-all book about the Upper East Side with the help of Georgina Sparks. Nate receives CCTV footage from Diana Payne of the real Gossip Girl (a hooded masked figure) stealing Serena's laptop on the night of Bart's return. Whilst in Paris, Blair goes to a casino where Chuck and Jack are scheming to bring down Bart Bass and tells Chuck it's now her turn to fight for him.\n\n\nTitle reference: The 2003 film The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King."
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"the 100th episode"
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2972870898154707047 | Ummah | Ummah - wikipedia Ummah Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Umrah . Ummah ( Arabic : أمة ( ˈʊm. mæ ) ) is an Arabic word meaning `` community '' . It is distinguished from Shaʻb ( شعب ( ʃæʕb ) ) which means a nation with common ancestry or geography . Thus , it can be said to be a supra - national community with a common history . It is a synonym for ummat al - Islām ( أمة الإسلام , ' the Islamic community ' ) , and it is commonly used to mean the collective community of Islamic peoples . In the Quran the ummah typically refers to a single group that shares common religious beliefs , specifically those that are the objects of a divine plan of salvation . In the context of pan-Islamism and politics , the word ummah can be used to mean the concept of a Commonwealth of the Believers ( أمة المؤمنين ummat al - muʼminīn ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 General usage 2 Islamic usage and origin 3 Emergence of the Ummah 4 Usage of Ummah in the Qur'an 5 Mecca 6 Medina 6.1 Constitution of Medina 7 Back to Mecca 8 See also 9 References 10 External links General usage ( edit ) The word Ummah ( pl . umam ) means Nation in Arabic . For example the Arabic term for the United Nations in Arabic is الأمم المتحدة Al - Umam Al - Mutahedah , and the term الأمة العربية Al - Ummah Al - Arabeyah is used to refer to `` The Arabic Nation '' . The Word Ummah differs from the concept of a country or people . In it is greater context it is used to describe a larger group of people . For example , in Arabic the world شعب Sha'ab ( `` people '' ) would be used to describe the citizens of Turkey . However , the term Ummah is used to describe the Turkic Nation as a whole , which includes Turkey , Turkmenistan , Kazakhstan , Azerbaijan , and other countries and ethnic groups in Central Asia . Islamic usage and Origin ( edit ) The phrase Ummah Wāhidah in the Quran ( أمة واحدة , `` One Nation '' ) refers to all the Islamic world as it existed at the time . The Quran says : `` You ( Muslims ) are the best nation brought out for Mankind , commanding what is righteous ( معروف Ma'rūf , lit . `` recognized ( as good ) '' ) and forbidding what is wrong ( منكر Munkar , lit . `` recognized ( as evil ) '' ) '' ( 3 : 110 ) . The usage is further clarified by the Constitution of Medina , an early document said to have been negotiated by Muhammad in CE 622 with the leading clans of Medina , which explicitly refers to Jewish , Christians and pagan citizens of Medina as members of the Ummah . Emergence of the ummah ( edit ) At the time of Muhammad , before the conception of the ummah , Arab communities were typically governed by kinship . In other words , the political ideology of the Arabs centered around tribal affiliations and blood - relational ties . In the midst of a tribal society , the religion of Islam emerged and along with it the concept of the ummah . The ummah emerged according to the idea that a messenger or prophet has been sent to a community . But unlike earlier messengers who had been sent to various communities in the past ( as can be found among the Prophets in the Old Testament ) , Muhammad had been given the task to develop a universal ummah and not only for the Arabs . Muhammad 's purpose as messenger to them was to transmit a divine message , and lead the Islamic community to salvation . Since Muhammad is the messenger for the ummah , it indicates there is a divine message , which further implies that God is directing the life affairs of the ummah . Accordingly , the purpose of the ummah was to be based on religion , following the commands of God , rather than kinship . Usage of ummah in the Qur'an ( edit ) ( hide ) Part of a series on : Islamism Fundamentals ( show ) Islam History Culture Economics Politics Secularism Ideology ( show ) Islamism Qutbism Salafism Shia Islamism Islamic fundamentalism Concepts ( hide ) Caliphate Islamic democracy Islamic socialism Islamic state Islamic monarchy Islamic republic Islamization ( of knowledge ) Jihad Pan-Islamism Post-Islamism Sharia Shura Slavery Two - nation theory Ummah Influences ( show ) Anti-imperialism Anti-Zionism Islamic Golden Age Islamic revival Movements ( show ) Scholastic Ahl - i Hadith Deobandi Madkhalism Sahwa movement Wahhabism Political Hizb ut - Tahrir Iranian Revolution Jamaat - e-Islami Millî Görüş Muslim Brotherhood List of Islamic political parties Militant Militant Islamism based in MENA region South Asia Southeast Asia Sub-Saharan Africa Key texts ( show ) Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam ( Iqbal 1930s ) Principles of State and Government ( Asad 1961 ) Ma'alim fi al - Tariq ( `` Milestones '' ) ( Qutb 1965 ) Islamic Government : Governance of the Jurist ( `` Velayat - e faqih '' ) ( Khomeini 1970 ) Heads of state ( show ) Ali Khamenei Omar al - Bashir Muammar Gaddafi Ruhollah Khomeini Mohamed Morsi Mohammad Omar House of Saud House of Thani Zia - ul - Haq Key ideologues ( show ) Muhammad Abduh Jamāl al - Dīn al - Afghānī Qazi Hussain Ahmad Muhammad Nasiruddin al - Albani Muhammad Asad Hassan al - Banna Necmettin Erbakan Rached Ghannouchi Safwat Hegazi Muhammad Iqbal Ali Khamenei Ruhollah Khomeini Abul A'la Maududi Taqi al - Din al - Nabhani Yusuf al - Qaradawi Sayyid Qutb Tariq Ramadan Ata Abu Rashta Rashid Rida Navvab Safavi Ali Shariati Haji Shariatullah Hassan Al - Turabi Ahmed Yassin Related topics ( show ) Criticism of Islamism Islam and other religions Islamophobia Reform movements Modernity ( Modernism ) Islam portal Politics portal There are a total of sixty - two instances that the term ummah is mentioned in the Qur'an . The use of ummah in the Qur'an almost always refers to ethical , linguistic , or religious bodies of people who are subject to the divine plan of salvation . The meaning of the term ummah in the Qur'an appears to transform throughout the chronology of the Qur'an . When it is first used in the Qur'an it is hardly distinguishable from the term qawm which can be translated to ' people ' . The Qur'an recognizes that each ummah has a messenger that has been sent to relay a divine message to the community and that all ummahs await God 's ultimate judgment . Although the meaning of the ummah begins simply with a general application of the word , it gradually develops to reference a general religious community and then evolves to specifically refer to the Muslim community . Before it refers exclusively to Muslims , the ummah encompasses Jewish and Christian communities as one with the Muslims and refers to them as the People of the Book . This is supplemented by the Constitution of Medina which declares all members of the ummah , regardless of religion , to be of ' one ummah . ' In these passages of the Qur'an , ummah may be referring to a unity of mankind through the shared beliefs of the monotheistic religions . However , Denny points out that the most recent ummah that receives a messenger from God is the Arab ummah . As the Muslims became stronger during their residence in Medina , the Arab ummah narrowed into an ummah exclusively for Muslims . This is evidenced by the resacralization of the Kaaba and Muhammad 's command to take a pilgrimage to Mecca , along with the redirection of prayer from Jerusalem to Mecca . The period in which the term ummah is used most often is within the Third Meccan Period followed by the Medinian period . The extensive use of the term during these two time periods indicates that Muhammad was beginning to arrive at the concept of the ummah to specify the genuine Muslim community . Furthermore , the early Meccan passages generally equate ummah as religion , whereas in the Medinan period the passages of the Qur'an refer more specifically to the relation of the ummah and religion . The final passage that refers to ummah in the Qur'an refers to the Muslims as the `` best community '' and accordingly led to ummah as an exclusive reference to Islam . A verse in the Qur'an also mentions the ummah , in the context of all of the messengers , that this ummah ( nation ) of theirs is one ummah and that God is their Lord entirely . `` O messengers , eat from the good foods and work righteousness . Indeed , I , of what you do , am Knowing . And indeed this , your ummah ( nation ) , is one ummah ( nation ) , and I am your Lord , so fear Me . '' ( Qur'an , Surah Al - Mu'minun ( The believers ) ( 23 : 51 - 52 ) ) Mecca ( edit ) Initially it did not appear that the new Muslim community would oppose the tribes that already existed in Mecca . The first Muslims did not need to make a break with traditional Quraysh customs since the vision for the new community included moral norms that were not unfamiliar to the tribal society of Mecca . However , what distinguished this community from the tribes was its focus of the place of those morals within a person 's life . Medina ( edit ) After Muhammad and the first converts to Islam were forced to leave Mecca , the community was welcomed in Medina by the Ansar , a group of Pagans who had converted to Islam . Despite Medina already being occupied by numerous Jewish and polytheistic tribes , the arrival of Muhammad and his followers provoked no opposition from Medina 's residents . Upon arriving in Medina , Muhammad established the Constitution of Medina with the various tribal leaders in order to form the Meccan immigrants and the Medinan residents into a single community , the ummah . Rather than limiting members of the ummah to a single tribe or religious affiliation as had been the case when the ummah first developed in Mecca , the Constitution of Medina ensured that the ummah was composed of a variety of people and beliefs essentially making it to be supra - tribal . Islamic historian , Tabari , suggested that Muhammad 's initial intentions upon arriving in Medina was to establish a mosque , however this is unlikely Tabari also claimed that Muhammad observed the first Friday prayer in Medina . It occurred on Friday because Friday served as a market day in Medina to enable Jews to observe the sabbath . Membership to the ummah was not restricted to adhering to the Muslim faith but rather encompassed all of the tribes as long as they vowed to recognize Muhammad as the community and political figure of authority . The Constitution of Medina declared that the Jewish tribes and the Muslims from Medina formed ' one ummah . ' It is possible that the Medinan ummah was purely secular ( compared to the later transformation of the ummah in Mecca ) due to its variety of beliefs and practices of its members . The purpose of the Constitution of Medina was to uphold political obligations and social relations between the various tribes . The community members in Medina , although not derived from the same faith , were committed to each other through a desire to defend the common good of the community . In other words , the community was united according to preserve its shared interests . The people of other religious beliefs , particularly those that are considered to be `` People of the Book '' were granted the special protection of God through the dhimmah contract . These other religious groups were guaranteed security by God and Muhammad because of their common religious history as being the `` People of the Book . '' The dhimmah served as a sort of alliance between Muslims and non-Muslims . In the earlier treaties of the dhimmah , both groups were viewed as equal in status and both were obligated to help the other . However , in later treaties , after Islam had gained more power throughout Arabia , the dhimmah was perceived as the fulfilment of the religious duties of Muslims along with the payment of zakat . With the new contract of dhimmah , non-Muslims ' protection by God and Muhammad became dependent on their payment . Constitution of Medina ( edit ) The Constitution of Medina is a document created by Muhammad to regulate social and political life in Medina . It deals with various tribal issues such as the organization and leadership of the participating tribal groups , warfare , blood money , ransom of captives , and war expenditures . It is at the beginning of the document that the Muslims from the Quraysh ( those from Mecca ) and the Muslims from Yathrib ( those from Medina ) are declared to be an ummah or one community . The word ummah appears again when the document refers to the treaty of the Jews and states that the Yahūd Banī ' Awf , or Jews , are an ummah that exists alongside the ummah of the Muslims or may be included in the same ummah as the Muslims . The document does state that the Jews who join the Muslims will receive aid and equal rights . In addition , the Jews will be guaranteed security from the Muslims , and are granted to maintain their own religion just as the Muslims will maintain theirs . This implies that the ummah is not strictly a religious community in Medina . The Constitution of Medina lists the various Medinan tribes derived from the Aws and Khazraj as well as the several Jewish tribes that are granted to keep their tribal organization and leadership . The document also reveals that each group , the Muslims and the Jews , is responsible for its own finances except during time of war , when the two are able to share expenses . Back to Mecca ( edit ) After the Muslim takeover of Mecca , membership in the ummah required a commitment to Islam . This happened as a result of Islam beginning to distinguish itself not just from Paganism but also Judaism and Christianity by emphasizing a model of community based on Abraham . The membership of the ummah was now based on two main principles ; the first is to worship God alone and secondly , in order to worship God properly one must be in a guided community . The essentials of the new society were the new relations between human beings and God and between human beings and one another . The society was held together by the Prophet . Feuding among Muslim clans was forbidden . Muhammad 's community was designed to transform the world itself through action in the world . See also ( edit ) Islam portal Caliphate Constitution of Medina Divisions of the world in Islam Islamic missionary activity List of countries by Muslim population Muslim population growth Pan-Islamism Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Muslim world Kafir References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Houtsma , M. Th ( 1987 ) . E.J. Brill 's First Encyclopaedia of Islam , 1913 - 1936 . BRILL . pp. 125 -- 126 . ISBN 9004082654 . Jump up ^ Houtsma , M. Th. ( 1987 ) . E.J. Brill 's First Encyclopedia of Islam , 1913 - 1936 . E.J. Brill . Jump up ^ Team , Almaany . `` ترجمة و معنى nation في قاموس المعاني . قاموس عربي انجليزي مصطلحات صفحة 1 '' . www.almaany.com . Jump up ^ Firestone , Reuven ( 1999 ) . Jihād : The Origin of Holy War in Islam . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 118 . ISBN 0195125800 . Jump up ^ `` Muhammad '' . Encyclopedia of Islam Online . Jump up ^ Watt , W. Montgomery ( 1956 ) . Muhammad at Medina . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Jump up ^ Serjeant , R.B. ( 1964 ) . `` The Constitution of Medina '' . Islamic Quarterly . 8 : 4 . ^ Jump up to : Watt , W. Montgomery ( 1972 ) . Muhammad at Medina . Oxford : Clarendon Press . ^ Jump up to : Bearman , P. ; Th . Bianquis ; C.E. Bosworth ; E. van Donzel ; W.P. Heinrichs ( 2013 ) . `` '' Umma `` '' . Encyclopedia of Islam ( Second ed . ) . Brill Online . ^ Jump up to : Denny , Frederick Mathewson ( August 1975 ) . `` The Meaning of `` Ummah '' in the Qur'an `` . History of Religions . The University of Chicago Press . 15 ( 1 ) : 34 -- 70 . doi : 10.1086 / 462733 . Jump up ^ Team , Almaany . `` Translation and Meaning of qawm ( people ) in English Arabic Dictionary of terms Page 2 '' . www.almaany.com . Jump up ^ `` Surat Al - Mu'minun ( 23 : 51 - 52 ) - The Noble Qur'an - القرآن الكريم '' . legacy.quran.com . ^ Jump up to : Hodgson , Marshall G.S. ( 1974 ) . The Venture of Islam : Conscience and History in a World Civilization . Chicago , IL : The University of Chicago . ^ Jump up to : Ye'or , Bat ( 1985 ) . The Dhimmi : Jews and Christians under Islam . Cranberry , NJ : Associated University Press . Jump up ^ Goitein , S.D. ( 1968 ) . Studies in Islamic History and Institutions . Leiden , Netherlands : E.J. Brill . ^ Jump up to : Peters , Francis E. ; Esposito , John L. ( 2006 ) . The children of Abraham : Judaism , Christianity , Islam . Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 12769 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Watt , W. Montgomery ; M.V. McDonald ( 1987 ) . `` The History of al - Tabari : The Foundation of the Community '' . VII . Albany , NY : State University of New York . Jump up ^ Peters , F.E. ( 1994 ) . Muhammad and the Origins of Islam . Albany , NY : State University of New York . Jump up ^ Esposito , John L. ( 2004 ) . `` '' Ummah `` '' . The Islamic World : Past and Present . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ^ Jump up to : Lecker , Michael ( 2013 ) . `` Constitution of Medina '' . Encyclopedia of Islam . Three . External links ( edit ) The definition of ' Ummah ' is the unity of the Muslims Online Islamic Learning Resource Islamic philosophy Fields Alchemy Aqidah ( theology ) ' Aql ( intellect ) Cosmology astrology medieval astronomy Eschatology Ethics Kalam ( dialectic ) Fiqh ( jurisprudence ) Logic Metaphysics Natural philosophy ( physics ) Peace Madrasah ( education ) Medieval science Medieval psychology Sufism ( mysticism ) Schools Early Farabism Avicennism Averroism Illuminationism Sufi cosmology metaphysics Transcendent theosophy Traditionalist Contemporary Concepts ʻAṣabīya Ḥāl Iʻjaz ʼIjtihād ʻlm ʻIrfān Ijmāʿ Maslaha Nafs Qadar Qalb Qiyās Shūrā Tawḥīd Ummah Philosophers by century ( CE ) 9th -- 10th Al - Kindi Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al - Tabari Abu al - Abbas Iranshahri Zakariya Razi Apharabius Abu Hatim al - Razi Al Amiri Ikhwan al - Safa Abu Sulayman Sijistani Ibn Masarrah Abu Yaqub al - Sijistani 11th Al - Ghazali Ibn Miskawayh Avicenna Ibn Hazm Bahmanyār Mu'ayyad fi'l - Din al - Shirazi Nasir Khusraw 12th Abu'l - Barakāt al - Baghdādī Afdal al - Din Kashani Ahi Evren Ahmad Yasavi Ayn - al - Quzat Averroes Ibn Tufail Omar Khayyám Suhrawardi Shams Tabrizi 13th Hajji Bektash Wali Jalal ad - Din Muhammad Rumi Ibn Sab'in Ibn Arabi al - Abharī Nasir al - Din Tusi Fakhr ad - Din ar - Razi Qutb al - Din al - Shirazi Sadr al - Din al - Qunawi 14th -- 16th Ibn Khaldun Yunus Emre Hajji Bayram Jalaladdin Davani Sadr ad - Din Dashtaki Aziz Mahmud Hudayi Qadi Mir Husayn al - Maybudi Mahmud Shabistari Sayyid Haydar Amuli Dawūd al - Qayṣarī Jami 17th -- 19th Mir Damad Mir Fendereski Mulla Sadra Mohsen Fayz Kashani Abd al - Razzaq Lahiji Mujaddid Alf - i - Sani Rajab Ali Tabrizi Qazi Sa'id Qumi Shah Waliullah Dehlawi Hādī Sabzavārī 20th -- present Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei Muhammad Iqbal Gohar Shahi Mohammad Baqir al - Sadr René Guénon Frithjof Schuon Martin Lings Hossein Nasr Naquib al - Attas Abdolkarim Soroush Gholamhossein Ebrahimi Dinani Taha Abdurrahman Mohammed Abed al - Jabri Mohammed Arkoun Fouad Zakariyya Reza Davari Ardakani Ahmad Fardid Mostafa Malekian Hasanzadeh Amoli Javadi Amoli Partawi Shah GND : 4426061 - 1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ummah&oldid=833806569 '' Categories : Arabic words and phrases in Sharia Pan-Islamism Islamic concepts of religious geography Islamic terminology Hidden categories : Articles containing Arabic - language text Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া تۆرکجه বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Қазақша Kurdî Latina Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 36 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 14 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what does the arabic word ummah refer to | [
"It is a synonym for ummat al-Islām (أمة الإسلام, 'the Islamic community'), and it is commonly used to mean the collective community of Islamic peoples. In the Quran the ummah typically refers to a single group that shares common religious beliefs, specifically those that are the objects of a divine plan of salvation.[1][2] In the context of pan-Islamism and politics, the word ummah can be used to mean the concept of a Commonwealth of the Believers (أمة المؤمنين ummat al-muʼminīn)."
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"the collective community of Islamic peoples"
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-3866182136485634778 | Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit | Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit - Wikipedia Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit Jump to : navigation , search Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit ( GIZ ) GmbH Abbreviation GIZ Formation 1 January 2011 ; 6 years ago ( 2011 - 01 - 01 ) Type governmental Legal status GmbH Purpose Development aid Location Bonn and Eschborn , Germany Executive director Tanja Gönner Staff 7004173190000000000 ♠ 17,319 Website www.giz.de The Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit ( GIZ ) GmbH or GIZ in short ( English : German Corporation for International Cooperation GmbH ) is a German development agency headquartered in Bonn and Eschborn that provides services in the field of international development cooperation . GIZ mainly implements technical cooperation projects of the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development ( BMZ ) , its main commissioning party , although it also works with the private sector and other national and supranational government organizations ( but usually not with non-governmental organizations ) on a public benefit basis . In its activities GIZ seeks to follow the paradigm of sustainable development , which aims at balancing economic development with social inclusion and environmental protection . GIZ offers consulting and capacity building services in a wide range of areas , including management consulting , rural development , sustainable infrastructure , security and peace - building , social development , governance and democracy , environment and climate change , and economic development and employment . GIZ was established on January 1 , 2011 , through the merger of three German international development organizations : the Deutscher Entwicklungsdienst ( DED ) , the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit ( GTZ ) , and Internationale Weiterbildung und Entwicklung ( InWEnt ) . GIZ is one of the world 's largest development agencies , with a business volume in excess of € 2.1 billion in 2015 as well as 17,319 employees spread over more than 130 countries . Additionally , in cooperation with the German Federal Employment Agency , GIZ operates the Centre for International Migration and Development ( CIM ) , an agency specialized on international cooperation activities related to global labor mobility . Contents ( hide ) 1 Organisation 2 Activities 3 Clients 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Organisation ( edit ) GIZ 's headquarters are located in Bonn and Eschborn . It also has a representation in Berlin and offices at 16 other locations across Germany . Outside Germany , the company has a representation in Brussels and operates 90 offices around the world . Because GIZ is incorporated under German law as a GmbH ( limited liability company ) , it is governed by a management board that acts on behalf of the company 's shareholders and is monitored by a supervisory board . Additionally , GIZ also has a Board of Trustees and a Private Sector Advisory Board . GIZ 's management board consists of four managing directors and is chaired by Tanja Gönner ( January 2017 ) , while the Federal Republic of Germany ( represented by the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development ( BMZ ) and the Federal Ministry of Finance ( BMF ) ) is GIZ 's sole shareholder . The organization is structured into eight corporate units ( Corporate Development ; Corporate Communications ; Legal Affairs and Insurance ; Compliance and Integrity ; Auditing ; Evaluation ; Corporate Security ; Academy for International Cooperation ( AIZ ) ) and ten departments ( Commissioning Parties and Business Development ; Sectoral Development ; Sector and Global Programmes ; Africa ; Asia , Latin America , Caribbean ; Europe , Mediterranean , Central Asia ; International Services ; Human Resources ) . GIZ holds a 49 % share in sequa gGmbH , the implementing partner of the German business community , in line with the company 's objective to foster private sector development and cooperate closely with business chambers and associations abroad . Moreover , GIZ is a member of the European Network of Implementing Development Agencies ( EUNIDA ) , which was co-founded by GTZ in 2000 . Activities ( edit ) Staff members of GIZ and KfW together with local partners visit a project at a school in Gitega , Burundi GIZ 's considers capacity development to be its core competence . The company 's services are grouped into eight so - called `` product areas '' ( as of January 2017 ) : Methods : Advisory services : management of complex projects and programs ( Capacity WORKS ) ; development partnerships with the private sector ; social impact assessment ; International competency development : e-learning , e-coaching , and e-collaboration ; Leadership Development Workshop ; key qualifications for international cooperation ; strengthening training in partner countries ( capacity to build capacity ) ; training specialists and managers from partner organisations ; Networking , dialogue and moderation : network management ; alumni networks without borders ; twinning ( EU administration partnerships ) ; stakeholder dialogues ; competition management ; knowledge sharing ; Management and logistics : grants ; fund management ; public procurement ; knowledge - based services ; evaluation ; results - based monitoring ; Systemic Quality Improvement ( SQI ) ; Rural Development : Agricultural policy and food : agricultural policy ; rural development ; land management ; food and nutrition security / right to food ; Agricultural trade , agricultural economy , standards : standards and food safety ; agricultural trade ; value chains ; fisheries , aquaculture , and coastal zones ; local and regional development ; Agricultural production and resource use : sustainable use of natural resources and production systems in agriculture ; agricultural research , innovations , education and extension ; water and agriculture ; climate change and agriculture ; biological diversity ; Sustainable Infrastructure : Water : in the field of water , sub-topics include sustainable sanitation and water supply , water policy , water resources management , water and the nexus between water and agriculture ; Energy : basic energy supply services ( rural electrification , solar lanterns , etc . ) , renewable energy ; energy efficiency ; international energy policy ; Transport and infrastructure : transport policy and infrastructure management ; sustainable urban mobility ; Security , Reconstruction and Peace : Emergency aid and disaster risk management : disaster risk management ; food security in the context of conflicts and disasters ; reconstruction for crisis prevention ; Peace and security : security sector reform ; crisis prevention and peacebuilding ; Social development : Health : health promotion ; improving sexual and reproductive health ; strengthening health systems ; HIV and health ; Education : quality education for a better future ; training and capacity building for teachers ; Social protection : social health protection ; strategies to implement social justice ; Governance and Democracy : Democracy and the rule of law : democracy promotion ; good governance , gender ; corruption prevention ; human rights ; law and justice ; promoting citizen involvement ; Decentralization and urban development : decentralisation ; urban and municipal development ; Public finance and administration : Public finance reform ; public administration ; strengthening good governance in the extractive sector ( e.g. EITI ) ; Environment and climate change : Climate change : climate change ( implementation of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change ) ; integrated ozone and climate protection ; Natural resource management : forest policy and sustainable forest management ; combating desertification ( e.g. based on the UN Convention to Combat Desertification ) ; biological diversity ( implementation of the UN Convention on Biological Diversity ) ; Urban and industrial environmental management : waste and recycling management ; resource efficient economy ; sustainable tourism ; Environmental policy : environmental policy ; environmental finance ; regional environmental cooperation ; green economy ; Economic development and employment : Labor market and TVET : labour - market oriented TVET systems ; skills development for secure livelihoods ; promoting sustainable employment and employment policies ( including occupational safety and health , labor rights , unionisation , etc . ) ; Financial system development : microfinance ; rural finance , financing agriculture and SMEs ; insurance ; financial sector stability and capital market development ; Private sector : private sector development ; supporting value chains ; local and regional economic development ; shaping migration ; Economic policy : economic policy advice for sustainable economic development ; trade ; quality infrastructure and consumer protection ; green economy ; regional economic integration ; GIZ has been involved in the creation of various networks , associations and portals , and may carry out or support secretariat functions for some of these for a limited period of time . Examples of such networks and associations that have had some GIZ involvement include : Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century ( REN21 ) BIOPAT Alumniportal Germany Sustainable Sanitation Alliance Other global agendas supported by GIZ include South - South cooperation , i.e. bilateral cooperation between developing countries and emerging economies , and triangular cooperation between developing countries as beneficiaries , emerging economies as `` new donors '' and traditional donors , e.g. Germany , as contributors of expertise . GIZ works closely with the German government - owned development bank KfW , which is based in Frankfurt . While GIZ implements those projects on behalf of the BMZ that belong to `` technical cooperation '' , i.e. capacity development , the KfW implements those BMZ projects belonging to `` financial cooperation '' . GIZ is currently represented in the SuRe ® Stakeholder Council . SuRe ® -- The Standard for Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure is a global voluntary standard which integrates key criteria of sustainability and resilience into infrastructure development and upgrade . SuRe ® is developed by GIB Foundation and Natixis as part of a multi-stakeholder process and will be compliant with ISEAL guidelines . Finally , GIZ also hosts the Eschborn Dialogue , a two - day event that offers international experts a forum to exchange knowledge and experiences on a given topic in international cooperation ( e.g. `` World in motion : mobility , migration , digital change '' in 2014 or `` Raw materials and resources : growth , values , competition '' in 2013 ) . The Eschborn Dialogue has been organized each year since 1988 . Clients ( edit ) Building of GIZ headquarters in Bonn , Germany GIZ mainly operates on behalf of the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development ( BMZ ) . At the national level , GIZ , however , is also commissioned by other government departments , e.g. the Federal Foreign Office , the Federal Ministry for the Environment ( BMUB ) , or the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy ( BMWi ) , as well as by German states and municipalities . At the international level , GIZ cooperates with the European Union , UN agencies , other international institutions such as the Global Fund to Fight AIDS , Tuberculosis and Malaria ( GFFATM ) , and foreign governments . The cooperation with private enterprises is an emerging field , promoted under the name of sustainable development . The GIZ is set up with International Services ( IS ) and the Public Private Partnership ( PPP ) in this area . See also ( edit ) List of development aid agencies Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ According to company policy , the German title of the organization is never officially translated into any other language in the company 's publications or websites . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ GIZ Profile ( GIZ website ) Jump up ^ GIZ 's profile on the GIZ website . Jump up ^ GIZ ( January 19th , 2017 ) . Products and expertise . Jump up ^ BMZ ( December 16th , 2010 ) . `` Merger of public development agencies '' . Retrieved September 15th 2013 . Jump up ^ GIZ 's profile on the GIZ website . Jump up ^ CIM 's profile on the CIM website . Jump up ^ Organisation ( GIZ website ) . Jump up ^ Management Board ( GIZ website ) . Jump up ^ Official Bodies ( GIZ website ) . Jump up ^ Shareholder ( GIZ website ) . Jump up ^ Organisation chart ( GIZ website ) . Jump up ^ Stakeholdings ( GIZ website ) . Jump up ^ GIZ Core competence ( GIZ website ) . Jump up ^ Management services ( GIZ website ) . Jump up ^ Rural development ( GIZ website ) Jump up ^ Sustainable infrastructure ( GIZ website ) Jump up ^ Security , reconstruction and peace ( GIZ website ) Jump up ^ Social development ( GIZ website ) . Jump up ^ Governance and democracy ( GIZ website ) Jump up ^ Environment and climate change ( GIZ website ) . Jump up ^ Economic development and employment ( GIZ website ) . Jump up ^ `` Products and services : Sustainable infrastructure - Advisory service ( sustainable sanitation ) '' ( PDF ) . Website of Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit ( GIZ ) GmbH . Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit ( GIZ ) GmbH . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . Jump up ^ BMZ . `` The direct approach to the partner '' . Retrieved January 19th 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.gib-foundation.org/sure-stakeholder-council/ Jump up ^ https://issuu.com/utkmedia/docs/nachhaltigesinvestment_2016/65?e=1307954/30767650 Jump up ^ Eschborn Dialogue Jump up ^ German Government Jump up ^ German states and municipalities Jump up ^ European Union ( GIZ website ) . Jump up ^ International institutions Jump up ^ Governments worldwide Jump up ^ `` Development Partnerships with the Private Sector ( PPP ) '' . Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit. 25 October 2010 . Retrieved 25 August 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit . Official website VIAF : 167594026 ISNI : 0000 0004 0390 1306 GND : 16101540 - 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Deutsche_Gesellschaft_für_Internationale_Zusammenarbeit&oldid = 800593574 '' Categories : International management consulting firms Management consulting firms of Germany Appropriate technology organizations Organisations based in Bonn Organisations based in Cambodia Organizations established in 2011 Hidden categories : Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Use dmy dates from December 2012 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Norsk Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 14 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | name the company for whom the initials giz stand for | [
"\nDeutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH\n\n\n\n\nAbbreviation\nGIZ\n\n\nFormation\n1 January 2011; 6 years ago (2011-01-01)\n\n\nType\ngovernmental\n\n\nLegal status\nGmbH\n\n\nPurpose\nDevelopment aid\n\n\nLocation\n\n\n\nBonn and Eschborn, Germany\n\n\n\n\n\n\nExecutive director\n\nTanja Gönner\n\n\n\nStaff\n\n7004173190000000000♠17,319[1]\n\n\nWebsite\nwww.giz.de\n\n"
] | [
"Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH"
] |
-4753761359456530336 | Alabama gubernatorial election, 2018 | Alabama gubernatorial election , 2018 - wikipedia Alabama gubernatorial election , 2018 Alabama gubernatorial election , 2018 ← 2014 November 6 , 2018 2022 → Nominee Kay Ivey Walt Maddox Party Republican Democratic Incumbent Governor Kay Ivey Republican Elections in Alabama Federal government ( show ) Presidential elections 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Presidential primaries Democratic 2008 2016 Republican 2008 2012 United States Senate elections 1962 1978 1980 1986 1990 1992 1998 2002 2008 2014 2016 2020 2022 United States House elections 2006 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 Special elections 1st district , 2013 Senate , 2017 Government of Alabama ( show ) Gubernatorial elections 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1906 1910 1914 1918 1922 1926 1930 1934 1938 1942 1946 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 State elections 2006 2008 2012 2014 2018 Alabama House of Representatives 2018 Alabama State Senate 2018 Ballot measures ( show ) 2006 Amendment 774 Birmingham ( show ) Mayoral elections 2017 Mobile ( show ) Mayoral 2005 2009 2013 Montgomery ( show ) Mayoral elections 2015 Government The 2018 Alabama gubernatorial election will take place on November 6 , 2018 , to elect the Governor of Alabama . Incumbent Republican Governor Kay Ivey , who took office on April 10 , 2017 upon the resignation of Governor Robert Bentley , is running for election to a full term . The winner will be sworn into office on January 14 , 2019 . Contents 1 Republican primary 1.1 Candidates 1.1. 1 Declared 1.1. 2 Withdrew 1.1. 3 Declined 1.2 Endorsements 1.3 Polling 1.4 Results 2 Democratic primary 2.1 Candidates 2.1. 1 Declared 2.1. 2 Withdrew 2.1. 3 Declined 2.2 Endorsements 2.3 Results 3 Independents 3.1 Candidates 3.1. 1 Declared 3.1. 2 Potential 3.1. 3 Declined 4 General election 4.1 Predictions 4.2 Endorsements 4.3 Polling 4.4 Results 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Republican Primary ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Tommy Battle , Mayor of Huntsville Scott Dawson , evangelist Bill Hightower , State Senator Kay Ivey , incumbent Governor Michael McAllister , former prison officer ( died April 2018 ) Withdrew ( edit ) Slade Blackwell , State Senator David Carrington , Jefferson County Commissioner Twinkle Cavanaugh , President of the Public Service Commission ( running for Lieutenant Governor ) Stacy Lee George , former Morgan County Commissioner and candidate for Governor in 2014 Josh Jones , businessman John McMillan , Alabama Commissioner of Agriculture and Industries ( running for State Treasurer ) Declined ( edit ) Rick Burgess , radio host Bill `` Bubba '' Bussey , radio host Bradley Byrne , U.S. Representative and candidate for Governor in 2010 ( running for reelection ) Mary Scott Hunter , member of the Alabama State Board of Education ( running for the State Senate after initially running for Lieutenant Governor ) Del Marsh , President Pro Tempore of the Alabama Senate ( running for reelection ) Arthur Orr , State Senator ( running for reelection ) Trip Pittman , State Senator and candidate for the U.S. Senate in 2017 Greg Reed , Majority Leader of the Alabama Senate ( running for reelection ) Luther Strange , former U.S. Senator and former Attorney General of Alabama Tommy Tuberville , former Auburn University football coach Cam Ward , State Senator ( running for reelection ) Jim Zeigler , State Auditor of Alabama ( running for reelection ) Endorsements ( edit ) show Scott Dawson Politicians Mike Huckabee , former Governor of Arkansas Individuals Rick Burgess , radio host Bill `` Bubba '' Bussey , radio host Organizations BamaCarry , Alabama 's Largest Second Amendment Rights Group Alabama Republican Assembly show Kay Ivey Politicians State Sen. Del Marsh . ( R - Anniston ) , President pro tempore of the Alabama Senate State Sen. Greg Reed , ( R - Jasper ) , Majority Leader of the Alabama Senate State Sen. Greg Albritton ( R - Range ) State Sen. Clyde Chambliss ( R - Prattville ) State Sen. Jimmy Holley ( R - Elba ) State Sen. Jim McClendon ( R - Springville ) State Sen. Tim Melson ( R - Florence ) State Sen. Arthur Orr ( R - Decatur ) State Sen. Paul Sanford ( R - Huntsville ) State Sen. Clay Scofield ( R - Guntersville ) State Sen. Jabo Waggoner ( R - Vestavia Hills ) State Sen. Cam Ward ( R - Alabaster ) State Sen. Phil Williams ( R - Rainbow City ) Rep. Alan Baker ( R - Brewton ) Rep. Chris Blackshear ( R - Phenix City ) Rep. Alan Booth ( R - Troy ) Rep. K.L. Brown ( R - Jacksonville ) Rep. Donnie Chesteen ( R - Geneva ) Rep. Steve Clouse ( R - Ozark ) Rep. Terri Collins ( R - Decatur ) Rep. Danny Crawford ( R - Athens ) Rep. Corley Ellis ( R - Columbiana ) Rep. David Faulkner ( R - Mountain Brook ) Rep. Joe Faust ( R - Fairhope ) Rep. Bob Fincher ( R - Woodland ) Rep. Danny Garrett ( R - Trussville ) Rep. Lynn Greer ( R - Rogersville ) Rep. Alan Harper ( R - Northport ) Rep. Steve Hurst ( R - Munford ) Rep. Reed Ingram ( R - Montgomery ) Rep. Ken Johnson ( R - Moulton ) Rep. Nathaniel Ledbetter ( R - Rainsville ) Rep. Paul Lee ( R - Dothan ) Rep. Joe Lovvorn ( R - Auburn ) Rep. Steve McMillan ( R - Bay Minette ) Rep. Becky Nordgren ( R - Gadsden ) Rep. Phillip Pettus ( R - Killen ) Rep. Bill Poole ( R - Tuscaloosa ) Rep. Chris Pringle ( R - Mobile ) Rep. Kerry Rich ( R - Guntersville ) Rep. Chris Sells ( R - Evergreen ) Rep. Randall Shedd ( R - Cullman ) Rep. David Standridge ( R - Hayden ) Rep. Allen Treadaway ( R - Morris ) Rep. Randy Wood ( R - Anniston ) Individuals Edward Aldag , Founder and CEO of Medical Properties Trust David Cooper , Director of Alabama Power Co Stacy Lee George , former Morgan County Commissioner and candidate for Governor in 2018 . Organizations Alabama Farmers Federation show Tommy Battle Individuals Tommy Tuberville , former Auburn Tigers head football coach Dale Jackson , radio host Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Tommy Battle Scott Dawson Bill Hightower Kay Ivey Undecided The Tarrance Group ( R - Ivey ) May 20 -- 22 , 2018 602 ± 4.1 % 18 % 7 % 5 % 58 % 12 % Leverage Public Strategies April 23 -- 30 , 2018 600 ± 3.9 % 11 % 9 % 4 % 47 % 30 % The Tarrance Group ( R - Ivey ) August 28 -- 30 , 2017 601 ± 4.1 % 11 % -- 3 % 66 % 16 % Hypothetical polling Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Tommy Battle Young Boozer Bill Hightower Mike Hubbard Kay Ivey Tim James Del Marsh John McMillan John Merrill Roy Moore Martha Roby Luther Strange Undecided / Other Public Insight Research July 2016 607 -- 9 % 2 % -- -- -- 3 % 2 % 3 % 3 % 28 % 6 % 19 % 24 % Public Insight Research July 2015 601 -- -- -- -- 4 % -- 4 % 5 % 2 % 3 % 32 % -- 19 % 30 % Results ( edit ) Results by county : Ivey ( show ) > 90 % 70 -- 80 % 60 -- 70 % 50 -- 60 % 40 -- 50 % Battle ( show ) 40 -- 50 % 60 -- 70 % Republican primary results Party Candidate Votes % Republican Kay Ivey ( incumbent ) 330,743 56.1 % Republican Tommy Battle 146,887 24.9 % Republican Scott Dawson 79,302 13.5 % Republican Bill Hightower 29,275 5.0 % Republican Michael McAllister 3,326 0.6 % Total votes 589,533 100.0 % Democratic Primary ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Sue Bell Cobb , former Chief Justice of the Alabama Supreme Court Christopher A. Countryman James C. Fields , former State Representative and nominee for Lieutenant Governor in 2014 Walt Maddox , Mayor of Tuscaloosa Doug `` New Blue '' Smith , nominee for Alabama Commissioner of Agriculture and Industries in 2014 Anthony White , ordained minister Withdrew ( edit ) Jason Childs , truck driver and former pastor Declined ( edit ) Doug Jones , U.S. Senator Terri Sewell , U.S. Representative from Alabama 's 7th Congressional District Endorsements ( edit ) show Sue Bell Cobb Politicians Thomas Parchman III , candidate for Jefferson County Circuit Clerk Individuals James T. Stephens , Chairman of EBSCO Industries Lilly Ledbetter Billy Jones , President of Crowne Healthcare Suzanne Durham , former CEO of YMCA Birmingham J. Norman Baldwin , Author and Professor of Political Science at University of Alabama Ruth Harrell , former president of the Alabama State Nurses Association Joanne Shum , Director of Alabama HIPPY Kelley Parris , Director of the Children 's Board of Hillsborough County Mark Johnston , former candidate for Governor of Alabama John A. Pickens , Former Executive Director of Alabama Appleseed Center Miah Jackson , Councilwoman for Selma , Alabama Frannie James , Jefferson County Democratic Party Executive Director Wade Chapman , student activist Quincy Hall , Equality Alabama Board of Directors President Josh Coleman , Central Alabama Pride Sue Thompson , activist Lonnie Malone , Executive Director of The Effective Family Inc . Organizations Alabama Progressive Democratic Alliance show James Fields Unions RWDSU show Walt Maddox Politicians Doug Jones , U.S. Senator ( D - AL ) Terri Sewell , U.S. Representative ( AL - 7 ) Sue Bell Cobb , former candidate for Governor of Alabama and former Chief Justice of Alabama Randall Woodfin , Mayor of Birmingham , Alabama Parker Griffith , former U.S. Representative , former candidate for Governor in the 2014 . Ron Sparks , former Alabama Commissioner of Agriculture and Industries , candidate for Governor of Alabama in 2010 . Anthony Daniels , Minority Leader of the Alabama House of Representatives Merika Coleman , Assistant Minority Leader of the Alabama House of Representatives Roger Bedford Jr. , former Alabama State Senator from 1994 -- 2014 . Bobby Singleton , Alabama State Senator Linda Coleman - Madison Alabama State Senator Patricia Todd Alabama State Representative ; first ever openly gay elected official in the State of Alabama . John Rogers , Alabama State Representative Napoleon Bracy Jr. , Alabama State Representative Christopher J. England , Alabama State Representative Artis J. McCampbell , Alabama State Representative Mary Moore , Alabama State Representative Darrio Melton , Mayor of Selma , Alabama Larry Means , Mayor of Attalla , Alabama Bob Harrison , Madison County , Alabama Commissioner Susan Smith , Atmore , Alabama Councilwoman Susan Lane , Westover , Alabama Councilwoman Tony Cherry , Choctaw County Commissioner Kelvin Lawrence , Alabama State Representative Individuals Bren Riley , Alabama AFL - CIO President Shelia Hocutt Remington , former Alabama Education Association President Pat Edington , former Vice Chair of the Alabama Democratic Party Richard Allen Smith , MSNBC contributor and former staffer at the Department of Veteran Affairs Zac McCrary , Democratic pollster Alex McDaniel , Editorial director of Oxford Eagle and Oxford Magazine . Tom Ksobiech , Associate Dean at University of Alabama Law School Jim Page , President of West Alabama Chamber of Commerce Tony Quillen , President of IBEW 558 Sarah Patterson , former head coach of the Alabama Crimson Tide women 's gymnastics team Lars Anderson , Reporter for The Athletic Jack Jacobs , UMWA Chairman Bob Vance , Circuit Court Judge Kurt Thomas , UAB Track and Field Head Coach Charles Morgan , Alabama Restaurateur Brandon Hamner , President of United Steelworkers Local 351 Elliot Maisel , Chairman of the Mobile Airport Authority Steven Reed , Montgomery County Probate Judge Organizations Alabama New South Alliance West Alabama AFL - CIO International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers Professional Firefighters of Alabama Alabama Democratic Conference Central Alabama Labor Federation United Mine Workers Jefferson County Millennial Democrats Lee County Voter 's League Newspapers The Crimson White Results ( edit ) Results by county : Maddox ( show ) > 90 % 80 -- 90 % 70 -- 80 % 60 -- 70 % 50 -- 60 % 40 -- 50 % < 40 % Cobb ( show ) < 40 % 40 -- 50 % 50 -- 60 % Fields ( show ) 50 -- 60 % White ( show ) < 40 % Democratic primary results Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Walt Maddox 154,559 54.6 % Democratic Sue Bell Cobb 82,043 29.0 % Democratic James Fields 22,635 8.0 % Democratic Anthony White 9,677 3.4 % Democratic Doug `` New Blue '' Smith 9,244 3.3 % Democratic Christopher Countryman 4,923 1.7 % Total votes 283,081 100.0 % Independents ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Tony Hewitt , Jr. , police officer Eric Lathan , security guard , Iraq War veteran and candidate for the Jefferson County Commission in 2010 Potential ( edit ) Chad `` Chig '' Martin , businessman and musician Declined ( edit ) Mark Johnston , pastor , businessman and summer camp executive director General election ( edit ) Predictions ( edit ) Source Ranking As of The Cook Political Report Solid R September 28 , 2018 The Washington Post Safe R October 16 , 2018 FiveThirtyEight Solid R October 17 , 2018 Rothenberg Political Report Solid R September 28 , 2018 Sabato 's Crystal Ball Safe R September 20 , 2018 RealClearPolitics Safe R October 9 , 2018 Daily Kos Safe R September 28 , 2018 Fox News Likely R October 9 , 2018 Politico Solid R October 9 , 2018 Governing Safe R October 2 , 2018 Endorsements ( edit ) show Walt Maddox US Senators Doug Jones , U.S. Senator ( D - AL ) U.S. Representatives Terri Sewell , U.S. Representative ( AL - 7 ) Parker Griffith , former U.S. Representative , former candidate for Governor in the 2014 . Local and state politicians Sue Bell Cobb , former candidate for Governor of Alabama and former Chief Justice of Alabama James C. Fields , former candidate for Governor of Alabama and former State House Representative Doug `` New Blue '' Smith , former candidate for Governor of Alabama and former nominee for Alabama Commissioner of Agriculture and Industries Anthony White , ordained minister and former candidate for Governor of Alabama Randall Woodfin , Mayor of Birmingham , Alabama Ron Sparks , former Alabama Commissioner of Agriculture and Industries , candidate for Governor of Alabama in 2010 . Billy Beasley , Minority Leader of the Alabama State Senate Anthony Daniels , Minority Leader of the Alabama House of Representatives Merika Coleman , Assistant Minority Leader of the Alabama House of Representatives Roger Bedford Jr. , former Alabama State Senator from 1994 -- 2014 . Rodger Smitherman , Alabama State Senator Bobby Singleton , Alabama State Senator Linda Coleman - Madison Alabama State Senator Vivian Davis Figures , , Alabama State Senator Patricia Todd Alabama State Representative ; first ever openly gay elected official in the State of Alabama . John Rogers , Alabama State Representative Napoleon Bracy Jr. , Alabama State Representative Christopher J. England , Alabama State Representative Artis J. McCampbell , Alabama State Representative Mary Moore , Alabama State Representative Darrio Melton , Mayor of Selma , Alabama Larry Means , Mayor of Attalla , Alabama Bob Harrison , Madison County , Alabama Commissioner Susan Smith , Atmore , Alabama Councilwoman Susan Lane , Westover , Alabama Councilwoman Tony Cherry , Choctaw County Commissioner Kelvin Lawrence , Alabama State Representative Marcel Black , Alabama State Representative Laura Hall , Alabama State Representative Johnny Mack Morrow , Alabama State Representative Barbara Boyd , Alabama State Representative Richard Lindsey , Alabama State Representative James Buskey , Alabama State Representative Pebblin Warren , Alabama State Representative George Bandy , Alabama State Representative Bob Vance , Candidate for Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Alabama Donna Smalley , Candidate for Alabama State Supreme Court Will Boyd , Democratic Nominee for Lt. Governor Heather Milam , Democratic Nominee for Secretary of State Joseph Siegelman , Democratic Nominee for Attorney General Miranda Joseph , Democratic Nominee for State Auditor Cara McClure , Democratic Nominee for Public Service Commission Place 1 Kari Powell , Democratic Nominee for Public Service Commission Place 2 Robert Kennedy Jr , Democratic Nominee for Alabama 's 1st congressional district Tabitha Isner , Democratic Nominee for Alabama 's 2nd congressional district Mallory Hagan , Democratic Nominee for Alabama 's 3rd congressional district Lee Auman , Democratic Nominee for Alabama 's 5th congressional district Danner Kline , Democratic Nominee for Alabama 's 6th congressional district Individuals Bren Riley , Alabama AFL - CIO President Shelia Hocutt Remington , former Alabama Education Association President Pat Edington , former Vice Chair of the Alabama Democratic Party Richard Allen Smith , MSNBC contributor and former staffer at the Department of Veteran Affairs Zac McCrary , Democratic pollster Alex McDaniel , Editorial director of Oxford Eagle and Oxford Magazine . Tom Ksobiech , Associate Dean at University of Alabama Law School Jim Page , President of West Alabama Chamber of Commerce Tony Quillen , President of IBEW 558 Sarah Patterson , former head coach of the Alabama Crimson Tide women 's gymnastics team Lars Anderson , Reporter for The Athletic Jack Jacobs , UMWA Chairman Bob Vance , Circuit Court Judge Kurt Thomas , UAB Track and Field Head Coach Charles Morgan , Alabama Restaurateur Brandon Hamner , President of United Steelworkers Local 351 Elliot Maisel , Chairman of the Mobile Airport Authority Steven Reed , Montgomery County Probate Judge Marc Torrence , Reporter for Patch Media Jim Stovall , American writer best known for his bestselling novel The Ultimate Gift . Organizations Alabama New South Alliance West Alabama AFL - CIO International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers Professional Firefighters of Alabama Alabama Democratic Conference Central Alabama Labor Federation United Mine Workers Jefferson County Millennial Democrats Lee County Voter 's League Newspapers The Crimson White show Kay Ivey Politicians State Sen. Del Marsh . ( R - Anniston ) , President pro tempore of the Alabama Senate State Sen. Greg Reed , ( R - Jasper ) , Majority Leader of the Alabama Senate State Sen. Greg Albritton ( R - Range ) State Sen. Clyde Chambliss ( R - Prattville ) State Sen. Jimmy Holley ( R - Elba ) State Sen. Jim McClendon ( R - Springville ) State Sen. Tim Melson ( R - Florence ) State Sen. Arthur Orr ( R - Decatur ) State Sen. Paul Sanford ( R - Huntsville ) State Sen. Clay Scofield ( R - Guntersville ) State Sen. Jabo Waggoner ( R - Vestavia Hills ) State Sen. Cam Ward ( R - Alabaster ) State Sen. Phil Williams ( R - Rainbow City ) Rep. Alan Baker ( R - Brewton ) Rep. Chris Blackshear ( R - Phenix City ) Rep. Alan Booth ( R - Troy ) Rep. K.L. Brown ( R - Jacksonville ) Rep. Donnie Chesteen ( R - Geneva ) Rep. Steve Clouse ( R - Ozark ) Rep. Terri Collins ( R - Decatur ) Rep. Danny Crawford ( R - Athens ) Rep. Corley Ellis ( R - Columbiana ) Rep. David Faulkner ( R - Mountain Brook ) Rep. Joe Faust ( R - Fairhope ) Rep. Bob Fincher ( R - Woodland ) Rep. Danny Garrett ( R - Trussville ) Rep. Lynn Greer ( R - Rogersville ) Rep. Alan Harper ( R - Northport ) Rep. Steve Hurst ( R - Munford ) Rep. Reed Ingram ( R - Montgomery ) Rep. Ken Johnson ( R - Moulton ) Rep. Nathaniel Ledbetter ( R - Rainsville ) Rep. Paul Lee ( R - Dothan ) Rep. Joe Lovvorn ( R - Auburn ) Rep. Steve McMillan ( R - Bay Minette ) Rep. Becky Nordgren ( R - Gadsden ) Rep. Phillip Pettus ( R - Killen ) Rep. Bill Poole ( R - Tuscaloosa ) Rep. Chris Pringle ( R - Mobile ) Rep. Kerry Rich ( R - Guntersville ) Rep. Chris Sells ( R - Evergreen ) Rep. Randall Shedd ( R - Cullman ) Rep. David Standridge ( R - Hayden ) Rep. Allen Treadaway ( R - Morris ) Rep. Randy Wood ( R - Anniston ) Individuals Edward Aldag , Founder and CEO of Medical Properties Trust David Cooper , Director of Alabama Power Co Stacy Lee George , former Morgan County Commissioner and candidate for Governor in 2018 . Organizations Alabama Farmers Federation National Federation of Independent Business Susan B. Anthony List National Right to Life Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Kay Ivey ( R ) Walt Maddox ( D ) Undecided SurveyMonkey September 9 -- 24 , 2018 1,254 ± 3.8 % 51 % 26 % 22 % Research Consultants ( R - FarmPAC ) September 22 , 2018 316 ± 5.5 % 58 % 38 % 4 % Cygnal ( R ) July 24 -- 25 , 2018 1,027 ± 3.1 % 56 % 42 % 3 % Neighborhood Research Corporation ( R ) June 12 -- 14 and 18 -- 21 , 2018 440 ± 4.4 % 53 % 28 % -- Results ( edit ) Alabama gubernatorial election , 2018 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Kay Ivey ( incumbent ) Democratic Walt Maddox Total votes See also ( edit ) Alabama elections , 2018 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Fox News Midterm Power Rankings uniquely does not contain a category for Safe / Solid races References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cason , Mike ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Alabama Gov. Kay Ivey makes it official , she 's running for full term '' . AL.com . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gattis , Paul ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` Huntsville Mayor Tommy Battle will run for governor , report says '' . AL.com . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roop , Lee ( April 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Somebody 's got to step up , ' Tommy Battle says of his run for governor '' . AL.com . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Garrison , Greg ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` Rick and Bubba regular Evangelist Scott Dawson announces run for governor '' . AL.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gattis , Paul ( July 5 , 2017 ) . `` State Sen. Bill Hightower jumps into race for governor '' . AL.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cason , Mike ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` Sen. Bill Hightower formally announces run for governor '' . AL.com . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cason , Mike ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Alabama Gov. Kay Ivey makes it official , she 's running for full term '' . AL.com . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 ALGOP Qualified Candidates - Governor '' . Alabama Republican Party . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Koplowitz , Howard ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` Alabama GOP gubernatorial candidate Michael McAllister dies '' . AL.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sims , Cliff ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` These are the politicians eyeing a run for Alabama 's highest offices in 2018 '' . Yellowhammer News . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gore , Leada ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Round 2 : Who will be Alabama 's governor in 2018 ? 12 more names to watch '' . The Huntsville Times . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Cason , Mike ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Who 's running , who 's not running for Alabama Senate next year ? '' . AL.com . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brownlee , Chip ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Sen. Slade Blackwell qualifies last minute to run for governor '' . Alabama Political Reporter . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cason , Mike ( February 12 , 2018 ) . `` Surprise late entrant Slade Blackwell drops out of Alabama governor 's race '' . AL.com . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Poe , Kelly ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` David Carrington dropping out of Governor 's race '' . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Twinkle Cavanaugh switches to lieutenant governor 's race '' . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cason , Mike ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` Stacy George announces another run for Alabama governor '' . AL.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cason , Mike ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` Stacy Lee George drops out of governor 's race , endorses Ivey '' . AL.com . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gattis , Paul ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` Birmingham 's Josh Jones loans $235,000 to campaign for governor '' . AL.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Huff , Larry ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` Josh Jones Kicks - Off Gubernatorial Run in Vestavia Hills '' . Yellowhammer News . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Josh Jones reemphasizes statesmanship as he steps away from governor 's race '' . Yellowhammer News . January 5 , 2018 . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gore , Leada ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` John McMillan , Alabama AG commissioner , running for governor '' . AL.com . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holland , J. ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` AG Commissioner John McMillian to run for State Treasurer '' . Yellowhammer News . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gore , Leada ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rick & Bubba 's ' Rick Burgess on why he 's not running for governor and who he is endorsing '' . AL.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sharp , John ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Bradley Byrne has ' no intention ' to run for Senate , but what about governor ? '' . al.com . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sharp , John ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Bradley Byrne seeking a third term to Congress , not running for governor '' . AL.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cason , Mike ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Mary Scott Hunter to run for lieutenant governor of Alabama '' . AL.com . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Del Marsh says he plans to seek another term in Alabama Senate '' . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Gore , Leada ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` Who will be Alabama 's governor in 2018 ? 11 names to watch '' . The Huntsville Times . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Pat ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Luther Strange For Governor ? '' . WKRG - TV . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Archibald , John ( December 4 , 2016 ) . `` One in for Alabama governor . Who else is running ? '' . The Huntsville Times . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Fred ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` Alabama AG Luther Strange to Run for Sessions Senate Seat '' . The Weekly Standard . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dodd , Dennis ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Tommy Tuberville considers Alabama gubernatorial run : Why it 's not that crazy '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephenson , Creg ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Tommy Tuberville not running for Alabama governor in 2018 '' . AL.com . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sharp , John ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` He is ' crazy like a fox ' : Jim Zeigler sheds ' Mr. 49 percent ' label and eyes 2018 run for governor '' . AL.com . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` State Auditor Jim Zeigler considers possible run for Governor '' . WTVY . June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Huckabee endorses evangelist Scott Dawson in Alabama governor 's race '' . The Birmingham News . October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Filing Detail '' . fcpa.alabamavotes.gov . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stacy Lee George drops out of governor 's race , endorses Ivey '' . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Auburn / Opelika This Morning '' . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Alabama Secretary of State results '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2014 . Retrieved June 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Garrison , Greg ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` Ex-Chief Justice Sue Bell Cobb runs for governor '' . AL.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Griffin , Lance ( September 21 , 2015 ) . `` Dothan man in spotlight during same sex marriage debate wants to be governor '' . Dothan Eagle . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cook , Jim ( September 26 , 2015 ) . `` Countryman launches gubernatorial bid '' . Dothan Eagle . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Moseley , Brandon ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Christopher Countryman Running for Governor '' . Alabama Political Reporter . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mann , W.C. ( July 8 , 2017 ) . `` James Fields : Will He or Wo n't He ? '' . The Cullman Tribune . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` INTERVIEW : James C. Fields Returns To Tackle The Trump Era '' . Cullman Today . July 6 , 2017 . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bullard , Benjamin ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` James C. Fields announces run for governor '' . The Cullman Times . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lyman , Brian ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Tuscaloosa Mayor Walt Maddox to run for governor '' . Montgomery Advertiser . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Blog - Alabama Democrats '' . Alabama Democratic Party . February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dothan minister announces run for governor '' . WTVY . August 14 , 2017 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mattison , Sam ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Former Pastor joins Governor 's race '' . Alabama Political Reporter . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Jack ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` Meet the Pro-Marijuana , Pro-LGBT Rights Truck Driver Running for Governor of Alabama '' . Heavy Duty Trucking . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moseley , Brandon ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` Democrat Jason Childs drops out of governor 's race '' . Alabama Political Reporter . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Endorsement from Lilly Ledbetter - Sue Bell Cobb for Governor '' . September 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Endorsement from Billy Jones - Sue Bell Cobb for Governor '' . October 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Endorsement from Suzanne Durham - Sue Bell Cobb for Governor '' . October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` J. Norman Baldwin endorsing Sue Bell Cobb - Sue Bell Cobb for Governor '' . November 13 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Endorsement from Ruth Harrell - Sue Bell Cobb for Governor '' . November 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Endorsement from Joanne Shum - Sue Bell Cobb for Governor '' . January 19 , 2018 . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Doug Jones . `` Congratulations to @ WaltMaddox on earning the Democratic nom for Governor of Alabama , and to Sue Bell Cobb and James Fields for running a great race ! Time to come together for a win in November ! '' . Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` Maddox receives endorsements from across the state - Walt Maddox For Governor '' . January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Log In or Sign Up to View '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Representative Merika Coleman on why Alabama needs Walt Maddox - Walt Maddox For Governor '' . August 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Walt Maddox endorsed by former state Sen. Roger Bedford for governor - Walt Maddox For Governor '' . March 23 , 2018 . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Representative Napoleon Bracy on why Alabama needs Walt Maddox - Walt Maddox For Governor '' . August 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rep. Chris England on why Alabama needs Walt Maddox - Walt Maddox For Governor '' . August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Selma Mayor Darrio Melton on why Alabama needs Walt Maddox - Walt Maddox For Governor '' . August 12 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Walt Maddox to Visit Atmore , Ala . - Walt Maddox For Governor '' . November 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AFL - CIO President , Bren Riley on why Alabama needs Walt Maddox - Walt Maddox For Governor '' . August 15 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shelia Hocutt Remington on why Alabama needs Walt Maddox - Walt Maddox For Governor '' . August 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . twitter.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . twitter.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` News '' . Smalley for Supreme Court . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Alabama Governor '' . October 7 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama voters should support Walt Maddox - The Crimson White '' . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama 2014 Official Democratic Primary Results for state races '' ( PDF ) . alabamavotes.gov . June 3 , 2014 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lockette , Tim ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` Weaver man announces governor run '' . The Anniston Star . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` This is it , Alabama . One of these people will be governor '' . AL.com. April 2 , 2017 . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gore , Leada ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Chad ' Chig ' Martin , country singer and businessman , releases music video while eyeing run for governor '' . AL.com . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hrynkiw , Ivana ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Executive Director of Camp McDowell to ' explore ' running for governor '' . The Birmingham News . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Howell , Ed ( March 5 , 2017 ) . `` Camp McDowell executive director considering run for Alabama governor '' . Daily Mountain Eagle . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cason , Mike ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` Ivey tops $1 million in contributions for unannounced campaign for Alabama governor '' . AL.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Carla ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` Independent candidates face big hurdles in statewide races '' . Opelika - Auburn News . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Governor Race ratings The Cook Political Report '' . The Cook Political Report . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The Washington Post 's gubernatorial race ratings '' . The Washington Post . October 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Governor Forecast FiveThirtyEight '' . FiveThirtyEight . Retrieved October 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gubernatorial Ratings Inside Elections '' . insideelections.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Larry J. Sabato 's Crystal Ball '' 2018 Governor `` . www.centerforpolitics.org . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Governor Races '' . RealClearPolitics . October 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Elections 2017 - 18 '' . Daily Kos . September 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Midterm Power Ranking '' . Fox News . Jump up ^ `` Race Ratings , Politico predicts '' . Politico . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Governor Elections : As November Nears , More Governors ' Races Become Tossups '' . www.governing.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Doug Jones . `` Congratulations to @ WaltMaddox on earning the Democratic nom for Governor of Alabama , and to Sue Bell Cobb and James Fields for running a great race ! Time to come together for a win in November ! '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Log In or Sign Up to View '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Log In or Sign Up to View '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Representative Merika Coleman on why Alabama needs Walt Maddox - Walt Maddox For Governor '' . August 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Walt Maddox endorsed by former state Sen. Roger Bedford for governor - Walt Maddox For Governor '' . March 23 , 2018 . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Representative Napoleon Bracy on why Alabama needs Walt Maddox - Walt Maddox For Governor '' . August 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rep. Chris England on why Alabama needs Walt Maddox - Walt Maddox For Governor '' . August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Selma Mayor Darrio Melton on why Alabama needs Walt Maddox - Walt Maddox For Governor '' . August 12 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Walt Maddox to Visit Atmore , Ala . - Walt Maddox For Governor '' . November 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Walt Maddox '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` AFL - CIO President , Bren Riley on why Alabama needs Walt Maddox - Walt Maddox For Governor '' . August 15 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shelia Hocutt Remington on why Alabama needs Walt Maddox - Walt Maddox For Governor '' . August 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . twitter.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . twitter.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://fcpa.alabamavotes.gov/PublicSite/SearchPages/FilingDetail.aspx?FilingID=192778 Jump up ^ `` News '' . Smalley for Supreme Court . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Alabama Governor '' . October 7 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama voters should support Walt Maddox - The Crimson White '' . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stacy Lee George drops out of governor 's race , endorses Ivey '' . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sean Ross . `` Kay Ivey receives endorsement from state 's small business association '' . Yellowhammer News . Jump up ^ Moseley , Brandon ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` Kay Ivey endorsed by pro-life Susan B. Anthony List '' . Alabama Political Reporter . Jump up ^ Kay Ivey . `` Today , I proudly accepted an endorsement from National Right to Life , the third pro-life organization to lend their support to my campaign ! '' . Twitter . External links ( edit ) Candidates at Vote Smart Candidates at Ballotpedia Official gubernatorial campaign websites Tony Hewitt , Jr . ( I ) for Governor Kay Ivey ( R ) for Governor Walt Maddox ( D ) for Governor Chad `` Chig '' Martin ( I ) for Governor Alabama gubernatorial elections 1819 1821 1823 1825 1827 1829 1831 1833 1835 1837 1839 1841 1843 1845 1847 1849 1851 1853 1855 1857 1859 1861 1863 1865 1868 1870 1872 1874 1876 1878 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1906 1910 1914 1918 1922 1926 1930 1934 1938 1942 1946 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 ( 2017 ← ) 2018 United States elections ( → 2019 ) U.S. Senate Arizona California Connecticut Delaware Florida Hawaii Indiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota special Mississippi special Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Jersey New Mexico New York North Dakota Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming U.S. House Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona 8th , special Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan 13th , special Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York 25th , special North Carolina North Dakota Northern Mariana Islands Ohio 12th , special Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania 18th , special 7th and 15th , special Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas 27th , special Utah Vermont Virginia U.S. Virgin Islands Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Governors Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Iowa Kansas Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Mexico New York Northern Mariana Islands Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas U.S. Virgin Islands Vermont Wisconsin Wyoming Mayoral Nashville ( special ) Newark Newport News Phoenix ( special ) San Francisco ( special ) Washington , D.C. States and territories Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas U.S. Virgin Islands Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama_gubernatorial_election,_2018&oldid=864619413 '' Categories : Alabama elections , 2018 Alabama gubernatorial elections United States gubernatorial elections , 2018 Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2015 Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 October 2018 , at 11 : 56 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who's running for governor in alabama 2018 | [
"Alabama gubernatorial election, 2018\n\n\n← 2014\nNovember 6, 2018\n2022 →\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\nNominee\n\nKay Ivey\n\nWalt Maddox\n\n\n\n\n\n\nParty\n\nRepublican\n\nDemocratic\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIncumbent Governor\nKay Ivey\nRepublican\n\n\n\n\n\n",
"Alabama gubernatorial election, 2018\n\n\n← 2014\nNovember 6, 2018\n2022 →\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\nNominee\n\nKay Ivey\n\nWalt Maddox\n\n\n\n\n\n\nParty\n\nRepublican\n\nDemocratic\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIncumbent Governor\nKay Ivey\nRepublican\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Kay Ivey",
"Walt Maddox"
] |
-2067027113461705147 | Copper tubing | Copper tubing - wikipedia Copper tubing Copper pipe in a close quarters tubing cutter Copper tubing is most often used for supply of hot and cold tap water , and as refrigerant line in HVAC systems . There are two basic types of copper tubing , soft copper and rigid copper . Copper tubing is joined using flare connection , compression connection , or solder . Copper offers a high level of corrosion resistance , but is becoming very costly . Contents 1 Types 1.1 Soft copper 1.2 Rigid copper 1.2. 1 Soldered connections 1.2. 2 Compression connections 1.2. 3 Flare connections 1.2. 4 Crimped or pressed connections 2 Sizes 2.1 United States and Canada 2.2 Europe 2.3 Australia 3 Lead leaching 4 Corrosion 5 Pinholes 6 See also 7 References Types ( edit ) Soft copper ( edit ) Soft ( or ductile ) copper tubing can be bent easily to travel around obstacles in the path of the tubing . While the work hardening of the drawing process used to size the tubing makes the copper hard or rigid , it is carefully annealed to make it soft again ; it is therefore more expensive to produce than non-annealed , rigid copper tubing . It can be joined by any of the three methods used for rigid copper , and it is the only type of copper tubing suitable for flare connections . Soft copper is the most popular choice for refrigerant lines in split - system air conditioners and heat pumps . Rigid copper ( edit ) Rigid copper is a popular choice for water lines . It is joined using a sweat , roll grooved , compression or crimped / pressed connection . Rigid copper , rigid due to the work hardening of the drawing process , can not be bent and must use elbow fittings to go around corners or around obstacles . If heated and allowed to cool in a process called annealing , rigid copper will become soft and can be bent / formed without cracking . Soldered connections ( edit ) Solder fittings are smooth , and easily slip onto the end of a tubing section . The joint is then heated using a torch , and solder is melted into the connection . When the solder cools , it forms a very strong bond which can last for decades . Solder - connected rigid copper is the most popular choice for water supply lines in modern buildings . In situations where many connections must be made at once ( such as plumbing of a new building ) , solder offers much quicker and much less expensive joinery than compression or flare fittings . The term sweating is sometimes used to describe the process of soldering pipes . Compression connections ( edit ) Compression fittings use a soft metal or thermoplastic ring ( the compression ring , `` olive '' or `` ferrule '' ) which is squeezed onto the pipe and into the fitting by a compression nut . The soft metal conforms to the surface of the tubing and the fitting , and creates a seal . Compression connections do not typically have the long life that sweat connections offer , but are advantageous in many cases , because they are easy to make using basic tools . A disadvantage in compression connections is that they take longer to make than sweat , and sometimes require re-tightening over time to stop leaks . Flare connections ( edit ) Flare connections require that the end of a tubing section be spread outward in a bell shape using a flare tool . A flare nut then compresses this bell - shaped end onto a male fitting . Flare connections are a labor - intensive method of making connections , but are quite reliable over the course of many years . Crimped or pressed connections ( edit ) Crimped or pressed connections use special copper fittings which are permanently attached to rigid copper tubing with a powered crimper . The special fittings , manufactured with sealant already inside , slide over the tubing to be connected . Thousands of pounds - force per square inch of pressure are used to deform the fitting and compress the sealant against the inner copper tubing , creating a water - tight seal . The advantages of this method are that it should last as long as the tubing , it takes less time to complete than other methods , it is cleaner in both appearance and the materials used to make the connection , and no open flame is used during the connection process . The disadvantages are that the fittings used are harder to find and cost significantly more than sweat - type fittings . Sizes ( edit ) Copper Tubing Sizes ( CTS ) for Plumbing Nominal size Outside diameter ( OD ) ( in ( mm ) ) Inside diameter ( ID ) ( in ( mm ) ) Type K Type L Type M ⁄ ⁄ ( 9.5 ) 0.305 ( 7.747 ) 0.315 ( 8.001 ) ⁄ ⁄ ( 12.7 ) 0.402 ( 10.211 ) 0.430 ( 10.922 ) 0.450 ( 11.430 ) ⁄ ⁄ ( 15.875 ) 0.528 ( 13.411 ) 0.545 ( 13.843 ) 0.569 ( 14.453 ) ⁄ ⁄ ( 19.05 ) 0.652 ( 16.561 ) 0.668 ( 16.967 ) 0.690 ( 17.526 ) ⁄ ⁄ ( 22.225 ) 0.745 ( 18.923 ) 0.785 ( 19.939 ) 0.811 ( 20.599 ) 1 ⁄ ( 28.575 ) 0.995 ( 25.273 ) 1.025 ( 26.035 ) 1.055 ( 26.797 ) 1 ⁄ 1 ⁄ ( 34.925 ) 1.245 ( 31.623 ) 1.265 ( 32.131 ) 1.291 ( 32.791 ) 1 ⁄ 1 ⁄ ( 41.275 ) 1.481 ( 37.617 ) 1.505 ( 38.227 ) 1.527 ( 38.786 ) 2 ⁄ ( 53.975 ) 1.959 ( 49.759 ) 1.985 ( 50.419 ) 2.009 ( 51.029 ) 2 ⁄ 2 ⁄ ( 66.675 ) 2.435 ( 61.849 ) 2.465 ( 62.611 ) 2.495 ( 63.373 ) 3 ⁄ ( 79.375 ) 2.907 ( 73.838 ) 2.945 ( 74.803 ) 2.981 ( 75.717 ) United States and Canada ( edit ) Common wall - thicknesses of copper tubing in the U.S. and Canada are `` Type K '' , `` Type L '' , `` Type M '' , and `` Type DWV '' : Type K has the thickest wall section of the three types of pressure rated tubing and is commonly used for deep underground burial , such as under sidewalks and streets , with a suitable corrosion protection coating or continuous polyethylene sleeve as required by the plumbing code . In the United States it usually has green colored printing . Type L has a thinner pipe wall section , and is used in residential and commercial water supply and pressure applications . In the United States it usually has blue colored printing . Type M has an even thinner pipe wall section , and is used in residential and commercial low pressure heating applications . In the United States it usually has red colored printing . Type DWV has the thinnest wall section , and is generally only suitable for unpressurized applications , such as drain , waste and vent ( DWV ) lines . In the United States it usually has yellow or light orange colored printing , common sizes being 1 ⁄ , 1 ⁄ , and 2 inch copper tube size . Types K and L are generally available in both hard drawn straight sections and in rolls of soft annealed tubing , whereas type M and DWV is usually only available in hard drawn straight sections . In the North American plumbing industry , the size of copper tubing is designated by its inner diameter , which is ⁄ th inch less than the outside diameter . The inside diameter varies according to the thickness of the pipe wall , which differs according to pipe size , material , and grade : the inside diameter is equal to the outside diameter less the wall thickness . The North American refrigeration industry uses copper pipe designated ACR ( air conditioning and refrigeration field services ) pipe and tubing , which is sized directly by its outside diameter ( OD ) and a type letter indicating wall thickness . Therefore , one inch nominal type L copper tube and 1 ⁄ th inch type D ACR tube are exactly the same size , with different size designations . ACR pipe is manufactured without processing oils that would be incompatible with the oils used to lubricate the compressors in the air conditioning system . Except for this difference between ACR ( types A and D ) and plumbing ( types K , L , M and DWV ) pipes , the type only indicates wall thickness and does not affect the outside diameter of the tube . Type K ⁄ inch , type L ⁄ inch , and type D ⁄ inch ACR all have the same outside diameter of ⁄ inch . In both the U.S. and Canada , copper pipe and fittings are sold in inch sizes only . No metric sizes have been standardized for use in North America . Many Canadian merchants give approximate metric sizes for construction products , but in the case of copper pipe and fittings these approximations are not interchangeable with metric components . Europe ( edit ) Common wall - thicknesses in Europe are `` Type X '' , `` Type Y '' and `` Type Z '' , defined by the EN 1057 standard . Type X is the most common , and is used in above - ground service , including drinking water supply , hot and cold water systems , sanitation , central heating and other general purpose applications . Type Y is a thicker walled pipe , used for underground works and heavy duty requirements , including hot and cold water supply , gas reticulation , sanitary plumbing , heating and general engineering . Type Z is a thinner walled pipe , also used for above - ground service , including drinking water supply , hot and cold water systems , sanitation , central heating and other general purpose applications . In the plumbing trade the size of copper tubing is measured by its outside diameter in millimetres . Common sizes are 15 mm and 22 mm . Other sizes include 18 mm , 28 mm , 35 mm , 42 mm , 54 mm , 66.7 mm , 76.1 mm , and 108 mm outside diameters . Tubing in 8 mm and 10 mm outside diameters is called `` micro bore '' and is easier to install , although there is a slightly increased risk of blockage from scale or debris . It is sometimes used for central heating systems and 15 mm adapters are used to connect it to radiator valves . Australia ( edit ) In Australia , copper tubing classifications are `` Type A '' , `` Type B '' , `` Type C '' , and `` Type D '' : Copper pipes in Australia are referenced to their DN ( diamètre nominal ) number , which is a nominal metric equivalent to their actual Imperial size . For example , DN20 is the size for copper pipe with an outside diameter of 19.05 mm or 3 / 4 inches . While pipe sizes in Australia are inch - based , they are classified by outside rather than inside diameter ( e.g. a nominal 3 / 4 '' copper pipe in Australia has measured diameters of 0.750 '' outside and 0.638 '' inside , whereas a nominal 3 / 4 '' copper pipe in the U.S. and Canada has measured diameters of 0.875 '' outside and 0.745 '' inside . While New Zealand has the same plumbing code as Australia and both use inch - based tubes denominated in millimeters , New Zealand 's sizes are based on the `` nominal bore '' rather than `` nominal diameter '' ( e.g. NZ size 20 measures 0.750 '' inside diameter , as opposed to Australian DN20 which measures 0.750 '' outside diameter ) . Effectively , New Zealand pipes measure the same as U.S. and Canadian ones . Lead leaching ( edit ) Generally , copper tubes are soldered directly into copper or brass fittings , although compression , crimp , or flare fittings are also used . Formerly , concerns with copper supply tubes included the lead used in the solder at joints ( 50 % tin and 50 % lead ) . Some studies have shown significant leaching of the lead into the potable water stream , particularly after long periods of low usage , followed by peak demand periods . In hard water applications , shortly after installation , the interior of the pipes will be coated with the deposited minerals that had been dissolved in the water , and therefore the vast majority of exposed lead is prevented from entering the potable water . Building codes throughout the U.S. require the use of virtually `` lead - free '' ( < 0.2 % lead ) solder or filler metals in plumbing fittings and appliances . Corrosion ( edit ) Copper water tubes are susceptible to cold water pitting caused by contamination of the pipe interior , typically with soldering flux ; erosion corrosion caused by high speed or turbulent flow ; and stray current corrosion , caused by poor electrical wiring technique , such as improper grounding and bonding . Pinholes ( edit ) Pinhole leaks with pitting initiating on the exterior surface of the pipe , can occur if copper piping is improperly grounded or bonded . The phenomenon is known technically as stray current corrosion or electrolytic pitting . Pin - holing due to poor grounding or poor bonding occurs typically in homes where the original plumbing has been modified ; homeowners may find that a new plastic water filtration device or plastic repair union has interrupted the water pipe 's electrical continuity to ground , when they start seeing pinhole water leaks after a recent install . Damage occurs rapidly , usually becoming obvious about six months after the ground interruption . Correctly installed plumbing appliances will have a copper bonding jumper cable connecting the interrupted pipe sections . Pinhole leaks from stray current corrosion can result in high plumbing bills and require the replacement of the entire water line . The cause is fundamentally an electrical defect , not a plumbing defect ; once the plumbing damage is repaired , an electrician should promptly be consulted to evaluate the grounding and bonding of the entire plumbing and electrical systems . The difference between a ground and a bond is subtle . See Ground , for a complete description . Stray current corrosion occurs because : 1 ) the piping system has been connected accidentally or intentionally to a DC voltage source ; 2 ) the piping does not have metal - to - metal electrical continuity throughout its length ; or 3 ) if the voltage source is AC , one or more naturally occurring minerals coating the pipe interior may act as a rectifier , converting AC current to DC . The DC voltage forces the water within the piping to act as an electrical conductor ( an electrolyte ) . Electric current leaves the copper pipe , moves though the water across the nonconductive section ( a plastic filter housing , for example ) , and reenters the pipe on the opposite side . Pitting occurs at the electrically negative side ( the cathode ) , which may happen to be either upstream or downstream with respect to the water flow direction . Pitting occurs because the electrical voltage ionizes the pipe 's interior copper metal , which reacts chemically with dissolved minerals in the water , creating copper salts ; these copper salts are soluble in water and wash away . Microscopic pits eventually grow and consolidate to form pin holes . When one is discovered , there are almost certainly more that have not yet leaked . A complete discussion of stray current corrosion can be found in chapter 11 , section 11.4. 3 , of Handbook of Corrosion Engineering , by Pierre Roberge . Detecting and eliminating poor bonding is relatively straightforward . Detection is accomplished using a simple DC voltmeter , with test probe leads placed in various locations in the plumbing . Typically , a probe on a hot pipe and a probe on a cold pipe will tell the user if there is improper grounding . Anything beyond a few millivolts is significant , and potentials of 200 mV are common . A missing bond will show up best in the area of the gap , as the measured electrical potential dissipates over distance . The missing bond is usually located near the cold water inlet to the building , as filtration and treatment equipment are usually added there , but pinhole leaks can occur anywhere downstream or upstream from the interruption of electrical continuity . Correcting the problem is a simple matter of either purchasing a copper bonding jumper kit , composed of copper cable at least # 6 AWG in diameter and two bronze ground clamps for affixing it the plumbing . See NFPA 70 , the U.S. National Electrical Code Handbook ( NEC ) , section on bonding and ground for details on selecting the correct bonding conductor wire size . A similar bonding jumper wire can also be seen crossing gas meters , but for a different reason . However , if building occupants are experiencing shocks or large sparks from plumbing fixtures or pipes , it is more serious than a missing bond . Larger voltages may be caused by a live electrical wire bridging to the plumbing , and improper or missing plumbing system grounding . Such a situation poses an electrical shock hazard and potential fire danger ; an electrician should be consulted immediately . See also ( edit ) Plumbing Pipe fitting Piping and plumbing fitting References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Copper tube sizes Jump up ^ Copper Tube Handbook , the Copper Development Association , New York , USA , 2006 Jump up ^ `` Copper Tube & Fittings '' , Canadian Copper & Brass Development Corp. , Publication No. 28E , 2nd Ed. , 2000 , http://en.coppercanada.ca/pdfs/28e.pdf , accessed February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Copper Tube & Fittings '' , Canadian Copper & Brass Development Corp. , Publication No. 28E , 2nd Ed. , 2000 , http://en.coppercanada.ca/pdfs/28e.pdf , accessed February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pipe sizes Archived 2012 - 03 - 15 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Crane Copper - Australian Standards , Australian Standards AS 1432 : 2000 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 28 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` NZS3501 Plumbing Copper Brochure '' ( PDF ) . MM Kembla New Zealand . Retrieved 1 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Roberge , P.R. ( 1999 ) . Handbook of Corrosion Engineering ( 1st ed . ) . McGraw - Hill Professional . ISBN 0 - 07 - 076516 - 2 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copper_tubing&oldid=852944933 '' Categories : Plumbing Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Magyar Edit links This page was last edited on 1 August 2018 , at 11 : 57 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the color code for type k copper | [
"Type K has the thickest wall section of the three types of pressure rated tubing and is commonly used for deep underground burial, such as under sidewalks and streets, with a suitable corrosion protection coating or continuous polyethylene sleeve as required by the plumbing code. In the United States it usually has green colored printing."
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-1218407138867570946 | Double (basketball) | Double ( Basketball ) - wikipedia Double ( Basketball ) Jump to : navigation , search The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In basketball , a double is the accumulation of a double - digit number total in one of five statistical categories -- points , rebounds , assists , steals , and blocked shots -- in a game . Multiple players usually score double - digit points in any given basketball game ; the double nomenclature is usually reserved for when a player has double - digit totals in more than one category . A double - double is the accumulation of a double - digit number total in two of the statistical five categories in a game . The most common double - double combination is points - rebounds , followed by points - assists . Since the 1983 -- 84 season , Tim Duncan leads the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) in the points - rebounds combination with 840 , and John Stockton leads the points - assists combination with 714 . A triple - double is the accumulation of a double - digit number total in three of the five categories in a game . The most common way to achieve a triple - double is through points , rebounds , and assists . Oscar Robertson leads the all - time NBA list with 181 career triple - doubles and is , with Russell Westbrook , one of only two players ever to average a triple - double for a season . Westbrook currently holds the record for most triple - doubles in a season with 42 . A quadruple - double is the accumulation of a double - digit number total in four of the five categories in a game . This has occurred four times in the NBA . A quintuple - double is the accumulation of a double - digit number total in all five categories in a game . Two quintuple - doubles have been recorded at the high school level , by Tamika Catchings and Aimee Oertner , but none have occurred in a college or professional game . A similar accomplishment is the five - by - five , which is the accumulation of at least five points , five rebounds , five assists , five steals , and five blocks in a game . In the NBA , only Hakeem Olajuwon and Andrei Kirilenko have accumulated multiple five - by - fives since the 1984 -- 85 season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Double - double 1.1 NBA 1.1. 1 Double - double leaders ( in regular season ) 1.1. 2 Facts 2 Triple - double 2.1 NBA 2.1. 1 Triple - double leaders ( in regular season ) 2.1. 2 Facts 2.2 NCAA Division I 3 Quadruple - double 3.1 NBA 3.2 Other men 's basketball 3.3 Women 's basketball 4 Quintuple - double 5 Five - by - five 5.1 NBA 5.2 Facts 6 References Double - double ( edit ) `` Double - double '' redirects here . For other uses , see Double - double ( disambiguation ) . A double - double is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a double - digit number total in two of five statistical categories -- points , rebounds , assists , steals , and blocked shots -- in a game . The most common double - double combination is points and rebounds , followed by points and assists . Double - doubles are fairly common in the NBA . During the 2008 -- 09 season , 69 players who were eligible for leadership in the main statistical categories recorded at least 10 double - doubles during the season . Special double - doubles are rare . One such double - double is called double double - double ( also referred to as 20 -- 20 or Double - 20 ) . It occurs when a player accumulates 20 or more in two different statistical categories in a game . Another such double - double is called a triple double - double ( also referred to as 30 -- 30 ) . The only player in NBA history to record a 40 - 40 is Wilt Chamberlain , who achieved the feat eight times in his career . Of the five instances , four were recorded in his rookie season , and the fifth was achieved the following year where he recorded 78 points and 43 rebounds in a game . Wilt Chamberlain also holds the record for most career double - doubles ( regular season and playoffs ) with 1111 . Tim Duncan is second with 1005 , followed by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar with 1004 . NBA ( edit ) Karl Malone ( left ) and John Stockton ( right ) were once teammates on the Utah Jazz in the 1990s . Malone is second in the point - rebound list , Stockton first in points and assists . Tim Duncan is first in points and rebounds . Double - double leaders ( in regular season ) ( edit ) The following is a list of regular season double - double leaders since the 1983 -- 84 season : ^ Denotes active player * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Point - rebound Rank Name Total Duncan , Tim Tim Duncan 841 Malone , Karl Karl Malone * 811 Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon * 774 Garnett , Kevin Kevin Garnett 741 5 O'Neal , Shaquille Shaquille O'Neal * 727 6 Barkley , Charles Charles Barkley * 706 7 Howard , Dwight Dwight Howard ^ 665 8 Ewing , Patrick Patrick Ewing * 580 9 Robinson , David David Robinson * 543 10 Gasol , Pau Pau Gasol ^ 510 Point - assist Rank Name Total Stockton , John John Stockton * 714 Johnson , Magic Magic Johnson * 441 Nash , Steve Steve Nash 436 Paul , Chris Chris Paul ^ 404 5 Kidd , Jason Jason Kidd 402 6 Thomas , Isiah Isiah Thomas * 377 7 Johnson , Kevin Kevin Johnson 319 8 Hardaway , Tim Tim Hardaway 279 9 Williams , Deron Deron Williams ^ 275 10 Strickland , Rod Rod Strickland 271 Facts ( edit ) Longest continuous streak of double - doubles : According to the Elias Sports Bureau , Wilt Chamberlain holds the record with 227 consecutive double - doubles from 1964 to 1967 . Chamberlain also holds the second and third longest continuous streaks of double - doubles with 220 and 133 . This record is before the ABA -- NBA merger in 1976 . The longest streak of double - doubles since the merger was 53 games , achieved by Kevin Love , then of the Minnesota Timberwolves . Triple - double ( edit ) Oscar Robertson has the most NBA regular season triple doubles with 181 , and is one of the two players to average a triple double over an entire season , the other being Russell Westbrook in the 2016 - 2017 NBA regular season . Jason Kidd was one of the most successful players at accumulating triple doubles with 107 . A triple - double is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a double digit number total in three of five statistical categories -- points , rebounds , assists , steals , and blocked shots -- in a game . The most common way for a player to achieve a triple - double is with points , rebounds , and assists , though on occasion players may record 10 or more steals or blocked shots in a game . The origin of the term `` triple - double '' is unclear . Some sources claim that it was coined by former Los Angeles Lakers public relations director Bruce Jolesch in the 1980s in order to showcase Magic Johnson 's versatility , while others claim that it was coined by then Philadelphia 76ers media relations director Harvey Pollack in 1980 . The triple - double became an officially recorded statistic during the 1979 -- 80 season . There has been occasional controversy surrounding triple - doubles made when a player achieves the feat with a late rebound . Players with nine rebounds in a game have sometimes been accused of deliberately missing a shot late in the game in order to recover the rebound ; a few have even gone so far as shooting off their opponent 's basket trying to score a triple - double . To deter this , NBA rules allow rebounds to be nullified if the shot is determined not to be a legitimate scoring attempt . NBA ( edit ) Russell Westbrook is the only person to have recorded a perfect triple double ( no missed shots and no missed free throws ) in NBA history From the 1990 -- 91 to the 2010 -- 11 season , the NBA averaged 34.5 triple - doubles per season , roughly 1 in every 36 games . Triple - double leaders ( in regular season ) ( edit ) The following is a list of regular season triple - double leaders : All - time triple - double leaders ( regular season ) ( Player must have at least 20 triple doubles ) Rank Name Triple - doubles Robertson , Oscar Oscar Robertson * 181 Johnson , Magic Magic Johnson * 138 Kidd , Jason Jason Kidd 107 Westbrook , Russell Russell Westbrook ^ 79 5 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 78 6 Bird , Larry Larry Bird * 59 7 James , LeBron LeBron James ^ 55 8 Lever , Fat Fat Lever 43 9 Cousy , Bob Bob Cousy * 33 10 Havlicek , John John Havlicek * 31 Harden , James James Harden ^ 31 12 Hill , Grant Grant Hill 29 Rondo , Rajon Rajon Rondo ^ 29 14 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * 28 15 Baylor , Elgin Elgin Baylor * 26 16 Drexler , Clyde Clyde Drexler * 25 17 Frazier , Walt Walt Frazier * 23 18 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant 21 Abdul - Jabbar , Kareem Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * 21 Richardson , Micheal Ray Micheal Ray Richardson 21 Webber , Chris Chris Webber 21 22 Barkley , Charles Charles Barkley * 20 Denotes active player * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Facts ( edit ) First triple - double in league history : According to the Harvey J. Pollack NBA Statistical Yearbook , Dolph Schayes ( Syracuse Nationals ) might have logged the league 's first triple - double on February 8 , 1951 , versus the New York Knicks . He had 18 points , 22 rebounds and 13 assists . Averaging a triple - double in a single season : Oscar Robertson ( Cincinnati Royals ) and Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder ) are the only players in NBA history to achieve this feat . During the 1961 -- 62 season , Robertson averaged 30.8 points , 12.5 rebounds , and 11.4 assists per game . Although Robertson only achieved the feat for a full season once , his cumulative stats over his first 5 seasons gave him an average of 30.3 points , 10.4 rebounds , and 10.6 assists per game . Westbrook finished the 2016 -- 17 season averaging 31.6 points , 10.7 rebounds , and 10.4 assists . Most triple - doubles in a single season : In 2016 -- 17 , Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder ) recorded 42 triple - doubles . Most triple - doubles in road games in a single season : Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder ) recorded 17 of 42 triple - doubles in away games . Most 50 - point triple - doubles in a single season : Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder ) recorded three 50 - point triple - doubles in the 2016 -- 17 season . James Harden is the other player to record more than one 50 - point triple double with two in the same season . It is more than likely that Wilt Chamberlain recorded many 50 - point triple - doubles during his historic 1961 - 62 NBA season , but they remain unofficial , as steals and blocked shots were not yet recorded as official statistics . Most triple - doubles in a single season Rank Name Triple - doubles Team NBA season Russell Westbrook 42 Oklahoma City Thunder 2016 -- 17 Oscar Robertson 41 Cincinnati Royals 1961 -- 62 Wilt Chamberlain 31 Philadelphia 76ers 1967 -- 68 Robertson 26 Cincinnati Royals 1960 -- 61 Robertson 26 Cincinnati Royals 1963 -- 64 6 Robertson 22 Cincinnati Royals 1964 -- 65 Chamberlain 22 Philadelphia 76ers 1966 -- 67 James Harden 22 Houston Rockets 2016 -- 17 9 Robertson 20 Cincinnati Royals 1962 -- 63 10 Magic Johnson 18 Los Angeles Lakers 1981 -- 82 Westbrook 18 Oklahoma City Thunder 2015 -- 16 12 Johnson 17 Los Angeles Lakers 1988 -- 89 13 Fat Lever 16 Denver Nuggets 1985 -- 86 14 Michael Jordan 15 Chicago Bulls 1988 -- 89 15 Johnson 13 Los Angeles Lakers 1987 -- 88 Johnson 13 Los Angeles Lakers 1990 -- 91 Grant Hill 13 Detroit Pistons 1996 -- 97 Jason Kidd 13 New Jersey Nets 2007 -- 08 Draymond Green 13 Golden State Warriors 2015 -- 16 LeBron James 13 Cleveland Cavaliers 2016 -- 17 20 Kidd 12 New Jersey Nets 2006 -- 07 Most triple - doubles in NBA playoffs : Magic Johnson recorded 30 playoff triple - doubles over his career ; LeBron James is second with 19 . Most triple - doubles in NBA Finals : James recorded 9 Finals triple - doubles over his career . Averaging a triple - double in an NBA Finals : James ( Cleveland Cavaliers ) , in the 2017 Finals , averaged 33.6 points , 12.0 rebounds , and 10.0 assists per game . Youngest player : James ( Cleveland Cavaliers ) , aged 20 years and 20 days , logged a triple - double on January 19 , 2005 , versus the Portland Trail Blazers . He had 27 points , 11 rebounds , and 10 assists . Oldest player : Karl Malone ( Los Angeles Lakers ) , aged 40 years and 127 days -- the only 40 - year - old player to do so -- logged a triple - double on November 28 , 2003 , versus the San Antonio Spurs . He had 10 points , 11 rebounds , and 10 assists . Fastest triple - double : Jim Tucker ( Syracuse Nationals ) , holds the record for the fastest triple double . On February 20 , 1955 , Tucker , in his rookie year , recorded the mark in just 17 minutes . He finished the game with 12 points , 10 rebounds and 12 assists in a 104 - 84 win over the New York Knicks . Double - triple - double ( at least 20 of any 3 statistics ) : Wilt Chamberlain ( Philadelphia 76ers ) is the only player to have accomplished this ; in a February 2 , 1968 game versus Detroit Pistons , Chamberlain tallied 22 points , 25 rebounds , and 21 assists . Most points scored in a triple - double : Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder ) holds the record for the most points scored in a triple - double with 57 points , 13 rebounds , and 11 assists on March 29 , 2017 against the Orlando Magic in overtime . The previous record was 53 points , by both Wilt Chamberlain and James Harden . Triple - double not including points : The only such triple - double occurred on February 10 , 2017 , when Draymond Green ( Golden State Warriors ) scored only 4 points , but collected 12 rebounds , 10 assists , and 10 steals against the Memphis Grizzlies . Longest continuous streak of triple - doubles : Chamberlain ( Philadelphia 76ers ) holds the record for the most consecutive triple - doubles . In 1968 , from March 8 to March 20 , he recorded a triple - double in nine straight games . The second longest streak is seven , a record jointly held by Robertson , Michael Jordan , and Westbrook . Triple - doubles by teammates : Has occurred three times in the NBA . March 14 , 1964 , Detroit Pistons Donnie Butcher had 19 points , 15 rebounds , and 15 assists and Ray Scott had 23 points , 20 rebounds , and 11 assists against the New York Knicks . January 3 , 1989 , Chicago Bulls Michael Jordan had 41 points , 11 assists , and 10 rebounds and Scottie Pippen had 15 points , 12 assists , and 10 rebounds against the Los Angeles Clippers . April 7 , 2007 , New Jersey Nets Vince Carter had 46 points , 16 rebounds , and 10 assists and Jason Kidd had 10 points , 16 rebounds , and 18 assists against the Washington Wizards . Triple - doubles by opponents : This has occurred only ten times since 1983 -- 84 , four times involving Jason Kidd ( while playing for three different teams ) : Magic Johnson and Jeff Ruland ( Los Angeles at Washington , February 10 , 1984 ) Kidd and Clyde Drexler ( Dallas at Houston , April 11 , 1995 ) Kidd and Drexler ( Phoenix at Houston , March 22 , 1997 ) Gary Payton and Chris Webber ( Seattle at Sacramento , April 18 , 2000 ) Kidd and Jay Williams ( New Jersey at Chicago , November 9 , 2002 ) Kidd and Tracy McGrady ( New Jersey at Orlando , February 23 , 2003 ) Caron Butler and Baron Davis ( Washington at Golden State , November 23 , 2007 ) Victor Oladipo and Michael Carter - Williams ( Orlando at Philadelphia , December 3 , 2013 ( 2 OT ) ) Oladipo and Carter - Williams were both rookies when accomplishing the feat , marking the first and only time in NBA history that two rookies have recorded triple - doubles in the same game . These were the first career triple - doubles for both players . The last time that two players had recorded their first career triple - doubles in the same game was when Detroit Pistons Donnie Butcher and Ray Scott did it on March 14 , 1964 ( they were not rookies ) . Russell Westbrook and Giannis Antetokounmpo ( Oklahoma City at Milwaukee , March 6 , 2016 ) LeBron James and Stephen Curry ( Cleveland at Golden State , June 4 , 2017 ) NCAA Division I ( edit ) Most triple - doubles in a career : Men 's : Kyle Collinsworth ( BYU ) with 12 -- six in 2014 -- 15 and six again as a senior in 2015 -- 16 . Prior to the triple - double being tracked as an NCAA statistic , Oscar Robertson ( Cincinnati ) had 10 -- five in 1958 -- 59 and five in 1959 -- 60 . Women 's : Suzie McConnell ( Penn State , 1984 -- 88 ) and Louella Tomlinson ( Saint Mary 's , 2007 -- 11 ) , each with 7 . Consecutive triple - doubles in a single season : David Edwards ( Texas A&M ) , Penny Hardaway ( Memphis State ) , Tony Lee ( Robert Morris ) , Gerald Lewis ( SMU ) , Shaquille O'Neal ( LSU ) , and Kevin Roberson ( Vermont ) each recorded two consecutive games with a triple - double . Hardaway had back - to - back triple - doubles for Memphis State ( now Memphis ) during the 1992 -- 93 season . He recorded 21 points , 15 assists , and 14 rebounds against Georgia State on January 4 , 1993 and then recorded 26 points , 12 rebounds , and 10 assists against Vanderbilt on January 6 , 1993 . Most triple - doubles in a single season : Men 's : Kyle Collinsworth ( BYU ) , with six -- performed twice : in the 2014 -- 15 season , and again in 2015 -- 16 . Women 's : Danielle Carson ( Youngstown State ) , also with six in the 1985 -- 86 season . Triple - doubles in NCAA tournament history : The NCAA began keeping track of assists for men 's basketball in 1984 , then blocks and steals in 1986 , so officially this has occurred eight times . However , many tournaments had included assists , steals and blocks in their official boxscores prior to that time , so unofficially this has occurred sixteen times . Only three pre-1986 triple - doubles are included below . Name Team Score Opponent Round Date Minutes played Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Reference Robertson , Oscar Oscar Robertson Cincinnati 98 -- 85 Louisville Third place 000000001959 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 1959 39 39 17 10 -- -- Johnson , Magic Magic Johnson Michigan State 95 -- 64 Lamar Second round 000000001979 - 03 - 10 - 0000 March 10 , 1979 35 13 17 10 Johnson , Magic Magic Johnson Michigan State 101 -- 67 Penn Final Four 000000001979 - 03 - 24 - 0000 March 24 , 1979 35 29 10 10 0 Grant , Gary Gary Grant Michigan 97 -- 109 North Carolina Second round 000000001987 - 03 - 14 - 0000 March 14 , 1987 39 24 10 10 0 O'Neal , Shaquille Shaquille O'Neal LSU 94 -- 83 BYU First round 000000001992 - 03 - 19 - 0000 March 19 , 1992 31 26 13 11 Cain , David David Cain St. John 's 85 -- 67 Texas Tech First round 000000001993 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18 , 1993 37 12 11 11 0 Miller , Andre Andre Miller Utah 76 -- 51 Arizona Elite Eight 000000001998 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 1998 36 18 14 13 Wade , Dwyane Dwyane Wade Marquette 83 -- 69 Kentucky Elite Eight 000000002003 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 2003 35 29 11 11 Aldrich , Cole Cole Aldrich Kansas 60 -- 43 Dayton Second round 000000002009 - 03 - 22 - 0000 March 22 , 2009 31 13 20 0 10 Green , Draymond Draymond Green Michigan State 76 -- 78 UCLA First round 000000002011 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2011 37 23 11 10 0 Green , Draymond Draymond Green Michigan State 89 -- 67 Long Island Second round 000000002012 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2012 35 24 12 10 0 Others Kalara McFadyen of the Memphis Lady Tigers achieved perhaps the most unusual triple - double in history , and she did it without scoring a point or even attempting a shot . On February 3 , 2002 , in a women 's Division I game against Charlotte , she had 12 assists , 10 steals , and 10 rebounds . Quadruple - double ( edit ) Center David Robinson is the most recent NBA player to accomplish the feat of a quadruple - double by recording at least 10 points , rebounds , assists , and blocks in a game . A quadruple - double is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a double digit number total in four of five statistical categories -- points , rebounds , assists , steals , and blocked shots -- in a game . This feat is extremely rare : only four players have officially recorded a quadruple - double in National Basketball Association ( NBA ) history . The first American male player above the high school level to officially record a quadruple - double was Nate Thurmond , who achieved this feat in 1974 while playing for the NBA 's Chicago Bulls . The first American female player above the high school level to officially record a quadruple - double was Ann Meyers , who achieved this feat in 1978 while playing for the UCLA Bruins , when women 's college sports were under the auspices of the AIAW . The first male player in NCAA Division I history to record a quadruple - double was Lester Hudson in 2007 . The first Division I women 's player to have officially recorded a quadruple - double since the NCAA began sponsoring women 's sports in 1981 -- 82 was Veronica Pettry of Loyola of Chicago in 1989 ; only two other women have done so since , and none since 1993 . An earlier player , Jackie Spencer of Louisville , accomplished the feat against Cincinnati during the 1984 -- 85 season , but the NCAA did not record assists and steals throughout Division I women 's basketball at that time . The Metro Conference , then home to both schools , did officially record these statistics , but the NCAA did not start doing so until 1985 -- 86 for assists and 1987 -- 88 for steals . NBA ( edit ) Quadruple - doubles have only been possible since the 1973 -- 74 season , when the NBA started recording both blocked shots and steals . It is often speculated by observers that other all - time greats , namely Oscar Robertson ( all time triple - doubles leader with 181 ) , Wilt Chamberlain , Bill Russell and Jerry West could conceivably have had quadruple - doubles . West 's biography at NBA.com claims that he once recorded an unofficial quadruple - double with 44 points , 12 rebounds , 10 assists and 10 blocks . A biography of Wilt Chamberlain claims that he also recorded an unofficial quadruple - double in Game 1 of the 1967 Eastern Division Finals against the Boston Celtics , when he had 24 points , 32 rebounds , 13 assists and 12 blocks . The reason why ( the quadruple - double ) is such a hard thing to accomplish is because it requires a player to be completely dominant on both ends of the court without being too selfish -- so he can get the assists -- and without fouling out trying to block every shot or grab every rebound . A lot of guys can get the points , rebounds and assists , but it 's the defensive stuff that messes everybody up . You have to love defense to get a quadruple - double . There 's no way around it . -- Nate Thurmond , The four players listed below are the only players who have officially recorded a quadruple - double in an NBA game . Except for Thurmond , who retired before the award was established in 1983 , all of them have won NBA Defensive Player of the Year at least once . * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Name Date Team Score Opponent Min Points Reb Assists Steals Blocks Overtime Ref Thurmond , Nate Nate Thurmond * 000000001974 - 10 - 18 - 0000 October 18 , 1974 Chicago Bulls 120 -- 115 Atlanta Hawks 45 22 14 13 0 or 1 12 Yes ( OT ) Robertson , Alvin Alvin Robertson 000000001986 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1986 San Antonio Spurs 120 -- 114 Phoenix Suns 36 20 11 10 10 0 No Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon * 000000001990 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 1990 Houston Rockets 120 -- 94 Milwaukee Bucks 40 18 16 10 11 No Robinson , David David Robinson * 000000001994 - 02 - 17 - 0000 February 17 , 1994 San Antonio Spurs 115 -- 96 Detroit Pistons 43 34 10 10 10 No Only seven other players ( one did it twice ) have managed to finish with triple - doubles and a total of 9 in a fourth statistical category ( statistical categories in which they fell short are in bold ) : Name Date Team Opponent Minutes played Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Overtime Reference Barry , Rick Rick Barry * 000000001974 - 10 - 29 - 0000 October 29 , 1974 Golden State Warriors Buffalo Braves 43 30 10 11 9 -- No Steele , Larry Larry Steele 000000001974 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 1974 Portland Trail Blazers Los Angeles Lakers 44 12 11 9 10 -- No Moore , Johnny Johnny Moore 000000001985 - 01 - 08 - 0000 January 8 , 1985 San Antonio Spurs Golden State Warriors 36 26 11 13 9 -- No Bird , Larry Larry Bird * 000000001985 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1985 Boston Celtics Utah Jazz 33 30 12 10 9 -- No Richardson , Micheal Ray Micheal Ray Richardson 000000001985 - 10 - 30 - 0000 October 30 , 1985 New Jersey Nets Indiana Pacers 54 38 11 11 9 -- Yes ( 3 OT ) Drexler , Clyde Clyde Drexler * 000000001986 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 1986 Portland Trail Blazers Milwaukee Bucks 42 26 9 11 10 -- No Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon * 000000001990 - 03 - 03 - 0000 March 3 , 1990 Houston Rockets Golden State Warriors 40 29 18 9 5 11 No Drexler , Clyde Clyde Drexler * 000000001996 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 , 1996 Houston Rockets Sacramento Kings 42 25 10 9 10 -- No Notes Bird sat out the entire fourth quarter . After three quarters , head coach K.C. Jones informed Bird that he was one steal away from a quadruple - double and asked if he wanted to stay in the game . Bird declined , saying that he `` already did enough damage . '' Olajuwon was credited with 9 assists in the original box score . However , after Rockets officials reviewed the game tape and discovered what they believe was an uncredited assist in the first quarter , they revised the box score , crediting Olajuwon with 10 assists and the third quadruple - double in NBA history . NBA 's director of operations , Rod Thorn , requested to review the tape . After reviewing the tape , the league disallowed Olajuwon 's quadruple - double and announced that his original line -- with 9 assists -- is official . Other Men 's Basketball ( edit ) Accurate as of April 2017 League Name Date Team Opponent Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Overtime Reference French National League Lewis , Derrick Derrick Lewis 000000001990 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 , 1990 Reims Lorient 20 11 -- 12 10 No National Basketball League ( Australia ) Rowe , Daren Daren Rowe 000000001990 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1990 Geelong Supercats North Melbourne Giants 25 17 11 -- 11 No Chinese Basketball Association Hu Xuefeng 000000002004 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 2004 Jiangsu Dragons Yunnan Bulls 16 10 12 10 -- No FIBA Europe Under - 16 Championship Rubio , Ricky Ricky Rubio 000000002006 - 08 - 19 - 0000 August 19 , 2006 Spain Croatia 19 10 13 11 -- No Metropolitan Basketball Association Belano , Donbel Donbel Belano 000000001999 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 , 1999 Davao Eagles Nueva Ecija Patriots 19 11 11 10 -- No American Basketball Association ( 2000 -- ) Staten , Jamel Jamel Staten 000000002007 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2007 Minnesota Ripknees St. Louis Stunners 17 11 11 10 -- No NCAA Division I men Hudson , Lester Lester Hudson 000000002007 - 11 - 13 - 0000 November 13 , 2007 UT Martin Central Baptist 25 12 10 10 No Continental Basketball Association Blackburn , Jermaine Jermaine Blackburn 000000002008 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 2008 East Kentucky Miners West Virginia Wild 22 10 14 10 -- No High school boys Benimon , Jerrelle Jerrelle Benimon 000000002009 - 02 - 17 - 0000 February 17 , 2009 Fauquier HS Osbourn HS 13 17 11 -- 10 No Chinese Basketball Association Williams , Chris Chris Williams 000000002009 - 12 - 25 - 0000 December 25 , 2009 Qingdao Doublestar Dongguan Leopards 15 11 11 11 -- No High school boys Isaiah Grant 000000002014 - 12 - 06 - 0000 December 6 , 2014 Sequoia Pathway Academy Berean Academy 11 10 10 10 -- No NJCAA Clifford Wilson 000000001979 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 , 1979 Fulton - Montgomery Hudson Valley 31 18 10 -- 15 No NJCAA Monroe Pippins 000000001995 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 1995 Fulton - Montgomery Herkimer 34 17 10 11 -- No Ukrainian First league Vitaliy Bykov 000000002016 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2016 BC Zaporizhya - 2 BC Kramatorsk 14 13 11 12 -- No Liga Super Basketball U-18 Natan Oliveira 000000002017 - 04 - 08 - 0000 April 8 , 2017 Colégio Sul Americano Rappers 32 11 10 16 -- No Notes This is the only quadruple - double in French National League history . This is the only quadruple - double in National Basketball League history . This is the only quadruple - double in NCAA Division I men 's basketball history . The opponent , Central Baptist , plays in the NAIA . Women 's basketball ( edit ) Accurate as of June 2016 League Name Date Team Opponent Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Reference American Basketball League Black , Debbie Debbie Black 000000001996 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 1996 Colorado Xplosion Atlanta Glory 10 14 12 10 -- Israeli Basketball Super League Brown , Edwina Edwina Brown 000000002008 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 2008 Ramat Hen Hapoel Holon 22 10 10 10 -- Greek Women 's Basketball League Dimitrakou , Zoi Zoi Dimitrakou 000000002009 - 03 - 22 - 0000 March 22 , 2009 G.S. Megas Alexandros Aris Holargou 49 18 10 12 -- Russian Premier League Kalmykova , Maria Maria Kalmykova 000000002001 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2001 Chevakata Vologda Dynamo Kursk 20 15 11 -- 11 European U16 Championship Verameyenka , Anastasiya Anastasiya Verameyenka 000000002003 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2003 Belarus U16 NT Czech U16 NT 21 10 -- 10 12 AIAW Division I women Meyers , Ann Ann Meyers 000000001978 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1978 UCLA Stephen F. Austin 20 14 10 10 -- NCAA Division I women Pettry , Veronica Veronica Pettry 000000001989 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1989 Loyola ( Chicago ) Detroit 12 10 22 11 -- NCAA Division I women Jones , Ramona Ramona Jones 000000001991 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1991 Lamar UCF 10 10 10 12 -- NCAA Division I women Tate , Sonja Sonja Tate 000000001993 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1993 Arkansas State Mississippi Valley State 29 14 10 10 -- NCAA Division III women Esteves , Evita Evita Esteves 000000002004 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2004 Emmanuel ( MA ) Johnson & Wales 10 10 11 13 -- NCAA Division III women Purnell , Danna Danna Purnell 000000002007 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 , 2007 SUNY - Old Westbury New Rochelle 14 10 11 13 -- NCAA Division III women Williams , Latiqua Latiqua Williams 000000002008 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2008 Bard New Rochelle 21 13 10 11 -- Ukrainian Professional Basketball League Iagupova , Alina Alina Iagupova 000000002011 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15 , 2011 BC Dnipro Luhanski Lastivky 28 15 13 10 -- Stats Quintuple - double ( edit ) A quintuple - double is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a double - digit number total in all five statistical categories -- points , rebounds , assists , steals , and blocked shots -- - in a single game . There are only two known quintuple - doubles , both only done at the high - school level . The first was recorded by Tamika Catchings of Duncanville High School ( Duncanville , Texas ) with 25 points , 18 rebounds , 11 assists , 10 steals and 10 blocks in 1997 . The second was by Aimee Oertner of Northern Lehigh High School ( Slatington , Pennsylvania ) , who had 26 points , 20 rebounds , 10 assists , 10 steals , and 11 blocks on January 7 , 2012 . Five - by - five ( edit ) A five - by - five is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a total of five in five statistical categories -- points , rebounds , assists , steals , and blocks -- in a single game . Statistics for steals and blocks were not kept in the NBA until the 1973 -- 74 season , so NBA five - by - fives were only possible from that season onward . Hakeem Olajuwon ( six times ) and Andrei Kirilenko ( three times ) are the only players to have recorded multiple five - by - fives ( based on records since the 1984 -- 85 season ) . Both are also the only players to record five - by - sixes ( at least six in all five statistical categories ) . Only twice has a five - by - five coincided with a triple - double ( both by Olajuwon ) and only three times has a player recorded a five - by - five without registering at least a double - double ( two by Kirilenko and one by Marcus Camby ) . NBA ( edit ) The following is a list of known five - by - fives . Note the list contains all five - by - fives since the 1984 -- 85 season , as well as one before . There may be other five - by - fives in the NBA that occurred before the 1984 -- 85 season . Name Date Age Team Score Opponent Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Overtime Reference Erving , Julius Julius Erving 000000001979 - 12 - 05 - 0000 December 5 , 1979 7004108780000000000 ♠ 29 years , 286 days Philadelphia 76ers 132 -- 120 San Antonio Spurs 28 7 10 5 5 No Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon 000000001987 - 03 - 10 - 0000 March 10 , 1987 7003881400000000000 ♠ 24 years , 48 days Houston Rockets 127 -- 136 Seattle SuperSonics 38 17 6 7 12 Yes ( 2OT ) Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon 000000001990 - 03 - 03 - 0000 March 3 , 1990 7003990300000000000 ♠ 27 years , 41 days Houston Rockets 129 -- 109 Golden State Warriors 29 18 9 5 11 No Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon 000000001992 - 04 - 11 - 0000 April 11 , 1992 7004106730000000000 ♠ 29 years , 81 days Houston Rockets 92 -- 99 Dallas Mavericks 19 13 6 5 5 No Robinson , David David Robinson 000000001992 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 1992 7003995800000000000 ♠ 27 years , 96 days San Antonio Spurs 104 -- 98 Milwaukee Bucks 29 9 5 5 10 No Coleman , Derrick Derrick Coleman 000000001993 - 01 - 15 - 0000 January 15 , 1993 7003934000000000000 ♠ 25 years , 208 days New Jersey Nets 110 -- 105 Philadelphia 76ers 21 10 7 5 5 Yes ( OT ) Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon 000000001993 - 04 - 22 - 0000 April 22 , 1993 7004110490000000000 ♠ 30 years , 91 days Houston Rockets 112 -- 110 Minnesota Timberwolves 33 13 5 5 5 Yes ( OT ) Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon 000000001993 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 1993 7004112460000000000 ♠ 30 years , 288 days Houston Rockets 110 -- 88 New Jersey Nets 24 19 6 5 5 No Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon 000000001993 - 12 - 30 - 0000 December 30 , 1993 7004113010000000000 ♠ 30 years , 343 days Houston Rockets 110 -- 104 Minnesota Timberwolves 34 10 5 5 8 No Divac , Vlade Vlade Divac 000000001995 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 , 1995 7003988100000000000 ♠ 27 years , 19 days Los Angeles Lakers 112 -- 100 Philadelphia 76ers 19 12 8 5 5 No Tinsley , Jamaal Jamaal Tinsley 000000002001 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2001 7003866200000000000 ♠ 23 years , 261 days Indiana Pacers 113 -- 120 Minnesota Timberwolves 12 9 15 6 5 Yes ( 2OT ) Kirilenko , Andrei Andrei Kirilenko 000000002003 - 12 - 03 - 0000 December 3 , 2003 7003832300000000000 ♠ 22 years , 288 days Utah Jazz 101 -- 107 Houston Rockets 19 5 7 8 5 Yes ( OT ) Kirilenko , Andrei Andrei Kirilenko 000000002003 - 12 - 10 - 0000 December 10 , 2003 7003833000000000000 ♠ 22 years , 295 days Utah Jazz 95 -- 73 New York Knicks 10 12 6 6 5 No Camby , Marcus Marcus Camby 000000002004 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 2004 7004108850000000000 ♠ 29 years , 293 days Denver Nuggets 106 -- 96 Utah Jazz 8 11 5 5 8 No Kirilenko , Andrei Andrei Kirilenko 000000002006 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2006 7003908500000000000 ♠ 24 years , 319 days Utah Jazz 90 -- 80 Los Angeles Lakers 14 8 9 6 7 No Batum , Nicolas Nicolas Batum 000000002012 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 2012 7003876800000000000 ♠ 24 years , 2 days Portland Trail Blazers 95 -- 94 New Orleans Hornets 11 5 10 5 5 No Green , Draymond Draymond Green 000000002015 - 12 - 11 - 0000 December 11 , 2015 7003941300000000000 ♠ 25 years , 282 days Golden State Warriors 124 -- 119 Boston Celtics 24 11 8 5 5 Yes ( 2OT ) Facts ( edit ) All facts based on data since 1985 -- 86 : Greatest five - by - fives ( most of each stat ) : Hakeem Olajuwon , on March 10 , 1987 , became the first in NBA history to record a five - by - six ( at least 6 each of all five statistics : points , rebounds , assists , blocks , steals ) . It took nearly twenty years for the second official occurrence in NBA history . Andrei Kirilenko , on January 3 , 2006 , recorded a five - by - six against the Lakers . Though his numbers were not quite as impressive as Olajuwon 's , Kirilenko performed the feat in regulation . Most five - by - fives in a career : Hakeem Olajuwon leads all players with 6 career five - by - fives . Andrei Kirilenko , with 3 , is the only other player with more than one career five - by - five . Most five - by - fives in the same season : Only twice has a player recorded two five - by - fives in a season . Olajuwon in the 1993 -- 94 season , and Kirilenko in the 2003 -- 04 season . Quickest pair of five - by - fives : Kirilenko performed a five - by - five on December 3 , 2003 , and completed another just a week later , on December 10 , 2003 . The second quickest five - by - fives were completed by Olajuwon on November 5 , 1993 and another , 55 days later , on December 30 , 1993 . Youngest player : Kirilenko 's first NBA five - by - five came on December 3 , 2003 , making him the youngest to record a five - by - five at age 7003832300000000000 ♠ 22 years , 288 days . Oldest player : Olajuwon is the oldest player to record a five - by - five . His last career five - by - five came on December 30 , 1993 , at which time he was 7004113010000000000 ♠ 30 years , 343 days old . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Woods , David . ( July 17 , 2014 ) . Is Tamika Catchings the best women 's basketball player ever ? IndyStar Jump up ^ McAllister , Mike ( February 28 , 2003 ) . `` Around the NBA '' . Knight Ridder Tribune News Service . p. 1 . Kevin Garnett has a league - leading 47 double - doubles this season -- all of them from the points - rebounds combination . 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Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Timberwolves at Indiana Pacers Boxscore , November 16 , 2001 '' . basketball-reference.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved June 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Utah Jazz at Houston Rockets Boxscore , December 3 , 2003 '' . basketball-reference.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved June 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` New York Knicks at Utah Jazz Boxscore , December 10 , 2003 '' . basketball-reference.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved June 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Utah Jazz at Denver Nuggets Boxscore , January 9 , 2004 '' . basketball-reference.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved June 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers at Utah Jazz Boxscore , January 3 , 2006 '' . basketball-reference.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved June 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Hornets vs. Portland Trail Blazers -- Box Score -- December 16 , 2012 '' . espn.go.com . ESPN . Retrieved December 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors vs. Boston Celtics -- Box Score -- December 11 , 2015 '' . espn.go.com . ESPN . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Dime '' . ESPN.com . January 12 , 2006 . Retrieved February 19 , 2008 . ( hide ) Basketball statistics Basic Games played Games started Minute Point Rebound ( Offensive Defensive ) Assist Steal Block Foul Turnover Field goal & free throw Field goal made 3 - point field goal made Free throw made Field goal attempted 3 - point field goal attempted Free throw attempted Field goal percentage 3 - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Doubles Double - double Triple - double Quadruple - double Quintuple - double Five - by - five Advanced statistics Offense efficiency rating Player efficiency rating Offensive rating Defensive rating Effective field goal percentage True shooting percentage Rebound rate Economy Performance Index Rating Efficiency Player tracking Tendex Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Double_(basketball)&oldid=800390719 '' Categories : Basketball terminology Basketball statistics Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Pages containing links to subscription - only content Pages using web citations with no URL CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 uses Chinese - language script ( zh ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Articles with limited geographic scope from April 2017 Articles with hCards Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Ελληνικά Français עברית Latviešu Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 07 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who in the nba has had a quadruple double | [
"\n\nName\nDate\nTeam\nScore\nOpponent\nMin\nPoints\nReb\nAssists\nSteals\nBlocks\nOvertime\nRef\n\n\nThurmond, NateNate Thurmond*\n000000001974-10-18-0000October 18, 1974\nChicago Bulls\n120–115\nAtlanta Hawks\n45\n22\n14\n13\n0 or 1\n12\nYes (OT)\n[87]\n\n\nRobertson, AlvinAlvin Robertson\n000000001986-02-18-0000February 18, 1986\nSan Antonio Spurs\n120–114\nPhoenix Suns\n36\n20\n11\n10\n10\n0\nNo\n[88]\n\n\nOlajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon*\n000000001990-03-29-0000March 29, 1990\nHouston Rockets\n120–94\nMilwaukee Bucks\n40\n18\n16\n10\n1\n11\nNo\n[89]\n\n\nRobinson, DavidDavid Robinson*\n000000001994-02-17-0000February 17, 1994\nSan Antonio Spurs\n115–96\nDetroit Pistons\n43\n34\n10\n10\n2\n10\nNo\n[90]\n\n",
"\n\nName\nDate\nTeam\nScore\nOpponent\nMin\nPoints\nReb\nAssists\nSteals\nBlocks\nOvertime\nRef\n\n\nThurmond, NateNate Thurmond*\n000000001974-10-18-0000October 18, 1974\nChicago Bulls\n120–115\nAtlanta Hawks\n45\n22\n14\n13\n0 or 1\n12\nYes (OT)\n[87]\n\n\nRobertson, AlvinAlvin Robertson\n000000001986-02-18-0000February 18, 1986\nSan Antonio Spurs\n120–114\nPhoenix Suns\n36\n20\n11\n10\n10\n0\nNo\n[88]\n\n\nOlajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon*\n000000001990-03-29-0000March 29, 1990\nHouston Rockets\n120–94\nMilwaukee Bucks\n40\n18\n16\n10\n1\n11\nNo\n[89]\n\n\nRobinson, DavidDavid Robinson*\n000000001994-02-17-0000February 17, 1994\nSan Antonio Spurs\n115–96\nDetroit Pistons\n43\n34\n10\n10\n2\n10\nNo\n[90]\n\n",
"\n\nName\nDate\nTeam\nScore\nOpponent\nMin\nPoints\nReb\nAssists\nSteals\nBlocks\nOvertime\nRef\n\n\nThurmond, NateNate Thurmond*\n000000001974-10-18-0000October 18, 1974\nChicago Bulls\n120–115\nAtlanta Hawks\n45\n22\n14\n13\n0 or 1\n12\nYes (OT)\n[87]\n\n\nRobertson, AlvinAlvin Robertson\n000000001986-02-18-0000February 18, 1986\nSan Antonio Spurs\n120–114\nPhoenix Suns\n36\n20\n11\n10\n10\n0\nNo\n[88]\n\n\nOlajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon*\n000000001990-03-29-0000March 29, 1990\nHouston Rockets\n120–94\nMilwaukee Bucks\n40\n18\n16\n10\n1\n11\nNo\n[89]\n\n\nRobinson, DavidDavid Robinson*\n000000001994-02-17-0000February 17, 1994\nSan Antonio Spurs\n115–96\nDetroit Pistons\n43\n34\n10\n10\n2\n10\nNo\n[90]\n\n",
"\n\nName\nDate\nTeam\nScore\nOpponent\nMin\nPoints\nReb\nAssists\nSteals\nBlocks\nOvertime\nRef\n\n\nThurmond, NateNate Thurmond*\n000000001974-10-18-0000October 18, 1974\nChicago Bulls\n120–115\nAtlanta Hawks\n45\n22\n14\n13\n0 or 1\n12\nYes (OT)\n[87]\n\n\nRobertson, AlvinAlvin Robertson\n000000001986-02-18-0000February 18, 1986\nSan Antonio Spurs\n120–114\nPhoenix Suns\n36\n20\n11\n10\n10\n0\nNo\n[88]\n\n\nOlajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon*\n000000001990-03-29-0000March 29, 1990\nHouston Rockets\n120–94\nMilwaukee Bucks\n40\n18\n16\n10\n1\n11\nNo\n[89]\n\n\nRobinson, DavidDavid Robinson*\n000000001994-02-17-0000February 17, 1994\nSan Antonio Spurs\n115–96\nDetroit Pistons\n43\n34\n10\n10\n2\n10\nNo\n[90]\n\n"
] | [
"Nate Thurmond",
"Alvin Robertson",
"Hakeem Olajuwon",
"David Robinson"
] |
-5314663571889865266 | Stone Age | Stone Age - wikipedia Stone Age Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Stone Age ( disambiguation ) . Ġgantija temples in Gozo , Malta . Some of the world 's oldest free - standing structures . The Stone Age This box : view talk edit ↑ before Homo ( Pliocene ) Paleolithic Lower Paleolithic Late Stone Age Homo Control of fire Stone tools Middle Paleolithic Middle Stone Age Homo neanderthalensis Homo sapiens Recent African origin of modern humans Upper Paleolithic Late Stone Age Behavioral modernity , Atlatl , Origin of the domestic dog Epipaleolithic Mesolithic Microliths , Bow , Canoe Natufian Khiamian Tahunian Heavy Neolithic Shepherd Neolithic Trihedral Neolithic Pre-Pottery Neolithic Neolithic Neolithic Revolution , Domestication Pottery Neolithic Pottery ↓ Chalcolithic The Stone Age was a broad prehistoric period during which stone was widely used to make implements with an edge , a point , or a percussion surface . The period lasted roughly 3.4 million years and ended between 8700 BCE and 2000 BCE with the advent of metalworking . Stone Age artifacts include tools used by modern humans and by their predecessor species in the genus Homo , and possibly by the earlier partly contemporaneous genera Australopithecus and Paranthropus . Bone tools were used during this period as well but are rarely preserved in the archaeological record . The Stone Age is further subdivided by the types of stone tools in use . The Stone Age is the first of the three - age system of archaeology , which divides human technological prehistory into three periods : The Stone Age The Bronze Age The Iron Age Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical significance 2 Stone Age in archaeology 2.1 Beginning of the Stone Age 2.2 End of the Stone Age 2.3 Concept of the Stone Age 2.4 Three - stage system 2.5 Problem of the transitions 3 Chronology 3.1 Three - age chronology 3.1. 1 Lower Paleolithic 3.1. 1.1 Oldowan in Africa 3.1. 1.2 Oldowan out of Africa 3.1. 1.3 Acheulean in Africa 3.1. 1.4 Acheulean out of Africa 3.1. 2 Middle Paleolithic 3.1. 3 Upper Paleolithic 3.1. 4 Epipaleolithic / Mesolithic 3.1. 5 Neolithic 3.2 Three - stage chronology 3.2. 1 The Earlier or Early Stone Age ( ESA ) 3.2. 2 The Middle Stone Age ( MSA ) 3.2. 3 The Later Stone Age ( LSA ) 4 Material culture 4.1 Tools 4.2 Food and drink 4.3 Shelter and habitat 4.4 Art 4.4. 1 Petroglyphs 4.4. 2 Rock paintings 4.5 Stone Age rituals and beliefs 5 Modern popular culture 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Historical significance ( edit ) Human timeline view discuss edit - 10 -- -- - 9 -- -- - 8 -- -- - 7 -- -- - 6 -- -- - 5 -- -- - 4 -- -- - 3 -- -- - 2 -- -- - 1 -- -- 0 -- Human - like apes Nakalipithecus Ouranopithecus Sahelanthropus Orrorin Ardipithecus Australopithecus Homo habilis Homo erectus Neanderthal Homo sapiens ← Earlier apes ← Separation from gorillas ← Possibly bipedal ← Separation from chimpanzees ← Earliest bipedal ← Earliest stone tools ← Earliest exit from Africa ← Earliest fire use ← Earliest in Europe ← Earliest cooking ← Earliest clothes ← Modern speech ← Modern humans l i s o n l i o n i o n o m i n i d s Axis scale : millions of years . Also see : Life timeline and Nature timeline Modern Awash River , Ethiopia , descendant of the Palaeo - Awash , source of the sediments in which the oldest Stone Age tools have been found The Stone Age is contemporaneous with the evolution of the genus Homo , the only exception possibly being the early Stone Age , when species prior to Homo may have manufactured tools . According to the age and location of the current evidence , the cradle of the genus is the East African Rift System , especially toward the north in Ethiopia , where it is bordered by grasslands . The closest relative among the other living primates , the genus Pan , represents a branch that continued on in the deep forest , where the primates evolved . The rift served as a conduit for movement into southern Africa and also north down the Nile into North Africa and through the continuation of the rift in the Levant to the vast grasslands of Asia . Starting from about 4 million years ago ( mya ) a single biome established itself from South Africa through the rift , North Africa , and across Asia to modern China , which has been called `` transcontinental ' savannahstan ' '' recently . Starting in the grasslands of the rift , Homo erectus , the predecessor of modern humans , found an ecological niche as a tool - maker and developed a dependence on it , becoming a `` tool equipped savanna dweller . '' Stone Age in archaeology ( edit ) Beginning of the Stone Age ( edit ) Obsidian projectile point The oldest indirect evidence found of stone tool use is fossilised animal bones with tool marks ; these are 3.4 million year old and were found in the Lower Awash Valley in Ethiopia . Archaeological discoveries in Kenya in 2015 , identifying possibly the oldest known evidence of hominin use of tools to date , have indicated that Kenyanthropus platyops ( a 3.2 to 3.5 - million - year - old Pliocene hominin fossil discovered in Lake Turkana , Kenya in 1999 ) may have been the earliest tool - users known . The oldest stone tools were excavated from the site of Lomekwi 3 in West Turkana , northwestern Kenya , and date to 3.3 million years old . Prior to the discovery of these `` Lomekwian '' tools , the oldest known stone tools had been found at several sites at Gona , Ethiopia , on the sediments of the paleo - Awash River , which serve to date them . All the tools come from the Busidama Formation , which lies above a disconformity , or missing layer , which would have been from 2.9 to 2.7 mya . The oldest sites containing tools are dated to 2.6 -- 2.55 mya . One of the most striking circumstances about these sites is that they are from the Late Pliocene , where previous to their discovery tools were thought to have evolved only in the Pleistocene . Excavators at the locality point out that : `` ... the earliest stone tool makers were skilled flintknappers ... The possible reasons behind this seeming abrupt transition from the absence of stone tools to the presence thereof include ... gaps in the geological record . '' The species who made the Pliocene tools remains unknown . Fragments of Australopithecus garhi , Australopithecus aethiopicus and Homo , possibly Homo habilis , have been found in sites near the age of the Gona tools . End of the Stone Age ( edit ) Innovation of the technique of smelting ore ended the Stone Age and began the Bronze Age . The first most significant metal manufactured was bronze , an alloy of copper and tin , each of which was smelted separately . The transition from the Stone Age to the Bronze Age was a period during which modern people could smelt copper , but did not yet manufacture bronze , a time known as the Copper Age , or more technically the Chalcolithic , `` copper - stone '' age . The Chalcolithic by convention is the initial period of the Bronze Age . The Bronze Age was followed by the Iron Age . The transition out of the Stone Age occurred between 6000 BCE and 2500 BCE for much of humanity living in North Africa and Eurasia . The first evidence of human metallurgy dates to between the 5th and 6th millennium BCE in the archaeological sites of Majdanpek , Yarmovac , and Pločnik in modern - day Serbia ( a copper axe from 5500 BCE belonging to the Vinca culture ) , though not conventionally considered part of the Chalcolithic or `` Copper Age '' , this provides the earliest known example of copper metallurgy . Note the Rudna Glava mine in Serbia . Ötzi the Iceman , a mummy from about 3300 BCE carried with him a copper axe and a flint knife . In regions such as Sub-Saharan Africa , the Stone Age was followed directly by the Iron Age . The Middle East and southeastern Asian regions progressed past Stone Age technology around 6000 BCE . Europe , and the rest of Asia became post -- Stone Age societies by about 4000 BCE . The proto - Inca cultures of South America continued at a Stone Age level until around 2000 BCE , when gold , copper and silver made their entrance . The Americas notably did not develop a widespread behavior of smelting Bronze or Iron after the Stone Age period , although the technology existed . Stone tool manufacture continued even after the Stone Age ended in a given area . In Europe and North America , millstones were in use until well into the 20th century , and still are in many parts of the world . Concept of the Stone Age ( edit ) The terms `` Stone Age '' , `` Bronze Age '' , and `` Iron Age '' were never meant to suggest that advancement and time periods in prehistory are only measured by the type of tool material , rather than , for example , social organization , food sources exploited , adaptation to climate , adoption of agriculture , cooking , settlement and religion . Like pottery , the typology of the stone tools combined with the relative sequence of the types in various regions provide a chronological framework for the evolution of man and society . They serve as diagnostics of date , rather than characterizing the people or the society . Lithic analysis is a major and specialised form of archaeological investigation . It involves the measurement of the stone tools to determine their typology , function and the technology involved . It includes scientific study of the lithic reduction of the raw materials , examining how the artifacts were made . Much of this study takes place in the laboratory in the presence of various specialists . In experimental archaeology , researchers attempt to create replica tools , to understand how they were made . Flintknappers are craftsmen who use sharp tools to reduce flintstone to flint tool . A variety of stone tools In addition to lithic analysis , the field prehistorian utilizes a wide range of techniques derived from multiple fields . The work of the archaeologist in determining the paleocontext and relative sequence of the layers is supplemented by the efforts of the geologic specialist in identifying layers of rock over geologic time , of the paleontological specialist in identifying bones and animals , of the palynologist in discovering and identifying plant species , of the physicist and chemist in laboratories determining dates by the carbon - 14 , potassium - argon and other methods . Study of the Stone Age has never been mainly about stone tools and archaeology , which are only one form of evidence . The chief focus has always been on the society and the physical people who belonged to it . Useful as it has been , the concept of the Stone Age has its limitations . The date range of this period is ambiguous , disputed , and variable according to the region in question . While it is possible to speak of a general ' stone age ' period for the whole of humanity , some groups never developed metal - smelting technology , so remained in a ' stone age ' until they encountered technologically developed cultures . The term was innovated to describe the archaeological cultures of Europe . It may not always be the best in relation to regions such as some parts of the Indies and Oceania , where farmers or hunter - gatherers used stone for tools until European colonisation began . The archaeologists of the late 19th and early 20th centuries CE , who adapted the three - age system to their ideas , hoped to combine cultural anthropology and archaeology in such a way that a specific contemporaneous tribe can be used to illustrate the way of life and beliefs of the people exercising a specific Stone - Age technology . As a description of people living today , the term stone age is controversial . The Association of Social Anthropologists discourages this use , asserting : `` To describe any living group as ' primitive ' or ' Stone Age ' inevitably implies that they are living representatives of some earlier stage of human development that the majority of humankind has left behind . '' Three - stage system ( edit ) In the 1920s , South African archaeologists organizing the stone tool collections of that country observed that they did not fit the newly detailed Three - Age System . In the words of J. Desmond Clark , `` It was early realized that the threefold division of culture into Stone , Bronze and Iron Ages adopted in the nineteenth century for Europe had no validity in Africa outside the Nile valley . '' Consequently , they proposed a new system for Africa , the Three - stage System . Clark regarded the Three - age System as valid for North Africa ; in sub-Saharan Africa , the Three - stage System was best . In practice , the failure of African archaeologists either to keep this distinction in mind , or to explain which one they mean , contributes to the considerable equivocation already present in the literature . There are in effect two Stone Ages , one part of the Three - age and the other constituting the Three - stage . They refer to one and the same artifacts and the same technologies , but vary by locality and time . The three - stage system was proposed in 1929 by Astley John Hilary Goodwin , a professional archaeologist , and Clarence van Riet Lowe , a civil engineer and amateur archaeologist , in an article titled `` Stone Age Cultures of South Africa '' in the journal Annals of the South African Museum . By then , the dates of the Early Stone Age , or Paleolithic , and Late Stone Age , or Neolithic ( neo = new ) , were fairly solid and were regarded by Goodwin as absolute . He therefore proposed a relative chronology of periods with floating dates , to be called the Earlier and Later Stone Age . The Middle Stone Age would not change its name , but it would not mean Mesolithic . The duo thus reinvented the Stone Age . In Sub-Saharan Africa , however , iron - working technologies were either invented independently or came across the Sahara from the north ( see iron metallurgy in Africa ) . The Neolithic was characterized primarily by herding societies rather than large agricultural societies , and although there was copper metallurgy in Africa as well as bronze smelting , archaeologists do not currently recognize a separate Copper Age or Bronze Age . Moreover , the technologies included in those ' stages ' , as Goodwin called them , were not exactly the same . Since then , the original relative terms have become identified with the technologies of the Paleolithic and Mesolithic , so that they are no longer relative . Moreover , there has been a tendency to drop the comparative degree in favor of the positive : resulting in two sets of Early , Middle and Late Stone Ages of quite different content and chronologies . By voluntary agreement , archaeologists respect the decisions of the Pan-African Congress of Prehistory , which meets every four years to resolve archaeological business brought before it . Delegates are actually international ; the organization takes its name from the topic . Louis Leakey hosted the first one in Nairobi in 1947 . It adopted Goodwin and Lowe 's 3 - stage system at that time , the stages to be called Early , Middle and Later . Problem of the transitions ( edit ) The problem of the transitions in archaeology is a branch of the general philosophic continuity problem , which examines how discrete objects of any sort that are contiguous in any way can be presumed to have a relationship of any sort . In archaeology , the relationship is one of causality . If Period B can be presumed to descend from Period A , there must be a boundary between A and B , the A -- B boundary . The problem is in the nature of this boundary . If there is no distinct boundary , then the population of A suddenly stopped using the customs characteristic of A and suddenly started using those of B , an unlikely scenario in the process of evolution . More realistically , a distinct border period , the A / B transition , existed , in which the customs of A were gradually dropped and those of B acquired . If transitions do not exist , then there is no proof of any continuity between A and B . The Stone Age of Europe is characteristically in deficit of known transitions . The 19th and early 20th - century innovators of the modern three - age system recognized the problem of the initial transition , the `` gap '' between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic . Louis Leakey provided something of an answer by proving that man evolved in Africa . The Stone Age must have begun there to be carried repeatedly to Europe by migrant populations . The different phases of the Stone Age thus could appear there without transitions . The burden on African archaeologists became all the greater , because now they must find the missing transitions in Africa . The problem is difficult and ongoing . After its adoption by the First Pan African Congress in 1947 , the Three - Stage Chronology was amended by the Third Congress in 1955 to include a First Intermediate Period between Early and Middle , to encompass the Fauresmith and Sangoan technologies , and the Second Intermediate Period between Middle and Later , to encompass the Magosian technology and others . The chronologic basis for definition was entirely relative . With the arrival of scientific means of finding an absolute chronology , the two intermediates turned out to be will - of - the - wisps . They were in fact Middle and Lower Paleolithic . Fauresmith is now considered to be a facies of Acheulean , while Sangoan is a facies of Lupemban . Magosian is `` an artificial mix of two different periods . '' Once seriously questioned , the intermediates did not wait for the next Pan African Congress two years hence , but were officially rejected in 1965 ( again on an advisory basis ) by Burg Wartenstein Conference # 29 , Systematic Investigation of the African Later Tertiary and Quaternary , a conference in anthropology held by the Wenner - Gren Foundation , at Burg Wartenstein Castle , which it then owned in Austria , attended by the same scholars that attended the Pan African Congress , including Louis Leakey and Mary Leakey , who was delivering a pilot presentation of her typological analysis of Early Stone Age tools , to be included in her 1971 contribution to Olduvai Gorge , `` Excavations in Beds I and II , 1960 -- 1963 . '' However , although the intermediate periods were gone , the search for the transitions continued . Chronology ( edit ) Time series plot of temperature over the previous 5 million years In 1859 Jens Jacob Worsaae first proposed a division of the Stone Age into older and younger parts based on his work with Danish kitchen middens that began in 1851 . In the subsequent decades this simple distinction developed into the archaeological periods of today . The major subdivisions of the Three - age Stone Age cross two epoch boundaries on the geologic time scale : The geologic Pliocene -- Pleistocene boundary ( highly glaciated climate ) The Paleolithic period of archaeology The geologic Pleistocene -- Holocene boundary ( modern climate ) Mesolithic or Epipaleolithic period of archaeology Neolithic period of archaeology The succession of these phases varies enormously from one region ( and culture ) to another . Three - Age chronology ( edit ) Main articles : Paleolithic , Human evolution , and Three - age system The Paleolithic or Palaeolithic ( from Greek : παλαιός , palaios , `` old '' ; and λίθος , lithos , `` stone '' lit . `` old stone '' , coined by archaeologist John Lubbock and published in 1865 ) is the earliest division of the Stone Age . It covers the greatest portion of humanity 's time ( roughly 99 % of `` human technological history '' , where `` human '' and `` humanity '' are interpreted to mean the genus Homo ) , extending from 2.5 or 2.6 million years ago , with the first documented use of stone tools by hominans such as Homo habilis , to the end of the Pleistocene around 10,000 BCE . The Paleolithic era ended with the Mesolithic , or in areas with an early neolithisation , the Epipaleolithic . Lower Paleolithic ( edit ) Main article : Lower Paleolithic At sites dating from the Lower Paleolithic Period ( about 2,500,000 to 200,000 years ago ) , simple pebble tools have been found in association with the remains of what may have been the earliest human ancestors . A somewhat more sophisticated Lower Paleolithic tradition , known as the Chopper chopping - tool industry , is widely distributed in the Eastern Hemisphere . This tradition is thought to have been the work of the hominin species named Homo erectus . Although no such fossil tools have yet been found , it is believed that H. erectus probably made tools of wood and bone as well as stone . About 700,000 years ago , a new Lower Paleolithic tool , the hand ax , appeared . The earliest European hand axes are assigned to the Abbevillian industry , which developed in northern France in the valley of the Somme River ; a later , more refined hand - ax tradition is seen in the Acheulian industry , evidence of which has been found in Europe , Africa , the Middle East , and Asia . Some of the earliest known hand axes were found at Olduvai Gorge ( Tanzania ) in association with remains of H. erectus . Alongside the hand - axe tradition there developed a distinct and very different stone - tool industry , based on flakes of stone : special tools were made from worked ( carefully shaped ) flakes of flint . In Europe , the Clactonian industry is one example of a flake tradition . The early flake industries probably contributed to the development of the Middle Paleolithic flake tools of the Mousterian industry , which is associated with the remains of Neanderthal man . This is a Mode 1 , or Oldowan , stone tool from the western Sahara . Oldowan in Africa ( edit ) Main article : Oldowan The earliest documented stone tools have been found in eastern Africa , manufacturers unknown , at the 3.3 million year old site of Lomekwi 3 in Kenya . Better known are the later tools belonging to an industry known as Oldowan , after the type site of Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania . The tools were formed by knocking pieces off a river pebble , or stones like it , with a hammerstone to obtain large and small pieces with one or more sharp edges . The original stone is called a core ; the resultant pieces , flakes . Typically , but not necessarily , small pieces are detached from a larger piece , in which case the larger piece may be called the core and the smaller pieces the flakes . The prevalent usage , however , is to call all the results flakes , which can be confusing . A split in half is called bipolar flaking . Consequently , the method is often called `` core - and - flake '' . More recently , the tradition has been called `` small flake '' since the flakes were small compared to subsequent Acheulean tools . `` The essence of the Oldowan is the making and often immediate use of small flakes . '' Another naming scheme is `` Pebble Core Technology ( PBC ) '' : `` Pebble cores are ... artifacts that have been shaped by varying amounts of hard - hammer percussion . '' Various refinements in the shape have been called choppers , discoids , polyhedrons , subspheroid , etc . To date no reasons for the variants have been ascertained : `` From a functional standpoint , pebble cores seem designed for no specific purpose . '' However , they would not have been manufactured for no purpose : `` Pebble cores can be useful in many cutting , scraping or chopping tasks , but ... they are not particularly more efficient in such tasks than a sharp - edged rock ... '' The whole point of their utility is that each is a `` sharp - edged rock '' in locations where nature has not provided any . There is additional evidence that Oldowan , or Mode 1 , tools were utilized in `` percussion technology '' ; that is , they were designed to be gripped at the blunt end and strike something with the edge , from which use they were given the name of choppers . Modern science has been able to detect mammalian blood cells on Mode 1 tools at Sterkfontein , Member 5 East , in South Africa . As the blood must have come from a fresh kill , the tool users are likely to have done the killing and used the tools for butchering . Plant residues bonded to the silicon of some tools confirm the use to chop plants . Although the exact species authoring the tools remains unknown , Mode 1 tools in Africa were manufactured and used predominantly by Homo habilis . They can not be said to have developed these tools or to have contributed the tradition to technology . They continued a tradition of yet unknown origin . As chimpanzees sometimes naturally use percussion to extract or prepare food in the wild , and may use either unmodified stones or stones that they have split , creating an Oldowan tool , the tradition may well be far older than its current record . Towards the end of Oldowan in Africa a new species appeared over the range of Homo habilis : Homo erectus . The earliest `` unambiguous '' evidence is a whole cranium , KNM - ER 3733 ( a find identifier ) from Koobi Fora in Kenya , dated to 1.78 mya . An early skull fragment , KNM - ER 2598 , dated to 1.9 mya , is considered a good candidate also . Transitions in paleoanthropology are always hard to find , if not impossible , but based on the `` long - legged '' limb morphology shared by H. habilis and H. rudolfensis in East Africa , an evolution from one of those two has been suggested . The most immediate cause of the new adjustments appears to have been an increasing aridity in the region and consequent contraction of parkland savanna , interspersed with trees and groves , in favor of open grassland , dated 1.8 -- 1.7 mya . During that transitional period the percentage of grazers among the fossil species increased from 15 -- 25 % to 45 % , dispersing the food supply and requiring a facility among the hunters to travel longer distances comfortably , which H. erectus obviously had . The ultimate proof is the `` dispersal '' of H. erectus `` across much of Africa and Asia , substantially before the development of the Mode 2 technology and use of fire ... '' H. erectus carried Mode 1 tools over Eurasia . According to the current evidence ( which may change at any time ) Mode 1 tools are documented from about 2.6 mya to about 1.5 mya in Africa , and to 0.5 mya outside of it . The genus Homo is known from H. habilis and H. rudolfensis from 2.3 to 2.0 mya , with the latest habilis being an upper jaw from Koobi Fora , Kenya , from 1.4 mya . H. erectus is dated 1.8 -- 0.6 mya . According to this chronology Mode 1 was inherited by Homo from unknown Hominans , probably Australopithecus and Paranthropus , who must have continued on with Mode 1 and then with Mode 2 until their extinction no later than 1.1 mya . Meanwhile , living contemporaneously in the same regions H. habilis inherited the tools around 2.3 mya . At about 1.9 mya H. erectus came on stage and lived contemporaneously with the others . Mode 1 was now being shared by a number of Hominans over the same ranges , presumably subsisting in different niches , but the archaeology is not precise enough to say which . Oldowan out of Africa ( edit ) Tools of the Oldowan tradition first came to archaeological attention in Europe , where , being intrusive and not well defined , compared to the Acheulean , they were puzzling to archaeologists . The mystery would be elucidated by African archaeology at Olduvai , but meanwhile , in the early 20th century , the term `` Pre-Acheulean '' came into use in climatology . C.E.P , Brooks , a British climatologist working in the United States , used the term to describe a `` chalky boulder clay '' underlying a layer of gravel at Hoxne , central England , where Acheulean tools had been found . Whether any tools would be found in it and what type was not known . Hugo Obermaier , a contemporary German archaeologist working in Spain , quipped : `` Unfortunately , the stage of human industry which corresponds to these deposits can not be positively identified . All we can say is that it is pre-Acheulean ... '' This uncertainty was clarified by the subsequent excavations at Olduvai ; nevertheless , the term is still in use for pre-Acheulean contexts , mainly across Eurasia , that are yet unspecified or uncertain but with the understanding that they are or will turn out to be pebble - tool . There are ample associations of Mode 2 with H. erectus in Eurasia . H. erectus -- Mode 1 associations are scantier but they do exist , especially in the Far East . One strong piece of evidence prevents the conclusion that only H. erectus reached Eurasia : at Yiron , Israel , Mode 1 tools have been found dating to 2.4 mya , about 0.5 my earlier than the known H. erectus finds . If the date is correct , either another Hominan preceded H. erectus out of Africa or the earliest H. erectus has yet to be found . After the initial appearance at Gona in Ethiopia at 2.7 mya , pebble tools date from 2.0 mya at Sterkfontein , Member 5 , South Africa , and from 1.8 mya at El Kherba , Algeria , North Africa . The manufacturers had already left pebble tools at Yiron , Israel , at 2.4 mya , Riwat , Pakistan , at 2.0 mya , and Renzidong , South China , at over 2 mya . The identification of a fossil skull at Mojokerta , Pernung Peninsula on Java , dated to 1.8 mya , as H. erectus , suggests that the African finds are not the earliest to be found in Africa , or that , in fact , erectus did not originate in Africa after all but on the plains of Asia . The outcome of the issue waits for more substantial evidence . Erectus was found also at Dmanisi , Georgia , from 1.75 mya in association with pebble tools . Pebble tools are found the latest first in southern Europe and then in northern . They begin in the open areas of Italy and Spain , the earliest dated to 1.6 mya at Pirro Nord , Italy . The mountains of Italy are rising at a rapid rate in the framework of geologic time ; at 1.6 mya they were lower and covered with grassland ( as much of the highlands still are ) . Europe was otherwise mountainous and covered over with dense forest , a formidable terrain for warm - weather savanna dwellers . Similarly there is no evidence that the Mediterranean was passable at Gibraltar or anywhere else to H. erectus or earlier hominans . They might have reached Italy and Spain along the coasts . In northern Europe pebble tools are found earliest at Happisburgh , United Kingdom , from 0.8 mya . The last traces are from Kent 's Cavern , dated 0.5 mya . By that time H. erectus is regarded as having been extinct ; however , a more modern version apparently had evolved , Homo heidelbergensis , who must have inherited the tools . He also explains the last of the Acheulean in Germany at 0.4 mya . In the late 19th and early 20th centuries archaeologists worked on the assumptions that a succession of Hominans and cultures prevailed , that one replaced another . Today the presence of multiple hominans living contemporaneously near each other for long periods is accepted as proved true ; moreover , by the time the previously assumed `` earliest '' culture arrived in northern Europe , the rest of Africa and Eurasia had progressed to the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic , so that across the earth all three were for a time contemporaneous . In any given region there was a progression from Oldowan to Acheulean , Lower to Upper , no doubt . Acheulean in Africa ( edit ) Main article : Acheulean An Acheulean tool , not worked over the entire surface The end of Oldowan in Africa was brought on by the appearance of Acheulean , or Mode 2 , stone tools . The earliest known instances are in the 1.7 -- 1.6 mya layer at Kokiselei , West Turkana , Kenya . At Sterkfontein , South Africa , they are in Member 5 West , 1.7 -- 1.4 mya . The 1.7 is a fairly certain , fairly standard date . Mode 2 is often found in association with H. erectus . It makes sense that the most advanced tools should have been innovated by the most advanced Hominan ; consequently , they are typically given credit for the innovation . A Mode 2 tool is a biface consisting of two concave surfaces intersecting to form a cutting edge all the way around , except in the case of tools intended to feature a point . More work and planning go into the manufacture of a Mode 2 tool . The manufacturer hits a slab off a larger rock to use as a blank . Then large flakes are struck off the blank and worked into bifaces by hard - hammer percussion on an anvil stone . Finally the edge is retouched : small flakes are hit off with a bone or wood soft hammer to sharpen or resharpen it . The core can be either the blank or another flake . Blanks are ported for manufacturing supply in places where nature has provided no suitable stone . Although most Mode 2 tools are easily distinguished from Mode 1 , there is a close similarity of some Oldowan and some Acheulean , which can lead to confusion . Some Oldowan tools are more carefully prepared to form a more regular edge . One distinguishing criterion is the size of the flakes . In contrast to the Oldowan `` small flake '' tradition , Acheulean is `` large flake : '' `` The primary technological distinction remaining between Oldowan and the Acheulean is the preference for large flakes ( > 10 cm ) as blanks for making large cutting tools ( handaxes and cleavers ) in the Acheulean . '' `` Large Cutting Tool ( LCT ) '' has become part of the standard terminology as well . In North Africa , the presence of Mode 2 remains a mystery , as the oldest finds are from Thomas Quarry in Morocco at 0.9 mya . Archaeological attention , however , shifts to the Jordan Rift Valley , an extension of the East African Rift Valley ( the east bank of the Jordan is slowly sliding northward as East Africa is thrust away from Africa ) . Evidence of use of the Nile Valley is in deficit , but Hominans could easily have reached the palaeo - Jordan river from Ethiopia along the shores of the Red Sea , one side or the other . A crossing would not have been necessary , but it is more likely there than over a theoretical but unproven land bridge through either Gibraltar or Sicily . Meanwhile , Acheulean went on in Africa past the 1.0 mya mark and also past the extinction of H. erectus there . The last Acheulean in East Africa is at Olorgesailie , Kenya , dated to about 0.9 mya . Its owner was still H. erectus , but in South Africa , Acheulean at Elandsfontein , 1.0 -- 0.6 mya , is associated with Saldanha man , classified as H. heidelbergensis , a more advanced , but not yet modern , descendant most likely of H. erectus . The Thoman Quarry Hominans in Morocco similarly are most likely Homo rhodesiensis , in the same evolutionary status as H. heidelbergensis . Acheulean out of Africa ( edit ) Mode 2 is first known out of Africa at ' Ubeidiya , Israel , a site now on the Jordan River , then frequented over the long term ( hundreds of thousands of years ) by Homo on the shore of a variable - level palaeo - lake , long since vanished . The geology was created by successive `` transgression and regression '' of the lake resulting in four cycles of layers . The tools are located in the first two , Cycles Li ( Limnic Inferior ) and Fi ( Fluviatile Inferior ) , but mostly in Fi . The cycles represent different ecologies and therefore different cross-sections of fauna , which makes it possible to date them . They appear to be the same faunal assemblages as the Ferenta Faunal Unit in Italy , known from excavations at Selvella and Pieterfitta , dated to 1.6 -- 1.2 mya . At ' Ubeidiya the marks on the bones of the animal species found there indicate that the manufacturers of the tools butchered the kills of large predators , an activity that has been termed `` scavenging '' . There are no living floors , nor did they process bones to obtain the marrow . These activities can not be understood therefore as the only or even the typical economic activity of Hominans . Their interests were selective : they were primarily harvesting the meat of Cervids , which is estimated to have been available without spoiling for up to four days after the kill . The majority of the animals at the site were of `` Palaearctic biogeographic origin '' . However , these overlapped in range on 30 -- 60 % of `` African biogeographic origin '' . The biome was Mediterranean , not savanna . The animals were not passing through ; there was simply an overlap of normal ranges . Of the Hominans , H. erectus left several cranial fragments . Teeth of undetermined species may have been H. ergaster . The tools are classified as `` Lower Acheulean '' and `` Developed Oldowan '' . The latter is a disputed classification created by Mary Leakey to describe an Acheulean - like tradition in Bed II at Olduvai . It is dated 1.53 -- 1.27 mya . The date of the tools therefore probably does not exceed 1.5 mya ; 1.4 is often given as a date . This chronology , which is definitely later than in Kenya , supports the `` out of Africa '' hypothesis for Acheulean , if not for the Hominans . A Biface ( trihedral ) from Amar Merdeg at Zagros foothill , Ilam , National Museum of Iran From Southwest Asia , as the Levant is now called , the Acheulean extended itself more slowly eastward , arriving at Isampur , India , about 1.2 mya . It does not appear in China and Korea until after 1mya and not at all in Indonesia . There is a discernible boundary marking the furthest extent of the Acheulean eastward before 1 mya , called the Movius Line , after its proposer , Hallam L. Movius . On the east side of the line the small flake tradition continues , but the tools are additionally worked Mode 1 , with flaking down the sides . In Athirampakkam at Chennai in Tamil Nadu the Acheulean age started at 1.51 mya and it is also prior than North India and Europe . The cause of the Movius Line remains speculative , whether it represents a real change in technology or a limitation of archeology , but after 1 mya evidence not available to Movius indicates the prevalence of Acheulean . For example , the Acheulean site at Bose , China , is dated 0.803 ± 3K mya . The authors of this chronologically later East Asian Acheulean remain unknown , as does whether it evolved in the region or was brought in . There is no named boundary line between Mode 1 and Mode 2 on the west ; nevertheless , Mode 2 is equally late in Europe as it is in the Far East . The earliest comes from a rock shelter at Estrecho de Quípar in Spain , dated to greater than 0.9 mya . Teeth from an undetermined Hominan were found there also . The last Mode 2 in Southern Europe is from a deposit at Fontana Ranuccio near Anagni in Italy dated to 0.45 mya , which is generally linked to Homo cepranensis , a `` late variant of H. erectus '' , a fragment of whose skull was found at Ceprano nearby , dated 0.46 mya . Middle Paleolithic ( edit ) Main article : Middle Paleolithic This period is best known as the era during which the Neanderthals lived in Europe and the Near East ( c. 300,000 -- 28,000 years ago ) . Their technology is mainly the Mousterian , but Neanderthal physical characteristics have been found also in ambiguous association with the more recent Châtelperronian archeological culture in Western Europe and several local industries like the Szeletian in Eastern Europe / Eurasia . There is no evidence for Neanderthals in Africa , Australia or the Americas . Neanderthals nursed their elderly and practised ritual burial indicating an organised society . The earliest evidence ( Mungo Man ) of settlement in Australia dates to around 40,000 years ago when modern humans likely crossed from Asia by island - hopping . Evidence for symbolic behavior such as body ornamentation and burial is ambiguous for the Middle Paleolithic and still subject to debate . The Bhimbetka rock shelters exhibit the earliest traces of human life in India , some of which are approximately 30,000 years old . Upper Paleolithic ( edit ) Main article : Upper Paleolithic Bradshaw rock paintings found in the north - west Kimberley region of Western Australia . From 50,000 to 10,000 years ago in Europe , the Upper Paleolithic ends with the end of the Pleistocene and onset of the Holocene era ( the end of the last ice age ) . Modern humans spread out further across the Earth during the period known as the Upper Paleolithic . The Upper Paleolithic is marked by a relatively rapid succession of often complex stone artifact technologies and a large increase in the creation of art and personal ornaments . During period between 35 and 10 kya evolved : from 38 to 30 kya Châtelperronian , 40 -- 28 Aurignacian , 28 -- 22 Gravettian , 22 -- 17 Solutrean , and 18 -- 10 Magdalenian . All of these industries except the Châtelperronian are associated with anatomically modern humans . Authorship of the Châtelperronian is still the subject of much debate . Most scholars date the arrival of humans in Australia at 40,000 to 50,000 years ago , with a possible range of up to 125,000 years ago . The earliest anatomically modern human remains found in Australia ( and outside of Africa ) are those of Mungo Man ; they have been dated at 42,000 years old . The Americas were colonised via the Bering land bridge which was exposed during this period by lower sea levels . These people are called the Paleo - Indians , and the earliest accepted dates are those of the Clovis culture sites , some 13,500 years ago . Globally , societies were hunter - gatherers but evidence of regional identities begins to appear in the wide variety of stone tool types being developed to suit very different environments . Epipaleolithic / Mesolithic ( edit ) Main articles : Epipaleolithic and Mesolithic The period starting from the end of the last ice age , 10,000 years ago , to around 6,000 years ago was characterized by rising sea levels and a need to adapt to a changing environment and find new food sources . The development of Mode 5 ( microlith ) tools began in response to these changes . They were derived from the previous Paleolithic tools , hence the term Epipaleolithic , or were intermediate between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic , hence the term Mesolithic ( Middle Stone Age ) . The choice of a word depends on exact circumstances and the inclination of the archaeologists excavating the site . Microliths were used in the manufacture of more efficient composite tools , resulting in an intensification of hunting and fishing and with increasing social activity the development of more complex settlements , such as Lepenski Vir . Domestication of the dog as a hunting companion probably dates to this period . The earliest known battle occurred during the Mesolithic period at a site in Egypt known as Cemetery 117 . Neolithic ( edit ) Main article : Neolithic Skara Brae , Scotland . Europe 's most complete Neolithic village The Neolithic , or New Stone Age , was approximately characterized by the adoption of agriculture . The shift from food gathering to food producing , in itself one of the most revolutionary changes in human history , was accompanied by the so - called Neolithic Revolution : the development of pottery , polished stone tools , and construction of more complex , larger settlements such as Göbekli Tepe and Çatal Hüyük . Some of these features began in certain localities even earlier , in the transitional Mesolithic . The first Neolithic cultures started around 7000 BCE in the fertile crescent and spread concentrically to other areas of the world ; however , the Near East was probably not the only nucleus of agriculture , the cultivation of maize in Meso - America and of rice in the Far East being others . Due to the increased need to harvest and process plants , ground stone and polished stone artifacts became much more widespread , including tools for grinding , cutting , and chopping . Skara Brae located on Orkney island off Scotland is one of Europe 's best examples of a Neolithic village . The community contains stone beds , shelves and even an indoor toilet linked to a stream . The first large - scale constructions were built , including settlement towers and walls , e.g. , Jericho and ceremonial sites , e.g. : Stonehenge . The Ġgantija temples of Gozo in the Maltese archipelago are the oldest surviving free standing structures in the world , erected c. 3600 -- 2500 BCE . The earliest evidence for established trade exists in the Neolithic with newly settled people importing exotic goods over distances of many hundreds of miles . These facts show that there were sufficient resources and co-operation to enable large groups to work on these projects . To what extent this was a basis for the development of elites and social hierarchies is a matter of ongoing debate . Although some late Neolithic societies formed complex stratified chiefdoms similar to Polynesian societies such as the Ancient Hawaiians , based on the societies of modern tribesmen at an equivalent technological level , most Neolithic societies were relatively simple and egalitarian . A comparison of art in the two ages leads some theorists to conclude that Neolithic cultures were noticeably more hierarchical than the Paleolithic cultures that preceded them . Three - stage chronology ( edit ) The earlier or early Stone Age ( esa ) ( edit ) Main articles : Paleolithic and Lower Paleolithic Acheulean biface from Lake Langano area , Ethiopia . This period is not to be identified with `` Old Stone Age '' , a translation of Paleolithic , or with Paleolithic , or with the `` Earlier Stone Age '' that originally meant what became the Paleolithic and Mesolithic . In the initial decades of its definition by the Pan-African Congress of Prehistory , it was parallel in Africa to the Upper and Middle Paleolithic . However , since then Radiocarbon dating has shown that the Middle Stone Age is in fact contemporaneous with the Middle Paleolithic . The Early Stone Age therefore is contemporaneous with the Lower Paleolithic and happens to include the same main technologies , Oldowan and Acheulean , which produced Mode 1 and Mode 2 stone tools respectively . A distinct regional term is warranted , however , by the location and chronology of the sites and the exact typology . The Middle Stone Age ( msa ) ( edit ) Main article : Middle Stone Age The Middle Stone Age was a period of African prehistory between Early Stone Age and Late Stone Age . It began around 300,000 years ago and ended around 50,000 years ago . It is considered as an equivalent of European Middle Paleolithic . It is associated with anatomically modern or almost modern Homo sapiens . Early physical evidence comes from Omo and Herto , both in Ethiopia and dated respectively at c. 195 ka and at c. 160 ka . The Later Stone Age ( LSA ) ( edit ) Main article : Later Stone Age The Later Stone Age ( LSA , sometimes also called the Late Stone Age ) refers to a period in African prehistory . Its beginnings are roughly contemporaneous with the European Upper Paleolithic . It lasts until historical times and this includes cultures corresponding to Mesolithic and Neolithic in other regions . Material culture ( edit ) Tools ( edit ) Stone tools were made from a variety of stones . For example , flint and chert were shaped ( or chipped ) for use as cutting tools and weapons , while basalt and sandstone were used for ground stone tools , such as quern - stones . Wood , bone , shell , antler ( deer ) and other materials were widely used , as well . During the most recent part of the period , sediments ( such as clay ) were used to make pottery . Agriculture was developed and certain animals were domesticated as well . Some species of non-primates are able to use stone tools , such as the sea otter , which breaks abalone shells with them . Primates can both use and manufacture stone tools . This combination of abilities is more marked in apes and men , but only men , or more generally Hominans , depend on tool use for survival . The key anatomical and behavioral features required for tool manufacture , which are possessed only by Hominans , are the larger thumb and the ability to hold by means of an assortment of grips . Food and drink ( edit ) Main articles : Paleolithic diet and Paleolithic diet and nutrition Food sources of the Palaeolithic hunter - gatherers were wild plants and animals harvested from the environment . They liked animal organ meats , including the livers , kidneys and brains . Large seeded legumes were part of the human diet long before the agricultural revolution , as is evident from archaeobotanical finds from the Mousterian layers of Kebara Cave , in Israel . Moreover , recent evidence indicates that humans processed and consumed wild cereal grains as far back as 23,000 years ago in the Upper Paleolithic . Near the end of the Wisconsin glaciation , 15,000 to 9,000 years ago , mass extinction of Megafauna such as the Wooly mammoth occurred in Asia , Europe , North America and Australia . This was the first Holocene extinction event . It possibly forced modification in the dietary habits of the humans of that age and with the emergence of agricultural practices , plant - based foods also became a regular part of the diet . A number of factors have been suggested for the extinction : certainly over-hunting , but also deforestation and climate change . The net effect was to fragment the vast ranges required by the large animals and extinguish them piecemeal in each fragment . Shelter and habitat ( edit ) Around 2 million years ago , Homo habilis is believed to have constructed the first man - made structure in East Africa , consisting of simple arrangements of stones to hold branches of trees in position . A similar stone circular arrangement believed to be around 380,000 years old was discovered at Terra Amata , near Nice , France . ( Concerns about the dating have been raised , see Terra Amata ) . Several human habitats dating back to the Stone Age have been discovered around the globe , including : A tent - like structure inside a cave near the Grotte du Lazaret , Nice , France . A structure with a roof supported with timber , discovered in Dolni Vestonice , the Czech Republic , dates to around 23,000 BCE . The walls were made of packed clay blocks and stones . Many huts made of mammoth bones were found in Eastern Europe and Siberia . The people who made these huts were expert mammoth hunters . Examples have been found along the Dniepr river valley of Ukraine , including near Chernihiv , in Moravia , Czech Republic and in southern Poland . An animal hide tent dated to around 15000 to 10000 BCE , in the Magdalenian , was discovered at Plateau Parain , France . Art ( edit ) Prehistoric art is visible in the artifacts . Prehistoric music is inferred from found instruments , while parietal art can be found on rocks of any kind . The latter are petroglyphs and rock paintings . The art may or may not have had a religious function . Petroglyphs ( edit ) Main article : Petroglyph Petroglyphs appeared in the Neolithic . A Petroglyph is an intaglio abstract or symbolic image engraved on natural stone by various methods , usually by prehistoric peoples . They were a dominant form of pre-writing symbols . Petroglyphs have been discovered in different parts of the world , including Asia ( Bhimbetka , India ) , North America ( Death Valley National Park ) , South America ( Cumbe Mayo , Peru ) , and Europe ( Finnmark , Norway ) . Rock paintings ( edit ) Rock painting at Bhimbetka , India , a World heritage site Main article : Cave painting In paleolithic times , mostly animals were painted , in theory ones that were used as food or represented strength , such as the rhinoceros or large cats ( as in the Chauvet Cave ) . Signs such as dots were sometimes drawn . Rare human representations include handprints and half - human / half - animal figures . The Cave of Chauvet in the Ardèche département , France , contains the most important cave paintings of the paleolithic era , dating from about 36,000 BCE . The Altamira cave paintings in Spain were done 14,000 to 12,000 BCE and show , among others , bisons . The hall of bulls in Lascaux , Dordogne , France , dates from about 15,000 to 10,000 BCE . The meaning of many of these paintings remains unknown . They may have been used for seasonal rituals . The animals are accompanied by signs that suggest a possible magic use . Arrow - like symbols in Lascaux are sometimes interpreted as calendar or almanac use , but the evidence remains interpretative . Some scenes of the Mesolithic , however , can be typed and therefore , judging from their various modifications , are fairly clear . One of these is the battle scene between organized bands of archers . For example , `` the marching Warriors '' , a rock painting at Cingle de la Mola , Castellón in Spain , dated to about 7,000 -- 4,000 BCE , depicts about 50 bowmen in two groups marching or running in step toward each other , each man carrying a bow in one hand and a fistful of arrows in the other . A file of five men leads one band , one of whom is a figure with a `` high crowned hat '' . In other scenes elsewhere , the men wear head - dresses and knee ornaments but otherwise fight nude . Some scenes depict the dead and wounded , bristling with arrows . One is reminded of Ötzi the Iceman , a Copper Age mummy revealed by an Alpine melting glacier , who collapsed from loss of blood due to an arrow wound in the back . Stone Age rituals and beliefs ( edit ) Main articles : Paleolithic religion , Prehistoric religion , and Mother goddess Poulnabrone dolmen in County Clare , Ireland Monte Bubbonia dolmen ( single - chambered tomb ) , Sicily Modern studies and the in - depth analysis of finds dating from the Stone Age indicate certain rituals and beliefs of the people in those prehistoric times . It is now believed that activities of the Stone Age humans went beyond the immediate requirements of procuring food , body coverings , and shelters . Specific rites relating to death and burial were practiced , though certainly differing in style and execution between cultures . Megalithic tombs , multichambered , and dolmens , single - chambered , were graves with a huge stone slab stacked over other similarly large stone slabs ; they have been discovered all across Europe and Asia and were built in the Neolithic and the Bronze Age . Modern popular culture ( edit ) Imaginative depiction of the Stone Age , by Viktor Vasnetsov The image of the caveman is commonly associated with the Stone Age . For example , a 2003 documentary series showing the evolution of humans through the Stone Age was called Walking with Cavemen , but only the last programme showed humans living in caves . While the idea that human beings and dinosaurs coexisted is sometimes portrayed in popular culture in cartoons , films and computer games , such as The Flintstones , One Million Years B.C. and Chuck Rock , the notion of hominids and non-avian dinosaurs co-existing is not supported by any scientific evidence . Other depictions of the Stone Age include the best - selling Earth 's Children series of books by Jean M. Auel , which are set in the Paleolithic and are loosely based on archaeological and anthropological findings . The 1981 film Quest for Fire by Jean - Jacques Annaud tells the story of a group of early homo sapiens searching for their lost fire . A 21st - century series , Chronicles of Ancient Darkness by Michelle Paver tells of two New Stone Age children fighting to fulfil a prophecy and save their clan . See also ( edit ) Homo Ice Age Life timeline List of Stone Age art Megalith Nature timeline Pleistocene Prehistoric warfare Timeline of the Stone Age Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : https://web.archive.org/web/20100818123718/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/about-us/news/2010/august/oldest-tool-use-and-meat-eating-revealed75831.html Jump up ^ Ko , Kwang Hyun ( 2016 ) . `` Origins of human intelligence : The chain of tool - making and brain evolution '' ( PDF ) . Anthropological Notebooks. 22 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Barham & Mitchell 2008 , p. 106 Jump up ^ Barham & Mitchell 2008 , p. 147 Jump up ^ BBC News , 21 / 05 / 2015 : Oldest stone tools pre-date earliest humans ^ Jump up to : Harmand , Sonia ; et al. ( 21 May 2015 ) . `` 3.3 - million - year - old stone tools from Lomekwi 3 , West Turkana , Kenya '' . Nature . 521 : 310 -- 315 . PMID 25993961 . doi : 10.1038 / nature14464 . Jump up ^ Rogers & Semaw 2009 , pp. 162 -- 163 Jump up ^ Rogers & Semaw 2009 , p. 155 Jump up ^ As to whether aethiopicus is the genus Australopithecus or the genus Paranthropus , broken out to include the more robust forms , anthropological opinion is divided and both usages occur in the professional sources . Jump up ^ Rogers & Semaw 2009 , p. 164 Jump up ^ `` Neolithic Vinca was a metallurgical culture '' . Archaeo News . Reuters. 17 November 2007 . Retrieved 25 January 2011 . Jump up ^ S.J.S. Cookey ( 1980 ) . `` An Ethnohistorical Reconstruction of Traditional Igbo Society '' . In Swartz , B.K. ; Dumett , Raymond E. West African Culture Dynamics : Archaeological and Historical Perspectives . Mouton de Gruyter . p. 329 . ISBN 978 - 9027979209 . Retrieved 3 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Easby , Dudley T. ( April 1965 ) . `` Pre-Hispanic Metallurgy and Metalworking in the New World '' . Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society . 109 ( 2 ) : 89 -- 98 . Jump up ^ `` ASA Statement on the use of ' primitive ' as a descriptor of contemporary human groups '' . ASA News . Association of Social Anthropologists of the UK and Commonwealth . 27 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Clark 1970 , p. 22 Jump up ^ Clark 1970 , pp. 18 -- 19 Jump up ^ Deacon & Deacon 1999 , pp. 5 -- 6 Jump up ^ Isaac , Glynn ( 1982 ) . `` The Earliest Archaeological Traces '' . In Clark , J. Desmond . The Cambridge History of Africa . Volume . I : From the Earliest Times to C. 500 BC . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 246 . Jump up ^ Willoughby , Pamela R. ( 2007 ) . The evolution of modern humans in Africa : a comprehensive guide . Lanham , Maryland : AltaMira Press . p. 54 . Jump up ^ Barham & Mitchell 2008 , p. 477 Jump up ^ `` History : Systematic Investigation of the African Later Tertiary and Quaternary '' . The Wenner - Gren Foundation . Retrieved 3 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Worsaae , Jens Jacob Asmussen '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . ^ Jump up to : Toth , Nicholas ; Schick , Kathy ( 2007 ) . `` 21 Overview of Paleolithic Archaeology '' . In Henke , H.C. Winfried ; Hardt , Thorolf ; Tattersall , Ian . Handbook of Paleoanthropology . Volume . 3 . Berlin ; Heidelberg ; New York : Springer - Verlag . p. 1944 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 32474 - 4 Jump up ^ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/439507/Paleolithic-Period Jump up ^ Barham & Mitchell 2008 , p. 130 . 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Nature . doi : 10.1038 / news. 2009.878 . Jump up ^ Giovanni Muttoni ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` Pleistocene magnetochronology of early hominid sites at Ceprano and Fontana Ranuccio , Italy '' ( PDF ) . Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 286 : 255 -- 268 . Bibcode : 2009E&PSL. 286 ... 255M . doi : 10.1016 / j. epsl. 2009.06. 032 . Jump up ^ Bowler , J.M. ; Johnston , H. ; Olley , J.M. ; Prescott , J.R. ; Roberts , R.G. ; Shawcross , W. ; Spooner , N.A. ( 2003 ) . `` New ages for human occupation and climatic change at Lake Mungo , Australia '' . Nature . 421 ( 6925 ) : 837 . Bibcode : 2003Natur. 421 ... 837B . PMID 12594511 . doi : 10.1038 / nature01383 . Jump up ^ Olley , J.M. ; Roberts , R.G. ; Yoshida , H. ; Bowler , J.M. ( 2006 ) . `` Single - grain optical dating of grave - infill associated with human burials at Lake Mungo , Australia '' . Quaternary Science Reviews . 25 ( 19 -- 20 ) : 2469 . Bibcode : 2006QSRv ... 25.2469 O . doi : 10.1016 / j. quascirev. 2005.07. 022 . Jump up ^ Kuijt , Ian ( 2000 ) . `` Chapter 13 : Near Eastern Neolithic Research : Directions and Trends '' . In Kuijt , Ian . Life in Neolithic Farming Communities : Social Organization , Identity , and differentiation . Fundamental Issues in Archaeology . New York : Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers . p. 317 Jump up ^ Boehm , Christopher ( 2000 ) . `` The Origin of Morality as Social Control '' . In Katz , Leonard D. Evolutionary Origins of Morality : Cross-disciplinary Perspectives . Journal of Consciousness Studies Volume 7 . Thorverton : Imprint Academic . p. 158 . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 5612 - 8 Jump up ^ Guthrie , Russell Dale ( 2005 ) . The Nature of Paleolithic Art . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . pp. 419 -- 420 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 31126 - 5 . Jump up ^ Clark , J. Desmond ( 1982 ) . `` The Culture of the Middle Paleolithic / MIddle Stone Age '' . In Clark , J. Desmond . The Cambridge History of Africa . Volume . I : From the Earliest Times to C. 500 BC . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 248 . Jump up ^ McBrearty and Brooks 2000 Jump up ^ Biological origins of modern humans Jump up ^ McDougall et al. 2005 Jump up ^ White et al. 2003 Jump up ^ Barham & Mitchell 2008 , p. 74 Jump up ^ Barham & Mitchell 2008 , p. 108 Jump up ^ Efraim Lev ; Mordechai E. Kislev ; Ofer Bar - Yosef ( March 2005 ) . `` Mousterian vegetal food in Kebara Cave , Mt . Carmel '' . Journal of Archaeological Science . 32 ( 3 ) : 475 -- 484 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jas. 2004.11. 006 . Jump up ^ Dolores R. Piperno ; Ehud Weiss ; Irene Holst ; Dani Nadel ( 5 August 2004 ) . `` Processing of wild cereal grains in the Upper Palaeolithic revealed by starch grain analysis '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 430 ( 7000 ) : 670 -- 3 . PMID 15295598 . doi : 10.1038 / nature02734 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Turvey , Samuel T. ( 2009 ) . `` Chapter 2 : In the shadow of the megafauna : prehistoric mammal and bird extinctions across the Holocene '' . In Turvey , Samuel T. Holocene Extinctions . Oxford Biology . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 16 -- 17 Jump up ^ Ranger , Terence O. ; Kimambo , Isaria N. ( 1976 ) . The Historical Study of African Religion . University of California Press . p. 30 . ISBN 9780520031791 . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Anita Quiles , Hélène Valladas , Hervé Bocherens , Emmanuelle Delqué - Kolic , Evelyne Kaltnecker , Johannes van der Plicht , Jean - Jacques Delannoy , Valérie Feruglio , Carole Fritz , Julien Monney , Michel Philippe , Gilles Tosello , Jean Clottes , and Jean - Michel Geneste `` A high - precision chronological model for the decorated Upper Paleolithic cave of Chauvet - Pont d'Arc , Ardèche , France '' PNAS 2016 113 ( 17 ) 4670 - 4675 ; published ahead of print April 11 , 2016 , doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1523158113 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Netburn , Deborah ( December 2016 ) . `` Chauvet cave : The most accurate timeline yet of who used the cave and when '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Aczel , Amir D. ( 2000 ) . The Cave and the Cathedral : How a Real - Life Indiana Jones and a Research Scholar Decoded the Ancient Art of Man . Hoboken : John Wiley & Sons Inc . pp. 157 -- 158 . Jump up ^ Martínez , Antonio Beltrán ( 1982 ) ( 1979 ) . Rock art of the Spanish Levant . The Imprint of Man . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 48 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Salvatore Piccolo , Ancient Stones ... , op . cit . References ( edit ) Barham , Lawrence ; Mitchell , Peter ( 2008 ) . The First Africans : African Archaeology from the Earliest Toolmakers to Most Recent Foragers . Cambridge World Archaeology . Oxford : Oxford University Press . Belmaker , Miriam ( March 2006 ) . Community Structure through Time : ' Ubeidiya , a Lower Pleistocene Site as a Case Study ( Thesis ) ( PDF ) . Paleoanthropology Society . Clark , J. Desmond ( 1970 ) . The Prehistory of Africa . Ancient People and Places , Volume 72 . New York ; Washington : Praeger Publishers . Deacon , Hilary John ; Deacon , Janette ( 1999 ) . Human beginnings in South Africa : uncovering the secrets of the Stone Age . Walnut Creek , California ( u.a. ) : Altamira Press . Piccolo , Salvatore ( 2013 ) . Ancient Stones : The Prehistoric Dolmens of Sicily . Thornham / Norfolk ( UK ) : Brazen Head Publishing . Rogers , Michael J. ; Semaw , Sileshi ( 2009 ) . `` From Nothing to Something : The Appearance and Context of the Earliest Archaeological Record '' . In Camps i Calbet , Marta ; Chauhan , Parth R. Sourcebook of paleolithic transitions : methods , theories , and interpretations . New York : Springer . Schick , Kathy D. ; Toth , Nicholas ( 1993 ) . Making Silent Stones Speak : Human Evolution and the Dawn of Technology . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 69371 - 9 . Shea , John J. ( 2010 ) . `` Stone Age Visiting Cards Revisited : a Strategic Perspective on the Lithic Technology of Early Hominin Dispersal '' . In Fleagle , John G. ; Shea , John J. ; Grine , Frederick E. ; Boden , Andrea L. ; Leakey , Richard E , . Out of Africa I : the First Hominin Colonization of Eurasia . Dordrecht ; Heidelberg ; London ; New York : Springer . pp. 47 -- 64 . Further reading ( edit ) Scarre , Christopher ( ed . ) ( 1988 ) . Past Worlds : The Times Atlas of Archaeology . London : Times Books . ISBN 0 - 7230 - 0306 - 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stone Age . Wikisource has the text of the 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article Stone Age . Giusepi , Robert A. ( 2000 ) . `` The Stone Age '' . History World International . Retrieved 22 February 2011 . Kowalski , D.R. `` Stone Age Hand - axes '' . AerobiologicalEngineering.com . Retrieved 22 February 2011 . Kowalski , D.R. `` Stone Age Habitats '' . AerobiologicalEngineering.com . Retrieved 22 February 2011 . `` PanAfrican Archaeological Association '' . Retrieved 28 February 2011 . `` Society of Africanist Archaeologists '' . Retrieved 3 March 2011 . `` The ASA '' . Association of Social Anthropologists of the UK and Commonwealth . Human Timeline ( Interactive ) -- Smithsonian , National Museum of Natural History ( August 2016 ) . Three - age system Stone Age Prehistoric technology Stone tool Flint tool Paleolithic Lower Paleolithic Middle Paleolithic Upper Paleolithic Mesolithic Neolithic Japanese Paleolithic Paleolithic Europe Middle Stone Age Later Stone Age Epipaleolithic Pre-Pottery Neolithic Pre-Pottery Neolithic A Pre-Pottery Neolithic B Neolithic Revolution List of Neolithic cultures of China Nordic Stone Age Neolithic British Isles South Asian Stone Age Stone - Age Poland Recent African origin of modern humans Bronze Age Chalcolithic Bronze Atlantic Bronze Age Nordic Bronze Age Bronze Age in Romania Bronze Age collapse Iron Age History of ferrous metallurgy Iron meteorite Metallurgy British Iron Age Pre-Roman Iron Age Roman Iron Age Germanic Iron Age Iron Age Scandinavia Iron Age India Iron Age China Tsebelda culture List of archaeological periods List of time periods ( hide ) Prehistoric technology Prehistory timeline outline Stone Age subdivisions New Stone Age synoptic table Technology history Tools Farming Neolithic Revolution founder crops New World crops Ard / plough Celt Digging stick Domestication Goad Irrigation Secondary products Sickle Terracing Food processing Fire Basket Cooking Earth oven Granaries Grinding slab Ground stone Hearth Aşıklı Höyük Qesem Cave Manos Metate Mortar and pestle Pottery Quern - stone Storage pit Hunting Arrow Boomerang throwing stick Bow and arrow history Nets Spear Spear - thrower baton harpoon woomera Schöningen Spears Projectile points Arrowhead Bare Island Cascade Clovis Cresswell Cumberland Eden Folsom Lamoka Manis Site Plano Transverse arrowhead Systems Game drive system Buffalo jump Toolmaking Earliest toolmaking Oldowan Acheulean Mousterian Clovis culture Cupstone Fire hardening Gravettian culture Hafting Hand axe Grooves Langdale axe industry Levallois technique Lithic core Lithic reduction analysis debitage flake Lithic technology Magdalenian culture Metallurgy Microblade technology Mining Prepared - core technique Solutrean industry Striking platform Tool stone Uniface Yubetsu technique Other tools Adze Awl bone Axe Bannerstone Blade prismatic Bone tool Bow drill Burin Canoe Oar Pesse canoe Chopper tool Cleaver Denticulate tool Fire plough Fire - saw Hammerstone Knife Microlith Quern - stone Racloir Rope Scraper side Stone tool Tally stick Weapons Wheel illustration Architecture Ceremonial Göbekli Tepe Kiva Standing stones megalith row Stonehenge Pyramid Dwellings Neolithic architecture British megalith architecture Nordic megalith architecture Burdei Cave Cliff dwelling Dugout Hut Quiggly hole Jacal Longhouse Mud brick Mehrgarh Neolithic long house Pit - house Pueblitos Pueblo Rock shelter Blombos Cave Abri de la Madeleine Sibudu Cave Stone roof Roundhouse Stilt house Alp pile dwellings Wattle and daub Water management Check dam Cistern Flush toilet Reservoir Water well Other architecture Archaeological features Broch Burnt mound fulacht fiadh Causewayed enclosure Tor enclosure Circular enclosure Goseck Cursus Henge Thornborough Oldest buildings Megalithic architectural elements Midden Timber circle Timber trackway Sweet Track Arts and culture Material goods Baskets Beadwork Beds Chalcolithic Clothing / textiles timeline Cosmetics Glue Hides shoes Ötzi Jewelry amber use Mirrors Pottery Cardium Grooved ware Linear Jōmon Unstan ware Sewing needle Weaving Wine Winery wine press Prehist Art Art of the Upper Paleolithic Art of the Middle Paleolithic Blombos Cave List of Stone Age art Bird stone Bradshaw rock paintings Cairn Carved Stone Balls Cave paintings painting pigment Cup and ring mark Geoglyph Golden hats Guardian stones Megalithic art Petroform Petroglyph Petrosomatoglyph Pictogram Rock art Stone carving Sculpture Statue menhir Stone circle list British Isles and Brittany Venus figurines Burial Burial mounds Bowl barrow Round barrow Mound Builders culture U.S. sites Chamber tomb Severn - Cotswold Cist Dartmoor kistvaens Clava cairn Court tomb Cremation Dolmen Great dolmen Funeral pyre Gallery grave transepted wedge - shaped Grave goods Jar burial Long barrow unchambered Grønsalen Megalithic tomb Mummy Passage grave Rectangular dolmen Ring cairn Simple dolmen Stone box grave Tor cairn Tumulus Unchambered long cairn Other cultural Astronomy sites lunar calendar Behavioral modernity Origin of language Prehistoric medicine trepanning Evolutionary musicology music archaeology Prehistoric music Alligator drum flutes Divje Babe flute gudi Prehistoric numerals Origin of religion Paleolithic religion Prehistoric religion Spiritual drug use Prehistoric warfare Symbols symbolism GND : 4057226 - 2 NDL : 00570630 Anthropology portal Archaeology portal Science portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stone_Age&oldid=803702043 '' Categories : Stone Age Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats Use dmy dates from July 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Tools Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - 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About Wikipedia | the age in which early humans made tools is called the | [
"Stone Age artifacts include tools used by modern humans and by their predecessor species in the genus Homo, and possibly by the earlier partly contemporaneous genera Australopithecus and Paranthropus. Bone tools were used during this period as well but are rarely preserved in the archaeological record. The Stone Age is further subdivided by the types of stone tools in use."
] | [
"The Stone Age"
] |
-1837586892858457601 | Middle-earth: Shadow of War | Middle - earth : Shadow of War - Wikipedia Middle - earth : Shadow of War Jump to : navigation , search Middle - earth : Shadow of War Developer ( s ) Monolith Productions Publisher ( s ) Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment Director ( s ) Mike de Plater Producer ( s ) Michael Aigner Programmer ( s ) Matthew Rice Artist ( s ) Phillip Straub Writer ( s ) Tony Elias Composer ( s ) Garry Schyman Nathan Grigg Engine Firebird Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows PlayStation 4 Xbox One Release WW : October 10 , 2017 Genre ( s ) Action role - playing Mode ( s ) Single - player , multiplayer Middle - earth : Shadow of War is an action role - playing video game developed by Monolith Productions and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment . It is the sequel to 2014 's Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor , and was released worldwide for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , and Xbox One on October 10 , 2017 . Shadow of War continues the previous game 's narrative , which is based on J.R.R. Tolkien 's legendarium and set between the events of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings . Like its predecessor , the game also takes heavy inspiration from director Peter Jackson 's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings film adaptations . The player continues the story of the ranger Talion and the spirit of the elf lord Celebrimbor , who shares Talion 's body , as they forge a new Ring of Power to amass an army to fight against Sauron . The game builds upon the `` Nemesis System '' introduced in Shadow of Mordor , allowing Talion to gain followers from several races of Middle - earth , including Uruks and Ologs , and plan out complex strategies using these to complete missions . Shadow of War had a generally positive reaction from critics , albeit more mixed than its predecessor ; praise was aimed towards the gameplay and an improved nemesis system , although story elements and changes made to established characters received some negative reactions , as well as the inclusion of microtransactions and loot boxes . A free - to - play companion game for iOS and Android devices was also released . In April 2018 , Warner Bros ' Interactive Entertainment announced that all microtransactions would be removed from Shadow of War by July 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 1.1 Mobile versions 2 Plot 2.1 Blade of Galadriel 3 Development 3.1 Death of Michael Forgey 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Gameplay ( edit ) See also : Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor § Gameplay Middle - earth : Shadow of War is an action role - playing game set in an open world environment and played from a third - person perspective , following from its predecessor . The player controls the game 's protagonist Talion , who has several natural athletic and combat abilities as a ranger of Gondor , but also has unique abilities provided by the spirit of the elf lord Celebrimbor , with whom he shares his body . The player uses their combined abilities to complete various missions , typically aimed to disrupt the armies of Sauron . The game includes main quests that drive the game 's narrative , and numerous optional quests that can help the player boost Talion 's abilities and Followers via the game 's `` Nemesis System '' . In contrast to the previous game , which was more of a hack and slash , the game has an action role - playing approach , creating a more personalized experience for each player . It also features a dynamic weather system as well as day - night cycle which affects the gameplay and enemy behavior . The Nemesis System expands upon its introduction in Shadow of Mordor to apply to a larger part of the world , including other characters called Followers that have behavior guided by how the player - character has interacted with them . The player is able to transfer their top Nemesis and their most loyal follower from Shadow of Mordor into Shadow of War . It also includes an in - game store from which the player can purchase elements to improve their Followers , such as purchasing support of new allies or abilities , or loot chests that contain randomized items of various rarity . The in - game store can use currency earned in game , though the player may also purchase such elements with microtransactions . The inclusion of microtransactions in a full - price single - player game has been criticized by game journalists , although later on , it was announced that the game would have multiplayer mode as well . The game 's multiplayer features a `` Social Conquest mode '' , in which players are able to invade other players ' fortresses and attempt to conquer them . This mode has two settings : friendly and ranked . Friendly allows the player to invade someone 's fortress , without the risk of losing your army . Ranked , on the other hand , allows the player to invade , but with a risk of losing some of their Orc Followers permanently . Mobile versions ( edit ) The mobile companion versions of Shadow of War are played as a real - time strategy role - playing game from a top - down perspective , where players can recruit characters from not only the console / PC versions of the game itself , but also characters from its 2014 predecessor Shadow of Mordor and even The Lord of the Rings film trilogy to fight Sauron 's forces in small - scale , action - packed battles . Like the console / PC versions of the game , players can make use of the Nemesis system to gain extra advantages in battle , as well as make optional in - game purchases . Plot ( edit ) Shadow of War continues the narrative from Shadow of Mordor , following Talion who is still infused with the spirit of the elf lord Celebrimbor . Talion and Celebrimbor travel to Mt . Doom , where they forge a new Ring of Power free of Sauron 's corruption . However , once the Ring is complete , Celebrimbor is abducted and held hostage by Shelob , who asks Talion to hand over the Ring in exchange for Celebrimbor . Talion reluctantly agrees and gives the Ring to Shelob , who claims they have a common enemy in Sauron . She uses the Ring to see into the future and directs Talion to the last Gondorian stronghold in Mordor , Minas Ithil , which is under siege by Sauron 's forces due to the city 's possession of a valuable Palantir . The Palantir would allow whoever possesses it to see anything they wish , making it a valuable tool for Celebrimbor and a dangerous weapon for Sauron . Talion travels to Minas Ithil and quickly comes to odds with Celebrimbor . Talion wants to help his fellow Gondorians , while Celebrimbor believes the city is already lost and the retrieval of the Palantir must take priority . Talion reasons that protecting Minas Ithil will also protect the Palantir and he meets up with the city 's defenders : General Castamir , his daughter Idril , and his lieutenant Baranor . Together , they sabotage Orcish efforts to break into the city until Castamir betrays them , allowing the Orcs to breach the gates and handing over the Palantir to the Witch King of Angmar in return for sparing Idril . Castamir is killed by the Witch King and Talion is barely able to escape thanks to the help of Eltariel , an Elven assassin working on Galadriel 's behalf . The Witch King seizes Minas Ithil , renaming it Minas Morgul . With the Palantir , Sauron realizes that Shelob is holding Celebrimbor 's Ring and sends the Nazgûl to attack her . Talion is able to save Shelob , who returns the Ring to him and tells him that the fate of Middle - earth is in his hands . With the Ring back in his possession , Talion begins to use its power to dominate Orcs and build his army . During this time , he assists Idril and Baranor in rescuing Gondorian survivors , helps Carnan defeat the Balrog Tar Goroth and the necromancer Zog , is betrayed by one of his followers , and hunts the Nazgûl alongside Eltariel . Eventually , Talion builds up enough strength to assault Sauron 's fortress directly . During the battle , Talion faces Isildur , now corrupted into a Nazgûl . Talion manages to defeat Isildur , but upon seeing his memories of how he was corrupted by the One Ring , decides to destroy Isildur and release his spirit rather than dominate him . Celebrimbor remarks angrily that Isildur would have been a valuable asset to their cause , leading Talion to realize that Celebrimbor wishes to replace Sauron by dominating him rather than destroying him . Talion refuses to follow Celebrimbor 's orders any more , causing the wraith to abandon him and possess Eltariel instead . Without Celebrimbor or the ring , Talion begins to die , but is visited by Shelob in a vision . Shelob informs him that if Talion had gone on to fight Sauron , they would have succeeded and Celebrimbor would have enslaved Sauron and marched on the rest of Middle - earth . She implores Talion to continue to fight to contain the darkness within Mordor . Deciding to put his fate in his own hands , Talion picks up the Ring of Power Isildur was wearing to preserve his own life . He then uses the power of Isildur 's Ring to assault and seize Minas Morgul , defeating the Witch King in the process . Talion then takes possession of the Palantir and observes Celebrimbor and Eltariel making their assault on Sauron . The two manage to gain the upper hand and Celebrimbor attempts to dominate Sauron , only for Sauron to cut off two of Eltariel 's fingers , one of which is adorned with the Ring of Power , and merge himself with Celebrimbor . As a result , Sauron and Celebrimbor remain trapped in Sauron 's tower in the form of a flaming eye as their spirits continue to battle for dominance . Talion decides to use Minas Morgul as a fortress to keep Sauron 's forces contained in Mordor . Decades later , Talion succumbs to the corruption of Isildur 's Ring , and joins Sauron 's forces as a Nazgûl , where he goes with the others to hunt Frodo and the One Ring . However , with the destruction of Sauron and the One Ring , Talion dies with the rest of the Nazgûl and his spirit is freed . He is last seen in the afterlife discarding his weapons and armor as he walks off into the sunrise . Blade of Galadriel ( edit ) Following the final battle between Celebrimbor and Sauron , Eltariel recovers Celebrimbor 's Ring , and receives orders from Galadriel to continue hunting the remaining Nazgûl , including Talion . Eltariel reluctantly confronts Talion , who manages to convince her that by working together , they can keep Sauron 's influence contained within Mordor . However , he informs her that a new warchief is leading a massive army and has attacked many of his fortresses . Talion tasks Eltariel with defending one of his remaining forts while he goes to defend another fort in Seregost . Eltarial manages to recruit several new tribes of orcs to fight for her and she successfully defends her fort from enemy attack , though Seregost falls . A pair of rogue Nazgûl arrive , revealing they are the ones leading the new orc army as they plan to take advantage of Sauron and the Witch - King 's weakness to take over Middle - earth . After rendering Seregost uninhabitable with poison gas , Eltariel and Talion pursue the Nazgûl twins to their stronghold , where Eltariel is able to defeat both of them . Despite their defeat , Talion begins to succumb to the temptation of Isildur 's Ring , forcing Eltariel to battle him . Though Eltariel is victorious , Talion tells her that he will inevitably be resurrected by Sauron . Afterwards , Eltariel continues to battle the forces of Mordor until she witnesses the destruction of the One Ring . Upon seeing Celebrimbor 's spirit freed from Sauron , Eltariel decides to go track him down . Development ( edit ) Creative Director Michael de Plater said that the development of Shadow of Mordor was a learning study for Monolith in how to make open world games , and the development team limited themselves in the scope of what they could deliver for that game . With those lessons learned , de Plater said that Monolith was able to take a bolder step forward for Shadow of War , saying `` ( t ) his was our ambition to do the big , blockbuster version of the ideas we 'd begun to explore in the first game . It 's kind of our Terminator 2 to Terminator . '' Monolith wanted to move the game from the more solitary player experience to one that captured the epic battles shown in The Lord of the Rings films . They created battle systems that enable large - scale battles where parts of the battle would be managed by the various Followers that the player has recruited , thus allowing the player to still focus on the violence and brutality of close - quarter combat . Recognizing the violence inherent with the Middle - earth setting , Monolith aimed to include light humorous elements that play off the thirst for violence that the orcs have , so that the game would not `` wallow in it , or feel sadistic '' . The console / PC versions were later confirmed to be rated Mature by the ESRB , like their predecessor , although the mobile versions are less violent and were given the milder Teen rating . Death of Michael Forgey ( edit ) On March 3 , 2016 , Monolith 's Executive Producer , Michael David Forgey , died of cancer . To commemorate the loss of Shadow of War 's Executive Producer , Monolith and Warner Bros announced a DLC named `` Forthog Orc - Slayer '' . Originally selling for $5 , Warner Brothers promised to donate $3.50 of the proceeds from each sale of the DLC made from any of the majority of the U.S. states to the Forgey family through December 31 , 2019 . Warner Brothers was criticized for attempting to cash in on Michael Forgey 's death even though the $1.50 difference was simply the 30 % cut steam takes from all sales . Following public backlash , on September 27 , 2017 , the DLC was made free to all who purchased the game and all proceeds were refunded to those who purchased it beforehand , in favor of Warner Bros making a lump sum donation to the Forgey family . Release ( edit ) Shadow of War was released for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , and Xbox One . The Play Anywhere feature extends to Microsoft 's premium console , the Xbox One X . The title was originally scheduled to be released in August 2017 , but in June of that year , Warner Bros. Interactive announced that the release would be put off for two months , until October 10 , 2017 , to make sure the game meets `` the highest quality experience '' for players . Despite this delay , the mobile companion versions of Shadow of War were released on September 28 , 2017 , ahead of the console / PC versions . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Reception Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic ( PC ) 77 / 100 ( PS4 ) 80 / 100 ( XONE ) 81 / 100 Review scores Publication Score Destructoid 7 / 10 EGM 8 / 10 Game Informer 9.5 / 10 GameSpot 7 / 10 GamesRadar+ Giant Bomb IGN 9 / 10 PC Gamer ( US ) 73 / 100 Polygon 7.5 / 10 VideoGamer.com 8 / 10 This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2017 ) Middle - earth : Shadow of War received `` generally favorable '' reviews from critics , according to review aggregator Metacritic . IGN gave a positive review stating that the game was `` bigger and more ambitious in scope than Shadow of Mordor , with great results '' especially praising the nemesis system , the battles and the multiplayer . However , GameSpot gave a more critical review , `` It tries to be larger than its predecessor , there are more abilities , more weapons , more Orcs , yet it leaves you wanting less . '' It specifically criticized `` the storefront and the menus and loot system '' but summed up `` at its core , it 's a fun experience with brilliant moments '' . Another unfavorable review came from The Independent , publishing a review titled `` A Disappointing Sequel '' . Critic Jack Shepherd criticized the uninvolving story , stating that `` by the end , you only care about rival Orcs and not the story . A shame considering the Lord of the Rings has , and remains , one of the greatest tales ever told . '' Entertainment Weekly ranked the game eighth on their list of the `` Best Games of 2017 '' , and GamesRadar+ ranked it 18th on their list of the 25 Best Games of 2017 , while EGMNow ranked it 15th on their list of the 25 Best Games of 2017 . The game won the award for `` Best Action Game '' in IGN 's Best of 2017 Awards , whereas its other nominations were for `` Best PC Game '' and `` Best Xbox One Game '' . It was also nominated for `` Best Action Game '' and `` Best Open World Game '' in PC Gamer 's 2017 Game of the Year Awards . It won the award for `` Best Combat '' in Game Informer 's 2017 Action Game of the Year Awards . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Result Ref . 2017 E3 2017 Best of Show Nominated Best Console Game Nominated Best PC Game Nominated Best Action / Adventure Game Nominated Gamescom 2017 Best Console Game ( Xbox One ) Won 2018 21st Annual D.I.C.E. Awards Role - Playing Game of the Year Nominated National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards Animation , Technical Nominated Art Direction , Fantasy Nominated Character Design Nominated Control Design , 3D Nominated Game , Franchise Role Playing Nominated Use of Sound , Franchise Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Shadow of War highlights the strengths and weaknesses of PS4 Pro '' . eurogamer.net . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Minotti , Mike . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of War shines the Eye of Sauron on iOS and Android '' . VentureBeat . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , Luke . `` Six Months After Release , Shadow Of War Removes Microtransactions '' . Kotaku . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow Of War Confirmed , Watch The Epic Announcement Trailer '' . GameSpot . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McWhertor , Michael ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` Shadow of Mordor update lets players export their nemesis to sequel '' . Polygon . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Prescott , Shaun ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of War will have microtransactions tied to its Nemesis system '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Alice ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of War details microtransactions '' . Rock , Paper , Shotgun . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schreier , Jason ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of War lets you pay real money for better gear '' . Kotaku . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sterling , Jim ( August 14 , 2017 ) . Shadow of More Dollars ( The Jimquisition ) ( YouTube ) . Jump up ^ `` Middle - earth : Shadow of War Mobile trailer '' . YouTube . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gordon , Scott Adam . `` Middle - Earth : Shadow of War coming to Android September 28 '' . Android Authority . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Webster , Andrew ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of War wants to capture the ' epic scale ' of Lord of the Rings '' . The Verge . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Middle - Earth : Shadow of War Gets Rated By The ESRB '' . JustPushStart . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shadow of War mobile versions web page '' . Shadow of War Official Website . Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment . Jump up ^ `` Forthog Orc - Slayer DLC Upate '' . 2017 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Chalk , Andy ( 2017 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Shadow of War DLC character will raise funds for family of producer who died of cancer '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Alexandra , Heather . `` Shadow Of War Producer Memorialized In DLC '' . Kotaku . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ Scullion , Chris ( 2017 - 09 - 07 ) . `` Shadow of War 's tribute has fine print , and fans deserve to know where their money is going '' . Polygon . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Shadow of War ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) , Shadow of War : Forthog Orc - Slayer Trailer , retrieved 2017 - 09 - 30 Jump up ^ Orry , James ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of War confirmed for Project Scorpio '' . videogamer.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of War release date delayed '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Middle - earth : Shadow of War for PC Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Middle - earth : Shadow of War for PlayStation 4 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Middle - earth : Shadow of War for Xbox One Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carter , Chris ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Review : Middle - earth : Shadow of War '' . Destructoid . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Plessas , Nick ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of War review '' . EGMNow . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Matt ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` A Sandbox For Predators - Middle - earth : Shadow of War - PlayStation 4 '' . Game Informer . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Haywald , Justin ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of War Review '' . GameSpot . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hurley , Leon ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Middle - Earth : Shadow of War review '' . GamesRadar+ . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shoemaker , Brad ( October 21 , 2017 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of War Review '' . Giant Bomb . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stapleton , Dan ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of War Review '' . IGN . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Andy ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of War review '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kollar , Philip ; Plante , Chris ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of War review '' . Polygon . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bell , Alice ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of War review '' . VideoGamer.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.ign.com/articles/2017/10/05/middle-earth-shadow-of-war-review?page=2 Jump up ^ https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/middle-earth-shadow-of-war-review/1900-6416783/ ^ Jump up to : `` Middle Earth : Shadow of War review : A disappointing sequel '' . The Independent . 2017 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Morales , Aaron ; Abrams , Natalie ( December 29 , 2017 ) . `` The Year 's Best Games '' . Entertainment Weekly . No. 1496 - 97 . pp. 92 -- 94 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ GamesRadar staff ( December 22 , 2017 ) . `` The best games of 2017 '' . GamesRadar+ . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ EGM staff ( December 29 , 2017 ) . `` EGM 's Best of 2017 : Part Three : # 15 ~ # 11 '' . EGMNow . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 Awards : Best Action Game '' . IGN . December 20 , 2017 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 Awards : Best PC Game '' . IGN . December 20 , 2017 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 Awards : Best Xbox One Game '' . IGN . December 20 , 2017 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ PC Gamer staff ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` Games of the Year 2017 : The nominees '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Miller , Matt ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` 2017 Action Game Of The Year Awards ( Page 2 ) '' . Game Informer . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chalk , Andy ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` Wolfenstein 2 and Shadow of War lead Games Critics Awards Best of E3 nominations '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Super Mario Odyssey sweeps Best Of Gamescom awards '' . Metro . August 24 , 2017 . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( January 14 , 2018 ) . `` Game Of The Year Nominees Announced For DICE Awards '' . GameSpot . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nominee List for 2017 '' . National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers . February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Horizon wins 7 ; Mario GOTY '' . National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers . March 13 , 2018 . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Middle - earth : Shadow of War . Official website The gameplay summary in this article is too long or detailed compared to the rest of the article . Please edit the article to focus on discussing the work rather than merely detailing the gameplay . ( January 2018 ) 2010s portal Middle - earth portal Role - playing games portal Speculative fiction portal Video games portal Monolith Productions Games developed Blood Blood Blood : Plasma Pak Blood II : The Chosen The Nightmare Levels No One Lives Forever The Operative : No One Lives Forever No One Lives Forever 2 : A Spy in H.A.R.M. 's Way Contract J.A.C.K. F.E.A.R. F.E.A.R. F.E.A.R. 2 : Project Origin F.E.A.R. 2 : Reborn Condemned Condemned : Criminal Origins Condemned 2 : Bloodshot Middle - earth games Guardians of Middle - earth Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Middle - earth : Shadow of War Other games Aliens versus Predator 2 Claw Get Medieval Gotham City Impostors Gruntz Sanity : Aiken 's Artifact Shogo : Mobile Armor Division Tex Atomic 's Big Bot Battles Tron 2.0 The Matrix Online Games published Rage of Mages Gorky 17 Septerra Core Companies 3D Realms ( Q Studios ) GT Interactive Software Fox Interactive Buena Vista Interactive Sierra Entertainment Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment Snowblind Studios Surreal Software Sandlot Games HipSoft People Jace Hall Daniel Bernstein Guy Whitmore Joe Ybarra Stephan Weyte Related Cate Archer LithTech Priest Betrayer J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Production and reception Composition Themes Influences Translations Russian Swedish Reception Fandom Study Related works The Hobbit The Adventures of Tom Bombadil The Road Goes Ever On The Silmarillion Unfinished Tales The History of Middle - earth The History of The Lord of the Rings Bilbo 's Last Song The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit The Tale of Beren and Lúthien Characters Aragorn Arwen Bilbo Boromir Butterbur Celeborn Denethor Elladan and Elrohir Elrond Éomer Éowyn Faramir Frodo Galadriel Gandalf Gildor Gimli Glorfindel Gollum Legolas Merry Mouth of Sauron Old Man Willow Pippin Radagast Sam Saruman Sauron Shelob Théoden Tom Bombadil Treebeard Witch - king Wormtongue Adaptations and other derivative works Books Bored of the Rings ( 1969 ) The Last Ringbearer ( 1999 ) Muddle Earth ( 2003 ) Theatre Fellowship ! ( 2005 ) Lord of the Rings ( 2006 ) Radio The Lord of the Rings ( 1955 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1979 ) Hordes of the Things ( 1980 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1981 ) Der Herr der Ringe ( 1992 ) Film Animated The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) The Return of the King ( 1980 ) Peter Jackson series The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Fan - made The Hunt for Gollum ( 2009 ) Born of Hope ( 2009 ) Video games Journey to Rivendell Game One Game Two : Shadows of Mordor War in Middle Earth Vol . I ( 1990 ) Vol . I ( SNES ) Riders of Rohan Elendor Volume II The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King War of the Ring The Third Age The Battle for Middle - earth Tactics The Battle for Middle - earth II The Rise of the Witch - king The Lord of the Rings Online Mines of Moria Siege of Mirkwood Rise of Isengard Riders of Rohan Helm 's Deep Conquest Aragorn 's Quest War in the North Lego The Lord of the Rings Guardians of Middle - earth Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Middle - earth : Shadow of War Tabletop role - playing games The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game Middle - earth Role Playing The One Ring Roleplaying Game Board games Middle Earth Lord of the Rings Risk : The Lord of the Rings Trilogy Edition War of the Ring Other games The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game The Lord of the Rings : The Card Game The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game Middle - earth Collectible Card Game Toys Middle - earth Lego sets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Middle-earth:_Shadow_of_War&oldid=834465744 '' Categories : 2017 video games Action role - playing video games Fantasy video games Lithtech engine games Monolith Productions games Open world video games PlayStation 4 games PlayStation 4 Pro enhanced games Video game sequels Video games based on Middle - earth Video games containing loot boxes Video games developed in the United States Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment games Windows games Xbox One games Xbox One X enhanced games Xbox Play Anywhere games Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2016 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Articles to be expanded from October 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from January 2018 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Português Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 21 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did middle earth shadow of war come out | [
"Middle-earth: Shadow of War is an action role-playing video game developed by Monolith Productions and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment. It is the sequel to 2014's Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor, and was released worldwide for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One on October 10, 2017."
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"October 10, 2017"
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8716181641926287590 | The Wiggles characters | The Wiggles characters - wikipedia The Wiggles characters Jump to : navigation , search The Wiggles characters are a group of characters who perform with The Wiggles , the Australian children 's music group . Aside from the four Wiggles , four secondary characters , along with a troupe of singers , actors , and dancers , appear in their television series , videos , and live concerts . These characters were developed in the 1990s and were originally played by group members and by Anthony Field 's brother Paul , the band 's manager . Later in the group 's history , the characters were played by hired actors dressed in the characters ' costumes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Dorothy the Dinosaur 1.1 Dorothy the Dinosaur TV series videos 2 Captain Feathersword 3 Henry the Octopus 4 Wags the Dog 5 Minor characters 6 Works cited 7 Notes 8 References Dorothy the dinosaur ( edit ) Dorothy the Dinosaur Genre Children 's television series Country of origin Australia Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 100 Production Running time 7 minutes Release Picture format 576i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Audio format Stereo Original release 2007 -- 2010 External links Website www.thewiggles.com.au Dorothy is a `` rososaurus '' , a `` yellow - spotted herbivorous green dinosaur with surprisingly scary teeth '' . She lives in a pink and purple house with her own Rosy Orchestra and a rose garden in her backyard . She loves to eat roses and dance the ballet . She enjoys serving guests rose - derived treats such as `` rosy - posy tea '' . Murray Cook created Dorothy from his experiences in working at a preschool , sensing a need to make up some good dinosaur songs . Dorothy was part of the band 's early stage shows , and was originally played by Cook , then Wiggles choreographer Leeanne Ashley , and Wiggles dancers such as Caterina Mete and Lyn Stuckey . Ashley was Dorothy 's first full - time portrayer ; according to Field , she `` wrote the blueprint '' for the character . Ashley developed movements that conveyed Dorothy 's unique personality . South Australian Carolyn Ferrie , an opera singer and dancer , has provided Dorothy 's voice from 1997 to 2009 . when she worked with Anthony Field on an Irish music Wiggles CD . Ferrie described Dorothy as `` a dinosaur superstar ... very open , friendly , and warm . She is like a mother figure even though she is only meant to be five , and kids really respond to her ... She is calm and mothering but friendly as well . She 's young and still playful but has got a motherly feeling to her '' . Ferrie insisted that Dorothy `` is number one after the boys including Captain Feathersword , in terms of who kids say they love '' . Dorothy has a distinctive , trill - like , descending laugh created by Ferrie . In 1996 , shortly before moving into American markets , The Wiggles discovered that someone in Maine had registered Dorothy as a trademark , so they reached an agreement and paid a settlement . In 2007 , Dorothy began to star in her own television show in Australia . The show had a distinct look and sound . Whereas The Wiggles ' TV shows were `` hyper - real and cartoonish '' and had a pop sound , Dorothy 's show was `` really rich and beautiful looking '' and based its sound on orchestral music . Dorothy was the focus of her own touring production , which performed in smaller cities The Wiggles could not perform . The production , based upon the TV show , was written by Field , and Moran was the host of this show before he joined the band . Lyn Stuckey , who later married Moran , played Dorothy . Dorothy the Dinosaur TV series videos ( edit ) Dorothy the Dinosaur 's Party ( 2007 ) Dorothy the Dinosaur -- Memory Book ( 2008 ) ( known in US as The Wiggles Present Dorothy the Dinosaur ) Dorothy the Dinosaur Meets Santa Claus ( 2009 ) ( Cartoon ) Dorothy the Dinosaur -- Rockin ' Christmas ( 2010 ) Dorothy the Dinosaur -- TV Series 1 ( 2010 ) Dorothy the Dinosaur 's Travelling Show ( 2011 ) Dorothy The Dinosaur 's Wonderful World ( 2012 ) Dorothy The Dinosaur 's Beach Party ( 2012 ) Captain Feathersword ( edit ) Captain Feathersword Captain Feathersword , `` the friendly pirate '' , wears a hat , patch , and puffy shirt and wields a `` feathersword '' . The Captain was created because The Wiggles understood that young children like pirates ; they gave him a `` feathersword '' because they wanted him to be nonviolent . Field originated the role , but in 1993 , when he had to undergo a hernia operation , the role , along with Wags the Dog and the Blue Wiggle , was played by Paul Paddick . Paddick would later play Captain Feathersword on a more permanent basis . At first , Paddick 's role was minor , but it eventually evolved into a role so significant that he has been called `` the Fifth Wiggle '' . Field described Paddick as `` just as funny offstage as on '' , For many parents , his vocal impersonations were `` the high point of the Wiggles stage show '' and included singers Mick Jagger , Cher , Plácido Domingo and James Hetfield . Henry the Octopus ( edit ) Introduced in 1992 , Henry the Octopus , who directs an underwater band and loves to dance with his eight legs `` . He was named after Tony Henry , the drummer in The Cockroaches , who also provided The Wiggles with musical support throughout the years . The character was developed by Fatt , who originally served as Henry 's voice . Paul Paddick took over the role of the voice in the mid-2000s . He has appeared as both a puppet and a mascot , the latter of which has been played by various dancers on staff . Wags the dog ( edit ) Wags is a tall , brown , furry dog with floppy ears and a happy face . He `` loves to sing and dance and kids bring ' bones ' that the Wiggly dancers collect from the audience '' . The last of the four characters to be introduced , Wags was originally played by Field . Fatt provided the original barking noises for Wags before Paul Field , general manager of The Wiggles and brother of Blue Wiggle Anthony took over . Mic Conway of The Captain Matchbox Whoopee Band fame , has provided Wags 's full - spoken dialogue . Minor characters ( edit ) For the stage shows , The Wiggles have used two 16 - metre ( 52 ft ) trucks , three tour buses , a cast of 13 dancers , and 10 permanent crew members . The `` Wiggly Dancers '' have always made up a major part of the Wiggles shows and TV programs and play many of the minor roles . Minor characters of note include The Cook ( portrayed by Anthony Field 's father , John , and Crowded House drummer Paul Hester ) , Professor Singalottasonga ( played by Sam Moran ) , Flora Door , Magdalena the Mermaid and Officer Beaples ( played by former Wiggles choreographer Leanne Halloran ) . Works cited ( edit ) Field , Anthony ; Truman , Greg ( 2012 ) . How I Got My Wiggle Back : A Memoir of Healing . Hoboken , New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons . 272pp . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 01933 - 7 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ John Field 's wife Jacqueline , provided Dorothy 's voice during their Lights , Camera , Action TV series from 2002 - 2003 , and Emma Buter has provided singing on some of their albums prior to Ferrie . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Wright , Diane ( 2007 - 03 - 14 ) . `` Hey , kids ! It 's fun -- and you may even learn something '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Horswill , Amanda ( 2007 - 06 - 05 ) . `` Meet Dorothy Dinosaur 's Giggle '' . The Courier Mail . Jump up ^ Smith , Marie ( March 2011 ) . `` Spotlight on Murray Cook '' ( PDF ) . Early Years Care . No. 6 . New South Wales , Australia . p. 6 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 04 . Dorothy the dinosaur came about from some ideas and songs I wrote while working at a preschool . The children loved dinosaurs and there were literally no good dinosaur songs so I made some up . Dinosaurs and pirates are always interesting to children . Jump up ^ `` Wiggles Sam 's family values '' ( 2006 - 12 - 16 ) . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Leeanne Ashley '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Field 2012 , p. 225 ^ Jump up to : Browne , Rachel ( 2007 - 05 - 27 ) . `` Kids will go dotty about solo Dorothy '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ Field 2012 , p. 42 Jump up ^ Elliott , Tim ( 2007 - 01 - 13 ) . `` It 's a wiggly , wiggly world '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ Fouch , Robert L. ( 2007 - 07 - 27 ) . `` Fast Chat Sam Moran '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ McDougall , Nikki ( 2011 - 07 - 29 ) . `` Little wonder Dorothy 's such a hit '' . The Southland Times . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Meacham , Steve ( 2005 - 12 - 03 ) . `` The master of sword play '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Baughman , Tony ( 2007 - 11 - 12 ) . `` Captain Feathersword May Steal The Wiggles ' Show '' . The Aiken Standard . Archived September 28 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Scott McNulty ( 2009 - 08 - 25 ) `` The Wiggles : An interview '' . ( YouTube clip ) . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ Yeap , Sue ( 2006 - 08 - 17 ) . `` The fifth Wiggle sails on '' . The Age ( Melbourne ) . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ Field 2012 , p. 233 Jump up ^ `` Jeff Fatt '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ Wags has also been played by Edward Rooke , Andrew McCourt , Talbot , and Paddick . Articles retrieved on 2008 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Munro , Catharine ( 2005 - 05 - 22 ) . `` The Wiggly way '' . The Age ( Melbourne ) . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ Harris , Chris ( 2005 - 03 - 28 ) . `` Crowded House Drummer Paul Hester Found Dead in Australia '' . MTV.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ Meacham , Steve ( 2006 - 12 - 15 ) . `` First Dorothy , then another yellow road '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ Leanne Halloran `` . TV.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 21 . ( hide ) The Wiggles Anthony Field Lachlan Gillespie Simon Pryce Emma Watkins Former : Greg Page Murray Cook Jeff Fatt Phillip Wilcher Sam Moran Recordings The Wiggles Discography Videography Songs People Paul Field John Field Paul Paddick Lyn Moran See also The Cockroaches The Wiggles Pty Ltd Guest stars Episodes Characters The Wiggles Movie Wiggly Waffle The Kingdom of Paramithi Wiggles World Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Wiggles_characters&oldid=800955958 '' Categories : The Wiggles Musical groups established in 1991 Animal mascots Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 19 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who does the voice of dorothy the dinosaur | [
"Murray Cook created Dorothy from his experiences in working at a preschool, sensing a need to make up some good dinosaur songs.[3] Dorothy was part of the band's early stage shows, and was originally played by Cook, then Wiggles choreographer Leeanne Ashley, and Wiggles dancers such as Caterina Mete and Lyn Stuckey.[4][5] Ashley was Dorothy's first full-time portrayer; according to Field, she \"wrote the blueprint\"[6] for the character. Ashley developed movements that conveyed Dorothy's unique personality.[6] South Australian Carolyn Ferrie, an opera singer and dancer, has provided Dorothy's voice from 1997 to 2009.[note 1] when she worked with Anthony Field on an Irish music Wiggles CD.[7] Ferrie described Dorothy as \"a dinosaur superstar ... very open, friendly, and warm. She is like a mother figure even though she is only meant to be five, and kids really respond to her ... She is calm and mothering but friendly as well. She's young and still playful but has got a motherly feeling to her\".[7] Ferrie insisted that Dorothy \"is number one after the boys including Captain Feathersword, in terms of who kids say they love\".[7] Dorothy has a distinctive, trill-like, descending laugh created by Ferrie.[2][7]"
] | [
"South Australian Carolyn Ferrie"
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