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7909911016487241976 | Dawn of the Dead (2004 film) | Dawn of the Dead ( 2004 film ) - wikipedia Dawn of the Dead ( 2004 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Dawn of the Dead Promotional poster , still under the original release date Directed by Zack Snyder Produced by Richard P. Rubinstein Marc Abraham Eric Newman Screenplay by James Gunn Based on Dawn of the Dead by George A. Romero Starring Sarah Polley Ving Rhames Jake Weber Mekhi Phifer Music by Tyler Bates Cinematography Matthew F. Leonetti Edited by Niven Howie Production company Strike Entertainment New Amsterdam Entertainment Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date March 19 , 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 19 ) Running time 100 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $26 million Box office $102.4 million Dawn of the Dead is a 2004 American horror film directed by Zack Snyder in his feature film directorial debut . A remake of George A. Romero 's 1978 film of the same name , it was written by James Gunn and stars Sarah Polley , Ving Rhames , Jake Weber , and Mekhi Phifer . The special effects were done by Heather Langenkamp and David LeRoy Anderson , who co-own AFX Studio . The film depicts a handful of human survivors living in a shopping mall located in the fictional town of Everett , Wisconsin surrounded by swarms of zombies . The movie was produced by Strike Entertainment in association with New Amsterdam Entertainment , released by Universal Pictures and includes cameos by original cast members Ken Foree , Scott Reiniger , and Tom Savini . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Deleted scenes 3.2 Additional material 4 Release 5 Reception 6 Comparisons to the original 7 Cancelled and potential sequel 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) After finishing a long shift as a nurse , Ana Clark returns to her suburban Milwaukee neighborhood and her husband , Luis . Caught up in a scheduled date night , they miss an emergency news bulletin . The next morning , a neighborhood girl named Vivian enters their bedroom , looking mutilated . Luis approaches her to see what 's wrong and she suddenly bites him on the neck . Ana locks Vivian out of the room and tries to tend to Luis who goes into shock , then dies . She attempts to call the hospital only to find that there is no connection ; as she keeps ringing , Luis rises up , now infected with the same disease and immediately goes after Ana . She flees in her car and drives away , seeing chaos all around her neighborhood , but eventually crashes and passes out . The intro scene rolls in , depicting riots and war in the major cities and the downfall of human civilization . Upon waking , Ana is confronted by Police Sergeant Kenneth Hall , electronics salesman Michael , petty criminal Andre and his pregnant wife , Luda and joins them , after they prove she is still alive . They break into a nearby mall and are attacked by a zombified security guard , who scratches Luda . Kenneth is also badly injured while wrestling with the zombie , which Ana subdues with his shotgun . They are then confronted by three living guards -- C.J. , Bart , and Terry -- who make them surrender their weapons in exchange for refuge . They split into groups to secure the mall and then go to the roof where they see another survivor , Andy , who is stranded alone in his gun store across the zombie - infested parking lot . The next day , a delivery truck carrying more survivors enters the lot , with zombies in close pursuit . C.J. and Bart wish to turn them away but are overruled and disarmed . The newcomers include Norma , Steve Marcus , Tucker , Monica , Glen , Frank and his daughter , Nicole . Another woman is too ill to walk ; she is wheeled inside via wheelbarrow only to die . As Ana drapes her with a cloth , however , the woman reanimates and attacks her , getting stabbed with a poker . Ana theorizes with the group that the disease is passed by bites from the infected individuals , as she had already seen it happen with Luis . Andre leaves to see Luda , who has kept her scratch hidden from the group . They realize that Frank has been bitten and is a potential threat . After some debate , Frank elects to be isolated . When he dies and turns , Kenneth shoots him . Over time , Kenneth and Andy start a friendship by way of messages written on a whiteboard ; romance also buds between Ana and Michael ( ultimately , consummating the relationship offscreen ) , and Nicole and Terry . One day , the power goes out . CJ , Bart , Michael , and Kenneth go to the parking garage to activate the emergency generator and find a friendly dog inside . Zombies attack and kill Bart , forcing the others to douse the zombies in gas and set them ablaze . Meanwhile , Luda -- tied up by Andre -- gives birth and dies . She reanimates as Norma checks on the couple , killing the zombified Luda . Andre snaps ; they exchange gunfire and both are killed . The others arrive to find a zombie baby , which they kill immediately . The group decides to fight their way to the local marina , and travel on Steve 's yacht to an island on Lake Michigan . They begin reinforcing two shuttle buses from the parking garage for their escape . However , they also need to pick up Andy , who is starving . They strap food and a walkie - talkie onto the dog , Chips , and lower him into the parking lot ; the zombies have no interest in him . Chips gets into Andy 's store safely but a zombie follows through the dog door , ultimately biting Andy . Nicole , fond of Chips , crashes the delivery truck into the gun store , where she is trapped by a zombified Andy . Kenneth , Michael , Tucker , Terry , and C.J. reach the gun store via the sewers and kill Andy , rescuing Nicole . They grab ammunition and go back to the mall . Along the way , Tucker breaks his legs and C.J. shoots him out of mercy . Once inside , they are unable to lock the door , forcing an evacuation . Everyone boards the buses and navigate through the zombie - infested city . Glen loses control of a chainsaw , accidentally killing himself and Monica ; blood splatters on the windshield causing the bus to crash . C.J. exits the first van to look for survivors with Kenneth and Terry . They encounter the undead Steve but Ana kills him . She retrieves his boat keys and they take the remaining bus to the marina where C.J sacrifices himself so the rest of the group can escape . Michael reveals a bite wound and kills himself as Ana , Kenneth , Nicole , Terry , and Chips flee on the yacht . During the credits , footage from a camcorder found on the boat begins with Steve 's escapades before the outbreak and concludes with the group running out of supplies before finally arriving at an island , where they are attacked by another swarm of zombies . The camcorder drops , recording dozens of zombies chasing them , accompanied by the song Down with the Sickness by Disturbed . Cast ( edit ) Sarah Polley as Ana Clark Ving Rhames as Kenneth Hall Jake Weber as Michael Mekhi Phifer as Andre Ty Burrell as Steve Marcus Michael Kelly as C.J. Kevin Zegers as Terry Michael Barry as Bart Lindy Booth as Nicole Jayne Eastwood as Norma Boyd Banks as Tucker Inna Korobkina as Luda R.D. Reid as Glen Kim Poirier as Monica Matt Frewer as Frank Bruce Bohne as Andy Louis Ferreira as Luis Hannah Lochner as Vivian Ermes Blarasin as Bloated Woman Ken Foree as TV Evangelist Tom Savini as Sheriff Cahill Scott Reiniger as The General Blu as Chips Production ( edit ) James Gunn is partially responsible for the screenplay although he received a solo writing credit . After he left the project to concentrate on Scooby - Doo 2 : Monsters Unleashed , Michael Tolkin and Scott Frank were brought in for rewriting . In a commentary track on the Ultimate Edition DVD for the original George A. Romero 's Dawn of the Dead , Richard P. Rubinstein , producer of the original and the remake , explained that Tolkin further developed the characters , while Frank provided some of the bigger and upbeat action sequences . The mall scenes and rooftop scenes were shot in the former Thornhill Square Shopping Centre in Thornhill , Ontario , and the other scenes were shot in the Aileen - Willowbrook neighborhood of Thornhill . The set for Ana and Luis 's bedroom was constructed in a back room of the mall . The mall was defunct , which is the reason the production used it ; the movie crew completely renovated the structure , and stocked it with fictitious stores after Starbucks and numerous other corporations refused to let their names be used ( two exceptions to this are Roots and Panasonic ) . Most of the mall was demolished shortly after the film was shot . The fictitious stores include a coffee shop called Hallowed Grounds ( a lyric from Johnny Cash 's song `` The Man Comes Around '' , which was used over the opening credits ) , and an upscale department store called Gaylen Ross ( an in - joke reference to one of the stars of the original 1978 film ) . The first half of the film was shot almost entirely in chronological order , while the final sequences on the boat and island were shot much later and at a different location ( Universal Studios Hollywood ) than the rest of the film , after preview audiences objected to the sudden ending of the original print . Dawn of the Dead is the second film that co-starred actresses Lindy Booth and Kim Poirier . They first worked together on American Psycho 2 . Deleted scenes ( edit ) Deleted scenes were added back for the `` Unrated Director 's Cut '' DVD edition . Along with gore effects removed to obtain an MPAA R rating , they include a clearer depiction of how the survivors originally break into the mall , and a short scene where the character of Glen regales the imprisoned C.J. and Bart with his reminiscing about his homosexual coming - of - age . Additional material ( edit ) The DVD release includes , as a bonus feature , the short film We Interrupt This Program , an expanded version of the fictional live broadcasts shown in the mall 's televisions , which chronicles the worldwide effects of the zombie plague and the impact it has on a newscaster . Aside from featuring additional footage of cameos by actors from the original film , the film features Richard Biggs as the newscaster ( in his final performance before his death in May 2004 ) , and a voiceover cameo by Bruce Boxleitner as the President of the United States . It also featured another short film titles The Lost Tape : Andy 's Terrifying Last Days Revealed . Release ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , Dawn of the Dead and Shaun of the Dead were originally scheduled to be released the same week , but due to the similarity in the names of the two films and plot outline , UIP opted to push back Shaun 's release by two weeks . It was screened out of competition at the 2004 Cannes Film Festival . The film grossed $59 million at the US box office and $102 million worldwide . Reception ( edit ) Rotten Tomatoes , a review aggregator , reports that 75 % of 182 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review ; the average rating is 6.7 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads : `` A kinetic , violent and surprisingly worthy remake of George Romero 's horror classic that pays homage to the original while working on its own terms . '' Metacritic rated it 59 / 100 based on 37 reviews . Roger Ebert said the film `` works and it delivers just about what you expect when you buy your ticket '' but felt that it `` lacks the mordant humor of the Romero version '' and the `` plot flatlines compared to the 1979 version , which was trickier , wittier and smarter . '' Scott Foundas of Variety described it as an unnecessary remake that will appeal mostly to young adult audiences who have not seen the original film . Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter wrote that the film `` has no patience for such subtleties '' as Romero 's thematic concerns or suspense - building . Elvis Mitchell of The New York Times wrote , `` Mr. Snyder 's blood feast is strictly by the numbers : this second - rater could be the world 's most expensive Troma film . '' Manohla Dargis of the Los Angeles Times wrote , `` Good zombie fun , the remake of George A. Romero 's `` Dawn of the Dead '' is the best proof in ages that cannibalizing old material sometimes works fiendishly well . '' Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle wrote , `` Instead , the new `` Dawn of the Dead '' satirizes itself and satirizes its genre , and , on its own unambitious terms , the movie succeeds . It 's silly , witty and good - natured , not scary so much as icky , and not horrifying or horrible but consistently amusing . '' Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly rated it `` A '' and wrote , `` Commercial director Zack Snyder , making a killer feature debut , trades homemade cheesiness for knowing style , revels in the sophistication of modern special effects , and stomps off with the best remake -- er , '' re-envisioning '' -- of a horror classic in memory . '' Scott Tobias of The A.V. Club wrote that the remake streamlines the original film `` by discarding everything special about it in favor of pure visceral effect '' . Bloody Disgusting ranked the film eighth in their list of the `` Top 20 Horror Films of the Decade '' , with the article saying `` Truly , you can analogize the two films ( original and remake ) based on their zombies alone -- where Romero 's lumbered and took their time ( in a good way ) , Snyder 's came at us , fast , with teeth bared like rabid dogs . '' Rolling Stone ranked it # 3 in their `` Top 10 Best Zombie Movies '' . It was third in Dread Central 's `` Best Horror Films of the Decade '' . George A. Romero said , `` It was better than I expected ... The first 15 , 20 minutes were terrific , but it sort of lost its reason for being . It was more of a video game . I 'm not terrified of things running at me ; it 's like Space Invaders . There was nothing going on underneath . '' South Park parodied the film in the episode , `` Night of the Living Homeless '' . The show 's creators , Trey Parker and Matt Stone , called the film `` amazing '' in the episode 's DVD commentary . Comparisons to the original ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the original film , the zombies moved very slowly and were most menacing when they collected in large groups . In the remake , the zombies are fast and agile . Many admirers of the original , as well as Romero himself , protested this change , feeling that it limited the impact of the undead . This is somewhat borne out by the fact that the remake has almost no close - up shots of zombies that last more than a second or two . Snyder mentions this in the commentary track of the remake 's DVD , pointing out that they seem too human when the camera lingers upon them for longer . However , it was for this change that Wizard Magazine ranked the zombies # 5 on their `` 100 Greatest Villains Ever '' list . The original had a smaller cast than the remake , allowing more screen time for each character . Many fans and critics criticized the resulting loss of character development . In the original version , the story unfolds over several months , indicated by the advancing stages of Fran 's pregnancy . In the remake , the events transpire within approximately one month , as evidenced by the supplemental feature The Lost Tape : Andy 's Terrifying Last Days Revealed , located on the DVD in the special features section . Another big change from the original is that unlike Romero , Snyder treats zombification more like a disease , pointing to the bites as the source , instead of anyone who is dead turning into a zombie . Three actors from the original film have cameos in the remake , appearing on the televisions the survivors watch : Ken Foree , who played Peter from the original , plays an evangelist who asserts that God is punishing mankind ; Scott H. Reiniger , who played Roger in the original , plays an army general telling everyone to stay at home for safety ; and Tom Savini , who did the special effects for many of Romero 's films and played the motorcycle gang member Blades in the original Dawn of the Dead , plays the Monroeville Sheriff explaining the only way to kill the zombies is to `` shoot ' em in the head '' . Monroeville is also the location of the mall used in the 1978 film . In addition , a store shown in the mall is called `` Gaylen Ross '' , an obvious tribute to actress Gaylen Ross , who played Francine in the original film . In the beginning of the film , a helicopter that is very similar to the one in the original flies across the screen . In The Zombie Encyclopedia , Volume 2 , academic Peter Dendle said that the original film `` served as a bridge between the talky , slow - paced 1970s horror and the fast - paced splatter to come in the 1980s '' , whereas the 2004 remake `` generally forsakes slow - mounting suspense in favor of frenetic action '' . Cancelled and potential sequel ( edit ) A sequel was planned but was later cancelled . Zack Snyder stated that he would only be producing the sequel instead of reprising his role as the director due to working on Watchmen when he announced the film . The script of Army of the Dead was written by Zack Snyder and Joby Harold . Filming for Army of the Dead was to start once they got a director as the producing studios had approved the script . Also according to Deborah Snyder , the film was set in Las Vegas , and the town had to be contained to stop the outbreak of zombies . The film 's producing studios were Universal Studios ( who released the first ) and Warner Bros. Entertainment ( who released most of Snyder 's films since 300 ) and the film was set to be directed by Matthijs van Heijningen Jr. , director of The Thing , the 2011 prequel to John Carpenter 's 1982 cult classic of the same name . See also ( edit ) List of zombie films List of zombie short films The Lost Tape : Andy 's Terrifying Last Days Revealed Survivalism in fiction Last Judgment References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` DAWN OF THE DEAD ( 18 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . March 26 , 2004 . Retrieved December 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dawn of the Dead '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ J.C. Maçek III ( 2012 - 06 - 15 ) . `` The Zombification Family Tree : Legacy of the Living Dead '' . PopMatters . Jump up ^ `` '' Scream Queens `` : Did You Know Heather Langenkamp Is Behind the Devil Mask ? ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Where Are They Now ? : Heather Langenkamp '' . Horror Society . July 13 , 2012 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ James Rocchi . `` Super : Critics ' Reviews '' . MSN.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : DVD Commentary by director Snyder and producer Newman Jump up ^ Snyder , Zack ( Director ) ( 25 October 2004 ) . Dawn Of The Dead : Unrated Director 's Cut ( Fullscreen ) . Universal Studios ( DVD ) . Retrieved 2 October 2013 . UPC 025192582028 Jump up ^ DVD - only introduction by director Snyder Jump up ^ `` Festival de Cannes : Dawn of the Dead '' . festival-cannes.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Dawn of the Dead ( 2005 ) reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Dawn of the Dead '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( March 19 , 2004 ) . `` Review '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Foundas , Scott ( 2004 - 03 - 18 ) . `` Review : ' Dawn of the Dead ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ Rechtshaffen , Michael ( 2004 - 03 - 19 ) . `` ' Dawn of the Dead '. ( Movie Review ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 06 -- via Highbeam Research . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Elvis ( 2004 - 03 - 19 ) . `` A Cautionary Tale for Those Dying to Shop '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla ( 2004 - 03 - 19 ) . `` ' Dawn of the Dead ' rises to the occasion '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( 2004 - 03 - 19 ) . `` The zombies are back , and still hungry , and a mall full of Muzak is the only refuge '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ Schwarzbaum , Lisa ( 2004 - 03 - 18 ) . `` Dawn of the Dead ( Movie - 2004 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ Tobias , Scott ( 2004 - 03 - 23 ) . `` Dawn Of The Dead '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 00 's Retrospect : Bloody Disgusting 's Top 20 Films of the Decade ... Part 3 '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( 2012 - 10 - 12 ) . `` The 10 Best Zombie Movies '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ Barton , Steve ( 2010 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Dread Central 's Best Horror Films of the Decade '' . Dread Central . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Simon Pegg interviews George A Romero '' . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Night of the Living Homeless '' Episode Commentary on South Park Season 11 DVD boxset ; 2008 Jump up ^ `` John Leguizamo on Land of the Dead '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Dawn of the Dead '' . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Dendle , Peter ( 2012 ) . The Zombie Movie Encyclopedia , Volume 2 : 2000 -- 2010 . McFarland & Company . pp. 49 -- 51 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 6163 - 9 . Jump up ^ Dawn of the Dead sequel Army of the Dead will not reanimate Jump up ^ `` Zack Snyder NOT directing `` Army of the Dead '' `` . bloodydisgusting.com . June 5 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2010 . Retrieved June 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Army of the Dead is not dead '' . moviefone. Oct 30 , 2007 . Retrieved June 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` EXCL : Snyder 's Army of the Dead Update ! '' . shocktillyoudrop.com . October 26 , 2007 . Retrieved June 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Matthijs van Heijningen set to direct `` Army of the Dead '' `` . slashfilm.com . June 4 , 2008 . Retrieved June 29 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Dawn of the Dead ( 2004 film ) Dawn of the Dead on IMDb Dawn of the Dead at Rotten Tomatoes Dawn of the Dead at Metacritic Living Dead films Romero 's Dead series Night of the Living Dead ( 1968 ) Dawn of the Dead ( 1978 ) Day of the Dead ( 1985 ) Land of the Dead ( 2005 ) Diary of the Dead ( 2007 ) Survival of the Dead ( 2009 ) Dead series remakes Night of the Living Dead ( 1990 ) Dawn of the Dead ( 2004 ) Night of the Living Dead 3D ( 2006 ) Day of the Dead ( 2008 ) Return of the Living Dead series The Return of the Living Dead ( 1985 ) Return of the Living Dead Part II ( 1988 ) Return of the Living Dead 3 ( 1993 ) Return of the Living Dead : Necropolis ( 2005 ) Return of the Living Dead : Rave to the Grave ( 2005 ) Unofficial sequels Zombi series Zombi 2 ( 1979 ) Zombi 3 ( 1988 ) Zombi 4 : After Death ( 1989 ) Zombi 5 : Killing Birds ( 1988 ) Other unofficial sequels Children of the Living Dead ( 2001 ) Day of the Dead 2 : Contagium ( 2005 ) Night of the Living Dead 3D : Re-Animation ( 2012 ) Night of the Living Dead : Darkest Dawn ( 2015 ) Parodies Night of the Living Bread ( 1990 ) Poultrygeist : Night of the Chicken Dead ( 2006 ) Night of the Living Carrots ( 2011 ) Homages Flesheater ( 1988 ) Shaun of the Dead ( 2004 ) Fido ( 2006 ) Flight of the Living Dead : Outbreak on a Plane ( 2007 ) Dance of the Dead ( 2008 ) Zone of the Dead ( 2009 ) Juan of the Dead ( 2011 ) Mimesis : Night of the Living Dead ( 2011 ) Related topics Dawn of the Dead in popular culture Dawn of the Dead ( soundtracks ) `` Night of the Living Dead '' ( 1979 song ) Document of the Dead ( 1979 / 1989 / 2012 documentary ) Escape of the Living Dead ( 2005 comic book ) Land of the Dead : Road to Fiddler 's Green ( 2005 video game ) City of the Dead ( cancelled video game ) Birth of the Living Dead ( 2012 documentary ) Empire of the Dead ( 2014 -- 2015 comic book ) Zack Snyder Films directed Dawn of the Dead ( 2004 ) 300 ( 2006 ) Watchmen ( 2009 ) Legend of the Guardians : The Owls of Ga'Hoole ( 2010 ) Sucker Punch ( 2011 ) Man of Steel ( 2013 ) Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( 2016 ) Justice League ( 2017 ) Films produced 300 : Rise of an Empire ( 2014 ) Wonder Woman ( 2017 ) See also Cruel and Unusual Films Deborah Snyder James Gunn Films written and directed Slither ( 2006 ) Super ( 2010 ) Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) Films written Tromeo and Juliet ( 1996 ) The Specials ( 2000 ) Scooby - Doo ( 2002 ) Scooby - Doo 2 : Monsters Unleashed ( 2004 ) Dawn of the Dead ( 2004 ) LolliLove ( 2004 ) The Belko Experiment ( 2017 ) TV and web series created The Tromaville Cafe ( 1997 -- 2000 ) James Gunn 's PG Porn ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Other All I Need to Know about Filmmaking I Learned from the Toxic Avenger Lollipop Chainsaw Movie 43 ( 2013 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dawn_of_the_Dead_(2004_film)&oldid=809035217 '' Categories : 2004 films English - language films 2004 horror films 2000s action films American film remakes American films American zombie films American remakes of Italian films Action horror films Apocalyptic films Directorial debut films Films set in 2004 Films set in Wisconsin Films shot in Ontario Horror film remakes Living Dead films Suicide in films Screenplays by James Gunn Universal Pictures films Film scores by Tyler Bates Films directed by Zack Snyder Films produced by Marc Abraham Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use mdy dates from December 2014 Articles that may contain original research from March 2015 All articles that may contain original research Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Dansk Deutsch Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 19 : 12 . 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-282392788987210229 | Homestead Acts | Homestead Acts - wikipedia Homestead Acts Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Homesteading . Norwegian settlers in 1898 North Dakota in front of their homestead , a sod hut The Homestead Acts were several United States federal laws that gave an applicant ownership of land , typically called a `` homestead , '' at no cost . In all , more than 270 million acres of public land , or nearly 10 % of the total area of the U.S. , was given away free to 1.6 million homesteaders ; most of the homesteads were west of the Mississippi River . An extension of the Homestead Principle in law , the Homestead Acts were an expression of the `` Free Soil '' policy of Northerners who wanted individual farmers to own and operate their own farms , as opposed to Southern slave - owners who wanted to buy up large tracts of land and use slave labor , thereby shutting out free white men . The first of the acts , the Homestead Act of 1862 , opened up millions of acres . Any adult who had never taken up arms against the U.S. government could apply . Women and immigrants who had applied for citizenship were eligible . The 1866 Act explicitly included black Americans and encouraged them to participate , but rampant discrimination slowed black gains . Historian Michael Lanza argues that while the 1866 law pack was not as beneficial as it might have been , it was part of the reason that by 1900 one fourth of all Southern black farmers owned their own farms . Several additional laws were enacted in the latter half of the 19th and early 20th centuries . The Southern Homestead Act of 1866 sought to address land ownership inequalities in the south during Reconstruction . The Timber Culture Act of 1873 granted land to a claimant who was required to plant trees -- the tract could be added to an existing homestead claim and had no residency requirement . The Kinkaid Amendment of 1904 granted a full section ( 640 acres ) to new homesteaders settling in western Nebraska . An amendment to the Homestead Act of 1862 , the Enlarged Homestead Act , was passed in 1909 and doubled the allotted acreage from 160 to 320 acres . Another amended act , the national Stock - Raising Homestead Act , was passed in 1916 and again increased the land involved , this time to 640 acres . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 History 2.1 Donation Land Claim Act of 1850 2.2 Homestead Act of 1862 2.3 Southern Homestead Act of 1866 2.4 The Timber Culture Act of 1873 2.5 Kinkaid Amendment of 1904 2.6 Enlarged Homestead Act of 1909 2.7 The Stock - Raising Homestead Act of 1916 2.8 Subsistence Homesteads provisions under the New Deal -- 1930 3 Homesteading requirements 4 The act in practice 5 End of homesteading 6 Criticism 7 Related acts in other countries 7.1 Canada 7.2 New Zealand 7.3 Elsewhere in the British Empire 8 Popular culture 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Background ( edit ) Land - grant laws similar to the Homestead Acts had been proposed by northern Republicans before the Civil War , but had been repeatedly blocked in Congress by southern Democrats who wanted western lands open for purchase by slave - owners . The Homestead Act of 1860 did pass in Congress , but it was vetoed by President James Buchanan , a Democrat . After the Southern states seceded from the Union in 1861 ( and their representatives had left Congress ) , the bill passed and was signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln ( May 20 , 1862 ) . Daniel Freeman became the first person to file a claim under the new act . Between 1862 and 1934 , the federal government granted 1.6 million homesteads and distributed 270,000,000 acres ( 420,000 sq mi ) of federal land for private ownership . This was a total of 10 % of all land in the United States . Homesteading was discontinued in 1976 , except in Alaska , where it continued until 1986 . About 40 % of the applicants who started the process were able to complete it and obtain title to their homesteaded land . History ( edit ) Donation land claim Act of 1850 ( edit ) Main article : Donation Land Claim Act The Donation Land Claim Act allowed settlers to claim land in the Oregon Territory , then including the modern states of Washington , Oregon , Idaho and parts of Wyoming . Settlers were able to claim 320 or 640 acres of land for free between 1850 and 1854 , and then at a cost of $1.25 per acres until the law expired in 1855 . Homestead Act of 1862 ( edit ) Certificate of homestead in Nebraska given under the Homestead Act , 1862 Wikisource has original text related to this article : Homestead Act ( 1862 ) The `` yeoman farmer '' ideal of Jeffersonian democracy was still a powerful influence in American politics during the 1840 -- 1850s , with many politicians believing a homestead act would help increase the number of `` virtuous yeomen '' . The Free Soil Party of 1848 -- 52 , and the new Republican Party after 1854 , demanded that the new lands opening up in the west be made available to independent farmers , rather than wealthy planters who would develop it with the use of slaves forcing the yeomen farmers onto marginal lands . Southern Democrats had continually fought ( and defeated ) previous homestead law proposals , as they feared free land would attract European immigrants and poor Southern whites to the west . After the South seceded and their delegates left Congress in 1861 , the Republicans and other supporters from the upper South passed a homestead act . The intent of the first Homestead Act , passed in 1862 , was to liberalize the homesteading requirements of the Preemption Act of 1841 . Its leading advocates were Andrew Johnson , George Henry Evans and Horace Greeley . The homestead was an area of public land in the West ( usually 160 acres or 65 ha ) granted to any US citizen willing to settle on and farm the land for at least five years . The law ( and those following it ) required a three - step procedure : file an application , improve the land , and file for deed of title . Any citizen who had never taken up arms against the U.S. government ( including freed slaves after the fourteenth amendment ) and was at least 21 years old or the head of a household , could file an application to claim a federal land grant . The occupant had to reside on the land for five years , and show evidence of having made improvements . Southern Homestead Act of 1866 ( edit ) Main article : Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Enacted to allow poor tenant farmers and sharecroppers in the south become land owners in the southern United States during Reconstruction . It was not very successful , as even the low prices and fees were often too much for the applicants to afford . The Timber Culture Act of 1873 ( edit ) Main article : Timber Culture Act The Timber Culture Act granted up to 160 acres of land to a homesteader who would plant at least 40 acres of trees over a period of several years . This quarter - section could be added to an existing homestead claim , offering a total of 320 acres to a settler . This offered a cheap plot of land to homesteaders . Kinkaid amendment of 1904 ( edit ) Main article : Kinkaid Act Recognizing that arid lands west of the 100th meridian , which passes through central Nebraska , required more than 160 acres for a claimant to support a family , Congress passed the Kinkaid Act which granted larger homestead tracts , up to 640 acres , to homesteaders in western Nebraska . Enlarged Homestead Act of 1909 ( edit ) Because by the early 1900s much of the prime low - lying alluvial land along rivers had been homesteaded , the Enlarged Homestead Act was passed in 1909 . To enable dryland farming , it increased the number of acres for a homestead to 320 acres ( 130 ha ) given to farmers who accepted more marginal lands ( especially in the Great Plains ) , which could not be easily irrigated . A massive influx of these new farmers , combined with inappropriate cultivation techniques and misunderstanding of the ecology , led to immense land erosion and eventually the Dust Bowl of the 1930s . The Stock - Raising Homestead Act of 1916 ( edit ) Main article : Stock - Raising Homestead Act In 1916 , the Stock - Raising Homestead Act was passed for settlers seeking 640 acres ( 260 ha ) of public land for ranching purposes . Subsistence homesteads provisions under the New Deal -- 1930 ( edit ) Main article : Subsistence Homesteads Division Renewed interest in homesteading was brought about by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's program of Subsistence Homesteading implemented in the 1930s under the New Deal . Homesteading requirements ( edit ) The Homestead Acts had few qualifying requirements . A homesteader had to be the head of the household or at least twenty - one years old . They had to live on the designated land , build a home , make improvements , and farm it for a minimum of five years . The filing fee was eighteen dollars ( or ten to temporarily hold a claim to the land ) . Immigrants , farmers without their own land , single women , and former slaves could all qualify . The fundamental racial qualification was that one had to be a citizen , or have filed a declaration of intention to become a citizen , and so the qualification changed over the years with the varying legal qualifications for citizenship . African - Americans became qualified with the passage of the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868 . South Asians and East Asians who had been born in the United States became qualified with the decision of United States v. Wong Kim Ark in 1898 , but little high - quality land remained available by that time . For immigrants the fundamental qualification was that they had to be permitted to enter the country ( which was usually co-extensive with being allowed to file a declaration of intention to become a citizen ) . During the 1800s , the bulk of immigrants were from Europe , with immigrants from South Asia and East Asia being largely excluded , and ( voluntary ) immigrants from Africa were permitted but uncommon . The Act in practice ( edit ) Settlers found land and staked their claims , usually in individual family units , although others formed closer knit communities . Often , the homestead consisted of several buildings or structures besides the main house . The Homestead Act of 1862 gave rise later to a new phenomenon , large land rushes , such as the Oklahoma Land Runs of the 1880s and 90s . End of homesteading ( edit ) Dugout home from a homestead near Pie Town , New Mexico , 1940 The Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 ended homesteading ; by that time , federal government policy had shifted to retaining control of western public lands . The only exception to this new policy was in Alaska , for which the law allowed homesteading until 1986 . The last claim under this Act was made by Ken Deardorff for 80 acres ( 32 ha ) of land on the Stony River in southwestern Alaska . He fulfilled all requirements of the homestead act in 1979 but did not receive his deed until May 1988 . He is the last person to receive title to land claimed under the Homestead Acts . Criticism ( edit ) The homestead acts were much abused . Although the intent was to grant land for agriculture , in the arid areas east of the Rocky Mountains , 640 acres ( 260 ha ) was generally too little land for a viable farm ( at least prior to major federal public investments in irrigation projects ) . In these areas , people manipulated the provisions of the act to gain control of resources , especially water . A common scheme was for an individual , acting as a front for a large cattle operation , to file for a homestead surrounding a water source , under the pretense that the land was to be used as a farm . Once the land was granted , other cattle ranchers would be denied the use of that water source , effectively closing off the adjacent public land to competition . That method was also used by large businesses and speculators to gain ownership of timber and oil - producing land . The federal government charged royalties for extraction of these resources from public lands . On the other hand , homesteading schemes were generally pointless for land containing `` locatable minerals , '' such as gold and silver , which could be controlled through mining claims under the Mining Act of 1872 , for which the federal government did not charge royalties . The government developed no systematic method to evaluate claims under the homestead acts . Land offices relied on affidavits from witnesses that the claimant had lived on the land for the required period of time and made the required improvements . In practice , some of these witnesses were bribed or otherwise colluded with the claimant . Although not necessarily fraud , it was common practice for the eligible children of a large family to claim nearby land as soon as possible . After a few generations , a family could build up a sizable estate . The homesteads were criticized as too small for the environmental conditions on the Great Plains ; a homesteader using 19th - century animal - powered tilling and harvesting could not have cultivated the 1500 acres later recommended for dry land farming . Some scholars believe the acreage limits were reasonable when the act was written , but reveal that no one understood the physical conditions of the plains . According to Hugh Nibley , much of the rain forest west of Portland , Oregon was acquired by the Oregon Lumber Company by illegal claims under the Act . Nonetheless , in 1995 , a random survey of 178 members of the Economic History Association found that 70 percent of economists and 84 percent of economic historians disagreed that `` Nineteenth - century U.S. land policy , which attempted to give away free land , probably represented a net drain on the productive capacity of the country . '' Related Acts in other countries ( edit ) Canada ( edit ) Similar laws were passed in Canada : The Legislative Assembly of Ontario passed The Free Grants and Homestead Act in 1868 , which introduced a conditional scheme to an existing free grant plan previously authorized by the Province of Canada in The Public Lands Act of 1860 . It was extended to include settlement in the Rainy River District under The Rainy River Free Grants and Homestead Act , 1886 , These Acts were consolidated in 1913 in The Public Lands Act , which was further extended in 1948 to provide for free grants to former members of the Canadian Forces . The original free grant provisions for settlers were repealed in 1951 , and the remaining provisions were repealed in 1961 . The Parliament of Canada passed the Dominion Lands Act in 1872 in order to encourage settlement in the Northwest Territories . Its application was restricted after the passage of the Natural Resources Acts in 1930 , and it was finally repealed in 1950 . The Legislative Assembly of Quebec did not expand the scope of the 1860 Province of Canada Act ( which modern day Quebec was part of in 1860 ) , but did provide in 1868 that such lands were exempt from seizure , and chattels thereon were also exempt for the first ten years of occupation . Later known as the Settlers Protection Act , it was repealed in 1984 . Newfoundland and Labrador provided for free grants of land upon proof of possession for twenty years prior to 1977 , with continuous use for agricultural , business or residential purposes during that time . Similar programs continued to operate in Alberta and British Columbia until 1970 . In the early 21st century , some land is still being granted in the Yukon Territory under its Agricultural Lands Program . New Zealand ( edit ) Despite the 1840 Treaty of Waitangi provisions for sale of land , the Māori Land Court decided that all land not cultivated by Māori was ' waste land ' and belonged to the Crown without purchase . Most New Zealand provinces had Waste Lands Acts enacted between 1854 and 1877 . The 1877 Land Act in Auckland Province used the term Homestead , with allocation administered by a Crown Lands Board . There was similar legislation in Westland . It gave up to 75 acres ( 30 ha ) , with settlers just paying the cost of a survey . They had to live there for five years , build a house and cultivate a third of the land , if already open , or a fifth if bush had to be cleared . The land was forfeited if they did n't clear enough bush . This contributed to rapid deforestation . Elsewhere in the British Empire ( edit ) Similar in intent , the British Crown Lands Acts were extended to several of the Empire 's territories , and many are still in effect , to some extent , today . For instance , the Australian selection acts were passed in the various Australian colonies following the first , in 1861 , in New South Wales . Popular Culture ( edit ) Laura Ingalls Wilder 's Little House on the Prairie series describes her father and family claiming a homestead in Kansas , and later Dakota Territory . Willa Cather 's novels , O Pioneers ! and My Ántonia , feature families homesteading on the Great Plains . Oscar Micheaux 's novel , The Homesteader : a Novel ( 1917 ) , is a semi-autobiographical story of an African American homesteader in South Dakota shortly after the turn of the 20th century . Kirby Larson 's young adult novel , Hattie Big Sky , explores one woman 's attempts to `` improve '' on her family 's homestead before the deadline to retain her rights . The Rodgers and Hammerstein musical Oklahoma is based in the Oklahoma land rush . The 1962 Elvis Presley musical film , Follow That Dream , adapted from Pioneer , Go Home ! ( 1959 ) , features a family that homesteads in Florida . The movie Far and Away , starring Tom Cruise and Nicole Kidman , centers on the main characters ' struggle to `` obtain their 160 acres . '' The miniseries Centennial , depicts the homestead development of an eastern Colorado town . The 1953 movie Shane depicts some early homesteaders in Wyoming opposed by a cattle baron who harasses , threatens and terrorizes them , calling them `` pig farmers , '' `` sod busters , '' `` squatters '' and other taunts and insults . When the rancher gets violent , the homesteaders are divided over whether to leave or to hold onto their claims . A drifter working on one of the homesteads reluctantly tries to take action . See also ( edit ) Desert Land Act Land Act of 1804 Forty acres and a mule Russian Homestead Act Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Melvin L. Oliver ; Thomas M. Shapiro ( 1997 ) . Black Wealth / white Wealth : A New Perspective on Racial Inequality . pp. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ `` Homestead National Monument : Frequently Asked Questions '' . National Park Service . Retrieved May 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ The Homestead Act of 1862 ; Archives.gov Jump up ^ US Department of the Interior , National Park Service . `` Homesteading by the Numbers '' , accessed February 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Eric Foner ; Free Soil , Free Labor , Free Men : The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War ; 1970 . Jump up ^ Charles C. Bolton ; Poor Whites of the Antebellum South : Tenants and Laborers in Central North Carolina and Northeast Mississippi ; 1993 ; p. 67 . Jump up ^ Phillips ; p. 2000 . Jump up ^ McPherson ; p. 193 . Jump up ^ McPherson ; pp. 450 -- 451 . Jump up ^ Trefousse ; p. 42 . Jump up ^ McElroy ; p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Horace Greeley '' ; Tulane University ; August 13 , 1999 ; retrieved 11 - 22 - 2007 . Jump up ^ Paul Wallace Gates , `` Federal Land Policy in the South 1866 - 1888 . '' Journal of Southern History ( 1940 ) 6 # 3 pp : 303 - 330 . in JSTOR ^ Jump up to : Realty and Resource Protection / bmps. Par. 41235. File. dat / Split % 20Estate % 20Presentation % 202006. pdf Split EstatePrivate Surface / Public Minerals : What Does it Mean to You ? , a 2006 Bureau of Land Management presentation Jump up ^ Hansen , Zeynep K. , and Gary D. Libecap ( September 2001 ) . `` U.S. Land Policy , Property Rights , and the Dust Bowl of the 1930s '' . FEEM Working Paper No . 69.2001 . FEEM . SSRN 286699 -- via Social Science Electronic Publishing . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` The American Experience : Drought '' . pbs.org . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Homesteader '' . The Free Dictionary By Farlex . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` AMERICAN HISTORY The Homestead Act - Creating Prosperity in America '' . Legends of America . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` About the Homestead Act '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Was Homesteading only for White People ? '' . Friends of Homestead National Monument of America . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` You Can , But You Ca n't ! '' . Friends of Homestead National Monument of America . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Florida Homestead Act of 1862 '' . Florida Homestead Services . 2006 . Retrieved November 22 , 2007 . ( paragraphs. 3 , 6&13 ) ( Includes data on the U.S. Homestead Act ) Jump up ^ Cobb , Norma ( 2000 ) . Arctic Homestead : The True Story of a Family 's Survival and Courage ... St. Martin 's Press . p. 21 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 28379 - 2 . Retrieved November 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Homesteader '' . National Park Service . 2006 . Retrieved November 22 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Hansen , Zeynep K. , and Gary D. Libecap . `` Small Farms , Externalities , and the Dust Bowl of the 1930s '' , Journal of Political Economy , Volume : 112 ( 3 ) . -- pp. 665 -- 94 . -- 21 November 2003 Jump up ^ See Nibley , Hugh . Approaching Zion ( The Collected Works of Hugh Nibley , Vol 9 ) , p. 469 . Nibley 's grandfather , Charles W. Nibley made his fortune in Oregon lumber , among other resources . Jump up ^ Whaples , Robert ( March 1995 ) . `` Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians ? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions '' . The Journal of Economic History . Cambridge University Press . 55 ( 1 ) : 144 , 145 . JSTOR 2123771 . doi : 10.1017 / S0022050700040602 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ The Free Grants and Homestead Act of 1868 , S.O. 1868 , c. 8 Jump up ^ The Public Lands Act of 1860 , S.C. 1860 , c. 2 Jump up ^ The Rainy River Free Grants and Homestead Act , 1886 , S.O. 1886 , c. 7 Jump up ^ The Public Lands Act , S.O. 1913 , c. 6 , Part II Jump up ^ The Public Lands Amendment Act , 1948 , S.O. 1948 , c. 72 , s . 2 Jump up ^ The Public Lands Amendment Act , 1951 , S.O. 1951 , c. 71 , s . 1 Jump up ^ The Public Lands Amendment Act , 1960 - 61 , S.O. 1960 - 61 , c. 71 , s . 3 Jump up ^ An Act to Encourage Settlers , S.Q. 1868 , c. 20 Jump up ^ Settlers Protection Act , L.R.Q. , c . P - 38 Jump up ^ Loi sur les terres publiques agricoles , L.Q. 1982 , c. 13 ( in French ) Jump up ^ Lands Act , S.N.L. 1991 , c. 36 , s . 36 , discussed at `` Squatter 's Rights '' . NL Department of Environment and Conservation . Jump up ^ Tristin Hopper ( February 14 , 2014 ) . `` Canada 's Last Homesteaders : How Determined Pioneers Turn the Yukon 's Wild Crown Land Into Successful Farms '' . The National Post . Jump up ^ New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu Taonga. `` 1 . -- Land ownership -- Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand '' . www.teara.govt.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Provincial District of Auckland -- The Land Act , 1877 NZETC '' . nzetc.victoria.ac.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu Taonga. `` 3 . -- Land ownership -- Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand '' . www.teara.govt.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Crown Lands Guide NZETC '' . nzetc.victoria.ac.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 13 . References ( edit ) McElroy , Wendy ( 2001 ) . `` The Free - Soil Movement , Part 1 '' . The Future of Freedom Foundation . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2002 . Retrieved November 22 , 2007 . McPherson , James M. ( 1998 ) . Battle Cry of Freedom : The Civil War Era . Oxford University Press . pp. 193 -- 195 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 516895 - X . Further reading ( edit ) Dick , Everett , 1970 . The Lure of the Land : A Social History of the Public Lands from the Articles of Confederation to the New Deal . Gates , Paul W. , 1996 . The Jeffersonian Dream : Studies in the History of American Land Policy and Development ' . Hyman , Harold M. , 1986 . American Singularity : The 1787 Northwest Ordinance , the 1862 Homestead and Morrill Acts , and the 1944 G.I. Bill . Lause , Mark A. , 2005 . Young America : Land , Labor , and the Republican Community . Phillips , Sarah T. , 2000 , `` Antebellum Agricultural Reform , Republican Ideology , and Sectional Tension . '' Agricultural History 74 ( 4 ) : 799 -- 822 . ISSN 0002 - 1482 Patterson - Black , Sheryll . `` Women homesteaders on the Great Plains frontier . '' Frontiers : A Journal of Women Studies ( 1976 ) : 67 - 88 . in JSTOR Raban , Jonathan , 1996 . `` Bad Land . '' Richardson , Heather Cox , 1997 . The Greatest Nation of the Earth : Republican Economic Policies during the Civil War . Robbins , Roy M. , 1942 . Our Landed Heritage : The Public Domain , 1776 -- 1936 . Shanks , Trina R.W. `` The Homestead Act : A major asset - building policy in American history . '' in Michael Sherraden ( 2005 ) . Inclusion in the American Dream : Assets , Poverty , and Public Policy . Oxford UP . pp : 20 - 41 . Smith , Sherry L. `` Single women homesteaders : the perplexing case of Elinore Pruitt Stewart . '' Western Historical Quarterly ( 1991 ) : 163 - 183 . in JSTOR , with additional citations Smith , Henry Nash . Virgin Land : The American West as Symbol and Myth . New York : Vintage , 1959 . Trefousse , Hans L. ( 1989 ) . Andrew Johnson : A Biography . Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 31742 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the Encyclopaedia Britannica ( 9th ed . ) article Homestead . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Homestead and Exemption Laws . U.S. Bureau of Land Management Homesteading Timeline Homestead Act . -- Library of Congress Text of 1862 Homestead Act Homestead National Monument of America . -- National Park Service Homestead Act of 1862 . -- National Archives and Records Administration `` Adeline Hornbek and the Homestead Act : A Colorado Success Story '' . -- National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places ( TwHP ) lesson plan . -- National Park Service Homesteaders and Pioneers on the Olympic Peninsula - an exhibit from the University of Washington Library American Old West Notable people Explorers and pioneers John Bozeman Jim Bridger William Clark Davy Crockett John C. 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5234834881739939117 | Thavakkara Bus Terminal Kannur | Thavakkara Bus Terminal Kannur - wikipedia Thavakkara Bus Terminal Kannur Jump to : navigation , search Thavakkara Bus Terminal Kannur താവക്കര ബസ് ടെർമിനൽ കണ്ണൂർ Bus Station Thavakkara Bus Terminal at Kannur Location Thavakkara , Kannur India 11 ° 52 ′ 03 '' N 75 ° 22 ′ 14 '' E / 11.867419 ° N 75.370598 ° E / 11.867419 ; 75.370598 Construction Parking Yes Electrified Yes Location Thavakkara Bus Terminal Kannur ( Kerala ) Thavakkara Bus Terminal , also called Kannur Central Bus Terminal or Central Bus Terminal Complex , is a bus station in Kannur , Kerala , India . It is located near to Kannur Railway Station . It is also India 's first bus terminal to be developed on a build - operate - transfer ( BOT ) basis . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 1.1 Facilities 2 Services 3 References 4 External links Overview ( edit ) The project is a joint venture of the Kannur Municipality and the KK Group , being implemented on Build - Operate - Transfer ( BOT ) concept . Most of the floors inside the terminal are marked for commercial purposes , which include central lobby , passengers waiting area and parking facilities . Facilities ( edit ) Multiple Bus bays Parking Bay for Cars , Two Wheelers and Autorickshaws Food Courts Cloakroom Passenger Amenities Services ( edit ) Thavakkara Bus Terminal , serves as the main boarding & alighting point in Kannur for all the passengers travelling outside city and state . It has buses catering to long distances services and short distance buses . There are many long distance bus services which operates with in Kerala state and to various district headquarters . Interstate bus services towards Mangalore , is also available from Thavakkara Bus Terminal . The bus stand complex includes one luxury hotel , one budget hotel and one dormitory . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://foursquare.com/v/kannur-new-bus-stand/4bf1200cf45ec928ab75943c ( hide ) Kannur History British rule in India North Malabar Malabar Coast St. Angelo Fort Swadeshabhimani Ramakrishna Pillai Arakkal family Geography Payyambalam Beach Laccadive Sea Muzhappilangad Drive - in Beach Meenkunnu Beach Neighbourhoods Adikadalayi Ayikkara Azhikkal Chalad Chirakkal Chirakkalkulam Kakkad Kannur Cantonment Kottakkuthazhe Marakkarkandy Neerchal Pallikunnu South Bazar Talap Thana Thavakkara Transport Road National Highway 66 Thavakkara Bus Terminal Railway Kannur Kannur South Edakkad Chirakkal Air Kannur International Airport Education Kannur University Government College of Engineering , Kannur National Institute of Fashion Technology Pariyaram Medical College Visitor attractions Payyambalam Beach St. Angelo Fort Muzhappilangad Drive - in Beach Arakkal Museum Meenkunnu Beach Kannur lighthouse Mappila Bay Places of worship Kottiyoor Vadakkeshwaram Temple Kalarivathukkal Bhagavathy Temple Tiruvarkadu Bhagavathy Temple Annapurneshwari Temple Shri Rajarajeshwaram , Parassinikadavu Sree Muthappan Temple Other topics Indian Naval Academy Indian Coast Guard Academy Kottiyoor Vysakha Mahotsavam External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thavakkara Bus Terminal . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thavakkara_Bus_Terminal_Kannur&oldid=750468859 '' Categories : Bus stations in Kerala Transport in Kannur Buildings and structures in Kannur Hidden categories : Articles using Infobox station with map locator Pages with no open date in Infobox station Pages using infobox station with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 November 2016 , at 22 : 57 . About Wikipedia | which is the biggest bus stand in kerala | [] | [] |
6409967357369415235 | Drivetrain | Drivetrain - wikipedia Drivetrain Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with powertrain . For other uses , see Drivetrain ( disambiguation ) . Engine and drivetrain of a transverse - engined front - wheel drive car The drivetrain of a motor vehicle is the group of components that deliver power to the driving wheels . This excludes the engine or motor that generates the power . In contrast , the powertrain is considered to include both the engine or motor and the drivetrain . The market for drivetrain components is economically important and is estimated to reach US $314.4 billion by 2019 . Market value by layout is approximately half for front - wheel drive , with a quarter each for rear - wheel drive ( mostly in light commercial vehicles and trucks ) and all - wheel drive . Contents ( hide ) 1 Function 2 Components 2.1 Manual transmission car 2.2 Automatic transmission car 2.3 Front - wheel drive car 2.4 Four - wheel drive off - road vehicle 3 See also 4 References Function ( edit ) The function of the drivetrain is to couple the engine that produces the power to the driving wheels that use this mechanical power to rotate the axle . This connection involves physically linking the two components , which may be at opposite ends of the vehicle and so requiring a long propeller shaft or drive shaft . The operating speed of the engine and wheels are also different and must be matched by the correct gear ratio . As the vehicle speed changes , the ideal engine speed must remain approximately constant for efficient operation and so this gearbox ratio must also be changed , either manually , automatically or by an automatic continuous variation . Components ( edit ) The precise components of the drivetrain vary , according to the type of vehicle . Some typical examples : Manual transmission car ( edit ) Rear axle with hypoid bevel gear final drive Flywheel Dual mass flywheel still rare Clutch Gearbox Overdrive Only rarely fitted Propeller shaft Rear axle Final drive Differential Automatic transmission car ( edit ) Torque converter Transmission Propeller shaft Rear axle Final drive Differential Front - wheel drive car ( edit ) Front wheel drive manual transaxle , showing the gearbox and final drive incorporated in the same housing Clutch Transaxle Gearbox Final drive Differential Drive shafts and constant - velocity joints to each wheel Four - wheel drive off - road vehicle ( edit ) Construction vehicle drivetrain , with permanent all - wheel drive Clutch Gearbox Transfer box Transmission brake Propeller shafts , to front and rear Front and rear axles Final drive Locking differential Portal gear See also ( edit ) Two - wheel drive Four - wheel drive 6 × 4 ( drivetrain ) Six - wheel drive Eight - wheel drive H - drive Continuous track Hybrid vehicle drivetrain , the drivetrain of hybrid vehicles Powertrain , the drivetrain plus engine References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Drivetrain '' . Automotive Handbook ( 3rd ed . ) . Bosch. 1993 . p. 536 . ISBN 0 - 8376 - 0330 - 7 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drivetrain&oldid=840139318 '' Categories : Automotive technologies Drivetrain Hidden categories : Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from August 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Русский Simple English Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 8 May 2018 , at 00 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the drive train on a bmw | [] | [] |
-4438916161631277799 | Punjab and Haryana High Court | Punjab and Haryana High Court - Wikipedia Punjab and Haryana High Court `` Punjab High Court '' redirects here . For the high court in Pakistan , see Lahore High Court . Punjab and Haryana High Court High Court building Established 1919 , relocated in 1947 Country India Location Sector 1 , Chandigarh Authorized by Constitution of India Decisions are appealed to Supreme Court of India Judge term length mandatory retirement by age of 62 No. of positions 88 ( 67 permanent , 21 additional ) Website http://www.highcourtchd.gov.in/ Chief Justice Currently Mr. Krishna Murari High Court of Punjab and Haryana is the common High Court for Indian states of Haryana and Punjab and Union Territory of Chandigarh based in Chandigarh , India . As of 21 March 2015 , there are 55 judges in the High Court , comprising 45 permanent and 10 additional judges . Past judges include Jagdish Singh Khehar , who was elevated to the Supreme Court of India . The court building is known as the Palace of Justice . Designed by Le Corbusier , it and several of his other works were inscribed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites in July 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Current Judges 3 See also 4 References History ( edit ) Punjab and Haryana High Court was formerly known as Lahore High Court , which was established on 21 March 1919 . The jurisdiction of that court covered undivided Punjab and Delhi . From 1920 to 1943 , the Court was conferred with extraterritorial jurisdiction over that part of China that formed part of the British consular district of Kashgar , which had previously been under the jurisdiction of the British Supreme Court for China . This ceased upon the ratification of the British - Chinese Treaty for the Relinquishment of Extra-Territorial Rights in China . Following the independence of India on 15 August 1947 , a separate High Court of Punjab was created , based at Shimla . This had jurisdiction over Indian Punjab , Delhi and what are now Himachal Pradesh and Haryana . From 17 January 1955 , the Court was moved to its present location in Chandigarh . The creation of Himachal Pradesh on 15 August 1948 led to a separate Court of Judicial Commissioner ( similar to a High Court ) being established for that state and thus the jurisdiction of the Punjab court was reduced . A separate High Court was constituted for the Union Territory of Delhi under the Delhi High Court Act , 1966 . Three Judges of the Punjab High Court were transferred to the Delhi High Court , which was constituted on 31 October 1966 . The States Reorganisation Act , 1956 paved the way for the formation of Haryana and the Union Territory of Chandigarh from 1 November 1966 . Those formations also saw the renaming of the High Court of Punjab as the High Court of Punjab and Haryana . The Judges of the High Court of Punjab became Judges of the common High Court with all the powers and jurisdiction of the High Court of Punjab . However , the principal seat of the High Court remained at Chandigarh . The High Court of Punjab and Haryana has operated since 1 November 1966 in its present form . Current Judges ( edit ) Designation Name Court No Chief Justice Krishna Murari Justice Ajay Kumar Mittal Justice Surya Kant Justice T.P.S. Mann Justice Mahesh Grover Justice Rajesh Bindal 7 Justice M.M. Singh Bedi 8 Justice A.B. Chaudhari 9 Justice Rakesh Kumar Jain 13 Justice Jaswant Singh 14 Justice Daya Chaudhary 10 Justice Rajan Gupta 50 Justice Ajay Tewari 29 Justice Jitendra Chauhan 12 Justice Augustine George Masih 51 Justice Ritu Bahri 22 Justice Rajiv Narain Raina 25 Justice Tejinder Singh Dhindsa 53 Justice Gurmeet Singh Sandhawalia 15 Justice Rekha Mittal 21 Justice Inderjit Singh 63 Justice Amol Rattan Singh 55 Justice Anita Chaudhry 58 Justice Fateh Deep Singh 16 Justice Jaspal Singh 23 Justice Surinder Gupta 19 Justice Sudip Ahluwalia 52 Justice Harinder Singh Sidhu 17 Justice Arun Palli 26 Justice Kuldip Singh 20 Justice Lisa Gill 61 Justice B.S. Walia 37 Justice Raj Mohan Singh 57 Justice Jaishree Thakur 59 Justice Amit Rawal 28 Justice Deepak Sibal 36 Justice Hari Pal Verma 24 Justice Anupinder Singh Grewal 56 Justice Dr. Shekher Dhawan 38 Justice P.B. Bajanthri 18 Justice Ramendra Jain 27 Justice Harminder Singh Madaan 65 Justice Raj Shekhar Attri 62 Justice Gurvinder Singh Gill 54 Justice Arvind Singh Sangwan 67 Justice Rajbir Sehrawat 39 Justice Anil Kshetarpal 41 Justice Avneesh Jhingan 42 Justice Mahabir Singh Sindhu 64 Justice Sudhir Mittal 66 See also ( edit ) List of World Heritage Sites in India References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Palace of Justice ( Chandigarh ) . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chandigarh Capitol Complex . Jump up ^ Tribune News Service . `` HC starts e-filing , gets Wi - Fi complex '' . Jump up ^ http://highcourtchd.gov.in/sub_pages/left_menu/publish/announce/announce_pdf/protection_15032013.pdf Jump up ^ `` Hon'ble Chief Justice and Judges of the High Court of Punjab and Haryana '' . Jump up ^ `` The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier '' . UNESCO World Heritage Centre . United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization . Retrieved 19 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chandigarh 's Capitol Complex is now a UNESCO heritage site '' . Retrieved 18 July 2016 . Jump up ^ The China ( Kashgar ) Order in Council , 1920 , `` No. 31821 '' . The London Gazette. 12 March 1920 . pp. 3153 -- 3163 . Jump up ^ `` Treaty for the Relinquishment of Extra-Territorial Rights in China and the Regulation of Related Matters ( Cmd. 6456 ) '' ( PDF ) . Foreign and Commonwealth Office . 11 January 1943 . , implemented by The China Order in Council , 1943 , `` No. 36029 '' . The London Gazette. 25 May 1943 . pp. 2331 -- 2332 . Jump up ^ The Delhi High Court Act , 1966 , Act No. 26 of 1966 Coordinates : 30 ° 45 ′ 26 '' N 76 ° 48 ′ 24 '' E / 30.7573 ° N 76.8066 ° E / 30.7573 ; 76.8066 hide High courts of India Allahabad High Court Bombay High Court Calcutta High Court Chhattisgarh High Court Delhi High Court Gujarat High Court Gauhati High Court Himachal Pradesh High Court Hyderabad High Court Jammu and Kashmir High Court Jharkhand High Court Karnataka High Court Kerala High Court Madhya Pradesh High Court Madras High Court Manipur High Court Meghalaya High Court Odisha High Court Patna High Court Punjab and Haryana High Court Rajasthan High Court Sikkim High Court Tripura High Court Uttarakhand High Court This article about an Indian building or structure is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punjab_and_Haryana_High_Court&oldid=844235467 '' Categories : High Courts of India Buildings and structures in Chandigarh Le Corbusier buildings in India Modernist architecture in India 1947 establishments in India Indian building and structure stubs Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use Indian English from August 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from July 2016 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Coordinates on Wikidata All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français हिन्दी മലയാളം ਪੰਜਾਬੀ தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 3 June 2018 , at 15 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | punjab and haryana high court chief justice name | [
"\n\nDesignation\nName\nCourt No\n\n\nChief Justice\nKrishna Murari\n1\n\n\nJustice\nAjay Kumar Mittal\n2\n\n\nJustice\nSurya Kant\n3\n\n\nJustice\nT.P.S. Mann\n4\n\n\nJustice\nMahesh Grover\n5\n\n\nJustice\nRajesh Bindal\n7\n\n\nJustice\nM.M. Singh Bedi\n8\n\n\nJustice\nA.B. Chaudhari\n9\n\n\nJustice\nRakesh Kumar Jain\n13\n\n\nJustice\nJaswant Singh\n14\n\n\nJustice\nDaya Chaudhary\n10\n\n\nJustice\nRajan Gupta\n50\n\n\nJustice\nAjay Tewari\n29\n\n\nJustice\nJitendra Chauhan\n12\n\n\nJustice\nAugustine George Masih\n51\n\n\nJustice\nRitu Bahri\n22\n\n\nJustice\nRajiv Narain Raina\n25\n\n\nJustice\nTejinder Singh Dhindsa\n53\n\n\nJustice\nGurmeet Singh Sandhawalia\n15\n\n\nJustice\nRekha Mittal\n21\n\n\nJustice\nInderjit Singh\n63\n\n\nJustice\nAmol Rattan Singh\n55\n\n\nJustice\nAnita Chaudhry\n58\n\n\nJustice\nFateh Deep Singh\n16\n\n\nJustice\nJaspal Singh\n23\n\n\nJustice\nSurinder Gupta\n19\n\n\nJustice\nSudip Ahluwalia\n52\n\n\nJustice\nHarinder Singh Sidhu\n17\n\n\nJustice\nArun Palli\n26\n\n\nJustice\nKuldip Singh\n20\n\n\nJustice\nLisa Gill\n61\n\n\nJustice\nB.S. Walia\n37\n\n\nJustice\nRaj Mohan Singh\n57\n\n\nJustice\nJaishree Thakur\n59\n\n\nJustice\nAmit Rawal\n28\n\n\nJustice\nDeepak Sibal\n36\n\n\nJustice\nHari Pal Verma\n24\n\n\nJustice\nAnupinder Singh Grewal\n56\n\n\nJustice\nDr. Shekher Dhawan\n38\n\n\nJustice\nP.B. Bajanthri\n18\n\n\nJustice\nRamendra Jain\n27\n\n\nJustice\nHarminder Singh Madaan\n65\n\n\nJustice\nRaj Shekhar Attri\n62\n\n\nJustice\nGurvinder Singh Gill\n54\n\n\nJustice\nArvind Singh Sangwan\n67\n\n\nJustice\nRajbir Sehrawat\n39\n\n\nJustice\nAnil Kshetarpal\n41\n\n\nJustice\nAvneesh Jhingan\n42\n\n\nJustice\nMahabir Singh Sindhu\n64\n\n\nJustice\nSudhir Mittal\n66\n\n"
] | [
"Krishna Murari"
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646315531998070144 | Seniority in the United States Senate | Seniority in the United States Senate - wikipedia Seniority in the United States Senate This article is part of a series on the United States Senate History of the United States Senate Members Current members ( by seniority by class ) Former members Hill committees ( DSCC NRSC ) United States Vice President ( list ) President pro tempore ( list ) Presiding officer Party leaders Party leadership of the United States Senate Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Politics and procedure Advice and consent Blue slip Closed session ( list ) Cloture Committees ( list ) Executive session Morning business Filibuster Nuclear option Recess appointment Quorum Quorum call Salaries Saxbe fix Seal Holds Senatorial courtesy Standing Rules Traditions Unanimous consent Vice Presidents ' tie - breaking votes Places United States Capitol Senate chamber Senate Reception Room Senate office buildings ( Dirksen Hart Russell ) Seniority in the United States Senate is valuable as it confers a number of benefits and is based on length of continuous service , with ties broken by a series of factors . Customarily , the terms `` senior senator '' and `` junior senator '' are used to distinguish the two senators representing a particular state . Contents ( hide ) 1 Benefits of seniority 2 Determining the beginning of a term 3 Determining length of seniority 4 Current seniority list 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References Benefits of seniority ( edit ) The United States Constitution does not mandate differences in rights or power , but Senate rules give more power to senators with more seniority . Generally , senior senators will have more power , especially within their own caucuses . In addition , by custom , senior senators from the president 's party control federal patronage appointments in their states . The president pro tempore of the Senate is traditionally the most senior member of the majority party . There are several benefits , including the following : Senators are given preferential treatment in choosing committee assignments based on seniority . Seniority on a committee is based on length of time serving on that committee , which means a senator may rank above another in committee seniority but be more junior in the full Senate . Although the committee chairmanship is an elected position , it is traditionally given to the most senior senator of the majority party serving on the committee , and not already holding a conflicting position such as chairmanship of another committee . The ranking member of a committee ( called the vice-chairman in some select committees ) is elected in the same way . Greater seniority enables a senator to choose a desk closer to the front of the Senate Chamber . Senators with higher seniority may choose to move into better office space as those offices are vacated . Seniority determines the ranking in the United States order of precedence although other factors , such as being a former President or First Spouse , can place an individual higher in the order of precedence . Determining the beginning of a term ( edit ) The beginning of an appointment does not necessarily coincide with the date the Senate convenes or when the new Senator is sworn in . In the case of Senators first elected in a general election for the upcoming Congress , their terms begin on the first day of the new Congress . Since 1935 , that means January 3 of odd - numbered years . The seniority date for an appointed senator is usually the date of the appointment , although the actual term does not begin until they take the oath of office . An incoming Senator who holds another office , including membership in the U.S. House of Representatives , must resign from that office before becoming a Senator . Determining length of seniority ( edit ) A senator 's seniority is primarily determined by length of continuous service ; for example , a senator who has served for 12 years is more senior than one who has served for 10 years . Because several new senators usually join at the beginning of a new Congress , seniority is determined by prior federal or state government service and , if necessary , the amount of time spent in the tiebreaking office . These tiebreakers in order are : Former Senator Former Vice President Former House member Former Cabinet secretary Former state Governor Population of state based on the most recent census when the senator took office Alphabetical by last name ( in case two senators came from the same state on the same day and have identical credentials ) When more than one senator has served in the same previous role , length of time in that prior office is used to break the tie . For instance , Ben Cardin , Bernie Sanders , Sherrod Brown , Bob Casey , Bob Corker , Claire McCaskill , Amy Klobuchar , Sheldon Whitehouse and Jon Tester took office on January 3 , 2007 , and the first three senators mentioned had previously served in the House of Representatives . Cardin , having served 20 years , is more senior than Sanders , who served 16 years , who in turn is more senior than Brown who served 14 years . Casey , Corker , McCaskill , Klobuchar , Whitehouse , and Tester rank in that order because as of the 2000 census , Pennsylvania , Tennessee , Missouri , Minnesota , Rhode Island , and Montana had populations that ranked in that order , so Tester was ranked 100th in seniority when the 110th Congress convened . Current seniority list ( edit ) Only relevant factors are listed below . For senators whose seniority is based on their state 's respective population , the state population ranking is given as determined by the relevant United States Census current at the time that they first took their seat . Republican R ( 51 ) Democratic D ( 47 ) Independent I ( 2 ) Current rank Historical rank Senator Party - State Seniority date First tie - breaker Second tie - breaker Committee and leadership positions 1692 Leahy , Patrick Patrick Leahy D -- Vermont January 3 , 1975 Ranking Member : Appropriations President pro tempore emeritus 1708 Hatch , Orrin Orrin Hatch R -- Utah January 3 , 1977 President pro tempore Chair : Finance 1745 Grassley , Chuck Chuck Grassley R -- Iowa January 3 , 1981 Chair : Judiciary 1766 McConnell , Mitch Mitch McConnell R -- Kentucky January 3 , 1985 Majority Leader 5 1775 Shelby , Richard Richard Shelby R -- Alabama January 3 , 1987 Former Representative ( 8 years ) Chair : Appropriations 6 1777 McCain , John John McCain R -- Arizona Former Representative ( 4 years ) Chair : Armed Services 7 1801 Feinstein , Dianne Dianne Feinstein D -- California November 4 , 1992 Ranking Member : Judiciary 8 1810 Murray , Patty Patty Murray D -- Washington January 3 , 1993 Ranking Member : HELP Assistant Minority Leader 9 1816 Inhofe , Jim Jim Inhofe R -- Oklahoma November 16 , 1994 10 1827 Wyden , Ron Ron Wyden D -- Oregon February 6 , 1996 Ranking Member : Finance 11 1830 Roberts , Pat Pat Roberts R -- Kansas January 3 , 1997 Former Representative ( 16 years ) Chair : Agriculture 12 1831 Durbin , Dick Dick Durbin D -- Illinois Former Representative ( 14 years ) Minority Whip 13 1835 Reed , Jack Jack Reed D -- Rhode Island Former Representative ( 6 years ) Ranking Member : Armed Services 14 1842 Collins , Susan Susan Collins R -- Maine Maine 38th in population ( 1990 ) Chair : Aging 15 1843 Enzi , Mike Mike Enzi R -- Wyoming Wyoming 50th in population ( 1990 ) Chair : Budget 16 1844 Schumer , Chuck Chuck Schumer D -- New York January 3 , 1999 Former Representative ( 18 years ) Minority Leader 17 1846 Crapo , Mike Mike Crapo R -- Idaho Former Representative ( 6 years ) Chair : Banking 18 1854 Nelson , Bill Bill Nelson D -- Florida January 3 , 2001 Former Representative ( 12 years ) Ranking Member : Commerce 19 1855 Carper , Tom Tom Carper D -- Delaware Former Representative ( 10 years ) Ranking Member : Environment 20 1856 Stabenow , Debbie Debbie Stabenow D -- Michigan Former Representative ( 4 years ) Ranking Member : Agriculture Democratic Policy Committee Chair 21 1859 Cantwell , Maria Maria Cantwell D -- Washington Former Representative ( 2 years ) Ranking Member : Energy 22 1867 Murkowski , Lisa Lisa Murkowski R -- Alaska December 20 , 2002 Chair : Energy 23 1869 Graham , Lindsey Lindsey Graham R -- South Carolina January 3 , 2003 Former Representative 24 1871 Alexander , Lamar Lamar Alexander R -- Tennessee Former Cabinet member Chair : HELP 25 1873 Cornyn , John John Cornyn R -- Texas Majority Whip 26 1876 Burr , Richard Richard Burr R -- North Carolina January 3 , 2005 Former Representative ( 10 years ) Chair : Intelligence 27 1879 Thune , John John Thune R -- South Dakota Former Representative ( 6 years ) Chair : Commerce Republican Conference Chair 28 1880 Isakson , Johnny Johnny Isakson R -- Georgia Former Representative ( 5 yrs. , 10 mos . ) Chair : Veterans ' Affairs Chair : Ethics 29 1885 Menendez , Bob Bob Menendez D -- New Jersey January 17 , 2006 Ranking Member : Foreign Relations 30 1886 Cardin , Ben Ben Cardin D -- Maryland January 3 , 2007 Former Representative ( 20 years ) Ranking Member : Small Business 31 1887 Sanders , Bernie Bernie Sanders I -- Vermont Former Representative ( 16 years ) Ranking Member : Budget 32 1888 Brown , Sherrod Sherrod Brown D -- Ohio Former Representative ( 14 years ) Ranking Member : Banking 33 1890 Casey Jr. , Bob Bob Casey Jr . D -- Pennsylvania Pennsylvania 6th in population ( 2000 ) Ranking Member : Aging 34 1891 Corker , Bob Bob Corker R -- Tennessee Tennessee 16th in population ( 2000 ) Chair : Foreign Relations 35 1892 McCaskill , Claire Claire McCaskill D -- Missouri Missouri 17th in population ( 2000 ) Ranking Member : Homeland Security 36 1893 Klobuchar , Amy Amy Klobuchar D -- Minnesota Minnesota 21st in population ( 2000 ) Ranking Member : Rules 37 1894 Whitehouse , Sheldon Sheldon Whitehouse D -- Rhode Island Rhode Island 43rd in population ( 2000 ) 38 1895 Tester , Jon Jon Tester D -- Montana Montana 44th in population ( 2000 ) Ranking Member : Veterans ' Affairs 39 1896 Barrasso , John John Barrasso R -- Wyoming June 22 , 2007 Chair : Environment Republican Policy Committee Chair 40 1897 Wicker , Roger Roger Wicker R -- Mississippi December 31 , 2007 41 1899 Udall , Tom Tom Udall D -- New Mexico January 3 , 2009 Former Representative Vice Chair : Indian Affairs 42 1901 Shaheen , Jeanne Jeanne Shaheen D -- New Hampshire Former Governor ( 6 years ) 43 1902 Warner , Mark Mark Warner D -- Virginia Former Governor ( 4 years ) Vice Chair : Intelligence Democratic Caucus Vice Chair 44 1903 Risch , Jim Jim Risch R -- Idaho Former Governor ( 7 months ) Chair : Small Business 45 1905 Merkley , Jeff Jeff Merkley D -- Oregon 46 1909 Bennet , Michael Michael Bennet D -- Colorado January 21 , 2009 47 1910 Gillibrand , Kirsten Kirsten Gillibrand D -- New York January 26 , 2009 48 1916 Manchin , Joe Joe Manchin D -- West Virginia November 15 , 2010 Former Governor 49 1917 Coons , Chris Chris Coons D -- Delaware Vice Chair : Ethics 50 1919 Blunt , Roy Roy Blunt R -- Missouri January 3 , 2011 Former Representative ( 14 years ) Missouri 17th in population ( 2000 ) Chair : Rules Republican Conference Vice Chair 51 1920 Moran , Jerry Jerry Moran R -- Kansas Kansas 33rd in population ( 2000 ) 52 1921 Portman , Rob Rob Portman R -- Ohio Former Representative ( 12 years ) 53 1922 Boozman , John John Boozman R -- Arkansas Former Representative ( 10 years ) 54 1923 Toomey , Pat Pat Toomey R -- Pennsylvania Former Representative ( 6 years ) 55 1924 Hoeven , John John Hoeven R -- North Dakota Former Governor Chair : Indian Affairs 56 1925 Rubio , Marco Marco Rubio R -- Florida Florida 4th in population ( 2000 ) 57 1926 Johnson , Ron Ron Johnson R -- Wisconsin Wisconsin 20th in population ( 2000 ) Chair : Homeland Security 58 1927 Paul , Rand Rand Paul R -- Kentucky Kentucky 25th in population ( 2000 ) 59 1928 Blumenthal , Richard Richard Blumenthal D -- Connecticut Connecticut 29th in population ( 2000 ) 60 1929 Lee , Mike Mike Lee R -- Utah Utah 34th in population ( 2000 ) 61 1931 Heller , Dean Dean Heller R -- Nevada May 9 , 2011 62 1932 Schatz , Brian Brian Schatz D -- Hawaii December 26 , 2012 63 1933 Scott , Tim Tim Scott R -- South Carolina January 2 , 2013 64 1934 Baldwin , Tammy Tammy Baldwin D -- Wisconsin January 3 , 2013 Former Representative ( 14 years ) Democratic Caucus Secretary 65 1935 Flake , Jeff Jeff Flake R -- Arizona Former Representative ( 12 years ) 66 1936 Donnelly , Joe Joe Donnelly D -- Indiana Former Representative ( 6 years ) Indiana 15th in population ( 2010 ) 67 1937 Murphy , Chris Chris Murphy D -- Connecticut Connecticut 29th in population ( 2010 ) 68 1938 Hirono , Mazie Mazie Hirono D -- Hawaii Hawaii 40th in population ( 2010 ) 69 1939 Heinrich , Martin Martin Heinrich D -- New Mexico Former Representative ( 4 years ) 70 1940 King , Angus Angus King I -- Maine Former Governor ( 8 years ) 71 1941 Kaine , Tim Tim Kaine D -- Virginia Former Governor ( 4 years ) 72 1942 Cruz , Ted Ted Cruz R -- Texas Texas 2nd in population ( 2010 ) 73 1943 Warren , Elizabeth Elizabeth Warren D -- Massachusetts Massachusetts 14th in population ( 2010 ) Democratic Caucus Vice Chair 74 1944 Fischer , Deb Deb Fischer R -- Nebraska Nebraska 38th in population ( 2010 ) 75 1945 Heitkamp , Heidi Heidi Heitkamp D -- North Dakota North Dakota 48th in population ( 2010 ) 76 1948 Markey , Ed Ed Markey D -- Massachusetts July 16 , 2013 77 1949 Booker , Cory Cory Booker D -- New Jersey October 31 , 2013 78 1951 Capito , Shelley Moore Shelley Moore Capito R -- West Virginia January 3 , 2015 Former Representative ( 14 years ) 79 1952 Peters , Gary Gary Peters D -- Michigan Former Representative ( 6 years ) Michigan 8th in population ( 2010 ) 80 1953 Cassidy , Bill Bill Cassidy R -- Louisiana Louisiana 25th in population ( 2010 ) 81 1954 Gardner , Cory Cory Gardner R -- Colorado Former Representative ( 4 years ) Colorado 22nd in population ( 2010 ) NRSC Chair 82 1955 Lankford , James James Lankford R -- Oklahoma Oklahoma 28th in population ( 2010 ) 83 1956 Cotton , Tom Tom Cotton R -- Arkansas Former Representative ( 2 years ) Arkansas 32nd in population ( 2010 ) 84 1957 Daines , Steve Steve Daines R -- Montana Montana 44th in population ( 2010 ) 85 1958 Rounds , Mike Mike Rounds R -- South Dakota Former Governor 86 1959 Perdue , David David Perdue R -- Georgia Georgia 9th in population ( 2010 ) 87 1960 Tillis , Thom Thom Tillis R -- North Carolina North Carolina 10th in population ( 2010 ) 88 1961 Ernst , Joni Joni Ernst R -- Iowa Iowa 30th in population ( 2010 ) 89 1962 Sasse , Ben Ben Sasse R -- Nebraska Nebraska 38th in population ( 2010 ) 90 1963 Sullivan , Dan Dan Sullivan R -- Alaska Alaska 47th in population ( 2010 ) 91 1964 Van Hollen , Chris Chris Van Hollen D -- Maryland January 3 , 2017 Former Representative ( 14 years ) DSCC Chair 92 1965 Young , Todd Todd Young R -- Indiana Former Representative ( 6 years ) 93 1966 Duckworth , Tammy Tammy Duckworth D -- Illinois Former Representative ( 4 years ) 94 1967 Hassan , Maggie Maggie Hassan D -- New Hampshire Former Governor 95 1968 Harris , Kamala Kamala Harris D -- California California 1st in population ( 2010 ) 96 1969 Kennedy , John Neely John Neely Kennedy R -- Louisiana Louisiana 25th in population ( 2010 ) 97 1970 Cortez Masto , Catherine Catherine Cortez Masto D -- Nevada Nevada 35th in population ( 2010 ) 98 1972 Smith , Tina Tina Smith D -- Minnesota January 3 , 2018 Minnesota 21st in population ( 2010 ) 99 1973 Jones , Doug Doug Jones D -- Alabama Alabama 23rd in population ( 2010 ) 100 Hyde - Smith , Cindy Cindy Hyde - Smith R -- Mississippi April 2 , 2018 Rank Historical rank Senator Party - State Seniority date First tie - breaker Second tie - breaker Committee and leadership positions See also ( edit ) Current members of the United States Senate Seniority in the United States House of Representatives List of members of the United States Congress by longevity of service List of longest - living United States Senators Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Richard Shelby 's 1994 party change did not break his service or seniority . Jump up ^ Maria Cantwell ( # 21 ) is the Senate 's most senior junior senator . ^ Jump up to : The seniority date for an appointed senator is the date of the appointment , not necessarily the date of taking the oath of office . See Determining the beginning of a term , above . Jump up ^ John Cornyn 's predecessor , Phil Gramm , resigned early , effective November 30 , 2002 , so that Senator - elect Cornyn could take office early , and move into Gramm 's office suite in order to begin organizing his staff . Cornyn did not , however , gain seniority , owing to a 1980 Rules Committee policy that no longer gave seniority to senators who entered Congress early for the purpose of gaining advantageous office space . Jump up ^ Bill Cassidy ( # 80 ) is the Senate 's most junior senior senator . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Senators of the United States 1789 -- present , A chronological list of senators since the First Congress in 1789 '' ( PDF ) . Senate Historical Office . April 17 , 2015 . Retrieved August 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1981 U.S Census Report '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` 1991 U.S Census Report '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ American FactFinder , United States Census Bureau . `` 2000 Census State Population Rankings '' . Factfinder.census.gov . Retrieved May 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Population Data ( Text Version ) -- 2010 Census , by state and census region '' . Jump up ^ `` Historical rank '' refers to the Senator 's seniority over the entire history of the Senate since 1789 . This is an absolute number that does not change from one Congress to the next . hide Lists of United States Senators in Congress by seniority 1 ( 1789 ) 2 ( 1791 ) 3 ( 1793 ) 4 ( 1795 ) 5 ( 1797 ) 6 ( 1799 ) 7 ( 1801 ) 8 ( 1803 ) 9 ( 1805 ) 10 ( 1807 ) 11 ( 1809 ) 12 ( 1811 ) 13 ( 1813 ) 14 ( 1815 ) 15 ( 1817 ) 16 ( 1819 ) 17 ( 1821 ) 18 ( 1823 ) 19 ( 1825 ) 20 ( 1827 ) 21 ( 1829 ) 22 ( 1831 ) 23 ( 1833 ) 24 ( 1835 ) 25 ( 1837 ) 26 ( 1839 ) 27 ( 1841 ) 28 ( 1843 ) 29 ( 1845 ) 30 ( 1847 ) 31 ( 1849 ) 32 ( 1851 ) 33 ( 1853 ) 34 ( 1855 ) 35 ( 1857 ) 36 ( 1859 ) 37 ( 1861 ) 38 ( 1863 ) 39 ( 1865 ) 40 ( 1867 ) 41 ( 1869 ) 42 ( 1871 ) 43 ( 1873 ) 44 ( 1875 ) 45 ( 1877 ) 46 ( 1879 ) 47 ( 1881 ) 48 ( 1883 ) 49 ( 1885 ) 50 ( 1887 ) 51 ( 1889 ) 52 ( 1891 ) 53 ( 1893 ) 54 ( 1895 ) 55 ( 1897 ) 56 ( 1899 ) 57 ( 1901 ) 58 ( 1903 ) 59 ( 1905 ) 60 ( 1907 ) 61 ( 1909 ) 62 ( 1911 ) 63 ( 1913 ) 64 ( 1915 ) 65 ( 1917 ) 66 ( 1919 ) 67 ( 1921 ) 68 ( 1923 ) 69 ( 1925 ) 70 ( 1927 ) 71 ( 1929 ) 72 ( 1931 ) 73 ( 1933 ) 74 ( 1935 ) 75 ( 1937 ) 76 ( 1939 ) 77 ( 1941 ) 78 ( 1943 ) 79 ( 1945 ) 80 ( 1947 ) 81 ( 1949 ) 82 ( 1951 ) 83 ( 1953 ) 84 ( 1955 ) 85 ( 1957 ) 86 ( 1959 ) 87 ( 1961 ) 88 ( 1963 ) 89 ( 1965 ) 90 ( 1967 ) 91 ( 1969 ) 92 ( 1971 ) 93 ( 1973 ) 94 ( 1975 ) 95 ( 1977 ) 96 ( 1979 ) 97 ( 1981 ) 98 ( 1983 ) 99 ( 1985 ) 100 ( 1987 ) 101 ( 1989 ) 102 ( 1991 ) 103 ( 1993 ) 104 ( 1995 ) 105 ( 1997 ) 106 ( 1999 ) 107 ( 2001 ) 108 ( 2003 ) 109 ( 2005 ) 110 ( 2007 ) 111 ( 2009 ) 112 ( 2011 ) 113 ( 2013 ) 114 ( 2015 ) 115 ( 2017 ) Current United States Senate elections Multiple - 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3574824808968576690 | Romanticism | Romanticism - wikipedia Romanticism Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Romance ( disambiguation ) . Caspar David Friedrich , Wanderer above the Sea of Fog , 1818 Eugène Delacroix , The Death of Sardanapalus , 1827 , taking its Orientalist subject from a play by Lord Byron Philipp Otto Runge , The Morning , 1808 Romanticism ( also the Romantic era or the Romantic period ) was an artistic , literary , musical and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century , and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850 . Romanticism was characterized by its emphasis on emotion and individualism as well as glorification of all the past and nature , preferring the medieval rather than the classical . It was partly a reaction to the Industrial Revolution , the aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment , and the scientific rationalization of nature -- all components of modernity . It was embodied most strongly in the visual arts , music , and literature , but had a major impact on historiography , education , and the natural sciences . It had a significant and complex effect on politics , with romantic thinkers influencing liberalism , radicalism , conservatism and nationalism . The movement emphasized intense emotion as an authentic source of aesthetic experience , placing new emphasis on such emotions as apprehension , horror and terror , and awe -- especially that experienced in confronting the new aesthetic categories of the sublimity and beauty of nature . It elevated folk art and ancient custom to something noble , but also spontaneity as a desirable characteristic ( as in the musical impromptu ) . In contrast to the Rationalism and Classicism of the Enlightenment , Romanticism revived medievalism and elements of art and narrative perceived as authentically medieval in an attempt to escape population growth , early urban sprawl , and industrialism . Although the movement was rooted in the German Sturm und Drang movement , which preferred intuition and emotion to the rationalism of the Enlightenment , the events and ideologies of the French Revolution were also proximate factors . Romanticism assigned a high value to the achievements of `` heroic '' individualists and artists , whose examples , it maintained , would raise the quality of society . It also promoted the individual imagination as a critical authority allowed of freedom from classical notions of form in art . There was a strong recourse to historical and natural inevitability , a Zeitgeist , in the representation of its ideas . In the second half of the 19th century , Realism was offered as a polar opposite to Romanticism . The decline of Romanticism during this time was associated with multiple processes , including social and political changes and the spread of nationalism . Contents ( hide ) 1 Defining Romanticism 1.1 Basic characteristics 1.2 Etymology 1.3 The period 1.4 Context and place in history 2 Romantic literature 2.1 Germany 2.2 Great Britain 2.2. 1 England 2.2. 2 Scotland 2.3 France 2.4 Poland 2.5 Russia 2.6 Spain 2.7 Portugal 2.8 Italy 2.9 South America 2.10 United States 2.10. 1 Influence of European Romanticism on American writers 3 Romantic visual arts 4 Romanticism and music 5 Romanticism outside the arts 5.1 Sciences 5.2 Historiography 5.3 Theology 5.4 Chess 6 Romantic nationalism 6.1 Polish nationalism and messianism 7 Gallery 8 Romantic authors 9 Scholars of Romanticism 10 See also 10.1 Related terms 10.2 Opposing terms 10.3 Related subjects 10.4 Related movements 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Defining Romanticism ( edit ) Basic characteristics ( edit ) Defining the nature of Romanticism may be approached from the starting point of the primary importance of the free expression of the feelings of the artist . The importance the Romantics placed on emotion is summed up in the remark of the German painter Caspar David Friedrich that `` the artist 's feeling is his law '' . To William Wordsworth , poetry should begin as `` the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings , '' which the poet then `` recollect ( s ) in tranquility , '' evoking a new but corresponding emotion the poet can then mould into art . To express these feelings , it was considered that the content of the art had to come from the imagination of the artist , with as little interference as possible from `` artificial '' rules that dictated what a work should consist of . Samuel Taylor Coleridge and others believed there were natural laws that the imagination -- at least of a good creative artist -- would unconsciously follow through artistic inspiration if left alone . As well as rules , the influence of models from other works was considered to impede the creator 's own imagination , so that originality was essential . The concept of the genius , or artist who was able to produce his own original work through this process of creation from nothingness , is key to Romanticism , and to be derivative was the worst sin . This idea is often called `` romantic originality . '' William Blake , The Little Girl Found , from Songs of Innocence and Experience , 1794 Not essential to Romanticism , but so widespread as to be normative , was a strong belief and interest in the importance of nature . However , this is particularly in the effect of nature upon the artist when he is surrounded by it , preferably alone . In contrast to the usually very social art of the Enlightenment , Romantics were distrustful of the human world , and tended to believe that a close connection with nature was mentally and morally healthy . Romantic art addressed its audiences with what was intended to be felt as the personal voice of the artist . So , in literature , `` much of romantic poetry invited the reader to identify the protagonists with the poets themselves '' . According to Isaiah Berlin , Romanticism embodied `` a new and restless spirit , seeking violently to burst through old and cramping forms , a nervous preoccupation with perpetually changing inner states of consciousness , a longing for the unbounded and the indefinable , for perpetual movement and change , an effort to return to the forgotten sources of life , a passionate effort at self - assertion both individual and collective , a search after means of expressing an unappeasable yearning for unattainable goals . '' Etymology ( edit ) The group of words with the root `` Roman '' in the various European languages , such as `` romance '' and `` Romanesque '' , has a complicated history , but by the middle of the 18th century `` romantic '' in English and romantique in French were both in common use as adjectives of praise for natural phenomena such as views and sunsets , in a sense close to modern English usage but without the sexual connotation . The application of the term to literature first became common in Germany , where the circle around the Schlegel brothers , critics August and Friedrich , began to speak of romantische Poesie ( `` romantic poetry '' ) in the 1790s , contrasting it with `` classic '' but in terms of spirit rather than merely dating . Friedrich Schlegel wrote in his Dialogue on Poetry ( 1800 ) , `` I seek and find the romantic among the older moderns , in Shakespeare , in Cervantes , in Italian poetry , in that age of chivalry , love and fable , from which the phenomenon and the word itself are derived . '' In both French and German the closeness of the adjective to roman , meaning the fairly new literary form of the novel , had some effect on the sense of the word in those languages . The use of the word did not become general very quickly , and was probably spread more widely in France by its persistent use by Madame de Staël in her De l'Allemagne ( 1813 ) , recounting her travels in Germany . In England Wordsworth wrote in a preface to his poems of 1815 of the `` romantic harp '' and `` classic lyre '' , but in 1820 Byron could still write , perhaps slightly disingenuously , `` I perceive that in Germany , as well as in Italy , there is a great struggle about what they call ' Classical ' and ' Romantic ' , terms which were not subjects of classification in England , at least when I left it four or five years ago '' . It is only from the 1820s that Romanticism certainly knew itself by its name , and in 1824 the Académie française took the wholly ineffective step of issuing a decree condemning it in literature . The period ( edit ) The period typically called Romantic varies greatly between different countries and different artistic media or areas of thought . Margaret Drabble described it in literature as taking place `` roughly between 1770 and 1848 '' , and few dates much earlier than 1770 will be found . In English literature , M.H. Abrams placed it between 1789 , or 1798 , this latter a very typical view , and about 1830 , perhaps a little later than some other critics . Others have proposed 1780 -- 1830 . In other fields and other countries the period denominated as Romantic can be considerably different ; musical Romanticism , for example , is generally regarded as only having ceased as a major artistic force as late as 1910 , but in an extreme extension the Four Last Songs of Richard Strauss are described stylistically as `` Late Romantic '' and were composed in 1946 -- 48 . However , in most fields the Romantic Period is said to be over by about 1850 , or earlier . The early period of the Romantic Era was a time of war , with the French Revolution ( 1789 -- 1799 ) followed by the Napoleonic Wars until 1815 . These wars , along with the political and social turmoil that went along with them , served as the background for Romanticism . The key generation of French Romantics born between 1795 -- 1805 had , in the words of one of their number , Alfred de Vigny , been `` conceived between battles , attended school to the rolling of drums '' . According to Jacques Barzun , there were three generations of Romantic artists . The first emerged in the 1790s and 1800s , the second in the 1820s , and the third later in the century . Context and place in history ( edit ) The more precise characterization and specific definition of Romanticism has been the subject of debate in the fields of intellectual history and literary history throughout the 20th century , without any great measure of consensus emerging . That it was part of the Counter-Enlightenment , a reaction against the Age of Enlightenment , is generally accepted in current scholarship . Its relationship to the French Revolution , which began in 1789 in the very early stages of the period , is clearly important , but highly variable depending on geography and individual reactions . Most Romantics can be said to be broadly progressive in their views , but a considerable number always had , or developed , a wide range of conservative views , and nationalism was in many countries strongly associated with Romanticism , as discussed in detail below . In philosophy and the history of ideas , Romanticism was seen by Isaiah Berlin as disrupting for over a century the classic Western traditions of rationality and the idea of moral absolutes and agreed values , leading `` to something like the melting away of the very notion of objective truth '' , and hence not only to nationalism , but also fascism and totalitarianism , with a gradual recovery coming only after World War II . For the Romantics , Berlin says , in the realm of ethics , politics , aesthetics it was the authenticity and sincerity of the pursuit of inner goals that mattered ; this applied equally to individuals and groups -- states , nations , movements . This is most evident in the aesthetics of romanticism , where the notion of eternal models , a Platonic vision of ideal beauty , which the artist seeks to convey , however imperfectly , on canvas or in sound , is replaced by a passionate belief in spiritual freedom , individual creativity . The painter , the poet , the composer do not hold up a mirror to nature , however ideal , but invent ; they do not imitate ( the doctrine of mimesis ) , but create not merely the means but the goals that they pursue ; these goals represent the self - expression of the artist 's own unique , inner vision , to set aside which in response to the demands of some `` external '' voice -- church , state , public opinion , family friends , arbiters of taste -- is an act of betrayal of what alone justifies their existence for those who are in any sense creative . John William Waterhouse , The Lady of Shalott , 1888 , after a poem by Tennyson ; like many Victorian paintings , romantic but not Romantic Arthur Lovejoy attempted to demonstrate the difficulty of defining Romanticism in his seminal article `` On The Discrimination of Romanticisms '' in his Essays in the History of Ideas ( 1948 ) ; some scholars see Romanticism as essentially continuous with the present , some like Robert Hughes see in it the inaugural moment of modernity , and some like Chateaubriand , Novalis and Samuel Taylor Coleridge see it as the beginning of a tradition of resistance to Enlightenment rationalism -- a `` Counter-Enlightenment '' -- to be associated most closely with German Romanticism . An earlier definition comes from Charles Baudelaire : `` Romanticism is precisely situated neither in choice of subject nor exact truth , but in the way of feeling . '' The end of the Romantic era is marked in some areas by a new style of Realism , which affected literature , especially the novel and drama , painting , and even music , through Verismo opera . This movement was led by France , with Balzac and Flaubert in literature and Courbet in painting ; Stendhal and Goya were important precursors of Realism in their respective media . However , Romantic styles , now often representing the established and safe style against which Realists rebelled , continued to flourish in many fields for the rest of the century and beyond . In music such works from after about 1850 are referred to by some writers as `` Late Romantic '' and by others as `` Neoromantic '' or `` Postromantic '' , but other fields do not usually use these terms ; in English literature and painting the convenient term `` Victorian '' avoids having to characterise the period further . In northern Europe , the Early Romantic visionary optimism and belief that the world was in the process of great change and improvement had largely vanished , and some art became more conventionally political and polemical as its creators engaged polemically with the world as it was . Elsewhere , including in very different ways the United States and Russia , feelings that great change was underway or just about to come were still possible . Displays of intense emotion in art remained prominent , as did the exotic and historical settings pioneered by the Romantics , but experimentation with form and technique was generally reduced , often replaced with meticulous technique , as in the poems of Tennyson or many paintings . If not realist , late 19th - century art was often extremely detailed , and pride was taken in adding authentic details in a way that earlier Romantics did not trouble with . Many Romantic ideas about the nature and purpose of art , above all the pre-eminent importance of originality , remained important for later generations , and often underlie modern views , despite opposition from theorists . Romantic literature ( edit ) See also : Romantic poetry Henry Wallis , The Death of Chatterton 1856 , by suicide at 17 in 1770 In literature , Romanticism found recurrent themes in the evocation or criticism of the past , the cult of `` sensibility '' with its emphasis on women and children , the isolation of the artist or narrator , and respect for nature . Furthermore , several romantic authors , such as Edgar Allan Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne , based their writings on the supernatural / occult and human psychology . Romanticism tended to regard satire as something unworthy of serious attention , a prejudice still influential today . The precursors of Romanticism in English poetry go back to the middle of the 18th century , including figures such as Joseph Warton ( headmaster at Winchester College ) and his brother Thomas Warton , Professor of Poetry at Oxford University . Joseph maintained that invention and imagination were the chief qualities of a poet . Thomas Chatterton is generally considered the first Romantic poet in English . The Scottish poet James Macpherson influenced the early development of Romanticism with the international success of his Ossian cycle of poems published in 1762 , inspiring both Goethe and the young Walter Scott . Both Chatterton and Macpherson 's work involved elements of fraud , as what they claimed was earlier literature that they had discovered or compiled was , in fact , entirely their own work . The Gothic novel , beginning with Horace Walpole 's The Castle of Otranto ( 1764 ) , was an important precursor of one strain of Romanticism , with a delight in horror and threat , and exotic picturesque settings , matched in Walpole 's case by his role in the early revival of Gothic architecture . Tristram Shandy , a novel by Laurence Sterne ( 1759 -- 67 ) introduced a whimsical version of the anti-rational sentimental novel to the English literary public . Germany ( edit ) Title page of Volume III of Des Knaben Wunderhorn , 1808 An early German influence came from Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , whose 1774 novel The Sorrows of Young Werther had young men throughout Europe emulating its protagonist , a young artist with a very sensitive and passionate temperament . At that time Germany was a multitude of small separate states , and Goethe 's works would have a seminal influence in developing a unifying sense of nationalism . Another philosophic influence came from the German idealism of Johann Gottlieb Fichte and Friedrich Schelling , making Jena ( where Fichte lived , as well as Schelling , Hegel , Schiller and the brothers Schlegel ) a center for early German Romanticism ( see Jena Romanticism ) . Important writers were Ludwig Tieck , Novalis ( Heinrich von Ofterdingen , 1799 ) , Heinrich von Kleist and Friedrich Hölderlin . Heidelberg later became a center of German Romanticism , where writers and poets such as Clemens Brentano , Achim von Arnim , and Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff met regularly in literary circles . Important motifs in German Romanticism are travelling , nature , for example the German Forest , and Germanic myths . The later German Romanticism of , for example E.T.A. Hoffmann 's Der Sandmann ( The Sandman ) , 1817 , and Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff 's Das Marmorbild ( The Marble Statue ) , 1819 , was darker in its motifs and has gothic elements . The significance to Romanticism of childhood innocence , the importance of imagination , and racial theories all combined to give an unprecedented importance to folk literature , non-classical mythology and children 's literature , above all in Germany . Brentano and von Arnim were significant literary figures who together published Des Knaben Wunderhorn ( `` The Boy 's Magic Horn '' or cornucopia ) , a collection of versified folk tales , in 1806 -- 08 . The first collection of Grimms ' Fairy Tales by the Brothers Grimm was published in 1812 . Unlike the much later work of Hans Christian Andersen , who was publishing his invented tales in Danish from 1835 , these German works were at least mainly based on collected folk tales , and the Grimms remained true to the style of the telling in their early editions , though later rewriting some parts . One of the brothers , Jacob , published in 1835 Deutsche Mythologie , a long academic work on Germanic mythology . Another strain is exemplified by Schiller 's highly emotional language and the depiction of physical violence in his play The Robbers of 1781 . Great Britain ( edit ) England ( edit ) Main article : Romantic literature in English George Henry Harlow , Byron c. 1816 In English literature , the key figures of the Romantic movement are considered to be the group of poets including William Wordsworth , Samuel Taylor Coleridge , John Keats , Lord Byron , Percy Bysshe Shelley , and the much older William Blake , followed later by the isolated figure of John Clare ; also such novelists as Walter Scott from Scotland and Mary Shelley , and the essayists William Hazlitt and Charles Lamb . The publication in 1798 of Lyrical Ballads , with many of the finest poems by Wordsworth and Coleridge , is often held to mark the start of the movement . The majority of the poems were by Wordsworth , and many dealt with the lives of the poor in his native Lake District , or his feelings about nature -- which he more fully developed in his long poem The Prelude , never published in his lifetime . The longest poem in the volume was Coleridge 's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner , which showed the Gothic side of English Romanticism , and the exotic settings that many works featured . In the period when they were writing , the Lake Poets were widely regarded as a marginal group of radicals , though they were supported by the critic and writer William Hazlitt and others . Girodet , Chateaubriand in Rome , 1808 In contrast Lord Byron and Walter Scott achieved enormous fame and influence throughout Europe with works exploiting the violence and drama of their exotic and historical settings ; Goethe called Byron `` undoubtedly the greatest genius of our century '' . Scott achieved immediate success with his long narrative poem The Lay of the Last Minstrel in 1805 , followed by the full epic poem Marmion in 1808 . Both were set in the distant Scottish past , already evoked in Ossian ; Romanticism and Scotland were to have a long and fruitful partnership . Byron had equal success with the first part of Childe Harold 's Pilgrimage in 1812 , followed by four `` Turkish tales '' , all in the form of long poems , starting with The Giaour in 1813 , drawing from his Grand Tour , which had reached Ottoman Europe , and orientalizing the themes of the Gothic novel in verse . These featured different variations of the `` Byronic hero '' , and his own life contributed a further version . Scott meanwhile was effectively inventing the historical novel , beginning in 1814 with Waverley , set in the 1745 Jacobite Rising , which was an enormous and highly profitable success , followed by over 20 further Waverley Novels over the next 17 years , with settings going back to the Crusades that he had researched to a degree that was new in literature . In contrast to Germany , Romanticism in English literature had little connection with nationalism , and the Romantics were often regarded with suspicion for the sympathy many felt for the ideals of the French Revolution , whose collapse and replacement with the dictatorship of Napoleon was , as elsewhere in Europe , a shock to the movement . Though his novels celebrated Scottish identity and history , Scott was politically a firm Unionist . Several spent much time abroad , and a famous stay on Lake Geneva with Byron and Shelley in 1816 produced the hugely influential novel Frankenstein by Shelley 's wife - to - be Mary Shelley and the novella The Vampyre by Byron 's doctor John William Polidori . The lyrics of Robert Burns in Scotland and Thomas Moore , from Ireland reflected in different ways their countries and the Romantic interest in folk literature , but neither had a fully Romantic approach to life or their work . Though they have modern critical champions such as György Lukács , Scott 's novels are today more likely to be experienced in the form of the many operas that composers continued to base on them over the following decades , such as Donizetti 's Lucia di Lammermoor and Vincenzo Bellini 's I puritani ( both 1835 ) . Byron is now most highly regarded for his short lyrics and his generally unromantic prose writings , especially his letters , and his unfinished satire Don Juan . Unlike many Romantics , Byron 's widely publicised personal life appeared to match his work , and his death at 36 in 1824 from disease when helping the Greek War of Independence appeared from a distance to be a suitably Romantic end , entrenching his legend . Keats in 1821 and Shelley in 1822 both died in Italy , Blake ( at almost 70 ) in 1827 , and Coleridge largely ceased to write in the 1820s . Wordsworth was by 1820 respectable and highly regarded , holding a government sinecure , but wrote relatively little . In the discussion of English literature , the Romantic period is often regarded as finishing around the 1820s , or sometimes even earlier , although many authors of the succeeding decades were no less committed to Romantic values . The most significant novelist in English during the peak Romantic period , other than Walter Scott , was Jane Austen , whose essentially conservative world - view had little in common with her Romantic contemporaries , retaining a strong belief in decorum and social rules , though critics have detected tremors under the surface of some works , especially Mansfield Park ( 1814 ) and Persuasion ( 1817 ) . But around the mid-century the undoubtedly Romantic novels of the Yorkshire - based Brontë family appeared , in particular Charlotte 's Jane Eyre and Emily 's Wuthering Heights , which were both published in 1847 . Byron , Keats and Shelley all wrote for the stage , but with little success in England , with Shelley 's The Cenci perhaps the best work produced , though that was not played in a public theatre in England until a century after his death . Byron 's plays , along with dramatizations of his poems and Scott 's novels , were much more popular on the Continent , and especially in France , and through these versions several were turned into operas , many still performed today . If contemporary poets had little success on the stage , the period was a legendary one for performances of Shakespeare , and went some way to restoring his original texts and removing the Augustan `` improvements '' to them . The greatest actor of the period , Edmund Kean , restored the tragic ending to King Lear ; Coleridge said that , `` Seeing him act was like reading Shakespeare by flashes of lightning . '' Scotland ( edit ) Main article : Romanticism in Scotland Robert Burns in Alexander Nasmyth 's portrait of 1787 Although after union with England in 1707 Scotland increasingly adopted English language and wider cultural norms , its literature developed a distinct national identity and began to enjoy an international reputation . Allan Ramsay ( 1686 -- 1758 ) laid the foundations of a reawakening of interest in older Scottish literature , as well as leading the trend for pastoral poetry , helping to develop the Habbie stanza as a poetic form . James Macpherson ( 1736 -- 96 ) was the first Scottish poet to gain an international reputation . Claiming to have found poetry written by the ancient bard Ossian , he published translations that acquired international popularity , being proclaimed as a Celtic equivalent of the Classical epics . Fingal , written in 1762 , was speedily translated into many European languages , and its appreciation of natural beauty and treatment of the ancient legend has been credited more than any single work with bringing about the Romantic movement in European , and especially in German literature , through its influence on Johann Gottfried von Herder and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe . It was also popularised in France by figures that included Napoleon . Eventually it became clear that the poems were not direct translations from the Gaelic , but flowery adaptations made to suit the aesthetic expectations of his audience . Robert Burns ( 1759 -- 96 ) and Walter Scott ( 1771 -- 1832 ) were highly influenced by the Ossian cycle . Burns , an Ayrshire poet and lyricist , is widely regarded as the national poet of Scotland and a major influence on the Romantic movement . His poem ( and song ) `` Auld Lang Syne '' is often sung at Hogmanay ( the last day of the year ) , and `` Scots Wha Hae '' served for a long time as an unofficial national anthem of the country . Scott began as a poet and also collected and published Scottish ballads . His first prose work , Waverley in 1814 , is often called the first historical novel . It launched a highly successful career , with other historical novels such as Rob Roy ( 1817 ) , The Heart of Midlothian ( 1818 ) and Ivanhoe ( 1820 ) . Scott probably did more than any other figure to define and popularise Scottish cultural identity in the nineteenth century . Other major literary figures connected with Romanticism include the poets and novelists James Hogg ( 1770 -- 1835 ) , Allan Cunningham ( 1784 -- 1842 ) and John Galt ( 1779 -- 1839 ) . One of the most significant figures of the Romantic movement , Lord Byron , was brought up in Scotland until he inherited his family 's English peerage . Raeburn 's portrait of Walter Scott in 1822 Scotland was also the location of two of the most important literary magazines of the era , The Edinburgh Review ( founded in 1802 ) and Blackwood 's Magazine ( founded in 1817 ) , which had a major impact on the development of British literature and drama in the era of Romanticism . Ian Duncan and Alex Benchimol suggest that publications like the novels of Scott and these magazines were part of a highly dynamic Scottish Romanticism that by the early nineteenth century , caused Edinburgh to emerge as the cultural capital of Britain and become central to a wider formation of a `` British Isles nationalism . '' Scottish `` national drama '' emerged in the early 1800s , as plays with specifically Scottish themes began to dominate the Scottish stage . Theatres had been discouraged by the Church of Scotland and fears of Jacobite assemblies . In the later eighteenth century , many plays were written for and performed by small amateur companies and were not published and so most have been lost . Towards the end of the century there were `` closet dramas '' , primarily designed to be read , rather than performed , including work by Scott , Hogg , Galt and Joanna Baillie ( 1762 -- 1851 ) , often influenced by the ballad tradition and Gothic Romanticism . France ( edit ) Romanticism was relatively late in developing in French literature , more so than in the visual arts . The 18th - century precursor to Romanticism , the cult of sensibility , had become associated with the Ancien regime , and the French Revolution had been more of an inspiration to foreign writers than those experiencing it at first hand . The first major figure was François - René de Chateaubriand , a minor aristocrat who had remained a royalist throughout the Revolution , and returned to France from exile in England and America under Napoleon , with whose regime he had an uneasy relationship . His writings , all in prose , included some fiction , such as his influential novella of exile René ( 1802 ) , which anticipated Byron in its alienated hero , but mostly contemporary history and politics , his travels , a defence of religion and the medieval spirit ( Génie du christianisme 1802 ) , and finally in the 1830s and 1840s his enormous autobiography Mémoires d'Outre - Tombe ( `` Memoirs from beyond the grave '' ) . The `` battle of Hernani '' was fought nightly at the theatre in 1830 After the Bourbon Restoration , French Romanticism developed in the lively world of Parisian theatre , with productions of Shakespeare , Schiller ( in France a key Romantic author ) , and adaptations of Scott and Byron alongside French authors , several of whom began to write in the late 1820s . Cliques of pro - and anti-Romantics developed , and productions were often accompanied by raucous vocalizing by the two sides , including the shouted assertion by one theatregoer in 1822 that `` Shakespeare , c'est l'aide - de-camp de Wellington '' ( `` Shakespeare is Wellington 's aide - de-camp '' ) . Alexandre Dumas began as a dramatist , with a series of successes beginning with Henri III et sa cour ( 1829 ) before turning to novels that were mostly historical adventures somewhat in the manner of Scott , most famously The Three Musketeers and The Count of Monte Cristo , both of 1844 . Victor Hugo published as a poet in the 1820s before achieving success on the stage with Hernani -- a historical drama in a quasi-Shakespearian style that had famously riotous performances , themselves as much a spectacle as the play , on its first run in 1830 . Like Dumas , he is best known for his novels , and was already writing The Hunchback of Notre - Dame ( 1831 ) , one of the best known works of his long career . The preface to his unperformed play `` Cromwell '' gives an important manifesto of French Romanticism , stating that `` there are no rules , or models '' . The career of Prosper Mérimée followed a similar pattern ; he is now best known as the originator of the story of Carmen , with his novella of 1845 . Alfred de Vigny remains best known as a dramatist , with his play on the life of the English poet Chatterton ( 1835 ) perhaps his best work . French Romantic poets of the 1830s to 1850s include Alfred de Musset , Gérard de Nerval , Alphonse de Lamartine and the flamboyant Théophile Gautier , whose prolific output in various forms continued until his death in 1872 . George Sand took over from Germaine de Staël as the leading female writer , and was a central figure of the Parisian literary scene , famous both for her novels and criticism and her affairs with Chopin and several others . Stendhal is today probably the most highly regarded French novelist of the period , but he stands in a complex relation with Romanticism , and is notable for his penetrating psychological insight into his characters and his realism , qualities rarely prominent in Romantic fiction . As a survivor of the French retreat from Moscow in 1812 , fantasies of heroism and adventure had little appeal for him , and like Goya he is often seen as a forerunner of Realism . His most important works are Le Rouge et le Noir ( The Red and the Black , 1830 ) and La Chartreuse de Parme ( The Charterhouse of Parma , 1839 ) . Poland ( edit ) Adam Mickiewicz on the Ayu - Dag , by Walenty Wańkowicz Main article : Romanticism in Poland Romanticism in Poland is often taken to begin with the publication of Adam Mickiewicz 's first poems in 1822 , and end with the crushing of the January Uprising of 1863 against the Russians . It was strongly marked by interest in Polish history . Polish Romanticism revived the old `` Sarmatism '' traditions of the szlachta or Polish nobility. Old traditions and customs were revived and portrayed in a positive light in the Polish messianic movement and in works of great Polish poets such as Adam Mickiewicz ( Pan Tadeusz ) , Juliusz Słowacki and Zygmunt Krasiński , as well as prose writers such as Henryk Sienkiewicz . This close connection between Polish Romanticism and Polish history became one of the defining qualities of the literature of Polish Romanticism period , differentiating it from that of other countries . They had not suffered the loss of national statehood as was the case with Poland . Influenced by the general spirit and main ideas of European Romanticism , the literature of Polish Romanticism is unique , as many scholars have pointed out , in having developed largely outside of Poland and in its emphatic focus upon the issue of Polish nationalism . The Polish intelligentsia , along with leading members of its government , left Poland in the early 1830s , during what is referred to as the `` Great Emigration , '' resettling in France , Germany , Great Britain , Turkey , and the United States . Juliusz Słowacki , a Polish poet considered one of the `` Three National Bards '' of Polish literature -- a major figure in the Polish Romantic period , and the father of modern Polish drama . Their art featured emotionalism and irrationality , fantasy and imagination , personality cults , folklore and country life , and the propagation of ideals of freedom . In the second period , many of the Polish Romantics worked abroad , often banished from Poland by the occupying powers due to their politically subversive ideas . Their work became increasingly dominated by the ideals of political struggle for freedom and their country 's sovereignty . Elements of mysticism became more prominent . There developed the idea of the poeta wieszcz ( the prophet ) . The wieszcz ( bard ) functioned as spiritual leader to the nation fighting for its independence . The most notable poet so recognized was Adam Mickiewicz . Zygmunt Krasinski also wrote to inspire political and religious hope in his countrymen . Unlike his predecessors , who called for victory at whatever price in Poland 's struggle against Russia , Krasinski emphasized Poland 's spiritual role in its fight for independence , advocating an intellectual rather than a military superiority . His works best exemplify the Messianic movement in Poland : in two early dramas , Nie - boska komedyia ( 1835 ; The Undivine Comedy ) and Irydion ( 1836 ; Iridion ) , as well as in the later Psalmy przyszłości ( 1845 ) , he asserted that Poland was the Christ of Europe : specifically chosen by God to carry the world 's burdens , to suffer , and eventually be resurrected . Russia ( edit ) Early Russian Romanticism is associated with the writers Konstantin Batyushkov ( A Vision on the Shores of the Lethe , 1809 ) , Vasily Zhukovsky ( The Bard , 1811 ; Svetlana , 1813 ) and Nikolay Karamzin ( Poor Liza , 1792 ; Julia , 1796 ; Martha the Mayoress , 1802 ; The Sensitive and the Cold , 1803 ) . However the principal exponent of Romanticism in Russia is Alexander Pushkin ( The Prisoner of the Caucasus , 1820 -- 1821 ; The Robber Brothers , 1822 ; Ruslan and Ludmila , 1820 ; Eugene Onegin , 1825 -- 1832 ) . Pushkin 's work influenced many writers in the 19th century and led to his eventual recognition as Russia 's greatest poet . Other Russian Romantic poets include Mikhail Lermontov ( A Hero of Our Time , 1839 ) , Fyodor Tyutchev ( Silentium ! , 1830 ) , Yevgeny Baratynsky ( Eda , 1826 ) , Anton Delvig , and Wilhelm Küchelbecker . Influenced heavily by Lord Byron , Lermontov sought to explore the Romantic emphasis on metaphysical discontent with society and self , while Tyutchev 's poems often described scenes of nature or passions of love . Tyutchev commonly operated with such categories as night and day , north and south , dream and reality , cosmos and chaos , and the still world of winter and spring teeming with life . Baratynsky 's style was fairly classical in nature , dwelling on the models of the previous century . Spain ( edit ) Main article : Romanticism in Spanish literature Spanish poet José de Espronceda Romanticism in Spanish literature developed a well - known literature with a huge variety of poets and playwrights . The most important Spanish poet during this movement was José de Espronceda . After him there were other poets like Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer , Mariano José de Larra and the dramatist José Zorrilla , author of Don Juan Tenorio . Before them may be mentioned the pre-romantics José Cadalso and Manuel José Quintana . The plays of Antonio García Gutiérrez were adapted to produce Giuseppe Verdi 's operas Il trovatore and Simon Boccanegra . Spanish Romanticism also influenced regional literatures . For example , in Catalonia and in Galicia there was a national boom of writers in the local languages , like the Catalan Jacint Verdaguer and the Galician Rosalía de Castro , the main figures of the national revivalist movements Renaixença and Rexurdimento , respectively . Portugal ( edit ) Portuguese poet , novelist , politic and playwright Almeida Garrett ( 1799 - 1854 ) Romanticism began in Portugal with the publication of the poem Camões ( 1825 ) , by Almeida Garrett , who was raised by his uncle D. Alexandre , bishop of Angra , in the precepts of Arcadism and Neoclasic literature , which can be observed in Almeida Garrett 's early work . The author himself confesses ( in Camões ' preface ) that he voluntarily refused to follow the principles of epic poetry enunciated by Aristotle in his Poetics , as he did the same to Horace 's Ars Poetica . Almeida Garrett had participated in 1820 Liberal Revolution , which caused him to exile himself in England ( 1823 ) , after the Vila - Francada . While living in Great Britain , he contacted with the Romantic movement and read authors such as Shakespeare , Walter Scott , Ossian and Lord Byron , at the same time visiting feudal castles and ruines of Gothic churches and abbeys , which would be reflected in his writings . In 1838 , he presented Um Auto de Gil Vicente ( `` A Play by Gil Vicente '' ) , in an attempt to create a new national theatre , free of Greco - Roman and foreign influence . But his masterpiece would be Frei Luís de Sousa ( 1843 ) , named by himself as a `` Romantic drama '' and it was acclamaid as an excepcional work , dealing with themes as national independence , faith , justice and love . He also interested in Portuguese folkloric verse , which resulted in the publication of Romanceiro ( `` Traditional Portuguese Ballads '' ) ( 1843 ) , that recollect a great number of ancient popular ballads , known as `` romances '' or `` rimances '' , in redondilha maior verse form , that contained stories of chivalry , life of saints , crusades , courtly love , etc . He wrote the novels Viagens na Minha Terra , O Arco de Sant'Ana and Helena . Alexandre Herculano is , alongside Almeida Garrett , one of the founders of Portuguese Romanticism . All of his poetry and prose are ( unlike Almeida Garrett 's ) entirely Romantic , rejecting Greco - Roman mythology and history . He sought inspiration in medieval Portuguese troubadours and chronicle - writers and in the Bible . His work is vast and covers many different genres , such as historical essays , poetry , novels , opuscules and theatre , where he brings back a whole world of Portuguese legends , tradition and history , especially in Eurico , o Presbítero ( `` Eurico , the Priest '' ) and Lendas e Narrativas ( `` Legends and Narratives '' ) . His work was largely influenced by Walter Scott , the Old Testament Psalms and French Romantic poets . Portuguese historian , politic and writer Alexandre Herculano ( 1810 - 1877 ) António Feliciano de Castilho made the for the Ultra-Romanticism , publishing the poems A Noite no Castelo ( `` Night in the Castle '' ) and Os Ciúmes do Bardo ( `` The Jealousy of the Bard '' ) , both in 1836 , and the drama Camões . He became an inquestionable master for successive Ultra-Romantic generations , whose influence would not be challenged until the famous Coimbra Question . He also caused polemic by translating Goethe 's Faust without knowing German , but using French versions of the play . Other notable figures of Portuguese Romanticism are the famous novelists Camilo Castelo Branco and Júlio Dinis , and Soares de Passos , Bulhão Pato and Pinheiro Chagas . This late arrival of a truly personal Romantic style would be revived on to the beginning of the 20th century , notably through the works of poets linked to the Portuguese Renaissance ( Renascença Portuguesa ) , such as Teixeira de Pascoais , Jaime Cortesão , Mário Beirão , among others , who can be considered as Neo-Romantics . Júlio Dantas also featured Neo-Romantic characteristics . However , an early Portuguese expression of Romanticism is found already in Manuel Maria Barbosa du Bocage , especially in his sonnets dated at the end of the 18th century . Italy ( edit ) Romanticism in Italian literature was a minor movement , yet still important ; it began officially in 1816 when Mme de Staël wrote an article in the journal Biblioteca italiana called `` Sulla maniera e l'utilità delle traduzioni '' , inviting Italian people to reject Neoclassicism and to study new authors from other countries . Before that date , Ugo Foscolo had already published poems anticipating Romantic themes . The most important Romantic writers were Ludovico di Breme , Pietro Borsieri and Giovanni Berchet . Better known authors such as Alessandro Manzoni and Giacomo Leopardi were influenced by Enlightenment as well as by Romanticism and Classicism . South America ( edit ) A print exemplifying the contrast between neoclassical vs. romantic styles of landscape and architecture ( or the `` Grecian '' and the `` Gothic '' as they are termed here ) , 1816 Spanish - speaking South American Romanticism was influenced heavily by Esteban Echeverría , who wrote in the 1830 and 1840s . His writings were influenced by his hatred for the Argentine dictator Juan Manuel de Rosas , and filled with themes of blood and terror , using the metaphor of a slaughterhouse to portray the violence of Rosas ' dictatorship . Brazilian Romanticism is characterized and divided in three different periods . The first one is basically focused on the creation of a sense of national identity , using the ideal of the heroic Indian . Some examples include José de Alencar , who wrote Iracema and O Guarani , and Gonçalves Dias , renowned by the poem `` Canção do Exílio '' ( Song of the Exile ) . The second period , sometimes called Ultra-Romanticism , is marked by a profound influence of European themes and traditions , involving the melancholy , sadness and despair related to unobtainable love . Goethe and Lord Byron are commonly quoted in these works . The third cycle is marked by social poetry , especially the abolitionist movement , and it includes Álvares de Azevedo and Castro Alves . Dennis Malone Carter , Decatur Boarding the Tripolitan Gunboat , 1878 . Romanticist vision of the Battle of Tripoli , during the First Barbary War . It represents the moment when the American war hero Stephen Decatur was fighting hand - to - hand against the Muslim pirate captain . United states ( edit ) Main articles : American literature and Romantic literature in English Thomas Cole , The Course of Empire : The Savage State ( 1 of 5 ) , 1836 In the United States , at least by 1818 with William Cullen Bryant 's `` To a Waterfowl '' , Romantic poetry was being published . American Romantic Gothic literature made an early appearance with Washington Irving 's The Legend of Sleepy Hollow ( 1820 ) and Rip Van Winkle ( 1819 ) , followed from 1823 onwards by the Leatherstocking Tales of James Fenimore Cooper , with their emphasis on heroic simplicity and their fervent landscape descriptions of an already - exotic mythicized frontier peopled by `` noble savages '' , similar to the philosophical theory of Rousseau , exemplified by Uncas , from The Last of the Mohicans . There are picturesque `` local color '' elements in Washington Irving 's essays and especially his travel books . Edgar Allan Poe 's tales of the macabre and his balladic poetry were more influential in France than at home , but the romantic American novel developed fully with the atmosphere and melodrama of Nathaniel Hawthorne 's The Scarlet Letter ( 1850 ) . Later Transcendentalist writers such as Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson still show elements of its influence and imagination , as does the romantic realism of Walt Whitman . The poetry of Emily Dickinson -- nearly unread in her own time -- and Herman Melville 's novel Moby - Dick can be taken as epitomes of American Romantic literature . By the 1880s , however , psychological and social realism were competing with Romanticism in the novel . Influence of European Romanticism on American writers ( edit ) The European Romantic movement reached America in the early 19th century . American Romanticism was just as multifaceted and individualistic as it was in Europe . Like the Europeans , the American Romantics demonstrated a high level of moral enthusiasm , commitment to individualism and the unfolding of the self , an emphasis on intuitive perception , and the assumption that the natural world was inherently good , while human society was filled with corruption . Romanticism became popular in American politics , philosophy and art . The movement appealed to the revolutionary spirit of America as well as to those longing to break free of the strict religious traditions of early settlement . The Romantics rejected rationalism and religious intellect . It appealed to those in opposition of Calvinism , which includes the belief that the destiny of each individual is preordained . The Romantic movement gave rise to New England Transcendentalism , which portrayed a less restrictive relationship between God and Universe . The new philosophy presented the individual with a more personal relationship with God . Transcendentalism and Romanticism appealed to Americans in a similar fashion , for both privileged feeling over reason , individual freedom of expression over the restraints of tradition and custom . It often involved a rapturous response to nature . It encouraged the rejection of harsh , rigid Calvinism , and promised a new blossoming of American culture . American Romanticism embraced the individual and rebelled against the confinement of neoclassicism and religious tradition . The Romantic movement in America created a new literary genre that continues to influence American writers . Novels , short stories , and poems replaced the sermons and manifestos of yore . Romantic literature was personal , intense , and portrayed more emotion than ever seen in neoclassical literature . America 's preoccupation with freedom became a great source of motivation for Romantic writers as many were delighted in free expression and emotion without so much fear of ridicule and controversy . They also put more effort into the psychological development of their characters , and the main characters typically displayed extremes of sensitivity and excitement . The works of the Romantic Era also differed from preceding works in that they spoke to a wider audience , partly reflecting the greater distribution of books as costs came down during the period . Romantic visual arts ( edit ) See also : Gothic Revival architecture Thomas Jones , The Bard , 1774 , a prophetic combination of Romanticism and nationalism by the Welsh artist In the visual arts , Romanticism first showed itself in landscape painting , where from as early as the 1760s British artists began to turn to wilder landscapes and storms , and Gothic architecture , even if they had to make do with Wales as a setting . Caspar David Friedrich and J.M.W. Turner were born less than a year apart in 1774 and 1775 respectively and were to take German and English landscape painting to their extremes of Romanticism , but both their artistic sensibilities were formed when forms of Romanticism was already strongly present in art . John Constable , born in 1776 , stayed closer to the English landscape tradition , but in his largest `` six - footers '' insisted on the heroic status of a patch of the working countryside where he had grown up -- challenging the traditional hierarchy of genres , which relegated landscape painting to a low status . Turner also painted very large landscapes , and above all , seascapes . Some of these large paintings had contemporary settings and staffage , but others had small figures that turned the work into history painting in the manner of Claude Lorrain , like Salvator Rosa a late Baroque artist whose landscapes had elements that Romantic painters repeatedly turned to . Friedrich often used single figures , or features like crosses , set alone amidst a huge landscape , `` making them images of the transitoriness of human life and the premonition of death . '' Other groups of artists expressed feelings that verged on the mystical , many largely abandoning classical drawing and proportions . These included William Blake and Samuel Palmer and the other members of the Ancients in England , and in Germany Philipp Otto Runge . Like Friedrich , none of these artists had significant influence after their deaths for the rest of the 19th century , and were 20th century rediscoveries from obscurity , though Blake was always known as a poet , and Norway 's leading painter Johan Christian Dahl was heavily influenced by Friedrich . The Rome - based Nazarene movement of German artists , active from 1810 , took a very different path , concentrating on medievalizing history paintings with religious and nationalist themes . Anne - Louis Girodet de Roussy - Trioson , Ossian receiving the Ghosts of the French Heroes , 1800 -- 02 The arrival of Romanticism in French art was delayed by the strong hold of Neoclassicism on the academies , but from the Napoleonic period it became increasingly popular , initially in the form of history paintings propagandising for the new regime , of which Girodet 's Ossian receiving the Ghosts of the French Heroes , for Napoleon 's Château de Malmaison , was one of the earliest . Girodet 's old teacher David was puzzled and disappointed by his pupil 's direction , saying : `` Either Girodet is mad or I no longer know anything of the art of painting '' . A new generation of the French school , developed personal Romantic styles , though still concentrating on history painting with a political message . Théodore Géricault ( 1791 -- 1824 ) had his first success with The Charging Chasseur , a heroic military figure derived from Rubens , at the Paris Salon of 1812 in the years of the Empire , but his next major completed work , The Raft of the Medusa of 1821 , remains the greatest achievement of the Romantic history painting , which in its day had a powerful anti-government message . Eugène Delacroix ( 1798 -- 1863 ) made his first Salon hits with The Barque of Dante ( 1822 ) , The Massacre at Chios ( 1824 ) and Death of Sardanapalus ( 1827 ) . The second was a scene from the Greek War of Independence , completed the year Byron died there , and the last was a scene from one of Byron 's plays . With Shakespeare , Byron was to provide the subject matter for many other works of Delacroix , who also spent long periods in North Africa , painting colourful scenes of mounted Arab warriors . His Liberty Leading the People ( 1830 ) remains , with the Medusa , one of the best - known works of French Romantic painting . Both reflected current events , and increasingly `` history painting '' , literally `` story painting '' , a phrase dating back to the Italian Renaissance meaning the painting of subjects with groups of figures , long considered the highest and most difficult form of art , did indeed become the painting of historical scenes , rather than those from religion or mythology . Francisco Goya was called `` the last great painter in whose art thought and observation were balanced and combined to form a faultless unity '' . But the extent to which he was a Romantic is a complex question . In Spain , there was still a struggle to introduce the values of the Enlightenment , in which Goya saw himself as a participant . The demonic and anti-rational monsters thrown up by his imagination are only superficially similar to those of the Gothic fantasies of northern Europe , and in many ways he remained wedded to the classicism and realism of his training , as well as looking forward to the Realism of the later 19th century . But he , more than any other artist of the period , exemplified the Romantic values of the expression of the artist 's feelings and his personal imaginative world . He also shared with many of the Romantic painters a more free handling of paint , emphasized in the new prominence of the brushstroke and impasto , which tended to be repressed in neoclassicism under a self - effacing finish . Cavalier gaulois by Antoine - Augustin Préault , Pont d'Iéna , Paris Sculpture remained largely impervious to Romanticism , probably partly for technical reasons , as the most prestigious material of the day , marble , does not lend itself to expansive gestures . The leading sculptors in Europe , Antonio Canova and Bertel Thorvaldsen , were both based in Rome and firm Neoclassicists , not at all tempted to allow influence from medieval sculpture , which would have been one possible approach to Romantic sculpture . When it did develop , true Romantic sculpture -- with the exception of a few artists such as Rudolf Maison -- rather oddly was missing in Germany , and mainly found in France , with François Rude , best known from his group of the 1830s from the Arc de Triomphe in Paris , David d'Angers , and Auguste Préault . Préault 's plaster relief entitled Slaughter , which represented the horrors of wars with exacerbated passion , caused so much scandal at the 1834 Salon that Préault was banned from this official annual exhibition for nearly twenty years . In Italy , the most important Romantic sculptor was Lorenzo Bartolini . Francisco Goya , The Third of May 1808 , 1814 Théodore Géricault , The Raft of the Medusa , 1819 Eugène Delacroix , Liberty Leading the People 1830 J.M.W. Turner , The Fighting Téméraire tugged to her last Berth to be broken up , 1839 In France , historical painting on idealized medieval and Renaissance themes is known as the style Troubadour , a term with no equivalent for other countries , though the same trends occurred there . Delacroix , Ingres and Richard Parkes Bonington all worked in this style , as did lesser specialists such as Pierre - Henri Révoil ( 1776 -- 1842 ) and Fleury - François Richard ( 1777 -- 1852 ) . Their pictures are often small , and feature intimate private and anecdotal moments , as well as those of high drama . The lives of great artists such as Raphael were commemorated on equal terms with those of rulers , and fictional characters were also depicted . Fleury - Richard 's Valentine of Milan weeping for the death of her husband , shown in the Paris Salon of 1802 , marked the arrival of the style , which lasted until the mid-century , before being subsumed into the increasingly academic history painting of artists like Paul Delaroche . Francesco Hayez , Crusaders Thirsting near Jerusalem Another trend was for very large apocalyptic history paintings , often combining extreme natural events , or divine wrath , with human disaster , attempting to outdo The Raft of the Medusa , and now often drawing comparisons with effects from Hollywood . The leading English artist in the style was John Martin , whose tiny figures were dwarfed by enormous earthquakes and storms , and worked his way through the biblical disasters , and those to come in the final days . Other works such as Delacroix 's Death of Sardanapalus included larger figures , and these often drew heavily on earlier artists , especially Poussin and Rubens , with extra emotionalism and special effects . Elsewhere in Europe , leading artists adopted Romantic styles : in Russia there were the portraitists Orest Kiprensky and Vasily Tropinin , with Ivan Aivazovsky specializing in marine painting , and in Norway Hans Gude painted scenes of fjords . In Italy Francesco Hayez ( 1791 -- 1882 ) was the leading artist of Romanticism in mid-19th - century Milan . His long , prolific and extremely successful career saw him begin as a Neoclassical painter , pass right through the Romantic period , and emerge at the other end as a sentimental painter of young women . His Romantic period included many historical pieces of `` Troubadour '' tendencies , but on a very large scale , that are heavily influenced by Gian Battista Tiepolo and other late Baroque Italian masters . Literary Romanticism had its counterpart in the American visual arts , most especially in the exaltation of an untamed American landscape found in the paintings of the Hudson River School . Painters like Thomas Cole , Albert Bierstadt and Frederic Edwin Church and others often expressed Romantic themes in their paintings . They sometimes depicted ancient ruins of the old world , such as in Fredric Edwin Church 's piece Sunrise in Syria . These works reflected the Gothic feelings of death and decay . They also show the Romantic ideal that Nature is powerful and will eventually overcome the transient creations of men . More often , they worked to distinguish themselves from their European counterparts by depicting uniquely American scenes and landscapes . This idea of an American identity in the art world is reflected in W.C. Bryant 's poem , To Cole , the Painter , Departing for Europe , where Bryant encourages Cole to remember the powerful scenes that can only be found in America . Some American paintings ( such as Albert Bierstadt 's The Rocky Mountains , Lander 's Peak ) promote the literary idea of the `` noble savage '' by portraying idealized Native Americans living in harmony with the natural world . Thomas Cole 's paintings tend towards allegory , explicit in The Voyage of Life series painted in the early 1840s , showing the stages of life set amidst an awesome and immense nature . Thomas Cole , Childhood , one of the 4 scenes in The Voyage of Life , 1842 William Blake , Albion Rose , 1794 - 5 Louis Janmot , from his series `` The Poem of the Soul '' , before 1854 Thomas Cole , 1842 , The Voyage of Life Old Age Romanticism and music ( edit ) See also : Romantic music , Musical nationalism , and List of Romantic - era composers Ludwig van Beethoven , painted by Joseph Karl Stieler , 1820 Musical Romanticism is predominantly a German phenomenon -- so much so that one respected French reference work defines it entirely in terms of `` The role of music in the aesthetics of German romanticism '' . Another French encyclopedia holds that the German temperament generally `` can be described as the deep and diverse action of romanticism on German musicians '' , and that there is only one true representative of Romanticism in French music , Hector Berlioz , while in Italy , the sole great name of musical Romanticism is Giuseppe Verdi , `` a sort of ( Victor ) Hugo of opera , gifted with a real genius for dramatic effect '' . Nevertheless , the huge popularity of German Romantic music led , `` whether by imitation or by reaction '' , to an often nationalistically inspired vogue amongst Polish , Hungarian , Russian , Czech , and Scandinavian musicians , successful `` perhaps more because of its extra-musical traits than for the actual value of musical works by its masters '' . Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres , Portrait of Niccolò Paganini , 1819 Frederic Chopin in 1838 by Eugène Delacroix Although the term `` Romanticism '' when applied to music has come to imply the period roughly from 1800 until 1850 , or else until around 1900 , the contemporary application of `` romantic '' to music did not coincide with this modern interpretation . Indeed , one of the earliest sustained applications of the term to music occurs in 1789 , in the Mémoires of André Grétry . This is of particular interest because it is a French source on a subject mainly dominated by Germans , but also because it explicitly acknowledges its debt to Jean - Jacques Rousseau ( himself a composer , amongst other things ) and , by so doing , establishes a link to one of the major influences on the Romantic movement generally . In 1810 E.T.A. Hoffmann named Mozart , Haydn and Beethoven as `` the three masters of instrumental compositions '' who `` breathe one and the same romantic spirit '' . He justified his view on the basis of these composers ' depth of evocative expression and their marked individuality . In Haydn 's music , according to Hoffmann , `` a child - like , serene disposition prevails '' , while Mozart ( in the late E-flat major Symphony , for example ) `` leads us into the depths of the spiritual world , '' with elements of fear , love , and sorrow , `` a presentiment of the infinite ... in the eternal dance of the spheres '' . Beethoven 's music , on the other hand , conveys a sense of `` the monstrous and immeasurable , '' with the pain of an endless longing that `` will burst our breasts in a fully coherent concord of all the passions . '' This elevation in the valuation of pure emotion resulted in the promotion of music from the subordinate position it had held in relation to the verbal and plastic arts during the Enlightenment . Because music was considered to be free of the constraints of reason , imagery , or any other precise concept , it came to be regarded , first in the writings of Wackenroder and Tieck and later by writers such as Schelling and Wagner , as preeminent among the arts , the one best able to express the secrets of the universe , to evoke the spirit world , infinity , and the absolute . This chronologic agreement of musical and literary Romanticism continued as far as the middle of the 19th century , when Richard Wagner denigrated the music of Meyerbeer and Berlioz as `` neoromantic '' : `` The Opera , to which we shall now return , has swallowed down the Neoromanticism of Berlioz , too , as a plump , fine - flavoured oyster , whose digestion has conferred on it anew a brisk and well - to - do appearance . '' It was only toward the end of the 19th century that the newly emergent discipline of Musikwissenschaft ( musicology ) -- itself a product of the historicizing proclivity of the age -- attempted a more scientific periodization of music history , and a distinction between Viennese Classical and Romantic periods was proposed . The key figure in this trend was Guido Adler , who viewed Beethoven and Franz Schubert as transitional but essentially Classical composers , with Romanticism achieving full maturity only in the post-Beethoven generation of Frédéric Chopin , Robert Schumann , Berlioz , and Franz Liszt . From Adler 's viewpoint , found in books like Der Stil in der Musik ( 1911 ) , composers of the New German School and various late - 19th - century nationalist composers were not Romantics but `` moderns '' or `` realists '' ( by analogy with the fields of painting and literature ) , and this schema remained prevalent through the first decades of the 20th century . By the second quarter of the 20th century , an awareness that radical changes in musical syntax had occurred during the early 1900s caused another shift in historical viewpoint , and the change of century came to be seen as marking a decisive break with the musical past . This in turn led historians such as Alfred Einstein to extend the musical `` Romantic Era '' throughout the 19th century and into the first decade of the 20th . It has continued to be referred to as such in some of the standard music references such as The Oxford Companion to Music and Grout 's History of Western Music but was not unchallenged . For example , the prominent German musicologist Friedrich Blume , the chief editor of the first edition of Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart ( 1949 -- 86 ) , accepted the earlier position that Classicism and Romanticism together constitute a single period beginning in the middle of the 18th century , but at the same time held that it continued into the 20th century , including such pre -- World War II developments as expressionism and neoclassicism . This is reflected in some notable recent reference works such as the New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians and the new edition of Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart . Franz Liszt , 1847 Daniel Auber , c. 1868 Giovanni Boldini , Portrait of Giuseppe Verdi , 1886 Robert Schumann , 1839 Hector Berlioz , 1850 Richard Wagner , c. 1870s Giacomo Meyerbeer , 1847 Felix Mendelssohn , 1839 In the contemporary music culture , the romantic musician followed a public career depending on sensitive middle - class audiences rather than on a courtly patron , as had been the case with earlier musicians and composers . Public persona characterized a new generation of virtuosi who made their way as soloists , epitomized in the concert tours of Paganini and Liszt , and the conductor began to emerge as an important figure , on whose skill the interpretation of the increasingly complex music depended . Romanticism outside the arts ( edit ) Akseli Gallen - Kallela , The Forging of the Sampo , 1893 . An artist from Finland deriving inspiration from the Finnish `` national epic '' , the Kalevala Sciences ( edit ) Main article : Romanticism in science The Romantic movement affected most aspects of intellectual life , and Romanticism and science had a powerful connection , especially in the period 1800 -- 40 . Many scientists were influenced by versions of the Naturphilosophie of Johann Gottlieb Fichte , Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and others , and without abandoning empiricism , sought in their work to uncover what they tended to believe was a unified and organic Nature . The English scientist Sir Humphry Davy , a prominent Romantic thinker , said that understanding nature required `` an attitude of admiration , love and worship , ( ... ) a personal response . '' He believed that knowledge was only attainable by those who truly appreciated and respected nature . Self - understanding was an important aspect of Romanticism . It had less to do with proving that man was capable of understanding nature ( through his budding intellect ) and therefore controlling it , and more to do with the emotional appeal of connecting himself with nature and understanding it through a harmonious co-existence . Historiography ( edit ) History writing was very strongly , and many would say harmfully , influenced by Romanticism . In England Thomas Carlyle was a highly influential essayist who turned historian ; he both invented and exemplified the phrase `` hero - worship '' , lavishing largely uncritical praise on strong leaders such as Oliver Cromwell , Frederick the Great and Napoleon . Romantic nationalism had a largely negative effect on the writing of history in the 19th century , as each nation tended to produce its own version of history , and the critical attitude , even cynicism , of earlier historians was often replaced by a tendency to create romantic stories with clearly distinguished heroes and villains . Nationalist ideology of the period placed great emphasis on racial coherence , and the antiquity of peoples , and tended to vastly over-emphasize the continuity between past periods and the present , leading to national mysticism . Much historical effort in the 20th century was devoted to combating the romantic historical myths created in the 19th century . Theology ( edit ) To insulate theology from reductionism in science , 19th - century post-Enlightenment German theologians moved in a new direction , led by Friedrich Schleiermacher and Albrecht Ritschl . They took the Romantic approach of rooting religion in the inner world of the human spirit , so that it is a person 's feeling or sensibility about spiritual matters that comprises religion . Chess ( edit ) Main article : Romantic chess Romantic chess was the style of chess which emphasized quick , tactical maneuvers rather than long - term strategic planning . The Romantic era in chess is generally considered to have begun with Joseph MacDonnell and Pierre LaBourdonnais , the two dominant chess players in the 1830s . The 1840s was dominated by Howard Staunton , and other leading players of the era included Adolf Anderssen , Daniel Harrwitz , Henry Bird , Louis Paulsen , and Paul Morphy . The `` Immortal Game '' , played by Adolf Anderssen and Lionel Kieseritzky on 21 June 1851 in London - where Anderssen made bold sacrifices to secure victory , giving up both rooks and a bishop , then his queen , and then checkmating his opponent with his three remaining minor pieces - is considered a supreme example of Romantic chess . The end of the Romantic era in chess is considered to be the 1873 Vienna Tournament where Wilhelm Steinitz popularized positional play and the closed game . Romantic nationalism ( edit ) Main article : Romantic nationalism Egide Charles Gustave Wappers , Episode of the Belgian Revolution of 1830 , 1834 , Musée d'Art Ancien , Brussels . A romantic vision by a Belgian painter . Hans Gude , Fra Hardanger , 1847 . Example of Norwegian romantic nationalism . One of Romanticism 's key ideas and most enduring legacies is the assertion of nationalism , which became a central theme of Romantic art and political philosophy . From the earliest parts of the movement , with their focus on development of national languages and folklore , and the importance of local customs and traditions , to the movements that would redraw the map of Europe and lead to calls for self - determination of nationalities , nationalism was one of the key vehicles of Romanticism , its role , expression and meaning . One of the most important functions of medieval references in the 19th century was nationalist . Popular and epic poetry were its workhorses . This is visible in Germany and Ireland , where underlying Germanic or Celtic linguistic substrates dating from before the Romanization - Latinization were sought out . And , in Catalonia , nationalists reclaimed Catalanism from before the Hispanicization of the Catholic Monarchs in the 15th century , when the Crown of Aragon was unified with the Castilian nobility . Early Romantic nationalism was strongly inspired by Rousseau , and by the ideas of Johann Gottfried von Herder , who in 1784 argued that the geography formed the natural economy of a people , and shaped their customs and society . The nature of nationalism changed dramatically , however , after the French Revolution with the rise of Napoleon , and the reactions in other nations . Napoleonic nationalism and republicanism were , at first , inspirational to movements in other nations : self - determination and a consciousness of national unity were held to be two of the reasons why France was able to defeat other countries in battle . But as the French Republic became Napoleon 's Empire , Napoleon became not the inspiration for nationalism , but the object of its struggle . In Prussia , the development of spiritual renewal as a means to engage in the struggle against Napoleon was argued by , among others , Johann Gottlieb Fichte , a disciple of Kant . The word Volkstum , or nationality , was coined in German as part of this resistance to the now conquering emperor . Fichte expressed the unity of language and nation in his address `` To the German Nation '' in 1806 : Those who speak the same language are joined to each other by a multitude of invisible bonds by nature herself , long before any human art begins ; they understand each other and have the power of continuing to make themselves understood more and more clearly ; they belong together and are by nature one and an inseparable whole ... Only when each people , left to itself , develops and forms itself in accordance with its own peculiar quality , and only when in every people each individual develops himself in accordance with that common quality , as well as in accordance with his own peculiar quality -- then , and then only , does the manifestation of divinity appear in its true mirror as it ought to be . This view of nationalism inspired the collection of folklore by such people as the Brothers Grimm , the revival of old epics as national , and the construction of new epics as if they were old , as in the Kalevala , compiled from Finnish tales and folklore , or Ossian , where the claimed ancient roots were invented . The view that fairy tales , unless contaminated from outside literary sources , were preserved in the same form over thousands of years , was not exclusive to Romantic Nationalists , but fit in well with their views that such tales expressed the primordial nature of a people . For instance , the Brothers Grimm rejected many tales they collected because of their similarity to tales by Charles Perrault , which they thought proved they were not truly German tales ; Sleeping Beauty survived in their collection because the tale of Brynhildr convinced them that the figure of the sleeping princess was authentically German . Vuk Karadžić contributed to Serbian folk literature , using peasant culture as the foundation . He regarded the oral literature of the peasants as an integral part of Serbian culture , compiling it to use in his collections of folk songs , tales , and proverbs , as well as the first dictionary of vernacular Serbian . Similar projects were undertaken by the Russian Alexander Afanasyev , the Norwegians Peter Christen Asbjørnsen and Jørgen Moe , and the Englishman Joseph Jacobs . The November Uprising ( 1830 -- 31 ) in Kingdom of Poland against the Russian Empire Polish nationalism and messianism ( edit ) Romanticism played an essential role in the national awakening of many Central European peoples lacking their own national states , not least in Poland , which had recently failed to restore its independence when Russia 's army crushed the Polish Uprising under Nicholas I. Revival and reinterpretation of ancient myths , customs and traditions by Romantic poets and painters helped to distinguish their indigenous cultures from those of the dominant nations and crystallise the mythography of Romantic nationalism . Patriotism , nationalism , revolution and armed struggle for independence also became popular themes in the arts of this period . Arguably , the most distinguished Romantic poet of this part of Europe was Adam Mickiewicz , who developed an idea that Poland was the Messiah of Nations , predestined to suffer just as Jesus had suffered to save all the people . The Polish self - image as a `` Christ among nations '' or the martyr of Europe can be traced back to its history of Christendom and suffering under invasions . During the periods of foreign occupation , the Catholic Church served as bastion of Poland 's national identity and language , and the major promoter of Polish culture . The partitions came to be seen in Poland as a Polish sacrifice for the security for Western civilization . Adam Mickiewicz wrote the patriotic drama Dziady ( directed against the Russians ) where he depicts Poland as the Christ of Nations . He also wrote `` Verily I say unto you , it is not for you to learn civilization from foreigners , but it is you who are to teach them civilization ... You are among the foreigners like the Apostles among the idolaters '' . In `` Books of the Polish nation and Polish pilgrimage '' Mickiewicz detailed his vision of Poland as a Messias and a Christ of Nations , that would save mankind . Dziady is known for various interpretation . The most known ones are the moral aspect of part II , individualist and romantic message of part IV , as well as deeply patriotic , messianistic and Christian vision in part III of poem . Zdzisław Kępiński , however , focuses his interpretation on Slavic pagan and occult elements found in the drama . In his book Mickiewicz hermetyczny he writes about hermetic , theosophic and alchemical philosophy on the book as well as Masonic symbols . Gallery ( edit ) Emerging Romanticism in the 18th century Joseph Vernet , 1759 , Shipwreck ; the 18th century `` sublime '' Joseph Wright , 1774 , Cave at evening , Smith College Museum of Art , Northampton , Massachusetts Henry Fuseli , 1781 , The Nightmare , a classical artist whose themes often anticipate the Romantic Philip James de Loutherbourg , Coalbrookdale by Night , 1801 , a key location of the English Industrial Revolution French Romantic painting Théodore Géricault , The Charging Chasseur , c. 1812 Ingres , Death of Leornardo da Vinci , 1818 , one of his Troubadour style works Eugène Delacroix , Collision of Moorish Horsemen , 1843 -- 44 Eugène Delacroix , The Bride of Abydos , 1857 , after the poem by Byron Other Joseph Anton Koch , Waterfalls at Subiaco 1812 -- 1813 , a `` classical '' landscape to art historians James Ward , 1814 -- 1815 , Gordale Scar John Constable , 1821 , The Hay Wain , one of Constable 's large `` six footers '' J.C. Dahl , 1826 , Eruption of Vesuvius , by Friedrich 's closest follower William Blake , c. 1824 -- 27 , The Wood of the Self - Murderers : The Harpies and the Suicides , Tate Karl Bryullov , The Last Day of Pompeii , 1833 , The State Russian Museum , St. Petersburg , Russia Isaac Levitan , Pacific , 1898 , State Russian Museum , St. Petersburg J.M.W. Turner , The Burning of the Houses of Lords and Commons ( 1835 ) , Philadelphia Museum of Art Hans Gude , Winter Afternoon , 1847 , National Gallery of Norway , Oslo Ivan Aivazovsky , 1850 , The Ninth Wave , Russian Museum , St. Petersburg John Martin , 1852 , The Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah , Laing Art Gallery Frederic Edwin Church , 1860 , Twilight in the Wilderness , Cleveland Museum of Art Albert Bierstadt , 1863 , The Rocky Mountains , Lander 's Peak Romantic authors ( edit ) Jane Austen Nikoloz Baratashvili William Blake Brontë family Robert Burns Lord Byron Thomas Carlyle Alexander Chavchavadze Samuel Taylor Coleridge Alexandre Dumas Maria Edgeworth Ralph Waldo Emerson Ugo Foscolo Aleksander Fredro Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Nikolai Gogol Nathaniel Hawthorne Victor Hugo Washington Irving John Keats Zygmunt Krasiński Józef Ignacy Kraszewski Herman Melville Adam Mickiewicz Cyprian Kamil Norwid Mikhail Lermontov Alessandro Manzoni Grigol Orbeliani Edgar Allan Poe Alexander Pushkin Mary Robinson George Sand Walter Scott Mary Shelley Percy Shelley Juliusz Słowacki Henry David Thoreau William Wordsworth Scholars of Romanticism ( edit ) Gerald Abraham M.H. Abrams Donald Ault Jacques Barzun Ian Bent Isaiah Berlin Tim Blanning Harold Bloom Friedrich Blume James Chandler Jeffrey N. Cox Carl Dahlhaus Northrop Frye Peter Kitson Philippe Lacoue - Labarthe Paul de Man Jerome McGann Anne K. Mellor Jean - Luc Nancy Ashton Nichols Leon Plantinga Christopher Ricks Charles Rosen René Wellek Susan J. Wolfson See also ( edit ) Related terms ( edit ) Humboldtian Goethean Nationalism Sentimentalism Transcendentalism Opposing terms ( edit ) Neoclassicism Positivism Rationalism Realism The Academy The Enlightenment Utilitarianism Related subjects ( edit ) Coleridge 's theory of life Dark Romanticism Folklore Gothic fiction List of romantics Mal du siècle Middle Ages in history Neo-romanticism Post-romanticism Romantic epistemology Romantic hero Romantic medicine Romantic poetry List of Romantic poets Romanticism in science Ultra-Romanticism Opium and Romanticism Related movements ( edit ) Decadent movement Düsseldorf School German Romanticism Hudson River School List of Hudson River School artists Nazarene movement Norwegian romantic nationalism Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood Sturm und Drang Vegetarianism and Romanticism Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica . `` ' ' Romanticism ' ' . Retrieved 30 January 2008 , from Encyclopædia Britannica Online '' . Britannica.com . Archived from the original on 13 October 2005 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ Casey , Christopher ( October 30 , 2008 ) . `` '' Grecian Grandeurs and the Rude Wasting of Old Time `` : Britain , the Elgin Marbles , and Post-Revolutionary Hellenism '' . Foundations . Volume III , Number 1 . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2009 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ David Levin , History as Romantic Art : Bancroft , Prescott , and Parkman ( 1967 ) Jump up ^ Gerald Lee Gutek , A history of the Western educational experience ( 1987 ) ch. 12 on Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi Jump up ^ Ashton Nichols , `` Roaring Alligators and Burning Tygers : Poetry and Science from William Bartram to Charles Darwin , '' Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 2005 149 ( 3 ) : 304 -- 315 Jump up ^ Morrow , John ( 2011 ) . `` Romanticism and political thought in the early nineteenth century '' ( PDF ) . In Stedman Jones , Gareth ; Claeys , Gregory . The Cambridge History of Nineteenth - Century Political Thought . The Cambridge History of Political Thought . Cambridge , United Kingdom : Cambridge University Press . pp. 39 -- 76 . doi : 10.1017 / CHOL9780521430562 . ISBN 9780511973581 . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Perpinya , Núria . Ruins , Nostalgia and Ugliness . Five Romantic perceptions of Middle Ages and a spoon of Game of Thrones and Avant - garde oddity . Berlin : Logos Verlag. 2014 Jump up ^ `` ' A remarkable thing , ' continued Bazarov , ' these funny old romantics ! They work up their nervous system into a state of agitation , then , of course , their equilibrium is upset . ' '' ( Ivan Turgenev , Fathers and Sons , chap. 4 ( 1862 ) ) Jump up ^ Szabolcsi , B. ( 1970 ) . `` The Decline of Romanticism : End of the Century , Turn of the Century -- Introductory Sketch of an Essay '' . Studia Musicologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 12 : 263 . doi : 10.2307 / 901360 . JSTOR 901360 . Jump up ^ Novotny , 96 Jump up ^ From the Preface to the 2nd edition of Lyrical Ballads , quoted Day , 2 Jump up ^ Day , 3 Jump up ^ Ruthven ( 2001 ) p. 40 quote : `` Romantic ideology of literary authorship , which conceives of the text as an autonomous object produced by an individual genius . '' Jump up ^ Spearing ( 1987 ) quote : `` Surprising as it may seem to us , living after the Romantic movement has transformed older ideas about literature , in the Middle Ages authority was prized more highly than originality . '' Jump up ^ Eco ( 1994 ) p. 95 quote : Much art has been and is repetitive . The concept of absolute originality is a contemporary one , born with Romanticism ; classical art was in vast measure serial , and the `` modern '' avant - garde ( at the beginning of this century ) challenged the Romantic idea of `` creation from nothingness , '' with its techniques of collage , mustachios on the Mona Lisa , art about art , and so on . Jump up ^ Waterhouse ( 1926 ) , throughout ; Smith ( 1924 ) ; Millen , Jessica Romantic Creativity and the Ideal of Originality : A Contextual Analysis , in Cross-sections , The Bruce Hall Academic Journal -- Volume VI , 2010 PDF ; Forest Pyle , The Ideology of Imagination : Subject and Society in the Discourse of Romanticism ( Stanford University Press , 1995 ) p. 28 . Jump up ^ Day 3 -- 4 ; quotation from M.H. Abrams , quoted in Day , 4 Jump up ^ Berlin , 92 Jump up ^ Ferber , 6 -- 7 ^ Jump up to : Ferber , 7 Jump up ^ Christiansen , 241 . Jump up ^ Christiansen , 242 . Jump up ^ in her Oxford Companion article , quoted by Day , 1 Jump up ^ Day , 1 -- 5 Jump up ^ Mellor , Anne ; Matlak , Richard ( 1996 ) . British Literature 1780 - 1830 . NY : Harcourt Brace & Co. / Wadsworth . ISBN 978 - 1413022537 . Jump up ^ Edward F. Kravitt , The Lied : Mirror of Late Romanticism ( New Haven and London : Yale University Press , 1996 ) : 47 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 06365 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Greenblatt et al. , Norton Anthology of English Literature , eighth edition , `` The Romantic Period -- Volume D '' ( New York : W.W. Norton & Company Inc. , 2006 ) : Jump up ^ Johnson , 147 , inc . quotation Jump up ^ Barzun , 469 Jump up ^ Day , 1 -- 3 ; the arch - conservative and Romantic is Joseph de Maistre , but many Romantics swung from youthful radicalism to conservative views in middle age , for example Wordsworth . Samuel Palmer 's only published text was a short piece opposing the Repeal of the corn laws . Jump up ^ Berlin , 57 Jump up ^ Several of Berlin 's pieces dealing with this theme are collected in the work referenced . See in particular : Berlin , 34 - 47 , 57 - 59 , 183 - 206 , 207 - 237 . Jump up ^ Berlin , 57 - 58 Jump up ^ Linda Simon The Sleep of Reason by Robert Hughes Jump up ^ Three Critics of the Enlightenment : Vico , Hamann , Herder , Pimlico , 2000 ISBN 0 - 7126 - 6492 - 0 was one of Isaiah Berlin 's many publications on the Enlightenment and its enemies that did much to popularise the concept of a Counter-Enlightenment movement that he characterised as relativist , anti-rationalist , vitalist and organic , Jump up ^ Darrin M. McMahon , `` The Counter-Enlightenment and the Low - Life of Literature in Pre-Revolutionary France '' Past and Present No. 159 ( May 1998 : 77 -- 112 ) p. 79 note 7 . Jump up ^ `` Baudelaire 's speech at the `` Salon des curiosités Estethiques '' ( in French ) . Fr.wikisource.org . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ Sutherland , James ( 1958 ) English Satire p. 1 . There were a few exceptions , notably Byron , who integrated satire into some of his greatest works , yet shared much in common with his Romantic contemporaries . Bloom , p. 18 . Jump up ^ John Keats . By Sidney Colvin , page 106 . Elibron Classics Jump up ^ Thomas Chatterton , Grevel Lindop , 1972 , Fyffield Books , page 11 Jump up ^ Zipes , Jack ( 1988 ) . The Brothers Grimm : From Enchanted Forests to the Modern World ( 1st ed . ) . Routledge . pp. 7 -- 8 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 90081 - 6 . Jump up ^ Zipes , Jack ( 2000 ) . The Oxford Companion to Fairy Tales . Oxford University Press . pp. 13 -- 14 , 218 -- 219 , . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 860115 - 9 . Jump up ^ Christiansen , 215 . Jump up ^ Christiansen , 192 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Christiansen , 197 -- 200 . Jump up ^ Christiansen , 213 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Christiansen , 188 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Or at least he tried to ; Kean played the tragic Lear for a few performances . They were not well received , and with regret , he reverted to Nahum Tate 's version with a comic ending , which had been standard since 1689 . See Stanley Wells , `` Introduction '' from King Lear Oxford University Press , 2000 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Coleridge , Samuel Taylor , Table Talk , 27 April 1823 in Coleridge , Samuel Taylor ; Morley , Henry ( 1884 ) . Table Talk of Samuel Taylor Coleridge and The Rime of the Ancient Mariner , Christobel , &c . New York : Routledge . p. 38 . Jump up ^ J. Buchan , Crowded with Genius ( London : Harper Collins , 2003 ) , ISBN 0 - 06 - 055888 - 1 , p. 311 . Jump up ^ J. Buchan , Crowded with Genius ( London : Harper Collins , 2003 ) , ISBN 0 - 06 - 055888 - 1 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ H. Gaskill , The Reception of Ossian in Europe ( Continuum , 2004 ) , ISBN 0826461352 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ D. Thomson , The Gaelic Sources of Macpherson 's `` Ossian '' ( Aberdeen : Oliver & Boyd , 1952 ) . Jump up ^ L. McIlvanney , `` Hugh Blair , Robert Burns , and the Invention of Scottish Literature '' , Eighteenth - Century Life , vol. 29 ( 2 ) , Spring 2005 , pp. 25 -- 46 . Jump up ^ K.S. Whetter , Understanding Genre and Medieval Romance ( Aldershot : Ashgate , 2008 ) , ISBN 0 - 7546 - 6142 - 3 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ N. Davidson , The Origins of Scottish Nationhood ( Pluto Press , 2008 ) , ISBN 0 - 7453 - 1608 - 5 , p. 136 . Jump up ^ A. Maunder , FOF Companion to the British Short Story ( Infobase Publishing , 2007 ) , ISBN 0816074968 , p. 374 . Jump up ^ P. MacKay , E. Longley and F. Brearton , Modern Irish and Scottish Poetry ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2011 ) , ISBN 0521196027 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ A. Jarrels , `` ' Associations respect ( ing ) the past ' : Enlightenment and Romantic historicism '' , in J.P. Klancher , A Concise Companion to the Romantic Age ( Oxford : John Wiley & Sons , 2009 ) , ISBN 0631233555 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ A. Benchimol , ed. , Intellectual Politics and Cultural Conflict in the Romantic Period : Scottish Whigs , English Radicals and the Making of the British Public Sphere ( Aldershot : Ashgate , 2010 ) , ISBN 0754664465 , p. 210 . Jump up ^ A. Benchimol , ed. , Intellectual Politics and Cultural Conflict in the Romantic Period : Scottish Whigs , English Radicals and the Making of the British Public Sphere ( Aldershot : Ashgate , 2010 ) , ISBN 0754664465 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ I. Brown , The Edinburgh History of Scottish Literature : Enlightenment , Britain and Empire ( 1707 -- 1918 ) ( Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press , 2007 ) , ISBN 0748624813 , pp. 229 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Christiansen , 202 -- 203 , 241 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Christiansen , 239 -- 46 , 240 quoted . Jump up ^ Christiansen , 244 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Christiansen , 130 -- 38 on de Staël . Jump up ^ Leon Dyczewski , Values in the Polish cultural tradition ( 2002 ) p. 183 Jump up ^ Christopher J. Murray , Encyclopedia of the romantic era , 1760 -- 1850 ( 2004 ) vol. 2 . p 742 Jump up ^ `` Nie - Boska komedia '' ( in Polish ) . Jump up ^ `` Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin ( 1799 -- 1837 ) '' . University of Virginia Slavic Department . Retrieved 1 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Philip W. Silver , Ruin and restitution : reinterpreting romanticism in Spain ( 1997 ) p. 13 Jump up ^ Gerald Brenan , The literature of the Spanish people : from Roman times to the present ( 1965 ) p 364 Jump up ^ La nuova enciclopedia della letteratura . Milan : Garzanti. 1985 . p. 829 . Jump up ^ Roberto González Echevarría and Enrique Pupo - Walker , The Cambridge History of Latin American Literature : Brazilian Literature ( 1996 ) vol. 2 p. 367 ^ Jump up to : George L. McMichael and Frederick C. Crews , eds . Anthology of American Literature : Colonial through romantic ( 6th ed. 1997 ) p 613 Jump up ^ `` Romanticism , American '' , in The Oxford Dictionary of American Art and Artists ed by Ann Lee Morgan ( Oxford University Press , 2007 ) online Jump up ^ The relationship of the American poet Wallace Stevens to Romanticism is raised in the poem `` Another Weeping Woman '' and its commentary . Jump up ^ Novotny , 96 -- 101 , 99 quoted Jump up ^ Novotny , 112 -- 121 Jump up ^ Honour , 184 -- 190 , 187 quoted Jump up ^ Walter Friedlaender , From David to Delacroix , 1974 , remains the best available account of the subject . Jump up ^ `` Romanticism '' . metmuseum.org . Jump up ^ Novotny , 142 Jump up ^ Novotny , 133 -- 142 Jump up ^ Hughes , 279 -- 280 Jump up ^ McKay , James , The Dictionary of Sculptors in Bronze , Antique Collectors Club , London , 1995 Jump up ^ Novotny , 397 , 379 -- 84 Jump up ^ Dizionario di arte e letteratura . Bologna : Zanichelli. 2002 . p. 544 . Jump up ^ Noon , throughout , especially pp. 124 - 155 Jump up ^ Boyer 1961 , 585 . Jump up ^ Ferchault 1957 . Jump up ^ Grétre 1789 . ^ Jump up to : Samson 2001 . Jump up ^ Hoffmann 1810 , col. 632 . Jump up ^ Boyer 1961 , 585 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Wagner 1995 , 77 . Jump up ^ Einstein 1947 . Jump up ^ Warrack 2002 . Jump up ^ Grout 1960 , 492 . Jump up ^ Blume 1970 ; Samson 2001 . Jump up ^ Wehnert 1998 . Jump up ^ Christiansen , 176 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , A. , and Jardine , N. , ed . Romanticism and the Sciences , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Bossi , M. , and Poggi , S. , ed . Romanticism in Science : Science in Europe , 1790 -- 1840 , p. xiv ; Cunningham , A. , and Jardine , N. , ed . Romanticism and the Sciences , p. 2 . Jump up ^ E. Sreedharan ( 2004 ) . A Textbook of Historiography , 500 B.C. to A.D. 2000 . Orient Blackswan . pp. 128 -- 68 . Jump up ^ in his published lectures On Heroes , Hero - Worship , and The Heroic in History of 1841 Jump up ^ Ceri Crossley ( 2002 ) . French Historians and Romanticism : Thierry , Guizot , the Saint - Simonians , Quinet , Michelet . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 97668 - 3 . Jump up ^ Philip Clayton and Zachary Simpson , eds . The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Science ( 2006 ) p 161 Jump up ^ David Shenk ( 2007 ) . The Immortal Game : A History of Chess . Knopf Doubleday . p. 99 . Jump up ^ Hartston , Bill ( 1996 ) . Teach Yourself Chess . Hodder & Stoughton . p. 150 . ISBN 0 - 340 - 67039 - 8 . Jump up ^ Fichte , Johann ( 1806 ) . `` Address to the German Nation '' . Fordham University . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maria Tatar , The Hard Facts of the Grimms ' Fairy Tales , p. 31 ISBN 0 - 691 - 06722 - 8 Jump up ^ Prilozi za književnost , jezik , istoriju i folklor ( in Serbian ) . Државна штампарија Краљевине Срба , Хрвата и Словенаца. 1965 . p. 264 . Retrieved 19 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Jack Zipes , The Great Fairy Tale Tradition : From Straparola and Basile to the Brothers Grimm , p 846 , ISBN 0 - 393 - 97636 - X References ( edit ) Adler , Guido. 1911 . Der Stil in der Musik . Leipzig : Breitkopf & Härtel . Adler , Guido. 1919 . Methode der Musikgeschichte . Leipzig : Breitkopf & Härtel . Adler , Guido. 1930 . Handbuch der Musikgeschichte , second , thoroughly revised and greatly expanded edition . 2 vols . Berlin - Wilmersdorf : H. Keller . Reprinted , Tutzing : Schneider , 1961 . Barzun , Jacques . 2000 . From Dawn to Decadence : 500 Years of Western Cultural Life , 1500 to the Present . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 092883 - 4 . Berlin , Isaiah. 1990 . The Crooked Timber of Humanity : Chapters in the History of Ideas , ed . Henry Hardy . London : John Murray . ISBN 0 - 7195 - 4789 - X . Bloom , Harold ( ed . ) . 1986 . George Gordon , Lord Byron . New York : Chelsea House Publishers . Blume , Friedrich. 1970 . Classic and Romantic Music , translated by M.D. Herter Norton from two essays first published in Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart . New York : W.W. Norton . Black , Joseph , Leonard Conolly , Kate Flint , Isobel Grundy , Don LePan , Roy Liuzza , Jerome J. McGann , Anne Lake Prescott , Barry V. Qualls , and Claire Waters. 2010 . The Broadview Anthology of British Literature Volume 4 : The Age of Romanticism Second Edition . Peterborough : Broadview Press . ISBN 9781551114040 . Bowra , C. Maurice . 1949 . The Romantic Imagination ( in series , `` Galaxy Book ( s ) '' ) . New York : Oxford University Press . Boyer , Jean - Paul . 1961 . `` Romantisme '' . Encyclopédie de la musique , edited by François Michel , with François Lesure and Vladimir Fédorov , 3 : 585 -- 87 . Paris : Fasquelle . Christiansen , Rupert . 1988 . Romantic Affinities : Portraits From an Age , 1780 -- 1830 . London : Bodley Head . ISBN 0370311175 . Paperback reprint , London : Cardinal , 1989 ISBN 0 - 7474 - 0404 - 6 . Paperback reprint , London : Vintage , 1994 . ISBN 0099367114 . Paperback reprint , London : Pimlico , 2004 . ISBN 1844134210 . Cunningham , Andrew , and Nicholas Jardine ( eds . ) ( 1990 ) . Romanticism and the Sciences . Cambridge and New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 35602 - 4 ( cloth ) ; ISBN 0 - 521 - 35685 - 7 ( pbk . ) . excerpt and text search ; another excerpt - and - text - search source . Day , Aidan . Romanticism , 1996 , Routledge , ISBN 0 - 415 - 08378 - 8 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 08378 - 2 . Eco , Umberto. 1994 . `` Interpreting Serials '' , in his The Limits of Interpretation , pp. 83 -- 100 . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . ISBN 0253208696 . excerpt Einstein , Alfred . 1947 . Music in the Romantic Era . New York : W.W. Norton . Ferber , Michael . 2010 . Romanticism : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 956891 - 8 . Friedlaender , Walter , David to Delacroix , ( Originally published in German ; reprinted 1980 ) 1952 . Greenblatt , Stephen , M.H. Abrams , Alfred David , James Simpson , George Logan , Lawrence Lipking , James Noggle , Jon Stallworthy , Jahan Ramazani , Jack Stillinger , and Deidre Shauna Lynch . 2006 . Norton Anthology of English Literature , eighth edition , The Romantic Period -- Volume D. New York : W.W. Norton & Company , Inc . ISBN 9780393927207 . Gregory , Elizabeth . 1997 . Quotation and Modern American Poetry : Imaginary Gardens with Real Toads . Texas A&M University Press . Grétry , André - Ernest - Modeste. 1789 . Mémoires , ou Essai sur la musique. 3 vols . Paris : Chez l'auteur , de L'Imprimerie de la république , 1789 . Second , enlarged edition , Paris : Imprimerie de la république , pluviôse , 1797 . Republished , 3 vols. , Paris : Verdiere , 1812 ; Brussels : Whalen , 1829 . Facsimile of the 1797 edition , Da Capo Press Music Reprint Series . New York : Da Capo Press , 1971 . Facsimile reprint in 1 volume of the 1829 Brussels edition , Bibliotheca musica Bononiensis , Sezione III no . 43 . Bologna : Forni Editore , 1978 . Grout , Donald Jay . 1960 . A History of Western Music . New York : W.W. Norton & Company , Inc . Hoffmann , Ernst Theodor Amadeus. 1810 . `` Recension : Sinfonie pour 2 Violons , 2 Violes , Violoncelle e Contre - Violon , 2 Flûtes , petite Flûte , 2 Hautbois , 2 Clarinettes , 2 Bassons , Contrabasson , 2 Cors , 2 Trompettes , Timbales et 3 Trompes , composée et dediée etc. par Louis van Beethoven . à Leipsic , chez Breitkopf et Härtel , Oeuvre 67 . No. 5 . des Sinfonies . ( Pr. 4 Rthlr. 12 Gr . ) '' . Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung 12 , no . 40 ( 4 July ) , cols. 630 -- 42 ( Der Beschluss folgt . ) ; 12 , no . 41 ( 11 July ) , cols. 652 -- 59 . Honour , Hugh , Neo-classicism , 1968 , Pelican . Hughes , Robert . Goya . New York : Alfred A. Knopf , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 58028 - 1 . Joachimides , Christos M. and Rosenthal , Norman and Anfam , David and Adams , Brooks ( 1993 ) American Art in the 20th Century : Painting and Sculpture 1913 -- 1993 . Macfarlane , Robert . 2007 . ' Romantic ' Originality , in Original Copy : Plagiarism and Originality in Nineteenth - Century Literature , March 2007 , pp. 18 -- 50 ( 33 ) Noon , Patrick ( ed ) , Crossing the Channel , British and French Painting in the Age of Romanticism , 2003 , Tate Publishing / Metropolitan Museum of Art . Novotny , Fritz , Painting and Sculpture in Europe , 1780 -- 1880 ( Pelican History of Art ) , Yale University Press , 2nd edn. 1971 ISBN 0 - 14 - 056120 - X . Ruthven , Kenneth Knowles. 2001 . Faking Literature . Cambridge and New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 66015 - 7 ( cloth ) ; ISBN 0 - 521 - 66965 - 0 ( pbk ) . Samson , Jim . 2001 . `` Romanticism '' . The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians , second edition , edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell . London : Macmillan Publishers . Smith , Logan Pearsall ( 1924 ) Four Words : Romantic , Originality , Creative , Genius . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Spearing , A.C. 1987 . Introduction section to Chaucer 's The Franklin 's Prologue and Tale Steiner , George . 1998 . `` Topologies of Culture '' , chapter 6 of After Babel : Aspects of Language and Translation , third revised edition . Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19288093 - 2 . Wagner , Richard . Opera and Drama , translated by William Ashton Ellis . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press , 1995 . Originally published as volume 2 of Richard Wagner 's Prose Works ( London : Kegan Paul , Trench , Trubner & Co. , 1900 ) , a translation from Gesammelte Schriften und Dichtungen ( Leipzig , 1871 -- 73 , 1883 ) . Warrack , John . 2002 . `` Romanticism '' . The Oxford Companion to Music , edited by Alison Latham . Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 866212 - 2 . Waterhouse , Francis A. 1926 . Romantic ' Originality ' in The Sewanee Review , Vol. 34 , No. 1 ( January 1926 ) , pp. 40 -- 49 . Wehnert , Martin . 1998 . `` Romantik und romantisch '' . Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart : allgemeine Enzyklopädie der Musik , begründet von Friedrich Blume , second revised edition . Sachteil 8 : Quer -- Swi , cols. 464 -- 507 . Basel , Kassel , London , Munich , and Prague : Bärenreiter ; Stuttgart and Weimar : Metzler . Further reading ( edit ) Abrams , Meyer H. 1971 . The Mirror and the Lamp . London : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 501471 - 5 . Abrams , Meyer H. 1973 . Natural Supernaturalism : Tradition and Revolution in Romantic Literature . New York : W.W. Norton . Barzun , Jacques . 1943 . Romanticism and the Modern Ego . Boston : Little , Brown and Company . Barzun , Jacques . 1961 . Classic , Romantic , and Modern . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 9780226038520 . Berlin , Isaiah. 1999 . The Roots of Romanticism . London : Chatto and Windus . ISBN 0 - 691 - 08662 - 1 . Blanning , Tim . The Romantic Revolution : A History ( 2011 ) 272pp Breckman , Warren , European Romanticism : A Brief History with Documents . New York : Bedford / St. Martin 's , 2007 . `` European Romanticism : A Brief History with Documents '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 24 . Cavalletti , Carlo. 2000 . Chopin and Romantic Music , translated by Anna Maria Salmeri Pherson . Hauppauge , NY : Barron 's Educational Series . ( Hardcover ) ISBN 0 - 7641 - 5136 - 3 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 7641 - 5136 - 1 . Chaudon , Francis . 1980 . The Concise Encyclopedia of Romanticism . Secaucus , N.J. : Chartwell Books . ISBN 0 - 89009 - 707 - 0 . Ciofalo , John J. 2001 . `` The Ascent of Genius in the Court and Academy . '' The Self - Portraits of Francisco Goya . Cambridge University Press . Cox , Jeffrey N. 2004 . Poetry and Politics in the Cockney School : Keats , Shelley , Hunt and Their Circle . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521604239 . Dahlhaus , Carl . 1979 . `` Neo-Romanticism '' . 19th - Century Music 3 , no . 2 ( November ) : 97 -- 105 . Dahlhaus , Carl . 1980 . Between Romanticism and Modernism : Four Studies in the Music of the Later Nineteenth Century , translated by Mary Whittall in collaboration with Arnold Whittall ; also with Friedrich Nietzsche , `` On Music and Words '' , translated by Walter Arnold Kaufmann . California Studies in 19th Century Music 1 . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 03679 - 4 ( cloth ) ; 0520067487 ( pbk ) . Original German edition , as Zwischen Romantik und Moderne : vier Studien zur Musikgeschichte des späteren 19 . Jahrhunderts . Munich : Musikverlag Katzbichler , 1974 . Dahlhaus , Carl . 1985 . Realism in Nineteenth - Century Music , translated by Mary Whittall . Cambridge and New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 26115 - 5 ( cloth ) ; ISBN 0 - 521 - 27841 - 4 ( pbk ) . Original German edition , as Musikalischer Realismus : zur Musikgeschichte des 19 . Jahrhunderts . Munich : R. Piper , 1982 . ISBN 3 - 492 - 00539 - X . Fabre , Côme , and Felix Krämer ( eds . ) . 2013 . L'ange du bizzare : Le romantisme noire de Goya a Max Ernst , à l'occasion de l'Exposition , Stadel Museum , Francfort , 26 septembre 2012 -- 20 janvier 2013 , Musée d'Orsay , Paris , 5 mars -- 9 juin 2013 . Ostfildern : Hatje Cantz . ISBN 9783775735902 . Fay , Elizabeth . 2002 . Romantic Medievalism . History and the Romantic Literary Ideal . Houndsmills , Basingstoke : Palgrave . Gaull , Marilyn. 1988 . English Romanticism : The Human Context . New York and London : W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0393955477 . Geck , Martin . 1998 . `` Realismus '' . Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart : Allgemeine Enzyklopädie der Musik begründe von Friedrich Blume , second , revised edition , edited by Ludwig Finscher . Sachteil 8 : Quer -- Swi , cols. 91 -- 99 . Kassel , Basel , London , New York , Prague : Bärenreiter ; Suttgart and Weimar : Metzler . ISBN 3 - 7618 - 1109 - 8 ( Bärenreiter ) ; ISBN 3 - 476 - 41008 - 0 ( Metzler ) . Gillespie , Gerald , Manfred Engel , and Bernard Dieterle ( eds . ) . 2008 . Romantic Prose Fiction ( = A Comparative History of Literatures in European Languages , Bd . XXIII ; ed. by the International Comparative Literature Association ) . Amsterdam , Philadelphia : John Benjamins . ISBN 978 - 90 - 272 - 3456 - 8 . ( esp . pp. 263 -- 295 ) . Gossman , Lionel . 2007 . `` Making of a Romantic Icon : The Religious Context of Friedrich Overbeck 's ' Italia und Germania . ' '' Philadelphia : American Philosophical Society . ISBN 0 - 87169 - 975 - 3 . Grewe , Cordula. 2009 . Painting the Sacred in the Age of German Romanticism . Burlington : Ashgate . `` Painting the Sacred in the Age of Romanticism '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 24 . Hamilton , Paul , ed . The Oxford Handbook of European Romanticism ( 2016 ) . Holmes , Richard . 2009 . The Age of Wonder : How the Romantic Generation Discovered the Beauty and Terror of Science . London : HarperPress . ISBN 9780007149520 . New York : Pantheon Books . ISBN 9780375422225 . Paperback reprint , New York : Vintage Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 3187 - 0 Honour , Hugh . 1979 . Romanticism . New York : Harper and Row . ISBN 0064333361 ( cloth ) ; ISBN 0064300897 ( pbk . ) . Johnson , Lee . 1991 . Eugène Delacroix ( 1798 - 1863 ) : paintings , drawings , and prints from North American collections , New York : The Metropolitan Museum of Art , ISBN 9780870996085 . Kravitt , Edward F. 1992 . `` Romanticism Today '' . The Musical Quarterly 76 , no . 1 ( Spring ) : 93 -- 109 . Lang , Paul Henry . 1941 . Music in Western Civilization . New York : W.W. Norton . McCalman , Iain ( ed . ) . 2009 . An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age . Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press . Online at Oxford Reference Online ( subscription required ) Mason , Daniel Gregory . 1936 . The Romantic Composers . New York : Macmillan . Masson , Scott . 2007 . `` Romanticism '' , Chapt. 7 in The Oxford Handbook of English Literature and Theology , ( Oxford University Press ) 2007 . Murray , Christopher , ed . Encyclopedia of the romantic era , 1760 -- 1850 ( 2 vol 2004 ) ; 850 articles by experts ; 1600pp O'Neill , J , ed. ( 2000 ) . Romanticism & the school of nature : nineteenth - century drawings and paintings from the Karen B. Cohen collection . New York : The Metropolitan Museum of Art . Plantinga , Leon . 1984 . Romantic Music : A History of Musical Style in Nineteenth - Century Europe . A Norton Introduction to Music History . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 95196 - 0 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 95196 - 7 Reynolds , Nicole . 2010 . Building Romanticism : Literature and Architecture in Nineteenth - century Britain . University of Michigan Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 11731 - 4 . Riasanovsky , Nicholas V. 1992 . The Emergence of Romanticism . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0195073416 Rosen , Charles . 1995 . The Romantic Generation . Cambridge , Mass. : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 77933 - 9 . Rosenblum , Robert , Modern Painting and the Northern Romantic Tradition : Friedrich to Rothko , ( Harper & Row ) 1975 . Rummenhöller , Peter . 1989 . Romantik in der Musik : Analysen , Portraits , Reflexionen . Munich : Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag ; Kassel and New York : Bärenreiter . Ruston , Sharon . 2013 . Creating Romanticism : Case Studies in the Literature , Science and Medicine of the 1790s . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1137264282 . Schenk , H.G. 1966 . The Mind of the European Romantics : An Essay in Cultural History . : Constable . Spencer , Stewart . 2008 . `` The ' Romantic Operas ' and the Turn to Myth '' . In The Cambridge Companion to Wagner , edited by Thomas S. Grey , 67 -- 73 . Cambridge and New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 64299 - X ( cloth ) ; ISBN 0 - 521 - 64439 - 9 ( pbk ) . Tekiner , Deniz. 2000 . Modern Art and the Romantic Vision . Lanham , MD . University Press of America . ISBN 9780761815280 ( cloth ) ; ISBN 9780761815297 ( pbk . ) . Workman , Leslie J. 1994 . `` Medievalism and Romanticism '' . Poetica 39 -- 40 : 1 -- 34 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Romanticism . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Romance . 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( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) North American Free Trade Agreement Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte ( Spanish ) Accord de Libre - échange Nord - Américain ( French ) Logo of the NAFTA Secretariat Languages English Spanish French Type Free trade area Member states Canada Mexico United States Establishment January 1 , 1994 ; 24 years ago ( 1994 - 01 - 01 ) Area Total 21,578,137 km ( 8,331,365 sq mi ) Water ( % ) 7.4 Population 2016 estimate 481,800,000 Density 22.3 / km ( 57.8 / sq mi ) GDP ( PPP ) 2016 estimate Total $22.567 trillion Per capita $46,839 GDP ( nominal ) 2016 estimate Total $21.144 trillion Per capita $43,885 HDI ( 2011 ) 0.868 very high Website www.naftanow.org NAFTA GDP -- 2012 : IMF -- World Economic Outlook Databases ( Oct 2013 ) The North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ; Spanish : Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte , TLCAN ; French : Accord de libre - échange nord - américain , ALÉNA ) is an agreement signed by Canada , Mexico , and the United States , creating a trilateral trade bloc in North America . The agreement came into force on January 1 , 1994 . It superseded the Canada -- United States Free Trade Agreement between the U.S. and Canada . NAFTA has two supplements : the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation ( NAAEC ) and the North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation ( NAALC ) . Most economic analyses indicate that NAFTA has been beneficial to the North American economies and the average citizen , but harmed a small minority of workers in industries exposed to trade competition . Economists hold that withdrawing from NAFTA or renegotiating NAFTA in a way that reestablishes trade barriers will adversely affect the U.S. economy and cost jobs . However , Mexico would be much more severely affected by job loss and reduction of economic growth in both the short term and long term . Contents ( hide ) 1 Negotiation , ratification , and revision 2 Provisions 2.1 Intellectual property 2.2 Environment 2.3 Agriculture 2.4 Transportation infrastructure 3 Impact 3.1 Canada 3.2 Mexico 3.3 United States 3.3. 1 Trade balances 3.3. 2 Investment 3.4 Economy and jobs 3.5 Environment 3.6 Mobility of persons 4 Disputes and controversies 4.1 1992 U.S. presidential candidate Ross Perot 4.2 Legal disputes 4.2. 1 Change in income trust taxation not expropriation 4.3 Impact on Mexican farmers 4.4 Zapatista Uprising in response to NAFTA in Chiapas , Mexico 4.5 Chapter 11 4.6 Chapter 19 4.7 Criticism from 2016 U.S. presidential candidates 5 Policy of the Trump administration 5.1 Renegotiation 5.2 Impact of withdrawing from NAFTA 6 Trans - Pacific Partnership 7 U.S. Public Opinion on NAFTA 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Negotiation , ratification , and revision Back row , left to right : Mexican President Carlos Salinas de Gortari , U.S. President George H.W. Bush , and Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney , at the initialing of the draft North American Free Trade Agreement in October 1992 . In front are Mexican Secretary of Commerce and Industrial Development Jaime Serra Puche , United States Trade Representative Carla Hills , and Canadian Minister of International Trade Michael Wilson . The impetus for a North American free trade zone began with U.S. President Ronald Reagan , who made the idea part of his campaign when he announced his candidacy for the presidency in November 1979 . Canada and the United States signed the Canada - United States Free Trade Agreement ( FTA ) in 1988 , and shortly afterward Mexican President Carlos Salinas de Gortari decided to approach US president George H.W. Bush to propose a similar agreement in an effort to bring in foreign investment following the Latin American debt crisis . As the two leaders began negotiating , the Canadian government under Prime Minister Brian Mulroney feared that the advantages Canada had gained through the Canada - US FTA would be undermined by a US - Mexican bilateral agreement , and asked to become a party to the US - Mexican talks . Following diplomatic negotiations dating back to 1990 among the three nations , the three leaders signed the agreement in their respective capitals on December 17 , 1992 . The signed agreement then needed to be ratified by each nation 's legislative or parliamentary branch . The earlier Canada -- United States Free Trade Agreement had been controversial and divisive in Canada , and featured as an issue in the 1988 Canadian election . In that election , more Canadians voted for anti-free trade parties ( the Liberals and the New Democrats ) but the split of the votes between the two parties meant that the pro-free trade Progressive Conservatives ( PCs ) came out of the election with the most seats and so took power . Mulroney and the PCs had a parliamentary majority easily passed the 1987 Canada - U.S. FTA and NAFTA bills . However , Mulroney was replaced as Conservative leader and prime minister by Kim Campbell . Campbell led the PC party into the 1993 election where they were decimated by the Liberal Party under Jean Chrétien , who campaigned on a promise to renegotiate or abrogate NAFTA . Chrétien subsequently negotiated two supplemental agreements with Bush , who had subverted the LAC advisory process and worked to `` fast track '' the signing prior to the end of his term , ran out of time and had to pass the required ratification and signing of the implementation law to incoming president Bill Clinton . Before sending it to the United States Senate Clinton added two side agreements , the North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation ( NAALC ) and the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation ( NAAEC ) , to protect workers and the environment , and also allay the concerns of many House members . They also required U.S. partners to adhere to environmental practices and regulations similar to its own . After much consideration and emotional discussion , the US House of Representatives passed the North American Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act on November 17 , 1993 , 234 -- 200 . The agreement 's supporters included 132 Republicans and 102 Democrats . The bill passed the Senate on November 20 , 1993 , 61 -- 38 . Senate supporters were 34 Republicans and 27 Democrats . Clinton signed it into law on December 8 , 1993 ; the agreement went into effect on January 1 , 1994 . Clinton , while signing the NAFTA bill , stated that `` NAFTA means jobs . American jobs , and good - paying American jobs . If I did n't believe that , I would n't support this agreement . '' NAFTA then replaced the previous Canada - US FTA . This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2009 ) Remarks on the Signing of the NAFTA Implementation Act ( December 8 , 1993 ) Play media Bill Clinton 's remarks on the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act , December 8 , 1993 . Remarks on the Signing of the NAFTA Implementation Act ( December 8 , 1993 ) Problems playing these files ? See media help . Provisions The goal of NAFTA was to eliminate barriers to trade and investment between the U.S. , Canada and Mexico . The implementation of NAFTA on January 1 , 1994 brought the immediate elimination of tariffs on more than one - half of Mexico 's exports to the U.S. and more than one - third of U.S. exports to Mexico . Within 10 years of the implementation of the agreement , all U.S. - Mexico tariffs were to be eliminated except for some U.S. agricultural exports to Mexico to be phased out within 15 years . Most U.S. - Canada trade was already duty - free . NAFTA also sought to eliminate non-tariff trade barriers and to protect the intellectual property rights on traded products . Chapter 52 provides a procedure for the international resolution of disputes over the application and interpretation of NAFTA . It was modeled after Chapter 69 of the Canada - United States Free Trade Agreement . The roster of NAFTA adjudicators includes many retired judges , such as Alice Desjardins , John Maxwell Evans , Constance Hunt , John Richard , Arlin M. Adams , Susan Getzendanner , George C. Pratt , Charles B. Renfrew and Sandra Day O'Connor . The NAFTA is , in part , implemented by Technical Working Groups , which are composed of government officials from each of the three partners . Intellectual property The North American Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act made some changes to the copyright law of the United States , foreshadowing the Uruguay Round Agreements Act of 1994 by restoring copyright ( within the NAFTA nations ) on certain motion pictures which had entered the public domain . Environment U.S. congressional approval for NAFTA would have been impossible without addressing public concerns about NAFTA 's environmental impact . The Clinton administration negotiated a side agreement on the environment with Canada and Mexico , the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation ( NAAEC ) , which led to the creation of the Commission for Environmental Cooperation ( CEC ) in 1994 . To alleviate concerns that NAFTA , the first regional trade agreement between a developing country and two developed countries , would have negative environmental impacts , the commission was mandated to conduct ongoing ex post environmental assessment , It created one of the first ex post frameworks for environmental assessment of trade liberalization , designed to produce a body of evidence with respect to the initial hypotheses about NAFTA and the environment , such as the concern that NAFTA would create a `` race to the bottom '' in environmental regulation among the three countries , or that NAFTA would pressure governments to increase their environmental protections . The CEC has held four symposia to evaluate the environmental impacts of NAFTA and commissioned 47 papers on the subject from leading independent experts . Agriculture From the earliest negotiation , agriculture was ( and still is ) a controversial topic within NAFTA , as it has been with almost all free trade agreements signed within the WTO framework . Agriculture is the only section that was not negotiated trilaterally ; instead , three separate agreements were signed between each pair of parties . The Canada -- U.S. agreement contains significant restrictions and tariff quotas on agricultural products ( mainly sugar , dairy , and poultry products ) , whereas the Mexico -- U.S. pact allows for a wider liberalization within a framework of phase - out periods ( it was the first North -- South FTA on agriculture to be signed ) . Transportation infrastructure NAFTA established the CANAMEX Corridor for road transport between Canada and Mexico , also proposed for use by rail , pipeline , and fiber optic telecommunications infrastructure . This became a High Priority Corridor under the U.S. Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 . Impact Obama , Peña Nieto and Harper at the IX North American Leaders ' Summit ( informally known as the Three Amigos Summit ) in Toluca . Canada In the year 2008 alone , Canadian exports to the United States and Mexico were at $381.3 billion , with imports at $245.1 billion. . According to University of Toronto economist Daniel Trefler , NAFTA produced a significant net benefit to Canada , with long - term productivity increasing by up to 15 percent in industries that experienced the deepest tariff cuts . While the contraction of low - productivity plants reduced employment ( up to 12 percent of existing positions ) , these job losses lasted less than a decade ; overall , unemployment in Canada has fallen since the passage of the act . Commenting on this trade - off , Trefler said that the critical question in trade policy is to understand `` how freer trade can be implemented in an industrialized economy in a way that recognizes both the long - run gains and the short - term adjustment costs borne by workers and others . '' Another of NAFTA 's biggest economic effects on U.S. - Canada trade has been higher bilateral agricultural flows . A study in 2007 found that NAFTA had `` a substantial impact on international trade volumes , but a modest effect on prices and welfare '' . A 2015 study that focused on the impact of NAFTA 's tariff reductions found that while intra-bloc trade increased by 41 % for the U.S. and 118 % for Mexico , it increased by a modest 11 % for Canada . Moreover , U.S. and Mexico benefited more from the tariff reductions component , with welfare increases of 0.08 % and 1.31 % , respectively , with Canada experiencing a decrease of 0.06 % . Mexico Main article : Effects of NAFTA on Mexico Maquiladoras ( Mexican assembly plants that take in imported components and produce goods for export ) have become the landmark of trade in Mexico . They moved to Mexico from the United States , hence the debate over the loss of American jobs . Income in the maquiladora sector has increased 15.5 % since the implementation of NAFTA in 1994 . Other sectors now benefit from the free trade agreement , and the share of exports to the US from non-border states has increased in the last five years while the share of exports from border states has decreased . This has allowed rapid growth in non-border metropolitan areas such as Toluca , León and Puebla ; all larger in population than Tijuana , Ciudad Juárez , and Reynosa . The overall effect of the Mexico -- U.S. agricultural agreement is disputed . Mexico did not invest in the infrastructure necessary for competition , such as efficient railroads and highways. This resulted in more difficult living conditions for the country 's poor . Mexico 's agricultural exports increased 9.4 percent annually between 1994 and 2001 , while imports increased by only 6.9 percent a year during the same period . One of the most affected agricultural sectors is the meat industry . Mexico went from a small player in the pre-1994 U.S. export market to the second largest importer of U.S. agricultural products in 2004 , and NAFTA may be a major catalyst for this change . Free trade removed the hurdles that impeded business between the two countries , so Mexico has provided a growing market for meat for the U.S. , and increased sales and profits for the U.S. meat industry . A coinciding noticeable increase in the Mexican per capita GDP greatly changed meat consumption patterns ; per capita meat consumption has grown . Production of corn in Mexico has increased since NAFTA . But internal demand for corn has increased beyond Mexico 's supply , and imports have become needed , far beyond the quotas Mexico originally negotiated . Zahniser & Coyle also point out that corn prices in Mexico , adjusted for international prices , have drastically decreased , but through a program of subsidies expanded by former president Vicente Fox , production has remained stable since 2000 . Reducing agricultural subsidies , especially corn subsidies , has been suggested as a way to reduce harm to Mexican farmers . A 2001 Journal of Economic Perspectives review of the existing literature found that NAFTA was a net benefit to Mexico . By the year 2003 , 80 % of the commerce in Mexico was executed only with the U.S. The commercial sales surplus , combined with the deficit with the rest of the world , created a dependency in Mexico 's exports . These effects were evident in 2001 -- 2003 ; the result of that recession was either a low rate or a negative rate in Mexico 's exports . A 2015 study found that Mexico 's welfare increased by 1.31 % as a result of the NAFTA tariff reductions , and that Mexico 's intra-bloc trade increased by 118 % . Inequality and poverty fell in the most globalization - affected regions of Mexico . 2013 and 2015 studies show that Mexican small farmers benefitted more from NAFTA than large - scale farmers . NAFTA has also been credited with the rise of the Mexican middle class . A Tufts University study found that NAFTA lowered the average cost of basic necessities in Mexico by up to 50 % . This price reduction increased cash - on - hand for many Mexican families , allowing Mexico to graduate more engineers than Germany each year . Growth in new sales orders indicates an increase in demand for manufactured products , which resulted in expansion of production and a higher employment rate to satisfy the increment in the demand . The growth in the maquiladora industry and in the manufacturing industry was of 4.7 % in August 2016 . Three quarters of the imports and exports comes are with the U.S. Tufts University political scientist Daniel W. Drezner has argued that NAFTA made it easier for Mexico to transform to a real democracy and become a country that views itself as North American . This has boosted cooperation between the United States and Mexico . United States Economists consider that NAFTA was beneficial for the United States . In a 2012 survey of leading economists , 95 % said that on average U.S. citizens benefited from NAFTA . A 2001 Journal of Economic Perspectives review found that NAFTA was a net benefit to the United States . A 2015 study found that US welfare increased by 0.08 % as a result of NAFTA tariff reductions , and that US intra-bloc trade increased by 41 % . In 2015 , the Congressional Research Service concluded that the `` net overall effect of NAFTA on the U.S. economy appears to have been relatively modest , primarily because trade with Canada and Mexico accounts for a small percentage of U.S. GDP . However , there were worker and firm adjustment costs as the three countries adjusted to more open trade and investment among their economies . '' The report also estimated that NAFTA added $80 billion to the US economy since its implementation , equivalent to a 0.5 % increase in US GDP . The U.S. Chamber of Commerce credits NAFTA with increasing U.S. trade in goods and services with Canada and Mexico from $337 billion in 1993 to $1.2 trillion in 2011 , while the AFL - CIO blames the agreement for sending 700,000 American manufacturing jobs to Mexico over that time . University of California , San Diego economics professor Gordon Hanson has said that NAFTA helped the U.S. compete against China and therefore saved U.S. jobs . While some jobs were lost to Mexico as a result of NAFTA , considerably more would have been lost to China if not for NAFTA . Trade balances The U.S. had a trade surplus with NAFTA countries of $28.3 billion for services in 2009 and a trade deficit of $94.6 billion ( 36.4 % annual increase ) for goods in 2010 . This trade deficit accounted for 26.8 percent of all U.S. goods trade deficit . A study published in the August 2008 issue of the American Journal of Agricultural Economics , found NAFTA increased U.S. agricultural exports to Mexico and Canada , even though most of the increase occurred a decade after its ratification . The study focused on the effects that gradual `` phase - in '' periods in regional trade agreements , including NAFTA , have on trade flows . Most of the increase in members ' agricultural trade , which was only recently brought under the purview of the World Trade Organization , was due to very high trade barriers before NAFTA or other regional trade agreements . Investment The U.S. foreign direct investment ( FDI ) in NAFTA countries ( stock ) was $327.5 billion in 2009 ( latest data available ) , up 8.8 % from 2008 . The U.S. direct investment in NAFTA countries is in nonbank holding companies , and in the manufacturing , finance / insurance , and mining sectors . The foreign direct investment of Canada and Mexico in the United States ( stock ) was $237.2 billion in 2009 ( the latest data available ) , up 16.5 % from 2008 . Economy and jobs Main article : NAFTA 's effect on United States employment The economic impacts of NAFTA on the U.S. economy have been modest . In a 2015 report , the Congressional Research Service summarized multiple studies as follows : `` In reality , NAFTA did not cause the huge job losses feared by the critics or the large economic gains predicted by supporters . The net overall effect of NAFTA on the U.S. economy appears to have been relatively modest , primarily because trade with Canada and Mexico accounts for a small percentage of U.S. GDP . However , there were worker and firm adjustment costs as the three countries adjusted to more open trade and investment among their economies . '' Many American small businesses depend on exporting their products to Canada or Mexico under NAFTA . According to the U.S. Trade Representative , this trade supports over 140,000 small - and medium - sized businesses in the US . According to the Economic Policy Institute , California , Texas , Michigan and other states with high concentrations of manufacturing jobs were most affected by job loss due to NAFTA . EPI economist Robert Scott estimates some 682,900 U.S. jobs have been `` lost or displaced '' as a result of the trade agreement . However , other studies have found that NAFTA only had a modest impact on manufacturing employment , and that automation explains 87 % of the losses in manufacturing jobs . According to University of California Berkeley professor of economics Brad DeLong , NAFTA had an insignificant impact on US manufacturing . The adverse impact on manufacturing has been very exaggerated in US political discourse according to DeLong , Harvard economist Dani Rodrik agrees . Environment Main article : NAFTA 's Impact on the Environment According to a study in the Journal of International Economics , NAFTA reduced pollution emitted by the US manufacturing sector : `` On average , nearly two - thirds of the reductions in PM and SO emissions from the U.S. manufacturing sector between 1994 and 1998 can be attributed to trade liberalization following NAFTA . '' According to the Sierra Club , NAFTA contributed to large - scale , export - oriented farming , which led to the increased use of fossil fuels , pesticides and GMO . NAFTA also contributed to environmentally destructive mining practices in Mexico . It prevented Canada from effectively regulating its tar sands industry , and created new legal avenues for transnational corporations to fight environmental legislation . In some cases , environmental policy was neglected in the wake of trade liberalization ; in other cases , NAFTA 's measures for investment protection , such as Chapter 11 , and measures against non-tariff trade barriers threatened to discourage more vigorous environmental policy . The most serious overall increases in pollution due to NAFTA were found in the base metals sector , the Mexican petroleum sector , and the transportation equipment sector in the United States and Mexico , but not in Canada . Mobility of persons According to the Department of Homeland Security Yearbook of Immigration Statistics , during fiscal year 2006 ( i.e. , October 2005 through September 2006 ) , 73,880 foreign professionals ( 64,633 Canadians and 9,247 Mexicans ) were admitted into the United States for temporary employment under NAFTA ( i.e. , in the TN status ) . Additionally , 17,321 of their family members ( 13,136 Canadians , 2,904 Mexicans , as well as a number of third - country nationals married to Canadians and Mexicans ) entered the U.S. in the treaty national 's dependent ( TD ) status . Because DHS counts the number of the new I - 94 arrival records filled at the border , and the TN - 1 admission is valid for three years , the number of non-immigrants in TN status present in the U.S. at the end of the fiscal year is approximately equal to the number of admissions during the year . ( A discrepancy may be caused by some TN entrants leaving the country or changing status before their three - year admission period has expired , while other immigrants admitted earlier may change their status to TN or TD , or extend TN status granted earlier ) . According to the International Organization for Migration , deaths of migrants have been on the rise worldwide with 5,604 deaths in 2016 . An increased number of undocumented farmworkers in California may be due to the initial passing of NAFTA Canadian authorities estimated that on December 1 , 2006 , 24,830 U.S. citizens and 15,219 Mexican citizens were in Canada as `` foreign workers '' . These numbers include both entrants under NAFTA and those who entered under other provisions of Canadian immigration law . New entries of foreign workers in 2006 totalled 16,841 U.S. citizens and 13,933 Mexicans . Disputes and controversies 1992 U.S. presidential candidate Ross Perot In the second 1992 presidential debate , Ross Perot argued : We have got to stop sending jobs overseas . It 's pretty simple : If you 're paying $12 , $13 , $14 an hour for factory workers and you can move your factory south of the border , pay a dollar an hour for labor , ... have no health care -- that 's the most expensive single element in making a car -- have no environmental controls , no pollution controls and no retirement , and you do n't care about anything but making money , there will be a giant sucking sound going south . ... when ( Mexico 's ) jobs come up from a dollar an hour to six dollars an hour , and ours go down to six dollars an hour , and then it 's leveled again . But in the meantime , you 've wrecked the country with these kinds of deals . Perot ultimately lost the election , and the winner , Bill Clinton , supported NAFTA , which went into effect on January 1 , 1994 . Legal disputes This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( August 2009 ) In 1996 , the gasoline additive MMT was brought to Canada by Ethyl Corporation , an American company when the Canadian federal government banned imports of the additive . The American company brought a claim under NAFTA Chapter 11 seeking US $201 million , from the Canadian federal government as well as the Canadian provinces under the Agreement on Internal Trade ( AIT ) . They argued that the additive had not been conclusively linked to any health dangers , and that the prohibition was damaging to their company . Following a finding that the ban was a violation of the AIT , the Canadian federal government repealed the ban and settled with the American company for US $13 million . Studies by Health and Welfare Canada ( now Health Canada ) on the health effects of MMT in fuel found no significant health effects associated with exposure to these exhaust emissions . Other Canadian researchers and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency disagreed citing studies that suggested possible nerve damage . The United States and Canada have argued for years over the United States ' 27 % duty on Canadian softwood lumber imports . Canada filed many motions to have the duty eliminated and the collected duties returned to Canada . After the United States lost an appeal before a NAFTA panel , it responded by saying `` We are , of course , disappointed with the ( NAFTA panel 's ) decision , but it will have no impact on the anti-dumping and countervailing duty orders . '' ( Nick Lifton , spokesman for U.S. Trade Representative Rob Portman ) On July 21 , 2006 , the United States Court of International Trade found that imposition of the duties was contrary to U.S. law . Change in income trust taxation not expropriation On October 30 , 2007 , American citizens Marvin and Elaine Gottlieb filed a Notice of Intent to Submit a Claim to Arbitration under NAFTA , claiming thousands of U.S. investors lost a total of $5 billion in the fall - out from the Conservative Government 's decision the previous year to change the tax rate on income trusts in the energy sector . On April 29 , 2009 , a determination was made that this change in tax law was not expropriation . Impact on Mexican farmers Several studies have rejected NAFTA responsibility for depressing the incomes of poor corn farmers . The trend existed more than a decade before NAFTA existed . Also , maize production increased after 1994 , and there was n't a measurable impact on the price of Mexican corn because of subsidized corn from the United States . The studies agreed that the abolition of U.S. agricultural subsidies would benefit Mexican farmers . Zapatista uprising in response to NAFTA in chiapas , Mexico Further information : Zapatista Army of National Liberation Preparations for NAFTA included cancellation of Article 27 of Mexico 's constitution , the cornerstone of Emiliano Zapata 's revolution in 1910 -- 1919 . Under the historic Article 27 , Indian communal landholdings were protected from sale or privatization . However , this barrier to investment was incompatible with NAFTA . Indian farmers feared the loss of their remaining lands , and also feared cheap imports ( substitutes ) from the US . The Zapatistas labelled NAFTA a `` death sentence '' to Indian communities all over Mexico . Then EZLN declared war on the Mexican state on January 1 , 1994 , the day NAFTA came into force . Chapter 11 Another contentious issue is the investor state dispute settlement obligations contained in Chapter 11 of NAFTA . Chapter 11 allows corporations or individuals to sue Mexico , Canada or the United States for compensation when actions taken by those governments ( or by those for whom they are responsible at international law , such as provincial , state , or municipal governments ) violate international law . This chapter has been criticized by groups in the U.S. , Mexico , and Canada for a variety of reasons , including not taking into account important social and environmental considerations . In Canada , several groups , including the Council of Canadians , challenged the constitutionality of Chapter 11 . They lost at the trial level and have subsequently appealed . Methanex Corporation , a Canadian corporation , filed a US $ 970 million suit against the United States because , it said , a California ban on Methyl tert - butyl ether ( MTBE ) , a substance that had found its way into many wells in the state , was hurtful to the corporation 's sales of methanol . The claim was rejected , and the company was ordered to pay US $3 million to the U.S. government in costs , based on the following reasoning : `` But as a matter of general international law , a non-discriminatory regulation for a public purpose , which is enacted in accordance with due process and , which affects , inter alios , a foreign investor or investment is not deemed expropriatory and compensable unless specific commitments had been given by the regulating government to the then putative foreign investor contemplating investment that the government would refrain from such regulation . '' In another case , Metalclad , an American corporation , was awarded US $15.6 million from Mexico after a Mexican municipality refused a construction permit for the hazardous waste landfill it intended to construct in Guadalcázar , San Luis Potosí . The construction had already been approved by the federal government with various environmental requirements imposed ( see paragraph 48 of the tribunal decision ) . The NAFTA panel found that the municipality did not have the authority to ban construction on the basis of its environmental concerns . In Eli Lilly and Company v. Government of Canada the plaintiff presented a US $500 million claim for the way Canada requires usefulness in its drug patent legislation . Apotex is sued the U.S. for US $520 million because of opportunity it says it lost in an FDA generic drug decision . Lone Pine Resources Inc. v. Government of Canada filed a US $250 million claim against Canada , accusing it of `` arbitrary , capricious and illegal '' behaviour , because Quebec intends to prevent fracking exploration under the St. Lawrence Seaway . Milos Barutciski , the lawyer for Lone Pine , has decried portrayals of his client as `` another rapacious multinational challenging governments ' ability to regulate for health , safety and the environment '' . Lone Pine Resources is incorporated in Delaware but headquartered in Calgary , and had an initial public offering on the NYSE May 25 , 2011 of 15 million shares each for $13 , which raised US $195 million . Barutciski acknowledged `` that NAFTA and other investor - protection treaties create an anomaly in that Canadian companies that have also seen their permits rescinded by the very same Quebec legislation , which expressly forbids the paying of compensation , do not have the right ( to ) pursue a NAFTA claim , '' and that winning `` compensation in Canadian courts for domestic companies in this case would be more difficult since the Constitution puts property rights in provincial hands . '' A treaty with China would extend similar rights to Chinese investors , including SOEs . Chapter 19 Also contentious is NAFTA 's Chapter 19 , which subjects antidumping and countervailing duty ( AD / CVD ) determinations to binational panel review instead of , or in addition to , conventional judicial review . For example , in the United States , review of agency decisions imposing antidumping and countervailing duties are normally heard before the U.S. Court of International Trade , an Article III court . NAFTA parties , however , have the option of appealing the decisions to binational panels composed of five citizens from the two relevant NAFTA countries . The panelists are generally lawyers experienced in international trade law . Since NAFTA does not include substantive provisions concerning AD / CVD , the panel is charged with determining whether final agency determinations involving AD / CVD conform with the country 's domestic law . Chapter 19 is an anomaly in international dispute settlement since it does not apply international law , but requires a panel composed of individuals from many countries to re-examine the application of one country 's domestic law . A Chapter 19 panel is expected to examine whether the agency 's determination is supported by `` substantial evidence '' . This standard assumes significant deference to the domestic agency . Some of the most controversial trade disputes in recent years , such as the U.S. -- Canada softwood lumber dispute , have been litigated before Chapter 19 panels . Decisions by Chapter 19 panels can be challenged before a NAFTA extraordinary challenge committee . However , an extraordinary challenge committee does not function as an ordinary appeal . Under NAFTA , it will only vacate or remand a decision if the decision involves a significant and material error that threatens the integrity of the NAFTA dispute settlement system . Since January 2006 , no NAFTA party has successfully challenged a Chapter 19 panel 's decision before an extraordinary challenge committee . Criticism from 2016 U.S. presidential candidates In a 60 Minutes interview in September 2015 , American 2016 presidential candidate Donald Trump called NAFTA calling it `` the single worst trade deal ever approved in ( the United States ) '' , and said that if elected , he would `` either renegotiate it , or we will break it '' . Juan Pablo Castañón ( es ) president of the trade group Consejo Coordinador Empresarial , expressed concern about renegotiation and the willingness to focus on the car industry . A range of trade experts have said that pulling out of NAFTA would have a range of unintended consequences for the U.S. , including reduced access to the its biggest export markets , a reduction in economic growth , and higher prices for gasoline , cars , fruits , and vegetables . Members of the private initiative in Mexico noted that to eliminate NAFTA , many laws must be adapted by the U.S. Congress . The move would also eventually result in legal complaints by the World Trade Organization . The Washington Post noted that a Congressional Research Service review of academic literature concluded that the `` net overall effect of NAFTA on the U.S. economy appears to have been relatively modest , primarily because trade with Canada and Mexico accounts for a small percentage of U.S. GDP '' . Democratic candidate Bernie Sanders opposed the Trans - Pacific Partnership trade agreement , which he called `` a continuation of other disastrous trade agreements , like NAFTA , CAFTA , and permanent normal trade relations with China '' . He believes that free trade agreements have caused a loss of American jobs and depressed American wages . Sanders has said that America needs to rebuild its manufacturing base using American factories for well - paying jobs for American labor rather than outsourcing to China and elsewhere . Policy of the Trump administration Renegotiation Chrystia Freeland , Luis Videgaray Caso and Rex Tillerson in Mexico City in 2018 Shortly after his election , U.S. President Donald Trump said he would begin renegotiating the terms of NAFTA , to resolve trade issues he had campaigned on . The leaders of Canada and Mexico have indicated their willingness to work with the Trump administration . Although vague on the exact terms he seeks in a renegotiated NAFTA , Trump threatened to withdraw from it if negotiations fail . In July 2017 , the Trump administration provided a detailed list of changes that it would like to see to NAFTA . The top priority was a reduction in the United States ' trade deficit . The administration also called for the elimination of provisions that allowed Canada and Mexico to appeal duties imposed by the United States and limited the ability of the United States to impose import restrictions on Canada and Mexico . The list also alleged subsidized state - owned enterprises and currency manipulation . According to Chad Bown of the Peterson Institute for International Economics , the Trump administration 's list `` is very consistent with the president 's stance on liking trade barriers , liking protectionism . This makes NAFTA in many respects less of a free - trade agreement . '' The concerns expressed by the US Trade Representative over subsidized state - owned enterprises and currency manipulation are not thought to apply to Canada and Mexico , but rather to be designed to send a message to countries beyond North America . Jeffrey Schott of the Peterson Institute for International Economics noted that it would not be possible to conclude renegotiations quickly while also addressing all the concerns on the list . He also said that it would be difficult to do anything about trade deficits . An October 2017 op - ed in Toronto 's Globe and Mail questioned whether the United States wanted to re-negotiate the agreement or planned to walk away from it no matter what , noting that newly appointed American ambassador Kelly Knight Craft is married to the owner of Alliance Resource Partners , a big US coal operation . Canada is implementing a carbon plan , and there is also the matter of a sale of Bombardier jets . `` The Americans inserted so many poison pills into last week 's talks in Washington that they should have been charged with murder '' , wrote the columnist , John Ibbitson . `` A number of the proposals that the United States has put on the table have little or no support from the U.S. business and agriculture community . It is n't clear who they 're intended to benefit '' , said John Murphy , vice-president of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce . Pat Roberts , the senior US senator from Kansas , called for an outcry against Trump anti-NAFTA moves , saying the `` issues affect real jobs , real lives and real people '' . Kansas is a major agricultural exporter , and farm groups warn that just threatening to leave NAFTA might cause buyers to minimize uncertainty by seeking out non-US sources . A fourth round of talks included a U.S. demand for a sunset clause that would end the agreement in five years , unless the three countries agreed to keep it in place , a provision U.S. Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross has said would allow the countries to kill the deal if it was not working . Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau met with the House Ways and Means Committee , since Congress would have to pass legislation rolling back the treaty 's provisions if Trump tries to withdraw from the pact . Impact of withdrawing from NAFTA Following Donald Trump 's election to the presidency , a range of trade experts have said that pulling out of NAFTA as Trump proposed would have a range of unintended consequences for the U.S. , including reduced access to the U.S. 's biggest export markets , a reduction in economic growth , and increased prices for gasoline , cars , fruits , and vegetables . The worst affected sectors would be textiles , agriculture and automobiles . According to Tufts University political scientist Daniel W. Drezner , the Trump administration 's desire to return relations with Mexico to the pre-NAFTA era are misguided . Drezner argues that NAFTA made it easier for Mexico to transform to a real democracy and become a country that views itself as North American . If Trump acts on many of the threats that he has made against Mexico , it is not inconceivable that Mexicans would turn to left - wing populist strongmen , as several South American countries have . At the very least , US - Mexico relations would worsen , with adverse implications for cooperation on border security , counterterrorism , drug - war cooperation , deportations and managing Central American migration . According to Chad P. Bown ( senior fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics ) , `` a renegotiated NAFTA that would reestablish trade barriers is unlikely to help workers who lost their jobs -- regardless of the cause -- take advantage of new employment opportunities '' . According to Harvard economist Marc Melitz , `` recent research estimates that the repeal of NAFTA would not increase car production in the United States '' . Melitz notes that this would cost manufacturing jobs . Trans - Pacific Partnership If the Trans - Pacific Partnership ( TPP ) comes into effect , existing agreements such as NAFTA will be reduced to those provisions that do not conflict with the TPP , or that require greater trade liberalization than the TPP . However , only Canada and Mexico will have the prospect of becoming members of the TPP after U.S. President Donald Trump withdrew the United States from the agreement in January 2017 . In May 2017 , the 11 remaining members of the TPP , including Canada and Mexico , agreed to proceed with the trade deal without U.S. participation . U.S. public opinion on NAFTA The American public is largely divided on its view of the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) , with a wide partisan gap in beliefs . In a February 2018 Gallup Poll , 48 % of Americans said NAFTA was good for the U.S. , while 46 % said it was bad . According to a journal from the Law and Business Review of the Americas ( LBRA ) , U.S. public opinion of NAFTA centers around three issues : NAFTA 's impact on the creation or destruction of American jobs , NAFTA 's impact on the environment , and NAFTA 's impact on immigrants entering the U.S. After President Trump 's election in 2016 , support for NAFTA has become very polarized between Republicans and Democrats . Donald Trump expressed negative views of NAFTA , calling it `` the single worst trade deal ever approved in this country . '' Republican support for NAFTA has decreased from 43 % support in 2008 to 34 % in 2017 . Meanwhile , Democrat support for NAFTA has increased from 41 % support in 2008 to 71 % in 2017 . The political gap is especially large in concern to views on free trade with Mexico . As opposed to a favorable view of free trade with Canada , whom 79 % of American describe as a fair trade partner , only 47 % of Americans believe Mexico practices fair trade . The gap widens between Democrats and Republicans : 60 % of Democrats believe Mexico is practicing fair trade , while only 28 % of Republicans do . This is the highest level from Democrats and the lowest level from Republicans ever recorded by the Chicago Council Survey . Republicans have more negative views of Canada as a fair trade partner than Democrats , as well . NAFTA has strong support from young Americans . In a February 2017 Gallup poll , 73 % of Americans aged 18 - 29 said NAFTA was good for the U.S , showing higher support than any other U.S. age group . It also has slightly stronger support from unemployed Americans than from employed Americans . The issue of NAFTA continues to remain a predominantly divisive issue . See also Economics portal North America portal Canada portal United States portal Mexico portal North American Leaders ' Summit Association of Southeast Asian Nations Canada 's Global Markets Action Plan The Fight for Canada Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement ( CETA ) Economic Community of West African States European Economic Area European Free Trade Association European Union North American Transportation Statistics Interchange Pacific Alliance Trans - Pacific Partnership Free trade debate References Jump up ^ NAFTA Secretariat Archived April 12 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... Nafta-sec-alena.org ( June 9 , 2010 ) . 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Jump up ^ `` Economic Report of the exportations in the manufacturer industry '' Consejo Nacional de Industria Maquiladora Manufacturera A.C. 2016 ^ Jump up to : `` The missing dimension in the NAFTA debate '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ https://www.facebook.com/anaclaireswanson . `` Trump administration formally launches NAFTA renegotiation '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Frankel , Jeffrey ( 2017 - 04 - 24 ) . `` How to Renegotiate NAFTA '' . Project Syndicate . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Contentious Nafta pact continues to generate a sparky debate '' . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NAFTA 's Economic Impact '' . Council on Foreign Relations . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Eduardo ( 2016 - 03 - 29 ) . `` Nafta May Have Saved Many Autoworkers ' Jobs '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) '' . Office of the United States Trade Representative . Retrieved December 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Newswise : Free Trade Agreement Helped U.S. Farmers Retrieved on June 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2011 . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ CRS - Villarreal and Fergusson - The North American Free Trade Agreement - April 16 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) United States Trade Representative '' . ustr.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` NAFTA 's Impact on U.S. Workers '' . Economic Policy Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ U.S. Economy Lost Nearly 700,000 Jobs Because Of NAFTA , EPI Says . The Huffington Post . July 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Long , Heather ( 2017 - 02 - 16 ) . `` U.S. auto workers hate NAFTA ... but love robots '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : DeLong , J. Bradford . `` NAFTA and other trade deals have not gutted American manufacturing -- period '' . Vox . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` What did NAFTA really do ? '' . Dani Rodrik 's weblog . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Cherniwchan , Jevan . `` Trade Liberalization and the Environment : Evidence from NAFTA and U.S. Manufacturing '' . Journal of International Economics . 105 : 130 -- 49 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jinteco. 2017.01. 005 . ^ Jump up to : `` Environmental Damages Underscore Risks of Unfair Trade '' . Sierraclub.org . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IngentaConnect NAFTA Commission for Environmental Cooperation : ongoing assessment of trade liberalization in North America '' . Ingentaconnect.com . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2011 . Retrieved November 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kenneth A. Reinert and David W. Roland - Holst The Industrial Pollution Impacts of NAFTA : Some Preliminary Results . 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Jump up ^ `` ' Tembec , Inc vs. United States ' '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 23 , 2006 . ( 193 KB ) Jump up ^ Statement by USTR Spokesman Stephen Norton Regarding CIT Lumber Ruling Archived May 9 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Canada , Global Affairs ; Canada , Affaires mondiales ( June 26 , 2013 ) . `` Global Affairs Canada '' . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fiess , Norbert ; Daniel Lederman ( November 24 , 2004 ) . `` Mexican Corn : The Effects of NAFTA '' ( PDF ) . Trade Note . The World Bank Group . 18 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 16 , 2007 . Retrieved March 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Subcomandante Marcos , Ziga Voa ! 10 Years of the Zapatista Uprising . AK Press 2004 Jump up ^ `` NAFTA , Chapter 11 '' . Sice.oas.org . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Government of Canada , Global Affairs Canada ( July 31 , 2002 ) . `` The North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) -- Chapter 11 -- Investment '' . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) ' , Public Citizen '' . Citizen.org . January 1 , 1994 . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Red Mexicana de Accion Frente al Libre Comercio . `` NAFTA and the Mexican Environment '' . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` The Council of Canadians '' . Canadians.org . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Commission for Environmental Cooperation . `` The NAFTA environmental agreement : The Intersection of Trade and the Environment '' . Cec.org . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ PEJ News . `` Judge Rebuffs Challenge to NAFTA 'S Chapter 11 Investor Claims Process '' . Pej.org . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2011 . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Arbitration award between Methanex Corporation and United States of America '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 16 , 2007 . ( 1.45 MB ) Jump up ^ `` Arbitration award between Metalclad Corporation and The United Mexican States '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 16 , 2007 . ( 120 KB ) Jump up ^ Government of Canada , Foreign Affairs Trade and Development Canada . `` Eli Lilly and Company v. Government of Canada '' . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Canada must learn from NAFTA legal battles '' . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Government of Canada , Foreign Affairs Trade and Development Canada . `` Lone Pine Resources Inc. v. Government of Canada '' . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Quebec 's St. Lawrence fracking ban challenged under NAFTA '' . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stock : Lone Pine Resources '' . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Millán , Juan . `` North American Free Trade Agreement ; Invitation for Applications for Inclusion on the Chapter 19 Roster '' ( PDF ) . Federal Register . Office of the United States Trade Representative . Retrieved 19 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Politico Staff . `` Full transcript : First 2016 presidential debate '' . Politico . Retrieved 27 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Jill Colvin , Trump : NAFTA trade deal a ' disaster , ' says he 'd ' break ' it , Associated Press ( September 25 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Mark Thoma , Is Donald Trump right to call NAFTA a `` disaster '' ? , CBS News ( October 5 , 2015 ) . ^ Jump up to : Gonzales , Lilia ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` El Economista '' . Jump up ^ Eric Martin , Trump Killing NAFTA Could Mean Big Unintended Consequences for the U.S. , Bloomberg Business ( October 1 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ `` Sen. Bernie Sanders on taxes , trade agreements and Islamic State '' . PBS . May 18 , 2015 . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . ( transcript of interview with Judy Woodruff ) Jump up ^ Sanders , Bernie ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` The TPP Must Be Defeated '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Will Cabaniss for Punditfact . September 2 , 2015 How Bernie Sanders , Hillary Clinton differ on the Trans - Pacific Partnership Jump up ^ `` Canada , Mexico talked before making NAFTA overture to Trump '' . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` What Is Nafta , and How Might Trump Change It ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rappeport , Alan ( 2017 - 07 - 17 ) . `` U.S. Calls for ' Much Better Deal ' in Nafta Overhaul Plan '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. makes lower trade deficit top priority in NAFTA talks '' . Reuters . July 18 , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` US calls for smaller deficits in new NAFTA talks '' . BBC News . 2017 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ John Ibbitson ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` US ambassador to Canada must mend an old friendship '' . Globe and Mail . p . A5 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander Panetta ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` U.S. pro-NAFTA campaign ramps up to defend deal : Concerns in Congress heighten over ' potential catastrophe ' from withdrawal '' . Vancouver Sun . Canadian Press . Jump up ^ Laura Stone ; Robert Fife ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` Canada , Mexico vow to remain at NAFTA negotiating table '' . Globe and Mail . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Journal , Julie Wernau Photographs by Mark Mahaney for The Wall Street ( 2017 - 02 - 12 ) . `` Denim Dilemma '' . Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099 - 9660 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` What is NAFTA , and what would happen to U.S. trade without it ? '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ Isfeld , Gordon ( 12 October 2015 ) . `` Forget NAFTA , the TPP is the new ' gold standard ' of global trade '' . Financial Post . National Post . Retrieved 31 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Shaffer , Sri Jegarajah , Craig Dale , Leslie ( 2017 - 05 - 21 ) . `` TPP nations agree to pursue trade deal without US '' . CNBC . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Inc. , Gallup , . `` Americans Split on Whether NAFTA Is Good or Bad for U.S. '' Gallup.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Redirecting ... '' heinonline.org . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Transcript of the First Debate '' . The New York Times . 2016 - 09 - 27 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Affairs , Chicago Council on Global . `` Pro-Trade Views on the Rise , Partisan Divisions on NAFTA Widen Chicago Council on Global Affairs '' . www.thechicagocouncil.org . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Affairs , Chicago Council on Global . `` Pro-Trade Views on the Rise , Partisan Divisions on NAFTA Widen Chicago Council on Global Affairs '' . www.thechicagocouncil.org . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Inc. , Gallup , . `` Opinion Briefing : North American Free Trade Agreement '' . Gallup.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 30 . Further reading Edward J. Chambers , Peter H. Smith ( 2002 ) NAFTA in the new millennium . University of California , San Diego . Center for U.S. - Mexican Studies ISBN 0 - 88864 - 386 - 1 Maxwell A. Cameron , Brian W. Tomlin ( 2002 ) The making of NAFTA : how the deal was done . Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 8781 - 1 . Gary Clyde Hufbauer and Jeffrey J. Schott ( 2005 ) NAFTA Revisited : Achievements and Challenges Washington , D.C. : Institute for International Economics ISBN 0 - 88132 - 334 - 9 M. Angeles Villarreal ( 2010 ) NAFTA and the Mexican Economy , Federation of American Scientists Congressional Research Service . RL34733 Berlin Forum on Global Politics ( June 2015 ) Reflecting on NAFTA to better understand TTIP A collaborative photography project External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to North American Free Trade Agreement . Official website Abbott , Frederick M. North American Free Trade Agreement , Case Law ( Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law ) . NaftaNow.org , jointly developed by the Governments of Canada , Mexico and the United States of America . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the president when nafta was passed | [
"Before sending it to the United States Senate Clinton added two side agreements, the North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation (NAALC) and the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation (NAAEC), to protect workers and the environment, and also allay the concerns of many House members. They also required U.S. partners to adhere to environmental practices and regulations similar to its own.[citation needed] After much consideration and emotional discussion, the US House of Representatives passed the North American Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act on November 17, 1993, 234–200. The agreement's supporters included 132 Republicans and 102 Democrats. The bill passed the Senate on November 20, 1993, 61–38.[21] Senate supporters were 34 Republicans and 27 Democrats. Clinton signed it into law on December 8, 1993; the agreement went into effect on January 1, 1994.[22][23] Clinton, while signing the NAFTA bill, stated that \"NAFTA means jobs. American jobs, and good-paying American jobs. If I didn't believe that, I wouldn't support this agreement.\"[24] NAFTA then replaced the previous Canada-US FTA."
] | [
"Clinton"
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-558678961435403448 | Paul Walker | Paul Walker - Wikipedia Paul Walker Jump to : navigation , search For other people named Paul Walker , see Paul Walker ( disambiguation ) . Paul Walker Walker in March 2009 at the Fast & Furious premiere in London 's Leicester Square Paul William Walker IV ( 1973 - 09 - 12 ) September 12 , 1973 Glendale , California November 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 30 ) ( aged 40 ) Santa Clarita , California Cause of death Injuries sustained from single - vehicle collision Resting place Forest Lawn Memorial Park Hollywood Hills , Los Angeles , California Education Village Christian School Occupation Actor Years active 1984 -- 2013 Net worth $25 million ( 2014 ) Partner ( s ) Rebecca McBrain Children Relatives Cody Walker ( brother ) Signature Paul William Walker IV ( September 12 , 1973 -- November 30 , 2013 ) was an American actor best known for his role as Brian O'Conner in The Fast and the Furious franchise . Walker first gained prominence in 1999 with roles in the teen films She 's All That and Varsity Blues . In 2001 , he gained international fame for his performance in the street racing action film The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) , a role he reprised in five of the next six installments , but died in 2013 in the middle of filming Furious 7 ( 2015 ) . Walker began his career guest - starring on TV shows such as The Young and the Restless and Touched by an Angel . He later starred in films such as Joy Ride ( 2001 ) , Timeline ( 2003 ) , Into the Blue ( 2005 ) , Eight Below ( 2006 ) , and Running Scared ( 2006 ) . He also appeared in the National Geographic series Expedition Great White ( 2010 ) and in ads for Davidoff Cool Water cologne . He founded the disaster - relief charity Reach Out Worldwide ( ROWW ) in response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake . Walker died on November 30 , 2013 , at the age of 40 as a passenger in a single - car crash alongside friend and driver Roger Rodas . Walker was working on three films at the time of his death which were released posthumously : Hours ( 2013 ) , Brick Mansions ( 2014 ) , and Furious 7 ( 2015 ) . The Wiz Khalifa song `` See You Again '' , featuring Charlie Puth , was commissioned for the Furious 7 soundtrack as a tribute to Walker . It was nominated for the Golden Globe for Best Original Song in 2015 and was the number - one song in the United States for 12 weeks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Death and legal repercussions 5 Filmography 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 5.3 Music videos 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links Early life Walker was born in Glendale , California , and was the son of Cheryl ( née Crabtree ) , a fashion model , and Paul William Walker III , a sewer contractor and boxer who was a two - time Golden Gloves champion . Paul 's paternal grandfather had a boxing career as `` ' Irish ' Billy Walker '' . Paul 's ancestry was mostly English , with some German , Swiss , and Irish . One of his grandfathers raced factory cars for Ford in the 1960s . The oldest of five siblings , Walker was raised primarily in the Sunland community of Los Angeles and attended high school in the San Fernando Valley , graduating from Sun Valley 's Village Christian School in 1991 . He was raised as a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints . After high school , Walker attended several community colleges in Southern California , majoring in marine biology . Career Walker began his small screen career as a toddler , when he starred in a television commercial for Pampers . He began modeling at the age of two and began working on television shows in 1985 , with roles in shows such as Highway to Heaven , Who 's the Boss ? , The Young and the Restless , and Touched by an Angel . That year he starred in a commercial for Showbiz Pizza . Walker 's film career began in 1986 , with the horror / comedy film Monster in the Closet . In 1987 he appeared in The Retaliator ( aka Programmed to Kill ) , a low budget cyborg action film , with Robert Ginty . He and his sister Ashlie were contestants on a 1988 episode of the game show I 'm Telling ! ; they finished in second place . In 1993 he played Brandon Collins on the CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless . He and his co-star Heather Tom , who played Victoria Newman , were nominated for Outstanding Lead Actor and Actress in a soap opera at the Youth in Film Awards . In 1998 , Walker made his feature film debut in the comedy Meet the Deedles , which finally gained him fame . This subsequently led to supporting roles in the movies Pleasantville ( 1998 ) , Varsity Blues ( 1999 ) , She 's All That ( 1999 ) , and The Skulls ( 2000 ) . Walker drove a Nissan Skyline GT - R in 2 Fast 2 Furious . In 2001 , Walker 's breakthrough role arrived when he starred opposite actor Vin Diesel in the successful action film The Fast and the Furious , the first film in the franchise . The film established Walker as a notable film star and leading man and led to his reprise of the role in the 2003 sequel 2 Fast 2 Furious . He continued his career with leading roles in films such as Joy Ride ( 2001 ) , Timeline ( 2003 ) , and Into the Blue ( 2005 ) . He had a supporting role in Clint Eastwood 's adaptation of Flags of Our Fathers ( 2006 ) . Walker at a convention in February 2006 Walker then starred in the crime thriller Running Scared and Walt Disney Pictures ' Eight Below , both released in 2006 . Eight Below garnered critical - acclaim and opened in first place at the box office , grossing over US $20 million during its first weekend . During the filming of Running Scared , director Wayne Kramer stated that `` ( Walker ) is that guy on some level '' when comparing Walker with his character in the movie , Joey Gazelle . Kramer continued on to say that he `` loved working with ( Walker ) because as a director he 's completely supportive of my vision of what the film is . And even better , he 's completely game for it . '' Walker starred in the independent film The Lazarus Project , which was released on DVD on October 21 , 2008 . He subsequently returned to The Fast and the Furious franchise , reprising his role in Fast & Furious , which was released on April 3 , 2009 . Walker then appeared in the crime drama Takers , which began filming in September 2008 and was released in August 2010 . The Coty Prestige fragrance brand Davidoff Cool Water for Men announced in January 2011 that Walker was going to be the new face of the brand as of July 2011 . He reprised his role in the fifth installment of The Fast and the Furious series , Fast Five ( 2011 ) , and again in Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) . For this film , he won the 2014 MTV Movie Award as best on - screen duo , with Vin Diesel . He was part of an ensemble cast in Wayne Kramer 's Pawn Shop Chronicles ( 2013 ) , which was Walker 's last film released before his death . Shortly after his death , the Hurricane Katrina based film Hours , which he had completed earlier in 2013 , was released on December 13 , 2013 . He had also completed the action film Brick Mansions , a remake of the French film District 13 , which was released in April 2014 . At the time of his death , Walker had been filming Furious 7 , which was slated for release in July 2014 . The film was completed by using his brothers Caleb and Cody as his body doubles / stand - ins , and CGI , and was released in April 2015 . Walker was also set to play Agent 47 in the video game adaptation Hitman : Agent 47 , but died before production began . Personal life From left : Dwayne Johnson , Ludacris , Jordana Brewster , Vin Diesel , and Walker with Natalie Morales for NBC 's Today Show . Walker shared close friendships with his Fast & Furious cast mates . Walker lived in Santa Barbara with his dogs . He and Rebecca McBrain , a one - time girlfriend , had a daughter named Meadow Rain Walker , who lived with her mother in Hawaii for 13 years and then moved to California to live with Walker in 2011 . Her godfather is Vin Diesel . At the time of his death , Walker was dating Jasmine Pilchard - Gosnell . He held a brown belt in Brazilian jiu - jitsu under Ricardo `` Franjinha '' Miller at Paragon Jiu - Jitsu and was awarded his black belt by Miller posthumously . Walker held an interest in marine biology ; he joined the board of directors of The Billfish Foundation in 2006 . He fulfilled a lifelong dream by starring in a National Geographic Channel series Expedition Great White ( later retitled Shark Men ) , which premiered in June 2010 . He spent 11 days as part of the crew , catching and tagging seven great white sharks off the coast of Mexico . The expedition , led by Chris Fischer , founder and CEO of Fischer Productions , along with Captain Brett McBride and Dr. Michael Domeier of the Marine Conservation Science Institute , took measurements , gathered DNA samples , and fastened real - time satellite tags to the great white sharks . This allowed Dr. Domeier to study migratory patterns , especially those associated with mating and birthing , over a five - year period . In March 2010 , Walker went to Constitución , Chile , to offer his help and support to the people injured in the 8.8 magnitude earthquake that struck on February 27 . He flew with his humanitarian aid team , Reach Out Worldwide , to Haiti to lend a helping hand to the 2010 Haiti earthquake victims . A car enthusiast , he competed in the Redline Time Attack racing series in which he raced an M3 E92 and was on the AE Performance Team . His car was sponsored by Etnies , Brembo Brakes , Ohlins , Volk , OS Giken , Hankook , Gintani , and Reach Out Worldwide . Walker had been preparing for an auto show prior to his death . Roger Rodas became Walker 's financial adviser in 2007 and helped to establish Reach Out Worldwide . Rodas , a pro-am racer was the CEO of Always Evolving , a Valencia high - end vehicle performance shop owned by Walker . Walker was a close friend of his 2 Fast 2 Furious co-star Tyrese Gibson . Vin Diesel considered Walker to be like a brother , both on and off screen , and affectionately called him `` Pablo '' . Walker 's mother referred to her son as Diesel 's `` other half '' . Walker , who was raised in a Mormon household , later became a non-denominational Christian . Death and legal repercussions Site of Walker 's death on Hercules Street in Santa Clarita ( photo taken 2015 ) On November 30 , 2013 , at about 3 : 30 p.m. PST , Walker and Roger Rodas , 38 , left an event for Walker 's charity Reach Out Worldwide for victims of Typhoon Haiyan ( Yolanda ) , with Rodas driving his Porsche Carrera GT . In a 45 mph ( 72 km / h ) speed zone on Hercules Street near Kelly Johnson Parkway in Valencia , Santa Clarita , California , the car crashed into a concrete lamp post and two trees and caught fire . Rodas died of multiple trauma while Walker died from the combined effects of trauma and burns . Both of their bodies were burned beyond recognition . The curve where Walker and Rodas were killed is a popular spot for drifting cars . No alcohol or other drugs were found in either man 's system , and neither mechanical failure nor road conditions appeared to play a role . Police found no evidence of drag racing . The investigation concluded that the car 's speed -- between 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) and 93 mph ( 150 km / h ) -- and age of the tires were the primary reasons for the crash . Grave of Paul Walker at Forest Lawn Hollywood Hills With Furious 7 in the middle of filming at the time of Walker 's death , Universal announced an indeterminate hiatus on the production , citing a desire to speak with his family before determining what to do with the film . Numerous friends and movie stars posted tributes to Walker on social media . His body was cremated and his ashes were buried in a non-denominational ceremony at Forest Lawn Memorial Park . In December 2014 , Walker 's father , Paul III , filed a wrongful death claim against Rodas 's estate seeking the return of , or `` a proportionate share '' of revenue generated by a group of automobiles that were jointly owned by both Walker and Rodas . In September 2015 , Walker 's daughter Meadow filed a wrongful death lawsuit against Porsche for the death of her father , claiming that the Porsche Carrera GT had numerous design defects including a history of instability , and that its seat belt placement can cause harm upon impact . Porsche 's response denied any wrongdoing and blamed Walker himself , stating : `` The perils , risk , and danger were open and obvious and known to him , and he chose to conduct himself in a manner so as to expose himself to such perils , dangers , and risks , thus assuming all the risks involved in using the vehicle . '' In April 2016 , U.S. District Court Judge Philip S. Gutierrez ruled in favor of Porsche in a separate lawsuit filed by Roger Rodas ' widow , Kristine . The ruling had no bearing on two other cases against Porsche which have been filed by Walker 's father , who is also the executor of the actor 's estate , and his daughter . Walker 's father and daughter both reached an agreement with Porsche . Filmography Film Year Title Role Notes 1986 Monster in the Closet `` Professor '' Bennett Programmed to Kill Jason Credited as Paul W. Walker Tammy and the T - Rex Michael 1998 Meet the Deedles Phil Deedle First lead role Pleasantville Skip Martin 1999 Varsity Blues Lance Harbor She 's All That Dean Sampson Brokedown Palace Jason 2000 The Skulls Caleb Mandrake The Fast and the Furious Brian O'Conner Joy Ride Lewis Thomas 2002 Life Makes Sense If You 're Famous Mikey 2003 The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious Brian O'Conner Short film 2 Fast 2 Furious Timeline Chris Johnston Noel Mike Riley 2005 Into the Blue Jared Cole 2006 Eight Below Jerry Shepard Running Scared Joey Gazelle Flags of Our Fathers Hank Hansen 2007 The Death and Life of Bobby Z Tim Kearney Stories USA Mikey 2008 The Lazarus Project Ben Garvey 2009 Fast & Furious Brian O'Conner Takers John Rahway 2011 Fast Five Brian O'Conner 2013 Vehicle 19 Michael Woods Fast & Furious 6 Brian O'Conner Pawn Shop Chronicles Raw Dog Hours Nolan Hayes Released two weeks after Walker 's death 2014 Brick Mansions Damien Collier Released five months after Walker 's death 2015 Furious 7 Brian O'Conner Walker 's last performance in a film Television Year Title Role Notes 1984 -- 1994 CBS Schoolbreak Special Dill Episodes : `` Dead Wrong : The John Evans Story '' and `` Love in the Dark Ages '' 1985 -- 1986 Highway to Heaven Todd Bryant / Eric Travers Episodes : `` Birds of a Feather '' and `` A Special Love '' ( Parts 1 & 2 ) Throb Jeremy Beatty 23 episodes Charles in Charge Russell Davis Episode : `` Dead Puck Society '' 1991 Who 's the Boss ? Michael Haynes Episode : `` You Can Go Home Again '' 1991 What a Dummy Rick Episode : `` Bringing Up Baby '' The Young and the Restless Brandon Collins Touched by an Angel Jonathan Shark Men Himself 3 episodes , aka Expedition Great White 2013 Shark Week Himself 1 episode Music videos Year Artists Song Notes The Mighty Mighty Bosstones `` Wrong Thing Right Then '' 2003 Ludacris `` Act a Fool '' 2013 2 Chainz & Wiz Khalifa `` We Own It '' Archival footage 2015 Wiz Khalifa & Charlie Puth `` See You Again '' Archival footage Awards and nominations Year Award Nominated work Result 2002 MTV Movie Award Best On - Screen Team ( shared with Vin Diesel ) The Fast and the Furious Won 2011 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Actor -- Action Fast Five Nominated 2013 Choice Movie : Chemistry ( shared with Vin Diesel and Dwayne Johnson ) Fast & Furious 6 Nominated 2014 MTV Movie Award Best On - Screen Duo ( shared with Vin Diesel ) Won 2015 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Actor : Action Furious 7 Won Choice Movie : Chemistry ( shared with Vin Diesel , Michelle Rodriguez , Tyrese Gibson , Dwayne Johnson , Ludacris ) Nominated References ^ Jump up to : `` Paul Walker Leaves Entire $25 Million Estate to Daughter '' . People . February 4 , 2014 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Weisman , Aly . `` Paul Walker Left His Entire $25 Million Estate To His 15 - Year - Old Daughter -- But Things Could Get Messy '' , Business Insider , published April 2 , 2014 . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ WGN News at Nine . Chicago , IL . November 30 , 2013 . Event occurs at 21 : 32 CST ( 32 minutes ) . WGN - TV / WGN America . Jump up ^ `` Paul Walker -- Biography '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Eggenberger , Nicole ( December 2 , 2013 ) . `` Paul Walker Said Daughter Meadow Encouraged Him to Keep Acting '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gicas , Peter ( December 2 , 2013 ) . `` Paul Walker 's Cologne Ad Airs During UK Soccer Game , Sparks Outrage '' . E ! Online . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Suebsaeng , Asawin ( 2 April 2015 ) . `` Paul Walker 's True Passion : Whatever Happened to Walker 's Disaster - Relief Rescue Squad ? '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved 10 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Merry , Stephanie ; Yahr , Emily ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` Golden Globes nominations 2016 : Complete list '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hobson , Louis B. ( June 17 , 2001 ) . `` Paul Walker kicks it into high gear '' . Canoe.ca . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Keck , William ( September 27 , 2005 ) . `` Fame lets Paul Walker dive in '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Atkin , Hillary ( June 6 , 2003 ) . `` Walker 's in the ' Fast ' lane to film stardom '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Paul William Walker II '' . Retrieved December 22 , 2013 . `` Paul William Walker II 1930 United States Census '' . FamilySearch . Retrieved December 22 , 2013 . `` Meet Paul Walker '' . Spartanburg Herald - Journal . March 29 , 2006 . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Stars React To Paul Walker 's Death , Other Crash Victim Identified '' . CBS Los Angeles . December 1 , 2013 . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gazzar , Brenda ( December 1 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fast & Furious ' star Paul Walker remembered as kind , carefree '' . Los Angeles Daily News . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Walker Bio : Fast & Furious Actor '' . Tribute . Tribute Entertainment Media Group . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Youtube . `` Showbiz Pizza Commercial '' . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eight Below ( 2006 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 28 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Murray , Rebecca . `` Interview with ' Running Scared ' writer / director Wayne Kramer '' . About.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Apple -- Movie Trailers -- Fast and Furious '' . Apple . Retrieved September 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( September 9 , 2008 ) . `` Screen Gems digs up ' Bone ' cast '' . Variety . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Coty Prestige Announces Agreement with Paul Walker '' . PR Newswire . January 14 , 2011 . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Paul Walkers death forces delay of Fast and Furious 7 shoot '' . HitFix . December 1 , 2013 . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . ' Fast & Furious 7 ' will shoot scenes with doubles and replace Paul Walker with CGI to keep him in the film -- NY Daily News The Deadline Team . `` Paul Walker 's Brothers Jumping in to Help Finish ' Fast & Furious 7 ′ Action Scenes -- Deadline '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave . `` Paul Walker Leads HITMAN Reboot in AGENT 47 '' . Collider . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Koltnow , Barry ( February 18 , 2006 ) . `` Just chillin ' '' . The Orange County Register . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gilbey , Ryan ( December 1 , 2013 ) . `` Paul Walker obituary '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith , Grady ( December 1 , 2013 ) . `` The sides of Paul Walker you may have missed '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2013 . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tate , Amethyst ( December 2 , 2013 ) . `` Who Is Jasmine Pilchard - Gosnell ? Paul Walker 's 23 - Year - Old Girlfriend Mourns Actor With Family After Fatal Car Crash '' . International Business Times . Jump up ^ Duane , Daniel ( September 6 , 2005 ) . `` Paul Walker 's Adventure Sports Workout Routine '' . Men 's Health . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Walker receives BJJ Black Belt at Memorial '' . Bjpenn.com . December 9 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2013 . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Catherine ( September 25 , 2006 ) . `` Paul Walker and Marine Biology : Foundation Presents Marine Awards '' . Nature World News . Retrieved March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Walker Leads Shark Expedition '' . Starpulse.com . November 12 , 2009 . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2010 . Retrieved November 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Actor Paul Walker Joins National Geographic Shark Expedition '' . DiverWire . November 13 , 2009 . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2009 . Retrieved November 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Expedition Great White '' . National Geographic . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2012 . Retrieved November 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` REACH OUT Worldwide '' . REACH OUT Worldwide . Jump up ^ `` AE Performance '' . Redline Time Attack . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Walker , estrella de `` Rápidos y furiosos '' falleció en accidente de tránsito `` . El Comercio . Jump up ^ `` Walker and Rodas , you will be missed '' . Motor Sport . December 1 , 2013 . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Call to Action '' . Merrill Lynch . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2013 . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rodas : Racer , manager , friend to Walker '' . December 3 , 2013 . Retrieved June 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Perry ( November 30 , 2013 ) . `` Paul Walker , Santa Clarita CEO Reportedly Killed in Fatal Single - Car Crash '' . KHTS Radio . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tonks , Owen ( January 4 , 2014 ) . `` Paul Walker best friend Tyrese Gibson still struggling after actor 's death '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . Cook , Carlton ( January 16 , 2014 ) . `` Has Paul Walker 's Co-Star Tyrese Gibson Converted from Christianity to Islam , After His Visit to Dubai ? '' . The Christian Post . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . `` Tyrese Gibson Heartbroken Over Paul Walker 's Death '' . ABC News . December 4 , 2013 . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vin Diesel Reacts to Paul Walker 's Death : ' I Will Always Love You ' '' . The Wrap . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Walker death : Vin Diesel 's touching Facebook post about how he lost his ' other half ' '' . The Mirror . Jump up ^ `` Meadow Walker , Paul 's daughter inspired him to continue acting ; Fast and Furious star on being Christian '' . Christian Today . December 2 , 2013 . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Duke , Alan ; Sutton , Joe ( November 30 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fast & Furious ' star Paul Walker killed in car crash '' . CNN . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Autopsy blames impact and fire for actor Paul Walker 's death '' . CNN . December 4 , 2013 . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Officials : Paul Walker crash not part of street race '' . The Press Democrat . Santa Rosa CA . December 3 , 2013 . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 . `` Publicist : Fast & Furious Actor Paul Walker Dies in Car Crash '' . Time . New York . November 30 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2013 . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Schabner , Dean ( November 30 , 2013 ) . ' Fast and Furious ' Star Paul Walker Killed in Crash `` . ABC News . Landau , Joel ( November 30 , 2013 ) . `` Paul Walker dead at 40 : ' Fast and Furious ' star killed in fiery car crash '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . `` Fast & Furious actor Paul Walker dies in California car crash '' . BBC News . December 1 , 2013 . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wood , Daniel B. ( December 4 , 2013 ) . `` Paul Walker crash could ' romanticize ' growing street racing culture '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Speed may have been factor in Fast and Furious star Paul Walker 's crash '' . Sunday Morning Herald . January 4 , 2014 . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` '' Fast & Furious `` - Star : Walker - Auto war fast 100 Stundenkilometer zu schnell '' . Die Welt ( in German ) . January 4 , 2014 . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Walker death investigation : Police rule out second vehicle , focus on speed '' . CNN . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Duke , Alan ( March 26 , 2014 ) . `` Investigators : Speed -- not drugs , racing or mechanical failure -- killed Paul Walker '' . CNN . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Maricela . `` ' Fast & Furious 7 ' production halted after Paul Walker 's death '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Speechless ' Vin Diesel pays tribute to Paul Walker '' . The New Zealand Herald . Auckland . December 2 , 2013 . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Walker has been Buried at The Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in the Hollywood Hills Today '' . Allvoices.com . December 4 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2014 . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Esther . `` Paul Walker 's dad files claim against estate of driver in fatal car crash '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bever , Lindsey ( September 29 , 2015 ) . `` Paul Walker 's teen daughter sues Porsche over his death in fiery crash '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Porsche Blames Paul Walker For His Own Death '' . www.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ ANTHONY McCARTNEY , Judge : Porsche not at fault in crash that killed Paul Walker April 5 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Child , Ben ( April 6 , 2016 ) . `` Judge rules Porsche not to blame for Paul Walker 's death '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-et-entertainment-news-updates-paul-walker-porsche-settles-1508940377-htmlstory.html External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paul Walker . 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8515655373902193558 | A Fever You Can't Sweat Out | A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out - wikipedia A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out Jump to : navigation , search A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out Studio album by Panic ! at the Disco Released September 27 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 27 ) Recorded June -- September 2005 at SOMD ! Studios , College Park , Maryland , and Darn ! Studios , Lewisville , Texas Genre Pop punk emo emo pop dance - punk baroque pop electropop Length 40 : 15 Label Decaydance Fueled by Ramen Producer Matt Squire Panic ! at the Disco chronology A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out ( 2005 ) Pretty . Odd . ( 2008 ) Pretty . Odd. 2008 Singles from A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out `` The Only Difference Between Martyrdom and Suicide Is Press Coverage '' Released : September 27 , 2005 `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' Released : February 27 , 2006 `` But It 's Better If You Do '' Released : May 16 , 2006 `` Lying Is the Most Fun a Girl Can Have Without Taking Her Clothes Off '' Released : August 7 , 2006 `` Build God , Then We 'll Talk '' Released : March 26 , 2007 A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out is the debut studio album by American rock band Panic ! at the Disco . Produced by Matt Squire , the album was released on September 27 , 2005 , on Decaydance and Fueled by Ramen . The group formed in Las Vegas in 2004 and began posting demos online , which caught the attention of Fall Out Boy bassist Pete Wentz . Wentz signed the group to his own imprint label , Decaydance , without them having ever performed live . The album was recorded on a small budget at SOMD ! Studios in College Park , Maryland over several weeks in June 2005 . The group had only graduated high school one month before . With lyrics written by lead guitarist / backing vocalist Ryan Ross , the record covers social issues and topics such as sanctity of marriage , adultery , mental health , alcoholism and prostitution are woven throughout the album . The album is divided into halves stylistically ; the first half is primarily pop punk with elements of electronic , while the second employs more traditional instrumentation , with influences of baroque pop . Upon its release , A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out became a commercial success . Its second single , `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' , was a top 10 hit in the United States . It helped bolster sales to 1.8 million in the US by 2011 , making it the group 's best - selling release . Despite its sales , the album polarized music critics , with many praising the album 's catchiness and others questioning its originality . The band promoted the record with stints on the Nintendo Fusion Tour before its first headlining tour , the Nothing Rhymes With Circus Tour . In late 2015 , its certification was upgraded to RIAA double platinum for 2 million shipments . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Recording and production 3 Composition 4 Commercial performance 5 Reception 5.1 Accolades 6 Deluxe edition re-issue 7 Track listing 8 Personnel 8.1 Musicians 9 Charts and certifications 9.1 Charts 9.2 Certifications 10 References 11 External links Background ( edit ) The band was formed in 2004 in the suburban area of Summerlin , Las Vegas , by childhood friends Ryan Ross on guitar and Spencer Smith on drums . Both teens attended Bishop Gorman High School and they began playing music together in ninth grade . They invited their friend Brent Wilson from nearby Palo Verde High School to join on bass guitar , and Wilson invited his classmate Brendon Urie to try out on guitar . They soon began rehearsing in Smith 's grandmother 's living room . Urie grew up in a Mormon family in Las Vegas and early on skipped rehearsals to go to church . Ross initially was the lead vocalist for the group , but on hearing Urie singing backing vocals during an early rehearsal , they unanimously decided to move him to lead . They initially worked purely as a Blink - 182 cover band . The monotonous nature of local Las Vegas bands influenced them to be different and creative , and they soon began recording experimental demos . Ross and Urie soon began to record on their laptops the demos they had been developing and posted three early demos ( `` Time to Dance '' , `` Nails for Breakfast , Tacks for Snacks '' and `` Camisado '' ) on PureVolume . On a whim , they sent a link to Fall Out Boy bass guitarist Pete Wentz via a LiveJournal account . Wentz , who was in Los Angeles at the time with the rest of Fall Out Boy working on their first major - label album , From Under the Cork Tree , drove to Las Vegas to meet the band . On hearing `` two to three '' songs during band practice , Wentz was impressed and immediately wanted the band to sign to his Fueled by Ramen imprint label Decaydance Records , which made them the first on the new label , which the group did around December 2004 . As news broke that Wentz had signed Panic ! ( who had yet to perform a single live show ) , fans on the Internet began to criticize the group . Meanwhile , Wentz began to publicize the band wherever possible , from wearing `` Panic ! at the Disco '' T - shirts onstage to mentioning them in interviews . Wentz gave a quick mention to the band during a press junket on the day before the 2005 MTV Video Music Awards : `` I 've got a couple of bands coming out soon on Decaydance , one being this band called Panic ! at the Disco , '' Wentz said . `` Their record is going to be your next favorite record . It 's called A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out -- get it before your little brother does . '' At the time of their signing , all of the band members were still in high school , with the exception of Ross , who was forced to leave the University of Nevada , Las Vegas . Recording and production ( edit ) After completing high school , the group members boarded a van and drove from Las Vegas to College Park , Maryland to record the album . Fueled by Ramen wanted the band to go into the studio earlier in the year , but Ross was attending college at UNLV and the others were still in high school . Urie graduated in May 2005 and the band pushed recording back to June ; Smith and Wilson completed school online during production . They picked producer Matt Squire based on his production on several independent albums the group liked . The label had hoped they would pick Mike Green , who had worked with Paramore on All We Know Is Falling . `` I think Crush Management and Fueled by Ramen were like , ' Who is this dude ? ' '' said Squire . A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out was created in only `` three and a half weeks '' -- including mixing and mastering -- on a budget of $11,000 . The group entered the studio with half of the songs completed ; the others were crafted in pre-production . Recording was stressful . `` We were in the studio for 14 hours a day for five weeks ; we might have started losing our minds a little bit , '' Ross recalled humorously in a 2006 interview . The band lived in a one - bedroom basement studio apartment during the production , with all sleeping in bunk beds . `` Everyone got on everybody 's nerves , '' said Ross . `` Someone would write a new part for a song and someone else would say they did n't like it just because you ate their cereal that morning . '' Urie 's voice was blown after tracking the album . Squire remembered that most of the album 's choruses and high harmonies were recorded in one session . By the end of production , the band had not had a day off and were exhausted . After its completion , `` We had two weeks to come home and learn how to be a band , '' Ross said . Composition ( edit ) `` Every song that we wrote for the first album made it . We did n't think about writing a bunch of songs and picking the best ones . We had to just make the best songs we ever wrote . '' -- Urie on the album 's songs The album is split in two stylistically , with the first half of the record using electronic instruments such as synthesizers and drum machines while the second employs traditional instruments such as the accordion and organ . They are separated by an intermission as a link between the two halves , beginning with techno - style dance beats before switching to a piano interlude . Squire recalled that the band had an `` identity crisis '' upon writing new songs . The more dance - infused tracks were crafted during the group 's time in Vegas , but the band members found themselves writing more straightforward rock tracks when they entered the studio . The band did not want to include the rock songs , but Squire got them to agree to it one day over lunch . `` I took them out to lunch and said , `` Why do n't we tell the story of that creative evolution as the theme of the album ? ' '' , he later recalled . `` London Beckoned Songs About Money Written by Machines '' `` London Beckoned Songs About Money Written by Machines '' takes a preliminary aim at webzines ' criticism . Problems playing this file ? See media help . The ambitious quality of the album 's content was representative of the band 's desire to `` do whatever we wanted , '' according to Urie . The band was heavily inspired by music groups Third Eye Blind , Counting Crows , Arcade Fire and the Decemberists during rehearsals , and also by Danny Elfman and Jon Brion film scores . Urie specifically cited the Beatles , Queen , the Smiths , Name Taken , and the Keane song `` Everybody 's Changing '' as influences on the album . He remarked , `` We took all of those biggest influences , listening to them from our parents and mashed them together . '' The album 's writing is strongly influenced by Chuck Palahniuk 's work . The song title `` The Only Difference Between Martyrdom and Suicide Is Press Coverage '' is a quote from his book Survivor . `` Time to Dance '' tells the story of Invisible Monsters , and includes quotes such as `` Give me envy , give me malice , give me your attention '' . Other references and quotes can be found throughout the album , such as `` Just for the record , the weather today is ... '' ( Diary ) . Wentz served as an advisor to the group on lyrical content : `` he was always there to help out with a line here , a line there , '' said Urie . The group noticed that bands in the pop punk scene , such as Fall Out Boy and Name Taken , were using long song titles . The band decided to take this a step farther , creating increasingly long titles partially as an inside joke . The song `` I Constantly Thank God for Esteban '' was a reference to an infomercial for Esteban Guitars the group found humorous . Commercial performance ( edit ) Sales of the album began relatively slow . As it debuted at No. 112 on the Billboard 200 album chart , and later peaked at # 13 . The album sold over two million copies in the United States . It spent 66 weeks on the Billboard 200 . Reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Drowned in Sound 6 / 10 Entertainment Weekly Mojo MusicOMH Pitchfork 1.5 / 10 PopMatters 4 / 10 Rolling Stone The Skinny Stylus Magazine A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out divided music critics at the time of its release . Billboard , ten years after its release , deemed it `` one of the most polarizing albums of our time . '' Cory D. Byrom of Pitchfork was perhaps the most negative , criticizing the state of contemporary emo and bemoaning the album 's apparent lack of `` sincerity , creativity , or originality . '' Johnny Loftus of AllMusic was similarly negative , writing , `` This is a band in love with making a record -- making a statement -- but there 's nothing unique inside , neither in their formula nor the vaunted and sticky production . '' Lauren Gitlin of Rolling Stone complimented the album 's sound , commenting , `` What makes Panic different ( and excellent ) is their use of dance - floor synths and roboto drums , which redeems the album 's whininess . '' Kerrang ! was positive , awarding the record four out of five stars . Rolling Stone also gave a positive review , with a three and a half stars out of five . Webzines like Gigwise and Sputnikmusic also gave positive reviews . The hit single , `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' , received massive airplay and Panic ! at the Disco won `` Video of the Year '' on the annual MTV Video Music Awards in 2006 , beating fellow nominees Madonna , Christina Aguilera , Shakira and Red Hot Chili Peppers . In September 2011 , `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' won MTV 's Best Music Video for the 2000s as well as Best Music Video Of All Time based on online voting . Accolades ( edit ) Rolling Stone listed it among the `` 40 Greatest Emo Albums of All Time '' in 2016 , with James Montgomery dubbing it a `` genre - defying blueprint '' and commenting `` it 's difficult to argue that it 's not a snapshot of where `` emo '' was at in 2005 , right down to the sentence - long song titles . '' Year Publication Country Rank List 2012 Rock Sound United Kingdom 16 101 Modern Classics 2016 Kerrang ! 16 The 50 Best Rock Albums of the 2000s Rolling Stone United States 39 40 Greatest Emo Albums of All Time Deluxe edition re-issue ( edit ) On November 14 , 2006 , the album was re-released in a `` deluxe '' edition , packaged in a cigar box - shaped box set . The box set was limited to 25,000 copies . It included the original album on CD , a live concert titled Live in Denver on DVD , picture cards for each song with lyrics printed on individual cards , 2006 tour program , poster of the band , live photo shots , a phenakistoscope , circus - styled mask , fake newspaper article and a blank notebook . The Live in Denver DVD was filmed in Denver on July 22 , 2006 . Track listing ( edit ) All lyrics written by Ryan Ross ; all music composed by Brendon Urie , Ryan Ross , Spencer Smith . ( show ) Japanese edition pre-gap hidden tracks No . Title Length 1 . `` Time to Dance '' ( demo ) 4 : 16 2 . `` Nails for Breakfast , Tacks for Snacks '' ( demo ) 3 : 56 3 . `` Camisado '' ( demo ) 3 : 50 Total length : 11 : 59 No . Title Length 1 . `` Introduction '' ( instrumental ) 0 : 37 2 . `` The Only Difference Between Martyrdom and Suicide Is Press Coverage '' 2 : 54 3 . `` London Beckoned Songs About Money Written by Machines '' 3 : 23 4 . `` Nails for Breakfast , Tacks for Snacks '' 3 : 23 5 . `` Camisado '' 3 : 11 6 . `` Time to Dance '' 3 : 22 7 . `` Lying Is the Most Fun a Girl Can Have Without Taking Her Clothes Off '' 3 : 20 8 . `` Intermission '' ( instrumental ) 2 : 35 9 . `` But It 's Better If You Do '' 3 : 25 10 . `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' 3 : 06 11 . `` I Constantly Thank God for Esteban '' 3 : 30 12 . `` There 's a Good Reason These Tables Are Numbered Honey , You Just Have n't Thought of It Yet '' 3 : 16 13 . `` Build God , Then We 'll Talk '' 3 : 40 Total length : 39 : 46 ( show ) Japanese edition bonus track No . Title Length 14 . `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' ( Live in Denver ) 3 : 11 Total length : 42 : 57 ( show ) Japanese edition enhanced material No . Title Length 1 . `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' ( music video ) 3 : 06 2 . `` But It 's Better If You Do '' ( music video ) 3 : 36 3 . `` Lying Is the Most Fun a Girl Can Have Without Taking Her Clothes Off '' ( music video ) 3 : 16 ( show ) Deluxe edition bonus DVD No . Title Length 1 . `` Live in Denver '' 72 : 10 Personnel ( edit ) Credits for A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out adapted from AllMusic . Musicians ( edit ) Panic ! at the Disco Ryan Ross -- lead guitar , keyboards , synthesizers , programming , organ , piano , accordion , creative direction Brendon Urie -- vocals , guitars , bass guitar , keyboards , piano Spencer Smith -- drums , percussion , glockenspiel , tambourine , shaker , cabasa Brent Wilson -- bass guitar Additional musicians Heather Stebbins -- cello , double bass William Brousserd -- trumpet Samantha Bynes -- violin Production Alan Ferguson -- photography John Janick -- A&R UE Nastasi -- mastering Panic ! at the Disco - additional production Matt Squire -- production , engineer , mixing , audio production Pete Wentz -- A&R Charts and certifications ( edit ) Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2006 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) 11 Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) 37 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 43 Danish Albums ( Hitlisten ) 19 Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) 41 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) 98 Irish Albums ( IRMA ) 59 Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) 37 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) 7 Scottish Albums ( OCC ) 16 Swedish Albums ( Sverigetopplistan ) 26 Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 63 UK Albums ( OCC ) 17 US Billboard 200 13 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 357,202 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,000,000 shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bazley , John ( 27 September 2015 ) . `` Brendon Urie Reflects on Tenth Anniversary of Panic ! at the Disco 's ' A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out ' '' . AltPress.com . Alternative Press . Archived from the original on 27 September 2015 . Retrieved 27 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Story , Hannah ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` Panic At The Disco Death Of A Bachelor '' . theMusic.com.au . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Panic ! at the Disco 's Debut Turns 10 : Oral History Told by Brendon Urie , Pete Wentz & More '' . Jump up ^ Defending the Maligned . The Essential . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , James ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` 40 Greatest Emo Albums of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Death of a Bachelor : Song by Song Review . Strose Chronicle . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Panic ! at the Disco '' . Spin . October 3 , 2005 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Album Review : ' Too Weird to Live , Too Rare to Die ! ' by Panic ! At The Disco . studlife.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Panic ! at the Disco A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out review '' . Sputnik . Jump up ^ `` Billboard '' . Retrieved 24 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Panic ! at the Disco 's ' A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out ' Goes Double Platinum - Billboard '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mike Kalil ( October 28 , 2005 ) . `` Panic ! Attacks '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved March 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Who are Panic ! at the Disco ? '' . BBC News . September 1 , 2006 . Retrieved March 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dave Simpson ( June 20 , 2008 ) . `` Growing up is hard to do '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Brandon Herbel ( November 11 , 2005 ) . `` Panic ! At the Disco -- Interview '' . AbsolutePunk . Retrieved March 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Emily Zemler ( October 3 , 2005 ) . `` Artist of the Day : Panic ! at the Disco '' . Spin . Retrieved March 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ James Montgomery ( February 2 , 2006 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco Fight For Cred , Swear They Have No Beef With The Killers '' . MTV News . Retrieved March 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : James Montgomery ( July 31 , 2006 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco Carry Emo - Punk Banner Into VMAs With Five Noms '' . MTV News . Retrieved March 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Chris Payne ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` Panic ! at the Disco 's Debut Turns 10 : Oral History Told by Brendon Urie , Pete Wentz & More '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Cathy McCabe ( October 5 , 2006 ) . `` Time to hit panic button '' . Herald Sun . Australia . Retrieved March 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Maria Sherman ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` Panic ! at the Disco Reflects : ' A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out ' Turns 10 '' . Fuse.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Keith Caulfield ( October 11 , 2013 ) . `` Miley Cyrus Set for No. 1 on Billboard 200 , Pusha T and Panic at the Disco Aiming for Top Five '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Loftus , Johnny . `` A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out -- Panic ! At the Disco '' . AllMusic . Retrieved April 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Diver , Mike ( February 15 , 2006 ) . `` Album Review : Panic ! At the Disco -- A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out '' . Drowned in Sound . Retrieved April 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Endelman , Michael ( November 14 , 2005 ) . `` A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Panic ! at the Disco : A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out '' . Mojo : 112 . ( U ) ltra - sharp lyrics and high - velocity mood and tempo switches make listening as exciting as lugeing down an ice chute with blindfolds on . Jump up ^ Mckinlay , Fiona ( February 13 , 2006 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco -- A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out '' . MusicOMH . Retrieved April 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Byrom , Cory D. ( November 28 , 2005 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco : A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved April 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bernard , David ( January 23 , 2006 ) . `` Panic ! at the Disco : A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out '' . PopMatters . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gitlin , Lauren ( October 20 , 2005 ) . `` Panic ! at the Disco : A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2006 . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Toby , Xavier ( February 15 , 2006 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco -- A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out '' . The Skinny . Retrieved April 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Passantino , Dom ( March 15 , 2006 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco -- A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out -- Review '' . Stylus Magazine . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved April 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kerrang ! top albums 2006 '' . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2011 . Retrieved April 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out Review '' . sputnikmusic.com . Retrieved April 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out TOLLIE Review '' . gigwise.com . Retrieved April 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Poll : Best Video Of The 2000s . MTV . Retrieved June 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Jonah Bayer ; Aaron Burgess ; Suzy Exposito ; Leor Galil ; James Montgomery ; Brittany Spanos ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` 40 Greatest Emo Albums of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . New York City : Wenner Media LLC . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rock Sound 's 101 Modern Classics : The Final Instalment ! '' . Rock Sound Magazine . July 11 , 2012 . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 50 Best Rock Albums Of The 2000s '' . Kerrang ! . February 21 , 2016 . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.discogs.com/Panic-At-The-Disco-A-Fever-You-Cant-Sweat-Out/release/4421558 Jump up ^ `` Panic ! at the Disco Concert Setlist at Fillmore Auditorium , Denver on July 22 , 2006 - setlist.fm '' . setlist.fm . Jump up ^ `` A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out -- Panic at the Disco '' . AllMusic . September 27 , 2005 . Retrieved February 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Australiancharts.com -- Panic ! at the Disco -- A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Panic ! at the Disco -- A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Panic ! at the Disco -- A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Panic ! at the Disco -- A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Panic ! at the Disco -- A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Officialcharts.de -- Panic ! at the Disco -- A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` GFK Chart - Track Albums : Week 18 , 2006 '' . Chart - Track . IRMA . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Panic ! at the Disco -- A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Panic ! at the Disco -- A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Panic ! at the Disco -- A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Panic ! at the Disco -- A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Panic ! at the Disco Artist Official Charts '' . UK Albums Chart Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Panic at the Disco -- Chart history '' Billboard 200 for Panic at the Disco . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2006 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- Panic ! at the Disco -- A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan ( 22 January 2016 ) . `` Official Charts Analysis : David Bowie still No. 1 album '' . Music Week . Intent Media . Retrieved 22 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Panic ! at the Disco -- A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out at YouTube ( streamed copy where licensed ) A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out at MusicBrainz ( list of releases ) Panic ! at the Disco Brendon Urie Brent Wilson Ryan Ross Jon Walker Spencer Smith Dallon Weekes Studio albums A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out Pretty . Odd . Vices & Virtues Too Weird to Live , Too Rare to Die ! Death of a Bachelor Live albums Live in Chicago Singles `` The Only Difference Between Martyrdom and Suicide Is Press Coverage '' `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' `` But It 's Better If You Do '' `` Lying Is the Most Fun a Girl Can Have Without Taking Her Clothes Off '' `` Build God , Then We 'll Talk '' `` Nine in the Afternoon '' `` Mad as Rabbits '' `` That Green Gentleman ( Things Have Changed ) '' `` Northern Downpour '' `` The Ballad of Mona Lisa '' `` Ready to Go ( Get Me Out of My Mind ) '' `` Let 's Kill Tonight '' `` Miss Jackson '' `` This Is Gospel '' `` Girls / Girls / Boys '' `` Hallelujah '' `` Victorious '' `` Emperor 's New Clothes '' Other songs `` New Perspective '' `` Death of a Bachelor '' `` LA Devotee '' `` Do n't Threaten Me with a Good Time '' `` Crazy = Genius '' Tours Vices & Virtues Tour Weezer & Panic ! at the Disco Summer Tour 2016 Death of a Bachelor Tour Related articles Band members Discography List of songs recorded The Young Veins Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Fever_You_Can%27t_Sweat_Out&oldid=807379385 '' Categories : 2005 debut albums Panic ! at the Disco albums Fueled by Ramen albums Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States MusicBrainz release group same as Wikidata Articles with MusicBrainz release group links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Eesti Ελληνικά Español Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 15 : 49 . 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-5744756004233735037 | List of biblical names starting with N | List of biblical names starting with n - wikipedia List of biblical names starting with n Jump to : navigation , search Main article : List of biblical names A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- Y -- Z Naam Naaman , pleasantness Naamah Naarah Naaran , juvenile , boyish , juvenile Naashon Naasson , enchanter Nabal Naboth Nachon Nachor Nadab Nagge Nahaliel Nahallal Naham Naharai Nahash Nahath Nahbi Nahor Nahshon Nahum Nain Naioth Naomi Naphish Naphtali Narcissus Nathan Nathanael Nathan - melech Naum Nazareth Nazarite Neah Neapolis Neariah Nebai Nebaioth Neballat Nebat Nebo Nebuchadrezzar Nebuzaradan Necho Nedabiah Nehelamite Nehemiah Nehum Nehushta Nehushtan Neiel Nekoda Nemuel Nepheg Nephish Nephishesim Nephthalim Nephtoah Nephusim Ner Nereus Nergal Nergal - sharezer Neri Neriah Nethaneel Nethaniah Nethinim Neziah Nezib Nibhaz , the barker Nibshan Nicanor Nicodemus Nicolas Nicolaitanes Nicopolis Niger Nimrah Nimrod Nimshi Nineveh Nisan Nisroch No Noadiah Noah Noah Nob Nobah Nod Nodab Noe Nogah Noha Non Noph Nophah Norah Nun Nymphas References ( edit ) Comay , Joan , Who 's Who in the Old Testament , Oxford University Press , 1971 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 521029 - 8 Lockyer , Herbert , All the men of the Bible , Zondervan Publishing House ( Grand Rapids , Michigan ) , 1958 Lockyer , Herbert , All the women of the Bible , Zondervan Publishing 1988 , ISBN 0 - 310 - 28151 - 2 Lockyer , Herbert , All the Divine Names and Titles in the Bible , Zondervan Publishing 1988 , ISBN 0 - 310 - 28041 - 9 Tischler , Nancy M. , All things in the Bible : an encyclopedia of the biblical world , Greenwood Publishing , Westport , Conn. : 2006 ISBN 0 - 313 - 33082 - 4 Inline references ( edit ) Jump up ^ BibleForge.com Jump up ^ Smith 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Easton 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Smith 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Smith 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Easton 's Bible Dictionary Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_biblical_names_starting_with_N&oldid=788076679 '' Categories : Hebrew Bible people Biblical people Hebrew - language names Jewish given names Lists of biblical names Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Bahasa Indonesia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 29 June 2017 , at 09 : 33 . About Wikipedia | christian name for baby boy starting with n | [] | [] |
-8052290656607292030 | Probate court | Probate court - wikipedia Probate court This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Look up probate court in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . A probate court ( sometimes called a surrogate court ) is a court that has competence in a jurisdiction to deal with matters of probate and the administration of estates . In some jurisdictions , such courts may be referred to as Orphans ' Courts , or courts of ordinary . In some jurisdictions probate court functions are performed by a chancery court or another court of equity , or as a part or division of another court . Probate courts administer proper distribution of the assets of a decedent ( one who has died ) , adjudicates the validity of wills , enforces the provisions of a valid will ( by issuing the grant of probate ) , prevents malfeasance by executors and administrators of estates , and provides for the equitable distribution of the assets of persons who die intestate ( without a valid will ) , such as by granting a grant of administration giving judicial approval to the personal representative to administer matters of the estate . In contested matters , the probate court examines the authenticity of a will and decides who is to receive the deceased person 's property . In a case of an intestacy , the court determines who is to receive the deceased 's property under the law of its jurisdiction . The probate court will then oversee the process of distributing the deceased 's assets to the proper beneficiaries . A probate court can be petitioned by interested parties in an estate , such as when a beneficiary feels that an estate is being mishandled . The court has the authority to compel an executor to give an account of their actions . In some jurisdictions ( e.g. Texas ) probate courts also handle other matters , such as guardianships , trusts , and mental health issues ( including the authority to order involuntary commitment to psychiatric facilities ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Orphans ' Court 2 List of probate courts 2.1 England and Wales 2.2 State courts of the United States 2.3 Canada 3 References Orphans ' court ( edit ) An Orphans ' Court was an organization established in the Chesapeake Bay American colonies during colonization . The major goal of the organization was to protect orphaned children and their right to their deceased family member 's estate from claims and against abuses by stepparents and others . Today , at least in Maryland and Pennsylvania , probate courts are still called Orphans ' Courts , for historical reasons , hearing matters involving wills of deceased estates which are contested and supervising estates which are probated judicially . List of probate courts ( edit ) The following is a partial list of probate courts : England and Wales ( edit ) Prerogative court -- former Court of Probate -- former High Court of Justice Family Division -- current State courts of the united states ( edit ) California Superior Court Connecticut -- Connecticut Probate Courts ( a system of 54 probate court districts ) Delaware -- Office of Register of Wills District of Columbia -- Superior Court of the District of Columbia , Probate Division Georgia -- Probate Court formerly known as the Court of Ordinary ( judge formally known as ordinary ) Maryland -- County Orphans ' Courts , Office of Register of Wills Massachusetts -- Probate and Family Court Michigan -- County Probate Courts Missouri -- conducted by Circuit Courts , some of which have separate probate divisions , Office of Public Administrator New Hampshire -- New Hampshire Probate Court New Jersey -- New Jersey Superior Court , Chancery Division , Probate Part , Surrogate 's Court ( judges known as surrogates ) , Surrogate 's Office New York -- New York Surrogate 's Court ( judges known as surrogates ) Ohio -- conducted by Courts of Common Pleas , Family and Probate Divisions , Probate Court Pennsylvania -- Orphans ' Court Division of the Court of Common Pleas , Office of Register of Wills Texas -- see Judiciary of Texas ; the county court handles probate matters in most instances , but its jurisdiction may overlap with the district court . Also , in ten specific counties the Texas Legislature has established one or more Probate Courts to handle probate matters , removing them from county or district court jurisdiction . Vermont -- Probate Courts , one in each of Vermont 's 14 counties Virginia -- Virginia Circuit Court Canada ( edit ) New Brunswick -- Probate Court of New Brunswick Nova Scotia -- Probate Court of Nova Scotia All other provinces are constitutionally required to process probate through their superior courts as per section 96 of the Constitution , 1867 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` SURROGATE 'S COURT '' ( PDF ) . ww.nycourts.gov . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Maryland Courts , About the Orphans ' Court Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Court of Common Pleas Orphans ' Court Division @ The Philadelphia Courts - First Judicial District of Pennsylvania '' . courts.phila.gov . Retrieved 21 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Captcha '' . canlii.org . Retrieved 21 March 2018 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Probate_court&oldid=836776011 '' Categories : Wills and trusts Inheritance Common law Probate courts Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from December 2014 All articles lacking sources Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 한국어 Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 19 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the purpose of a probate court | [] | [] |
2028800823693629784 | Turn and slip indicator | Turn and slip indicator - wikipedia Turn and slip indicator Illustration of the face of a turn - and - slip indicator In aviation , the turn and slip indicator ( T / S , a.k.a. turn and bank indicator ) and the turn coordinator ( TC ) variant are essentially two aircraft flight instruments in one device . One indicates the rate of turn , or the rate of change in the aircraft 's heading , the other part indicates whether the aircraft is in coordinated flight , showing the slip or skid of the turn . The slip indicator is actually an inclinometer that at rest displays the angle of the aircraft 's transverse axis with respect to horizontal , and in motion displays this angle as modified by the acceleration of the aircraft . Contents 1 Name 2 Operation 2.1 Turn indicator 2.2 Inclinometer 2.3 Turn coordinator 3 Practical implications 4 See also 5 References Name ( edit ) The turn and slip indicator can be referred to as the turn and bank indicator , although the instrument does not respond directly to bank angle . Neither does the turn coordinator , but it does respond to roll rate , which enables it to respond more quickly to the start of a turn . Operation ( edit ) Graphic of a turn and slip indicator and a turn coordinator Turn indicator ( edit ) The turn indicator is a gyroscopic instrument that works on the principle of precession . The gyro is mounted in a gimbal . The gyro 's rotational axis is in - line with the transverse ( pitch ) axis of the aircraft , while the gimbal has limited freedom around the longitudinal ( roll ) axis of the aircraft . As the aircraft yaws , a torque force is applied to the gyro around the vertical axis , due to aircraft yaw , which causes gyro precession around the roll axis . The gyro spins on an axis that is 90 degrees relative to the direction of the applied yaw torque force . The gyro and gimbal rotate ( around the roll axis ) with limited freedom against a calibrated spring . The torque force against the spring reaches an equilibrium and the angle that the gimbal and gyro become positioned is directly connected to the display needle , thereby indicating the rate of turn . In the turn coordinator , the gyro is canted 30 degrees from the horizontal so it responds to roll as well as yaw . The display contains hash marks for the pilot 's reference during a turn . When the needle is lined up with a hash mark , the aircraft is performing a `` standard rate turn '' which is defined as three degrees per second , known in some countries as `` rate one '' . This translates to two minutes per 360 degrees of turn ( a complete circle ) . Indicators are marked as to their sensitivity , with `` 2 min turn '' for those whose hash marks correspond to a standard rate or two - minute turn , and `` 4 min turn '' for those , used in faster aircraft , that show a half standard rate or four - minute turn . The supersonic Concorde jet aircraft and many military jets are examples of aircraft that use 4 min . turn indicators . The hash marks are sometimes called `` dog houses '' , because of their distinct shape on various makes of turn indicators . Under instrument flight rules , using these figures allows a pilot to perform timed turns in order to conform with the required air traffic patterns . For a change of heading of 90 degrees , a turn lasting 30 seconds would be required to perform a standard rate or `` rate one '' turn . Inclinometer ( edit ) Coordinated flight indication is obtained by using an inclinometer , which is recognized as the `` ball in a tube '' . An inclinometer contains a ball sealed inside a curved glass tube , which also contains a liquid to act as a damping medium . The original form of the indicator is in effect a spirit level with the tube curved in the opposite direction and a bubble replacing the ball . In some early aircraft the indicator was merely a pendulum with a dashpot for damping . The ball gives an indication of whether the aircraft is slipping , skidding or in coordinated flight . The ball 's movement is caused by the force of gravity and the aircraft 's centripetal acceleration . When the ball is centered in the middle of the tube , the aircraft is said to be in coordinated flight . If the ball is on the inside ( wing down side ) of a turn , the aircraft is slipping . And finally , when the ball is on the outside ( wing up side ) of the turn , the aircraft is skidding . A simple alternative to the balance indicator used on gliders is a yaw string , which allows the pilot to simply view the string 's movements as rudimentary indication of aircraft balance . Turn coordinator ( edit ) Image showing the face of a turn coordinator during a standard rate coordinated right turn . The turn coordinator ( TC ) is a further development of the turn and slip indicator ( T / S ) with the major difference being the display and the axis upon which the gimbal is mounted . The display is that of a miniature airplane as seen from behind . This looks similar to that of an attitude indicator . `` NO PITCH INFORMATION '' is usually written on the instrument to avoid confusion regarding the aircraft 's pitch , which can be obtained from the artificial horizon instrument . In contrast to the T / S , the TC 's gimbal is pitched up 30 degrees from the transverse axis . This causes the instrument to respond to roll as well as yaw . This allows the instrument to display a change more quickly as it will react to the change in roll before the aircraft has even begun to yaw . Although this instrument reacts to changes in the aircraft 's roll , it does not display the roll attitude . The turn coordinator may be used as a performance instrument when the attitude indicator has failed . This is called `` partial panel '' operations . It can be unnecessarily difficult or even impossible if the pilot does not understand that the instrument is showing roll rates as well as turn rates . The usefulness is also impaired if the internal dashpot is worn out . In the latter case , the instrument is underdamped and in turbulence will indicate large full - scale deflections to the left and right , all of which are actually roll rate responses . Practical implications ( edit ) Skidding . The corrective action is to press the `` left '' pedal adequately . Slipping and skidding within a turn is sometimes referred to as a sloppy turn , due to the perceptive discomfort it can cause to the pilot and passengers . When the aircraft is in a balanced turn ( ball is centered ) , passengers experience gravity directly in line with their seat ( force perpendicular to seat ) . With a well balanced turn , passengers may not even realize the aircraft is turning unless they are viewing objects outside the aircraft . While aircraft slipping and skidding are often undesired in a usual turn that maintains altitude , slipping of the aircraft can be used for practical purposes . Intentionally putting an aircraft into a slip is used as a forward slip and a sideslip . These slips are performed by applying opposite inputs of the aileron and rudder controls . A forward slip allows a pilot to quickly drop altitude without gaining unnecessary speed , while a sideslip is one method utilized to perform a crosswind landing . See also ( edit ) Flight dynamics References ( edit ) Advisory Circular AC 61 - 23C , Pilot 's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge , U.S. Federal Aviation Administration , Revised 1997 . FAA - H - 8083 - 15 Instrument Flying Handbook , U.S. Federal Aviation Administration ( IFH ) , ( Update 25 Nov 05 ) Operation demonstration of a Turn & slip indicator . The indicator cover is removed and gyro is displayed as it operates . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 02 - 11 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2015 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` How Aircraft Instruments Work . '' Popular Science , March 1944 , pp. 117 . Jump up ^ `` MS28041 H SHEET INDICATOR TURN SLIP 28V DC 1 - 7 / 8 INCH '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ A.C. Kermode ( 2006 ) . Mechanics of Flight . Pitman Boots LTD . p. 243 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4058 - 2359 - 3 . Flight instruments Pitot - static Altimeter Airspeed indicator Machmeter Variometer Gyroscopic Attitude indicator Heading indicator Horizontal situation indicator Turn and slip indicator Turn coordinator Turn indicator Navigational Course deviation indicator Horizontal situation indicator Inertial navigation system Magnetic compass Satellite navigation SIGI Related topics Air data inertial reference unit EFIS Glass cockpit Primary flight display V speeds Yaw string Aircraft components and systems Airframe structure Aft pressure bulkhead Cabane strut Canopy Cruciform tail Dope Empennage Fabric covering Fairing Flying wires Former Fuselage Hardpoint Interplane strut Jury strut Leading edge Lift strut Longeron Nacelle Rib Ring tail Spar Stabilizer Stressed skin Strut T - tail Tailplane Trailing edge Triple tail Twin tail Vertical stabilizer V - tail Y - tail Wing root Wing tip Wingbox Flight controls Aileron Airbrake Artificial feel Autopilot Canard Centre stick Deceleron Dive brake Electro - hydraulic actuator Elevator Elevon Flaperon Flight control modes Fly - by - wire Gust lock Rudder Servo tab Side - stick Spoiler Spoileron Stabilator Stick pusher Stick shaker Trim tab Wing warping Yaw damper Yoke Aerodynamic and high - lift devices Active Aeroelastic Wing Adaptive compliant wing Blown flap Channel wing Dog - tooth Droop Flap Gouge flap Gurney flap Krueger flap Leading edge cuff LEX Slats Slot Stall strips Strake Variable - sweep wing Vortex generator Vortilon Wing fence Winglet Avionic and flight instrument systems ACAS Air data computer Airspeed indicator Altimeter Annunciator panel Attitude indicator Compass Course deviation indicator EFIS EICAS Flight management system Glass cockpit GPS Heading indicator Horizontal situation indicator INS Pitot - static system Radar altimeter TCAS Transponder Turn and slip indicator Vertical Speed Indicator Yaw string Propulsion controls , devices and fuel systems Autothrottle Drop tank FADEC Fuel tank Gascolator Inlet cone Intake ramp NACA cowling Self - sealing fuel tank Splitter plate Throttle Thrust lever Thrust reversal Townend ring Wet wing Landing and arresting gear Aircraft tire Arrestor hook Autobrake Conventional landing gear Drogue parachute Landing gear Landing gear extender Oleo strut Tricycle landing gear Tundra tire Escape systems Ejection seat Escape crew capsule Other systems Aircraft lavatory Auxiliary power unit Bleed air system Deicing boot Emergency oxygen system Flight data recorder Entertainment system Environmental control system Hydraulic system Ice protection system Landing lights Navigation light Passenger service unit Ram air turbine Weeping wing Sensors Acoustic , sound , vibration Geophone Hydrophone Microphone Seismometer Automotive , transportation Air -- fuel ratio meter Blind spot monitor Crankshaft position sensor Curb feeler Defect detector Engine coolant temperature sensor Hall effect sensor MAP sensor Mass flow sensor Omniview technology Oxygen sensor Parking sensors Radar gun Speed sensor Speedometer Throttle position sensor Tire - pressure monitoring system Torque sensor Transmission fluid temperature sensor Turbine speed sensor Variable reluctance sensor Vehicle speed sensor Water sensor Wheel speed sensor Chemical Breathalyzer Carbon dioxide sensor Carbon monoxide detector Catalytic bead sensor Chemical field - effect transistor Electrochemical gas sensor Electrolyte -- insulator -- semiconductor sensor Electronic nose Fluorescent chloride sensors Holographic sensor Hydrocarbon dew point analyzer Hydrogen sensor Hydrogen sulfide sensor Infrared point sensor Ion selective electrode Microwave chemistry sensor Nitrogen oxide sensor Nondispersive infrared sensor Olfactometer Optode Oxygen sensor Pellistor pH glass electrode Potentiometric sensor Redox electrode Smoke detector Zinc oxide nanorod sensor Electric , magnetic , radio Current sensor Electroscope Galvanometer Hall effect sensor Hall probe Magnetic anomaly detector Magnetometer MEMS magnetic field sensor Metal detector Planar Hall sensor Radio direction finder Test light Environment , weather , moisture Actinometer Bedwetting alarm Ceilometer Dew warning Electrochemical gas sensor Fish counter Frequency domain sensor Gas detector Hook gauge evaporimeter Humistor Hygrometer Leaf sensor Psychrometer Pyranometer Pyrgeometer Rain gauge Rain sensor SNOTEL Snow gauge Soil moisture sensor Stream gauge Tide gauge Weather radar Flow , fluid velocity Air flow meter Anemometer Flow sensor Gas meter Mass flow sensor Water metering Ionising radiation , subatomic particles Bubble chamber Cloud chamber Geiger -- Müller tube Geiger counter Ionization chamber Neutron detection Particle detector Proportional counter Scintillation counter Semiconductor detector Scintillator Thermoluminescent dosimeter Wire chamber Navigation instruments Airspeed indicator Machmeter Altimeter Attitude indicator Depth gauge Fluxgate compass Gyroscope Inertial navigation system Inertial reference unit Magnetic compass MHD sensor Ring laser gyroscope Turn coordinator Variometer Vibrating structure gyroscope Yaw - rate sensor Position , angle , displacement Accelerometer Angular rate sensor Auxanometer Capacitive displacement sensor Capacitive sensing Gravimeter Inclinometer Integrated circuit piezoelectric sensor Laser rangefinder Laser surface velocimeter Lidar Linear encoder Linear variable differential transformer Liquid capacitive inclinometers Odometer Photoelectric sensor Piezoelectric accelerometer Position sensor Rotary encoder Rotary variable differential transformer Selsyn Sudden Motion Sensor Tachometer Tilt sensor Ultrasonic thickness gauge Variable reluctance sensor Velocity receiver Optical , light , imaging Active pixel sensor Angle -- sensitive pixel Back - illuminated sensor Charge - coupled device Contact image sensor Electro - optical sensor Flame detector Infrared Kinetic inductance detector LED as light sensor Light - addressable potentiometric sensor Nichols radiometer Optical fiber Photodetector Photodiode Photoelectric sensor Photoionization detector Photomultiplier Photoresistor Photoswitch Phototransistor Phototube Position sensitive device Scintillometer Shack -- Hartmann wavefront sensor Single - photon avalanche diode Superconducting nanowire single - photon detector Transition edge sensor Tristimulus colorimeter Visible - light photon counter Wavefront sensor Pressure Barograph Barometer Boost gauge Bourdon gauge Hot - filament ionization gauge Ionization gauge McLeod gauge Oscillating U-tube Permanent Downhole Gauge Piezometer Pirani gauge Pressure gauge Pressure sensor Tactile sensor Time pressure gauge Force , density , level Bhangmeter Force gauge Hydrometer Level sensor Load cell Magnetic level gauge Nuclear density gauge Piezoelectric sensor Strain gauge Torque sensor Viscometer Thermal , heat , temperature Bimetallic strip Bolometer Calorimeter Exhaust gas temperature gauge Flame detection Gardon gauge Golay cell Heat flux sensor Infrared thermometer Microbolometer Microwave radiometer Net radiometer Quartz thermometer Resistance thermometer Silicon bandgap temperature sensor Special sensor microwave / imager Thermistor Thermocouple Thermometer Proximity , presence Alarm sensor Doppler radar Motion detector Occupancy sensor Passive infrared sensor Proximity sensor Reed switch Stud finder Touch switch Triangulation sensor Wired glove Sensor technology Active pixel sensor Back - illuminated sensor Biochip Biosensor Capacitance probe Carbon paste electrode Catadioptric sensor Digital sensors Displacement receiver Electromechanical film Electro - optical sensor Fabry -- Pérot interferometer Fisheries acoustics Image sensor Image sensor format Inductive sensor Intelligent sensor Lab - on - a-chip Leaf sensor Machine vision Microelectromechanical systems Photoelasticity Quantum sensor Radar Ground - penetrating radar Synthetic aperture radar Radar tracker Sensor array Sensor fusion Sensor grid Sensor node Soft sensor Sonar Staring array Transducer Ultrasonic sensor Video sensor technology Visual sensor network Wheatstone bridge Wireless sensor network Related List of sensors Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turn_and_slip_indicator&oldid=845281079 '' Categories : Aircraft instruments Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Hrvatski Nederlands Norsk Polski Română Русский Slovenščina Türkçe 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 June 2018 , at 18 : 46 ( UTC ) . 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-703175437469889881 | Cancer survivor | Cancer survivor - wikipedia Cancer survivor Jump to : navigation , search A cancer survivor is a person with cancer of any type who is still living . Whether a person becomes a survivor at the time of diagnosis or after completing treatment , whether people who are actively dying are considered survivors , and whether healthy friends and family members of the cancer patient are also considered survivors , varies from group to group . Some people who have been diagnosed with cancer reject the term survivor or disagree with some definitions of it . How many people are cancer survivors depends on the definition used . Currently nearly 65 % of adults diagnosed with cancer in the developed world are expected to live at least five years after the cancer is discovered . In the U.S. for example , about 11 million Americans alive today -- one in 30 people -- are either currently undergoing treatment for cancer or have done so in the past . Many cancer survivors describe the process of living with and beating cancer as a life - changing experience . It is not uncommon for survivors to use the experience as opportunities for creative self - transformation into a `` better person '' or as motivation to meet goals of great personal importance , such as climbing a mountain or reconciling with an estranged family member . This process of posttraumatic growth is called benefit finding . Cancer survivors often have specific medical and non-medical needs related to their cancer experience . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definitions and alternatives 2 Needs of cancer survivors 2.1 Psychosocial 2.1. 1 Returning to Life 2.1. 2 Ongoing effects 2.1. 3 Fear of cancer recurrence 2.1. 4 Survivorship 2.2 Physical 3 Adolescent and young adult survivors 3.1 Barriers to quality long - term follow - up care 3.2 Impact of Affordable Care Act on the AYA survivor population 4 Care 5 Family members 6 Notable cancer survivors 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Definitions and alternatives ( edit ) Macmillan Cancer Support in the UK defines a cancer survivor as someone who is `` living with or beyond cancer '' , namely someone who : has completed initial cancer management and has no apparent evidence of active disease ; is living with progressive disease and may be receiving cancer treatment , but is not in the terminal phases of illness ; or has had cancer in the past . The National Coalition for Cancer Survivorship ( NCCS ) pioneered the definition of survivor as being any person diagnosed with cancer , from the time of initial diagnosis until his or her death . This expansive definition of `` survivor '' includes people who are dying from untreatable cancer . NCCS later expanded the definition of survivor even further to include family , friends and voluntary caregivers who are affected by the diagnosis in any way . The US National Cancer Institute 's Office of Cancer Survivorship uses a variant of this expanded definition . The word survivor is a loaded term . Within the breast cancer culture , survivorship is conferred upon women ( and men ) who are perceived as having suffered emotional or physical trauma , even if their breast cancer was a non-life - threatening pre-cancerous condition like LCIS or DCIS . The term tends to erase and degrade people who are dying of incurable cancer . This idea of survivorship emphasizes and values longevity of life after diagnosis , while overlooking issues of quality of life . Some people reject the term survivor as being a narrow conceptualization of highly variable human experiences . Alternatives include alivers and thrivers , which put emphasis on living as well as possible , despite limitations and disability . A third term , the diers , is used by some terminally ill patients who reject the claim that dying is part of survivorship or should be covered up with inappropriately optimistic language . The term previvor has been used to describe unaffected carriers . Unaffected carriers , or previvors , are those who have not diagnosed with cancer , but who know that they are likely to develop cancer due to certain genetic mutations that form a known cancer syndrome . They have a survived the predisposition , or higher risk , of cancer . As such , this is the first generation in human history who , armed with information about a predisposition to a cancer after opting into DNA testing , can make informed choices prior to cancer diagnosis . The typical previvor has tested positive for a BRCA mutation and learned that she is at high risk for developing breast cancer and ovarian cancer , and is attempting to manage that risk through a combination of increased surveillance through mammograms , breast MRIs , pelvic ultrasounds , oophorectomy , bilateral mastectomy , and other medical procedures . There has been much controversy over the term previvor , due to the fact that the name compares these healthy women to people have actually been diagnosed with invasive cancer . Needs of cancer survivors ( edit ) People who have finished cancer treatment often have psychological and physical medical challenges . These effects can vary from person to person , change over time , and range in intensity from mild and intermittent to fully disabling . They commonly include fatigue , pain , sleep problems , physical side effects like lymphoedema , weight gain , anxiety and depression , fear of cancer recurrence , and impaired quality of life . Psychosocial ( edit ) Returning to life ( edit ) If the treatment is lengthy and disruptive , many patients experience some difficulty in returning to normal daily life . The energy needed to cope with a rigorous treatment program may have caused them to disconnect from previous daily patterns , such as working , normal self - care , and housekeeping . A small number of patients become dependent on the attention and sympathy that they received during their treatment and feel neglected when life returns to normal . There are tremendous implications that cancer has on the relationships that survivors have with their loved ones ( particularly their partners ) once their cancer has been treated , and social support plays a critical role in their long - term emotional adjustment . Ongoing effects ( edit ) Some survivors , even if the cancer has been permanently cured , struggle emotionally from the trauma of having experienced a life - threatening disease . Cancer survivors suffer from more psychological distress than those who have never experienced cancer ( 5.6 % compared to 3.0 % ) Serious psychosocial distress was seen 40 % more among cancer survivors of five years or more than in those who have never had cancer . About 10 % develop major depressive disorder ; others experience an adjustment disorder . In young adult cancer survivors , one small study found that 20 % of participants met the full clinical diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) , and 45 % to 95 % displayed at least one symptom of PTSD . Survivors of adult cancer are at an increased risk of suicidal ideology ( having thoughts about suicide ) , while as many as 13 % of childhood cancer survivors experience suicidal ideology . Issues of pain and physical ailments have been hypothesized as major contributing factors in cancer survivors experiencing this suicidal ideology . Fear of cancer recurrence ( edit ) Patients whose cancer is in remission may still have to cope with the uncertainty that at any time their cancer could return without warning . After the initial treatment has ended , anxiety is more common among cancer survivors than among other people . This anxiety regarding the cancer 's return is referred to as fear of cancer recurrence . Many patients are anxious that any minor symptom indicates that the cancer has returned , with as many as 9 in 10 patients fearful that their cancer will recur or spread . In addition to the appearance of any new aches and pains , common triggers for a fear that the cancer may return include hearing that someone else has been diagnosed with cancer , annual medical exams to determine whether the cancer recurred and news stories about cancer . This anxiety leads to more medical check ups , which can be measured even after a period of up to ten years . This fear can have a significant impact on individual 's lives , resulting in difficulties in their daily life such as work and socialising , and difficulties planning for the future . Overall , fear of cancer recurrence is related to a reduced quality of life in cancer survivors While Fear of Cancer Recurrence ( FCR ) can be adaptive at low levels , high levels of FCR require psychological treatment . At present , there are no psychometrically sound measures of FCR , which makes research into the effectiveness of treatment protocols difficult to interpret . Treatments that are being investigated include : cognitive - behavioural therapy , Meta - cognitive therapy and Cognitive - existential group therapy and exercise . Survivorship ( edit ) The cultural ideal of a survivor may add to individual patients ' distress if the patient is unable or unwilling to live up to the ideal . The ideal survivor is bravely committed to mainstream medicine and optimistic or even certain of a physical cure . He or she is open about diagnosis and treatment and becomes an educated , empowered medical consumer . The ideal survivor , like a superwoman who simultaneously manages her home , family , and career , struggles valiantly to prevent cancer from affecting loved ones by appearing , behaving , and working as much as possible . Once the immediate crisis is past , the person may feel strongly pressured to donate time , money , and energy to cancer - related organizations . Above all , the ideal survivor does not die of cancer . People who publicly conform to this ideal are given social status and respect . Physical ( edit ) In terms of medical challenges , some survivors experience cancer - related fatigue , may have long - term side effects from cancer and its treatment , and may need extensive rehabilitation for mobility and function if aggressive surgery was required to remove the cancer . They may experience temporary or persistent post-chemotherapy cognitive impairment . Some young survivors lose their ability to have children . Cancer survivors frequently need medical monitoring , and some treatments for unrelated diseases in the future may be contraindicated . For example , a patient who has had a significant amount of radiation therapy may not be a good candidate for more radiation treatments in the future . To assist with these needs , `` survivor care plans '' have been promoted . These are personalized documents that describe the person 's diagnosis and treatment in detail , list common known side effects , and specifically outline the steps that the survivor should take in the future , ranging from maintaining a healthy weight to receiving specific medical tests on a stated schedule . Medical tests to determine whether the cancer has returned commonly provoke fears . Informally , this is called scanxiety , a portmanteau of scan and anxiety . A desire to avoid feeling this fear can prompt survivors to postpone or refuse tests . Survivors of childhood cancer have a life expectancy up to 28 % shorter than people in the general population . Therefore , there is a need to closely monitor these patients for much longer than usual . The Children 's Oncology Group recommends that monitoring should include periodic follow up and screening by a clinician familiar with these patients ' risks . Improving these patients ' longevity requires recognition and treatment of illnesses associated with late effects in the decades after therapy for childhood cancer . For example , survivors of childhood cancer may have more difficulty than typical with breastfeeding and require more support to undertake this health - promoting activity . Others experience various forms of heart disease . One challenge to achieving this goal is that childhood cancer survivors are both very adaptable and accustomed to denying difficulties ; as a result , they tend to minimize their symptoms . Therefore , internists may not give them all the attention they need and thus the actual help they may need . Symptom management , health promotion , specific attention to psychosocial needs , and surveillance for recurrence and specific late effects of treatment are helpful . Adolescent and young adult survivors ( edit ) Adolescent and young adult ( AYA ) survivors , often defined as being between the ages of 15 and 39 , have seen advancements in technology and modern medicine causing a dramatic increase in the number of AYA survivors . Prior to 1970 , being diagnosed with cancer during childhood was considered a universally fatal disease . From 1995 to 2000 , however , the 5 - year survival rate for children diagnosed with cancer was 80 % . Significant progress has been built in the last 25 years as there are now approximately 270,000 survivors of pediatric cancer in the U.S. , which translates to approximately 1 in every 640 young adults being a survivor of childhood cancer . However , as studies have shown , as patient needs increase , the likelihood of having an unmet need also increases . For the AYA population , 2 out of 3 childhood cancer survivors will develop 1 complication due to the therapy they received and 1 out of 3 will develop serious or life - threatening complications , meaning they will most likely need treatment and follow - up care . In addition , AYAs may experience greater difficulties adhering to treatment , which may negatively impact future outcomes . An AYA survivor faces a variety of issues as a result of their cancer diagnosis and treatment that are unique to their particular age group which differentiate their survivor population from the adult survivor population . For example , AYA survivors report that their education , employment , sexual functioning , marriage , fertility , and other life values are impacted by their cancer . Data show that AYA survivors have a much greater risk of getting a second primary malignancy as a side effect of the treatment for their original diagnosis . It is believed that AYAs have a much higher relative risk of developing a second primary cancer because the intensity of the treatment for their original diagnosis , typically including any combination of chemotherapy , surgery , and radiation , is much higher than the level of intensity given to patients over 40 . Furthermore , since AYA survivors are diagnosed and treated at such a young age , their length of time as a survivor is much longer than their adult counterparts , making it more likely they will face a second primary cancer in their lifetime . Barriers to quality long - term follow - up care ( edit ) Childhood cancer survivors , in particular , need comprehensive long - term follow - up care to thrive . One way this can be accomplished is through continuous follow - up care with a primary care physician who is trained to identify possible late effects from previous treatments and therapies . The Children 's Oncology Group ( COG ) has designed a set of survivorship guidelines that hope to aid both health care professionals and survivors themselves , in both the intricacies and basics of long - term follow - up care . The COG has guidelines for how a patient should put together their own `` treatment summary '' , so they can have their treatment history with them when they visit any health care provider . The COG suggests that a survivor include the following in his / her treatment summary : Name of disease , date of diagnosis , stage of disease , contact information of the clinics / hospitals where you received your care Names and doses of the chemotherapy and radiation you have received and the area of the body that was radiated Names and dates of any surgeries you have had If you have received a transplant , the type of transplant and where it was received and whether you developed any chronic Graft - versus - Host Disease Names and dates of any significant complications and treatment received for those complications With the treatment summary , experts hope that survivors will be better equipped to face the significant burden of maintaining quality follow - up care long after their original treatment . This is especially important for the AYA population , in particular , because they are typically facing major social changes regarding their relationship status , employment or education status , their insurance coverage , and even their place of residence , etc . Typically , most of these factors are pretty constant for the adult population and if they experience any changes , it would occur in one or two aspects of their life . However , with the AYA population , the period of time until they are 40 is when they are going to , for the majority of the population , undergo the most change . This reality underscores the importance of a smooth transition from child - centered to adult - focused health care services through which they are consistently managed . Impact of Affordable care act. on the AYA survivor population ( edit ) The US Affordable Care Act ( ACA ) in 2010 makes it illegal for health insurance providers to deny coverage for a pre-existing condition , such as previously having survived cancer . Young adults will now be required to have insurance coverage and , with a few exceptions , will be able to be covered under their parent 's coverage until the age of 26 as a dependent in their parent 's plan . Care ( edit ) Studies among endometrial cancer survivors show that satisfaction with information provided about the disease and treatment increases the quality of life , lowers depression and results in less anxiety . People who receive information on paper , compared to oral , indicate that they receive more information and are more satisfied about the information provided . The American Institute of Medicine and the Dutch Health Council recommend the use of a Survivorship Care Plan ; which is a summary of a patient 's course of treatment , with recommendations for subsequent surveillance , management of late effects , and strategies for health promotion . Cancer survivors are encouraged to meet the same guidelines for physical activity as the rest of the population . Increased physical activity reduces both all - cause and cancer - specific mortality in breast and colo - rectal cancer survivors . Physical activity improves quality of life among a range of cancer survivors and may also assist with cancer - related fatigue and common co-morbidities . Diet can also impact long - term mortality , with evidence across various cancer types . However , adherence to diet and exercise recommendations among cancer survivors is often poor . Digital behaviour change interventions can be successful at increasing physical activity and may also help with diet in cancer survivors . Family members ( edit ) Family members can be significantly affected by the cancer experience of their loved ones . For parents of children with cancer , finishing treatment can be a particularly vulnerable time . In the post-treatment period , some parents may experience increases in anxiety , depression and feelings of helplessness . Evidence - based psychological interventions tailored to the needs of parents of childhood cancer survivors may assist parents in resuming their normal lives after their child has finished treatment . Spouses of cancer survivors are more likely than other people to experience anxiety in the years after their partner 's successful treatment . 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Asian Pac J Cancer P. 2014 ; 15 ( 3 ) : 1141 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Brennan SF , Woodside JV , Lunny PM , Cardwell CR , Cantwell MM . Dietary fat and breast cancer mortality : a systematic review and meta - analysis . Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015 . Jump up ^ Meyerhardt JA , Niedzwiecki D , Hollis D , et al. Association of dietary patterns with cancer recurrence and survival in patients with stage III colon cancer . JAMA. 2007 ; 298 ( 7 ) : 754 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Schwingshackl L , Hoffmann G. Adherence to Mediterranean diet and risk of cancer : an updated systematic review and meta - analysis of observational studies . Cancer Med. 2015 ; 4 ( 12 ) : 1933 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Winkels RM , van Lee L , Beijer S , et al. Adherence to the World Cancer Research Fund / American Institute for Cancer Research lifestyle recommendations in colorectal cancer survivors : results of the PROFILES registry . Cancer Med. 2016 Jump up ^ Blanchard CM , Courneya KS , Stein K. American Cancer Society 's SCS , II . Cancer survivors ' adherence to lifestyle behavior recommendations and associations with health - related quality of life : results from the American Cancer Society 's SCS - II . J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2008 ; 26 ( 13 ) : 2198 -- 204 . Jump up ^ Williams K , Steptoe A , Wardle J. Is a cancer diagnosis a trigger for health behaviour change ? Findings from a prospective , population - based study . Br J Cancer . 2013 ; 108 ( 11 ) : 2407 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Anna L. ; Fisher , A ; Smith , L ; Heinrich , M ; Potts , HWW ( August 2017 ) . `` Digital health behaviour change interventions targeting physical activity and diet in cancer survivors : A systematic review and meta - analysis '' . Journal of Cancer Survivorship . doi : 10.1007 / s11764 - 017 - 0632 - 1 . Jump up ^ Girgis , Afaf ; Lambert , Sylvie ; Johnson , Claire ; Waller , Amy ; Currow , David ( 2013 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Physical , Psychosocial , Relationship , and Economic Burden of Caring for People With Cancer : A Review '' . Journal of Oncology Practice. 9 ( 4 ) : 197 -- 202 . doi : 10.1200 / JOP. 2012.000690 . ISSN 1554 - 7477 . PMC 3710169 . PMID 23942921 . Jump up ^ Wakefield , Claire E. ; Drew , Donna ; Ellis , Sarah J. ; Doolan , Emma L. ; McLoone , Jordana K. ; Cohn , Richard J. ( 2014 - 03 - 01 ) . `` ' What they 're not telling you ' : a new scale to measure grandparents ' information needs when their grandchild has cancer '' . Patient Education and Counseling. 94 ( 3 ) : 351 -- 355 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pec. 2013.10. 030 . ISSN 1873 - 5134 . PMID 24315159 . Jump up ^ Wijnberg - Williams , Barbara J. ; Kamps , Willem A. ; Klip , Ed C. ; Hoekstra - Weebers , Josette E.H.M. ( 2006 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Psychological adjustment of parents of pediatric cancer patients revisited : five years later '' . Psycho - Oncology. 15 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 8 . doi : 10.1002 / pon. 927 . ISSN 1057 - 9249 . PMID 15880477 . Jump up ^ Wakefield , Claire E ; Sansom - Daly , Ursula M ; McGill , Brittany C ; McCarthy , Maria ; Girgis , Afaf ; Grootenhuis , Martha ; Barton , Belinda ; Patterson , Pandora ; Osborn , Michael ( 2015 - 04 - 11 ) . `` Online parent - targeted cognitive - behavioural therapy intervention to improve quality of life in families of young cancer survivors : study protocol for a randomised controlled trial '' . Trials. 16 ( 1 ) . doi : 10.1186 / s13063 - 015 - 0681 - 6 . ISSN 1745 - 6215 . PMC 4395969 . PMID 25872773 . External links ( edit ) Patient Guide on Survivorship at Esmo.org by the European Society for Medical Oncology Information about survivorship at Cancer.Net by the American Society of Clinical Oncology National Coalition for Cancer Survivorship Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cancer_survivor&oldid=830079821 '' Categories : Oncology Cancer survivors Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use dmy dates from November 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Eesti Edit links This page was last edited on 12 March 2018 , at 16 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when is a breast cancer patient considered a survivor | [
"Macmillan Cancer Support in the UK defines a cancer survivor as someone who is \"living with or beyond cancer\", namely someone who:"
] | [
"\"living with or beyond cancer\""
] |
7650785132670424457 | Saint Lawrence River | Saint Lawrence River - wikipedia Saint Lawrence River Jump to : navigation , search This article 's factual accuracy is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Saint Lawrence River Fleuve Saint - Laurent , Fleuve St - Laurent , St - Lawrence River , St - Laurent River Saint Lawrence River near Alexandria Bay Name origin : Saint Lawrence of Rome Countries Canada , United States Provinces Ontario , Quebec State New York Source Lake Ontario - location Kingston , Ontario / Cape Vincent , New York - elevation 74.7 m ( 245 ft ) - coordinates 44 ° 06 ′ N 76 ° 24 ′ W / 44.100 ° N 76.400 ° W / 44.100 ; - 76.400 Mouth Gulf of St. Lawrence / Atlantic Ocean - elevation 0 m ( 0 ft ) - coordinates 49 ° 30 ′ N 64 ° 30 ′ W / 49.500 ° N 64.500 ° W / 49.500 ; - 64.500 Coordinates : 49 ° 30 ′ N 64 ° 30 ′ W / 49.500 ° N 64.500 ° W / 49.500 ; - 64.500 Length 500 km ( 310 mi ) Excluding the estuary . Ca . 1200 km if included . Basin 1,344,200 km ( 519,000 sq mi ) Discharge for below the Saguenay River - average 16,800 m / s ( 590,000 cu ft / s ) Map of the Saint Lawrence / Great Lakes Watershed The Saint Lawrence River ( French : Fleuve Saint - Laurent ; Tuscarora : Kahnawáʼkye ; Mohawk : Kaniatarowanenneh , meaning `` big waterway '' ) is a large river in the middle latitudes of North America . The Saint Lawrence River flows in a roughly north - easterly direction , connecting the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean and forming the primary drainage outflow of the Great Lakes Basin . It traverses the Canadian provinces of Quebec and Ontario , and is part of the international boundary between Ontario , Canada , and the U.S. state of New York . This river also provides the basis of the commercial Saint Lawrence Seaway . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 2 History 3 Resident whales 4 Sources 5 Works 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Geography ( edit ) The Saint Lawrence River begins at the outflow of Lake Ontario and flows adjacent to Gananoque , Brockville , Morristown , Ogdensburg , Massena , Cornwall , Montreal , Trois - Rivières , and Quebec City before draining into the Gulf of Saint Lawrence , the largest estuary in the world . The estuary begins at the eastern tip of Île d'Orléans , just downstream from Quebec City . The river becomes tidal around Quebec City . The Saint Lawrence River runs 3,058 kilometres ( 1,900 mi ) from the farthest headwater to the mouth and 1,197 km ( 743.8 mi ) from the outflow of Lake Ontario . These numbers include the estuary ; without the estuary the length from Lake Ontario is ca . 500 km ( ca . 300 mi ) . The farthest headwater is the North River in the Mesabi Range at Hibbing , Minnesota . Its drainage area , which includes the Great Lakes , the world 's largest system of freshwater lakes , is 1,344,200 square kilometres ( 518,998.5 sq mi ) , of which 839,200 km ( 324,016.9 sq mi ) is in Canada and 505,000 km ( 194,981.6 sq mi ) is in the United States . The basin covers parts of Ontario and Quebec in Canada , parts of Illinois , Indiana , Minnesota , New York , Ohio , Pennsylvania , Vermont , and Wisconsin , and nearly the entirety of the state of Michigan in the United States . The average discharge below the Saguenay River is 16,800 cubic metres per second ( 590,000 cu ft / s ) . At Quebec City , it is 12,101 m / s ( 427,300 cu ft / s ) . The average discharge at the river 's source , the outflow of Lake Ontario , is 7,410 m / s ( 262,000 cu ft / s ) . The Saint Lawrence River includes Lake Saint - Louis south of Montreal , Lake Saint Francis at Salaberry - de-Valleyfield and Lac Saint - Pierre east of Montreal . It encompasses four archipelagoes : the Thousand Islands chain near Alexandria Bay , New York and Kingston , Ontario ; the Hochelaga Archipelago , including the Island of Montreal and Île Jésus ( Laval ) ; the Lake St. Pierre Archipelago ( classified biosphere world reserve by the UNESCO in 2000 ) and the smaller Mingan Archipelago . Other islands include Île d'Orléans near Quebec City and Anticosti Island north of the Gaspé . It is the second longest river in Canada . Lake Champlain and the Ottawa , Richelieu , Saint - Maurice , Saint - François and Saguenay rivers drain into the Saint Lawrence . The Saint Lawrence River is in a seismically active zone where fault reactivation is believed to occur along late Proterozoic to early Paleozoic normal faults related to the opening of Iapetus Ocean . The faults in the area are rift related and are called the Saint Lawrence rift system . According to the United States Geological Survey , the Saint Lawrence Valley is a physiographic province of the larger Appalachian division , containing the Champlain and Northern physiographic section . However , in Canada , where most of the valley is , it is instead considered part of a distinct Saint Lawrence Lowlands physiographic division , and not part of the Appalachian division at all . History ( edit ) Map of 1543 showing Cartier 's discoveries Basque settlements and sites dating from the 16th and 17th centuries Though the Norse explored the Gulf of Saint Lawrence in the 11th century and were followed by fifteenth and early sixteenth century European mariners , such as John Cabot , the brothers Gaspar , Miguel Corte - Real , and Alonso Sanchez . The first European explorer known to have sailed up the Saint Lawrence River itself was Jacques Cartier . At that time , the land along the river was inhabited by the St. Lawrence Iroquoians ; at the time of Cartier 's second voyage in 1535 . Because Cartier arrived in the estuary on Saint Lawrence 's feast day , he named it the Gulf of Saint Lawrence . The Saint Lawrence River is partly within the U.S. and as such is that country 's sixth oldest surviving European place - name . The earliest regular Europeans in the area were the Basques , who came to the St Lawrence Gulf and River in pursuit of whales from the early 16th century . The Basque whalers and fishermen traded with indigenous Americans and set up settlements , leaving vestiges all over the coast of eastern Canada and deep into the Saint Lawrence River . Basque commercial and fishing activity reached its peak before the Armada Invencible 's disaster ( 1588 ) , when the Spanish Basque whaling fleet was confiscated by King Philip II of Spain and largely destroyed . Initially , the whaling galleons from Labourd were not affected by the Spanish defeat . Until the early 17th century , the French used the name Rivière du Canada to designate the Saint Lawrence upstream to Montreal and the Ottawa River after Montreal . The Saint Lawrence River served as the main route for European exploration of the North American interior , first pioneered by French explorer Samuel de Champlain . Control of the river was crucial to British strategy to capture New France in the Seven Years ' War . Having captured Louisbourg in 1758 , the British sailed up to Quebec the following year thanks to charts drawn up by James Cook . British troops were ferried via the Saint Lawrence to attack the city from the west , which they successfully did at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham . The river was used again by the British to defeat the French siege of Quebec under the Chevalier de Lévis in 1760 . Because of the virtually impassable Lachine Rapids , the Saint Lawrence was once continuously navigable only as far as Montreal . Opened in 1825 , the Lachine Canal was the first to allow ships to pass the rapids . An extensive system of canals and locks , known as the Saint Lawrence Seaway , was officially opened on 26 June 1959 by Elizabeth II ( representing Canada ) and President Dwight D. Eisenhower ( representing the United States ) . The Seaway now permits ocean - going vessels to pass all the way to Lake Superior . During the Second World War , the Battle of the St. Lawrence involved submarine and anti-submarine actions throughout the lower Saint Lawrence River and the entire Gulf of Saint Lawrence , Strait of Belle Isle and Cabot Strait from May to October 1942 , September 1943 , and again in October and November 1944 . During this time , German U-boats sank several merchant marine ships and three Canadian warships . In the late 1970s , the river was the subject of a successful ecological campaign ( called `` Save the River '' ) , originally responding to planned development by the United States Army Corps of Engineers . The campaign was organized , among others , by Abbie Hoffman . Resident whales ( edit ) See also : Saguenay -- St. Lawrence Marine Park Watching fin whales off Tadoussac Beluga whale ( Near Threatened ) Sperm whale ( Vulnerable ) Minke whale Fin whale ( Endangered ) Blue whale ( Endangered ) Northern bottlenose whale Northern Atlantic right whale ( now rarer due to Endangered status , but increasing in St. Lawrence regions since in 1995 or 1998 ) Bowhead whale ( very occasionally , historically common ) North Atlantic gray whale ( Extinct ) Humpback whale Sources ( edit ) The source of the North River in the Mesabi Range in Minnesota ( Seven Beaver Lake ) is considered to be the source of the Saint Lawrence River . Because it crosses so many lakes , the water system frequently changes its name . From source to mouth , the names are : North River Saint Louis River Lake Superior Saint Marys River Lake Huron Saint Clair River Lake Saint Clair Detroit River Lake Erie Niagara River Lake Ontario The Saint Lawrence River also passes through Lake Saint - Louis and Lake Saint - Pierre in Quebec . Saint Lawrence River between Quebec City ( left foreground ) and Lévis ( seen at right ) . The Île d'Orléans appears in the central distance . Works ( edit ) The Saint Lawrence River is at the heart of many Quebec novels ( Anne Hébert 's Kamouraska , Réjean Ducharme 's L'avalée des avalés ) , poems ( in works of Pierre Morency , Bernard Pozier ) , and songs ( Leonard Cohen 's `` Suzanne '' , Michel Rivard 's `` L'oubli '' , Joe Dassin 's `` Dans les yeux d'Émilie '' ) , and André Gagnon 's `` Le Saint - Laurent '' ) . The river was the setting for the Canadian television drama series Seaway . The river has also been portrayed in paintings , notably by the Group of Seven . In addition , the river is the namesake of Saint - Laurent Herald at the Canadian Heraldic Authority . In 1980 Jacques Cousteau traveled to Canada to make two films on the Saint Lawrence River and the Great Lakes , Cries from the Deep and St. Lawrence : Stairway to the Sea . Musician David Usher released the song `` St. Lawrence River '' on his Little Songs album in 1998 . The novel and film Black Robe is set primarily on the St. Lawrence River during the 17th century . See also ( edit ) Gulf of Saint Lawrence Estuary of Saint Lawrence Lac Saint - Pierre Lachine Rapids RMS Empress of Ireland Saint Lawrence Seaway Steamboats in Canada NEPCO 140 Oil Spill Boldt Castle Container on barge Grindstone Island Jorstadt Castle Wellesley Island List of longest rivers of the United States ( by main stem ) List of longest rivers of Canada List of Quebec rivers List of Ontario rivers List of New York rivers List of crossings of the Saint Lawrence River Geography of Canada portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Natural Resources Canada , Atlas of Canada - Rivers ^ Jump up to : Benke , Arthur C. ; Cushing , Colbert E. ( 2005 ) . Rivers of North America . Academic Press . pp. 989 -- 990 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 088253 - 3 . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Rudes , B. Tuscarora English Dictionary Toronto : University of Toronto Press , 1999 Jump up ^ Arkus , Mike ( 27 October 2014 ) . `` Down the St. Lawrence , the World 's Largest Estuary : Canadian Odyssey on the Looney Front - Part 21 '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Dawson , Samuel Edward ( October 2007 ) . The Saint Lawrence : Its Basin and Border - lands . Heritage Books . p. 36 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7884 - 2252 - 2 . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Lac Saint - Pierre et son archipel . Pleinairalacarte.com ( 2008 - 11 - 07 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Physiographic divisions of the conterminous U.S. '' U.S. Geological Survey . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Physiographic Regions of Canada '' ( PDF ) . Natural Resources Canada . Natural Resources Canada . Retrieved 18 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , William Henry ( 2007 - 05 - 20 ) . French Pathfinders in North America . Gutenberg.org . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ The Spanish names Florida , Dry Tortugas , Cape Canaveral , Appalachian , and California appeared earlier ... From Spanish historian Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas 's accounts , published in 1601 -- Stewart , George ( 1945 ) . Names on the Land : A Historical Account of Place - Naming in the United States . New York : Random House . pp. 11 -- 17 , 29 . Jump up ^ `` Une baleine noire en vue ! Merci d'appeler Urgences Mammifères Marins ! - Baleines en direct '' . Jump up ^ `` Introduction '' . Archived from the original on 22 October 2013 . Retrieved 5 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hear them coming : right whales return to the Gulf of St. Lawrence '' . Fisheries and Oceans Canada Homepage. 2013 - 04 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Une baleine noire dans le Parc marin du Saguenay - Saint - Laurent '' . Jump up ^ `` Une baleine noire observée près de l'île Rouge - Baleines en direct '' . Jump up ^ Regional Species Extinctions - Examples of regional species extinctions over the last 1000 years and more . Jump up ^ `` Saint Lawrence River and Seaway '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Saint Lawrence '' . MSN Encarta . Archived from the original on 6 July 2008 . Retrieved 7 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Ohayon , Albert ( 2009 ) . `` When Cousteau Came to Canada '' . NFB.ca . National Film Board of Canada . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.ca/Little-Songs-Usher-David/dp/B000065Q67/ref=sr_1_5?ie=UTF8&qid=1410971002&sr=8-5&keywords=little+songs Further reading ( edit ) Creighton , Donald Grant ( 2002 ) ( 1937 ) , The empire of the St. Lawrence : a study in commerce and politics ( reprint ) , University of Toronto Press , ISBN 0 - 8020 - 8418 - 4 Dawson , Samuel Edward ( 2003 ) , The Saint Lawrence : Its Basin and Border - lands , Heritage Books , ISBN 0 - 7884 - 2252 - 9 Ellis , William S. ( May 1980 ) . `` Canada 's Highway to the Sea '' . National Geographic . Vol. 157 no . 5 . pp. 586 -- 623 . ISSN 0027 - 9358 . OCLC 643483454 . McNeese , Tim ( 2005 ) , The St. Lawrence River , Chelsea House Publishers , ISBN 0791082458 Parham , Claire Puccia ( 2009 ) , The St. Lawrence Seaway and Power Project : an oral history of the greatest construction show on earth , Syracuse University , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8156 - 0913 - 1 Stagg , Ronald ( 2010 ) , The Golden Dream : A History of the St. Lawrence Seaway , Dundurn Press , ISBN 978 - 1 - 55002 - 887 - 4 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saint Lawrence River . Regional Geography of the Saint Lawrence River Information about Juniper Island ( Ontario ) St. Lawrence Parks Commission ( Ontario ) Great Lakes Saint Lawrence Seaway System Safe Passage : Aids to Navigation on the Saint Lawrence -- Historical essay , illustrated with drawings and photographs Annotated Bibliography on St. Lawrence County and Northern New York region . International Saint Lawrence River Board of Control Saint Lawrence River from The Canadian Encyclopedia Saint Lawrence River Cam Watch the Jacques Cousteau documentary , St. Lawrence : Stairway to the Sea The Steamboats Sir James Kemp and Lord Dalhousie on the River St. Lawrence , Upper Canada in 1833 by D.J. Kennedy , Historical Society of Pennsylvania ( hide ) Great Lakes of North America Main lakes Erie Huron Michigan Ontario Superior Secondary lakes Nipigon Nipissing St. Clair Simcoe Winnebago Bays and Waterways Detroit River Erie Canal French River Georgian Bay Great Lakes Waterway Green Bay Lake George Lake Kagawong Lake Manitou Lake Nicolet Manitou Passage Lake Mindemoya Munuscong Lake Niagara River Nipigon River North Channel Potagannissing Bay St. Clair River Saint Lawrence River Saint Lawrence Seaway St. Marys River Sault Ste . Marie Canal Soo Locks Straits of Mackinac Trent -- Severn Waterway Welland Canal Islands Detroit River Michigan ( state ) ( in Lake Huron , part of Isle Royale National Park ) Ontario Historic geology Lake Agassiz Lake Chicago Lake Maumee Mackinac Falls Midcontinent Rift System Niagara Escarpment Wisconsin glaciation Government Conference of Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Governors and Premiers Great Lakes Commission Great Lakes Fishery Commission International Joint Commission Related topics Basin Bays of the Great Lakes Great Lakes region Great Lake ships Lake - effect snow Lake Michigan -- Huron Marine protected areas Megalopolis Native American tribes ( US ) Quebec City -- Windsor Corridor Settlements Great Lakes museum and historic ships Lake freighter Tall ships Great Lakes Areas of Concern Great Lakes Treaties BNF : cb15336896h ( data ) GND : 4077008 - 4 NARA : 10045710 VIAF : 316432323 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Lawrence_River&oldid=843118022 '' Categories : Saint Lawrence River North American watersheds of the Atlantic Ocean Physiographic provinces International rivers of North America Rivers of New York ( state ) Rivers of Ontario Canada -- United States border Rivers of Montérégie Rivers of Capitale - Nationale Rivers of St. Lawrence County , New York Regions of New York ( state ) Rivers of Quebec Hidden categories : Accuracy disputes from September 2017 All accuracy disputes Coordinates on Wikidata Geobox usage tracking for river type Articles containing French - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Use dmy dates from November 2011 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Ænglisc Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Български Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chi - Chewa Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Ligure Lumbaart Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Taqbaylit ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 73 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 00 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the st. lawrence river is one of the most important rivers to which country | [] | [] |
2788712627731283835 | Gupta Empire | Gupta empire - Wikipedia Gupta empire Jump to : navigation , search `` Golden age of India '' redirects here . For that of Shah Jahan also known as the Golden age , see Mughal Empire . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Some of this article 's listed sources may not be reliable . Please help this article by looking for better , more reliable sources . Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Gupta Empire 240 CE -- 605 CE Approximate extent of the Gupta territories ( purple ) in 375 CE . Approximate extent of the Gupta territories ( purple ) in 450 CE . Capital Pataliputra Languages Sanskrit ( literary and academic ) ; Prakrit ( vernacular ) Religion Jainism Buddhism Hinduism Government Monarchy Maharajadhiraja 240s -- 280s Sri - Gupta 319 -- 335 Chandragupta I 335 - 380 Samudragupta 380 -- 415 Chandragupta II 540 -- 550 Vishnu Gupta Historical era Ancient India Established 240 CE Disestablished 605 CE Area 3,500,000 km ( 1,400,000 sq mi ) Preceded by Succeeded by Mahameghavahana dynasty Kanva dynasty Kushan Empire Bharshiva dynasty Western Satraps Later Guptas Maukhari Maitraka Pushyabhuti Mathara dynasty Varman dynasty Kalachuris Today part of India Pakistan Bangladesh Nepal The Gupta Empire was an ancient Indian empire , which existed at its zenith from approximately 240 to 605 CE and covered much of the Indian subcontinent . This period is called the Golden Age of India . The ruling dynasty of the empire was founded by Sri Gupta ; the most notable rulers of the dynasty were Chandragupta I , Samudragupta , and Chandragupta II . The 5th - century CE Sanskrit poet Kalidasa credits the Guptas with having conquered about twenty - one kingdoms , both in and outside India , including the kingdoms of Parasikas , the Hunas , the Kambojas , tribes located in the west and east Oxus valleys , the Kinnaras , Kiratas , and others . The high points of this period are the great cultural developments which took place during the reign of Chandragupta II . All literary sources , such as Mahabharata and Ramayana , were canonised during this period . The Gupta period produced scholars such as Kalidasa , Aryabhata , Varahamihira , Vishnu Sharma and Vatsyayana who made great advancements in many academic fields . Science and political administration reached new heights during the Gupta era . The period gave rise to achievements in architecture , sculpture , and painting that `` set standards of form and taste ( that ) determined the whole subsequent course of art , not only in India but far beyond her borders '' . Strong trade ties also made the region an important cultural center and established the region as a base that would influence nearby kingdoms and regions in Burma , Sri Lanka , and Southeast Asia . The Puranas , earlier long poems on a variety of subjects , are also thought to have been committed to written texts around this period . The empire eventually died out because of many factors such as substantial loss of territory and imperial authority caused by their own erstwhile feudatories , as well as the invasion by the Huna peoples ( Kidarites and Alchon Huns ) from Central Asia . After the collapse of the Gupta Empire in the 6th century , India was again ruled by numerous regional kingdoms . A minor line of the Gupta clan continued to rule Magadha after the disintegration of the empire . These Guptas were ultimately ousted by the Vardhana ruler Harsha , who established his empire in the first half of the 7th century . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 1.1 Original homeland of the Guptas 2 History 2.1 Srigupta and Ghatotkacha 2.2 Chandragupta I 2.3 Samudragupta 2.4 Ramagupta 2.5 Chandragupta II `` Vikramaditya '' 2.5. 1 Chandragupta II 's Campaigns against Foreign Tribes 2.5. 2 Faxian 2.6 Kumaragupta I 2.7 Skandagupta 2.8 Decline of the empire 3 Military organization 4 Religion 5 Gupta administration 6 Legacy of the Gupta Empire 7 Art and architecture 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Origin ( edit ) Main article : Origin of the Gupta dynasty Gupta Empire 320 CE -- 550 CE Sri Gupta ( 240 -- 280 ) Ghatotkacha ( 280 -- 319 ) Chandragupta I ( 320 -- 335 ) Kachagupta ( 335 ) Samudragupta ( 335 -- 380 ) Ramagupta Chandragupta II ( 380 -- 413 / 415 ) Kumaragupta I ( 415 -- 455 ) Skandagupta ( 455 - 467 ) Purugupta ( 467 -- 473 ) Kumaragupta II ( 473 - 476 ) Budhagupta ( 476 -- 495 ) Narasimhagupta ( 495 -- ? ) ( Bhanugupta ) ( circa 510 ) Vainyagupta ( circa 507 ) Kumaragupta III ( circa 530 ) Vishnugupta ( 540 -- 550 ) According to many scholars and historians , the Gupta Dynasty was of Vaishya origin . Historian Ram Sharan Sharma asserts that the Vaishya Guptas `` appeared as a reaction against oppressive rulers '' . A.S. Altekar , a historian and archaeologist , who has written several books on Gupta coinage , also regarded the caste of the Guptas as Vaishya on the basis of the ancient Indian texts on law , which associate the Gupta name suffix with a member of the Vaishya caste . According to historian Michael C. Brannigan , the rise of the Gupta Empire was one of the most prominent violations of the caste system in ancient India . However Gupta Empire records and Chinese records provided by the later I - Tsing , furnished the names of the first three rulers of the Gupta Dynasty : Maharaja Sri Gupta , Maharaja Sri Ghatotkacha and Ghatotokacha 's son , and Maharajadhiraja Sri Chandragupta , who is considered the first Gupta emperor . Recently , the historian Ashvini Agarwal , on the basis of the matrimonial alliances of the Guptas with the Vakataka , assumed that they belong to the Brahmin caste . Another modern historian , S. Chattopaddhyaya , has put forth a different theory about the ancestry of the Guptas . According to him , in the Panchobh Copper Plate , some kings bearing the title Guptas and related to the imperial Gupta Dynasty , claimed themselves as Vaishyas . Nepalese historian D.R. Regmi says that the imperial Guptas were descendants of Abhira Guptas who had ruled the Kathmandu valley in present - day Nepal . Original homeland of the Guptas ( edit ) There is controversy among scholars about the original homeland of the Guptas . Jayaswal has pointed out that the Guptas were originally inhabitants of Prayaga ( Allahabad ) , Uttar Pradesh , in north India , as the vassal of the Nagas or Bhaarshivas . Thereafter they rose in prominence . Another scholar , Gayal supported the theory of Jayaswal , suggesting that the original home of the Guptas was Antarvedi and embracing the regions of Oudh and Prayag . These historians have derived their theory from several Gupta Dynasty coins found in those regions , and this study of numismatic evidence led to the theory that the Guptas were the original inhabitants of that region of northeastern India . However , another historian of this time in Indian history , D.K. Ganguly , has offered a different view about the original Gupta homeland . According to him the Guptas ' homeland is further south , the Murshidabad region of Bengal , and not Magadha in Bihar . He based his theory on the statement of the Chinese Buddhist monk , Yijing ( I - Tsing ) , who visited India during 675 and 695 CE . J.F. Fleet and other historians , however , criticize Ganguly 's theory because Sri Gupta ruled during the end of the 3rd century , but Yijing placed him at the end of the 2nd century . Hence the theory of historians , who have provided their views based on the accounts of Yijing , are considered less valid than theories based on other sources such as coinage . From these theories , several conflicting opinions about the original homeland and the Empire of the Guptas are available . According to John Allan and a few other scholars , the Guptas were initially concentrated in the region of Magadha and from there they extended their sway to Bengal . According to other groups , the original homeland of the Guptas was Varendri or the Varendra Bhumi in Bengal , wherefrom they extended their Empire to Magadha . Whatever the theory is , the rule of the Guptas initiated the Golden Age in history of ancient India and with passage of time they became the sole authority of entire Northern India . Bengali historians like HC Raychoudhuri the Guptas originated from the Varendri region which is now part of Rangpur and Rajshahi Division of modern - day Bangladesh . D.C. Ganguly , on the other hand , considers the surrounding region of Murshidabad as the original home of the Guptas . History ( edit ) Srigupta and Ghatotkacha ( edit ) The most likely time for the reign of Sri Gupta is c. 240 -- 280 . The Murundas , who were feudal lords of Kushans , provided or granted land to Sri Gupta . He can be considered the first person of Gupta 's empire , but not the founder of the empire . His son and successor Ghatotkacha ruled presumably from c. 280 -- 319 . He challenged other feudal lords and conquered their lands . In contrast to his successor , Chandragupta I , who is mentioned as Maharajadhiraja , he and his son Ghatotkacha are referred to in inscriptions as Maharaja . At the beginning of the 4th century , the Guptas established and ruled a few small Hindu kingdoms in Magadha and around modern - day Bihar . Yijing also mentioned Sri Gupta in his writings . He was succeeded by his son Ghatotkacha . Chandragupta I ( edit ) Main article : Chandragupta I Queen Kumaradevi and King Chandragupta I , depicted on a coin of their son Samudragupta , 335 -- 380 . Ghatotkacha reigned from about 280 CE to 319 CE , and had a son named Chandragupta ( reigned c. 320 -- 335 CE ) His son is not to be confused with Chandragupta Maurya ( 322 -- 298 BCE ) , founder of the Mauryan Empire . In a breakthrough deal , Chandragupta was married to Kumaradevi , a Lichchhavi princess -- the main power in Magadha . With a dowry of the kingdom of Magadha ( capital Pataliputra ) and an alliance with the Licchavis of Nepal , Chandragupta set about expanding his power , conquering much of Magadha , Prayaga , and Saketa . He established a realm stretching from the Ganges River to Prayaga ( modern - day Allahabad ) by 321 . He assumed the imperial title of Maharajadhiraja . He expanded his empire through marriage alliances . Samudragupta ( edit ) Main article : Samudragupta Coin of Samudragupta , with Garuda pillar . British Museum . Samudragupta , Parakramanka succeeded his father in 335 , and ruled for about 45 years , until his death in 380 . He took the kingdoms of Ahichchhatra and Padmavati early in his reign . He then attacked the Malwas , the Yaudheyas , the Arjunayanas , the Maduras and the Abhiras , all of which were tribes in the area . By his death in 380 , he had incorporated over twenty kingdoms into his realm and his rule extended from the Himalayas to the river Narmada and from the Brahmaputra to the Yamuna . He gave himself the titles King of Kings and World Monarch . Historian Vincent Smith described him as the `` Indian Napoleon '' . He performed Ashwamedha Yajna in which a horse with an army is sent to all the nearby territories of friends and foes . These territorial kings on arrival either accept the king 's alliance , who is performing this Yajna , or fight if they do not . The stone replica of the horse , then prepared , is in the Lucknow Museum . The Samudragupta Prashasti inscribed on the Ashokan Pillar , now in Akbar 's Fort at Allahabad , is an authentic record of his exploits and his sway over most of the continent . Samudragupta was not only a talented military leader but also a great patron of art and literature . He conquered what is now Kashmir and Afghanistan , enlarging the empire . The critical scholars present in his court were Harishena , Vasubandhu , and Asanga . He was a poet and musician himself . He was a firm believer in Hinduism and is known to have worshipped Lord Vishnu . He was considerate of other religions and allowed Sri Lanka 's Buddhist king Sirimeghvanna to build a monastery at Bodh Gaya . That monastery was called by Xuanzang as the Mahabodhi Sangharama . He provided a gold railing around the Bodhi Tree . Ramagupta ( edit ) Head of Tirthankara , Mathura Museum Main article : Ramagupta Although , the narrative of the Devichandragupta is not supported by any contemporary epigraphical evidence , the historicity of Rama Gupta is proved by his Durjanpur inscriptions on three Jaina images , where he is mentioned as the Maharajadhiraja . A large number of his copper coins also have been found from the Eran - Vidisha region and classified in five distinct types , which include the Garuda , Garudadhvaja , lion and border legend types . The Brahmi legends on these coins are written in the early Gupta style . In the opinion of art historian Dr. R.A. Agarawala , D. Litt. , Rama Gupta may be the eldest son of Samudragupta . He became king because of being the eldest . It is possible that he was dethroned because of being considered unfit to rule , and his younger brother Chandragupta II took over . Chandragupta II `` Vikramaditya '' ( edit ) Main article : Chandragupta II Krishna fighting the horse demon Keshi , 5th century According to the Gupta records , amongst his sons , Samudragupta nominated prince Chandragupta II , born of queen Dattadevi , as his successor . Chandragupta II , Vikramaditya ( the Sun of Power ) , ruled from 375 until 415 . He married a Kadamba princess of Kuntala and of Naga lineage ( Nāgakulotpannnā ) , Kuberanaga . His daughter Prabhavatigupta from this Naga queen was married to Rudrasena II , the Vakataka ruler of Deccan . His son Kumaragupta I was married to a Kadamba princess of the Karnataka region . Chandragupta II expanded his realm westwards , defeating the Saka Western Kshatrapas of Malwa , Gujarat and Saurashtra in a campaign lasting until 409 . His main opponent Rudrasimha III was defeated by 395 , and he crushed the Bengal chiefdoms . This extended his control from coast to coast , established a second capital at Ujjain and was the high point of the empire . Gold coins of Chandragupta II . Despite the creation of the empire through war , the reign is remembered for its very influential style of Hindu art , literature , culture and science , especially during the reign of Chandragupta II . Some excellent works of Hindu art such as the panels at the Dashavatara Temple in Deogarh serve to illustrate the magnificence of Gupta art . Above all it was the synthesis of elements that gave Gupta art its distinctive flavour . During this period , the Guptas were supportive of thriving Buddhist and Jain cultures as well , and for this reason there is also a long history of non-Hindu Gupta period art . In particular , Gupta period Buddhist art was to be influential in most of East and Southeast Asia . Many advances were recorded by the Chinese scholar and traveller Faxian ( Fa - hien ) in his diary and published afterwards . The court of Chandragupta was made even more illustrious by the fact that it was graced by the Navaratna ( Nine Jewels ) , a group of nine who excelled in the literary arts . Amongst these men was the immortal Kālidāsa whose works dwarfed the works of many other literary geniuses , not only in his own age but in the years to come . Kalidasa was mainly known for his subtle exploitation of the shringara ( romantic ) element in his verse . Chandragupta II 's campaigns against foreign tribes ( edit ) The 4th century Sanskrit poet Kalidasa credits Chandragupta Vikramaditya with conquering about twenty one kingdoms , both in and outside India . After finishing his campaign in East and West India , Vikramaditya ( Chandragupta II ) proceeded northwards , subjugated the Parasikas , then the Hunas and the Kambojas tribes located in the west and east Oxus valleys respectively . Thereafter , the king proceeded into the Himalaya mountains to reduce the mountain tribes of the Kinnaras , Kiratas , as well as India proper . The Brihatkathamanjari of the Kashmiri writer Kshemendra states , King Vikramaditya ( Chandragupta II ) had `` unburdened the sacred earth of the Barbarians like the Sakas , Mlecchas , Kambojas , Yavanas , Tusharas , Parasikas , Hunas , and others , by annihilating these sinful Mlecchas completely '' . Faxian ( edit ) Faxian ( or Fa Hsien etc . ) , a Chinese Buddhist , was one of the pilgrims who visited India during the reign of the Gupta emperor Chandragupta II . He started his journey from China in 399 and reached India in 405 . During his stay in India up to 411 , he went on a pilgrimage to Mathura , Kannauj , Kapilavastu , Kushinagar , Vaishali , Pataliputra , Kashi , and Rajagriha , and made careful observations about the empire 's conditions . Faxian was pleased with the mildness of administration . The Penal Code was mild and offenses were punished by fines only . From his accounts , the Gupta Empire was a prosperous period . And until the Rome - China trade axis was broken with the fall of the Han dynasty , the Guptas ' did indeed prosper . His writings form one of the most important sources for the history of this period . Kumaragupta I ( edit ) Main article : Kumaragupta I Silver coin of the Gupta King Kumaragupta I ( Coin of his Western territories , design derived from the Western Satraps ) . Obv : Bust of king with crescents , with traces of corrupt Greek script . Rev : Garuda standing facing with spread wings . Brahmi legend : Parama - bhagavata rajadhiraja Sri Kumaragupta Mahendraditya . Chandragupta II was succeeded by his second son Kumaragupta I , born of Mahadevi Dhruvasvamini . Kumaragupta I assumed the title , Mahendraditya . He ruled until 455 . Towards the end of his reign a tribe in the Narmada valley , the Pushyamitras , rose in power to threaten the empire . The Kidarites as well probably confronted the Gupta Empire towards the end of the rule of Kumaragupta I , as his son Skandagupta mentions in the Bhitari pillar inscription his efforts at reshaping a country in disarray , through reorganization and military victories over the Pushyamitras and the Hunas . He was the founder of Nalanda University which on July 15 , 2016 was declared as a UNESCO world heritage site . Skandagupta ( edit ) Main article : Skandagupta Skandagupta , son and successor of Kumaragupta I is generally considered to be the last of the great Gupta rulers . He assumed the titles of Vikramaditya and Kramaditya . He defeated the Pushyamitra threat , but then was faced with invading Kidarites ( sometimes described as the Hephthalites or `` White Huns '' , known in India as the Sweta Huna ) , from the northwest . He repelled a Huna attack around 455 CE , but the expense of the wars drained the empire 's resources and contributed to its decline . The Bhitari Pillar inscription of Skandagupta , the successor of Chandragupta , recalls the near - annihilation of the Gupta Empire following the attacks of the Kidarites . The Kidarites seem to have retained the western part of the Gupta Empire . Skandagupta died in 467 and was succeeded by his agnate brother Purugupta . Decline of the empire ( edit ) The Alchon Huns under Toramana and his son Mihirakula ( here depicted ) gravely weakened the Gupta Empire . Following Skandagupta 's death , the empire was clearly in decline . He was followed by Purugupta ( 467 -- 473 ) , Kumaragupta II ( 473 -- 476 ) , Budhagupta ( 476 -- 495 ) , Narasimhagupta ( 495 -- ? ) , Kumaragupta III ( 530 -- 540 ) , Vishnugupta ( 540 -- 550 ) , two lesser known kings namely , Vainyagupta and Bhanugupta . In the 480 's the Alchon Huns under Toramana and Mihirakula broke through the Gupta defenses in the northwest , and much of the empire in the northwest was overrun by the Huns by 500 . The empire disintegrated under the attacks of Toramana and his successor Mihirakula . It appears from inscriptions that the Guptas , although their power was much diminished , continued to resist the Huns . The Hun invader Toramana was defeated by Bhanugupta in 510 . The Huns were defeated and driven out of India in 528 by king Yashodharman from Malwa , and possibly Gupta emperor Narasimhagupta . The much - weakened Late Guptas , circa 550 CE . These invasions , although only spanning a few decades , had long term effects on India , and in a sense brought an end to Classical Indian civilization . Soon after the invasions , the Gupta Empire , already weakened by these invasions and the rise of local rulers such as Yashodharman , ended as well . Following the invasions , northern India was left in disarray , with numerous smaller Indian powers emerging after the crumbling of the Guptas . The Huna invasions are said to have seriously damaged India 's trade with Europe and Central Asia . In particular , Indo - Roman trade relations , which the Gupta Empire had greatly benefited from . The Guptas had been exporting numerous luxury products such as silk , leather goods , fur , iron products , ivory , pearl , and pepper from centers such as Nasik , Paithan , Pataliputra , and Benares . The Huna invasion probably disrupted these trade relations and the tax revenues that came with them . Furthermore , Indian urban culture was left in decline , and Buddhism , gravely weakened by the destruction of monasteries and the killing of monks , started to collapse . Great centers of learning were destroyed , such as the city of Taxila , bringing cultural regression . During their rule of 60 years , the Alchons are said to have altered the hierarchy of ruling families and the Indian cast system . For example , the Hunas are often said to have become the precursors of the Rajputs . The succession of the 6th - century Guptas is not entirely clear , but the tail end recognized ruler of the dynasty 's main line was king Vishnugupta , reigning from 540 to 550 . In addition to the Hun invasion , the factors , which contribute to the decline of the empire include competition from the Vakatakas and the rise of Yashodharman in Malwa . The last known inscription by a Gupta emperor is from the reign of Vishnugupta ( the Damodarpur copper - plate inscription ) , in which he makes a land grant in the area of Kotivarsha ( Bangarh in West Bengal ) in 542 / 543 CE . This follows the occupation of most of northern and central India by the Aulikara ruler Yashodharman circa 532 CE . Military organization ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Gold coin of Gupta era , depicting Gupta king Kumaragupta holding a bow . Sculpture of Vishnu ( red sandstone ) , 5th century CE The Imperial Guptas could n't have achieved their successes through force of arms without an efficient martial system . Historically , the best accounts of this not only come from Indian sources themselves but from Chinese and Western observers . However , a contemporary Indian document , regarded as a military classic of the time , the Siva - Dhanur - veda , offers some insight into the military system of the Guptas . The Guptas seem to have relied heavily on infantry archers , and the bow was one of the dominant weapons of their army . The Indian version of the longbow was composed of metal , or more typically bamboo , and fired a long bamboo cane arrow with a metal head . Unlike the composite bows of Western and Central Asian foes , bows of this design would be less prone to warping in the damp and moist conditions often prevalent to the region . The Indian longbow was reputedly a powerful weapon capable of great range and penetration and provided an effective counter to invading horse archers . Iron shafts were used against armored elephants and fire arrows were not part of the bowmen 's arsenal , contrary to popular belief . India historically has had a prominent reputation for its steel weapons . One of these was the steel bow . Because of its high tensility , the steel bow was capable of long range and penetration of exceptionally thick armor . These were less common weapons than the bamboo design and found in the hands of noblemen rather than in the ranks . Archers were frequently protected by infantry equipped with shields , javelins , and longswords . The Guptas also had knowledge of siegecraft , catapults , and other sophisticated war machines . The Guptas apparently showed little predilection for using horse archers , despite the fact these warriors were a primary component in the ranks of their Scythian , Parthian , and Hepthalite ( Huna ) enemies . However , the Gupta armies were probably better disciplined . Able commanders such as Samudragupta and Chandragupta II would have likely understood the need for combined armed tactics and proper logistical organization . Gupta military success likely stemmed from the concerted use of elephants , armored cavalry , steel bow and foot archers in tandem against both Hindu kingdoms and foreign armies invading from the Northwest . The Guptas also maintained a navy , allowing them to control regional waters . The collapse of the Gupta Empire in the face of the Huna onslaught was due not directly to the inherent defects of the Gupta army , which after all had initially defeated these people under Skandagupta . More likely , internal dissolution sapped the ability of the Guptas to resist foreign invasion , as was simultaneously occurring in Western Europe and China . During the reign of Chandragupta II , Gupta Empire maintained a large army consisting of 500,000 infantry , 50,000 cavalry , 20,000 charioteers and 10,000 elephants along with a powerful navy with more than 1200 ships . Chandragupta II controlled the whole of the Indian subcontinent ; the Gupta empire was the most powerful empire in the world during his reign , at a time when the Roman Empire in the West was in decline . Religion ( edit ) Meditating Buddha from the Gupta era , 5th century CE . The Guptas were traditionally a Hindu dynasty . They were orthodox Hindus , but did not force their beliefs on the rest of the population , as Buddhism and Jainism also were encouraged . Sanchi remained an important center of Buddhism . Kumaragupta I ( c. 414 -- c. 455 CE ) is said to have founded Nalanda . Some later rulers however seem to have especially favoured Buddhism . Narasimhagupta Baladitya ( c. 495 - ? ) , according to contemporary writer Paramartha , was brought up under the influence of the Mahayanist philosopher , Vasubandhu . He built a sangharama at Nalanda and also a 300 ft ( 91 m ) high vihara with a Buddha statue within which , according to Xuanzang , resembled the `` great Vihara built under the Bodhi tree '' . According to the Manjushrimulakalpa ( c. 800 CE ) , king Narasimhsagupta became a Buddhist monk , and left the world through meditation ( Dhyana ) . The Chinese monk Xuanzang also noted that Narasimhagupta Baladitya 's son , Vajra , who commissioned a sangharama as well , `` possessed a heart firm in faith '' . Gupta administration ( edit ) A study of the epigraphical records of the Gupta empire shows that there was a hierarchy of administrative divisions from top to bottom . The empire was called by various names such as Rajya , Rashtra , Desha , Mandala , Prithvi and Avani . It was divided into 26 provinces , which were styled as Bhukti , Pradesha and Bhoga . Provinces were also divided into Vishayas and put under the control of the Vishayapatis . A Vishayapati administered the Vishaya with the help of the Adhikarana ( council of representatives ) , which comprised four representatives : Nagarasreshesthi , Sarthavaha , Prathamakulike and Prathama Kayastha . A part of the Vishaya was called Vithi . There were also trade links of Gupta business with the Roman empire . Legacy of the Gupta empire ( edit ) Later image of Krishna and Radha playing chaturanga on an 8 × 8 Ashtāpada Scholars of this period include Varahamihira and Aryabhata , who is believed to be the first to come up with the concept of zero , postulated the theory that the Earth moves round the Sun , and studied solar and lunar eclipses . Kalidasa , who was a great playwright , who wrote plays such as Shakuntala , and marked the highest point of Sanskrit literature is also said to have belonged to this period . The Sushruta Samhita , which is a Sanskrit redaction text on all of the major concepts of ayurvedic medicine with innovative chapters on surgery , dates to the Gupta period . Chess is said to have originated in this period , where its early form in the 6th century was known as caturaṅga , which translates as `` four divisions ( of the military ) '' -- infantry , cavalry , elephantry , and chariotry -- represented by the pieces that would evolve into the modern pawn , knight , bishop , and rook , respectively . Doctors also invented several medical instruments , and even performed operations . The Indian numerals which were the first positional base 10 numeral systems in the world originated from Gupta India . The ancient Gupta text Kama Sutra by the Indian scholar Vatsyayana is widely considered to be the standard work on human sexual behavior in Sanskrit literature . Aryabhata , a noted mathematician - astronomer of the Gupta period proposed that the earth is round and rotates about its own axis . He also discovered that the Moon and planets shine by reflected sunlight . Instead of the prevailing cosmogony in which eclipses were caused by pseudo-planetary nodes Rahu and Ketu , he explained eclipses in terms of shadows cast by and falling on Earth . Art and architecture ( edit ) A tetrastyle prostyle Gupta period temple at Sanchi besides the Apsidal hall with Maurya foundation , an example of Buddhist architecture . 5th century CE . The Gupta period is generally regarded as a classic peak of North Indian art for all the major religious groups . Although painting was evidently widespread , the surviving works are almost all religious sculpture . The period saw the emergence of the iconic carved stone deity in Hindu art , as well as the Buddha figure and Jain tirthankara figures , the latter often on a very large scale . The two great centres of sculpture were Mathura and Gandhara , the latter the centre of Greco - Buddhist art . Both exported sculpture to other parts of northern India . Unlike the preceding Kushan Empire there was no artistic depiction of the monarchs , even in the very fine Guptan coinage , with the exception of some coins of the Western Satraps , or influenced by them . The current structure of the Mahabodhi Temple dates to the Gupta era , 5th century CE . Marking the location where the Buddha is said to have attained enlightenment . The most famous remaining monuments in a broadly Gupta style , the caves at Ajanta , Elephanta , and Ellora ( respectively Buddhist , Hindu , and mixed including Jain ) were in fact produced under later dynasties , but primarily reflect the monumentality and balance of Guptan style . Ajanta contains by far the most significant survivals of painting from this and the surrounding periods , showing a mature form which had probably had a long development , mainly in painting palaces . The Hindu Udayagiri Caves actually record connections with the dynasty and its ministers , and the Dashavatara Temple at Deogarh is a major temple , one of the earliest to survive , with important sculpture . Vishnu reclining on the serpent Shesha ( Ananta ) , Dashavatara Temple 5th century Buddha from Sarnath , 5 -- 6th century CE The Colossal trimurti at the Elephanta Caves Rock - cut temples at Ellora Painting of Padmapani Cave 1 at Ajanta See also ( edit ) Later Gupta dynasty Empire of Harsha Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gupta Dynasty -- MSN Encarta . Archived from the original on 1 November 2009 . Jump up ^ N. Jayapalan , History of India , Vol . I , ( Atlantic Publishers , 2001 ) , 130 . Jump up ^ Jha , D.N. ( 2002 ) . Ancient India in Historical Outline . Delhi : Manohar Publishers and Distributors . pp. 149 -- 173 . ISBN 81 - 7304 - 285 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Raghu Vamsa v 4.60 -- 75 Jump up ^ Gupta dynasty ( Indian dynasty ) . Britannica Online Encyclopedia . Retrieved on 2011 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Mahajan , p. 540 ; Keay , 132 , 145 - 154 Jump up ^ Gupta dynasty : empire in 4th century . Britannica Online Encyclopedia . Retrieved on 2011 - 11 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Harle , 87 Jump up ^ Trade The Story of India -- Photo Gallery . PBS . Retrieved on 2011 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Agarwal , Ashvini ( 1989 ) . Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas , Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 81 - 208 - 0592 - 5 , pp. 264 -- 9 Jump up ^ Grousset , Rene ( 1970 ) . The Empire of the Steppes . Rutgers University Press . p. 69 . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 1304 - 9 . Jump up ^ Nehra , R.K. Hinduism and Its Military Ethos . Lancer Publishers , 2010 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Brannigan , Michael C. Striking a Balance : A Primer in Traditional Asian Values . Rowman & Littlefield , 2010 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Sharma , R.S. Early Medieval Indian Society : A Study in Feudalisation . Orient Blackswan . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ List of Altekar 's publications in the Open Library . Jump up ^ Agarwal , Ashvini ( 1989 ) . Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas , Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 81 - 208 - 0592 - 5 , pp. 82 - 4 Jump up ^ Human rights in the Hindu - Buddhist tradition By Lal Deosa Rai , Page no. 155 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Inscriptions of Ancient Nepal : Inscriptions '' . google.com . Jump up ^ `` Gupta Rule '' . banglapedia.org . Jump up ^ Agarwal , Ashvini ( 1989 ) . Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas , Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 81 - 208 - 0592 - 5 , pp. 84 -- 7 Jump up ^ Majumdar , p. 474 Jump up ^ `` Founder of the Gupta Empire Maharaja Sri Gupta '' . theindianhistory.org . Jump up ^ Smith , Vincent A. ( 1999 ) . The Early History of India : From 600 B.C. to the Muhammadan Conquest . Atlantic . p. 289 . ISBN 81 - 7156 - 618 - 9 . Jump up ^ The Gupta Polity , pp. 199 Jump up ^ Mahajan , p. 487 Jump up ^ Agarwal , Ashvini ( 1989 ) . Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas . Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass . pp. 153 -- 9 . ISBN 81 - 208 - 0592 - 5 . Jump up ^ Bajpai , K.D. ( 2004 ) . Indian Numismatic Studies . New Delhi : Abhinav Publications . pp. 120 -- 1 . ISBN 81 - 7017 - 035 - 4 . Jump up ^ Raychaudhuri , p. 489 Jump up ^ ata shrivikramadityo helya nirjitakhilah Mlechchana Kamboja . Yavanan neechan Hunan Sabarbran Tushara . Parsikaanshcha tayakatacharan vishrankhalan hatya bhrubhangamatreyanah bhuvo bharamavarayate ( Brahata Katha , 10 / 1 / 285 - 86 , Kshmendra ) . Jump up ^ Kathasritsagara 18.1. 76 -- 78 Jump up ^ Cf : `` In the story contained in Kathasarit - sagara , king Vikarmaditya is said to have destroyed all the barbarous tribes such as the Kambojas , Yavanas , Hunas , Tokharas and the , National Council of Teachers of English Committee on Recreational Reading -- Sanskrit language . Jump up ^ Prasanna Rao Bandela ( 1 January 2003 ) . Coin splendour : a journey into the past . Abhinav Publications . pp. 112 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7017 - 427 - 1 . Retrieved 21 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Evidence of the conquest of Saurastra during the reign of Chandragupta II is to be seen in his rare silver coins which are more directly imitated from those of the Western Satraps ... they retain some traces of the old inscriptions in Greek characters , while on the reverse , they substitute the Gupta type ( a peacock ) for the chaitya with crescent and star . '' in Rapson `` A catalogue of Indian coins in the British Museum . The Andhras etc ... '' , p. cli Jump up ^ Agarwal , Ashvini ( 1989 ) . Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas , Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 81 - 208 - 0592 - 5 , pp. 191 -- 200 Jump up ^ History of Civilizations of Central Asia , Ahmad Hasan Dani , B.A. Litvinsky , Unesco p. 119 sq Jump up ^ `` Nalanda University Ruins Nalanda Travel Guide Ancient Nalanda Site '' . Travel News India . 2016 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Raychaudhuri , p. 510 ^ Jump up to : The Huns , Hyun Jin Kim , Routledge , 2015 p. 50 sq Jump up ^ Raychaudhuri , p. 516 Jump up ^ Sachchidananda Bhattacharya , Gupta dynasty , A dictionary of Indian history , ( George Braziller , Inc. , 1967 ) , 393 . Jump up ^ Ancient Indian History and Civilization by Sailendra Nath Sen p. 220 Jump up ^ Encyclopaedia of Indian Events & Dates by S.B. Bhattacherje p. A15 Jump up ^ Columbia Encyclopedia ^ Jump up to : The First Spring : The Golden Age of India by Abraham Eraly p. 48 sq Jump up ^ Ancient Indian History and Civilization by Sailendra Nath Sen p. 221 Jump up ^ A Comprehensive History Of Ancient India p. 174 Jump up ^ Longman History & Civics ICSE 9 by Singh p. 81 Jump up ^ Singh , Upinder ( 2008 ) . A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India : From the Stone Age to the 12th Century . New Delhi : Pearson Education . p. 480 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 317 - 1677 - 9 . Jump up ^ Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol. 3 ( inscriptions Of The Early Gupta Kings ) p. 362 ^ Jump up to : Indian Esoteric Buddhism : Social History of the Tantric Movement by Ronald M. Davidson p. 31 ^ Jump up to : A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India by Upinder Singh p. 521 ^ Jump up to : The Gupta Empire by Radhakumud Mookerji p. 133 sq Jump up ^ Sankalia , Hasmukhlal Dhirajlal ( 1934 ) . The University of Nālandā . B.G. Paul & co . Jump up ^ Sukumar Dutt ( 1988 ) ( First published in 1962 ) . Buddhist Monks And Monasteries of India : Their History And Contribution To Indian Culture . George Allen and Unwin Ltd , London . ISBN 81 - 208 - 0498 - 8 . Jump up ^ Mahajan , pp. 530 -- 1 Jump up ^ Murray , H.J.R. ( 1913 ) . A History of Chess . Benjamin Press ( originally published by Oxford University Press ) . ISBN 0 - 936317 - 01 - 9 . OCLC 13472872 . Jump up ^ Thomas Khoshy , Elementary Number Theory with Applications , Academic Press , 2002 , p. 567 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 421171 - 2 . Jump up ^ Harle , 87 - 89 Jump up ^ Harle , respectively 118 - 122 , 123 - 126 , 129 - 135 Jump up ^ Harle , 92 - 97 Jump up ^ Harle , 113 - 114 References ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Gupta . Harle , J.C. ( 1994 ) . The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent , 2nd ed. , Yale University Press Pelican History of Art , ISBN 0300062176 Keay , John , India , a History , 2000 , HarperCollins , ISBN 0002557177 Majumdar , R.C. ( 1977 ) . Ancient India , New Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 81 - 208 - 0436 - 8 Mahajan , Vidya Dhar , A History of India , 1990 , State Mutual Book & Periodical Service , ISBN 0785511911 , 9780785511915 Raychaudhuri , H.C. ( 1972 ) . Political History of Ancient India , Calcutta : University of Calcutta , ISBN 1 - 4400 - 5272 - 7 Tej Ram Sharma ( 1978 ) . Personal and geographical names in the Gupta inscriptions . Concept Publishing Co. , Delhi . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gupta Empire . Jump up ^ An idea contested by D.N. Jha . Coins of Gupta Empire Photo Feature on Gupta Period Art Preceded by Kanva dynasty Magadha dynasties CE 240 -- 550 Succeeded by possibly Pala dynasty Middle kingdoms of India Timeline and cultural period Northwestern India ( Punjab - Sapta Sindhu ) Indo - Gangetic Plain Central India Southern India Upper Gangetic Plain ( Kuru - Panchala ) Middle Gangetic Plain Lower Gangetic Plain IRON AGE Culture Late Vedic Period Late Vedic Period ( Brahmin ideology ) Painted Grey Ware culture Late Vedic Period ( Kshatriya / Shramanic culture ) Northern Black Polished Ware Pre-history 6th century BC Gandhara Kuru - Panchala Magadha Adivasi ( tribes ) Culture Persian - Greek influences `` Second Urbanisation '' Rise of Shramana movements Jainism - Buddhism - Ājīvika - Yoga Pre-history 5th century BC ( Persian rule ) Shishunaga dynasty Adivasi ( tribes ) 4th century BC ( Greek conquests ) Nanda empire HISTORICAL AGE Culture Spread of Buddhism Pre-history Sangam period ( 300 BC -- 200 AD ) 3rd century BC Maurya Empire Early Cholas Early Pandyan Kingdom Satavahana dynasty Cheras 46 other small kingdoms in Ancient Thamizhagam Culture Preclassical Hinduism - `` Hindu Synthesis '' ( ca . 200 BC - 300 AD ) Epics - Puranas - Ramayana - Mahabharata - Bhagavad Gita - Brahma Sutras - Smarta Tradition Mahayana Buddhism Sangam period ( continued ) ( 300 BC -- 200 AD ) 2nd century BC Indo - Greek Kingdom Shunga Empire Maha - Meghavahana Dynasty Early Cholas Early Pandyan Kingdom Satavahana dynasty Cheras 46 other small kingdoms in Ancient Thamizhagam 1st century BC 1st century AD Indo - Scythians Indo - Parthians Kuninda Kingdom 2nd century Kushan Empire 3rd century Kushano - Sasanian Kingdom Kushan Empire Western Satraps Kamarupa kingdom Kalabhra dynasty Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Kalabhras ) Culture `` Golden Age of Hinduism '' ( ca . AD 320 - 650 ) Puranas Co-existence of Hinduism and Buddhism 4th century Kidarites Gupta Empire Varman dynasty Kalabhra dynasty Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Kalabhras ) Kadamba Dynasty Western Ganga Dynasty 5th century Hephthalite Empire Alchon Huns Kalabhra dynasty Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Kalabhras ) Vishnukundina 6th century Nezak Huns Kabul Shahi Maitraka Adivasi ( tribes ) Badami Chalukyas Kalabhra dynasty Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Kalabhras ) Culture Late - Classical Hinduism ( ca . AD 650 - 1100 ) Advaita Vedanta - Tantra Decline of Buddhism in India 7th century Indo - Sassanids Vakataka dynasty Empire of Harsha Mlechchha dynasty Adivasi ( tribes ) Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Kalabhras ) Pandyan Kingdom ( Revival ) Pallava 8th century Kabul Shahi Pala Empire Pandyan Kingdom Kalachuri 9th century Gurjara - Pratihara Rashtrakuta dynasty Pandyan Kingdom Medieval Cholas Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Cholas ) Chera Perumals of Makkotai 10th century Ghaznavids Pala dynasty Kamboja - Pala dynasty Kalyani Chalukyas Medieval Cholas Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Cholas ) Chera Perumals of Makkotai Rashtrakuta ( hide ) References and sources for table References Jump up ^ Samuel Jump up ^ Samuel Jump up ^ Michaels ( 2004 ) p. 39 Jump up ^ Hiltebeitel ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Michaels ( 2004 ) p. 39 Jump up ^ Hiltebeitel ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Micheals ( 2004 ) p. 40 Jump up ^ Michaels ( 2004 ) p. 41 Sources Flood , Gavin D. ( 1996 ) , An Introduction to Hinduism , Cambridge University Press Hiltebeitel , Alf ( 2002 ) , Hinduism . In : Joseph Kitagawa , `` The Religious Traditions of Asia : Religion , History , and Culture '' , Routledge Michaels , Axel ( 2004 ) , Hinduism . Past and present , Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press Samuel , Geoffrey ( 2010 ) , The Origins of Yoga and Tantra . Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century , Cambridge University Press Empires Ancient Akkadian Egyptian Assyrian Babylonian Carthaginian Chinese Qin Han Jin Northern Wei Tang Hellenistic Macedonian Seleucid Hittite Indian Nanda Maurya Satavahana Shunga Gupta Harsha Iranian Elamite Median Achaemenid Parthian Sasanian Kushan Mongol Xianbei Xiongnu Roman Western Eastern Teotihuacan Post-classical Arab Rashidun Umayyad Abbasid Fatimid Córdoba Aragonese Angevin Aztec Benin Bornu Bruneian Bulgarian First Second Byzantine Nicaea Trebizond Carolingian Chinese Sui Tang Song Yuan Ethiopian Zagwe Solomonic Georgian Hunnic Inca Indian Chola Gurjara - Pratihara Pala Eastern Ganga dynasty Delhi Vijayanagara Iranian Samanid Kanem Khmer Latin Majapahit Malaccan Mali Mongol Yuan Golden Horde Chagatai Khanate Ilkhanate Moroccan Idrisid Almoravid Almohad Marinid North Sea Oyo Roman Serbian Somali Ajuran Ifatite Adalite Mogadishan Warsangali Songhai Srivijaya Tibetan Turko - Persian Ghaznavid Great Seljuk Khwarezmian Timurid Vietnamese Ly Tran Le Wagadou Modern Ashanti Austrian Austro - Hungarian Brazilian Central African Chinese Ming Qing China Manchukuo Ethiopian French First Second German First / Old Reich Second Reich Third Reich Haitian First Second Indian Maratha Sikh Mughal British Raj Iranian Safavid Afsharid Japanese Johor Korean Mexican First Second Moroccan Saadi Alaouite Russian USSR Somali Gobroon Majeerteen Hobyo Dervish Swedish Tongan Turkish Ottoman Karaman Ramazan Vietnamese Tay Son Nguyen Vietnam Colonial American Belgian British English Danish Dutch French German Italian Japanese Omani Norwegian Portuguese Spanish Swedish Lists Empires largest ancient great powers medieval great powers modern great powers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gupta_Empire&oldid=833624127 '' Categories : Former monarchies of Asia Former countries in South Asia Gupta Empire Historical Hindu empires Empires and kingdoms of India Medieval India History of Bengal History of West Bengal History of Bangladesh History of Kolkata History of Pakistan Dynasties of India Former empires States and territories established in the 320s States and territories disestablished in the 550s 4th - century establishments in India 550s disestablishments 6th - century disestablishments in India Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles lacking reliable references from August 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Use dmy dates from March 2013 Use Indian English from December 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Former country articles requiring maintenance All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from August 2016 Articles lacking reliable references from March 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Articles needing additional references from January 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Адыгэбзэ Alemannisch Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vahcuengh Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ 86 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 April 2018 , at 17 : 12 . 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-1993992152713076791 | Cell-mediated immunity | Cell - mediated immunity - wikipedia Cell - mediated immunity This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Cell - mediated immunity is an immune response that does not involve antibodies , but rather involves the activation of phagocytes , antigen - specific cytotoxic T - lymphocytes , and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen . Historically , the immune system was separated into two branches : humoral immunity , for which the protective function of immunization could be found in the humor ( cell - free bodily fluid or serum ) and cellular immunity , for which the protective function of immunization was associated with cells . CD4 cells or helper T cells provide protection against different pathogens . Naive T cells , mature T cells that have yet to encounter an antigen , are converted into activated effector T cells after encountering antigen - presenting cells ( APCs ) . These APCs , such as macrophages , dendritic cells , and B cells in some circumstances , load antigenic peptides onto the MHC of the cell , in turn presenting the peptide to receptors on T cells . The most important of these APCs are highly specialized dendritic cells ; conceivably operating solely to ingest and present antigens . Activated Effector T cells can be placed into three functioning classes , detecting peptide antigens originating from various types of pathogen : The first class being Cytotoxic T cells , which kill infected target cells by apoptosis without using cytokines , the second class being TH1 cells , which primarily function to activate macrophages , and the third class being TH2 cells , which primarily function to stimulate B cells into producing antibodies . The innate immune system and the adaptive immune system each comprise both humoral and cell - mediated components . Cellular immunity protects the body by : T - cell mediated immunity or T - cell immunity : activating antigen - specific cytotoxic T cells that are able to induce apoptosis in body cells displaying epitopes of foreign antigen on their surface , such as virus - infected cells , cells with intracellular bacteria , and cancer cells displaying tumor antigens ; activating macrophages and natural killer cells , enabling them to destroy pathogens ; and stimulating cells to secrete a variety of cytokines that influence the function of other cells involved in adaptive immune responses and innate immune responses . Cell - mediated immunity is directed primarily at microbes that survive in phagocytes and microbes that infect non-phagocytic cells . It is most effective in removing virus - infected cells , but also participates in defending against fungi , protozoans , cancers , and intracellular bacteria . It also plays a major role in transplant rejection . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Janeway , Charles ; Travers , Paul ; Walport , Mark ; Shlomchik , Mark ( 2001 ) . Immunobiology ( 5th ed . ) . New York : Garland Science . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 3642 - X . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Janeway , Charles ; Travers , Paul ; Walport , Mark ; Shlomchik , Mark ( 2001 ) . Immunobiology ( 5th ed . ) . New York : Garland Science . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 3642 - X . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Cell - mediated immunity ( Encyclopædia Britannica ) Chapter 8 : T Cell - Mediated Immunity Immunobiology : The Immune System in Health and Disease . 5th edition . Further reading ( edit ) Cell - Mediated Immunity . Murphy Cell - mediated immunity : How T cells recognize and respond to foreign antigens Main cell types in blood Myeloid Granulocytes CFU - G Band cell Neutrophil Basophil CFU - Baso Eosinophil CFU - Eos Mast cell CFU - Mast Monocytes Macrophages Histiocytes Kupffer cells Alveolar macrophage Microglia Osteoclasts Epithelioid cells giant cells Langhans giant cells , Foreign - body giant cell Touton giant cells Other Antigen presenting cells Dendritic cells Langerhans cell CFU - DL CFU - M MPS Platelets CFU - Meg Megakaryoblast Promegakaryocyte Megakaryocyte Red blood cells Reticulocyte Normoblast CFU - E Other Precursor cells CFU - GM Megakaryocyte -- erythroid progenitor cell CFU - GEMM Myelomonocyte Other Plasma Hematopoietic stem cell Immunology : lymphocytic adaptive immune system and complement Lymphoid Antigens Antigen Superantigen Allergen Hapten Epitope Linear Conformational Mimotope Antigen presentation / Professional APCs : Dendritic cell Macrophage B cell Immunogen Antibodies Antibody Monoclonal antibodies Polyclonal antibodies Autoantibody Microantibody Polyclonal B cell response Allotype Isotype Idiotype Immune complex Paratope Immunity vs . tolerance action : Immunity Autoimmunity Alloimmunity Allergy Hypersensitivity Inflammation Cross-reactivity inaction : Tolerance Central Peripheral Clonal anergy Clonal deletion Tolerance in pregnancy Immunodeficiency Immunogenetics Affinity maturation Somatic hypermutation Clonal selection V ( D ) J recombination Junctional diversity Immunoglobulin class switching MHC / HLA Lymphocytes Cellular T cell Humoral B cell NK cell Substances Cytokines Opsonin Cytolysin Hypersensitivity and autoimmune diseases ( 279.5 -- 6 ) Type I / allergy / atopy ( IgE ) Foreign Atopic eczema Allergic urticaria Allergic rhinitis ( Hay fever ) Allergic asthma Anaphylaxis Food allergy common allergies include : Milk Egg Peanut Tree nut Seafood Soy Wheat Penicillin allergy Autoimmune Eosinophilic esophagitis Type II / ADCC IgM IgG Foreign Hemolytic disease of the newborn Autoimmune Cytotoxic Autoimmune hemolytic anemia Immune thrombocytopenic purpura Bullous pemphigoid Pemphigus vulgaris Rheumatic fever Goodpasture syndrome Guillain -- Barré syndrome `` Type V '' / receptor Graves ' disease Myasthenia gravis Pernicious anemia Type III ( Immune complex ) Foreign Henoch -- Schönlein purpura Hypersensitivity vasculitis Reactive arthritis Farmer 's lung Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis Serum sickness Arthus reaction Autoimmune Systemic lupus erythematosus Subacute bacterial endocarditis Rheumatoid arthritis Type IV / cell - mediated ( T cells ) Foreign Allergic contact dermatitis Mantoux test Autoimmune Diabetes mellitus type 1 Hashimoto 's thyroiditis Multiple sclerosis Coeliac disease Giant - cell arteritis Postorgasmic illness syndrome Reactive arthritis GVHD Transfusion - associated graft versus host disease Unknown / multiple Foreign Hypersensitivity pneumonitis Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis Transplant rejection Latex allergy ( I + IV ) Autoimmune Sjögren syndrome Autoimmune hepatitis Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome APS1 APS2 Autoimmune adrenalitis Systemic autoimmune disease Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cell-mediated_immunity&oldid=828003312 '' Categories : Immunology Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Talk About Wikipedia Български Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Svenska 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 00 : 10 ( UTC ) . 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6158900211880800051 | System of a Down | System of a Down - Wikipedia System of a Down This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 15 September 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search For the eponymous album from this band , see System of a Down ( album ) . `` Soad '' redirects here . For other uses , see Soad ( disambiguation ) . This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Swedish . ( November 2016 ) Click ( show ) for important translation instructions . ( show ) Google 's machine translation is a useful starting point for translations , but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate , rather than simply copy - pasting machine - translated text into the English Wikipedia . Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low - quality . If possible , verify the text with references provided in the foreign - language article . Upon the translation you must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary by noting your translation and providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation . You should also add to the talk page the template ( ( Translated page ) ) . A model attribution edit summary ( using German ) : Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ( ( : de : Exact name of German article ) ) ; see its history for attribution . For more guidance , see Wikipedia : Translation . System of a Down System of a Down live in Wantagh , New York on August 5 , 2012 Background information Also known as SOAD System Origin Glendale , California , U.S. Genres Alternative metal nu metal hard rock progressive metal Years active 1994 -- 2006 2010 -- present Labels Sony Music American Columbia Associated acts Scars on Broadway Website systemofadown.com Members Serj Tankian Daron Malakian Shavo Odadjian John Dolmayan Past members Andy Khachaturian System of a Down , sometimes shortened to System and abbreviated as SOAD , is an Armenian - American heavy metal band from Glendale , California , formed in 1994 . The band currently consists of Serj Tankian ( lead vocals , keyboards ) , Daron Malakian ( vocals , guitar ) , Shavo Odadjian ( bass , backing vocals ) and John Dolmayan ( drums ) . The band achieved commercial success with the release of five studio albums , three of which debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 . System of a Down has been nominated for four Grammy Awards , and their song `` B.Y.O.B. '' won the Best Hard Rock Performance of 2006 . The group briefly disbanded in August 2006 and reunited in November 2010 , embarking on a tour for the following three years . System of a Down has sold over 40 million records worldwide . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Soil ( 1992 -- 94 ) 1.2 Demo tapes and signing ( 1994 -- 97 ) 1.3 Self - titled album ( 1998 -- 2000 ) 1.4 Toxicity and Steal This Album ! ( 2001 -- 03 ) 1.5 Mezmerize , Hypnotize and separation ( 2004 -- 06 ) 1.6 Reunion and touring ( 2010 -- 2015 ) 1.7 Planned sixth studio album ( 2016 -- present ) 2 Musical style , lyricism , and influences 2.1 Lyricism 2.2 Music 2.3 Influences and comparison to other artists 3 Awards and nominations 4 Members 5 Discography 6 References 7 External links History Soil ( 1992 -- 94 ) Serj Tankian and Daron Malakian attended Rose and Alex Pilibos Armenian School as children , although due to their eight - year age difference they did not meet until 1992 while working on separate projects at the same recording studio . They formed a band named Soil with Tankian on vocals and keyboards , Malakian on vocals and guitar , Dave Hakopyan ( who later played in The Apex Theory / Mt . Helium ) on bass and Domingo `` Dingo '' Laranio on drums . The band hired Shavo Odadjian ( another Rose and Alex Pilibos alumnus ) as manager , although he eventually joined Soil as rhythm guitarist . In 1994 , after only one live show , and one jam session recording , Hakopyan and Laranio left the band , feeling that it was not going anywhere . Demo tapes and signing ( 1994 -- 97 ) After Soil split up , Tankian , Odadjian , and Malakian formed a new band , System of a Down . The group took its name from a poem that Malakian had written titled `` Victims of a Down '' . The word `` victims '' was changed to `` system '' because Odadjian believed that it would appeal to a much wider audience and also because the group wanted their records to be alphabetically shelved closer to their musical heroes , Slayer . Odadjian switched from guitar to bass and passed on his managerial duties to Velvet Hammer Music and Management Group and its founder David `` Beno '' Benveniste . The band recruited drummer Ontronik `` Andy '' Khachaturian , an old school friend of Malakian 's and Odadjian 's who had played with Malakian in a band called Snowblind during their teens . In early 1995 , System played as `` Soil '' at the Cafe Club Fais Do - Do , a nightclub in Los Angeles . Shortly after the event , System of a Down made what is known as Untitled 1995 Demo Tape , which was not commercially released but appeared on file sharing networks around the time of the band 's success with Toxicity about six years later . Demo Tape 2 was released in 1996 . At the beginning of 1997 , System of a Down recorded their final publicly released demo tape , Demo Tape 3 . In mid-1997 , drummer Khachaturian left the band because of a hand injury ( he subsequently co-founded The Apex Theory , which included former Soil bassist Dave Hakopyan ) . Khachaturian was replaced by John Dolmayan . The band 's first official release of a professionally recorded song was on a collection called Hye Enk ( `` we 're Armenian '' in English ) , an Armenian Genocide recognition compilation , in 1997 . Soon after playing at notable Hollywood clubs such as the Whisky - A-Go - Go and Viper Room the band caught famed producer Rick Rubin 's attention who asked them to keep in touch with him . Showing great interest , the group recorded Demo Tape 4 near the end of 1997 . Unlike the previous demo tapes , however , Demo Tape 4 was made only to be sent to record companies ( although it has since been leaked onto the internet ) . Rubin signed the group onto his American / Columbia Records , and System of a Down began to record in Rubin 's studio with engineer Sylvia Massy , laying down tracks that would eventually be released on their debut album . Also in 1997 , the group won the Best Signed Band Award from the Rock City Awards . Self - titled album ( 1998 -- 2000 ) In June 1998 , System of a Down released their debut album , System of a Down . They enjoyed moderate success as their first singles `` Sugar '' and `` Spiders '' became radio favorites and the music videos for both songs were frequently aired on MTV . After the release of the album , the band toured extensively , opening for Slayer and Metallica before making their way to the second stage of Ozzfest . Following Ozzfest , they toured with Fear Factory and Incubus before headlining the Sno - Core Tour with Puya , Mr. Bungle , The Cat and Incubus providing support . In November 1998 , System of a Down appeared on South Park 's Chef Aid album , providing the music for the song `` Will They Die 4 You ? '' Near the end of the song Tankian can be heard saying , `` Why must we kill our own kind ? '' a line that would later be used in the song `` Boom ! '' Although System of a Down is credited on the album , South Park character Chef does not introduce them as he does every other artist featured on the record . System of a Down 's former drummer , Ontronik Khachaturian , briefly reunited with the band at a show at The Troubadour in 1999 , filling in on vocals for an ill Tankian . In 2000 , the band contributed their cover of the Black Sabbath song `` Snowblind '' to the Black Sabbath tribute album Nativity in Black 2 . Toxicity and Steal This album ! ( 2001 -- 03 ) Guitarist Daron Malakian met Serj Tankian for the first time in 1993 before forming the band a year later . On September 3 , 2001 , System of a Down had planned on launching their second album at a free concert in Hollywood as a `` thank you '' to fans . The concert , which was to be held in a parking lot , was set up to accommodate 3,500 people ; however , an estimated 7,000 to 10,000 fans showed up . Because of the large excess number of fans , the performance was cancelled by police officers just before the group took the stage . No announcement was made that the concert had been cancelled . Fans waited for more than an hour for the group to appear , but when a banner hanging at the back of the stage that read `` System of a Down '' was removed by security , the audience rushed the stage , destroying all the band 's touring gear ( approximately $30,000 worth of equipment ) and began to riot , throwing rocks at police , breaking windows , and knocking over portable toilets . The riot lasted six hours , during which six arrests were made . The band 's manager , David `` Beno '' Benveniste , later said that the riot could have been avoided if the group had been permitted to perform or had they been allowed to make a statement at the concert regarding the cancellation . System of a Down 's scheduled in - store performance the next day was cancelled to prevent a similar riot . The group 's big break arrived when their second album , Toxicity , debuted at No. 1 on the American and Canadian charts , despite the events of September 11 . The album has eventually achieved 3x multi-platinum certification in the US and has since sold over 12 million copies worldwide . It was still on top in America during the week of the September 11 , 2001 attacks and the political environment caused by the attacks added to the controversy surrounding the album 's hit single `` Chop Suey ! '' The song was taken off the radio as it contained politically sensitive lyrics according to the 2001 Clear Channel memorandum at the time such as `` ( I do n't think you ) trust in my self - righteous suicide . '' Regardless , the video gained constant play on MTV as did the album 's second single , `` Toxicity '' . Even with the controversy surrounding `` Chop Suey ! '' ( which earned a Grammy nomination ) , System of a Down still received constant airplay in the United States throughout late 2001 and 2002 with `` Toxicity '' and `` Aerials '' . In May 2006 , VH1 listed `` Toxicity '' in the number 14 slot in the 40 Greatest Metal Songs . In 2001 , the band went on tour with Slipknot throughout the United States and Mexico . Following a performance in Grand Rapids , Michigan , Odadjian was allegedly harassed , ethnically intimidated , and was physically assaulted by security guards backstage , who then dragged him out of the venue . Odadjian received medical attention from police and later filed a suit against the security company . Despite the incident , the tour was a success and System of a Down and Slipknot went on the Pledge of Allegiance Tour with Rammstein in 2001 . In late 2001 , unreleased tracks from the Toxicity sessions made their way onto the internet . This collection of tracks was dubbed Toxicity II by fans . The group released a statement that the tracks were unfinished material and subsequently released the final versions of the songs as their third album , Steal This Album ! , which was released in November 2002 . Steal This Album ! resembled a burnable CD that was marked with a felt - tip marker . 50,000 special copies of the album with different CD designs were also released , each designed by a different member of the band . The name of the album is a reference to Abbie Hoffman 's counter-culture book , Steal This Book as well as a message to those who leaked the songs onto the internet . The song `` Innervision '' was released as a promo single and received constant airplay on alternative radio . A video for `` Boom ! '' was filmed with director Michael Moore as a protest against the War in Iraq . Mezmerize , Hypnotize and separation ( 2004 -- 06 ) Serj Tankian has gained a reputation for his large vocal range along with his unusual delivery . Between 2004 and 2005 , the group recorded the follow - up to Steal This Album ! , a double album , which they released as separate installments six months apart from each other . The releases notably included album cover artwork by Malakian 's father , Vartan Malakian , and were designed to connect the two separate album covers . The first album , Mezmerize , was released on May 17 , 2005 to favorable reviews by critics . It debuted at No. 1 in the United States , Canada , Australia and all around the world , making it System of A Down 's second No. 1 album . First week sales rocketed to over 800,000 copies worldwide . The Grammy Award - winning single `` B.Y.O.B. '' , which questions the integrity of military recruiting in America , worked its way up the Billboard Modern Rock and Mainstream Rock charts . The next single , `` Question ! '' was released with Shavo Odadjian co-directing the music video . Following the release of Mezmerize , the band toured extensively throughout the United States and Canada with The Mars Volta and Bad Acid Trip supporting . The second part of the double album , Hypnotize , was released on November 22 , 2005 . Like Mezmerize , it debuted at No. 1 in the US , making System of a Down , along with The Beatles , Guns N ' Roses , and rappers 2Pac and DMX , the only artists to ever have two studio albums debut at No. 1 in the same year . In February 2006 , System of a Down won the Grammy for Best Hard Rock Performance for `` B.Y.O.B. '' , beating out other established artists such as Nine Inch Nails and Robert Plant . Their second single off the Hypnotize album , `` Lonely Day '' was released in March in the United States . System of a Down released `` Kill Rock ' N Roll '' and `` Vicinity of Obscenity '' as their next promo singles . The band headlined Ozzfest 2006 in cities where tour founder Ozzy Osbourne opted not to appear or was not playing on the main stage ( with the exception of the show at Randall 's Island , where Ozzy Osbourne headlined the second stage before System of a Down 's performance that night ) . Whereas on System of a Down 's previous albums most of the lyrics were written and sung by Tankian and the music was co-written by Tankian and Malakian ( and sometimes Odadjian ) , much of the music and lyrics on Mezmerize / Hypnotize were written by Malakian who also took on a much more dominant role as vocalist on both albums , often leaving Tankian providing keyboards and backing vocals . System of a Down 's song `` Lonely Day '' was nominated for Best Hard Rock Performance in the 49th Grammy Awards in 2007 , but lost to `` Woman '' by Wolfmother . May 2006 saw the UK publication of a biography of the band entitled System of a Down : Right Here in Hollywood by writer Ben Myers . It was published in the US in 2007 through The Disinformation Company . Also in 2006 , concert footage and interviews with the band concerning the importance of helping create awareness and recognition of the Armenian Genocide were featured in the film Screamers , directed by Carla Garapedian . An interview with Tankian 's grandfather , a survivor of the Genocide , was also included in the film as well as Tankian 's and Dolmayan 's meeting with ( then ) Speaker of the House Dennis Hastert during which the two musicians campaigned for the United States government 's official recognition of the Genocide . Footage of Tankian and Dolmayan marching with protesters outside the Turkish embassy in Washington D.C. was also used in Screamers . In May also , the band announced they were going on hiatus . Malakian confirmed the break would probably last a few years , which Odadjian specified as a minimum of three years in an interview with Guitar magazine . He told MTV , `` We 're not breaking up . If that was the case , we would n't be doing this Ozzfest . We 're going to take a very long break after Ozzfest and do our own things . We 've done System for over ten years , and I think it 's healthy to take some rest . '' System of a Down 's final performance before their separation took place on August 13 , 2006 in West Palm Beach , Florida . `` Tonight will be the last show we play for a long time together , '' Malakian told the crowd during Sunday 's last performance . `` We 'll be back . We just do n't know when . '' During the band 's hiatus , Malakian formed a band called Scars on Broadway , which was joined by Dolmayan . After one self - titled album the project became dormant and Dolmayan has since left the band . Dolmayan , alongside working with Scars on Broadway , formed his own band , Indicator , as well as opened Torpedo Comics , an online comic book store . Odadjian pursued his project with RZA of Wu - Tang Clan , a hip - hop group named AcHoZeN , worked on his urSESSION website / record label , and performed as a member of funk legend George Clinton 's backing band . Tankian opted for solo career and released his debut solo album Elect the Dead in the autumn of 2007 . He has continued releasing solo albums , recording them almost by himself , after System of a Down reunited . Reunion and touring ( 2010 -- 2015 ) On November 29 , 2010 , following several weeks of Internet rumors , System of a Down officially announced that they would be reuniting for a string of large European festival dates in June 2011 . Among the announced tour dates included UK 's Download Festival , Switzerland 's Greenfield Festival , Germany 's Rock am Ring / Rock im Park , Sweden 's Metaltown , Austria 's Nova Rock Festival and Finland 's Provinssirock . The reunion tour commenced on May 10 , 2011 in Edmonton , Alberta . System 's first tour through Mexico and South America began on September 28 , 2011 in Mexico City , ending in Santiago ( Chile ) on October 7 , 2011 . From late February to early March 2012 , they headlined five dates at Soundwave festival . This was the band 's first visit to Australia since 2005 . The band have continued playing around the world . On August 11 and 12 , 2012 , they played the Heavy MTL and Heavy T.O. music festivals in Montreal and Toronto , respectively . In August 2013 System of a Down played at the UK 's Reading and Leeds Festivals , among other festivals and venues that year . System of a Down played their only 2013 US performance at the Hollywood Bowl on July 29 ; tickets sold out hours after going on sale on March 22 . On November 23 , 2014 , System of a Down announced the Wake Up The Souls Tour to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the Armenian Genocide . The tour included a free concert in Republic Square in Yerevan , Armenia on April 23 , 2015 , their first show in the country . Planned sixth studio album ( 2016 -- present ) In a November 2016 interview with Kerrang ! , drummer John Dolmayan revealed that System of a Down has been working on more than a dozen songs for their follow - up to the Mezmerize and Hypnotize albums . He stated , `` We 've been working on a new album for the last six months and there 's about 15 songs that I think are album - worthy . '' Although Dolmayan stated that the band does not know when the album will be released , he added that , `` I want everyone on board and feeling good about it . That 's what we 're trying to accomplish right now . There 's a tremendous amount of pressure on us , though , because it 's been 11 years -- at least 12 by the time it comes out . '' In a video question - and - answer session with fans on July 2 , 2017 , Shavo Odadjian was asked about the status of the next album , he responded , `` I 'm waiting for a new album too . It 's not happening . I do n't know . I do n't know when it 's gon na be . Not right now . '' Musical style , lyricism , and influences Lyricism System of a Down 's lyrics are often oblique or dadaist , and have discussed topics such as drug abuse , politics and sexual intercourse . `` Prison Song '' criticizes the War on Drugs whereas Rolling Stone describes `` Roulette '' as a `` scared , wounded love letter '' . `` Boom ! '' , among the band 's most straightforward and unambiguous songs , lambasts globalization and spendings on bombs and armament . Commenting on the track `` I-E-A-I-A-I-O '' , drummer John Dolmayan said it was inspired by an encounter he had with Knight Rider 's actor David Hasselhoff in a liquor store in Los Angeles when he was around 12 . On Mezmerize , `` Cigaro '' makes explicit references to phallic imagery and bureaucracy , while `` Violent Pornography '' harshly views television and degradation of women . System of a Down 's discontent towards the controversial Iraq War arises in `` B.Y.O.B. '' , which includes a double entendre reference to both beer and bombs , containing the forthright lyric `` Why do n't presidents fight the war ? Why do they always send the poor ? '' `` Old School Hollywood '' describes a celebrity baseball game . On their album `` Hypnotize '' , `` Tentative '' describes war , `` Hypnotize '' refers to the Tiananmen Square events and `` Lonely Day '' describes angst . The album title Steal This Album ! is a play on the book Steal This Book by left - wing political activist Abbie Hoffman . System of a Down 's firm commitment for the recognition of the Armenian Genocide emerges in two songs : `` P.L.U.C.K. '' and `` Holy Mountains '' , which rank among the band 's most political songs . Music Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic stated `` Like many late - ' 90s metal bands System of a Down struck a balance between ' 80s underground thrash metal and metallic early - ' 90s alternative rockers like Jane 's Addiction '' . System of a Down 's music has variously been termed alternative metal , nu metal , hard rock , progressive metal , thrash metal , art rock and avant - garde metal . Malakian has stated that `` We do n't belong to any one scene '' and that `` I do n't like the nu - metal drop - A 7 - string guitar sound ; it is not my thing , at least not yet . '' In interview with Mike Lancaster , he also said , `` People always seem to feel the need to put us into a category , but we just do n't fit into any category . '' According to Tankian , `` As far as arrangement and everything , ( our music ) is pretty much pop . To me , System of a Down is n't a progressive band . ( ... ) But it 's not a typical pop project , obviously . We definitely pay attention to the music to make sure that it 's not something someone 's heard before . '' The band has used a wide range of instruments , such as electric mandolins , baritone electric guitars , acoustic guitars , ouds , sitars and twelve string guitars . According to Malakian , he would often write songs in E ♭ tuning , which would later be changed to drop C tuning in order to be performed by the band . Malakian states that `` For me , the drop - C tuning is right down the center . It has enough of the clarity and the crisp sound -- most of our riffy stuff is done on the top two strings , anyway -- but it 's also thicker and ballsier . '' Influences and comparison to other artists The band 's influences include Middle Eastern music , Ozzy Osbourne , Dead Kennedys , Frank Zappa , Slayer , Kiss , Mr. Bungle and Van Halen . One reviewer claimed that their music encompasses different sounds , from sounding like `` Fugazi playing Rush '' to sometimes `` tread ( ing ) close to Frank Zappa territory . '' Malakian has stated that `` I 'm a fan of music . I 'm not necessarily a fan of any one band . '' Dolmayan stated `` I do n't think we sound like anybody else . I consider us System of a Down . '' Odadjian stated `` You can compare us to whoever you want . I do n't care . Comparisons and labels have no effect on this band . Fact is fact : We are who we are and they are who they are . '' Awards and nominations Main article : List of awards and nominations received by System of a Down System of a Down has been nominated for four Grammy Awards , of which has won one in 2006 for Best Hard Rock Performance for the song `` B.Y.O.B. '' The band has also been nominated for several Kerrang ! and MTV awards . Members Current members Serj Tankian -- lead vocals , keyboards , rhythm guitar ( 1994 -- present ) Daron Malakian -- lead guitar , vocals ( 1994 -- present ) Shavo Odadjian -- bass , backing vocals ( 1994 -- present ) John Dolmayan -- drums ( 1997 -- present ) Former members Andy Khachaturian -- drums ( 1994 -- 1997 ) Occasional contributors Arto Tunçboyacıyan -- percussion , composition ( on Toxicity : `` Science '' and `` ATWA '' . Steal This Album ! : `` Bubbles '' and some live concerts in 2005 ) Timeline Discography Main article : System of a Down discography Studio albums System of a Down ( 1998 ) Toxicity ( 2001 ) Steal This Album ! ( 2002 ) Mezmerize ( 2005 ) Hypnotize ( 2005 ) References Jump up ^ McKenna , Dave ( May 13 , 2005 ) . `` System of a Down : Some Very Heavy Metal '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Meyers , Ben . System Of A Down : Right Here In Hollywood ( 2007 ) , p. 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` OnTroniK : System of a Down Information '' . Retrieved July 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Interview With David ' Beno ' Benveniste '' . lamusicblog.com . March 13 , 2011 . Retrieved August 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rock City Awards 1997 '' . rockcitynews.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` SYSTEM ADDICTS START RIOT '' . September 4 , 2001 . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ RIAA album certifications : System of a Down - Toxicity Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( March 10 , 2003 ) . `` System Of A Down Bassist Sues Security Team For Humiliating Him In Front Of Fans '' . MTV . Retrieved July 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mike Lancaster ( March 28 , 2003 ) . `` The Daron Malakian Interview '' . Glendale High School Newspaper - the Explosion . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved July 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Harris , Chris ( November 30 , 2005 ) . `` System of a Down Make It a Double with Chart - Topping Hypnotize '' . MTV News . Retrieved February 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Harris , Chris ( May 3 , 2006 ) . `` System of a Down Are n't Breaking Up -- They 're Going on Hiatus '' . MTV News . Retrieved February 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` West Palm Beach , FL -- August 13 , 2006 Review '' . soadfans.com . July 13 , 2006 . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2007 . Retrieved July 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Karan , Tim ( November 29 , 2010 ) . `` System Of A Down to reunite , headline Download Festival '' . Alternative Press . Retrieved November 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ChartAttack Staff ( March 1 , 2011 ) . `` System Of A Down Announce North American Dates With Gogol Bordello '' . ChartAttack . Retrieved March 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ System of a Down Tours Jump up ^ `` Soundwave Festival 2012 '' . Soundwavefestival.com . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2010 . Retrieved October 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Heavy TO and Heavy MTL Return with System of a Down , Slipknot , Marilyn Manson , Cancer Bats , High on Fire Jump up ^ System Of A Down , Fall Out Boy , Foals and more confirmed for 2013 ! Archived June 9 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Young , Alex ( November 25 , 2014 ) . `` System of a Down reunite for `` Wake Up the Souls '' tour `` . Consequenceofsound.net . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` System Of A Down Drummer And Singer Offer Different Versions Of Where Band Stands With Respect To New Music '' . Blabbermouth.net . November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New SYSTEM OF A DOWN Album ' Is Not Happening ' Right Now , Says SHAVO ODADJIAN '' . Blabbermouth.net . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rivadavia , Eduardo ( September 4 , 2001 ) . `` Toxicity - System of a Down '' . AllMusic . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Begrand , Adrien . `` System of a Down : Mezmerize '' . PopMatters.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Loftus , Johnny ( May 17 , 2005 ) . `` Mezmerize - System of a Down '' . AllMusic . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sinclair , Tom ( January 17 , 2015 ) . `` System of a Down '' . EW.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rolling Stone : System of a Down : Steal This Album : Music Reviews '' . Web.archive.org . November 19 , 2002 . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2009 . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` NME Reviews - System Of A Down : Steal this Album '' . Nme.com . September 12 , 2005 . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hartmann , Graham ( July 14 , 2014 ) . `` System of a Down 's John Dolmayan Reveals Lyrical Inspiration for ' I-E-A-I-A-I-O ' '' . Loudwire . Townsquare Media . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sinclair , Tom . `` Mezmerize '' . EW.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` System of a Down : Mezmerize / Hypnotize Album Reviews '' . Pitchfork.com . November 21 , 2005 . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rolling Stone : System of a Down : Mezmerize : Music Reviews '' . Web.archive.org . June 2 , 2005 . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2009 . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Picks and Pans Review : System of a Down '' . People.com . June 27 , 2005 . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Begrand , Adrien . `` System of a Down : Hypnotize '' . PopMatters.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` USATODAY.com - System of a Down zooms way up with ' Hypnotize ' '' . Usatoday30.usatoday.com . November 21 , 2005 . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` System of a Down : Hypnotize : Music Reviews : Rolling Stone '' . Web.archive.org . November 17 , 2005 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2010 . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` System Of A Down - Hypnotize - Review '' . Stylusmagazine.com . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2015 . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` System 's Stolen Tracks Compiled On Steal This Album '' . MTV.com . October 16 , 2002 . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Milner , Greg ( June 20 , 2003 ) . `` System of a Down , ' Steal This Album ! ' Review '' . Spin.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Biography of System of a Down '' . Allmusic . Retrieved July 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Web Dept ( April 8 , 2011 ) . `` Choose System of a Down 's Set List This Summer '' . Revolver . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lipshutz , Jason ( April 8 , 2011 ) . `` System Of A Down , Deftones Team For Summer Tour '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Grierson , Tim . `` Top 10 Rock Albums of the ' 00s '' . About.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sciaretto , Amy ( July 28 , 2003 ) . `` Loud Rock '' . CMJ New Music Report ( 824 ) : 23 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ Udo , Tommy ( 2002 ) . Brave Nu World . Sanctuary Publishing . pp. 183 -- 185 , 242 . ISBN 1 - 86074 - 415 - X . Jump up ^ Weisbard , Eric , ed. ( 2004 ) . This is Pop : in Search of the Elusive at Experience Music Project . Harvard University Press . p. 220 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 01344 - 1 . Jump up ^ Unterberger , Andrew ( September 10 , 2004 ) . `` Top Ten Nu - Metal Bands '' . Stylus Magazine . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Grebey , James ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` Watch System of a Down 's Full First - Ever Concert in Armenia '' . Spin . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bella , Sarah ( August 1 , 2013 ) . `` Serj Tankian Nixes Talk of New System of a Down Album '' . Music Feeds . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hogan , Marc ( July 31 , 2013 ) . `` System of a Down Hint at New Album After Denying Internal Drama '' . Spin . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` System Of A Down To Headline Ozzfest '' . Billboard . January 29 , 2002 . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lullaby Versions Of SYSTEM OF A DOWN Due This Week '' . Blabbermouth.net . October 21 , 2013 . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Serpick , Evan ( December 15 , 2005 ) . `` System of a Down -- Prog - metal Radicals '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2007 . Retrieved August 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cridlin , Jay ( June 24 , 2010 ) . `` System of a Down 's Serj Tankian coming to the Mahaffey Theater in St. Petersburg '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Harris , Chris ( May 25 , 2005 ) . `` System Of A Down Top Billboard With Mezmerize '' . MTV News . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` System of a Down set for NZ show '' . The New Zealand Herald . October 25 , 2011 . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` System of a Down '' . Guitar Techniques . December 2015 . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Boughen , Brendan ( August 31 , 2003 ) . `` Serart '' . The Phantom Tollbooth . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archive Biography '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Christgau , Robert . `` Reviews of System of a Down '' . Retrieved April 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Harris , Chris ( May 10 , 2005 ) . `` System Of A Down Mezmerize NYC With Crushing 90 - Minute Gig '' . MTV . Viacom International . Retrieved May 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Morse , Steve ( August 26 , 2005 ) . `` Pounding out a blistering attack : System of a Down lashes out at Hollywood , war , and hypocrisy '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , Megan ( 2004 ) . `` Daron 's Guitar Tunings '' . Wired : musicians ' home studios : tools & techniques of the musical mavericks . Hal Leonard Corporation . p. 79 . ISBN 0 - 87930 - 794 - 3 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : DeRogatis , Jim ( September 14 , 2001 ) . `` They 're an Armenian band '' . The Chicago Tribune . Retrieved April 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` System of a Down biography '' . 8notes.com . Retrieved June 26 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Nalbandian , Bob . `` Interview with System of a Down '' . Shockwaves Online . Retrieved July 21 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Candellari , Gianni . `` System of a Down : Rabbia armena '' . Ondarock ( in Italian ) . Jump up ^ Prato , Greg ( July 7 , 2005 ) . Zappas Making Zappa Film . Rolling Stone ... Retrieved on November 13 , 2008 Jump up ^ Chad Childers ( May 11 , 2012 ) . `` Serj Tankian Says System of a Down Bandmate Daron Malakian First Turned Him on to Metal '' . Loudwire . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sinclair , Tom ( September 3 , 2001 ) . `` Review of Toxicity '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Many musical influences in System of a Down '' . Long Beach Press - Telegram . August 3 , 2005 . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official System of a Down MySpace '' . myspace.com/soad . Retrieved July 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Toxicity ( booklet ) . System of a Down . Los Angeles : American Recordings. 2001 . 86059 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to System of a Down . Official website ( hide ) System of a Down Daron Malakian Serj Tankian Shavo Odadjian John Dolmayan Ontronik `` Andy '' Khachaturian Studio albums System of a Down Toxicity Steal This Album ! Mezmerize Hypnotize Singles `` Sugar '' `` Chop Suey ! '' `` Toxicity '' `` Aerials '' `` B.Y.O.B. '' `` Question ! '' `` Hypnotize '' `` Lonely Day '' `` Vicinity of Obscenity '' Promo Singles `` Spiders '' `` Prison Song / X '' `` Johnny '' `` Innervision '' `` Boom ! '' `` Cigaro '' `` Violent Pornography '' `` Kill Rock ' n Roll '' Tours Reunion Tour Wake Up The Souls Tour Related Articles Discography Awards and nominations Axis of Justice Rick Rubin `` Charades '' Cool Gardens Glaring Through Oblivion Screamers Serart Artists Scars on Broadway Achozen Buckethead & Friends The F.C.C. Mt . Helium VoKee Fair to Midland Labels American Recordings Columbia Records Velvet Hammer Music and Management Group Serjical Strike Records Categories System of a Down Members Albums Songs Book : System of a Down Category : System of a Down Portal : Heavy metal VIAF : 123362620 LCCN : no2001035640 ISNI : 0000 0001 2105 5332 GND : 10329276 - 7 SUDOC : 087933225 BNF : cb14027110d ( data ) MusicBrainz : cc0b7089 - c08d - 4c10 - b6b0 - 873582c17fd6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=System_of_a_Down&oldid=800739501 '' Categories : System of a Down Musical groups disestablished in 2006 Musical groups reestablished in 2010 1994 establishments in California American alternative metal musical groups American progressive metal musical groups Armenian rock music groups Art rock musical groups Columbia Records artists Grammy Award winners Hard rock musical groups from California Heavy metal musical groups from California Kerrang ! Awards winners Musical groups established in 1994 Musical groups from Los Angeles Musical quartets Musicians from Glendale , California Nu metal musical groups from California Thrash metal musical groups from California Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2014 CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles to be expanded from November 2016 All articles to be expanded Featured articles needing translation from Swedish Wikipedia Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Use mdy dates from April 2016 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Qırımtatarca Română Русский Scots Seeltersk Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Walon Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 11 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did system of a down come from | [
"System of a Down, sometimes shortened to System and abbreviated as SOAD, is an Armenian-American heavy metal band from Glendale, California, formed in 1994. The band currently consists of Serj Tankian (lead vocals, keyboards), Daron Malakian (vocals, guitar), Shavo Odadjian (bass, backing vocals) and John Dolmayan (drums).[1]"
] | [
"Glendale, California"
] |
6884759473765098221 | Quintanilla | Quintanilla - wikipedia Quintanilla Jump to : navigation , search Quintanilla is a Spanish surname . Notable people with the name include : Abraham Quintanilla , Jr. ( born 1939 ) , American singer - songwriter and record producer , father of Selena Quintanilla - Pérez Abraham Quintanilla III ( born 1963 ) , American singer - songwriter and record producer , brother of Selena Quintanilla - Pérez Antonio de Quintanilla ( 1787 -- 1863 ) , Spanish brigadier and Governor of Chiloé Armando Quintanilla ( born 1968 ) , Mexican long - distance runner Beto Quintanilla ( 1948 -- 2007 ) , Mexican singer , songwriter and musician Carl Quintanilla ( born 1970 ) is an American journalist and CNBC anchor Carlos Quintanilla ( 1888 -- 1964 ) , President of Bolivia Diego Quintanilla ( born 1991 ) , Ecuadorian footballer Eleuterio Quintanilla ( 1886 -- 1966 ) , Spanish anarchist and educator Eliseo Quintanilla ( born 1983 ) , Salvadoran footballer Enmanuel Quintanilla ( born 1989 ) , Salvadoran footballer Enrique Perea Quintanilla ( 1956 -- 2006 ) , Mexican journalist , crime reporter , and magazine founder Francisco Javier Quintanilla ( born 1833 ) , Chilean priest Hector Quintanilla ( 1923 -- 1998 ) , United States Air Force Lieutenant Colonel Isabel Quintanilla ( born 1938 ) , Spanish visual artist José Quintanilla ( 1947 -- 1977 ) , Salvadoran footballer José Alberto Quintanilla ( born 1997 ) , Bolivian swimmer Mauricio Quintanilla ( disambiguation ) , multiple people , including : Mauricio Quintanilla ( footballer , born 1952 ) ( born 1952 ) , Salvadoran football forward Mauricio Quintanilla ( footballer , born 1981 ) ( born 1981 ) , Salvadoran football defender Omar Quintanilla ( born 1981 ) , American baseball player Rolando Quintanilla ( born 1977 ) , Mexican racing driver Selena Quintanilla - Pérez ( 1971 -- 1995 ) , American singer , songwriter , spokesperson , actress , and fashion designer José Antonio Quintanilla Pardo ( 1902 - 1941 ) , Spanish Republican commandant , killed in the franquist concentration camp of Valdenoceda . Find and identified in a mass grave in 2010 This page lists people with the surname Quintanilla . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page , you may wish to change that link by adding the person 's given name ( s ) to the link . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quintanilla&oldid=780179345 '' Categories : Surnames Spanish - language surnames Hidden categories : All set index articles Talk About Wikipedia Català Cebuano Deutsch Español Italiano Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 13 May 2017 , at 14 : 16 . About Wikipedia | where does the last name quintanilla come from | [] | [] |
8123250936719868321 | List of Hungarian dishes | List of Hungarian dishes - wikipedia List of Hungarian dishes Jump to : navigation , search This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . This is a list of dishes found in Hungarian cuisine . Contents ( hide ) 1 Soups and stews 2 Meat dishes 3 Dumplings and others 4 Breads and pancakes 5 Sweets and cakes 6 See also 7 References Soups and stews ( edit ) Name Image Region Description Borleves wine soup Goulash Goulash in Kettle Gulyásleves Goulash soup Főzelék thick vegetable stew Halászlé Fisherman 's Soup traditional red fish soup spiced with hot paprika meggyleves Sour cherry soup sour - cherry soup Húsleves Chicken soup clear chicken or veal meat soup with soup vegetables and thin soup pasta called csipetke Jókai bableves a bean soup named after the author Mór Jókai Lecsó mixed vegetable stew , the Hungarian ' Ratatouille ' , it is similar to the Romanian ghiveci or the Bulgarian gjuvec Palócleves Northeastern Hungary A soup similar to gulyásleves , but containing green beans and sour cream , and frequently flavoured with dill . Invented by János Gundel ( father of famed chef Károly Gundel ) and named for Kálmán Mikszáth and his writings about the Palóc people of Northern Hungary / Southern Slovakia . Pörkölt meat stew in a thick paprika - spiced sauce , similar to ragout ; generally translated into English as goulash ( not to be confused with goulash soup ) Köménymagleves caraway seed soup Székelygulyás Transylvania Goulash stew , made with sauerkraut and several kinds of meat Chicken Paprikash called Csirkepaprikás , a stew with a lot of sweet paprika , cream or sour cream called tejföl Paprikás krumpli paprika - based stew with spicy sausage and potatoes Vadgombaleves wild mushroom soup Gombapaprikás Called `` Mushroom Paprikash '' in English , this is an easy to fix , traditional vegetarian dish of the Hungarians . Meat dishes ( edit ) Name Other names Image Region Description Töltött káposzta Cabbage roll stuffed cabbage . Töltött paprika Punjena paprika Stuffed peppers - ground meat , rice and spices are used for the filling Töltött tojás Deviled egg Deviled eggs , cold in mayonnaise or warm , baked in the oven with sour cream Szűztekercsek Roulade Pork tenderloin filled with spicy tomato puree , spinach etc . Pecsenye Fatanyéros , Hungarian Mixed Grill thin pork steak served with cabbage or the dish fatányéros , a Hungarian mixed grill on wooden platter Bécsi szelet Wiener schnitzel , but made of pork , Borjú bécsi ( using veal ) , rántotthús Austria Bécsi szelet is literally `` Viennese slice '' in English Stefánia szelet Meatloaf or Stefania slices ( Hungarian meatloaf with hard boiled eggs in the middle . Makes decorative white and yellow rings in the middle otf the slices Túrós csusza small dumplings called galuska baked with quark cheese called túró - served savoury with bacon or sweet Rakott krumpli layered potato casserole with sausage , eggs and bacon , see recipe on Wikibooks Cookbook Rakott káposzta layered cabbage Rántott sajt flat cheese croquette , cheese rolled in breadcrumbs and , deep fried Pacalpörkölt pörkölt made of tripe Dumplings and others ( edit ) Name Image Region Description Túrógombóc Hungarian sweet quark cheese dumpling Májgaluska small liver dumplings used in different soups , for example liverball soup Galuska or Nokedli Spätzle Hungarian boiled dumplings used in soups and stews Szilvásgombóc Plum Dumplings Gombotzen or Szilvásgombóc and nudli ( sweet plum dumplings and small noodles , rolled in sweet fried brescrums or streusel Tarhonya Egg barley a kind of large Hungarian `` couscous '' , big pasta grain , served as a side dish Rizi - bizi Risotto Hungarian risotto , white rice mixed with green peas , served as a side dish Padlizsánkrém Vinetta Transylvanian mashed eggplant salad made of grilled , peeled and finely chopped eggplants Körözött Liptai túró Liptauer , a spicy spread made from fresh white cheese mixed with sweet paprika and onions Libamájpástétom Goose liver pâté Breads and pancakes ( edit ) Name Image Region Description Lángos fried bread dough , often served with sour cream , garlic and cheese Pogácsa a type of bun , round puffed pastry , available with bacon or cheese , traditionally cooked on the fire Zsemle Bread rolls round small breads , eaten cut in half , with butter , cold cuts or jam , often for breakfast Kifli crescent - shaped pastry Perec Pretzel Pretzel , salty crispy pasty Bundás kenyér literally , `` coated bread '' or `` bread with a fur '' , a savoury version of French toast Kenyér Hungarian bread - kenyér - tends to be big , round and with a hard thick crust Vekni Baguette The other freshly baked bread type . Long loaves with crispy crust , thicker or thiner , like the baguette Rakott palacsinta or Csúsztatott palacsinta layered crepes with sweet cottage cheese , raisins , jam and walnuts , similar to Mille crêpe Palacsinta filled crepe , usually filled with jam . Other fillings are sweet quark cheese with raisins or meat Gundel palacsinta Budapest Gundel crepes , filled with walnuts and served in chocolate sauce , often flambéed Császármorzsa Kaiserschmarrn sweet crepe crumbs Hortobágyi palacsinta crepes filled with veal stew Sweets and cakes ( edit ) Name Image Region Description Arany galuska baked dough balls with butter , raisins and nuts , often served with vanilla custard Babapiskóta Lady Fingers thin , light , sweet delicate , crispy lady fingers Bejgli ( cake roll eaten at Christmas and Easter . Birsalma sajt Quince cheese ( Quince cheese , or quince jelly made of quince fruits Csöröge crispy , light Hungarian Angel Wing fry cookies a twisted thin fried cookie made of yeast dough , dusted with powdered sugar Dobos torta Dobosh torte Dobos cake sponge cake layered with chocolate paste and glazed with caramel and nuts Eszterházy torta layered almond and cream cake Fánk Berliner , Bismarck Doughnuts round , sweet , fired taste , topped with lekvár Flódni Jewish - Hungarian cake with 4 different fillings , poppyseed , walnut , apple and plum jam Gesztenyepüré cooked and mashed sweet chestnuts with sugar and rum , topped with whipped cream . Halva , Transsylvanian sweet sweet confection , made with sunflower seeds , of Turkish origin Krémes A puff pastry top , custard cream and whipped cream filling , and is finished with powdered sugar Kuglóf Kugelhupf Kuglóf cake , a traditional Austro - Hungarian coffee party cake Kürtőskalács Stove cake or Chimney cake , cooked over an open fire -- a Transylvanian specialty , famous as Hungary 's oldest pastry Lekvár Thick Hungarian jam Lekváros Bukta or Bukta a baked dessert filled with jam , túró or ground walnuts Lekváros tekercs Swiss roll Rolled up soft sponge cake filled with jam Linzer torta a tart with criscross design of pastry strips on top Madártej Floating island , a dessert made of milk custard with eggwhite dumplings floating on top Mákos Guba Kifli and finely ground poppy seeds boiled in milk and sugar . Mézes krémes Hungarian Honey Cake Rétes Strudel strudel Rigó Jancsi Cube - shaped sponge cake with dark chocolate glaze Somlói Galuska Budapest / Fót sponge cake with raisins , walnuts , served with rum , chocolate sauce and whipped cream Szaloncukor flavoured candies which hang on the Christmas tree , eaten at Christmas Törökméz Nougat a sweet sticky white nougat paste cooked with sugar , eggwhites , honey , bits of walnuts , spread between two wafer sheets . Túró Rudi sweet quark cheese - called túró - filled chocolate bar Vaníliás kifli vanilla croissant , small , crescent shaped biscuits See also ( edit ) Hungary portal Food portal List of restaurants in Hungary Hungarian cuisine References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gundel , Karoly ( 1992 ) . Gundel 's Hungarian cookbook . Budapest : Corvina . ISBN 963 - 13 - 3600 - X . OCLC 32227400 . page 100 Jump up ^ Gundel , Karoly ( 1992 ) . Gundel 's Hungarian cookbook . Budapest : Corvina . ISBN 963 - 13 - 3600 - X . OCLC 32227400 . page 83 Jump up ^ June Meyers Authentic Hungarian Heirloom Recipes Cookbook Jump up ^ Quince - cheese Jump up ^ June Meyers Authentic Hungarian Heirloom Recipes Cookbook Jump up ^ Szántó András . `` Gasztronómia : Sütemények , amelyekről rosszul tudjuk , hogy hungarikumok - HVG.hu '' ( in Hungarian ) . hvg.hu . Retrieved 5 March 2012 . 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-496203486537385524 | List of fatal snake bites in the United States | List of fatal snake bites in the United States - wikipedia List of fatal snake bites in the United States Jump to : navigation , search This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . This is a list of people who received a fatal snake bite in the United States by decade in reverse chronological order . The eastern diamondback rattlesnake ( Crotalus adamanteus ) kills the most people in the US , with the western diamondback rattlesnake ( Crotalus atrox ) ranking second . However , some authorities believe the western diamondback is responsible for the most deaths . Contents ( hide ) 1 Snake species 2 2010s 3 2000s 4 1990s 5 1980s 6 1970s 7 1950s 8 1940s 9 1920s 10 1910s 11 1900s 12 Before 1900 13 See also 14 External links Snake species ( edit ) The United States has about 20 species of venomous snakes , which include 16 species of rattlesnakes , two species of coral snakes , one species of cottonmouth ( or water moccasin ) , and one species of copperhead . At least one type of venomous snake is found in every state except Alaska and Hawaii . It has been estimated that 7,000 -- 8,000 people per year receive venomous bites in the United States , and about five of those people die . Most fatal bites are attributed to the eastern and western diamondback rattlesnake . Copperheads account for more cases of venomous snake bite than any other North American species ; however , their venom is the least toxic , so their bite is seldom fatal . Venomous snakes are distributed unevenly throughout the United States -- the vast majority of snake bites occur in warm weather states . States like Florida and Texas have a wide variety and large population of venomous snakes . Bites from venomous snakes are extremely rare in the states near the Canada -- US border . Maine , for example , has only one species ( timber rattlesnake ) ; they are rarely seen , and then only in the southern part of the state , but the species is likely extinct in Maine , with the last sighting in 1901 . 2010s ( edit ) Name , age , gender Date Species Location , comments Daniel Hohs , 31 , male October 7 , 2017 Rattlesnake Hohs was bitten on the ankle while hiking near Golden , Colorado . Wayne Grooms , 71 , male June 12 , 2016 Rattlesnake ( likely timber rattlesnake ) Grooms was in the Santee National Wildlife Refuge in South Carolina when a rattlesnake bit his lower left leg . He collapsed and died within 15 minutes . He may have had an undisclosed condition which contributed to the severity of his reaction to the bite . Timber rattlesnakes are the most common in this refuge , but eastern diamondback rattlesnakes are adaptable , could potentially be found on this refuge , and are more likely to cause serious bites than timbers , due to their disposition and venomous potential . Paula Halfacre , 39 , female September 20 , 2015 Green mojave rattlesnake Halfacre was with several friends near her camp in the Azusa Canyon Mountains , Azusa , California . She returned to her campsite alone to retrieve a tool when she was bitten by a rattlesnake . She attempted to hike back down to her friends , but collapsed on the path . She managed to get close enough that someone heard her faint call for help . A friend of Halfacre 's picked her up and carried her down to where her other friends could help her . Unable to speak , Halfacre was not able to let anyone know she had been bitten . An ambulance was called and as paramedics were loading her into the ambulance , she was finally able to get out the words `` snake bite '' . Halfacre was taken to nearby Foothill Presbyterian Hospital in Glendora , California , where she died a short time later . David Brock , 60 , male July 28 , 2015 Unknown ( almost certainly timber rattlesnake ) Brock was bitten during a religious service at a Pentecostal Church in Jenson , Kentucky . He refused treatment and died in his brother 's home . Russell E. Davis , 39 , male July 19 , 2015 Timber rattlesnake Davis was sitting by a fire at his family 's camp in Elk County , Pennsylvania when he was bitten by a rattlesnake . He was taken to a hospital and from there airlifted to a Pittsburgh - area hospital . While in the helicopter , Davis suffered a cardiac arrest and was subsequently pronounced dead upon arrival to the hospital . The cause of death was an anaphylactic reaction from the snake 's venom . No autopsy was performed and the death was ruled accidental . Grant Thompson , 18 , male July 14 , 2015 Monocled cobra Thompson was found unresponsive in his car in a Lowe 's store parking lot in North Austin , Texas . He was taken to a hospital where he was pronounced dead . A monocled cobra that he was known to own was missing and was later found dead nearby , having been run over by a car An autopsy was performed and Thompson 's death was ruled a suicide . Gilbert De Leon , 37 , male May 23 , 2015 Cottonmouth De Leon was bitten on each leg while wading in the James River near Nixa , Missouri . After the bite , he did not seek medical attention and died the next day . David Giles , 59 , male May 20 , 2015 Unknown , but likely rattlesnake Giles , of Watkinsville , Georgia , was bitten while he was alone in Arnoldsville , Georgia . He normally carried a snakebite kit , but did not have it with him this time . He drove to a nearby house to seek help , and collapsed . A timber rattlesnake would have been the normal suspect , but since he was weakened by Lyme disease it could have been a pygmy , cottonmouth , or copperhead . Timothy Levins , 52 , male July 8 , 2014 Copperhead While camping at Sam A. Baker State Park in Missouri , Levins walked outside , saw a snake , and brought it to his son 's attention . When he picked it up , the snake bit him . Levins walked back into the cabin , washed his hand at the kitchen sink and sat down on the couch . When he became sick , someone from a neighboring cabin came over to help and performed CPR . Levins was later pronounced dead at an area hospital . Brayden Bullard , 4 , male June 20 , 2014 Timber rattlesnake Bitten while planting watermelons in his backyard in Bryceville , Florida . He was rushed to the hospital , but died 2 weeks later Jamie Coots , 42 , male Feb 15 , 2014 Rattlesnake Coots was bitten on the right hand during a service at his Full Gospel Tabernacle in Jesus Name church in Middlesboro , Kentucky . After the bite , Coots dropped the snakes , but then picked them back up and continued the ceremony . Later , he was driven to his home . When paramedics arrived , his relatives refused medical treatment for him , saying it was inconsistent with his religion . He died at home . Daniel Frank Mitchell , 53 , male Sept. 20 , 2013 Rattlesnake ( probably eastern diamondback , but possibly timber ) Salem , Alabama Ernest Burch , 80 , male July 2 , 2013 Timber rattlesnake Burch found the snake in his garage in Armuchee , Georgia . Not wanting to kill it , he tried moving it out with a broom but lost his balance , fell on top of the snake , and was bitten on his left arm . He was rushed to the hospital and received eight vials of antivenom , but died 30 hours later . Believed to be Jack Redmond , male , 70 October 2 , 2012 Unknown He was likely killed by one of the 24 venomous snakes he kept in his home in Chesterfield , Virginia . Terry Brown , 50 , male July 2012 Copperhead Brown died of a heart attack one day after he was bitten by a copperhead snake while camping on the Current River , Missouri . The coroner 's office listed the cause of death as a heart attack , with the snake bite as a contributing factor . Witnesses told investigators that Brown had seen a snake in one of the tents and was trying to remove it when the snake bit him on the right thumb . Mark Randall Wolford , 44 , male May 28 , 2012 Timber rattlesnake Wolford was bitten on the thigh while handling a timber rattlesnake as part of an outdoor religious service at Panther State Forest in McDowell County , West Virginia . Wolford did not initially seek medical treatment for his injury , but was taken to Bluefield Regional Medical Center when his condition began to deteriorate some eight hours later . Wolford was a pastor and often handled his pet snake during church services . Wolford 's father , Mack Wolford , died in 1983 under similar circumstances . Aleta Stacy , 56 , female June 2011 presumably Black Mamba Found dead in her home in Putnam Co. , NY . She illegally kept numerous venomous snakes in her home , one of which was a Black Mamba . Some suspect that her death was a suicide . Mark Shaw , 47 , male April 5 , 2011 Rattlesnake ( probably western diamondback , but possibly timber ) Shaw was bitten by a rattlesnake he was trying to kill in Bastrop County , Texas . Wade Westbrook , 26 , male January 29 , 2011 Copperhead Westbrook was bitten just above the right elbow while handling a copperhead ; he had been attempting to determine the snake 's sex . According to witnesses , he `` tried to extract the venom with a tool after he was bitten , then he began coughing and vomiting before he collapsed . '' Westbrook was pronounced dead on arrival at Erlanger Hospital in Chattanooga , Tennessee . The cause of death was determined to be `` anaphylactic shock as a result of the snake bite . '' Westbrook had been bitten previously by a Copperhead , which may have made him hypersensitive to snake venom . William Price , 67 , male October 13 , 2010 Rattlesnake , probably a Southern Pacific rattlesnake Price was bitten above the right ankle while wading across a stream near Cuyamaca Reservoir in Cuyamaca , California . He had been taking part in a study of steelhead trout that was funded by a state Department of Fish and Game grant . According to witnesses , Price `` stopped breathing within minutes '' of being bitten . The bite marks on his foot were reportedly an inch and a half across . Price was airlifted to Palomar Medical Center , but later died . Peyton Hood , 1 , female Aug. 11 , 2010 Western diamondback rattlesnake Accidentally stepped on baby Western Diamondback while climbing down ladder at Possum Kingdom Lake , Texas . The snake struck her main artery . She was rushed to the hospital , but died within a few hours . George Yancy , 35 , male May 9 , 2010 Rattlesnake ( probably western diamondback , but possibly timber ) Yancy was bitten while pulling up his pants in Smithville , Texas . 2000s ( edit ) Name , age , gender Date Species Location , comments Richard Rupert , 68 , male October 10 , 2009 Timber rattlesnake Rupert was hunting with his grandson in Oglethorpe County , Georgia . Pfc . Norman M. Murburg , 29 , male June 9 , 2008 Cottonmouth The Army claimed that Murburg was bitten during special forces selection at Fort Bragg , North Carolina . Jackie Ledwell , 63 , female October , 2007 Mojave rattlesnake Ledwell was bitten while taking a walk in Paulden , Arizona . Inocenio Hernandez - Hernandez , 29 , male June 10 , 2006 Eastern coral snake Hernandez - Hernandez became the first person to die in the United States from a fatal coral snake bite since 1967 . He and Jesus Moreida , both of Bonita Springs , Florida , were bitten by a coral snake they tried to kill . Former police officer from Madison County , Texas 2006 Copperhead Joe Guidry , 54 , male October 2005 Eastern diamondback rattlesnake Guidry , the Putnam County , Florida fire marshal , went to help a neighbor who had spotted a rattlesnake while mowing grass . He shot at the snake ; it went under a shed and Guidry was bitten when he reached for it . Margaret Wilson White , 54 , female July 2005 Rattlesnake White was bitten in Hays County , Texas near Wimberley along Ranch Road 12 , about a quarter mile west of County Road 213 . Trent Leprette , 31 , male June 2004 Copperhead Leprette was bitten on each hand while swimming in Saugahatchee Creek near Lochapoka , Alabama . He was admitted to East Alabama Medical Center in Opelika ; he developed complications and died after several days of treatment . Professor Chavez , 34 , male May 2003 Rattlesnake Professor Chavez was killed in Riverside County , California . Ross Cooke , 50 , male May 2003 Southern Pacific rattlesnake Cooke was killed in Lyle Creek , San Bernardino County , California , having stepped on a snake he mistook for a log . Pat Hughes , 45 , male August 2002 Rattlesnake Hughed was bitten on the finger by a small snake in his own garage . He was admitted to Sierra Vista Regional Health Center in Sierra Vista , Arizona and treated with antivenom but died of `` complications associated with the bite '' . Derek Lema , 2 , male September 16 , 2000 Eastern diamondback rattlesnake Lema was bitten in the thigh by rattlesnake while helping his father Victor Lema in their Lakewood Ranch Florida backyard . 1990s ( edit ) Name , age , gender Date Species Location , comments Anita Finch , 33 , female Reported December 17 , 1999 Gaboon viper or hog - nosed sand viper Finch was bitten by either of these snakes she kept as pets in her Van Nuys , California home . 1980s ( edit ) Name , age , gender Date Species Location , comments Adult male 1980s Rattlesnake A single fatal rattlesnake bite was reported in Utah during this decade . Curtis Davison , 22 , male August 19 , 1989 Eastern diamondback rattlesnake Davison was bitten on the top of his right hand as he transferred a six - foot rattlesnake from one cage to another at Silver Springs Nature Park near Ocala , Florida . Mack Ray Wolford , 39 , male August 28 , 1983 Timber rattlesnake Wolford was bitten on the arm by a timber rattlesnake during religious services at the Lord Jesus Temple in Mile Branch , near Iaeger , West Virginia . Wolford did not initially seek medical treatment . An ambulance was summoned eight hours after Wolford had been bitten , but he died during transport to Stevens Clinic in Welch , West Virginia . Wolford 's son , Mark Wolford , died in 2012 under similar circumstances . John Holbrook , 38 , male August 1982 Rattlesnake Reverend Holbrook was bitten while handling a rattlesnake during religious services in Oceana , West Virginia . Holbrook reportedly refused medical assistance because his religion did not permit it . 1970s ( edit ) Name , age , gender Date Species Location , comments Gordon D. Ball , 34 , male August 5 , 1973 Rattlesnake Ball was presumably bitten by a snake , possibly a massasauga , while traveling alone through Bergen - Byron Swamp on a `` picture - taking expedition '' . A five - day police search recovered Ball 's body from a small clearing `` near Warboys Road , on the swamp 's northern perimeter . '' An autopsy report listed snakebite as the presumptive cause of death . 1950s ( edit ) Name , age , gender Date Species Location , comments Karl P. Schmidt , 67 , male September 26 , 1957 Boomslang Schmidt , a renowned herpetologist , died while documenting the effects of a venomous bite of a snake he was trying to identify . The snake was later identified as a juvenile African Boomslang . George Went Hensley , 74 , male July 25 , 1955 Unknown Hensley died from a bite sustained while handling snakes during a religious service in Florida . 1940s ( edit ) Name , age , gender Date Species Location , comments Mrs. Floyd Butterbaugh , 22 , Female July 18 , 1947 Timber rattlesnake Mrs. Butterbaugh was bitten by a timber rattler at her home on Piney Creek , 12 miles east of Chillicothe , Ohio near the Tar Hollow State Forest . She was picking beans in her garden when she was bitten . She died the next day . This is the last known fatality from a wild snake bite in the state of Ohio . Jerry Frier , 7 , male June 22 , 1943 Rattlesnake Frier died from rattlesnake bite in Lafayette County , Florida . 1920s ( edit ) Name , age , gender Date Species Location , comments Maggie Collins , 33 , female May 29 , 1929 Rattlesnake Collins died from a rattlesnake bite while picking blackberries in Grady County , Georgia . Rebecca Nimmons , 19 , female July 1928 Rattlesnake Nimmons was killed by a rattlesnake in Pickens County , South Carolina . Jane Lancaster , 66 , female August 21 , 1921 Probably a timber rattlesnake The bite occurred in Franklin Township at Snake Hollow , near the present - day Scioto Trails State Forest , southeast of Chillicothe , Ohio , in Ross County . An article in the Chillicothe Gazette explained that it could not be confirmed whether the bite Lancaster suffered was from a copperhead or rattlesnake . Given the severity of her wounds , it was likely a timber rattlesnake . 1910s ( edit ) Name , age , gender Date Species Location , comments Helen Moomey , 4 , female September 23 , 1915 Rattlesnake Moomey died from a rattlesnake bite she received while playing with friends near her house in Billings County , North Dakota . The prairie rattlesnake is the only venomous snake in North Dakota . Two Wilson children June 1913 Prairie rattlesnake The children were bitten and died while their family was sleeping on the North Dakota prairie . 1900s ( edit ) Name , age , gender Date Species Location , comments Mary Bull , 12 , female July 9 , 1907 Rattlesnake Bull died from a rattlesnake bite in Shenandoah County , Virginia . The timber rattlesnake is the only species of rattlesnake in this region . Frank Benham , 2 , male September 25 , 1903 Prairie rattlesnake Benham died from a rattlesnake bite in Adams County , Colorado , 17 miles north of Deer Trail . Edward Comstock , 39 , male September 25 , 1900 Rattlesnake Comstock died as result of a bite from a rattlesnake during a snake handling exhibition on Water Street in Chillicothe , Ohio . A newspaper article read : `` Edward Comstock , manager of a snake show , was bitten by a rattlesnake at Chilll - cothe , O. , last week and died , in terrible agony . His hand and arm swelled to an enormous size . Every known antidote was tried without avail . He was changing the snakes and put his hand into a box , when the rattler bit him . He had handled snakes for years . '' Before 1900 ( edit ) Name , age , gender Date Species Location , comments Belinda Rourke , 6 , female June 1891 Rattlesnake Rourke died from a bite while playing near a pile of rocks near the family 's ranch in the Purgatory River Valley of southern Colorado . The child survived for a day after the bite . Rebecca O. Andrews , approximately 28 , female c. 1890 Rattlesnake Andrews died from a rattlesnake bite in Kansas . James Ananias Brannon , 2 , male July 1882 Rattlesnake Brannon died from a rattlesnake bite received while lying on a blanket in Texas . George Sides , 6 , male May 30 , 1873 Rattlesnake Sides died in Texas of a rattlesnake bite . Frederick Louis Niemann , male 1873 Rattlesnake Niemann died in Saline County , Kansas , from a rattlesnake bite . William A. Perrin , male 1859 Rattlesnake Perrin was killed by a rattlesnake at Stribling Springs in Augusta County , Virginia . The timber rattlesnake is the only rattlesnake in the state . Maggie Lee , female October 24 , 1854 Rattlesnake She was the first child to die of a snakebite in Parker County , Texas . H.M. Pettigrew , 31 , male August 15 , 1841 Rattlesnake Pettigrew died from a rattlesnake bite while clearing land in Fannin County , Texas . Richardson , infant son of Wm . & Ella 1796 Rattlesnake Richardson Cemetery ( Town of Springport , NY ) Unknown person 1791 Timber rattlesnake This was the last fatal snakebite in the state of Massachusetts . Child , 5 or 6 August 28 , 1790 Rattlesnake A child was bitten by a rattlesnake , and died the next day , in Hardwick , Massachusetts . See also ( edit ) Snakebite Venomous snakes Snake handling Epidemiology of snakebites Species : List of fatal bear attacks in North America List of fatal cougar attacks in North America List of fatal shark attacks in the United States List of fatal alligator attacks in the United States List of wolf attacks in North America Fatal dog attacks in the United States Footnotes Jump up ^ Norris R. 2004 . Venom Poisoning in North American Reptiles . In Campbell JA , Lamar WW. 2004 . The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere . Comstock Publishing Associates , Ithaca and London . 870 pp. 1500 plates . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 4141 - 2 . Jump up ^ Conant , Roger and Joseph T. Collins ( 1998 ) . Reptiles and Amphibians : Eastern / Central North America . New York , NY : Houghton Mifflin Company . p. 412 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 90452 - 8 . Jump up ^ Foster , Steven , and Roger Caras ( 1994 ) . A Field Guide to Venomous Animals and Poisonous Plants : North America North of Mexico . New York : Houghton Mifflin Company . pp. plate 2 . Jump up ^ George , David W. `` Venomous Snakes of the United States by State '' . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Venomous Snakes '' . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Copperhead snake page '' . Snakesandfrogs.com . Archived from the original on 2000 - 09 - 16 . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Timber Rattlesnakes '' . Jump up ^ `` Hiker from Golden dies after being bitten by rattlesnake '' . Denver Post . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SC conservationist dies after rattlesnake bite at nature preserve '' . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Autopsy confirms snake bite killed SC conservationist , coroner says '' . June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Foster , Steven , and Roger Caras ( 1994 ) . A Field Guide to Venomous Animals and Poisonous Plants : North America North of Mexico . New York : Houghton Mifflin Company . pp. 14 , 18 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 51594 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Kentucky man dies from snake bite at church service '' . Jump up ^ `` Man Killed by Elk County Rattlesnake '' . Jump up ^ `` Temple man killed by Cobra in Austin '' . Statesman Online . 15 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 18 July 2015 . Retrieved 15 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Autopsy : Teen used cobra to commit suicide '' . Jump up ^ `` Missouri woman wakes to find boyfriend dead after he was bitten by water snake '' . Mail Online . 27 May 2015 . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Snakebite claims life of Watkinsville man '' . Jump up ^ Dean , Dana ; Aja J. , Williams ; Zigman , Leisa ( July 13 , 2014 ) . `` Snakebite kills Missouri man '' . USAToday . Retrieved 20 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Winslow , Hailey ( June 13 , 2014 ) . `` 4 - year - old boy bitten by rattlesnake '' . News4Jax . Jump up ^ `` Two weeks after rattlesnake bite , Nassau County boy , 4 , dies '' . jacksonville.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Cherokee County man dies from rattlesnake bite , a rare occurrence in Alabama '' . AL.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Armuchee man dies from rattlesnake bite '' . Jump up ^ `` Family remembers man bitten by timber rattlesnake '' . Jump up ^ `` Venomous snakes removed from home , man 's death under investigation '' . Jump up ^ Tim O'Neil ( July 4 , 2012 ) . `` Camper dies after Copperhead bite along Current River '' . stltoday.com . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Snake - handling W.Va. preacher dies after suffering bite during outdoor service '' . The Washington Post . The Associated Press . May 31 , 2012 . Retrieved 12 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Snake - handling pastor dies after bite '' . The Boston Globe . June 1 , 2012 . Retrieved 20 August 2014 -- via HighBeam Research . ^ Jump up to : `` Web Extra : 1983 Daily Telegraph story detailing the death of Wolford 's father , also from a snake bite '' . Bluefield Daily Telegraph . August 30 , 1983 . Retrieved 12 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Jaslow , Ryan ( June 20 , 2011 ) . `` Did bite from black mamba kill New York woman ? '' . CBS News . Jump up ^ `` Did she commit ' suicide by snake ' ? Woman killed by African black mamba she kept in New York home along with 75 others '' . Daily Mail . 20 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Paige man dies from rattlesnake bite '' . Jump up ^ Ghianni , Tim ( January 31 , 2011 ) . `` Tennessee man dies from poisonous copperhead snake bite '' . Reuters . Retrieved 12 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Nicholson , Ken ( January 31 , 2011 ) . `` Updated : Official cause of death determined in snake bite case '' . Chattanooga , Tennessee : WRCB . Retrieved 12 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Repard , Pauline ( October 15 , 2010 ) . `` La Jolla man dies from rattlesnake bite '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Retrieved 12 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Snake Bite Season '' . www.newschannel6now.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Miller , Bill ( August 11 , 2010 ) . `` Girl dies after snake bite near Possum Kingdom Lake '' . Jump up ^ Christian Boone ( Oct 13 , 2009 ) . `` Boy could n't save snakebit grandpa '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . ajc.com . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Special Forces soldier killed by snake bites '' . WRAL.com . September 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Snakebite Deaths Still Rare but are Mounting '' . tucsoncitizen.com . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Southeastern Outdoors -- Fatal Coral Snake Bites '' . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The copperhead snake '' . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Lise Fisher ( October 11 , 2005 ) . `` Snake bite is deadly for Putnam fire official '' . The Gainesville Sun . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` July 29 , 2005 - Search for missing woman in Hays County '' . Jump up ^ Anita Miller ( Jul 27 , 2005 ) . `` Wimberley Woman Missing '' . SAN MARCOS DAILY RECORD . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Missing woman found dead , bitten by snake '' . myplainview.com . August 1 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Fatal Snake Bite '' . WTVY.com . June 23 , 2004 . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Snake bite kills Sierra Vista man '' . Tucson Citizen . August 20 , 2002 . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Zucco , Tom ( November 13 , 2004 ) . `` Trial calls Animal Planet host '' . St. Petersburg Times . Retrieved 20 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Zoo volunteer killed by deadly snake bite '' . Sacramento Bee . December 17 , 1999 . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Vicki Vaughan ( August 28 , 1989 ) . `` 22 - year - old snake handler has died in the first ... '' The Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved 13 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Snake Bite Proves Fatal '' . Daily Sitka Sentinel . Sitka , Alaska . 31 Aug 1983 . p. 7 -- via Newspapers.com . ^ Jump up to : Mathews , Garret ( April 3 , 1983 ) . `` ' Praise - the - Lord - and - pass - the - snake ' service is a trip , if you can handle it '' . The Chicago Tribune . p . J3 . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Graczyk , Mark ( 5 February 2012 ) . `` Hidden History : Snake bite kills man in Bergen swamp , 1973 '' . The Daily News Online . Batavia , New York . Archived from the original on 9 February 2012 . Retrieved 12 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Coroner Says Snake Bite Fatal '' . The Times Record . Troy , New York . 13 Aug 1973 . p. 7 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` He documented his own death by snakebite instead of going to the hospital '' . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dies Of Snake Bite '' . The Evening Review . East Liverpool , Ohio : Newspapers.com. 1947 - 07 - 19 . p. 6 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Burval Genealogy - Person Page '' . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` First Death from Snake Bite in Ross County Since Records Of Mortality Has Been Kept in This County '' . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Little Girl is Mortally Bitten by a Rattlesnake '' . The Marmarth Mail . VIII ( 42 ) . September 24 , 1915 . Retrieved 20 August 2014 -- via USGENWEB ARCHIVES . Jump up ^ `` Seeking Relatives '' . The Billboard. 12 , 13 . Mocavo.com . Jul -- Dec 1900 . p. 97 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Fannin Co . TX Pettigrew Cemetery N. of Windom '' . USGENWEB ARCHIVES . Retrieved 20 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Timber Rattlesnake : Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` We Hear from Hardwick '' . Gazette of the United - States . New York , New York . September 25 , 1790 . General references Southeastern Outdoors -- Fatal Rattlesnake Bites External links ( edit ) Venomous Snakebites in the United States : Management Review and Update from American Family Physician website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_fatal_snake_bites_in_the_United_States&oldid=817730820 '' Categories : Deaths due to animal attacks in the United States Lists of people by cause of death Deaths due to snake bites Death in the United States - related lists Death - related lists Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2013 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2014 Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from August 2014 Incomplete lists from August 2008 Use dmy dates from September 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 December 2017 , at 06 : 29 . 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-8972948090591213154 | Mark Labbett | Mark Labbett - wikipedia Mark Labbett Jump to : navigation , search `` Beastie Boy '' redirects here . For the band , see Beastie Boys . Mark Andrew Labbett Mark Andrew Labbett ( 1965 - 08 - 15 ) 15 August 1965 ( age 52 ) Tiverton , Devon , England Other names The Beast Occupation Television personality Notable credit ( s ) The Chase ( 2009 -- ) The Chase USA ( 2013 -- 2015 ) The Chase Australia ( 2016 -- ) Height 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) Weight 27 st 1 lb ( 172 kg ) ( 380 lb ) Spouse ( s ) Katie Labbett ( m . 2014 ) Website marklabbett.co.uk Mark Andrew `` The Beast '' Labbett ( born 15 August 1965 ) is an English television personality and `` Chaser '' on the ITV game show The Chase in the United Kingdom . He took up this role in 2009 and has since appeared on the American version as their sole Chaser in 2013 and as one of six Chasers on the Australian version since 2016 . He has also appeared in several television quiz shows and is a regular in quizzing competitions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Teaching 2.2 Quizzing 2.2. 1 The Chase 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Guest appearances 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Mark Labbett was born in Tiverton , Devon , to Carolyn and Jon Labbett . He has two younger brothers , Paul and Philip . Labbett obtained a Master of Arts degree in mathematics from Exeter College , Oxford , a Postgraduate Certificate in Education ( PGCE ) in secondary education from the University of Exeter and legal CPE and LPC qualifications from the University of Glamorgan ( now the University of South Wales ) . Career ( edit ) Teaching ( edit ) Labbett taught in secondary schools , including Caldicot Comprehensive in South Wales and Cove School in Farnborough , where he worked as a supply teacher in maths and physical education . Quizzing ( edit ) Labbett became interested in quizzing when working at Butlins holiday camp , where he supplemented his income with winnings from the quiz machines . His pub quiz team won a weekend in Paris in April 2001 after competing in the national competition , Jumbo Quiz . He works as a question writer for Redtooth , a quiz company from Barlborough near Chesterfield in Derbyshire . After two years of part - time work as a promoter for them , he moved to South Yorkshire in 2013 in order to work more often with them , but he no longer lives there . Labbett appeared on Mastermind in 1999 , where his specialist subject was the Olympic Games . He appeared again on Mastermind in 2000 , with the animated television show The Simpsons as his specialist subject . Also in 2000 , he competed on Countdown , narrowly losing his first game on a crucial conundrum . In 2003 , he appeared on Grand Slam , where he lost against Clive Spate . In 2004 , he won £ 500 on the Channel 5 show BrainTeaser , and a year later he won £ 1,500 on BBC One 's SUDO - Q. In 2005 , he won £ 32,000 on Millionaire Live , a live version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? that toured seaside resorts throughout the summer . As captain , he led the Welsh quiz team to fifth place in the 2006 European Quizzing Championships . In 2007 , he was ranked as the 17th top quizzer in the country . Labbett 's team , the Rugby Boys , won BBC Four 's Only Connect in 2009 . Other television appearances include The National Lottery People 's Quiz ( 2007 ) where he came second in the grand final , Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? , where he won £ 32,000 , University Challenge and Are You an Egghead ? In 2012 , Labbett was ranked 81st in the World Quizzing Championships . In 2016 , Labbett took part in the three - part ITV series Sugar Free Farm , when he revealed he has false teeth , as a result of eating too much sugar . That same year , it was announced that he would become a producer for Hull - based wrestling promotion New Generation Wrestling ( NGW ) . The Chase ( edit ) See also : The Chase ( UK game show ) , The Chase ( U.S. game show ) , and The Chase Australia Labbett is one of the `` Chasers '' in the ITV teatime quiz The Chase , first broadcast in 2009 and hosted by Bradley Walsh . In the show , his nickname is `` The Beast '' , a two - pronged nickname referencing both his stature and his surname ( Labbett sounds like the French la bête , meaning `` the beast '' ) . In August 2013 , Labbett appeared as the only Chaser on the U.S. version of The Chase on Game Show Network . He also appears as one of six Chasers on the Australian version of The Chase on the Seven Network , alongside fellow UK Chasers Anne Hegerty and Shaun Wallace . His weakest subject revolves around horse racing and soap opera Personal life ( edit ) Labbett moved to Caldicot , Monmouthshire in 1998 and then to nearby Newport , in 2003 before moving to Moorgate , Rotherham , in 2013 . He now lives in or near Herefordshire . Labbett is a Type - II diabetic . Labbett married his wife , Katie , who is his second cousin and 27 years his junior , in October 2014 at Arundel Cathedral . Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Channel 2009 -- The Chase Chaser ITV 2011 -- The Chase : Celebrity Specials 2013 -- 2015 The Chase USA Game Show Network 2016 -- The Chase : Australian Edition Channel 7 2017 -- The Family Chase ITV Guest appearances ( edit ) Mastermind ( 1999 , 2000 ) -- contestant Countdown ( 2000 ) -- contestant Grand Slam ( 2003 ) -- contestant BrainTeaser ( 2004 ) -- contestant SUDO - Q ( 2005 ) -- contestant University Challenge -- contestant Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? ( 2006 ) -- contestant The National Lottery People 's Quiz ( 2007 ) -- contestant Are You an Egghead ? ( 2008 ) -- contestant Only Connect ( 2009 ) -- contestant Sugar Free Farm ( 2016 ) -- participant Tipping Point : Lucky Stars ( 2016 ) -- contestant Let 's Sing and Dance for Comic Relief ( 2017 ) -- participant Celebrity Juice ( 2017 ) -- participant References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mark Labbett Welsh Radio Interview . YouTube . 5 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Labbett , Mark . `` Twitter -- Mark Labbett '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 29 . where is my invite ? ? at a legitimate 30lbs I am by far the biggest heel on UK television ! Jump up ^ Labbett , Mark ( 11 : 07 AM -- 14 Feb 2018 ) . `` In that case , for posterity , Mark Andrew Labbett : ) '' . @ MarkLabbett . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Byrnes , Holly ( 29 November 2015 ) . `` The Chase Australia 's newest UK recruit Mark Labbett is already doing a number on rivals at Nine '' . The Sunday Telegraph ( Australia ) . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Index entry '' . FreeBMD . ONS . Retrieved 1 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Index entry '' . FreeBMD . ONS . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Index entry '' . FreeBMD . ONS . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Biography '' . Mark `` The Beast '' Labbett . Archived from the original on 2 September 2012 . Retrieved 23 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The People 's Quiz 2007 '' . BBC . April 2007 . Archived from the original on 13 January 2008 . Retrieved 23 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Papworth , Jill ( 27 January 2007 ) . `` Lucky break ? Do n't leave it to chance '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 23 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Smale , Will ( 17 April 2001 ) . `` PUB QUIZ TEAM IS GIVEN PRIZE GRILLING '' . South Wales Echo . Western Mail and Echo Ltd. p. 16 . ^ Jump up to : Hutchinson , Clare ( 13 October 2009 ) . `` ' Come on , Paxman , if you think you 're hard enough ... ' says wicked Humphrys ; Questions at 20 paces in quiz duel -- and we 'll even make it easy for you Humphrys '' . The Western Mail . Western Mail and Echo Ltd. p. 14 . Jump up ^ PRICE , KAREN ( 6 August 2004 ) . `` MASTERMIND ACCUSED OF SELLING OUT IN RATINGS FIGHT '' . Western Mail . Western Mail and Echo Ltd. p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 2771 -- Countdown '' . Jump up ^ `` Match Review -- Game 01 -- Channel 4 -- Grand Slam '' . Channel 4 . Archived from the original on 31 August 2004 . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Hedge , John Paul ( 5 September 2005 ) . `` Winners walk off with two cars and £ 16k '' . Herald Express . Torquay : Herald Express ( Torquay ) . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` NEWSBRIEF '' . South Wales Echo . Western Mail and Echo Ltd. 1 September 2009 . p. 6 . Jump up ^ Bjortomt , Olav ( 23 June 2007 ) . `` Your starter for £ 200,000 ( subscription required ) '' . The Times ( The Knowledge ) . Times Newspapers Limited . p. 33 . Jump up ^ Heritage , Stuart ( 28 June 2010 ) . `` The Chase : how to make the perfect daytime gameshow '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 23 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Results '' . worldquizzing.com . Jump up ^ `` Sugar Free Farm Episode 1 '' . Jump up ^ `` The Chase 's Mark Labbett reveals he wears false teeth due to daily 10 bar chocolate habit '' . BT.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` NGW : ' The Beast ' comes to NGW '' . www.ngwuk.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Quiz beast appearance '' . Bristol Evening Post . Bristol United Press . 12 May 2012 . p. 19 . Jump up ^ Lorraine ( 23 January 2017 ) . `` The Chase 's Beast Reveals His Quiz Knowledge Achilles Heel -- Lorraine '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Gaskell , Simon ( 5 January 2014 ) . `` The Chase quiz sensation Mark ' The Beast ' Labbett cracks America '' . Wales Online . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chase 's Beast moves to South Yorkshire '' . The Star . Sheffield. 2 January 2013 . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Philips , Jessica ( 23 October 2015 ) . `` TV chaser ' the Beast ' visits Herefordshire tearoom '' . Hereford Times . Jump up ^ Loose Women ( 21 August 2017 ) . `` The Chase 's Beast Introduces His Wife Katie -- Loose Women '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Yaqoob , Janine ( 11 October 2014 ) . `` The Chase game show star Mark ' Beast ' Labbett marries girl less than half his age '' . Daily Mirror . London . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Winter 2014 Edition '' ( PDF ) . Parish Proclaimer . Arundel. 2014 . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Chase ' Star Mark Labbett Was On ' Who Wants To Be A Millionaire ' ( But How Much Did He Win ? ) '' . 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Chase and Tipping Point are crossing over ! '' . 3 November 2016 . External links ( edit ) Biography portal Television portal Mark Labbett on IMDb Official website ( hide ) The Chase International versions Original series U.S. version Australian version Hosts / presenters Bradley Walsh ( UK ) Brooke Burns ( U.S. ) Andrew O'Keefe ( Australia ) Tarik Filipović ( Croatia ) Sturla Berg - Johansen ( Norway ) Alexander Bommes ( Germany ) Chasers Original series Mark Labbett Shaun Wallace Anne Hegerty Paul Sinha Jenny Ryan U.S. version Mark Labbett Australian version Brydon Coverdale Anne Hegerty Mark Labbett Matt Parkinson Issa Schultz Shaun Wallace German version Holger Waldenberger Sebastian Jacoby Sebastian Klussmann Klaus Otto Nagorsnik Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_Labbett&oldid=836954959 '' Categories : 1965 births People from Tiverton , Devon Alumni of the University of Exeter Alumni of Exeter College , Oxford Alumni of the University of Glamorgan English television personalities Living people Contestants on British game shows Contestants on University Challenge Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2018 Articles with hCards Use dmy dates from May 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 21 : 08 . 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5322448024991212412 | President of the United States | President of the United States - wikipedia President of the United States It has been suggested that Commander - in - Chief of the United States Armed Forces be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since June 2018 . `` POTUS '' redirects here . For the political talk radio channel , see P.O.T.U.S. ( Sirius XM ) . For other uses , see President of the United States ( disambiguation ) . For a list , see List of Presidents of the United States . President of the United States of America Presidential Seal Presidential Standard Incumbent Donald Trump since January 20 , 2017 Executive branch of the U.S. Government Executive Office of the President Style Mr. President ( informal ) The Honorable ( formal ) His Excellency ( international correspondence ) Status Head of State Head of Government Member of Cabinet Domestic Policy Council National Economic Council National Security Council Residence White House Seat Washington , D.C. Nominator Political parties Appointer Electoral College of the United States Term length Four years , renewable once ( Amendment XXII ) Constituting instrument United States Constitution Inaugural holder George Washington Formation March 4 , 1789 ( 229 years ago ) ( 1789 - 03 - 04 ) Salary $400,000 annually Website whitehouse.gov This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas The President of the United States ( POTUS / ˈpoʊtəs / POH - təs ) is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America . The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander - in - chief of the United States Armed Forces . In contemporary times , the president is looked upon as one of the world 's most powerful political figures and as the leader of the only remaining global superpower . The role includes responsibility for the world 's most expensive military that has the second largest nuclear arsenal . The president also leads the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP . The president possesses significant domestic and international hard and soft power . Article II of the Constitution establishes the executive branch of the federal government . It vests the executive power of the United States in the president . The power includes the execution and enforcement of federal law , alongside the responsibility of appointing federal executive , diplomatic , regulatory and judicial officers , and concluding treaties with foreign powers with the advice and consent of the Senate . The president is further empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves , and to convene and adjourn either or both houses of Congress under extraordinary circumstances . The president directs the foreign and domestic policies of the United States , and takes an active role in promoting his policy priorities to members of Congress . In addition , as part of the system of checks and balances , Article One of the United States Constitution gives the president the power to sign or veto federal legislation . Since the office of president was established in 1789 , its power has grown substantially , as has the power of the federal government as a whole . Through the Electoral College , the registered voters indirectly elect the president and vice president to a four - year term . This is the only federal election in the United States which is not decided by popular vote . Nine vice presidents became president by virtue of a president 's intra-term death or resignation . The Twenty - second Amendment precludes any United States citizen from being elected president for a third term . It also prohibits a person from being elected to the presidency more than once if that person previously had served as president , or acting president , for more than two years of another person 's term as president . In all , 44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four - year terms . Grover Cleveland served two non-consecutive terms , so he is counted twice ; as the 22nd and 24th presidents . The current president , Donald Trump , was elected as the 45th president in 2016 . He was inaugurated on January 20 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Powers and duties 2.1 Article I legislative role 2.2 Article II executive powers 2.2. 1 War and foreign affairs powers 2.2. 2 Administrative powers 2.2. 3 Juridical powers 2.2. 4 Legislative facilitator 2.3 Ceremonial roles 2.4 Critics of presidency 's evolution 3 Selection process 3.1 Eligibility 3.2 Campaigns and nomination 3.3 Election and oath 3.4 Tenure and term limits 3.5 Succession , vacancy , or disability 3.6 Political affiliation 4 Compensation 5 Residence 6 Travel 7 Protection 8 Post-presidency 8.1 Presidential libraries 9 Timeline of presidents 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 13.1 Primary sources 14 External links Origin During the American Revolution in 1776 , the Thirteen Colonies , acting through the Second Continental Congress , declared political independence from Great Britain . The new states were independent of each other as nation states and recognized the necessity of closely coordinating their efforts against the British . Congress desired to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy and negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish an alliance between the states . Under the Articles , Congress was a central authority without any legislative power . It could make its own resolutions , determinations , and regulations , but not any laws , and could not impose any taxes or enforce local commercial regulations upon its citizens . This institutional design reflected how Americans believed the deposed British system of Crown and Parliament ought to have functioned with respect to the royal dominion : a superintending body for matters that concerned the entire empire . The states were out from under any monarchy and assigned some formerly royal prerogatives ( e.g. , making war , receiving ambassadors , etc . ) to Congress ; the remaining prerogatives were lodged within their own respective state governments . The states agreed to a resolution that settled competing western land claims . The Articles took effect on March 1 , 1781 , when Maryland became the final state to ratify them . In 1783 , the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies . With peace at hand , the states each turned toward their own internal affairs . By 1786 , Americans found their continental borders besieged and weak and their respective economies in crises as neighboring states agitated trade rivalries with one another . They witnessed their hard currency pouring into foreign markets to pay for imports , their Mediterranean commerce preyed upon by North African pirates , and their foreign - financed Revolutionary War debts unpaid and accruing interest . Civil and political unrest loomed . Following the successful resolution of commercial and fishing disputes between Virginia and Maryland at the Mount Vernon Conference in 1785 , Virginia called for a trade conference between all the states , set for September 1786 in Annapolis , Maryland , with an aim toward resolving further - reaching interstate commercial antagonisms . When the convention failed for lack of attendance due to suspicions among most of the other states , Alexander Hamilton led the Annapolis delegates in a call for a convention to offer revisions to the Articles , to be held the next spring in Philadelphia . Prospects for the next convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washington 's attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia . When the Constitutional Convention convened in May 1787 , the 12 state delegations in attendance ( Rhode Island did not send delegates ) brought with them an accumulated experience over a diverse set of institutional arrangements between legislative and executive branches from within their respective state governments . Most states maintained a weak executive without veto or appointment powers , elected annually by the legislature to a single term only , sharing power with an executive council , and countered by a strong legislature . New York offered the greatest exception , having a strong , unitary governor with veto and appointment power elected to a three - year term , and eligible for reelection to an indefinite number of terms thereafter . It was through the closed - door negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U.S. Constitution emerged . Powers and duties Article I legislative role President Ronald Reagan signs the Martin Luther King bill , 1983 . The Presentment Clause requires that any bill passed by Congress must be presented to the president before it can become law . Once the legislation has been presented , the president has three options : Sign the legislation within ten days , excluding Sundays -- the bill becomes law . Veto the legislation within the above timeframe and return it to the house of Congress from which it originated , expressing any objections -- the bill does not become law , unless both houses of Congress vote to override the veto by a two - thirds vote . Take no action on the legislation within the above timeframe -- the bill becomes law , as if the president had signed it , unless Congress is adjourned at the time , in which case it does not become law ( a pocket veto ) . In 1996 , Congress attempted to enhance the president 's veto power with the Line Item Veto Act . The legislation empowered the president to sign any spending bill into law while simultaneously striking certain spending items within the bill , particularly any new spending , any amount of discretionary spending , or any new limited tax benefit . Congress could then repass that particular item . If the president then vetoed the new legislation , Congress could override the veto by its ordinary means , a two - thirds vote in both houses . In Clinton v. City of New York , 524 U.S. 417 ( 1998 ) , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled such a legislative alteration of the veto power to be unconstitutional . Article II executive powers War and foreign Affairs powers Abraham Lincoln , the 16th president of the United States , successfully preserved the Union during the American Civil War One of the most important of all executive powers is the president 's role as Commander - in - Chief of the United States Armed Forces . The power to declare war is constitutionally vested in Congress , but the president has ultimate responsibility for the direction and disposition of the military . The present - day operational command of the Armed Forces is delegated to the Department of Defense and is normally exercised through the Secretary of Defense . The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Combatant Commands assist with the operation as outlined in the presidentially approved Unified Command Plan ( UCP ) . The framers of the Constitution took care to limit the president 's powers regarding the military ; Alexander Hamilton explained this in Federalist No. 69 : The President is to be commander - in - chief of the army and navy of the United States ... It would amount to nothing more than the supreme command and direction of the military and naval forces ... while that ( the power ) of the British king extends to the DECLARING of war and to the RAISING and REGULATING of fleets and armies , all ( of ) which ... would appertain to the legislature . ( Emphasis in the original . ) Pursuant to the War Powers Resolution , Congress must authorize any troop deployments longer than 60 days , although that process relies on triggering mechanisms that have never been employed , rendering it ineffectual . Additionally , Congress provides a check to presidential military power through its control over military spending and regulation . Presidents have historically initiated the process for going to war , but critics have charged that there have been several conflicts in which presidents did not get official declarations , including Theodore Roosevelt 's military move into Panama in 1903 , the Korean War , the Vietnam War , and the invasions of Grenada in 1983 and Panama in 1989 . Administrative powers Suffice it to say that the President is made the sole repository of the executive powers of the United States , and the powers entrusted to him as well as the duties imposed upon him are awesome indeed . William Rehnquist , Nixon v. General Services Administration , 433 U.S. 425 ( 1977 ) ( dissenting opinion ) The president is the head of the executive branch of the federal government and is constitutionally obligated to `` take care that the laws be faithfully executed '' . The executive branch has over four million employees , including members of the military . Presidents make numerous executive branch appointments : an incoming president may make up to 6,000 before taking office and 8,000 more while serving . Ambassadors , members of the Cabinet , and other federal officers , are all appointed by a president with the `` advice and consent '' of a majority of the Senate . When the Senate is in recess for at least ten days , the president may make recess appointments . Recess appointments are temporary and expire at the end of the next session of the Senate . The power of a president to fire executive officials has long been a contentious political issue . Generally , a president may remove executive officials purely at will . However , Congress can curtail and constrain a president 's authority to fire commissioners of independent regulatory agencies and certain inferior executive officers by statute . To manage the growing federal bureaucracy , presidents have gradually surrounded themselves with many layers of staff , who were eventually organized into the Executive Office of the President of the United States . Within the Executive Office , the president 's innermost layer of aides ( and their assistants ) are located in the White House Office . Additionally , the president possesses the power to manage operations of the federal government through issuing various types of directives , such as presidential proclamation and executive orders . When the president is lawfully exercising one of his constitutionally conferred responsibilities , the scope of this power is broad . Even so , these directives are subject to judicial review by U.S. federal courts , which can find them to be unconstitutional . Moreover , Congress can overturn an executive order though legislation . Juridical powers The president also has the power to nominate federal judges , including members of the United States courts of appeals and the Supreme Court of the United States . However , these nominations require Senate confirmation . Securing Senate approval can provide a major obstacle for presidents who wish to orient the federal judiciary toward a particular ideological stance . When nominating judges to U.S. district courts , presidents often respect the long - standing tradition of senatorial courtesy . Presidents may also grant pardons and reprieves . Gerald Ford pardoned Richard Nixon a month after taking office . Bill Clinton pardoned Patty Hearst on his last day in office , as is often done just before the end of a second presidential term , but not without controversy . For further information , see List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the President of the United States . Historically , two doctrines concerning executive power have developed that enable the president to exercise executive power with a degree of autonomy . The first is executive privilege , which allows the president to withhold from disclosure any communications made directly to the president in the performance of executive duties . George Washington first claimed the privilege when Congress requested to see Chief Justice John Jay 's notes from an unpopular treaty negotiation with Great Britain . While not enshrined in the Constitution , or any other law , Washington 's action created the precedent for the privilege . When Nixon tried to use executive privilege as a reason for not turning over subpoenaed evidence to Congress during the Watergate scandal , the Supreme Court ruled in United States v. Nixon , 418 U.S. 683 ( 1974 ) , that executive privilege did not apply in cases where a president was attempting to avoid criminal prosecution . When President Clinton attempted to use executive privilege regarding the Lewinsky scandal , the Supreme Court ruled in Clinton v. Jones , 520 U.S. 681 ( 1997 ) , that the privilege also could not be used in civil suits . These cases established the legal precedent that executive privilege is valid , although the exact extent of the privilege has yet to be clearly defined . Additionally , federal courts have allowed this privilege to radiate outward and protect other executive branch employees , but have weakened that protection for those executive branch communications that do not involve the president . President George W. Bush delivers the 2007 State of the Union Address , with Vice President Dick Cheney and Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi . The state secrets privilege allows the president and the executive branch to withhold information or documents from discovery in legal proceedings if such release would harm national security . Precedent for the privilege arose early in the 19th century when Thomas Jefferson refused to release military documents in the treason trial of Aaron Burr and again in Totten v. United States 92 U.S. 105 ( 1876 ) , when the Supreme Court dismissed a case brought by a former Union spy . However , the privilege was not formally recognized by the U.S. Supreme Court until United States v. Reynolds 345 U.S. 1 ( 1953 ) , where it was held to be a common law evidentiary privilege . Before the September 11 attacks , use of the privilege had been rare , but increasing in frequency . Since 2001 , the government has asserted the privilege in more cases and at earlier stages of the litigation , thus in some instances causing dismissal of the suits before reaching the merits of the claims , as in the Ninth Circuit 's ruling in Mohamed v. Jeppesen Dataplan , Inc . Critics of the privilege claim its use has become a tool for the government to cover up illegal or embarrassing government actions . Legislative facilitator The Constitution 's Ineligibility Clause prevents the president ( and all other executive officers ) from simultaneously being a member of Congress . Therefore , the president can not directly introduce legislative proposals for consideration in Congress . However , the president can take an indirect role in shaping legislation , especially if the president 's political party has a majority in one or both houses of Congress . For example , the president or other officials of the executive branch may draft legislation and then ask senators or representatives to introduce these drafts into Congress . The president can further influence the legislative branch through constitutionally or statutorily mandated , periodic reports to Congress . These reports may be either written or oral , but today the greatest in importance are given as the oral State of the Union addresses , which often outline the president 's legislative proposals for the coming year . Additionally , the president may attempt to have Congress alter proposed legislation by threatening to veto that legislation unless requested changes are made . In the 20th century , critics charged that too many legislative and budgetary powers that should have belonged to Congress had slid into the hands of presidents . As the head of the executive branch , presidents control a vast array of agencies that can issue regulations with little oversight from Congress . One critic charged that presidents could appoint a `` virtual army of ' czars ' -- each wholly unaccountable to Congress yet tasked with spearheading major policy efforts for the White House '' . Presidents have been criticized for making signing statements when signing congressional legislation about how they understand a bill or plan to execute it . This practice has been criticized by the American Bar Association as unconstitutional . Conservative commentator George Will wrote of an `` increasingly swollen executive branch '' and `` the eclipse of Congress '' . According to Article II , Section 3 of the Constitution , the president may convene either or both houses of Congress . If both houses can not agree on a date of adjournment , the president may appoint a date for Congress to adjourn . For example , Franklin Delano Roosevelt convened a special session of Congress immediately after the December 7 , 1941 , Japanese sneak attack on Pearl Harbor and asked for a declaration of war . Ceremonial roles President Woodrow Wilson throws out the ceremonial first ball on Opening Day , 1916 As head of state , the president can fulfill traditions established by previous presidents . William Howard Taft started the tradition of throwing out the ceremonial first pitch in 1910 at Griffith Stadium , Washington , D.C. , on the Washington Senators ' Opening Day . Every president since Taft , except for Jimmy Carter , threw out at least one ceremonial first ball or pitch for Opening Day , the All - Star Game , or the World Series , usually with much fanfare . The President of the United States has served as the honorary president of the Boy Scouts of America since the founding of the organization . Other presidential traditions are associated with American holidays . Rutherford B. Hayes began in 1878 the first White House egg rolling for local children . Beginning in 1947 , during the Harry S. Truman administration , every Thanksgiving the president is presented with a live domestic turkey during the annual National Thanksgiving Turkey Presentation held at the White House . Since 1989 , when the custom of `` pardoning '' the turkey was formalized by George H.W. Bush , the turkey has been taken to a farm where it will live out the rest of its natural life . Presidential traditions also involve the president 's role as head of government . Many outgoing presidents since James Buchanan traditionally give advice to their successor during the presidential transition . Ronald Reagan and his successors have also left a private message on the desk of the Oval Office on Inauguration Day for the incoming president . Four ruffles and flourishes and ' Hail to the Chief ' ( long version ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . During a state visit by a foreign head of state , the president typically hosts a State Arrival Ceremony held on the South Lawn , a custom begun by John F. Kennedy in 1961 . This is followed by a state dinner given by the president which is held in the State Dining Room later in the evening . The modern presidency holds the president as one of the nation 's premier celebrities . Some argue that images of the presidency have a tendency to be manipulated by administration public relations officials as well as by presidents themselves . One critic described the presidency as `` propagandized leadership '' which has a `` mesmerizing power surrounding the office '' . Administration public relations managers staged carefully crafted photo - ops of smiling presidents with smiling crowds for television cameras . One critic wrote the image of John F. Kennedy was described as carefully framed `` in rich detail '' which `` drew on the power of myth '' regarding the incident of PT 109 and wrote that Kennedy understood how to use images to further his presidential ambitions . As a result , some political commentators have opined that American voters have unrealistic expectations of presidents : voters expect a president to `` drive the economy , vanquish enemies , lead the free world , comfort tornado victims , heal the national soul and protect borrowers from hidden credit - card fees '' . Critics of presidency 's evolution Main articles : Imperial Presidency and Imperiled Presidency The nation 's Founding Fathers expected the Congress -- which was the first branch of government described in the Constitution -- to be the dominant branch of government ; they did not expect a strong executive department . However , presidential power has shifted over time , which has resulted in claims that the modern presidency has become too powerful , unchecked , unbalanced , and `` monarchist '' in nature . Professor Dana D. Nelson believes presidents over the past thirty years have worked towards `` undivided presidential control of the executive branch and its agencies '' . She criticizes proponents of the unitary executive for expanding `` the many existing uncheckable executive powers -- such as executive orders , decrees , memorandums , proclamations , national security directives and legislative signing statements -- that already allow presidents to enact a good deal of foreign and domestic policy without aid , interference or consent from Congress '' . Bill Wilson , board member of Americans for Limited Government , opined that the expanded presidency was `` the greatest threat ever to individual freedom and democratic rule '' . Selection process George Washington , the first president of the United States Eligibility Article II , Section 1 , Clause 5 of the Constitution sets the following qualifications for holding the presidency : be a natural - born citizen of the United States ; be at least thirty - five years old ; be a resident in the United States for at least fourteen years . A person who meets the above qualifications is still disqualified from holding the office of president under any of the following conditions : Under the Twenty - second Amendment , no person can be elected president more than twice . The amendment also specifies that if any eligible person serves as president or acting president for more than two years of a term for which some other eligible person was elected president , the former can only be elected president once . Scholars disagree over whether a person precluded by the Twenty - second Amendment to being elected president is also precluded from being vice president . Under Article I , Section 3 , Clause 7 , upon conviction in impeachment cases , the Senate has the option of disqualifying convicted individuals from holding federal office , including that of president . Under Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment , no person who swore an oath to support the Constitution , and later rebelled against the United States , can become president . However , this disqualification can be lifted by a two - thirds vote of each house of Congress . Campaigns and nomination Main articles : United States presidential primary , United States presidential nominating convention , United States presidential election debates , and United States presidential election The modern presidential campaign begins before the primary elections , which the two major political parties use to clear the field of candidates before their national nominating conventions , where the most successful candidate is made the party 's nominee for president . Typically , the party 's presidential candidate chooses a vice presidential nominee , and this choice is rubber - stamped by the convention . The most common previous profession of U.S. presidents is lawyer . Nominees participate in nationally televised debates , and while the debates are usually restricted to the Democratic and Republican nominees , third party candidates may be invited , such as Ross Perot in the 1992 debates . Nominees campaign across the country to explain their views , convince voters and solicit contributions . Much of the modern electoral process is concerned with winning swing states through frequent visits and mass media advertising drives . Election and oath Map of the United States showing the number of electoral votes allocated following the 2010 census to each state for the 2012 , 2016 and 2020 presidential elections ; it also notes that Maine and Nebraska distribute electors by way of the Congressional District Method. 270 electoral votes are required for a majority out of 538 votes possible . Main articles : Electoral College ( United States ) and Oath of office of the President of the United States The president is elected indirectly . A number of electors , collectively known as the Electoral College , officially select the president . On Election Day , voters in each of the states and the District of Columbia cast ballots for these electors . Each state is allocated a number of electors , equal to the size of its combined delegation in both Houses of Congress . Generally , the ticket that wins the most votes in a state wins all of that state 's electoral votes and thus has its slate of electors chosen to vote in the Electoral College . The winning slate of electors meet at its state 's capital on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December , about six weeks after the election , to vote . They then send a record of that vote to Congress . The vote of the electors is opened by the sitting vice president -- acting in that role 's capacity as President of the Senate -- and read aloud to a joint session of the incoming Congress , which was elected at the same time as the president . Pursuant to the Twentieth Amendment , the president 's term of office begins at noon on January 20 of the year following the election . This date , known as Inauguration Day , marks the beginning of the four - year terms of both the president and the vice president . Before executing the powers of the office , a president is constitutionally required to take the presidential oath : I do solemnly swear ( or affirm ) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States , and will to the best of my Ability , preserve , protect , and defend the Constitution of the United States . Presidents have traditionally palmed a Bible while taking the oath and have added , `` So help me God ! '' to the end of the oath . Although the oath may be administered by any person authorized by law to administer oaths , presidents are traditionally sworn in by the Chief Justice of the United States , except when vice presidents have succeeded to the presidency due to a president 's death or resignation . Tenure and term limits Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected to four terms as President of the United States . Since ratification of the Twenty - second Amendment in 1951 , no one can be elected president more than twice . The term of office for the president is four years . As the first president , George Washington set an unofficial precedent by serving only two terms . Prior to Franklin D. Roosevelt , Ulysses S. Grant and Theodore Roosevelt both unsuccessfully sought a third term . In 1940 , FDR was elected to a third term after being `` drafted '' by his party . In 1941 , the United States entered World War II , which led voters to elect Roosevelt to a fourth term in 1944 despite his declining physical health ; he died 82 days into his fourth term on April 12 , 1945 . In response to the unprecedented length of Roosevelt 's presidency , the Twenty - second Amendment was adopted in 1951 . The amendment bars anyone from being elected president more than twice , or once if that person served more than two years ( 24 months ) of another president 's four - year term . Harry S. Truman , president when this term limit came into force , was exempted from its limitations , and briefly sought a second full term -- to which he would have otherwise been inelegible for election to , as he had been president for more than two years of Roosevelt 's fourth term -- before he withdrew from the 1952 election . Since the amendment 's adoption , five presidents have served two full terms : Dwight D. Eisenhower , Ronald Reagan , Bill Clinton , George W. Bush , and Barack Obama . Both Jimmy Carter and George H.W. Bush sought a second term , but were defeated . Richard Nixon was elected to a second term , but resigned before completing it . Lyndon B. Johnson , having held the presidency for one full term in addition to only 14 months of John F. Kennedy 's unexpired term , was eligible for a second full term in 1968 , but withdrew from Democratic Primary . Additionally , Gerald Ford , who served out the last two years and five months of Nixon 's second term , sought a full term , but was defeated by Jimmy Carter in the 1976 election . Succession , vacancy , or disability See also : Twenty - fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution , United States presidential line of succession , Presidential Succession Act , and Impeachment in the United States Succession to or vacancies in the office of president may arise under several possible circumstances : death , resignation , and removal from office . Deaths have occurred a number of times , resignation has occurred only once , and removal from office has never occurred . Article II , Section 4 of the Constitution allows for the removal of high federal officials , including the president , from office for `` treason , bribery , or other high crimes and misdemeanors . '' Article I , Section 2 , Clause 5 gives the House of Representatives the power to impeach such officials by a majority vote . Article I , Section 3 , Clause 6 gives the Senate the power to remove impeached officials from office , given a two - thirds vote to convict . The House has thus far impeached two presidents : Andrew Johnson in 1868 and Bill Clinton in 1998 . Neither was convicted by the Senate . Johnson was acquitted by just one vote and Clinton by 17 votes . Under Section 3 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment , the president may transfer the presidential powers and duties to the vice president , who then becomes acting president , by transmitting a statement to the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate stating the reasons for the transfer . The president resumes the discharge of the presidential powers and duties upon transmitting , to those two officials , a written declaration stating that resumption . This transfer of power may occur for any reason the president considers appropriate ; in 2002 and again in 2007 , President George W. Bush briefly transferred presidential authority to Vice President Dick Cheney . In both cases , this was done to accommodate a medical procedure that required Bush to be sedated ; both times , Bush returned to duty later the same day . Under Section 4 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment , the vice president , in conjunction with a majority of the Cabinet , may transfer the presidential powers and duties from the president to the vice president by transmitting a written declaration to the Speaker of the House and the president pro tempore of the Senate that the president is unable to discharge the presidential powers and duties . If this occurs , then the vice president will assume the presidential powers and duties as acting president ; however , the president can declare that no such inability exists and resume the discharge of the presidential powers and duties . If the vice president and Cabinet contest this claim , it is up to Congress , which must meet within two days if not already in session , to decide the merit of the claim . The United States Constitution mentions the resignation of the president , but does not regulate its form or the conditions for its validity . Pursuant to federal law , the only valid evidence of the president 's resignation is a written instrument to that effect , signed by the president and delivered to the office of the Secretary of State . This has only occurred once , when Richard Nixon delivered a letter to Henry Kissinger to that effect . Section 1 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment states that the vice president becomes president upon the removal from office , death , or resignation of the preceding president . The Presidential Succession Act of 1947 provides that if the offices of president and vice president are each either vacant or are held by a disabled person , the next officer in the presidential line of succession , the Speaker of the House , becomes acting president . The line then extends to the President pro tempore of the Senate , followed by every member of the Cabinet . The constitutionality of having congressional officials in the line of succession has been questioned . A person must fulfill all eligibility requirements of the office of president to be eligible to become acting president ; ineligible individuals are skipped . Political affiliation Throughout most of its history , politics of the United States have been dominated by political parties . Political parties had not been anticipated when the U.S. Constitution was drafted in 1787 , nor did they exist at the time of the first presidential election in 1788 -- 1789 . Organized political parties developed in the U.S. in the mid -- 1790s , but political factions , from which organized parties evolved , began to appear almost immediately after the Federal government came into existence . Those who supported the Washington administration were referred to as `` pro-administration '' and would eventually form the Federalist Party , while those in opposition joined the emerging Democratic - Republican Party . Greatly concerned about the very real capacity of political parties to destroy the fragile unity holding the nation together , Washington remained unaffiliated with any political faction or party throughout his eight - year presidency . He was , and remains , the only U.S. president never to be affiliated with a political party . Since George Washington , 43 persons have been sworn into the office of president , and each has been affiliated with a political party at the time of assuming office . The number of presidents per political party are : 19 with the Republican Party -- Chester A. Arthur , George H.W. Bush , George W. Bush , Calvin Coolidge , Dwight D. Eisenhower , Gerald Ford , James A. Garfield , Ulysses S. Grant , Warren G. Harding , Benjamin Harrison , Rutherford B. Hayes , Herbert Hoover , Abraham Lincoln , William McKinley , Richard Nixon , Ronald Reagan , Theodore Roosevelt , William Howard Taft , and Donald Trump 15 with the Democratic Party -- James Buchanan , Jimmy Carter , Grover Cleveland , Bill Clinton , Andrew Jackson , Andrew Johnson , Lyndon B. Johnson , John F. Kennedy , Barack Obama , Franklin Pierce , James K. Polk , Franklin D. Roosevelt , Harry S. Truman , Martin Van Buren , and Woodrow Wilson Four with the Democratic - Republican Party -- John Quincy Adams , Thomas Jefferson , James Madison , and James Monroe Four with the Whig Party -- Millard Fillmore , William Henry Harrison , Zachary Taylor , and John Tyler Two with the National Union Party -- Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson One with the Federalist Party -- John Adams Compensation Presidential pay history Date established Salary Salary in 2016 dollars September 24 , 1789 $25,000 $702,755 March 3 , 1873 $50,000 $1,032,868 March 4 , 1909 $75,000 $2,045,483 January 19 , 1949 $100,000 $1,008,433 January 20 , 1969 $200,000 $1,307,940 January 20 , 2001 $400,000 $542,082 Sources : Since 2001 , the president has earned a $400,000 annual salary , along with a $50,000 annual expense account , a $100,000 nontaxable travel account , and $19,000 for entertainment . The most recent raise in salary was approved by Congress and President Bill Clinton in 1999 and went into effect in 2001 . Residence Main article : List of residences of Presidents of the United States The White House in Washington , D.C. serves as the official residence of the president . Facilities that are available to the president include access to the White House staff , medical care , recreation , housekeeping , and security services . The government pays for state dinners and other official functions , but the president pays for personal , family , and guest dry cleaning and food ; the high food bill often amazes new residents . Camp David , officially titled Naval Support Facility Thurmont , is a mountain - based military camp in Frederick County , Maryland , used as a country retreat and for high alert protection of the president and guests . Blair House , located next to the Eisenhower Executive Office Building at the White House Complex and Lafayette Park , is a complex of four connected townhouses exceeding 70,000 square feet ( 6,500 m ) of floor space that serves as the president 's official guest house and as a secondary residence for the president if needed . Travel Main article : Transportation of the President of the United States The primary means of long distance air travel for the president is one of two identical Boeing VC - 25 aircraft , which are extensively modified Boeing 747 airliners and are referred to as Air Force One while the president is on board ( although any U.S. Air Force aircraft the president is aboard is designated as `` Air Force One '' for the duration of the flight ) . In - country trips are typically handled with just one of the two planes , while overseas trips are handled with both , one primary and one backup . The president also has access to smaller Air Force aircraft , most notably the Boeing C - 32 , which are used when the president must travel to airports that can not support a jumbo jet . Any civilian aircraft the president is aboard is designated Executive One for the flight . For short distance air travel , the president has access to a fleet of U.S. Marine Corps helicopters of varying models , designated Marine One when the president is aboard any particular one in the fleet . Flights are typically handled with as many as five helicopters all flying together and frequently swapping positions as to disguise which helicopter the president is actually aboard to any would - be threats . For ground travel , the president uses the presidential state car , which is an armored limousine designed to look like a Cadillac sedan , but built on a truck chassis . The US Secret Service operates and maintains the fleet of several limousines . The president also has access to two armored motorcoaches , which are primarily used for touring trips . Protection The U.S. Secret Service is charged with protecting the president and the first family . As part of their protection , presidents , first ladies , their children and other immediate family members , and other prominent persons and locations are assigned Secret Service codenames . The use of such names was originally for security purposes and dates to a time when sensitive electronic communications were not routinely encrypted ; today , the names simply serve for purposes of brevity , clarity , and tradition . Presidential amenities The White House Camp David Blair House State car Air Force One Marine One Post-presidency Five presidents : George H.W. Bush , Barack Obama , George W. Bush , Bill Clinton , and Jimmy Carter . Photo taken in the Oval Office on January 7 , 2009 . Under the Former Presidents Act , all living former presidents are granted a pension , an office , and a staff . The pension has increased numerous times with Congressional approval . Retired presidents now receive a pension based on the salary of the current administration 's cabinet secretaries , which was $199,700 each year in 2012 . Former presidents who served in Congress may also collect congressional pensions . The act also provides former presidents with travel funds and franking privileges . Prior to 1997 , all former presidents , their spouses , and their children until age 16 were protected by the Secret Service until the president 's death . In 1997 , Congress passed legislation limiting secret service protection to no more than 10 years from the date a president leaves office . On January 10 , 2013 , President Obama signed legislation reinstating lifetime secret service protection for him , George W. Bush , and all subsequent presidents . A spouse who remarries is no longer eligible for secret service protection . Some presidents have had significant careers after leaving office . Prominent examples include William Howard Taft 's tenure as Chief Justice of the United States and Herbert Hoover 's work on government reorganization after World War II . Grover Cleveland , whose bid for reelection failed in 1888 , was elected president again four years later in 1892 . Two former presidents served in Congress after leaving the White House : John Quincy Adams was elected to the House of Representatives , serving there for seventeen years , and Andrew Johnson returned to the Senate in 1875 . John Tyler served in the provisional Congress of the Confederate States during the Civil War and was elected to the Confederate House of Representatives , but died before that body first met . Presidents may use their predecessors as emissaries to deliver private messages to other nations or as official representatives of the United States to state funerals and other important foreign events . Richard Nixon made multiple foreign trips to countries including China and Russia and was lauded as an elder statesman . Jimmy Carter has become a global human rights campaigner , international arbiter , and election monitor , as well as a recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize . Bill Clinton has also worked as an informal ambassador , most recently in the negotiations that led to the release of two American journalists , Laura Ling and Euna Lee , from North Korea . Clinton has also been active politically since his presidential term ended , working with his wife Hillary on her 2008 and 2016 presidential bids and President Obama on his 2012 reelection campaign . The five living former presidents Jimmy Carter ( age 93 ) since 1981 George H.W. Bush ( age 94 ) since 1993 Bill Clinton ( age 71 ) since 2001 George W. Bush ( age 71 ) since 2009 Barack Obama ( age 56 ) since 2017 Presidential libraries Main article : Presidential library Every president since Herbert Hoover has created a repository known as a presidential library for preserving and making available his papers , records , and other documents and materials . Completed libraries are deeded to and maintained by the National Archives and Records Administration ( NARA ) ; the initial funding for building and equipping each library must come from private , non-federal sources . There are currently thirteen presidential libraries in the NARA system . There are also presidential libraries maintained by state governments and private foundations and Universities of Higher Education , such as the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum , which is run by the State of Illinois , the George W. Bush Presidential library and Museum , which is run by Southern Methodist University , the George H.W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum , which is run by Texas A&M University , and the Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Library and Museum , which is run by the University of Texas at Austin . A number of presidents have lived for many years after leaving office , and several of them have personally overseen the building and opening of their own presidential libraries . Some have even made arrangements for their own burial at the site . Several presidential libraries contain the graves of the president they document , including the Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library , Museum and Boyhood Home in Abilene , Kansas , Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum in Yorba Linda , California , and the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in Simi Valley , California . These gravesites are open to the general public . Timeline of presidents Main article : List of Presidents of the United States § Presidents See also Government of the United States portal Curse of Tippecanoe Imperial Presidency The Imperial Presidency Imperiled presidency List of United States presidential trips Mr. President ( title ) President of the Continental Congress Presidential $1 Coin Program Presidential M&M 's Second - term curse United States presidential line of succession in fiction Vice President of the United States White House Office Notes Jump up ^ Donald Trump has announced he will take a salary of only 1 dollar per annum . Jump up ^ The informal term POTUS originated in the Phillips Code , a shorthand method created in 1879 by Walter P. Phillips for the rapid transmission of press reports by telegraph . Jump up ^ The nine vice presidents who succeeded to the presidency upon their predecessor 's death or resignation and finished - out that unexpired term are John Tyler ( 1841 ) ; Millard Fillmore ( 1850 ) ; Andrew Johnson ( 1865 ) ; Chester A. Arthur ( 1881 ) ; Theodore Roosevelt ( 1901 ) ; Calvin Coolidge ( 1923 ) ; Harry S. Truman ( 1945 ) ; Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1963 ) ; and Gerald Ford ( 1974 ) . Jump up ^ Foreign - born American citizens who met the age and residency requirements at the time the Constitution was adopted were also eligible for the presidency . However , this allowance has since become obsolete . References Jump up ^ `` How To Address The President ; He Is Not Your Excellency Or Your Honor , But Mr. President '' . The New York Times . August 2 , 1891 . Jump up ^ `` USGS Correspondence Handbook -- Chapter 4 '' . Usgs.gov . July 18 , 2007 . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Models of Address and Salutation '' . Ita.doc.gov . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Heads of State , Heads of Government , Ministers for Foreign Affairs , Protocol and Liaison Service , United Nations . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The White House Office of the Press Secretary ( September 1 , 2010 ) . `` Remarks by President Obama , President Mubarak , His Majesty King Abdullah , Prime Minister Netanyahu and President Abbas Before Working Dinner '' . obamawhitehouse.archives.gov . Retrieved July 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Exchanges of Letters '' . Jimmy Carter Library . September 1978 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Owings v. Speed , 18 U.S. 420 ( 1820 ) Jump up ^ Lawson , Gary ; Seidman , Guy ( 2001 ) . `` When Did the Constitution Become Law ? '' . Notre Dame Law Review . 77 : 1 -- 37 . Jump up ^ `` How common is Trump 's $1 salary ? '' . BBC World Service . November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Safire , William ( 2008 ) . Safire 's Political Dictionary . Oxford University Press . p. 564 . ISBN 9780195340617 . Jump up ^ Von Drehle , David ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` Is Steve Bannon the Second Most Powerful Man in the World ? '' . Time . Jump up ^ `` Who should be the world 's most powerful person ? '' . The Guardian . London . January 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Meacham , Jon ( December 20 , 2008 ) . `` Meacham : The History of Power '' . Newsweek . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Zakaria , Fareed ( December 20 , 2008 ) . `` The NEWSWEEK 50 : Barack Obama '' . Newsweek . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Transcript of the Constitution of the United States -- Official '' . Archives.gov . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pfiffner , J.P. ( 1988 ) . `` The President 's Legislative Agenda '' . Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science . 499 : 22 -- 35 . doi : 10.1177 / 0002716288499001002 . Jump up ^ The Influence of State Politics in Expanding Federal Power , ' Henry Jones Ford , Proceedings of the American Political Science Association , Vol. 5 , Fifth Annual Meeting ( 1908 ) . Retrieved March 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Executive Branch '' . obamawhitehouse.archives.gov . , The White House . Jump up ^ name = `` the presidency '' > `` Executive Branch '' . obamawhitehouse.archives.gov ... Jump up ^ `` Grover Cleveland - 24 '' . White House ... ^ Jump up to : Milkis , Sidney M. ; Nelson , Michael ( 2008 ) . The American Presidency : Origins and Development ( 5th ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : CQ Press . pp. 1 -- 25 . ISBN 0 - 87289 - 336 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Kelly , Alfred H. ; Harbison , Winfred A. ; Belz , Herman ( 1991 ) . The American Constitution : Its Origins and Development . I ( 7th ed . ) . New York : W.W. Norton & Co. pp. 76 -- 81 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 96056 - 0 . Jump up ^ Beeman , Richard ( 2009 ) . Plain , Honest Men : The Making of the American Constitution . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 7684 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` DOD Releases Unified Command Plan 2011 '' . United States Department of Defense . April 8 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2011 . Retrieved February 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. § 164 Jump up ^ Joint Chiefs of Staff . About the Joint Chiefs of Staff . Retrieved February 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Alexander . The Federalist # 69 ( reposting ) . Retrieved June 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Christopher , James A. ; Baker , III ( July 8 , 2008 ) . `` The National War Powers Commission Report '' . The Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 26 , 2010 . Retrieved December 15 , 2010 . No clear mechanism or requirement exists today for the president and Congress to consult . The War Powers Resolution of 1973 contains only vague consultation requirements . Instead , it relies on reporting requirements that , if triggered , begin the clock running for Congress to approve the particular armed conflict . By the terms of the 1973 Resolution , however , Congress need not act to disapprove the conflict ; the cessation of all hostilities is required in 60 to 90 days merely if Congress fails to act . Many have criticized this aspect of the Resolution as unwise and unconstitutional , and no president in the past 35 years has filed a report `` pursuant '' to these triggering provisions . ^ Jump up to : `` The Law : The President 's War Powers '' . Time . June 1 , 1970 . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Alison ( May 2 , 1999 ) . `` The World ; Only Congress Can Declare War . Really . It 's True '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2009 . Presidents have sent forces abroad more than 100 times ; Congress has declared war only five times : the War of 1812 , the Mexican War , the Spanish -- American War , World War I and World War II . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Alison ( May 2 , 1999 ) . `` The World ; Only Congress Can Declare War . Really . It 's True '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2009 . President Reagan told Congress of the invasion of Grenada two hours after he had ordered the landing . He told Congressional leaders of the bombing of Libya while the aircraft were on their way . Jump up ^ Gordon , Michael R. ( December 20 , 1990 ) . `` U.S. troops move in panama in effort to seize noriega ; gunfire is heard in capital '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2009 . It was not clear whether the White House consulted with Congressional leaders about the military action , or notified them in advance . Thomas S. Foley , the Speaker of the House , said on Tuesday night that he had not been alerted by the Administration . Jump up ^ `` Article II , Section 3 , U.S. Constitution '' . law.cornell.edu . Legal Information Institute . 2012 . Retrieved August 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Executive Branch '' . The White House website . obamawhitehouse.archives.gov . Retrieved February 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ National Labor Relations Board v. Noel Canning , 572 U.S. __ ( 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Shurtleff v. United States , 189 U.S. 311 ( 1903 ) ; Myers v. United States , 272 U.S. 52 ( 1926 ) . Jump up ^ Humphrey 's Executor v. United States , 295 U.S. 602 ( 1935 ) and Morrison v. Olson , 487 U.S. 654 ( 1988 ) , respectively . Jump up ^ Gaziano , Todd ( February 21 , 2001 ) . `` Executive Summary : The Use and Abuse of Executive Orders and Other Presidential Directives '' . Washington , D.C. : The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Johnston , David ( December 24 , 1992 ) . `` Bush Pardons 6 in Iran Affair , Aborting a Weinberger Trial ; Prosecutor Assails ' Cover - Up ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2009 . But not since President Gerald R. Ford granted clemency to former President Richard M. Nixon for possible crimes in Watergate has a Presidential pardon so pointedly raised the issue of whether the President was trying to shield officials for political purposes . Jump up ^ Johnston , David ( December 24 , 1992 ) . `` Bush Pardons 6 in Iran Affair , Aborting a Weinberger Trial ; Prosecutor Assails ' Cover - Up ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2009 . The prosecutor charged that Mr. Weinberger 's efforts to hide his notes may have ' forestalled impeachment proceedings against President Reagan ' and formed part of a pattern of ' deception and obstruction . ' ... In light of President Bush 's own misconduct , we are gravely concerned about his decision to pardon others who lied to Congress and obstructed official investigations . Jump up ^ Eisler , Peter ( March 7 , 2008 ) . `` Clinton - papers release blocked '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 8 , 2009 . Former president Clinton issued 140 pardons on his last day in office , including several to controversial figures , such as commodities trader Rich , then a fugitive on tax evasion charges . Rich 's ex-wife , Denise , contributed $2,000 in 1999 to Hillary Clinton 's Senate campaign ; $5,000 to a related political action committee ; and $450,000 to a fund set up to build the Clinton library . Jump up ^ Millhiser , Ian ( June 1 , 2010 ) . `` Executive Privilege 101 '' . Center for American Progress . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Part III of the opinion in Mohamed v. Jeppesen Dataplan '' . Caselaw.findlaw.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Frost , Amanda ; Florence , Justin ( 2009 ) . `` Reforming the State Secrets Privilege '' ( PDF ) . American Constitution Society . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weaver , William G. ; Pallitto , Robert M. ( 2005 ) . `` State Secrets and Executive Power '' . Political Science Quarterly . The Academy of Political Science . 120 ( 1 ) : 85 -- 112 . doi : 10.1002 / j. 1538 - 165x. 2005. tb00539. x . Use of the state secrets privilege in courts has grown significantly over the last twenty - five years . In the twenty - three years between the decision in Reynolds ( 1953 ) and the election of Jimmy Carter , in 1976 , there were four reported cases in which the government invoked the privilege . Between 1977 and 2001 , there were a total of fifty - one reported cases in which courts ruled on invocation of the privilege . Because reported cases only represent a fraction of the total cases in which the privilege is invoked or implicated , it is unclear precisely how dramatically the use of the privilege has grown . But the increase in reported cases is indicative of greater willingness to assert the privilege than in the past . Jump up ^ Savage , Charlie ( September 8 , 2010 ) . `` Court Dismisses a Case Asserting Torture by C.I.A '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Finn , Peter ( September 9 , 2010 ) . `` Suit dismissed against firm in CIA rendition case '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Glenn Greenwald ( February 10 , 2009 ) . `` The 180 - degree reversal of Obama 's State Secrets position '' . Salon . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Background on the State Secrets Privilege '' . American Civil Liberties Union . January 31 , 2007 . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cantor , Eric ( July 30 , 2009 ) . `` Obama 's 32 Czars '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Dana D. ( October 11 , 2008 ) . `` The ' unitary executive ' question '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Suarez , Ray ; et al. ( July 24 , 2006 ) . `` President 's Use of ' Signing Statements ' Raises Constitutional Concerns '' . PBS Online NewsHour . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2007 . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . The American Bar Association said President Bush 's use of `` signing statements '' , which allow him to sign a bill into law but not enforce certain provisions , disregards the rule of law and the separation of powers . Legal experts discuss the implications . Jump up ^ Will , George F. ( December 21 , 2008 ) . `` Making Congress Moot '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Duggan , Paul ( April 2 , 2007 ) . `` Balking at the First Pitch '' . The Washington Post . p . A01 . Jump up ^ `` History of the BSA Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . Boy Scouts of America . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grier , Peter ( April 25 , 2011 ) . `` The ( not so ) secret history of the White House Easter Egg Roll '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2012 . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hesse , Monica ( November 21 , 2007 ) . `` Turkey Pardons , The Stuffing of Historic Legend '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gibbs , Nancy ( November 13 , 2008 ) . `` How Presidents Pass The Torch '' . Time . Retrieved May 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dorning , Mike ( January 22 , 2009 ) . `` A note from Bush starts morning in the Oval Office '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2011 . Retrieved May 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Abbott , James A. ; Rice , Elaine M. ( 1998 ) . Designing Camelot : The Kennedy White House Restoration . Van Nostrand Reinhold . pp. 9 -- 10 . ISBN 0 - 442 - 02532 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` The White House State Dinner '' . The White House Historical Association . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dykoski , Rachel ( November 1 , 2008 ) . `` Book note : Presidential idolatry is `` Bad for Democracy '' `` . Twin Cities Daily Planet . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . Dana D. Nelson 's book makes the case that we 've had 200 + years of propagandized leadership ... Jump up ^ Neffinger , John ( April 2 , 2007 ) . `` Democrats vs. Science : Why We 're So Damn Good at Losing Elections '' . HuffPost . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 ... back in the 1980s Lesley Stahl of 60 Minutes ran a piece skewering Reagan 's policies on the elderly ... But while her voiceover delivered a scathing critique , the video footage was all drawn from carefully - staged photo - ops of Reagan smiling with seniors and addressing large crowds ... Deaver thanked ... Stahl ... for broadcasting all those images of Reagan looking his best . Jump up ^ Nelson , Dana D. ( 2008 ) . `` Bad for democracy : how the Presidency undermines the power of the people '' . U of Minnesota Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 5677 - 6 . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . in rich detail how Kennedy drew on the power of myth as he framed his experience during World War II , when his PT boat was sliced in half by a Japanese ... Jump up ^ Nelson , Dana D. ( 2008 ) . `` Bad for democracy : how the Presidency undermines the power of the people '' . U of Minnesota Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 5677 - 6 . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . Even before Kennedy ran for Congress , he had become fascinated , through his Hollywood acquaintances and visits , with the idea of image ... ( p. 54 ) Jump up ^ Lexington ( July 21 , 2009 ) . `` The Cult of the Presidency '' . The Economist . Retrieved November 9 , 2009 . Gene Healy argues that because voters expect the president to do everything ... When they inevitably fail to keep their promises , voters swiftly become disillusioned . Yet they never lose their romantic idea that the president should drive the economy , vanquish enemies , lead the free world , comfort tornado victims , heal the national soul and protect borrowers from hidden credit - card fees . Jump up ^ Kakutani , Michiko ( July 6 , 2007 ) . `` Unchecked and Unbalanced '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2009 . the founding fathers had ' scant affection for strong executives ' like England 's king , and ... Bush White House 's claims are rooted in ideas `` about the ' divine ' right of kings '' ... and that certainly did not find their ' way into our founding documents , the 1776 Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of 1787 . ' Jump up ^ `` The Conquest of Presidentialism '' . HuffPost . August 22 , 2008 . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Schimke , David ( September -- October 2008 ) . `` Presidential Power to the People -- Author Dana D. Nelson on why democracy demands that the next president be taken down a notch '' . Utne Reader . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Linker , Ross ( September 27 , 2007 ) . `` Critical of Presidency , Prof. Ginsberg and Crenson unite '' . The Johns - Hopkins Newsletter . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . presidents slowly but surely gain more and more power with both the public at large and other political institutions doing nothing to prevent it . Jump up ^ Kakutani , Michiko ( July 6 , 2007 ) . `` Unchecked and Unbalanced '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2009 . Unchecked and Unbalanced : Presidential Power in a Time of Terror By Frederick A.O. Schwarz Jr. and Aziz Z . Huq ( authors ) ^ Jump up to : Nelson , Dana D. ( October 11 , 2008 ) . `` Opinion -- The ' unitary executive ' question -- What do McCain and Obama think of the concept ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Shane , Scott ( September 25 , 2009 ) . `` A Critic Finds Obama Policies a Perfect Target '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2009 . There is the small , minority - owned firm with deep ties to President Obama 's Chicago backers , made eligible by the Federal Reserve to handle potentially lucrative credit deals . ' I want to know how these firms are picked and who picked them , ' Mr. Wilson , the group 's president , tells his eager researchers . Jump up ^ See : Peabody , Bruce G. ; Gant , Scott E. ( 1999 ) . `` The Twice and Future President : Constitutional Interstices and the Twenty - Second Amendment '' . Minnesota Law Review . Minneapolis , MN : Minnesota Law Review . 83 ( 565 ) . ; alternatively , see : Albert , Richard ( 2005 ) . `` The Evolving Vice Presidency '' . Temple Law Review . Philadelphia , PA : Temple University of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education . 78 ( 811 , at 856 -- 9 ) . Jump up ^ See GPO Annotated U.S. Constitution , 2002 Ed . Archived August 6 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , at 611 & nn. 772 -- 773 . Jump up ^ International Law , US Power : The United States ' Quest for Legal Security , p 10 , Shirley V. Scott -- 2012 Jump up ^ U.S. Const . art . II , § 1 , cl. 8 . Jump up ^ `` Judge does n't ban `` God '' in inaugural oath `` . Associated Press . January 15 , 2009 . Retrieved August 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Guardian , `` Bush colonoscopy leaves Cheney in charge '' , July 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ 3 U.S.C. § 20 Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Party Division '' . senate.gov . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jamison , Dennis ( December 31 , 2014 ) . `` George Washington 's views on political parties in America '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chambers , William Nisbet ( 1963 ) . Political parties in a new Nation : the American experience , 1776 -- 1809 . New York : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ `` Presidential and Vice Presidential Salaries Exclusive of Perquisites '' . University of Michigan . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Relative Value in US Dollars . Measuring Worth . Retrieved May 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Dept. of Labor Inflation Calculator . Inflation Calculator . Retrieved August 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` How much does the U.S. president get paid ? '' . Howstuffworks . Retrieved July 24 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Salaries of Federal Officials : A Fact Sheet Archived April 26 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... United States Senate website . Retrieved August 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bumiller , Elizabeth ( January 2009 ) . `` Inside the Presidency '' . National Geographic . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` President 's Guest House ( includes Lee House and Blair House ) , Washington , DC '' . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Air Force One '' . whitehouse.gov/about/air-force-one/ . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2012 ... White House Military Office . Retrieved June 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Any U.S. Air Force aircraft carrying the president will use the call sign `` Air Force One . '' Similarly , `` Navy One '' , `` Army One '' , and `` Coast Guard One '' are the call signs used if the president is aboard a craft belonging to these services . `` Executive One '' becomes the call sign of any civilian aircraft when the president boards . Jump up ^ New Presidential Limousine enters Secret Service Fleet U.S. Secret Service Press Release ( January 14 , 2009 ) Retrieved on January 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ahlers , Mike M. ; Marrapodi , Eric ( January 6 , 2009 ) . `` Obama 's wheels : Secret Service to unveil new presidential limo '' . CNN . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Farley , Robert ( August 25 , 2011 ) . `` Obama 's Canadian - American Bus '' . FactCheck . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Junior Secret Service Program : Assignment 7 . Code Names '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2007 . Retrieved August 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Candidate Code Names Secret Service Monikers Used on the Campaign Trail '' . CBS . September 16 , 2008 . Retrieved November 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Schwemle , Barbara L. ( October 17 , 2012 ) . `` President of the United States : Compensation '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Former presidents cost U.S. taxpayers big bucks '' . Toledo Blade . January 7 , 2007 . Retrieved May 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ 18 U.S.C. § 3056 Jump up ^ `` Obama signs bill granting lifetime Secret Service protection to former presidents and spouses '' . The Washington Post . Associated Press . January 10 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2016 . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` United States Secret Service : Protection '' . United States Secret Service . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Obama signs protection bill for former presidents '' . The Washington Times . January 10 , 2013 . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Shock and Anger Flash Throughout the United States '' . Associated Press . March 31 , 1981 . Retrieved March 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Four Presidents '' . Reagan Presidential Library , National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved April 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Biography of Richard M. Nixon '' . obamawhitehouse.archives.gov . , The White House . Jump up ^ 44 U.S.C. § 2112 Further reading Balogh , Brian and Bruce J. Schulman , eds . Recapturing the Oval Office : New Historical Approaches to the American Presidency ( Cornell University Press , 2015 ) , 311 pp . Bumiller , Elisabeth ( January 2009 ) . `` Inside the Presidency '' . National Geographic . 215 ( 1 ) : 130 -- 149 . Couch , Ernie . Presidential Trivia . Rutledge Hill Press . March 1 , 1996 . ISBN 1 - 55853 - 412 - 1 Lang , J. Stephen . The Complete Book of Presidential Trivia . Pelican Publishing . 2001 . ISBN 1 - 56554 - 877 - 9 Greenberg , David . Republic of Spin : An Inside History of the American Presidency ( W.W. Norton & Company , 2015 ) . xx , 540 pp . Leo , Leonard -- Taranto , James -- Bennett , William J. Presidential Leadership : Rating the Best and the Worst in the White House . Simon and Schuster . 2004 . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 5433 - 3 Presidential Studies Quarterly , published by Blackwell Synergy , is a quarterly academic journal on the presidency . Świątczak , Wasilewska , Iwona . `` The Toughest Season in the White House '' : The Rhetorical Presidency and the State of the Union Address , 1953 -- 1992 . PhD thesis . University of Helsinki , 2014 . ISBN 978 - 951 - 51 - 0248 - 5 . Primary sources Waldman , Michael -- Stephanopoulos , George . My Fellow Americans : The Most Important Speeches of America 's presidents , from George Washington to George W. Bush . Sourcebooks Trade . 2003 . ISBN 1 - 4022 - 0027 - 7 Jacobs , Ron . Interview with Joseph G. Peschek and William Grover , authors of The Unsustainable Presidency , a book offering an analysis of the role the US President plays in economics and politics External links Wikisource has original text related to this article : President of the United States Wikimedia Commons has media related to Presidents of the United States . Wikiquote has quotations related to : President of the United States Official `` White House '' . Presidential histories A New Nation Votes : American Election Returns , 1787 -- 1825 Presidential election returns including town and county breakdowns `` American Presidents : Life Portraits '' . C - SPAN . Retrieved February 13 , 2016 . Companion website for the C - SPAN television series : American presidents : Life Portraits `` Presidential Documents from the National Archives '' . Retrieved March 21 , 2007 . Collection of letters , portraits , photos , and other documents from the National Archives `` The American Presidency Project '' . UC Santa Barbara . Retrieved October 7 , 2005 . Collection of over 67,000 presidential documents The History Channel : US Presidents Miscellaneous `` All the President 's Roles '' . Ask Gleaves . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved October 20 , 2006 . Article analyzing a president 's many hats Hauenstein Center for Presidential Studies . Educational site on the American presidency `` Presidents ' Occupations '' . Retrieved August 20 , 2007 . Listing of every president 's occupations before and after becoming the commander in chief `` The Masonic Presidents Tour '' . The Masonic Library and Museum of Pennsylvania . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2014 . Retrieved October 7 , 2005 . Brief histories of the Masonic careers of presidents who were members of the Freemasons `` The Presidents '' . American Experience . Retrieved March 4 , 2007 . PBS site on the American presidency Presidents of the United States : Resource Guides from the Library of Congress Shapell Manuscript Foundation . Images of documents written by U.S. presidents Presidents of the United States ( list ) George Washington ( 1789 -- 1797 ) John Adams ( 1797 -- 1801 ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1801 -- 1809 ) James Madison ( 1809 -- 1817 ) James Monroe ( 1817 -- 1825 ) John Quincy Adams ( 1825 -- 1829 ) Andrew Jackson ( 1829 -- 1837 ) Martin Van Buren ( 1837 -- 1841 ) William Henry Harrison ( 1841 ) John Tyler ( 1841 -- 1845 ) James K. Polk ( 1845 -- 1849 ) Zachary Taylor ( 1849 -- 1850 ) Millard Fillmore ( 1850 -- 1853 ) Franklin Pierce ( 1853 -- 1857 ) James Buchanan ( 1857 -- 1861 ) Abraham Lincoln ( 1861 -- 1865 ) Andrew Johnson ( 1865 -- 1869 ) Ulysses S. Grant ( 1869 -- 1877 ) Rutherford B. Hayes ( 1877 -- 1881 ) James A. Garfield ( 1881 ) Chester A. Arthur ( 1881 -- 1885 ) Grover Cleveland ( 1885 -- 1889 ) Benjamin Harrison ( 1889 -- 1893 ) Grover Cleveland ( 1893 -- 1897 ) William McKinley ( 1897 -- 1901 ) Theodore Roosevelt ( 1901 -- 1909 ) William H. Taft ( 1909 -- 1913 ) Woodrow Wilson ( 1913 -- 1921 ) Warren G. Harding ( 1921 -- 1923 ) Calvin Coolidge ( 1923 -- 1929 ) Herbert Hoover ( 1929 -- 1933 ) Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 1933 -- 1945 ) Harry S. Truman ( 1945 -- 1953 ) Dwight D. Eisenhower ( 1953 -- 1961 ) John F. Kennedy ( 1961 -- 1963 ) Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1963 -- 1969 ) Richard Nixon ( 1969 -- 1974 ) Gerald Ford ( 1974 -- 1977 ) Jimmy Carter ( 1977 -- 1981 ) Ronald Reagan ( 1981 -- 1989 ) George H.W. Bush ( 1989 -- 1993 ) Bill Clinton ( 1993 -- 2001 ) George W. Bush ( 2001 -- 2009 ) Barack Obama ( 2009 -- 2017 ) Donald Trump ( 2017 -- present ) Presidency timelines Wilson Harding Coolidge Hoover F.D. Roosevelt Truman Eisenhower Kennedy L.B. Johnson Nixon Ford Carter Reagan G.H.W. Bush Clinton G.W. 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-8035214467031673605 | Chancellor Family | Chancellor family - wikipedia Chancellor family Chancellor family The Young and the Restless family Created by William J. Bell Introduced by John Conboy Duration 1973 -- First appearance November 1973 The Chancellors are fictional characters and a core family from the CBS Daytime soap opera , The Young and the Restless . Since their introduction in 1973 , the family has mainly been represented by Katherine Chancellor ( Jeanne Cooper ) and her feud with her husband Phillip II ( Donnelly Rhodes ) 's young mistress Jill Foster ( Jess Walton ) . After years of feuding , Jill and Katherine form a bond and Kay becomes a mother figure to Jill , and a grandmother to Jill 's sons . The family is currently represented by Jill , her son Billy Abbott ( Jason Thompson ) , and his children and Katherine 's own grandchildren Devon Hamilton ( Bryton James ) and Mackenzie Browning ( Kelly Kruger ) . Contents 1 Family members 1.1 First Generation 1.2 Second Generation 1.3 Third Generation 1.4 Fourth Generation 1.5 In - Laws 2 Family tree 3 Chancellor Industries 3.1 Chancellor divisions 3.2 Chancellor subsidiaries 3.3 Personnel 3.4 Former personnel 4 References 5 External links Family members ( edit ) First generation ( edit ) The history of the Chancellor family is deeply rooted in the history of Genoa City , which was founded by Civil War hero Garfield Dandridge Chancellor . In 1973 Garfield 's great - great - grandson , Phillip Chancellor II , was running Chancellor Industries . He resided in the Chancellor mansion with his alcoholic and promiscuous wife Katherine ( Kay ) . The two barely communicated with each other as husband and wife , and the lonely Phillip , driven to distraction by Katherine 's obsessive behavior , sought refuge in the company of Katherine 's young and beautiful paid companion , Jill Foster . Phillip and Jill fell in love , Jill was a virgin but became pregnant the one and only time they made love . Phillip obtained a divorce from Katherine in the Dominican Republic , but Katherine got her revenge by picking Phillip up from the airport on his return , and drove him off a cliff when he refused to give her another chance . Phillip married Jill on his deathbed in order to provide for her and their unborn child . However , Katherine later had Phillip 's divorce from her invalidated , on the basis she was drunk when she signed the divorce papers , which automatically annulled Phillip and Jill 's marriage . So Katherine was reinstated as Phillip 's legal widow . Phillip 's affair with Jill Foster produced a son , Phillip III . The stage was set for a long and bitter feud between the two women that would continue for decades . Katherine Chancellor ( Jeanne Cooper ) Born on October 25 , 1928 as Katherine Shepherd , and known affectionately as Kay , Katherine marries high school and college sweetheart Gary Reynolds . Together they have one son , Brock . When Brock and Gary are out of the country , Katherine has an affair with Gary 's golfing buddy , Arthur Hendricks and later gives birth to his son , Tucker , who she secretly gave up for adoption without even seeing him . After Gary 's passing , Katherine marries Phillip Chancellor . However , Katherine and Phillip 's unhappy marriage is upended by Jill Foster who gets pregnant with his child . The two women would fight over everything from men to children for the next four decades . Katherine was remarried in 2009 to Patrick Murphy . Katherine dies on August 1 , 2013 at the age of 84 . Second generation ( edit ) Brock Reynolds ( Beau Kazer ) Brock is Katherine 's son with her first husband , Gary Reynolds . When Brock is first introduced as a rebellious college aged kid , wasting his inheritance in Europe , with childhood friend , Lorie Brooks . After Gary 's passing and Katherine 's remarriage , Brock 's rebellion started with wild sex and drugs . Brock comes in and out of his mother 's life over the years . In 1974 , Brock returned home a changed man and a minister . He also has a brief marriage to Jill Foster . Brock obtains a law degree while living in Paris . Brock has one child with former lover , Amanda Browning , Mackenzie who comes to Genoa City in 1999 . Brock currently resides in New Orleans where he volunteers rebuilding homes for the victims of Hurricane Katrina . He is the chairman of the Chancellor Foundation , and also a singer . Tucker McCall ( Stephen Nichols ) Tucker is Katherine 's illegitimate son with Judge Arthur Hendricks given away at birth by a drunken Katherine . Former rock and roll manager , Tucker comes to Genoa City in 2009 and steals the company out from under his mother . Tucker immediately clashes with wealthy businessman and Katherine 's close friend , Victor Newman . He marries Ashley Abbott , and after a brief coma is reunited with his illegitimate son , Devon , with former music groupie , Yolanda Hamilton . Devon and Tucker 's relationship starts off rocky , but they eventually start to bond . Tucker also has a relationship with Jill and helps her find her biological family . Tucker and Katherine 's relationship has many ups and downs , but they eventually reconcile before he relocates to Hong Kong in 2013 . Tucker was with Katherine and Murphy when his mother passed . Phillip Chancellor III ( Thom Bierdz ) Born on December 25 , 1975 , Phillip III is Phillip II 's son with Jill Foster . Despite the feud between Jill and Katherine , Phillip bonds with both women . Phillip spends majority of his life in boarding schools . In 1986 , the 16 - year - old Phillip returns home when his mother gets shot . Katherine and Jill battle for his affections . Meanwhile , Phillip falls for Cricket Blair , but is seduced by the scheming Nina Webster and father 's her son , Phillip IV . Phillip and Nina marry in 1989 and he dies from injuries sustained in a car accident a month later . However , in 2009 , Phillip reveals that he faked his death to escape the pressure of living up to the Chancellor name . He also admits to being gay . Phillip currently lives in Australia . Third generation ( edit ) Mackenzie Browning Hellstrom ( Kelly Kruger ) Born on December 30 , 1983 , Mackenzie is first introduced as homeless teenager staying at the Genoa City shelter where she meets Katherine . The runaway was eventually revealed to be Brock 's daughter with Amanda Browning . Mackenzie , known affectionately as Mac falls for Billy Abbott , and they marry but the marriage is quickly annulled when the two are mistakenly led to believe they are cousins . Mac later falls for J.T. Hellstrom , during his marriage and they conceive a child which Mackenzie miscarries . Mackenzie stands in as the surrogate mother for Cane and Lily Ashby 's twins . Mackenzie is the former owner of Crimson Lights , and Jimmy 's Bar . Mackenzie and J.T. marry in November 2010 when they learn she is pregnant . The couple then relocates to Washington , D.C. where they give birth to son , Dylan `` D.J. '' Hellstrom in 2011 . When Katherine passes away , Mackenzie is unable to attend the funeral . Devon Hamilton ( Bryton James ) Born on February 7 , 1988 , Devon is first introduced as a troubled teenager at the Genoa City Rec Center . Lily Winters and billionaire Victor Newman take a liking to Devon ; Victor even considers adopting him . Instead , Devon is adopted by Neil and Drucilla , Lily 's parents . Devon has trouble adjusting to being in a stable family unit , but when he finally does , Devon becomes very protective of his family . Between 2006 and 2007 , Devon contracts meningitis and loses his hearing completely . He later gets a cochlear implant surgery . From 2007 to 2013 , Devon has an enduring romance with Roxanne . In 2011 , Devon is discovered to be Katherine and Judge Arthur Hendrick 's grandson , and Tucker is his biological father . Though he initially wants nothing to do with Katherine and Tucker , the group eventually work through their differences and form relationships . He also reconnects with his estranged biological mother , Yolanda . Upon Katherine 's passing , Devon inherits half of her estate . From 2013 to 2014 , Devon falls in love with Hilary Curtis ( Mishael Morgan ) , and they start an affair despite her marriage to Neil . They married in August 2015 and divorce in April 2017 . Phillip `` Chance '' Chancellor IV ( John Driscoll ) Born on March 15 , 1988 , Phillip Chancellor IV is the son of Phillip III and Nina Webster . In 2009 , Phillip returns to Genoa City all grown up and reunites with his father first time since his presumed dead in 1989 . Now known as Chance , Phillip IV struggles to accept his father while he falls for Chloe Abbott . Chance and Chloe become engaged but the relationship eventually ends . However , he later loses his virginity to Chloe . Chance also becomes involved with Heather Stevens . In 2010 , Chance meets his half - brother , FBI Agent Ronan Malloy for the first time . In late 2010 , Chance fakes his death with Ronan 's help in order to bring down a crime ring . After revealing himself , Chance leaves town to start military intelligence training at The Pentagon . Fourth generation ( edit ) Dylan `` D.J. '' Hellstrom Born on June 21 , 2011 in Washington , D.C. , Dylan is the son of J.T. and Mackenzie Hellstrom . Mackenzie learns she is pregnant in late 2010 . She and J.T. marry and later leave town . Becca Hellstrom Becca is the daughter of J.T. and Mackenzie Hellstrom . In - Laws ( edit ) Jill Fenmore Atkinson ( Jess Walton ) - Brock 's wife ( 1975 ) and later Phillip II 's wife . ( 1975 ) Derek Thurston ( Joe Ladue ) - Katherine 's husband . ( 1977 -- 81 ) Rex Sterling ( Quinn Redeker ) - Katherine 's husband . ( 1988 -- 90 , 1992 -- 94 ) Nina Webster ( Tricia Cast ) - Phillip 's wife . ( 1989 ) Billy Abbott ( Ryan Brown ) - Mackenzie 's husband . ( 2003 ) Patrick Murphy ( Michael Fairman ) ( 2009 -- 13 ) Ashley Abbott ( Eileen Davidson ) - Tucker 's wife . ( 2011 -- 12 ) J.T. Hellstrom ( Thad Luckinbill ) - Mackenzie 's husband . ( 2010 -- 18 ) Hilary Curtis ( Mishael Morgan ) - Devon 's wife . ( 2015 -- 17 , 2018 ) Family tree ( edit ) Legend Lines Boxes Dashed = Romance / Marriage Solid = Child Character is currently on the Show Character not on the Show Character is deceased or presumed dead Garfield Dandridge Chancellor Mrs. Chancellor Phillip Chancellor I Mrs. Chancellor Gary Reynolds Arthur Hendricks Katherine Chancellor Phillip Chancellor II Jill Fenmore Brock Reynolds Amanda Browning Tucker McCall Yolanda Hamilton Phillip Chancellor III Nina Webster Mackenzie Browning J.T. Hellstrom Devon Hamilton Chance Chancellor D.J. Hellstrom Becca Hellstrom Chancellor Industries ( edit ) Chancellor Industries Type Public Predecessor Newman - Chancellor Industires Founder Phillip Chancellor Headquarters 1000 Market Street Genoa City , Wisconsin , United States Number of locations Chicago , Illinois Key people Jill Fenmore Atkinson ( Chairperson ) Cane Ashby ( CEO ) Owner Jill Fenmore Atkinson Divisions Chancellor Construction Chancellor Entertainment Subsidiaries Organic Life Bio Link Chancellor Industries ( CI ) was a major design - and - engineering conglomerate , headquartered in Genoa City , Wisconsin . Before his death , Phillip Chancellor II supervised all of the company 's holdings , including the factory in Genoa City where Liz Foster worked . After Phillip 's death , Katherine relied on good friend Victor Newman to keep an eye on things , and on Mitchell Sherman for legal advice . In later years Jill Foster Abbott , Neil Winters , and Cane Ashby all acted as CEO . For a brief period Katherine hired Jack Abbott as CEO . It was also the parent company of Jabot Cosmetics . The company was referred to as a sleeping giant according to former CEO Jack Abbott , CI was `` financially capable and always without scandal . '' For a couple years CI was wholly owned subsidiary of Tucker McCall Unlimited when Katherine 's long lost son , billionaire business mogul Tucker McCall assumed ownership via a hostile takeover . Tucker eventually sold Katherine majority ownership of CI under pressure from Victor Newman . A couple of weeks after Katherine 's funeral , on September 27 , 2013 , Victor Newman received a letter from Katherine leaving him Chancellor Industries . Her letter to him read : My Dear friend Victor , by the time you read this , you will have learned of my passing . I lived a long and colorful life and have no regrets about entering the next phase of my journey , save one . I wanted to ensure the longevity of my beloved Chancellor Industries . That is why I 've decided to name you the sole owner of the company . I hope you will accept this gift in the loving spirit in which it was given . Love , Katherine . As the new majority shareholder and Chairman of Chancellor Industries , Victor immediately plans a merger between Chancellor and Newman Enterprises . The new company is titled Newman - Chancellor Industries . Victor was having cash management issues due to some bad acquisitions , so it became necessary for him to sell Chancellor Industries . He gave Jill an exclusive opportunity before putting it on the market , acknowledging `` If Katherine would want the company to go to anyone but me , I think it would be Jill . '' On February 2 , 2015 Jill Foster Abbott bought Chancellor Industries from Victor Newman . Currently Jill Foster Abbott Atkinson is the sole owner of Chancellor Industries . Cane Ashby is its CEO . Katherine 's grandson Devon Hamilton loaned Jill some of the money for the purchase initially because of a blackmail attempt by Jill 's husband , and Cane 's father Colin Atkinson . But later Devon gave the money of his own free will explaining `` You know , Jill , Katherine gave me this money to do what I want with it , and what I want is for you and Cane to have the company . I really do . As long as Colin has nothing to do with it . Chancellor divisions ( edit ) Chancellor Plant Chancellor Tool & Die Chancellor Construction Chancellor Entertainment Life Chancellor subsidiaries ( edit ) Bio Link Organic Life Northwestern Publishing Bonaventure Industries Personnel ( edit ) Jill Fenmore Atkinson ( Chairperson of the Board of Directors ) Cane Ashby ( CEO ) Mitchell Sherman ( General Counsel ) Karen Fowler ( Legal Department ) Former personnel ( edit ) Phillip Chancellor , Sr. ( founder ) Phillip Chancellor II ( owner , chairman and CEO ) Katherine Chancellor ( owner , chairwoman and CEO ) Rex Sterling ( former Executive ) Jack Abbott ( former CEO ) Jill Foster Abbott ( former CEO ) Neil Winters ( former CEO ) Roger Wilkes ( former Accountant ) Tucker McCall ( former minority Shareholder ) Victor Newman ( former Chairman of the Board ) Victoria Newman ( former Chief Executive Officer ; Shareholder - Newman Enterprises ) Nick Newman ( former Shareholder - Newman Enterprises ) Abby Newman ( former Shareholder - Newman Enterprises ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ name = Special Silver Anniversary Collector 's Edition . The Young and the Restless ( 1998 ) Family trees . The Chancellors p. 196 ^ Jump up to : `` Who 's Who in Genoa City : Katherine Chancellor '' . Soap Central . Retrieved March 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Loss of Katherine Chancellor '' . The Young and the Restless . Sony Pictures Television . August 20 , 2013 . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About Y&R : Who 's Who in Genoa City Brock Reynolds '' . Soap Central . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` About Y&R : Who 's Who in Genoa City Tucker McCall '' . Soap Central . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nancy M. Reichardt ( April 8 , 1989 ) . `` What Happened This Week On Your Favorite Soap Operas '' . Chicago Tribune . Tony W. Hunter . Retrieved August 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday , May 26 , 2009 '' . The Young and the Restless . Sony Pictures Television . May 26 , 2009 . Retrieved August 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` About Y&R : Who 's Who in Genoa City Phillip Chancellor III '' . Soap Central . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Young and the Restless . Season 26 . Episode 6809 . Friday , January 28 , 2000 . January 28 , 2000 . CBS . Back at the Chancellor 's , Brock is upset to realize that he missed Mac 's 16th birthday on December 30 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` About Y&R : Who 's Who in Genoa City Mackenzie Browning '' . Soapcentral . Retrieved September 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Young and the Restless . Season 32 . Episode 8321 . Tuesday , February 7 , 2006 . February 7 , 2006 . CBS . At the Winters ' apartment , Devon came out of his room to find Neil and Dru have decorated the living room for a surprise 18th birthday party . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Who 's Who in Genoa City : Devon Hamilton '' . Soapcentral . Retrieved February 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday , March 15 , 2011 '' . The Young and the Restless . Sony Pictures Television ' / CBS . March 15 , 2011 . Retrieved August 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nancy M. Reichardt ( March 19 , 1988 ) . `` What ` s Happening On Your Favorite Soaps '' . Chicago Tribune . Tony W. Hunter . Retrieved August 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's Who in Genoa City : Phillip Chancellor IV '' . Soapcentral . Retrieved June 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Maria Arena Bell ( Executive producer ) ; Maria Arena Bell , Hogan Sheffer and Scott Hamner ( Head writers ) ; Habib Azar ( Director ) ; Janice Ferri Esser ( Script writer ) ( June 20 , 2011 ) . The Young and the Restless . Season 39 . Episode 9677 . CBS . Jump up ^ Maria Arena Bell ( Executive producer ) ; Maria Arena Bell , Hogan Sheffer and Scott Hamner ( Head writers ) ; Dean Lamont ( Director ) ; Sandra Weintraub ( Script writer ) ( June 21 , 2011 ) . The Young and the Restless . Season 39 . Episode 9678 . CBS . Jump up ^ Sally Sussman and Mal Young ( Executive producers ) ; Sally Sussman ( Head writer ) ; Owen Renfroe ( Director ) ; Rebecca Taylor McCarty ( Script writer ) ( January 4 , 2017 ) . The Young and the Restless . Season 44 . Episode 11080 . CBS . Jump up ^ Mal Young ( Executive producer ) ; Mal Young ( Head writer ) ; Michael Eilbaum ( Director ) ; Janice Ferri Esser ( Script writer ) ( December 13 , 2017 ) . The Young and the Restless . Season 45 . Episode 11299 . CBS . Jump up ^ The Young and Restless Special Silver Anniversary Collector 's Edition p. 238 Jump up ^ Y&R Transcript 2 / 2 / 15 Episode # 10595 Jump up ^ Y&R Transcript 2 / 2 / 15 Episode # 10595 External links ( edit ) Soapcentral - Chancellor family The Young and the Restless Cast Present cast members Past cast members Crew William J. Bell Lee Phillip Bell Mal Young Families Newman Abbott Chancellor Barber / Winters Related articles Genoa City Storylines The Bold and the Beautiful Victor and Nikki Nick and Sharon J.T. and Colleen Daniel and Lily Devon and Hilary `` Nadia 's Theme '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chancellor_Family&oldid=853379311 '' Categories : The Young and the Restless families The Young and the Restless characters Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 August 2018 , at 10 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played katherine chancellor's son on y&r | [
"Brock Reynolds (Beau Kazer) Brock is Katherine's son with her first husband, Gary Reynolds. When Brock is first introduced as a rebellious college aged kid, wasting his inheritance in Europe, with childhood friend, Lorie Brooks. After Gary's passing and Katherine's remarriage, Brock's rebellion started with wild sex and drugs. Brock comes in and out of his mother's life over the years. In 1974, Brock returned home a changed man and a minister. He also has a brief marriage to Jill Foster. Brock obtains a law degree while living in Paris. Brock has one child with former lover, Amanda Browning, Mackenzie who comes to Genoa City in 1999. Brock currently resides in New Orleans where he volunteers rebuilding homes for the victims of Hurricane Katrina. He is the chairman of the Chancellor Foundation, and also a singer.[4]\nTucker McCall (Stephen Nichols) Tucker is Katherine's illegitimate son with Judge Arthur Hendricks given away at birth by a drunken Katherine. Former rock and roll manager, Tucker comes to Genoa City in 2009 and steals the company out from under his mother. Tucker immediately clashes with wealthy businessman and Katherine's close friend, Victor Newman. He marries Ashley Abbott, and after a brief coma is reunited with his illegitimate son, Devon, with former music groupie, Yolanda Hamilton. Devon and Tucker's relationship starts off rocky, but they eventually start to bond. Tucker also has a relationship with Jill and helps her find her biological family. Tucker and Katherine's relationship has many ups and downs, but they eventually reconcile before he relocates to Hong Kong in 2013. Tucker was with Katherine and Murphy when his mother passed.[5]\nPhillip Chancellor III (Thom Bierdz) Born on December 25, 1975, Phillip III is Phillip II's son with Jill Foster. Despite the feud between Jill and Katherine, Phillip bonds with both women. Phillip spends majority of his life in boarding schools. In 1986, the 16-year-old Phillip returns home when his mother gets shot. Katherine and Jill battle for his affections. Meanwhile, Phillip falls for Cricket Blair, but is seduced by the scheming Nina Webster and father's her son, Phillip IV. Phillip and Nina marry in 1989 and he dies from injuries sustained in a car accident a month later.[6][7] However, in 2009, Phillip reveals that he faked his death to escape the pressure of living up to the Chancellor name. He also admits to being gay. Phillip currently lives in Australia.[8]",
"Brock Reynolds (Beau Kazer) Brock is Katherine's son with her first husband, Gary Reynolds. When Brock is first introduced as a rebellious college aged kid, wasting his inheritance in Europe, with childhood friend, Lorie Brooks. After Gary's passing and Katherine's remarriage, Brock's rebellion started with wild sex and drugs. Brock comes in and out of his mother's life over the years. In 1974, Brock returned home a changed man and a minister. He also has a brief marriage to Jill Foster. Brock obtains a law degree while living in Paris. Brock has one child with former lover, Amanda Browning, Mackenzie who comes to Genoa City in 1999. Brock currently resides in New Orleans where he volunteers rebuilding homes for the victims of Hurricane Katrina. He is the chairman of the Chancellor Foundation, and also a singer.[4]\nTucker McCall (Stephen Nichols) Tucker is Katherine's illegitimate son with Judge Arthur Hendricks given away at birth by a drunken Katherine. Former rock and roll manager, Tucker comes to Genoa City in 2009 and steals the company out from under his mother. Tucker immediately clashes with wealthy businessman and Katherine's close friend, Victor Newman. He marries Ashley Abbott, and after a brief coma is reunited with his illegitimate son, Devon, with former music groupie, Yolanda Hamilton. Devon and Tucker's relationship starts off rocky, but they eventually start to bond. Tucker also has a relationship with Jill and helps her find her biological family. Tucker and Katherine's relationship has many ups and downs, but they eventually reconcile before he relocates to Hong Kong in 2013. Tucker was with Katherine and Murphy when his mother passed.[5]\nPhillip Chancellor III (Thom Bierdz) Born on December 25, 1975, Phillip III is Phillip II's son with Jill Foster. Despite the feud between Jill and Katherine, Phillip bonds with both women. Phillip spends majority of his life in boarding schools. In 1986, the 16-year-old Phillip returns home when his mother gets shot. Katherine and Jill battle for his affections. Meanwhile, Phillip falls for Cricket Blair, but is seduced by the scheming Nina Webster and father's her son, Phillip IV. Phillip and Nina marry in 1989 and he dies from injuries sustained in a car accident a month later.[6][7] However, in 2009, Phillip reveals that he faked his death to escape the pressure of living up to the Chancellor name. He also admits to being gay. Phillip currently lives in Australia.[8]"
] | [
"Beau Kazer",
"Stephen Nichols"
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3682792733406063726 | Supreme Court of the United States | Supreme Court of the United States - wikipedia Supreme Court of the United States Jump to : navigation , search `` SCOTUS '' redirects here . For other uses , see SCOTUS ( disambiguation ) . Supreme Court of the United States Established March 4 , 1789 ; 229 years ago ( 1789 - 03 - 04 ) Country United States Location Washington , D.C. , U.S. Coordinates 38 ° 53 ′ 26 '' N 77 ° 00 ′ 16 '' W / 38.89056 ° N 77.00444 ° W / 38.89056 ; - 77.00444 Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 26 '' N 77 ° 00 ′ 16 '' W / 38.89056 ° N 77.00444 ° W / 38.89056 ; - 77.00444 Composition method Presidential nomination with Senate confirmation Authorized by United States Constitution Judge term length Life tenure No. of positions 9 , by statute Website www.supremecourt.gov Chief Justice of the United States Currently John Roberts Since September 29 , 2005 ; 12 years ago ( 2005 - 09 - 29 ) This article is part of the series on the United States Supreme Court The Court Decisions Procedure History Court Building Current membership Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Anthony Kennedy Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Retired Associate Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor David Souter All members List of all justices by court by seat by time in office by education List of Chief Justices List of Associate Justices Specialty lists All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations late in presidency Court demographics Justices who served in Congress Ideological leanings of justices Court functionaries Clerks Reporter of Decisions Marshal of the Court Supreme Court Police Other countries Law Portal The Supreme Court of the United States ( sometimes colloquially referred to by the acronym SCOTUS ) is the highest federal court of the United States . Established pursuant to Article Three of the United States Constitution in 1789 , it has ultimate ( and largely discretionary ) appellate jurisdiction over all federal courts and state court cases involving issues of federal law plus original jurisdiction over a small range of cases . In the legal system of the United States , the Supreme Court is generally the final interpreter of federal law including the United States Constitution , but it may act only within the context of a case in which it has jurisdiction . The Court may decide cases having political overtones but does not have power to decide nonjusticiable political questions , and its enforcement arm is in the executive rather than judicial branch of government . According to federal statute , the Court normally consists of the Chief Justice of the United States and eight associate justices who are nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate . Once appointed , justices have lifetime tenure unless they resign , retire , or are removed after impeachment ( though no justice has ever been removed ) . In modern discourse , the justices are often categorized as having conservative , moderate , or liberal philosophies of law and of judicial interpretation . Each justice has one vote , and it is worth noting that while a far greater number of cases in recent history have been decided unanimously , decisions in cases of the highest profile have often come down to just one single vote , thereby exposing the justices ' ideological beliefs that track with those philosophical or political categories . The Court meets in the Supreme Court Building in Washington , D.C. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Earliest beginnings to Marshall 1.2 From Taney to Taft 1.3 The New Deal era 1.4 Warren and Burger 1.5 Rehnquist and Roberts 2 Composition 2.1 Size of the Court 2.2 Appointment and confirmation 2.2. 1 Recess appointments 2.3 Tenure 3 Membership 3.1 Current justices 3.2 Court demographics 3.3 Retired justices 3.4 Seniority and seating 3.5 Salary 3.6 Judicial leanings 4 Facilities 5 Jurisdiction 5.1 Justices as Circuit Justices 6 Process 6.1 Case selection 6.2 Oral argument 6.3 Supreme Court bar 6.4 Decision 6.5 Published opinions 6.5. 1 Citations to published opinions 7 Institutional powers and constraints 8 Law clerks 8.1 Politicization of the Court 9 Criticism 9.1 Judicial activism 9.2 Failing to protect individual rights 9.3 Supreme Court has too much power 9.4 Courts are poor check on executive power 9.5 Federal versus state power 9.6 Secretive proceedings 9.7 Judicial interference in political disputes 9.8 Not choosing enough cases to review 9.9 Lifetime tenure 9.10 Accepting gifts 10 See also 11 References 11.1 Bibliography 12 Further reading 13 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Supreme Court of the United States Supreme Court of the United States The ratification of the United States Constitution established the Supreme Court in 1789 . Its powers are detailed in Article Three of the Constitution . The Supreme Court was the only court specifically established by the Constitution while all other federal courts were created by Congress . Congress is also responsible for conferring the title of `` justice '' to its members , who are known to scold lawyers for inaccurately referring to them as `` judge '' , even though it is the term used in the Constitution . The Court first convened on February 2 , 1790 , with six judges where only five of its six initial positions were filled . According to historian Fergus Bordewich , in its first session : `` ( T ) he Supreme Court convened for the first time at the Royal Exchange Building on Broad Street , a few steps from Federal Hall . Symbolically , the moment was pregnant with promise for the republic , this birth of a new national institution whose future power , admittedly , still existed only in the eyes and minds of just a few visionary Americans . Impressively bewigged and swathed in their robes of office , Chief Justice John Jay and three associate justices -- William Cushing of Massachusetts , James Wilson of Pennsylvania , and John Blair of Virginia -- sat augustly before a throng of spectators and waited for something to happen . Nothing did . They had no cases to consider . After a week of inactivity , they adjourned until September , and everyone went home . '' The sixth member , James Iredell , was not confirmed until May 12 , 1790 . Because the full Court had only six members , every decision that it made by a majority was also made by two - thirds ( voting four to two ) . However , Congress has always allowed less than the Court 's full membership to make decisions , starting with a quorum of four justices in 1789 . Earliest beginnings to Marshall ( edit ) Main articles : Jay Court , Rutledge Court , Ellsworth Court , and Marshall Court Under Chief Justices Jay , Rutledge , and Ellsworth ( 1789 -- 1801 ) , the Court heard few cases ; its first decision was West v. Barnes ( 1791 ) , a case involving a procedural issue . The Court lacked a home of its own and had little prestige , a situation not helped by the highest - profile case of the era , Chisholm v. Georgia ( 1793 ) , which was reversed within two years by the adoption of the Eleventh Amendment . Chief Justice Marshall The Court 's power and prestige grew substantially during the Marshall Court ( 1801 -- 35 ) . Under Marshall , the Court established the power of judicial review over acts of Congress , including specifying itself as the supreme expositor of the Constitution ( Marbury v. Madison ) and made several important constitutional rulings giving shape and substance to the balance of power between the federal government and the states ( prominently , Martin v. Hunter 's Lessee , McCulloch v. Maryland and Gibbons v. Ogden ) . The Marshall Court also ended the practice of each justice issuing his opinion seriatim , a remnant of British tradition , and instead issuing a single majority opinion . Also during Marshall 's tenure , although beyond the Court 's control , the impeachment and acquittal of Justice Samuel Chase in 1804 -- 05 helped cement the principle of judicial independence . From Taney to Taft ( edit ) Main articles : Taney Court , Chase Court , Waite Court , Fuller Court , White Court , and Taft Court The Taney Court ( 1836 -- 64 ) made several important rulings , such as Sheldon v. Sill , which held that while Congress may not limit the subjects the Supreme Court may hear , it may limit the jurisdiction of the lower federal courts to prevent them from hearing cases dealing with certain subjects . Nevertheless , it is primarily remembered for its ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford , which helped precipitate the Civil War . In the Reconstruction era , the Chase , Waite , and Fuller Courts ( 1864 -- 1910 ) interpreted the new Civil War amendments to the Constitution and developed the doctrine of substantive due process ( Lochner v. New York ; Adair v. United States ) . Under the White and Taft Courts ( 1910 -- 30 ) , the Court held that the Fourteenth Amendment had incorporated some guarantees of the Bill of Rights against the states ( Gitlow v. New York ) , grappled with the new antitrust statutes ( Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States ) , upheld the constitutionality of military conscription ( Selective Draft Law Cases ) and brought the substantive due process doctrine to its first apogee ( Adkins v. Children 's Hospital ) . The New Deal era ( edit ) Main articles : Hughes Court , Stone Court , and Vinson Court During the Hughes , Stone , and Vinson Courts ( 1930 -- 53 ) , the Court gained its own accommodation in 1935 and changed its interpretation of the Constitution , giving a broader reading to the powers of the federal government to facilitate President Franklin Roosevelt 's New Deal ( most prominently West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish , Wickard v. Filburn , United States v. Darby and United States v. Butler ) . During World War II , the Court continued to favor government power , upholding the internment of Japanese citizens ( Korematsu v. United States ) and the mandatory pledge of allegiance ( Minersville School District v. Gobitis ) . Nevertheless , Gobitis was soon repudiated ( West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette ) , and the Steel Seizure Case restricted the pro-government trend . Warren and Burger ( edit ) Main articles : Warren Court and Burger Court The Warren Court ( 1953 -- 69 ) dramatically expanded the force of Constitutional civil liberties . It held that segregation in public schools violates equal protection ( Brown v. Board of Education , Bolling v. Sharpe and Green v. County School Bd . ) and that traditional legislative district boundaries violated the right to vote ( Reynolds v. Sims ) . It created a general right to privacy ( Griswold v. Connecticut ) , limited the role of religion in public school ( most prominently Engel v. Vitale and Abington School District v. Schempp ) , incorporated most guarantees of the Bill of Rights against the States -- prominently Mapp v. Ohio ( the exclusionary rule ) and Gideon v. Wainwright ( right to appointed counsel ) , -- and required that criminal suspects be apprised of all these rights by police ( Miranda v. Arizona ) . At the same time , however , the Court limited defamation suits by public figures ( New York Times v. Sullivan ) and supplied the government with an unbroken run of antitrust victories . The Burger Court ( 1969 -- 86 ) marked a conservative shift . It also expanded Griswold 's right to privacy to strike down abortion laws ( Roe v. Wade ) , but divided deeply on affirmative action ( Regents of the University of California v. Bakke ) and campaign finance regulation ( Buckley v. Valeo ) , and dithered on the death penalty , ruling first that most applications were defective ( Furman v. Georgia ) , then that the death penalty itself was not unconstitutional ( Gregg v. Georgia ) . Rehnquist and Roberts ( edit ) Main articles : Rehnquist Court and Roberts Court Justices of the U.S. Supreme Court in 2005 The Rehnquist Court ( 1986 -- 2005 ) was noted for its revival of judicial enforcement of federalism , emphasizing the limits of the Constitution 's affirmative grants of power ( United States v. Lopez ) and the force of its restrictions on those powers ( Seminole Tribe v. Florida , City of Boerne v. Flores ) . It struck down single - sex state schools as a violation of equal protection ( United States v. Virginia ) , laws against sodomy as violations of substantive due process ( Lawrence v. Texas ) , and the line item veto ( Clinton v. New York ) , but upheld school vouchers ( Zelman v. Simmons - Harris ) and reaffirmed Roe 's restrictions on abortion laws ( Planned Parenthood v. Casey ) . The Court 's decision in Bush v. Gore , which ended the electoral recount during the presidential election of 2000 , was especially controversial . The Roberts Court ( 2005 -- present ) is regarded by some as more conservative than the Rehnquist Court . Some of its major rulings have concerned federal preemption ( Wyeth v. Levine ) , civil procedure ( Twombly - Iqbal ) , abortion ( Gonzales v. Carhart ) , climate change ( Massachusetts v. EPA ) , same - sex marriage ( United States v. Windsor and Obergefell v. Hodges ) and the Bill of Rights , notably in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission ( First Amendment ) , Heller - McDonald ( Second Amendment ) and Baze v. Rees ( Eighth Amendment ) . Composition ( edit ) Size of the Court ( edit ) Article III of the United States Constitution does not specify the number of justices . The Judiciary Act of 1789 called for the appointment of six `` judges '' . Although an 1801 act would have reduced the size of the court to five members upon its next vacancy , an 1802 act promptly negated the 1801 act , legally restoring the court 's size to six members before any such vacancy occurred . As the nation 's boundaries grew , Congress added justices to correspond with the growing number of judicial circuits : seven in 1807 , nine in 1837 , and ten in 1863 . In 1866 , at the behest of Chief Justice Chase , Congress passed an act providing that the next three justices to retire would not be replaced , which would thin the bench to seven justices by attrition . Consequently , one seat was removed in 1866 and a second in 1867 . In 1869 , however , the Circuit Judges Act returned the number of justices to nine , where it has since remained . President Franklin D. Roosevelt attempted to expand the Court in 1937 . His proposal envisioned appointment of one additional justice for each incumbent justice who reached the age of 70 years 6 months and refused retirement , up to a maximum bench of 15 justices . The proposal was ostensibly to ease the burden of the docket on elderly judges , but the actual purpose was widely understood as an effort to `` pack '' the Court with justices who would support Roosevelt 's New Deal . The plan , usually called the `` court - packing plan '' , failed in Congress . Nevertheless , the Court 's balance began to shift within months when Justice van Devanter retired and was replaced by Senator Hugo Black . By the end of 1941 , Roosevelt had appointed seven justices and elevated Harlan Fiske Stone to Chief Justice . Appointment and confirmation ( edit ) Main article : Appointment and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States The Roberts Court ( April 2017 -- present ) . Front row ( left to right ) : Ruth Bader Ginsburg , Anthony Kennedy , John Roberts ( Chief Justice ) , Clarence Thomas , and Stephen Breyer . Back row ( left to right ) : Elena Kagan , Samuel A. Alito , Sonia Sotomayor , and Neil Gorsuch . The U.S. Constitution states that the President `` shall nominate , and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate , shall appoint Judges of the Supreme Court . '' Most presidents nominate candidates who broadly share their ideological views , although a justice 's decisions may end up being contrary to a president 's expectations . Because the Constitution sets no qualifications for service as a justice , a president may nominate anyone to serve , subject to Senate confirmation . In modern times , the confirmation process has attracted considerable attention from the press and advocacy groups , which lobby senators to confirm or to reject a nominee depending on whether their track record aligns with the group 's views . The Senate Judiciary Committee conducts hearings and votes on whether the nomination should go to the full Senate with a positive , negative or neutral report . The committee 's practice of personally interviewing nominees is relatively recent . The first nominee to appear before the committee was Harlan Fiske Stone in 1925 , who sought to quell concerns about his links to Wall Street , and the modern practice of questioning began with John Marshall Harlan II in 1955 . Once the committee reports out the nomination , the full Senate considers it . Rejections are relatively uncommon ; the Senate has explicitly rejected twelve Supreme Court nominees , most recently Robert Bork , nominated by President Ronald Reagan in 1987 . Although Senate rules do not necessarily allow a negative vote in committee to block a nomination , prior to 2017 a nomination could be blocked by filibuster once debate had begun in the full Senate . President Lyndon Johnson 's nomination of sitting Associate Justice Abe Fortas to succeed Earl Warren as Chief Justice in 1968 was the first successful filibuster of a Supreme Court nominee . It included both Republican and Democratic senators concerned with Fortas 's ethics . President Donald Trump 's nomination of Neil Gorsuch to the seat vacated by Antonin Scalia was the second . Unlike the Fortas filibuster , however , only Democratic Senators voted against cloture on the Gorsuch nomination , citing his perceived conservative judicial philosophy , and the Republican majority 's prior refusal to take up President Barack Obama 's nomination of Merrick Garland to fill the vacancy . This led the Republican majority to change the rules and eliminate the filibuster for Supreme Court nominations . Not every Supreme Court nominee has received a floor vote in the Senate . A president may withdraw a nomination before an actual confirmation vote occurs , typically because it is clear that the Senate will reject the nominee ; this occurred most recently with the nomination of Harriet Miers in 2006 . The Senate may also fail to act on a nomination , which expires at the end of the session . For example , President Dwight Eisenhower 's first nomination of John Marshall Harlan II in November 1954 was not acted on by the Senate ; Eisenhower re-nominated Harlan in January 1955 , and Harlan was confirmed two months later . Most recently , as previously noted , the Senate failed to act on the March 2016 nomination of Merrick Garland ; the nomination expired in January 2017 , and the vacancy was later filled by President Trump 's appointment of Neil Gorsuch . Once the Senate confirms a nomination , the president must prepare and sign a commission , to which the Seal of the Department of Justice must be affixed , before the new justice can take office . The seniority of an associate justice is based on the commissioning date , not the confirmation or swearing - in date . Before 1981 , the approval process of justices was usually rapid . From the Truman through Nixon administrations , justices were typically approved within one month . From the Reagan administration to the present , however , the process has taken much longer . Some believe this is because Congress sees justices as playing a more political role than in the past . According to the Congressional Research Service , the average number of days from nomination to final Senate vote since 1975 is 67 days ( 2.2 months ) , while the median is 71 days ( or 2.3 months ) . Recess appointments ( edit ) When the Senate is in recess , a president may make temporary appointments to fill vacancies . Recess appointees hold office only until the end of the next Senate session ( less than two years ) . The Senate must confirm the nominee for them to continue serving ; of the two chief justices and eleven associate justices who have received recess appointments , only Chief Justice John Rutledge was not subsequently confirmed . No president since Dwight D. Eisenhower has made a recess appointment to the Court , and the practice has become rare and controversial even in lower federal courts . In 1960 , after Eisenhower had made three such appointments , the Senate passed a `` sense of the Senate '' resolution that recess appointments to the Court should only be made in `` unusual circumstances . '' Such resolutions are not legally binding but are an expression of Congress 's views in the hope of guiding executive action . The Supreme Court 's 2014 decision in National Labor Relations Board v. Noel Canning limited the ability of the President to make recess appointments ( including appointments to the Supreme Court ) , ruling that the Senate decides when the Senate is in session ( or in recess ) . Writing for the Court , Justice Breyer stated , `` We hold that , for purposes of the Recess Appointments Clause , the Senate is in session when it says it is , provided that , under its own rules , it retains the capacity to transact Senate business . '' This ruling allows the Senate to prevent recess appointments through the use of pro-forma sessions . Tenure ( edit ) The Constitution provides that justices `` shall hold their offices during good behavior '' ( unless appointed during a Senate recess ) . The term `` good behavior '' is understood to mean justices may serve for the remainder of their lives , unless they are impeached and convicted by Congress , resign , or retire . Only one justice has been impeached by the House of Representatives ( Samuel Chase , March 1804 ) , but he was acquitted in the Senate ( March 1805 ) . Moves to impeach sitting justices have occurred more recently ( for example , William O. Douglas was the subject of hearings twice , in 1953 and again in 1970 ; and Abe Fortas resigned while hearings were being organized in 1969 ) , but they did not reach a vote in the House . No mechanism exists for removing a justice who is permanently incapacitated by illness or injury , but unable ( or unwilling ) to resign . Because justices have indefinite tenure , timing of vacancies can be unpredictable . Sometimes vacancies arise in quick succession , as in the early 1970s when Lewis Franklin Powell , Jr. and William Rehnquist were nominated to replace Hugo Black and John Marshall Harlan II , who retired within a week of each other . Sometimes a great length of time passes between nominations , such as the eleven years between Stephen Breyer 's nomination in 1994 to succeed Harry Blackmun and the nomination of John Roberts in 2005 to fill the seat of Sandra Day O'Connor ( though Roberts ' nomination was withdrawn and resubmitted for the role of Chief Justice after Rehnquist died ) . Despite the variability , all but four presidents have been able to appoint at least one justice . William Henry Harrison died a month after taking office , though his successor ( John Tyler ) made an appointment during that presidential term . Likewise , Zachary Taylor died 16 months after taking office , but his successor ( Millard Fillmore ) also made a Supreme Court nomination before the end of that term . Andrew Johnson , who became president after the assassination of Abraham Lincoln , was denied the opportunity to appoint a justice by a reduction in the size of the Court . Jimmy Carter is the only person elected president to have left office after at least one full term without having the opportunity to appoint a justice . Somewhat similarly , presidents James Monroe , Franklin D. Roosevelt , and George W. Bush each served a full term without an opportunity to appoint a justice , but made appointments during their subsequent terms in office . No president who has served more than one full term has gone without at least one opportunity to make an appointment . Three presidents have appointed justices who together served more than a century . Andrew Jackson , Abraham Lincoln , and Franklin D. Roosevelt . Membership ( edit ) See also : List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States Current justices ( edit ) The court is currently filled with nine Justices . The most recent justice to join to the court was Neil Gorsuch , who was nominated by President Donald Trump on January 31 , 2017 , and confirmed on April 7 , 2017 , by the U.S. Senate . Name Birth Appointed by Senate confirmation vote Age at appointment Current age First day / Length of service Previous positions Succeeded Roberts , John John Roberts ( Chief Justice ) 000000001955 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1955 Buffalo , New York Bush , George W. George W. Bush 78 -- 22 50 7001630000000000000 ♠ 63 000000002005 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2005 12 years , 6 months Circuit Judge , Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit ( 2003 -- 2005 ) ; Principal Deputy Solicitor General ( 1989 -- 1993 ) ; Associate Counsel to the President ( 1982 -- 1986 ) William Rehnquist Kennedy , Anthony Anthony Kennedy 000000001936 - 07 - 23 - 0000 July 23 , 1936 Sacramento , California Reagan , Ronald Ronald Reagan 97 -- 0 51 7001810000000000000 ♠ 81 000000001988 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1988 30 years , 1 month Circuit Judge , Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ( 1975 -- 1988 ) ; Private practice ( 1963 -- 1975 ) Lewis Powell Thomas , Clarence Clarence Thomas 000000001948 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 1948 Pin Point , Georgia Bush , George H.W. George H.W. Bush 52 -- 48 43 7001690000000000000 ♠ 69 000000001991 - 10 - 23 - 0000 October 23 , 1991 26 years , 5 months Circuit Judge , Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit ( 1990 -- 1991 ) ; Chairman , Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ( 1982 -- 1990 ) ; Assistant Attorney General in Missouri under State Attorney General John Danforth ( 1974 -- 1977 ) Thurgood Marshall Ginsburg , Ruth Bader Ruth Bader Ginsburg 000000001933 - 03 - 15 - 0000 March 15 , 1933 Brooklyn , New York Clinton , Bill Bill Clinton 96 -- 3 60 7001850000000000000 ♠ 85 000000001993 - 08 - 10 - 0000 August 10 , 1993 24 years , 7 months Circuit Judge , Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit ( 1980 -- 1993 ) ; General Counsel , American Civil Liberties Union ( 1973 -- 1980 ) Byron White Breyer , Stephen Stephen Breyer 000000001938 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 1938 San Francisco , California 87 -- 9 55 7001790000000000000 ♠ 79 000000001994 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 1994 23 years , 8 months Chief Judge , Court of Appeals for the First Circuit ( 1990 -- 1994 ) ; Circuit Judge , Court of Appeals for the First Circuit ( 1980 -- 1990 ) Harry Blackmun Alito , Samuel Samuel Alito 000000001950 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 1 , 1950 Trenton , New Jersey George W. Bush 58 -- 42 55 7001680000000000000 ♠ 68 000000002006 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2006 12 years , 2 months Circuit Judge , Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit ( 1990 -- 2006 ) ; U.S. Attorney for the District of New Jersey ( 1987 -- 1990 ) ; Deputy Assistant Attorney General ( 1985 -- 1987 ) ; Assistant to the Solicitor General ( 1981 -- 1985 ) Sandra Day O'Connor Sotomayor , Sonia Sonia Sotomayor 000000001954 - 06 - 25 - 0000 June 25 , 1954 The Bronx , New York Obama , Barack Barack Obama 68 -- 31 55 7001630000000000000 ♠ 63 000000002009 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2009 8 years , 8 months Circuit Judge , Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit ( 1998 -- 2009 ) ; District Judge , District Court for the Southern District of New York ( 1992 -- 1998 ) David Souter Kagan , Elena Elena Kagan 000000001960 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 1960 Manhattan , New York 63 -- 37 50 7001570000000000000 ♠ 57 000000002010 - 08 - 07 - 0000 August 7 , 2010 7 years , 8 months Solicitor General of the United States ( 2009 -- 2010 ) ; Dean of Harvard Law School ( 2003 -- 2009 ) ; Associate White House Counsel ( 1995 -- 1999 ) ; Deputy Director of the Domestic Policy Council ( 1995 -- 1999 ) ; John Paul Stevens Gorsuch , Neil Neil Gorsuch 000000001967 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 1967 Denver , Colorado Trump , Donald Donald Trump 54 -- 45 49 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 000000002017 - 04 - 10 - 0000 April 10 , 2017 11 months and 30 days Circuit Judge , Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit ( 2006 -- 2017 ) ; Principal Deputy Associate Attorney General and Acting Associate Attorney General ( 2005 -- 2006 ) ; Antonin Scalia Court demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States The Court currently has six male and three female justices . Among the nine justices , there is one African - American ( Justice Thomas ) and one Hispanic ( Justice Sotomayor ) . Two of the justices were born to at least one immigrant parent : Justice Alito 's parents were born in Italy , and Justice Ginsburg 's father was born in Russia . At least five justices are Roman Catholics and three are Jewish ; it is unclear whether Neil Gorsuch considers himself a Catholic or an Episcopalian . The average age is 67 years and 4 months . Every current justice has an Ivy League background . Four justices are from the state of New York , two from California , one from New Jersey , one from Georgia , and one from Colorado . In the 19th century , every justice was a man of European descent ( usually Northern European ) , and almost always Protestant . Concerns about diversity focused on geography , to represent all regions of the country , rather than religious , ethnic , or gender diversity . Most justices have been Protestants , including 36 Episcopalians , 19 Presbyterians , 10 Unitarians , 5 Methodists , and 3 Baptists . The first Catholic justice was Roger Taney in 1836 , and 1916 saw the appointment of the first Jewish justice , Louis Brandeis . Several Catholic and Jewish justices have since been appointed , and in recent years the situation has reversed . The Court currently has at least five Catholic justices , and three Jewish justices . Racial , ethnic , and gender diversity began to increase in the late 20th century . Thurgood Marshall became the first African American justice in 1967 . Sandra Day O'Connor became the first female justice in 1981 . Marshall was succeeded by African - American Clarence Thomas in 1991 . O'Connor was joined by Ruth Bader Ginsburg in 1993 . After O'Connor's retirement Ginsburg was joined in 2009 by Sonia Sotomayor , the first Hispanic and Latina justice ; and in 2010 by Elena Kagan , for a total of four female justices in the Court 's history . There have been six foreign - born justices in the Court 's history : James Wilson ( 1789 -- 1798 ) , born in Caskardy , Scotland ; James Iredell ( 1790 -- 1799 ) , born in Lewes , England ; William Paterson ( 1793 -- 1806 ) , born in County Antrim , Ireland ; David Brewer ( 1889 -- 1910 ) , born in Smyrna , Turkey ; George Sutherland ( 1922 -- 1939 ) , born in Buckinghamshire , England ; and Felix Frankfurter ( 1939 -- 1962 ) , born in Vienna , Austria . Retired justices ( edit ) There are currently three living retired justices of the Supreme Court of the United States : John Paul Stevens , Sandra Day O'Connor and David Souter . As retired justices , they no longer participate in the work of the Supreme Court , but may be designated for temporary assignments to sit on lower federal courts , usually the United States Courts of Appeals . Such assignments are formally made by the Chief Justice , on request of the chief judge of the lower court and with the consent of the retired justice . In recent years , Justice O'Connor has sat with several Courts of Appeals around the country , and Justice Souter has frequently sat on the First Circuit , the court of which he was briefly a member before joining the Supreme Court . The status of a retired justice is analogous to that of a circuit or district court judge who has taken senior status , and eligibility of a supreme court justice to assume retired status ( rather than simply resign from the bench ) is governed by the same age and service criteria . In recent times , justices tend to strategically plan their decisions to leave the bench with personal , institutional , ideological , partisan and sometimes even political factors playing a role . The fear of mental decline and death often motivates justices to step down . The desire to maximize the Court 's strength and legitimacy through one retirement at a time , when the Court is in recess , and during non-presidential election years suggests a concern for institutional health . Finally , especially in recent decades , many justices have timed their departure to coincide with a philosophically compatible president holding office , to ensure that a like - minded successor would be appointed . Name Date of birth Appointed by Retired under Confirmation vote Age at appointment Current age First day Date of retirement Length of tenure John Paul Stevens 000000001920 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 1920 Chicago , Illinois Gerald Ford Barack Obama 98 -- 0 55 7001970000000000000 ♠ 97 December 19 , 1975 June 29 , 2010 ( age 90 ) 34 years , 6 months and 10 days Sandra Day O'Connor 000000001930 - 03 - 26 - 0000 March 26 , 1930 El Paso , Texas Ronald Reagan George W. Bush 99 -- 0 51 7001880000000000000 ♠ 88 September 25 , 1981 January 31 , 2006 ( age 75 ) 24 years , 4 months and 6 days David Souter 000000001939 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 , 1939 Melrose , Massachusetts George H.W. Bush Barack Obama 90 -- 9 51 7001780000000000000 ♠ 78 000000001990 - 10 - 09 - 0000 October 9 , 1990 June 29 , 2009 ( age 69 ) 18 years , 8 months and 20 days Seniority and seating ( edit ) Many of the internal operations of the Court are organized by seniority of justices ; the chief justice is considered the most senior member of the court , regardless of the length of his or her service . The associate justices are then ranked by the length of their service . The interior of the United States Supreme Court During Court sessions , the justices sit according to seniority , with the Chief Justice in the center , and the Associate Justices on alternating sides , with the most senior Associate Justice on the Chief Justice 's immediate right , and the most junior Associate Justice seated on the left farthest away from the Chief Justice . Therefore , the current court sits as follows from left to right , from the perspective of those facing the Court : Kagan , Alito , Ginsburg , Kennedy ( most senior Associate Justice ) , Roberts ( Chief Justice ) , Thomas , Breyer , Sotomayor , and Gorsuch . In the official yearly Court photograph , justices are arranged similarly , with the five most senior members sitting in the front row in the same order as they would sit during Court sessions ( The most recent photograph includes Ginsburg , Kennedy , Roberts , Thomas , Breyer ) , and the four most junior justices standing behind them , again in the same order as they would sit during Court sessions ( Kagan , Alito , Sotomayor , Gorsuch ) . In the justices ' private conferences , current practice is for them to speak and vote in order of seniority to begin with the chief justice first and end with the most junior associate justice . The most junior associate justice in these conferences is charged with any menial tasks the justices may require as they convene alone , such as answering the door of their conference room , serving beverages and transmitting orders of the court to the clerk . Justice Joseph Story served the longest as junior justice , from February 3 , 1812 , to September 1 , 1823 , for a total of 4,228 days . Justice Stephen Breyer follows very closely behind serving from August 3 , 1994 , to January 31 , 2006 , for a total of 4,199 days . Justice Elena Kagan comes in at a distant third serving from August 6 , 2010 , to April 10 , 2017 , for a total of 2439 days . Salary ( edit ) Main article : Federal judge salaries in the United States As of 2017 , associate justices are paid $251,800 and the chief justice $263,300 . Article III , Section 1 of the U.S. Constitution prohibits Congress from reducing the pay for incumbent justices . Once a justice meets age and service requirements , the justice may retire . Judicial pensions are based on the same formula used for federal employees , but a justice 's pension , as with other federal courts judges , can never be less than their salary at the time of retirement . Judicial leanings ( edit ) See also : Ideological leanings of U.S. Supreme Court justices Although justices are nominated by the president in power , justices do not represent or receive official endorsements from political parties , as is accepted practice in the legislative and executive branches . Jurists are , however , informally categorized in legal and political circles as being judicial conservatives , moderates , or liberals . Such leanings , however , generally refer to legal outlook rather than a political or legislative one . The nominations of justices are endorsed by individual politicians in the legislative branch who vote their approval or disapproval of the nominated justice . Following the confirmation of Neil Gorsuch in 2017 , the Court consists of five justices appointed by Republican presidents and four appointed by Democratic presidents . It is popularly accepted that Chief Justice Roberts and associate justices Thomas , Alito , and Gorsuch , appointed by Republican presidents , comprise the Court 's conservative wing . Justices Ginsburg , Breyer , Sotomayor and Kagan , appointed by Democratic presidents , comprise the Court 's liberal wing . Justice Kennedy , appointed by Republican president Reagan , is generally considered `` a conservative who has occasionally voted with liberals '' , and up until Justice Scalia 's death , he was often the swing vote that determined the outcome of cases divided between the conservative and liberal wings . Gorsuch had a track record as a reliably conservative judge in the 10th circuit . Tom Goldstein argued in an article in SCOTUSblog in 2010 , that the popular view of the Supreme Court as sharply divided along ideological lines and each side pushing an agenda at every turn is `` in significant part a caricature designed to fit certain preconceptions . '' He pointed out that in the 2009 term , almost half the cases were decided unanimously , and only about 20 % were decided by a 5 - to - 4 vote . Barely one in ten cases involved the narrow liberal / conservative divide ( fewer if the cases where Sotomayor recused herself are not included ) . He also pointed to several cases that defied the popular conception of the ideological lines of the Court . Goldstein further argued that the large number of pro-criminal - defendant summary dismissals ( usually cases where the justices decide that the lower courts significantly misapplied precedent and reverse the case without briefing or argument ) were an illustration that the conservative justices had not been aggressively ideological . Likewise , Goldstein stated that the critique that the liberal justices are more likely to invalidate acts of Congress , show inadequate deference to the political process , and be disrespectful of precedent , also lacked merit : Thomas has most often called for overruling prior precedent ( even if long standing ) that he views as having been wrongly decided , and during the 2009 term Scalia and Thomas voted most often to invalidate legislation . According to statistics compiled by SCOTUSblog , in the twelve terms from 2000 to 2011 , an average of 19 of the opinions on major issues ( 22 % ) were decided by a 5 -- 4 vote , with an average of 70 % of those split opinions decided by a Court divided along the traditionally perceived ideological lines ( about 15 % of all opinions issued ) . Over that period , the conservative bloc has been in the majority about 62 % of the time that the Court has divided along ideological lines , which represents about 44 % of all the 5 -- 4 decisions . In the October 2010 term , the Court decided 86 cases , including 75 signed opinions and 5 summary reversals ( where the Court reverses a lower court without arguments and without issuing an opinion on the case ) . Four were decided with unsigned opinions , two cases affirmed by an equally divided Court , and two cases were dismissed as improvidently granted . Justice Kagan recused herself from 26 of the cases due to her prior role as United States Solicitor General . Of the 80 cases , 38 ( about 48 % , the highest percentage since the October 2005 term ) were decided unanimously ( 9 -- 0 or 8 -- 0 ) , and 16 decisions were made by a 5 -- 4 vote ( about 20 % , compared to 18 % in the October 2009 term , and 29 % in the October 2008 term ) . However , in fourteen of the sixteen 5 -- 4 decisions , the Court divided along the traditional ideological lines ( with Ginsburg , Breyer , Sotomayor , and Kagan on the liberal side , and Roberts , Scalia , Thomas , and Alito on the conservative , and Kennedy providing the `` swing vote '' ) . This represents 87 % of those 16 cases , the highest rate in the past 10 years . The conservative bloc , joined by Kennedy , formed the majority in 63 % of the 5 -- 4 decisions , the highest cohesion rate of that bloc in the Roberts Court . In the October 2011 term , the Court decided 75 cases . Of these , 33 ( 44 % ) were decided unanimously , and 15 ( 20 % , the same percentage as in the previous term ) were decided by a vote of 5 -- 4 . Of the latter 15 , the Court divided along the perceived ideological lines 10 times with Justice Kennedy joining the conservative justices ( Roberts , Scalia , Thomas and Alito ) five times and with the liberal justices ( Ginsburg , Breyer , Sotomayor and Kagan ) five times . In the October 2012 term , the Court decided 78 cases . Five of them were decided in unsigned opinions . 38 out of the 78 decisions ( representing 49 % of the decisions ) were unanimous in judgement , with 24 decisions being completely unanimous ( a single opinion with every justice that participated joining it ) . This was the largest percentage of unanimous decisions that the Court had in ten years , since the October 2002 term ( when 51 % of the decisions handed down were unanimous ) . The Court split 5 -- 4 in 23 cases ( 29 % of the total ) ; of these , 16 broke down along the traditionally perceived ideological lines , with Chief Justice Roberts and Justices Scalia , Thomas , and Alito on one side , Justices Ginsburg , Breyer , Sotomayor and Kagan on the other , and Justice Kennedy holding the balance . Of these 16 cases , Justice Kennedy sided with the conservatives on 10 cases , and with the liberals on 6 . Three cases were decided by an interesting alignment of justices , with Chief Justice Roberts joined by Justices Kennedy , Thomas , Breyer and Alito in the majority , with Justices Scalia , Ginsburg , Sotomayor , and Kagan in the minority . The greatest agreement between justices was between Ginsburg and Kagan , who agreed on 72 of the 75 ( 96 % ) cases , in which both voted ; the lowest agreement between justices was between Ginsburg and Alito , who agreed only on 45 out of 77 ( 54 % ) cases , in which they both participated . Justice Kennedy was in the majority of 5 -- 4 decisions on 20 out of 24 ( 83 % ) cases , and in 71 of 78 ( 91 % ) cases during the term , in line with his position as the `` swing vote '' of the Court . Facilities ( edit ) The present U.S. Supreme Court building as viewed from the front From the 1860s until the 1930s , the court sat in the Old Senate Chamber of the U.S. Capitol . Main article : United States Supreme Court Building The Supreme Court first met on February 1 , 1790 , at the Merchants ' Exchange Building in New York City . When Philadelphia became the capital , the Court met briefly in Independence Hall before settling in Old City Hall from 1791 until 1800 . After the government moved to Washington , D.C. , the Court occupied various spaces in the United States Capitol building until 1935 , when it moved into its own purpose - built home . The four - story building was designed by Cass Gilbert in a classical style sympathetic to the surrounding buildings of the Capitol and Library of Congress , and is clad in marble . The building includes the courtroom , justices ' chambers , an extensive law library , various meeting spaces , and auxiliary services including a gymnasium . The Supreme Court building is within the ambit of the Architect of the Capitol , but maintains its own police force separate from the Capitol Police . Located across First Street from the United States Capitol at One First Street NE and Maryland Avenue , the building is open to the public from 9 am to 4 : 30 pm weekdays but closed on weekends and holidays . Visitors may not tour the actual courtroom unaccompanied . There is a cafeteria , a gift shop , exhibits , and a half - hour informational film . When the Court is not in session , lectures about the courtroom are held hourly from 9 : 30 am to 3 : 30 pm and reservations are not necessary . When the Court is in session the public may attend oral arguments , which are held twice each morning ( and sometimes afternoons ) on Mondays , Tuesdays , and Wednesdays in two - week intervals from October through late April , with breaks during December and February . Visitors are seated on a first - come first - served basis . One estimate is there are about 250 seats available . The number of open seats varies from case to case ; for important cases , some visitors arrive the day before and wait through the night . From mid-May until the end of June , the court releases orders and opinions beginning at 10 am , and these 15 to 30 - minute sessions are open to the public on a similar basis . Supreme Court Police are available to answer questions . Jurisdiction ( edit ) Inscription on the wall of the Supreme Court Building from Marbury v. Madison , in which Chief Justice John Marshall outlined the concept of judicial review Main article : Procedures of the Supreme Court of the United States Congress is authorized by Article III of the federal Constitution to regulate the Supreme Court 's appellate jurisdiction . The Supreme Court has original and exclusive jurisdiction over cases between two or more states , but may decline to hear such cases . It also possesses original , but not exclusive , jurisdiction to hear `` all actions or proceedings to which ambassadors , other public ministers , consuls , or vice consuls of foreign states are parties ; all controversies between the United States and a State ; and all actions or proceedings by a State against the citizens of another State or against aliens . '' In 1906 , the Court asserted its original jurisdiction to prosecute individuals for contempt of court in United States v. Shipp . The resulting proceeding remains the only contempt proceeding and only criminal trial in the Court 's history . The contempt proceeding arose from the lynching of Ed Johnson in Chattanooga , Tennessee the evening after Justice John Marshall Harlan granted Johnson a stay of execution to allow his lawyers to file an appeal . Johnson was removed from his jail cell by a lynch mob -- aided by the local sheriff who left the prison virtually unguarded -- and hung from a bridge , after which a deputy sheriff pinned a note on Johnson 's body reading : `` To Justice Harlan . Come get your nigger now . '' The local sheriff , John Shipp , cited the Supreme Court 's intervention as the rationale for the lynching . The Court appointed its deputy clerk as special master to preside over the trial in Chattanooga with closing arguments made in Washington before the Supreme Court justices , who found nine individuals guilty of contempt , sentencing three to 90 days in jail and the rest to 60 days in jail . In all other cases , however , the Court has only appellate jurisdiction , including the ability to issue writs of mandamus and writs of prohibition to lower courts . It considers cases based on its original jurisdiction very rarely ; almost all cases are brought to the Supreme Court on appeal . In practice , the only original jurisdiction cases heard by the Court are disputes between two or more states . The Court 's appellate jurisdiction consists of appeals from federal courts of appeal ( through certiorari , certiorari before judgment , and certified questions ) , the United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces ( through certiorari ) , the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico ( through certiorari ) , the Supreme Court of the Virgin Islands ( through certiorari ) , the District of Columbia Court of Appeals ( through certiorari ) , and `` final judgments or decrees rendered by the highest court of a State in which a decision could be had '' ( through certiorari ) . In the last case , an appeal may be made to the Supreme Court from a lower state court if the state 's highest court declined to hear an appeal or lacks jurisdiction to hear an appeal . For example , a decision rendered by one of the Florida District Courts of Appeal can be appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court if ( a ) the Supreme Court of Florida declined to grant certiorari , e.g. Florida Star v. B.J.F. , or ( b ) the district court of appeal issued a per curiam decision simply affirming the lower court 's decision without discussing the merits of the case , since the Supreme Court of Florida lacks jurisdiction to hear appeals of such decisions . The power of the Supreme Court to consider appeals from state courts , rather than just federal courts , was created by the Judiciary Act of 1789 and upheld early in the Court 's history , by its rulings in Martin v. Hunter 's Lessee ( 1816 ) and Cohens v. Virginia ( 1821 ) . The Supreme Court is the only federal court that has jurisdiction over direct appeals from state court decisions , although there are several devices that permit so - called `` collateral review '' of state cases . It has to be noted that this `` collateral review '' often only applies to individuals on death row and not through the regular judicial system . Since Article Three of the United States Constitution stipulates that federal courts may only entertain `` cases '' or `` controversies '' , the Supreme Court can not decide cases that are moot and it does not render advisory opinions , as the supreme courts of some states may do . For example , in DeFunis v. Odegaard , 416 U.S. 312 ( 1974 ) , the Court dismissed a lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of a law school affirmative action policy because the plaintiff student had graduated since he began the lawsuit , and a decision from the Court on his claim would not be able to redress any injury he had suffered . However , the Court recognizes some circumstances where it is appropriate to hear a case that is seemingly moot . If an issue is `` capable of repetition yet evading review '' , the Court will address it even though the party before the Court would not himself be made whole by a favorable result . In Roe v. Wade , 410 U.S. 113 ( 1973 ) , and other abortion cases , the Court addresses the merits of claims pressed by pregnant women seeking abortions even if they are no longer pregnant because it takes longer than the typical human gestation period to appeal a case through the lower courts to the Supreme Court . Another mootness exception is voluntary cessation of unlawful conduct , in which the Court considers the probability of recurrence and plaintiff 's need for relief . Justices as circuit justices ( edit ) The United States is divided into thirteen circuit courts of appeals , each of which is assigned a `` circuit justice '' from the Supreme Court . Although this concept has been in continuous existence throughout the history of the republic , its meaning has changed through time . Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 , each justice was required to `` ride circuit '' , or to travel within the assigned circuit and consider cases alongside local judges . This practice encountered opposition from many justices , who cited the difficulty of travel . Moreover , there was a potential for a conflict of interest on the Court if a justice had previously decided the same case while riding circuit . Circuit riding was abolished in 1891 . Today , the circuit justice for each circuit is responsible for dealing with certain types of applications that , under the Court 's rules , may be addressed by a single justice . These include applications for emergency stays ( including stays of execution in death - penalty cases ) and injunctions pursuant to the All Writs Act arising from cases within that circuit , as well as routine requests such as requests for extensions of time . In the past , circuit justices also sometimes ruled on motions for bail in criminal cases , writs of habeas corpus , and applications for writs of error granting permission to appeal . Ordinarily , a justice will resolve such an application by simply endorsing it `` granted '' or `` denied '' or entering a standard form of order . However , the justice may elect to write an opinion -- referred to as an in - chambers opinion -- in such matters if he or she wishes . A circuit justice may sit as a judge on the Court of Appeals of that circuit , but over the past hundred years , this has rarely occurred . A circuit justice sitting with the Court of Appeals has seniority over the chief judge of the circuit . The chief justice has traditionally been assigned to the District of Columbia Circuit , the Fourth Circuit ( which includes Maryland and Virginia , the states surrounding the District of Columbia ) , and since it was established , the Federal Circuit . Each associate justice is assigned to one or two judicial circuits . As of June 27 , 2017 , the allotment of the justices among the circuits is : Circuit Justice District of Columbia Circuit Chief Justice Roberts First Circuit Justice Breyer Second Circuit Justice Ginsburg Third Circuit Justice Alito Fourth Circuit Chief Justice Roberts Fifth Circuit Justice Alito Sixth Circuit Justice Kagan Seventh Circuit Justice Kagan Eighth Circuit Justice Gorsuch Ninth Circuit Justice Kennedy Tenth Circuit Justice Sotomayor Eleventh Circuit Justice Thomas Federal Circuit Chief Justice Roberts Four of the current justices are assigned to circuits on which they previously sat as circuit judges : Chief Justice Roberts ( D.C. Circuit ) , Justice Breyer ( First Circuit ) , Justice Alito ( Third Circuit ) , and Justice Kennedy ( Ninth Circuit ) . Process ( edit ) Main article : Procedures of the Supreme Court of the United States A term of the Supreme Court commences on the first Monday of each October , and continues until June or early July of the following year . Each term consists of alternating periods of around two weeks known as `` sittings '' and `` recesses . '' Justices hear cases and deliver rulings during sittings ; they discuss cases and write opinions during recesses . Case selection ( edit ) Nearly all cases come before the court by way of petitions for writs of certiorari , commonly referred to as `` cert '' . The Court may review any case in the federal courts of appeals `` by writ of certiorari granted upon the petition of any party to any civil or criminal case . '' Court may only review `` final judgments rendered by the highest court of a state in which a decision could be had '' if those judgments involve a question of federal statutory or constitutional law . The party that appealed to the Court is the petitioner and the non-mover is the respondent . All case names before the Court are styled petitioner v. respondent , regardless of which party initiated the lawsuit in the trial court . For example , criminal prosecutions are brought in the name of the state and against an individual , as in State of Arizona v. Ernesto Miranda . If the defendant is convicted , and his conviction then is affirmed on appeal in the state supreme court , when he petitions for cert the name of the case becomes Miranda v. Arizona . There are situations where the Court has original jurisdiction , such as when two states have a dispute against each other , or when there is a dispute between the United States and a state . In such instances , a case is filed with the Supreme Court directly . Examples of such cases include United States v. Texas , a case to determine whether a parcel of land belonged to the United States or to Texas , and Virginia v. Tennessee , a case turning on whether an incorrectly drawn boundary between two states can be changed by a state court , and whether the setting of the correct boundary requires Congressional approval . Although it has not happened since 1794 in the case of Georgia v. Brailsford , parties in an action at law in which the Supreme Court has original jurisdiction may request that a jury determine issues of fact . Two other original jurisdiction cases involve colonial era borders and rights under navigable waters in New Jersey v. Delaware , and water rights between riparian states upstream of navigable waters in Kansas v. Colorado . A cert petition is voted on at a session of the court called a conference . A conference is a private meeting of the nine Justices by themselves ; the public and the Justices ' clerks are excluded . The rule of four permits four of the nine justices to grant a writ of certiorari . If it is granted , the case proceeds to the briefing stage ; otherwise , the case ends . Except in death penalty cases and other cases in which the Court orders briefing from the respondent , the respondent may , but is not required to , file a response to the cert petition . The court grants a petition for cert only for `` compelling reasons '' , spelled out in the court 's Rule 10 . Such reasons include : Resolving a conflict in the interpretation of a federal law or a provision of the federal Constitution Correcting an egregious departure from the accepted and usual course of judicial proceedings Resolving an important question of federal law , or to expressly review a decision of a lower court that conflicts directly with a previous decision of the Court . When a conflict of interpretations arises from differing interpretations of the same law or constitutional provision issued by different federal circuit courts of appeals , lawyers call this situation a `` circuit split . '' If the court votes to deny a cert petition , as it does in the vast majority of such petitions that come before it , it does so typically without comment . A denial of a cert petition is not a judgment on the merits of a case , and the decision of the lower court stands as the final ruling in the case . To manage the high volume of cert petitions received by the Court each year ( of the more than 7,000 petitions the Court receives each year , it will usually request briefing and hear oral argument in 100 or fewer ) , the Court employs an internal case management tool known as the `` cert pool . '' Currently , all justices except for Justices Alito and Gorsuch participate in the cert pool . Oral argument ( edit ) When the Court grants a cert petition , the case is set for oral argument . Both parties will file briefs on the merits of the case , as distinct from the reasons they may have argued for granting or denying the cert petition . With the consent of the parties or approval of the Court , amici curiae , or `` friends of the court '' , may also file briefs . The Court holds two - week oral argument sessions each month from October through April . Each side has thirty minutes to present its argument ( the Court may choose to give more time , though this is rare ) , and during that time , the Justices may interrupt the advocate and ask questions . The petitioner gives the first presentation , and may reserve some time to rebut the respondent 's arguments after the respondent has concluded . Amici curiae may also present oral argument on behalf of one party if that party agrees . The Court advises counsel to assume that the Justices are familiar with and have read the briefs filed in a case . Supreme Court Bar ( edit ) In order to plead before the court , an attorney must first be admitted to the court 's bar . Approximately 4,000 lawyers join the bar each year . The bar contains an estimated 230,000 members . In reality , pleading is limited to several hundred attorneys . The rest join for a one - time fee of $200 , earning the court about $750,000 annually . Attorneys can be admitted as either individuals or as groups . The group admission is held before the current justices of the Supreme Court , wherein the Chief Justice approves a motion to admit the new attorneys . Lawyers commonly apply for the cosmetic value of a certificate to display in their office or on their resume . They also receive access to better seating if they wish to attend an oral argument . Members of the Supreme Court Bar are also granted access to the collections of the Supreme Court Library . Decision ( edit ) At the conclusion of oral argument , the case is submitted for decision . Cases are decided by majority vote of the Justices . It is the Court 's practice to issue decisions in all cases argued in a particular Term by the end of that Term . Within that Term , however , the Court is under no obligation to release a decision within any set time after oral argument . At the conclusion of oral argument , the Justices retire to another conference at which the preliminary votes are tallied , and the most senior Justice in the majority assigns the initial draft of the Court 's opinion to a Justice on his or her side . Drafts of the Court 's opinion , as well as any concurring or dissenting opinions , circulate among the Justices until the Court is prepared to announce the judgment in a particular case . Since recording devices are banned inside the courtroom of the United States Supreme Court Building , the delivery of the decision to the media is done via paper copies and is known as the Running of the Interns . It is possible that , through recusals or vacancies , the Court divides evenly on a case . If that occurs , then the decision of the court below is affirmed , but does not establish binding precedent . In effect , it results in a return to the status quo ante . For a case to be heard , there must be a quorum of at least six justices . If a quorum is not available to hear a case and a majority of qualified justices believes that the case can not be heard and determined in the next term , then the judgment of the court below is affirmed as if the Court had been evenly divided . For cases brought to the Supreme Court by direct appeal from a United States District Court , the Chief Justice may order the case remanded to the appropriate U.S. Court of Appeals for a final decision there . This has only occurred once in U.S. history , in the case of United States v. Alcoa ( 1945 ) . Published opinions ( edit ) The Court 's opinions are published in three stages . First , a slip opinion is made available on the Court 's web site and through other outlets . Next , several opinions and lists of the court 's orders are bound together in paperback form , called a preliminary print of United States Reports , the official series of books in which the final version of the Court 's opinions appears . About a year after the preliminary prints are issued , a final bound volume of U.S. Reports is issued . The individual volumes of U.S. Reports are numbered so that users may cite this set of reports -- or a competing version published by another commercial legal publisher but containing parallel citations -- to allow those who read their pleadings and other briefs to find the cases quickly and easily . As of the beginning of October 2016 term , there are : 564 final bound volumes of U.S. Reports , covering cases through the end of October 2010 term , which ended on September 28 , 2011 . 16 volumes ' worth of opinions available in slip opinion form ( volumes 565 -- 580 ) As of March 2012 , the U.S. Reports have published a total of 30,161 Supreme Court opinions , covering the decisions handed down from February 1790 to March 2012 . This figure does not reflect the number of cases the Court has taken up , as several cases can be addressed by a single opinion ( see , for example , Parents v. Seattle , where Meredith v. Jefferson County Board of Education was also decided in the same opinion ; by a similar logic , Miranda v. Arizona actually decided not only Miranda but also three other cases : Vignera v. New York , Westover v. United States , and California v. Stewart ) . A more unusual example is The Telephone Cases , which comprise a single set of interlinked opinions that take up the entire 126th volume of the U.S. Reports . Opinions are also collected and published in two unofficial , parallel reporters : Supreme Court Reporter , published by West ( now a part of Thomson Reuters ) , and United States Supreme Court Reports , Lawyers ' Edition ( simply known as Lawyers ' Edition ) , published by LexisNexis . In court documents , legal periodicals and other legal media , case citations generally contain cites from each of the three reporters ; for example , citation to Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission is presented as Citizens United v. Federal Election Com'n , 585 U.S. 50 , 130 S. Ct. 876 , 175 L. Ed . 2d 753 ( 2010 ) , with `` S. Ct . '' representing the Supreme Court Reporter , and `` L. Ed . '' representing the Lawyers ' Edition . Citations to published opinions ( edit ) Main article : Case citation § Supreme Court of the United States Lawyers use an abbreviated format to cite cases , in the form `` vol U.S. page , pin ( year ) '' , where vol is the volume number , page is the page number on which the opinion begins , and year is the year in which the case was decided . Optionally , pin is used to `` pinpoint '' to a specific page number within the opinion . For instance , the citation for Roe v. Wade is 410 U.S. 113 ( 1973 ) , which means the case was decided in 1973 and appears on page 113 of volume 410 of U.S. Reports . For opinions or orders that have not yet been published in the preliminary print , the volume and page numbers may be replaced with `` ___ '' . Institutional powers and constraints ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Federal court system and the judicial authority to interpret the Constitution received little attention in the debates over the drafting and ratification of the Constitution . The power of judicial review , in fact , is nowhere mentioned in it . Over the ensuing years , the question of whether the power of judicial review was even intended by the drafters of the Constitution was quickly frustrated by the lack of evidence bearing on the question either way . Nevertheless , the power of judiciary to overturn laws and executive actions it determines are unlawful or unconstitutional is a well - established precedent . Many of the Founding Fathers accepted the notion of judicial review ; in Federalist No. 78 , Alexander Hamilton wrote : `` A Constitution is , in fact , and must be regarded by the judges , as a fundamental law . It therefore belongs to them to ascertain its meaning , as well as the meaning of any particular act proceeding from the legislative body . If there should happen to be an irreconcilable variance between the two , that which has the superior obligation and validity ought , of course , to be preferred ; or , in other words , the Constitution ought to be preferred to the statute . '' The Supreme Court firmly established its power to declare laws unconstitutional in Marbury v. Madison ( 1803 ) , consummating the American system of checks and balances . In explaining the power of judicial review , Chief Justice John Marshall stated that the authority to interpret the law was the particular province of the courts , part of the duty of the judicial department to say what the law is . His contention was not that the Court had privileged insight into constitutional requirements , but that it was the constitutional duty of the judiciary , as well as the other branches of government , to read and obey the dictates of the Constitution . Since the founding of the republic , there has been a tension between the practice of judicial review and the democratic ideals of egalitarianism , self - government , self - determination and freedom of conscience . At one pole are those who view the Federal Judiciary and especially the Supreme Court as being `` the most separated and least checked of all branches of government . '' Indeed , federal judges and justices on the Supreme Court are not required to stand for election by virtue of their tenure `` during good behavior '' , and their pay may `` not be diminished '' while they hold their position ( Section 1 of Article Three ) . Though subject to the process of impeachment , only one Justice has ever been impeached and no Supreme Court Justice has been removed from office . At the other pole are those who view the judiciary as the least dangerous branch , with little ability to resist the exhortations of the other branches of government . The Supreme Court , it is noted , can not directly enforce its rulings ; instead , it relies on respect for the Constitution and for the law for adherence to its judgments . One notable instance of nonacquiescence came in 1832 , when the state of Georgia ignored the Supreme Court 's decision in Worcester v. Georgia . President Andrew Jackson , who sided with the Georgia courts , is supposed to have remarked , `` John Marshall has made his decision ; now let him enforce it ! '' ; however , this alleged quotation has been disputed . Some state governments in the South also resisted the desegregation of public schools after the 1954 judgment Brown v. Board of Education . More recently , many feared that President Nixon would refuse to comply with the Court 's order in United States v. Nixon ( 1974 ) to surrender the Watergate tapes . Nixon , however , ultimately complied with the Supreme Court 's ruling . Supreme Court decisions can be ( and have been ) purposefully overturned by constitutional amendment , which has happened on five occasions : Chisholm v. Georgia ( 1793 ) -- overturned by the Eleventh Amendment ( 1795 ) Dred Scott v. Sandford ( 1857 ) -- overturned by the Thirteenth Amendment ( 1865 ) and the Fourteenth Amendment ( 1868 ) Pollock v. Farmers ' Loan & Trust Co. ( 1895 ) -- overturned by the Sixteenth Amendment ( 1913 ) Minor v. Happersett ( 1875 ) -- overturned by the Nineteenth Amendment ( 1920 ) Oregon v. Mitchell ( 1970 ) -- overturned by the Twenty - sixth Amendment ( 1971 ) When the Court rules on matters involving the interpretation of laws rather than of the Constitution , simple legislative action can reverse the decisions ( for example , in 2009 Congress passed the Lilly Ledbetter act , superseding the limitations given in Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. in 2007 ) . Also , the Supreme Court is not immune from political and institutional consideration : lower federal courts and state courts sometimes resist doctrinal innovations , as do law enforcement officials . In addition , the other two branches can restrain the Court through other mechanisms . Congress can increase the number of justices , giving the President power to influence future decisions by appointments ( as in Roosevelt 's Court Packing Plan discussed above ) . Congress can pass legislation that restricts the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and other federal courts over certain topics and cases : this is suggested by language in Section 2 of Article Three , where the appellate jurisdiction is granted `` with such Exceptions , and under such Regulations as the Congress shall make . '' The Court sanctioned such congressional action in the Reconstruction case ex parte McCardle ( 1869 ) , though it rejected Congress ' power to dictate how particular cases must be decided in United States v. Klein ( 1871 ) . On the other hand , through its power of judicial review , the Supreme Court has defined the scope and nature of the powers and separation between the legislative and executive branches of the federal government ; for example , in United States v. Curtiss - Wright Export Corp. ( 1936 ) , Dames & Moore v. Regan ( 1981 ) , and notably in Goldwater v. Carter ( 1979 ) , ( where it effectively gave the Presidency the power to terminate ratified treaties without the consent of Congress or the Senate ) . The Court 's decisions can also impose limitations on the scope of Executive authority , as in Humphrey 's Executor v. United States ( 1935 ) , the Steel Seizure Case ( 1952 ) , and United States v. Nixon ( 1974 ) . Law clerks ( edit ) See also : Law clerk and List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States Each Supreme Court justice hires several law Clerks to review petitions for writ of certiorari , research them , prepare bench memorandums , and draft opinions . Associate justices are allowed four clerks . The chief justice is allowed five clerks , but Chief Justice Rehnquist hired only three per year , and Chief Justice Roberts usually hires only four . Generally , law clerks serve a term of one to two years . The first law clerk was hired by Associate Justice Horace Gray in 1882 . Oliver Wendell Holmes , Jr. and Louis Brandeis were the first Supreme Court justices to use recent law school graduates as clerks , rather than hiring a `` stenographer - secretary '' . Most law clerks are recent law school graduates . The first female clerk was Lucile Lomen , hired in 1944 by Justice William O. Douglas . The first African - American , William T. Coleman , Jr. , was hired in 1948 by Justice Felix Frankfurter . A disproportionately large number of law clerks have obtained law degrees from elite law schools , especially Harvard , Yale , the University of Chicago , Columbia , and Stanford . From 1882 to 1940 , 62 % of law clerks were graduates of Harvard Law School . Those chosen to be Supreme Court law clerks usually have graduated in the top of their law school class and were often an editor of the law review or a member of the moot court board . By the mid-1970s , clerking previously for a judge in a federal court of appeals had also become a prerequisite to clerking for a Supreme Court justice . Seven Supreme Court justices previously clerked for other justices : Byron White for Frederick M. Vinson , John Paul Stevens for Wiley Rutledge , William Rehnquist for Robert H. Jackson , Stephen Breyer for Arthur Goldberg , John Roberts for William Rehnquist , Elena Kagan for Thurgood Marshall and Neil Gorsuch for both Byron White and Anthony Kennedy . Gorsuch is the first justice to serve alongside a justice for whom he or she clerked . Several current Supreme Court justices have also clerked in the federal courts of appeals : John Roberts for Judge Henry Friendly of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit , Justice Samuel Alito for Judge Leonard I. Garth of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit , Elena Kagan for Judge Abner J. Mikva of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit , and Neil Gorsuch for Judge David B. Sentelle of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia . Politicization of the Court ( edit ) Clerks hired by each of the justices of the Supreme Court are often given considerable leeway in the opinions they draft . `` Supreme Court clerkship appeared to be a nonpartisan institution from the 1940s into the 1980s '' , according to a study published in 2009 by the law review of Vanderbilt University Law School . `` As law has moved closer to mere politics , political affiliations have naturally and predictably become proxies for the different political agendas that have been pressed in and through the courts '' , former federal court of appeals judge J. Michael Luttig said . David J. Garrow , professor of history at the University of Cambridge , stated that the Court had thus begun to mirror the political branches of government . `` We are getting a composition of the clerk workforce that is getting to be like the House of Representatives '' , Professor Garrow said . `` Each side is putting forward only ideological purists . '' According to the Vanderbilt Law Review study , this politicized hiring trend reinforces the impression that the Supreme Court is `` a superlegislature responding to ideological arguments rather than a legal institution responding to concerns grounded in the rule of law . '' A poll conducted in June 2012 by The New York Times and CBS News showed just 44 % of Americans approve of the job the Supreme Court is doing . Three - quarters said justices ' decisions are sometimes influenced by their political or personal views . Criticism ( edit ) The court has been the object of criticisms on a range of issues . Among them : Judicial activism ( edit ) The Supreme Court has been criticized for not keeping within Constitutional bounds by engaging in judicial activism , rather than merely interpreting law and exercising judicial restraint . Claims of judicial activism are not confined to any particular ideology . An often cited example of conservative judicial activism is the 1905 decision in Lochner v. New York , which has been criticized by many prominent thinkers , including Robert Bork , Justice Antonin Scalia , and Chief Justice John Roberts , and which was reversed in the 1930s . An often cited example of liberal judicial activism is Roe v. Wade ( 1973 ) , which legalized abortion in part on the basis of the `` right to privacy '' inferred from the Fourteenth Amendment , a reasoning that some critics argued was circuitous . Legal scholars , justices , and presidential candidates have criticized the Roe decision . The progressive Brown v. Board of Education decision has been criticized by conservatives such as Patrick Buchanan and former presidential contender Barry Goldwater . More recently , Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission was criticized for expanding upon the precedent in First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti ( 1978 ) that the First Amendment applies to corporations . Lincoln warned , referring to the Dred Scott decision , that if government policy became `` irrevocably fixed by decisions of the Supreme Court ... the people will have ceased to be their own rulers . '' Former justice Thurgood Marshall justified judicial activism with these words : `` You do what you think is right and let the law catch up . '' During different historical periods , the Court has leaned in different directions . Critics from both sides complain that activist - judges abandon the Constitution and substitute their own views instead . Critics include writers such as Andrew Napolitano , Phyllis Schlafly , Mark R. Levin , Mark I. Sutherland , and James MacGregor Burns . Past presidents from both parties have attacked judicial activism , including Franklin D. Roosevelt , Richard Nixon , and Ronald Reagan . Failed Supreme Court nominee Robert Bork wrote : `` What judges have wrought is a coup d'état , -- slow - moving and genteel , but a coup d'état nonetheless . '' Senator Al Franken quipped that when politicians talk about judicial activism , `` their definition of an activist judge is one who votes differently than they would like . '' One law professor claimed in a 1978 article that the Supreme Court is in some respects `` certainly a legislative body . '' Failing to protect individual rights ( edit ) Court decisions have been criticized for failing to protect individual rights : the Dred Scott ( 1857 ) decision upheld slavery ; Plessy v Ferguson ( 1896 ) upheld segregation under the doctrine of separate but equal ; Kelo v. City of New London ( 2005 ) was criticized by prominent politicians , including New Jersey governor Jon Corzine , as undermining property rights . Some critics suggest the 2009 bench with a conservative majority has `` become increasingly hostile to voters '' by siding with Indiana 's voter identification laws which tend to `` disenfranchise large numbers of people without driver 's licenses , especially poor and minority voters '' , according to one report . Senator Al Franken criticized the Court for `` eroding individual rights . '' However , others argue that the Court is too protective of some individual rights , particularly those of people accused of crimes or in detention . For example , Chief Justice Warren Burger was an outspoken critic of the exclusionary rule , and Justice Scalia criticized the Court 's decision in Boumediene v. Bush for being too protective of the rights of Guantanamo detainees , on the grounds that habeas corpus was `` limited '' to sovereign territory . Supreme Court has too much power ( edit ) This criticism is related to complaints about judicial activism . George Will wrote that the Court has an `` increasingly central role in American governance . '' It was criticized for intervening in bankruptcy proceedings regarding ailing carmaker Chrysler Corporation in 2009 . A reporter wrote that `` Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg 's intervention in the Chrysler bankruptcy '' left open the `` possibility of further judicial review '' but argued overall that the intervention was a proper use of Supreme Court power to check the executive branch . Warren E. Burger , before becoming Chief Justice , argued that since the Supreme Court has such `` unreviewable power '' it is likely to `` self - indulge itself '' and unlikely to `` engage in dispassionate analysis '' . Larry Sabato wrote `` excessive authority has accrued to the federal courts , especially the Supreme Court . '' Courts are poor check on executive power ( edit ) British constitutional scholar Adam Tomkins sees flaws in the American system of having courts ( and specifically the Supreme Court ) act as checks on the Executive and Legislative branches ; he argues that because the courts must wait , sometimes for years , for cases to navigate their way through the system , their ability to restrain other branches is severely weakened . In contrast , the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany for example , can directly declare a law unconstitutional upon request . Federal versus state power ( edit ) There has been debate throughout American history about the boundary between federal and state power . While Framers such as James Madison and Alexander Hamilton argued in The Federalist Papers that their then - proposed Constitution would not infringe on the power of state governments , others argue that expansive federal power is good and consistent with the Framers ' wishes . The Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution explicitly grants `` powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution , nor prohibited by it to the States , are reserved to the States respectively , or to the people . '' The Supreme Court has been criticized for giving the federal government too much power to interfere with state authority . One criticism is that it has allowed the federal government to misuse the Commerce Clause by upholding regulations and legislation which have little to do with interstate commerce , but that were enacted under the guise of regulating interstate commerce ; and by voiding state legislation for allegedly interfering with interstate commerce . For example , the Commerce Clause was used by the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals to uphold the Endangered Species Act , thus protecting six endemic species of insect near Austin , Texas , despite the fact that the insects had no commercial value and did not travel across state lines ; the Supreme Court let that ruling stand without comment in 2005 . Chief Justice John Marshall asserted Congress 's power over interstate commerce was `` complete in itself , may be exercised to its utmost extent , and acknowledges no limitations , other than are prescribed in the Constitution . '' Justice Alito said congressional authority under the Commerce Clause is `` quite broad . '' Modern day theorist Robert B. Reich suggests debate over the Commerce Clause continues today . Advocates of states ' rights such as constitutional scholar Kevin Gutzman have also criticized the Court , saying it has misused the Fourteenth Amendment to undermine state authority . Justice Brandeis , in arguing for allowing the states to operate without federal interference , suggested that states should be laboratories of democracy . One critic wrote `` the great majority of Supreme Court rulings of unconstitutionality involve state , not federal , law . '' However , others see the Fourteenth Amendment as a positive force that extends `` protection of those rights and guarantees to the state level . '' Secretive proceedings ( edit ) The Court has been criticized for keeping its deliberations hidden from public view . According to a review of Jeffrey Toobin 's expose The Nine : Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court ; `` Its inner workings are difficult for reporters to cover , like a closed ' cartel ' , only revealing itself through ' public events and printed releases , with nothing about its inner workings . ' The reviewer writes : `` few ( reporters ) dig deeply into court affairs . It all works very neatly ; the only ones hurt are the American people , who know little about nine individuals with enormous power over their lives . '' Larry Sabato complains about the Court 's `` insularity . '' A Fairleigh Dickinson University poll conducted in 2010 found that 61 % of American voters agreed that televising Court hearings would `` be good for democracy '' , and 50 % of voters stated they would watch Court proceedings if they were televised . In recent years , many justices have appeared on television , written books and made public statements to journalists . In a 2009 interview on C - SPAN , journalists Joan Biskupic ( of USA Today ) and Lyle Denniston ( of SCOTUSblog ) argued that the Court is a `` very open '' institution with only the justices ' private conferences inaccessible to others . In October 2010 , the Court began the practice of posting on its website recordings and transcripts of oral arguments on the Friday after they occur . Judicial interference in political disputes ( edit ) Some Court decisions have been criticized for injecting the Court into the political arena , and deciding questions that are the purview of the other two branches of government . The Bush v. Gore decision , in which the Supreme Court intervened in the 2000 presidential election and effectively chose George W. Bush over Al Gore , has been criticized extensively , particularly by liberals . Another example are Court decisions on apportionment and re-districting : in Baker v. Carr , the court decided it could rule on apportionment questions ; Justice Frankfurter in a `` scathing dissent '' argued against the court wading into so - called political questions . Not choosing enough cases to review ( edit ) Senator Arlen Specter said the Court should `` decide more cases '' . On the other hand , although Justice Scalia acknowledged in a 2009 interview that the number of cases that the Court hears now is smaller today than when he first joined the Supreme Court , he also stated that he has not changed his standards for deciding whether to review a case , nor does he believe his colleagues have changed their standards . He attributed the high volume of cases in the late 1980s , at least in part , to an earlier flurry of new federal legislation that was making its way through the courts . Lifetime tenure ( edit ) Critic Larry Sabato wrote : `` The insularity of lifetime tenure , combined with the appointments of relatively young attorneys who give long service on the bench , produces senior judges representing the views of past generations better than views of the current day . '' Sanford Levinson has been critical of justices who stayed in office despite medical deterioration based on longevity . James MacGregor Burns stated lifelong tenure has `` produced a critical time lag , with the Supreme Court institutionally almost always behind the times . '' Proposals to solve these problems include term limits for justices , as proposed by Levinson and Sabato as well as a mandatory retirement age proposed by Richard Epstein , among others . However , others suggest lifetime tenure brings substantial benefits , such as impartiality and freedom from political pressure . Alexander Hamilton in Federalist 78 wrote `` nothing can contribute so much to its firmness and independence as permanency in office . '' Accepting gifts ( edit ) The 21st century has seen increased scrutiny of justices accepting expensive gifts and travel . All of the members of the Roberts Court have accepted travel or gifts . In 2012 , Justice Sonia Sotomayor received $1.9 million in advances from her publisher Knopf Doubleday . Justice Scalia and others took dozens of expensive trips to exotic locations paid for by private donors . Private events sponsored by partisan groups that are attended by both the justices and those who have an interest in their decisions have raised concerns about access and inappropriate communications . Stephen Spaulding , the legal director at Common Cause , said : `` There are fair questions raised by some of these trips about their commitment to being impartial . '' See also ( edit ) Supreme Court of the United States portal Government of the United States portal Law portal Donald Trump Supreme Court candidates Federal judicial appointment history List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States by court composition by seat by time in office List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States List of law schools attended by United States Supreme Court Justices List of United States Chief Justices by time in office Lists of United States Supreme Court cases Oyez Project Reporter of Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States Segal -- Cover score Unsuccessful nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States Landmark Supreme Court decisions ( selection ) Marbury v. Madison ( 1803 , judicial review ) McCulloch v. Maryland ( 1819 , implied powers ) Gibbons v. Ogden ( 1824 , interstate commerce ) Dred Scott v. Sandford ( 1857 , slavery ) Plessy v. Ferguson ( 1896 , separate but equal treatment of races ) Brown v. Board of Education ( 1954 , school segregation of races ) Engel v. Vitale ( 1962 , state - sponsored prayers in public schools ) Abington School District v. Schempp ( 1963 , Bible readings and recitation of the Lord 's prayer in U.S. public schools ) Gideon v. Wainwright ( 1963 , right to an attorney ) Griswold v. Connecticut ( 1965 , privacy in marriage ) Miranda v. Arizona ( 1966 , rights of those detained by police ) In re Gault ( 1967 , rights of juvenile suspects ) Loving v. Virginia ( 1967 , interracial marriage ) Lemon v. Kurtzman ( 1971 , religious activities in public schools ) New York Times Co. v. United States ( 1971 , freedom of the press ) Eisenstadt v. Baird ( 1972 , privacy for unmarried people ) Roe v. Wade ( 1973 , abortion ) Miller v. California ( 1973 , obscenity ) United States v. Nixon ( 1974 , executive privilege ) Buckley v. Valeo ( 1976 , campaign finance ) Bowers v. Hardwick ( 1986 , sodomy ) Bush v. Gore ( 2000 , presidential election ) Lawrence v. Texas ( 2003 , sodomy , privacy ) District of Columbia v. Heller ( 2008 , gun rights ) Citizens United v. FEC ( 2010 , campaign finance ) United States v. Windsor ( 2013 , same - sex marriage ) Shelby County v. Holder ( 2013 , voting rights ) Obergefell v. Hodges ( 2015 , same - sex marriage ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lawson , Gary ; Seidman , Guy ( 2001 ) . `` When Did the Constitution Become Law ? '' . Notre Dame Law Review . 77 : 1 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Safire , William , `` On language : POTUS and FLOTUS , '' New York Times , October 12 , 1997 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Court as an Institution -- Supreme Court of the United States '' . www.supremecourt.gov . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Barnabas . Almanac of the Federal Judiciary , p. 25 ( Aspen Law & Business , 1988 ) . Jump up ^ `` A Brief Overview of the Supreme Court '' ( PDF ) . United States Supreme Court . Retrieved December 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bordewich , Fergus ( 2016 ) . The First Congress : How James Madison , George Washington , and a Group of Extraordinary Men Invented the Government . Simon & Schuster . p. 195 . ISBN 1451691939 . Jump up ^ Shugerman , Jed . `` A Six - Three Rule : Reviving Consensus and Deference on the Supreme Court '' , Georgia Law Review , Vol. 37 , p. 893 ( 2002 -- 03 ) . Jump up ^ Irons , Peter . A People 's History of the Supreme Court , p. 101 ( Penguin 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Ashmore , Anne ( August 2006 ) . `` Dates of Supreme Court decisions and arguments , United States Reports volumes 2 -- 107 ( 1791 -- 82 ) '' ( PDF ) . Library , Supreme Court of the United States . Retrieved April 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Scott Douglas Gerber ( editor ) ( 1998 ) . `` Seriatim : The Supreme Court Before John Marshall '' . New York University Press . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 3114 - 7 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . ( page 3 ) Finally many scholars cite the absence of a separate Supreme Court building as evidence that the early Court lacked prestige . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Manning , John F. ( 2004 ) . `` The Eleventh Amendment and the Reading of Precise Constitutional Texts '' . Yale Law Journal . 113 ( 8 ) : 1663 -- 1750 . doi : 10.2307 / 4135780 . Jump up ^ Epps , Garrett ( October 24 , 2004 ) . `` Do n't Do It , Justices '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The court 's prestige has been hard - won . In the early 1800s , Chief Justice John Marshall made the court respected Jump up ^ The Supreme Court had first used the power of judicial review in the case Ware v. Hylton , ( 1796 ) , wherein it overturned a state law that conflicted with a treaty between the United States and Great Britain . Jump up ^ Rosen , Jeffrey ( July 5 , 2009 ) . `` Black Robe Politics '' ( book review of Packing the Court by James MacGregor Burns ) . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . From the beginning , Burns continues , the Court has established its `` supremacy '' over the president and Congress because of Chief Justice John Marshall 's `` brilliant political coup '' in Marbury v. Madison ( 1803 ) : asserting a power to strike down unconstitutional laws . Jump up ^ `` The People 's Vote : 100 Documents that Shaped America -- Marbury v. Madison ( 1803 ) '' . U.S. News & World Report . 2003 . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2003 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . With his decision in Marbury v. Madison , Chief Justice John Marshall established the principle of judicial review , an important addition to the system of `` checks and balances '' created to prevent any one branch of the Federal Government from becoming too powerful ... A Law repugnant to the Constitution is void . Jump up ^ Sloan , Cliff ; McKean , David ( February 21 , 2009 ) . `` Why Marbury V. Madison Still Matters '' . Newsweek . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . More than 200 years after the high court ruled , the decision in that landmark case continues to resonate . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution In Law : Its Phases Construed by the Federal Supreme Court '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . February 27 , 1893 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The decision ... in Martin vs. Hunter 's Lessee is the authority on which lawyers and Judges have rested the doctrine that where there is in question , in the highest court of a State , and decided adversely to the validity of a State statute ... such claim is reviewable by the Supreme Court ... Jump up ^ Justices Ginsburg , Stevens , Souter , Breyer ( December 13 , 2000 ) . `` Dissenting opinions in Bush v. Gore '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Rarely has this Court rejected outright an interpretation of state law by a state high court ... The Virginia court refused to obey this Court 's Fairfax 's Devisee mandate to enter judgment for the British subject 's successor in interest . That refusal led to the Court 's pathmarking decision in Martin v. Hunter 's Lessee , 1 Wheat . 304 ( 1816 ) . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Decisions of the Supreme Court -- Historic Decrees Issued in One Hundred an Eleven Years '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . February 3 , 1901 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Very important also was the decision in Martin vs. Hunter 's lessee , in which the court asserted its authority to overrule , within certain limits , the decisions of the highest State courts . ^ Jump up to : `` The Supreme Quiz '' . The Washington Post . October 2 , 2000 . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2012 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . According to the Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States , Marshall 's most important innovation was to persuade the other justices to stop seriatim opinions -- each issuing one -- so that the court could speak in a single voice . Since the mid-1940s , however , there 's been a significant increase in individual `` concurring '' and `` dissenting '' opinions . Jump up ^ Slater , Dan ( April 18 , 2008 ) . `` Justice Stevens on the Death Penalty : A Promise of Fairness Unfulfilled '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The first Chief Justice , John Marshall set out to do away with seriatim opinions -- a practice originating in England in which each appellate judge writes an opinion in ruling on a single case . ( You may have read old tort cases in law school with such opinions ) . Marshall sought to do away with this practice to help build the Court into a coequal branch . Jump up ^ Suddath , Claire ( December 19 , 2008 ) . `` A Brief History Of Impeachment '' . Time . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Congress tried the process again in 1804 , when it voted to impeach Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase on charges of bad conduct . As a judge , Chase was overzealous and notoriously unfair ... But Chase never committed a crime -- he was just incredibly bad at his job . The Senate acquitted him on every count . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( April 10 , 1996 ) . `` Rehnquist Joins Fray on Rulings , Defending Judicial Independence '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . the 1805 Senate trial of Justice Samuel Chase , who had been impeached by the House of Representatives ... This decision by the Senate was enormously important in securing the kind of judicial independence contemplated by Article III '' of the Constitution , Chief Justice Rehnquist said Jump up ^ Edward Keynes ; with Randall K. Miller ( 1989 ) . `` The Court vs. Congress : Prayer , Busing , and Abortion '' . Duke University Press . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . ( page 115 ) ... Grier maintained that Congress has plenary power to limit the federal courts ' jurisdiction . Jump up ^ Ifill , Sherrilyn A. ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` Sotomayor 's Great Legal Mind Long Ago Defeated Race , Gender Nonsense '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . But his decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford doomed thousands of black slaves and freedmen to a stateless existence within the United States until the passage of the 14th Amendment . Justice Taney 's coldly self - fulfilling statement in Dred Scott , that blacks had `` no rights which the white man ( was ) bound to respect '' , has ensured his place in history -- not as a brilliant jurist , but as among the most insensitive Jump up ^ Irons , Peter ( 2006 ) . A People 's History of the Supreme Court : The Men and Women Whose Cases and Decisions Have Shaped Our Constitution . United States : Penguin Books . pp. 176 -- 177 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 303738 - 2 . The rhetorical battle that followed the Dred Scott decision , as we know , later erupted into the gunfire and bloodshed of the Civil War ( p. 176 ) ... his opinion ( Taney 's ) touched off an explosive reaction on both sides of the slavery issue ... ( p. 177 ) Jump up ^ `` Liberty of Contract ? '' . Exploring Constitutional Conflicts . October 31 , 2009 . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2009 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The term `` substantive due process '' is often used to describe the approach first used in Lochner -- the finding of liberties not explicitly protected by the text of the Constitution to be impliedly protected by the liberty clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . In the 1960s , long after the Court repudiated its Lochner line of cases , substantive due process became the basis for protecting personal rights such as the right of privacy , the right to maintain intimate family relationships . Jump up ^ `` Adair v. United States 208 U.S. 161 '' . Cornell University Law School . 1908 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . No. 293 Argued : October 29 , 30 , 1907 -- - Decided : January 27 , 1908 Jump up ^ Bodenhamer , David J. ; James W. Ely ( 1993 ) . The Bill of Rights in modern America . Bloomington , Indiana : Indiana University Press . p. 245 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 35159 - 3. ... of what eventually became the ' incorporation doctrine , ' by which various federal Bill of Rights guarantees were held to be implicit in the Fourteenth Amendment due process or equal protection . Jump up ^ White , Edward Douglass . `` Opinion for the Court , Arver v. U.S. 245 U.S. 366 '' . Finally , as we are unable to conceive upon what theory the exaction by government from the citizen of the performance of his supreme and noble duty of contributing to the defense of the rights and honor of the nation , as the result of a war declared by the great representative body of the people , can be said to be the imposition of involuntary servitude in violation of the prohibitions of the Thirteenth Amendment , we are constrained to the conclusion that the contention to that effect is refuted by its mere statement . Jump up ^ Siegan , Bernard H. ( 1987 ) . The Supreme Court 's Constitution . Transaction Publishers . p. 146 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88738 - 671 - 8 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . In the 1923 case of Adkins v. Children 's Hospital , the court invalidated a classification based on gender as inconsistent with the substantive due process requirements of the fifth amendment . At issue was congressional legislation providing for the fixing of minimum wages for women and minors in the District of Columbia . ( p. 146 ) Jump up ^ Biskupic , Joan ( March 29 , 2005 ) . `` Supreme Court gets makeover '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The building is getting its first renovation since its completion in 1935 . Jump up ^ Justice Roberts ( September 21 , 2005 ) . `` Responses of Judge John G. Roberts , Jr. to the Written Questions of Senator Joseph R. Biden '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . I agree that West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish correctly overruled Adkins . Lochner era cases -- Adkins in particular -- evince an expansive view of the judicial role inconsistent with what I believe to be the appropriately more limited vision of the Framers . Jump up ^ Lipsky , Seth ( October 22 , 2009 ) . `` All the News That 's Fit to Subsidize '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . He was a farmer in Ohio ... during the 1930s , when subsidies were brought in for farmers . With subsidies came restrictions on how much wheat one could grow -- even , Filburn learned in a landmark Supreme Court case , Wickard v. Filburn ( 1942 ) , wheat grown on his modest farm . Jump up ^ Cohen , Adam ( December 14 , 2004 ) . `` What 's New in the Legal World ? A Growing Campaign to Undo the New Deal '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Some prominent states ' rights conservatives were asking the court to overturn Wickard v. Filburn , a landmark ruling that laid out an expansive view of Congress 's power to legislate in the public interest . Supporters of states ' rights have always blamed Wickard ... for paving the way for strong federal action ... Jump up ^ United Press International ( September 25 , 1971 ) . `` Justice Black Dies at 85 ; Served on Court 34 Years '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Justice Black developed his controversial theory , first stated in a lengthy , scholarly dissent in 1947 , that the due process clause applied the first eight amendments of the Bill of Rights to the states . Jump up ^ `` 100 Documents that Shaped America Brown v. Board of Education ( 1954 ) '' . U.S. News & World Report . May 17 , 1954 . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2009 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . On May 17 , 1954 , U.S. Supreme Court Justice Earl Warren delivered the unanimous ruling in the landmark civil rights case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka , Kansas . State - sanctioned segregation of public schools was a violation of the 14th amendment and was therefore unconstitutional . This historic decision marked the end of the `` separate but equal '' ... and served as a catalyst for the expanding civil rights movement ... Jump up ^ `` Essay : In defense of privacy '' . Time . July 15 , 1966 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The biggest legal milestone in this field was last year 's Supreme Court decision in Griswold v. Connecticut , which overthrew the state 's law against the use of contraceptives as an invasion of marital privacy , and for the first time declared the `` right of privacy '' to be derived from the Constitution itself . Jump up ^ Gibbs , Nancy ( December 9 , 1991 ) . `` America 's Holy War '' . Time . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . In the landmark 1962 case Engel v. Vitale , the high court threw out a brief nondenominational prayer composed by state officials that was recommended for use in New York State schools . `` It is no part of the business of government '' , ruled the court , `` to compose official prayers for any group of the American people to recite . '' Jump up ^ Mattox , William R. , Jr ; Trinko , Katrina ( August 17 , 2009 ) . `` Teach the Bible ? Of course '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2009 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Public schools need not proselytize -- indeed , must not -- in teaching students about the Good Book ... In Abington School District v. Schempp , decided in 1963 , the Supreme Court stated that `` study of the Bible or of religion , when presented objectively as part of a secular program of education '' , was permissible under the First Amendment . Jump up ^ `` The Law : The Retroactivity Riddle '' . Time Magazine . June 18 , 1965 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Last week , in a 7 to 2 decision , the court refused for the first time to give retroactive effect to a great Bill of Rights decision -- Mapp v. Ohio ( 1961 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Supreme Court : Now Comes the Sixth Amendment '' . Time . April 16 , 1965 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Sixth Amendment 's right to counsel ( Gideon v. Wainwright in 1963 ). ... the court said flatly in 1904 : ' The Sixth Amendment does not apply to proceedings in state criminal courts . '' But in the light of Gideon ... ruled Black , statements ' generally declaring that the Sixth Amendment does not apply to states can no longer be regarded as law . ' Jump up ^ `` Guilt and Mr. Meese '' . The New York Times . January 31 , 1987 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . 1966 Miranda v. Arizona decision . That 's the famous decision that made confessions inadmissible as evidence unless an accused person has been warned by police of the right to silence and to a lawyer , and waived it . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Earl M. Maltz , The Coming of the Nixon Court : The 1972 Term and the Transformation of Constitutional Law ( University Press of Kansas ; 2016 ) Jump up ^ O'Connor , Karen ( January 22 , 2009 ) . `` Roe v. Wade : On Anniversary , Abortion Is out of the Spotlight '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The shocker , however , came in 1973 , when the Court , by a vote of 7 to 2 , relied on Griswold 's basic underpinnings to rule that a Texas law prohibiting abortions in most situations was unconstitutional , invalidating the laws of most states . Relying on a woman 's right to privacy ... Jump up ^ `` Bakke Wins , Quotas Lose '' . Time . July 10 , 1978 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Split almost exactly down the middle , the Supreme Court last week offered a Solomonic compromise . It said that rigid quotas based solely on race were forbidden , but it also said that race might legitimately be an element in judging students for admission to universities . It thus approved the principle of ' affirmative action ' ... Jump up ^ `` Time to Rethink Buckley v. Valeo '' . The New York Times . November 12 , 1998 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 ... Buckley v. Valeo . The nation 's political system has suffered ever since from that decision , which held that mandatory limits on campaign spending unconstitutionally limit free speech . The decision did much to promote the explosive growth of campaign contributions from special interests and to enhance the advantage incumbents enjoy over underfunded challengers . ^ Jump up to : Staff writer ( June 29 , 1972 ) . `` Supreme Court Justice Rehnquist 's Key Decisions '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Furman v. Georgia ... Rehnquist dissents from the Supreme Court conclusion that many state laws on capital punishment are capricious and arbitrary and therefore unconstitutional . Jump up ^ History of the Court , in Hall , Ely Jr. , Grossman , and Wiecek ( eds ) The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Oxford University Press , 1992 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 Jump up ^ `` A Supreme Revelation '' . The Wall Street Journal . April 19 , 2008 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Thirty - two years ago , Justice John Paul Stevens sided with the majority in a famous `` never mind '' ruling by the Supreme Court . Gregg v. Georgia , in 1976 , overturned Furman v. Georgia , which had declared the death penalty unconstitutional only four years earlier . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( January 8 , 2009 ) . `` The Chief Justice on the Spot '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The federalism issue at the core of the new case grows out of a series of cases from 1997 to 2003 in which the Rehnquist court applied a new level of scrutiny to Congressional action enforcing the guarantees of the Reconstruction amendments . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( September 4 , 2005 ) . `` William H. Rehnquist , Chief Justice of Supreme Court , Is Dead at 80 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . United States v. Lopez in 1995 raised the stakes in the debate over federal authority even higher . The decision declared unconstitutional a Federal law , the Gun Free School Zones Act of 1990 , that made it a federal crime to carry a gun within 1,000 feet of a school . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( June 12 , 2005 ) . `` The Rehnquist Court and Its Imperiled States ' Rights Legacy '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Intrastate activity that was not essentially economic was beyond Congress 's reach under the Commerce Clause , Chief Justice Rehnquist wrote for the 5 - to - 4 majority in United States v. Morrison . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( March 22 , 2005 ) . `` Inmates Who Follow Satanism and Wicca Find Unlikely Ally '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . His ( Rehnquist 's ) reference was to a landmark 1997 decision , City of Boerne v. Flores , in which the court ruled that the predecessor to the current law , the Religious Freedom Restoration Act , exceeded Congress 's authority and was unconstitutional as applied to the states . Jump up ^ Amar , Vikram David ( July 27 , 2005 ) . `` Casing John Roberts '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . SEMINOLE TRIBE v. FLORIDA ( 1996 ) In this seemingly technical 11th Amendment dispute about whether states can be sued in federal courts , Justice O'Connor joined four others to override Congress 's will and protect state prerogatives , even though the text of the Constitution contradicts this result . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( April 1 , 1999 ) . `` Justices Seem Ready to Tilt More Toward States in Federalism '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The argument in this case , Alden v. Maine , No. 98 - 436 , proceeded on several levels simultaneously . On the surface ... On a deeper level , the argument was a continuation of the Court 's struggle over an even more basic issue : the Government 's substantive authority over the states . Jump up ^ Lindenberger , Michael A . `` The Court 's Gay Rights Legacy '' . Time . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The decision in the Lawrence v. Texas case overturned convictions against two Houston men , whom police had arrested after busting into their home and finding them engaged in sex . And for the first time in their lives , thousands of gay men and women who lived in states where sodomy had been illegal were free to be gay without being criminals . Jump up ^ Justice Sotomayor ( July 16 , 2009 ) . `` Retire the ' Ginsburg rule ' -- The ' Roe ' recital '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2009 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The court 's decision in Planned Parenthood v. Casey reaffirmed the court holding of Roe . That is the precedent of the court and settled , in terms of the holding of the court . Jump up ^ Kamiya , Gary ( July 4 , 2001 ) . `` Against the Law '' . Salon . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 ... the remedy was far more harmful than the problem . By stopping the recount , the high court clearly denied many thousands of voters who cast legal votes , as defined by established Florida law , their constitutional right to have their votes counted. ... It can not be a legitimate use of law to disenfranchise legal voters when recourse is available. ... Jump up ^ Krauthammer , Charles ( December 18 , 2000 ) . `` The Winner in Bush v. Gore ? '' . Time . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Re-enter the Rehnquist court . Amid the chaos , somebody had to play Daddy. ... the Supreme Court eschewed subtlety this time and bluntly stopped the Florida Supreme Court in its tracks -- and stayed its willfulness . By , mind you , ... Jump up ^ Babington , Charles ; Baker , Peter ( September 30 , 2005 ) . `` Roberts Confirmed as 17th Chief Justice '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 1 , 2009 . John Glover Roberts Jr. was sworn in yesterday as the 17th chief justice of the United States , enabling President Bush to put his stamp on the Supreme Court for decades to come , even as he prepares to name a second nominee to the nine - member court . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( July 1 , 2007 ) . `` In Steps Big and Small , Supreme Court Moved Right '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 1 , 2009 . It was the Supreme Court that conservatives had long yearned for and that liberals feared ... This was a more conservative court , sometimes muscularly so , sometimes more tentatively , its majority sometimes differing on methodology but agreeing on the outcome in cases big and small . Jump up ^ Savage , Charlie ( July 14 , 2009 ) . `` Respecting Precedent , or Settled Law , Unless It 's Not Settled '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 1 , 2009 . Gonzales v. Carhart -- in which the Supreme Court narrowly upheld a federal ban on the late - term abortion procedure opponents call `` partial birth abortion '' -- to be settled law . Jump up ^ `` A Bad Day for Democracy '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Robert ( October 1 , 2009 ) . `` Justices to Decide if State Gun Laws Violate Rights '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 1 , 2009 . The landmark 2008 decision to strike down the District of Columbia 's ban on handgun possession was the first time the court had said the amendment grants an individual right to own a gun for self - defense . But the 5 to 4 opinion in District of Columbia v. Heller ... Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( April 18 , 2008 ) . `` Justice Stevens Renounces Capital Punishment '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 1 , 2009 . His renunciation of capital punishment in the lethal injection case , Baze v. Rees , was likewise low key and undramatic . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( June 26 , 2008 ) . `` Supreme Court Rejects Death Penalty for Child Rape '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 1 , 2009 . The death penalty is unconstitutional as a punishment for the rape of a child , a sharply divided Supreme Court ruled Wednesday ... The 5 - to - 4 decision overturned death penalty laws in Louisiana and five other states . Jump up ^ Federal Judiciary Act ( 1789 ) , National Archives and Records Administration , retrieved 2017 - 09 - 12 Jump up ^ 16 Stat. 44 Jump up ^ Mintz , S. ( 2007 ) . `` The New Deal in Decline '' . Digital History . University of Houston . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2008 . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hodak , George ( 2007 ) . `` February 5 , 1937 : FDR Unveils Court Packing Plan '' . ABAjournal.com . American Bar Association . Retrieved January 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Justices , Number of '' , in Hall , Ely Jr. , Grossman , and Wiecek ( editors ) , The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Oxford University Press 1992 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 Jump up ^ See Article Two of the United States Constitution . Jump up ^ `` United States Senate . `` Nominations '' `` . Jump up ^ Jim Brunner ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` Sen. Patty Murray will oppose Neil Gorsuch for Supreme Court '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . In a statement Friday morning , Murray cited Republicans ' refusal to confirm or even seriously consider President Obama 's nomination of Judge Merrick Garland , a similarly well - qualified jurist -- and went on to lambaste President Trump 's conduct in his first few months in office . ( ... ) And Murray added she 's `` deeply troubled '' by Gorsuch 's `` extreme conservative perspective on women 's health , '' citing his `` inability '' to state a clear position on Roe v. Wade , the landmark abortion - legalization decision , and his comments about the `` Hobby Lobby '' decision allowing employers to refuse to provide birth - control coverage . Jump up ^ McCaskill , Claire ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` Gorsuch : Good for corporations , bad for working people '' . Medium . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . I can not support Judge Gorsuch because a study of his opinions reveal a rigid ideology that always puts the little guy under the boot of corporations . He is evasive , but his body of work is n't . Whether it is a freezing truck driver or an autistic child , he has shown a stunning lack of humanity . And he has been an activist -- for example , writing a dissent on a case that had been settled , in what appears to be an attempt to audition for his current nomination . Jump up ^ Matt Flegenheimer ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` Senate Republicans Deploy ' Nuclear Option ' to Clear Path for Gorsuch '' . The New York Times . After Democrats held together Thursday morning and filibustered President Trump 's nominee , Republicans voted to lower the threshold for advancing Supreme Court nominations from 60 votes to a simple majority . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Supreme Court Nominations , Present - 1789 '' . United States Senate . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ See 5 U.S.C. § 2902 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 4 . If two justices are commissioned on the same date , then the oldest one has precedence . Jump up ^ Balkin , Jack M. `` The passionate intensity of the confirmation process '' . Jurist . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2007 . Retrieved February 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Stakes Of The 2016 Election Just Got Much , Much Higher '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McMillion , Barry J. ( October 19 , 2015 ) . `` Supreme Court Appointment Process : Senate Debate and Confirmation Vote '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hall , Kermit L. , ed. ( 1992 ) . `` Appendix Two '' . Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Oxford University Press . pp. 965 -- 971 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Evans v. Stephens , 387 F. 3d 1220 ( 11th Cir. 2004 ) , which concerned the recess appointment of William Pryor . Concurring in denial of certiorari , Justice Stevens observed that the case involved `` the first such appointment of an Article III judge in nearly a half century '' 544 U.S. 942 ( 2005 ) ( Stevens , J. , concurring in denial of cert ) ( internal quotation marks deleted ) . ^ Jump up to : Fisher , Louis ( September 5 , 2001 ) . `` Recess Appointments of Federal Judges '' ( PDF ) . CRSN Report for Congress . Congressional Research Service . The Library of Congress . RL31112 : 16 . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . Resolved , That it is the sense of the Senate that the making of recess appointments to the Supreme Court of the United States may not be wholly consistent with the best interests of the Supreme Court , the nominee who may be involved , the litigants before the Court , nor indeed the people of the United States , and that such appointments , therefore , should not be made except under unusual circumstances and for the purpose of preventing or ending a demonstrable breakdown in the administration of the Court 's business . Jump up ^ The resolution passed by a vote of 48 to 37 , mainly along party lines ; Democrats supported the resolution 48 -- 4 , and Republicans opposed it 33 -- 0 . Jump up ^ `` National Relations Board v. Noel Canning et al '' ( PDF ) . pp. 34 , 35 . The Court continued , `` In our view , however , the pro forma sessions count as sessions , not as periods of recess . We hold that , for purposes of the Recess Appointments Clause , the Senate is in session when it says it is , provided that , under its own rules , it retains the capacity to transact Senate business . The Senate met that standard here . '' Later , the opinion states : `` For these reasons , we conclude that we must give great weight to the Senate 's own determination of when it is and when it is not in session . But our deference to the Senate can not be absolute . When the Senate is without the capacity to act , under its own rules , it is not in session even if it so declares . '' Jump up ^ `` Obama Wo n't Appoint Scalia Replacement While Senate Is Out This Week '' . NPR . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How the Federal Courts Are Organized : Can a federal judge be fired ? '' . Federal Judicial Center . fjc.gov . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2012 . Retrieved March 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Federal Judiciary : Impeachments of Federal Judges '' . Federal Judicial Center fjc.gov . Retrieved March 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Appel , Jacob M. ( August 22 , 2009 ) . `` Anticipating the Incapacitated Justice '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved August 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ali , Ambreen ( June 16 , 2010 ) . `` How Presidents Influence the Court '' . Congress.org . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2010 . Retrieved June 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Walthr , Matthew ( April 21 , 2014 ) . `` Sam Alito : A Civil Man '' . The American Spectator . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 -- via The ANNOTICO Reports . Jump up ^ DeMarco , Megan ( February 14 , 2008 ) . `` Growing up Italian in Jersey : Alito reflects on ethnic heritage '' . The Times . Trenton , New Jersey . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Halberstam , Malvina ( March 1 , 2009 ) . `` Ruth Bader Ginsburg '' . Jewish Women : A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia . Jewish Women 's Archive . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Neil Gorsuch was raised Catholic , but attends an Episcopalian church . It is unclear if he considers himself a Catholic or a Protestant . Burke , Daniel ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` What is Neil Gorsuch 's religion ? It 's complicated '' . CNN . Springer said she does n't know whether Gorsuch considers himself a Catholic or an Episcopalian . `` I have no evidence that Judge Gorsuch considers himself an Episcopalian , and likewise no evidence that he does not . '' Gorsuch 's younger brother , J.J. , said he too has `` no idea how he would fill out a form . He was raised in the Catholic Church and confirmed in the Catholic Church as an adolescent , but he has been attending Episcopal services for the past 15 or so years . '' Jump up ^ Baker , Peter ( August 7 , 2010 ) . `` Kagan Is Sworn in as the Fourth Woman , and 112th Justice , on the Supreme Court '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mark Sherman , Is Supreme Court in need of regional diversity ? ( May 1 , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ O'Brien , David M. ( 2003 ) . Storm Center : The Supreme Court in American Politics ( 6th ed . ) . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 46 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 93218 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Religion of the Supreme Court '' . adherents.com . January 31 , 2006 . Retrieved July 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Segal , Jeffrey A. ; Spaeth , Harold J. ( 2002 ) . The Supreme Court and the Attitudinal Model Revisited . Cambridge Univ . Press . p. 183 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 78971 - 0 . Jump up ^ Schumacher , Alvin . `` Roger B. Taney '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . He was the first Roman Catholic to serve on the Supreme Court . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions ( FAQ ) '' . Supreme Court of the United States . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Vogue , Ariane ( October 22 , 2016 ) . `` Clarence Thomas ' Supreme Court legacy '' . CNN . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Four Justices '' . Smithsonian Institution . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2016 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ David N. Atkinson , Leaving the Bench ( University Press of Kansas 1999 ) ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0946 - 6 Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( September 9 , 2010 ) . `` An Invisible Chief Justice '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 9 , 2010 . Had ( O'Connor ) anticipated that the chief justice would not serve out the next Supreme Court term , she told me after his death , she would have delayed her own retirement for a year rather than burden the court with two simultaneous vacancies . ( ... ) Her reason for leaving was that her husband , suffering from Alzheimer 's disease , needed her care at home . Jump up ^ Ward , Artemus ( 2003 ) . Deciding to Leave : The Politics of Retirement from the United States Supreme Court . SUNY Press . p. 358 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 5651 - 4 . One byproduct of the increased ( retirement benefit ) provisions ( in 1954 ) , however has been a dramatic rise in the number of justices engaging in succession politics by trying to time their departures to coincide with a compatible president . The most recent departures have been partisan , some more blatantly than others , and have bolstered arguments to reform the process . A second byproduct has been an increase in justices staying on the Court past their ability to adequately contribute. ( 1 ) p. 9 Jump up ^ Stolzenberg , Ross M. ; Lindgren , James ( May 2010 ) . `` Retirement and Death in Office of U.S. Supreme Court Justices '' . Demography. 47 ( 2 ) : 269 -- 298 . doi : 10.1353 / dem. 0.0100 . PMC 3000028 . PMID 20608097 . If the incumbent president is of the same party as the president who nominated the justice to the Court , and if the incumbent president is in the first two years of a four - year presidential term , then the justice has odds of resignation that are about 2.6 times higher than when these two conditions are not met . Jump up ^ See for example Sandra Day O'Connor : How the first woman on the Supreme Court became its most influential justice , by Joan Biskupic , Harper Collins , 2005 , p. 105 . Also Rookie on the Bench : The Role of the Junior Justice by Clare Cushman , Journal of Supreme Court History 32 no . 3 ( 2008 ) , pp. 282 -- 296 . Jump up ^ `` Breyer Just Missed Record as Junior Justice '' . Retrieved January 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Judicial Compensation '' . United States Courts . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lane , Charles ( January 31 , 2006 ) . `` Kennedy Seen as The Next Justice In Court 's Middle '' . The Washington Post . If , as many expect , Alito forms a four - vote conservative bloc with Chief Justice John G. Roberts Jr. and Justices Antonin Scalia and Clarence Thomas , that would leave Justice Anthony M. Kennedy -- a conservative who has occasionally voted with liberals on gay rights , the death penalty and abortion -- as the court 's least predictable member . Jump up ^ Toobin , Jeffrey ( 2007 ) . The Nine : Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court . Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 385 - 51640 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` End - of - Term Statistical Analysis -- October Term 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Supreme Court of the United States Blog ( SCOTUSblog ) . June 30 , 2012 . Justice Kennedy is , for the fourth consecutive Term , the Justice most likely to appear in the majority . Jump up ^ See also SCOTUSblog 's Stat Pack : Bhatia , Kedar ( June 30 , 2012 ) . `` Final October Term 2011 Stat Pack and Summary Memo '' . Jump up ^ Mears , Bill ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Take a look through Neil Gorsuch 's judicial record '' . Fox News . A Fox News analysis of that record -- including some 3,000 rulings he has been involved with -- reveals a solid , predictable conservative philosophy , something President Trump surely was attuned to when he nominated him to fill the open ninth seat . The record in many ways mirrors the late Justice Antonin Scalia 's approach to constitutional and statutory interpretation . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Tom ( June 30 , 2010 ) . `` Everything you read about the Supreme Court is wrong ( except here , maybe ) '' . SCOTUSblog . Retrieved July 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Among the examples mentioned by Goldstein for the 2009 term were : Dolan v. United States , which interpreted judges ' prerogatives broadly , typically a `` conservative '' result . The majority consisted of the five junior Justices : Thomas , Ginsburg , Breyer , Alito , and Sotomayor . Magwood v. Patterson , which expanded habeas corpus petitions , a `` liberal '' result , in an opinion by Thomas , joined by Stevens , Scalia , Breyer , and Sotomayor . Shady Grove Orthopedic Associates v. Allstate Insurance Co. , which yielded a pro-plaintiff result in an opinion by Scalia joined by Roberts , Stevens , Thomas , and Sotomayor . Goldstein notes that in the 2009 term , the justice most consistently pro-government was Alito , and not the commonly perceived `` arch - conservatives '' Scalia and Thomas . ^ Jump up to : `` October 2011 Term , Five to Four Decisions '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 30 , 2012 . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Final October 2010 Stat Pack available '' . SCOTUSblog . June 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` End of Term statistical analysis -- October 2010 '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . July 1 , 2011 . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cases by Vote Split '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Justice agreement -- Highs and Lows '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Justice agreement '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frequency in the majority '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Five - to - Four cases '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` October 2011 term , Cases by votes split '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 30 , 2012 . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` October 22011 term , Strength of the Majority '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 30 , 2012 . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bhatia , Kedar ( June 29 , 2013 ) . `` October Term 2012 summary memo '' . SCOTUSblog . Retrieved June 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Final October Term 2012 Stat Pack '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 27 , 2013 . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Plan Your Trip ( quote :) `` In mid-May , after the oral argument portion of the Term has concluded , the Court takes the Bench Mondays at 10AM for the release of orders and opinions . '' `` . US Senator John McCain . October 24 , 2009 . Retrieved October 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Visiting the Court '' . Supreme Court of the United States . March 18 , 2010 . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Visiting - Capitol - Hill '' . docstoc . October 24 , 2009 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved October 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` How The Court Works '' . The Supreme Court Historical Society . October 24 , 2009 . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1251 ( a ) Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Supreme Court Declines to Hear Challenge to Colorado 's Marijuana Laws '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1251 ( b ) Jump up ^ United States v. Shipp , 203 U.S. 563 ( Supreme Court of the United States 1906 ) . ^ Jump up to : Curriden , Mark ( June 2 , 2009 ) . `` A Supreme Case of Contempt '' . ABA Journal . American Bar Association . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . On May 28 , ( U.S. Attorney General William ) Moody did something unprecedented , then and now . He filed a petition charging Sheriff Shipp , six deputies and 19 leaders of the lynch mob with contempt of the Supreme Court . The justices unanimously approved the petition and agreed to retain original jurisdiction in the matter ... May 24 , 1909 , stands out in the annals of the U.S. Supreme Court . On that day , the court announced a verdict after holding the first and only criminal trial in its history . ^ Jump up to : Hindley , Meredith ( November 2014 ) . `` Chattanooga versus the Supreme Court : The Strange Case of Ed Johnson '' . Humanities . National Endowment for the Humanities. 35 ( 6 ) . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . United States v. Shipp stands out in the history of the Supreme Court as an anomaly . It remains the only time the Court has conducted a criminal trial . Jump up ^ Linder , Douglas . `` United States v. Shipp ( U.S. Supreme Court , 1909 ) '' . Famous Trials . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1254 Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1259 Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1258 Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1260 ^ Jump up to : 28 U.S.C. § 1257 Jump up ^ Brannock , Steven ; Weinzierl , Sarah ( 2003 ) . `` Confronting a PCA : Finding a Path Around a Brick Wall '' ( PDF ) . Stetson Law Review . XXXII : 368 -- 369 , 387 -- 390 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Teague v. Lane , 489 U.S. 288 , 306 ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ Gutman , Jeffrey . `` Federal Practice Manual for Legal Aid Attorneys : 3.3 Mootness '' . Federal Practice Manual for Legal Aid Attorneys . Sargent Shriver National Center on Poverty Law . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Allotment Order dated June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1254 Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1257 ; see also Adequate and independent state grounds Jump up ^ James , Robert A. ( 1998 ) . `` Instructions in Supreme Court Jury Trials '' ( PDF ) . The Green Bag . 2d. 1 ( 4 ) : 378 . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1872 See Georgia v. Brailsford , 3 U.S. 1 ( 1794 ) , in which the Court conducted a jury trial . Jump up ^ Mauro , Tony ( October 21 , 2005 ) . `` Roberts Dips Toe Into Cert Pool '' . Legal Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mauro , Tony ( July 4 , 2006 ) . `` Justice Alito Joins Cert Pool Party '' . Legal Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( September 25 , 2008 ) . `` A Second Justice Opts Out of a Longtime Custom : The ' Cert . Pool ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Gorsuch , in sign of independence , is out of Supreme Court 's clerical pool '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ For example , the arguments on the constitutionality of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act took place over three days and lasted over six hours , covering several issues ; the arguments for Bush v. Gore were 90 minutes long ; oral arguments in United States v. Nixon lasted three hours ; and the Pentagon papers case was given a two - hour argument . Christy , Andrew ( November 15 , 2011 ) . `` ' Obamacare ' will rank among the longest Supreme Court arguments ever '' . NPR . Retrieved March 31 , 2011 . The longest modern - day oral arguments were in the case of California v. Arizona , in which oral arguments lasted over sixteen hours over four days in 1962 . Bobic , Igor ( March 26 , 2012 ) . `` Oral arguments on health reform longest in 45 years '' . Talking Points Memo . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Glazer , Eric M. ; Zachary , Michael ( February 1997 ) . `` Joining the Bar of the U.S. Supreme Court '' . Volume LXXI , No. 2 . Florida Bar Journal . p. 63 . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gresko , Jessica ( March 24 , 2013 ) . `` For lawyers , the Supreme Court bar is vanity trip '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . pp. 2A . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How The Court Works ; Library Support '' . The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ See generally , Tushnet , Mark , ed. ( 2008 ) I Dissent : Great Opposing Opinions in Landmark Supreme Court Cases , Malaysia : Beacon Press , pp. 256 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8070 - 0036 - 6 Jump up ^ Kessler , Robert . `` Why Are n't Cameras Allowed at the Supreme Court Again ? '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Benny . `` The 2016 Running of the Interns '' . Independent Journal Review . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1 Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 2109 Jump up ^ Pepall , Lynne ; Richards , Daniel L. ; Norman , George ( 1999 ) . Industrial Organization : Contemporary Theory and Practice . Cincinnati : South - Western College Publishing . pp. 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ `` Cases adjudged in the Supreme Court at October Term , 2010 '' ( PDF ) . United States Reports . Washington D.C. : Reporter of Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States . 564 . October 2016 . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sliplists '' . Supreme Court of the United States . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court Research Guide '' . law.georgetown.edu . Georgetown Law Library . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` How to Cite Cases : U.S. Supreme Court Decisions '' . lib.guides.umd.edu . University of Maryland University Libraries . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hall , Kermit L. ; McGuire , Kevin T. , eds. ( 2005 ) . Institutions of American Democracy : The Judicial Branch . New York City : Oxford University Press . pp. 117 -- 118 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 530917 - 1 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Wallace ( 1992 ) . `` Separation of Powers '' . In Hall , Kermit L. The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Oxford University Press . p. 775 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 . Jump up ^ The American Conflict by Horace Greeley ( 1873 ) , p. 106 ; also in The Life of Andrew Jackson ( 2001 ) by Robert Vincent Remini Jump up ^ Vile , John R. ( 1992 ) . `` Court curbing '' . In Hall , Kermit L. The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Oxford University Press . p. 202 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Peppers , Todd C. ( 2006 ) . Courtiers of the Marble Palace : The Rise and Influence of the Supreme Court Law Clerk . Stanford University Press . pp. 195 , 1 , 20 , 22 , and 22 -- 24 respectively . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 5382 - 1 . Jump up ^ Weiden , David ; Ward , Artemus ( 2006 ) . Sorcerers ' Apprentices : 100 Years of Law Clerks at the United States Supreme Court . NYU Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 9404 - 3 . Jump up ^ Chace , James ( 2007 ) . Acheson : The Secretary of State Who Created the American World . New York City : Simon & Schuster ( published 1998 ) . p. 44 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 80843 - 7 . Jump up ^ List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States ^ Jump up to : Liptak , Adam ( September 7 , 2010 ) . `` Polarization of Supreme Court Is Reflected in Justices ' Clerks '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ William E. Nelson ; Harvey Rishikof ; I. Scott Messinger ; Michael Jo ( November 2009 ) . `` The Liberal Tradition of the Supreme Court Clerkship : Its Rise , Fall , and Reincarnation ? '' ( PDF ) . Vanderbilt Law Review . p. 1749 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 27 , 2010 . Retrieved September 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Liptak and Kopicki , The New York Times , June 7 , 2012 Approval Rating for Justices Hits Just 44 % in New Poll ^ Jump up to : See for example `` Judicial activism '' in The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States , edited by Kermit Hall ; article written by Gary McDowell Jump up ^ Root , Damon W. ( September 21 , 2009 ) . `` Lochner and Liberty '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , David . Only One Place of Redress : African Americans , Labor Regulations , and the Courts from Reconstruction to the New Deal , p. 100 ( Duke University Press , 2001 ) : `` The Court also directly overturned Lochner by adding that it is no ' longer open to question that it is within the legislative power to fix maximum hours . ' '' Jump up ^ Dorf , Michael and Morrison , Trevor . Constitutional Law , p. 18 ( Oxford University Press , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Patrick , John . The Supreme Court of the United States : A Student Companion , p. 362 ( Oxford University Press , 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Steinfels , Peter ( May 22 , 2005 ) . `` ' A Church That Can and Cannot Change ' : Dogma '' . The New York Times : Books . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Savage , David G. ( October 23 , 2008 ) . `` Roe vs. Wade ? Bush vs. Gore ? What are the worst Supreme Court decisions ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2008 . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . a lack of judicial authority to enter an inherently political question that had previously been left to the states Jump up ^ Lewis , Neil A. ( September 19 , 2002 ) . `` Judicial Nominee Says His Views Will Not Sway Him on the Bench '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . he has written scathingly of Roe v. Wade Jump up ^ `` Election Guide 2008 : The Issues : Abortion '' . The New York Times . 2008 . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Pat ( July 6 , 2005 ) . `` The judges war : an issue of power '' . Townhall.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . The Brown decision of 1954 , desegregating the schools of 17 states and the District of Columbia , awakened the nation to the court 's new claim to power . Jump up ^ Clymer , Adam ( May 29 , 1998 ) . `` Barry Goldwater , Conservative and Individualist , Dies at 89 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Stone , Geoffrey R. ( March 26 , 2012 ) . `` Citizens United and conservative judicial activism '' ( PDF ) . University of Illinois Law Review . University of Illinois . 2012 ( 2 ) : 485 -- 500 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Abraham ( March 4 , 1861 ) . `` First Inaugural Address '' . National Center . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2009 . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . At the same time , the candid citizen must confess that if the policy of the Government upon vital questions affecting the whole people is to be irrevocably fixed by decisions of the Supreme Court , the instant they are made in ordinary litigation between parties in personal actions the people will have ceased to be their own rulers , having to that extent practically resigned their Government into the hands of that eminent tribunal . Jump up ^ Will , George F. ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` Identity Justice : Obama 's Conventional Choice '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Thurgood Marshall quote taken from the Stanford Law Review , summer 1992 Jump up ^ Irons , Peter . A People 's History of the Supreme Court . London : Penguin , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 670 - 87006 - 4 Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( January 31 , 2009 ) . `` To Nudge , Shift or Shove the Supreme Court Left '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Every judge who 's been appointed to the court since Lewis Powell ... in 1971 ... has been more conservative than his or her predecessor Jump up ^ Babington , Charles ( April 5 , 2005 ) . `` Senator Links Violence to ' Political ' Decisions '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( February 2 , 2006 ) . `` A Court Remade in the Reagan Era 's Image '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Savage , David G. ( July 13 , 2008 ) . `` Supreme Court finds history is a matter of opinions '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Andrew P. Napolitano ( February 17 , 2005 ) . `` No Defense '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Edsall , Thomas B. ; Fletcher , Michael A. ( September 5 , 2005 ) . `` Again , Right Voices Concern About Gonzales '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lane , Charles ( March 20 , 2005 ) . `` Conservative 's Book on Supreme Court Is a Bestseller '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mark I. Sutherland ; Dave Meyer ; William J. Federer ; Alan Keyes ; Ed Meese ; Phyllis Schlafly ; Howard Phillips ; Alan E. Sears ; Ben DuPre ; Rev. Rick Scarborough ; David C. Gibbs III ; Mathew D. Staver ; Don Feder ; Herbert W. Titus ( 2005 ) . Judicial Tyranny : The New Kings of America . St. Louis , Missouri : Amerisearch Inc. p. 242 . ISBN 0 - 9753455 - 6 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Kakutani , Michiko ( July 6 , 2009 ) . `` Appointees Who Really Govern America '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Emily Bazelon ( July 6 , 2009 ) . `` The Supreme Court on Trial : James MacGregor Burns takes aim at the bench '' . Slate . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Special keynote address by President Ronald Reagan , November 1988 , at the second annual lawyers convention of the Federalist Society , Washington , D.C. Jump up ^ Stuart Taylor Jr . ( October 15 , 1987 ) . `` Reagan Points to a Critic , Who Points Out It Is n't So '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kelley Beaucar Vlahos ( September 11 , 2003 ) . `` Judge Bork : Judicial Activism Is Going Global '' . Fox News . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . What judges have wrought is a coup d'état -- slow moving and genteel , but a coup d'état nonetheless . ^ Jump up to : Naftali Bendavid ( July 13 , 2009 ) . `` Franken : ' An Incredible Honor to Be Here ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hazard , Geoffrey C. Jr. ( 1978 -- 79 ) . `` Supreme Court as a Legislature '' . 64 . Cornell L. Rev. : 1 . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ William Safire ( April 24 , 2005 ) . `` Dog Whistle '' . New York Times Magazine . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ David G. Savage ( October 23 , 2008 ) . `` Roe vs. Wade ? Bush vs. Gore ? What are the worst Supreme Court decisions ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2008 . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Laura Mansnerus ( October 16 , 2005 ) . `` Diminished Eminence In a Changed Domain '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ronald Smothers ( October 16 , 2005 ) . `` In Long Branch , No Olive Branches '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Adam Cohen ( January 15 , 2008 ) . `` Editorial Observer -- A Supreme Court Reversal : Abandoning the Rights of Voters '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ David G. Savage ( July 13 , 2008 ) . `` Supreme Court finds history is a matter of opinions '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 30 , 2009 . This suggests that the right of habeas corpus was not limited to English subjects ... protects people who are captured ... at Guantanamo ... Wrong , Justice Antonin Scalia wrote in dissent . He said English history showed that the writ of habeas corpus was limited to sovereign English territory Jump up ^ George F. Will ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` Identity Justice : Obama 's Conventional Choice '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : James Taranto ( June 9 , 2009 ) . `` Speaking Ruth to Power '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Woodward , Bob ; Scott Armstrong ( 1979 ) . The Brethren : Inside the Supreme Court . United States of America : Simon & Schuster . p. 541 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 7402 - 9 . A court which is final and unreviewable needs more careful scrutiny than any other ^ Jump up to : Larry Sabato ( September 26 , 2007 ) . `` It 's Time to Reshape the Constitution and Make America a Fairer Country '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Christopher Moore ( November 1 , 2008 ) . `` Our Canadian Republic -- Do we display too much deference to authority ... or not enough ? '' . Literary Review of Canada . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Tomkins , Adam ( 2002 ) . `` In Defence of the Political Constitution '' . United Kingdom : 22 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 157 . Bush v. Gore Jump up ^ Madison , James ( 1789 ) . `` The Federalist Papers / No. 45 The Alleged Danger From the Powers of the Union to the State Governments Considered '' . Wikisource . Retrieved October 24 , 2009 . the States will retain , under the proposed Constitution , a very extensive portion of active sovereignty Jump up ^ Alexander Hamilton ( aka Publius ) ( 1789 ) . `` Federalist No. 28 '' . Independent Journal . Retrieved October 24 , 2009 . Power being almost always the rival of power ; the General Government will at all times stand ready to check the usurpations of the state government ; and these will have the same disposition toward the General Government . Jump up ^ Madison , James ( January 25 , 1788 ) . `` The Federalist '' . Independent Journal ( 44 ( quote : 8th para ) ) . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . seems well calculated at once to secure to the States a reasonable discretion in providing for the conveniency of their imports and exports , and to the United States a reasonable check against the abuse of this discretion . Jump up ^ Madison , James ( February 16 , 1788 ) . `` The Federalist No. 56 ( quote : 6th para ) '' . Independent Journal . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . In every State there have been made , and must continue to be made , regulations on this subject which will , in many cases , leave little more to be done by the federal legislature , than to review the different laws , and reduce them in one general act . Jump up ^ Alexander Hamilton ( December 14 , 1787 ) . `` The Federalist No. 22 ( quote : 4th para ) '' . New York Packet . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . The interfering and unneighborly regulations of some States , contrary to the true spirit of the Union , have , in different instances , given just cause of umbrage and complaint to others , and it is to be feared that examples of this nature , if not restrained by a national control , would be multiplied and extended till they became not less serious sources of animosity and discord than injurious impediments to the intercourse between the different parts of the Confederacy . Jump up ^ Madison , James ( January 22 , 1788 ) . `` The Federalist Papers '' . New York Packet . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . The regulation of commerce with the Indian tribes is very properly unfettered from two limitations in the articles of Confederation , which render the provision obscure and contradictory . The power is there restrained to Indians , not members of any of the States , and is not to violate or infringe the legislative right of any State within its own limits . Jump up ^ Akhil Reed Amar ( 1998 ) . `` The Bill of Rights -- Creation and Reconstruction '' . The New York Times : Books . Retrieved October 24 , 2009 . many lawyers embrace a tradition that views state governments as the quintessential threat to individual and minority rights , and federal officials -- especially federal courts -- as the special guardians of those rights . Jump up ^ Scott Gold ( June 14 , 2005 ) . `` Justices Swat Down Texans ' Effort to Weaken Species Protection Law '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 24 , 2012 . Purcell filed a $60 - million lawsuit against the U.S. government in 1999 , arguing that cave bugs could not be regulated through the commerce clause because they had no commercial value and did not cross state lines . ' I 'm disappointed , ' Purcell said . ^ Jump up to : Robert B. Reich ( September 13 , 1987 ) . `` The Commerce Clause ; The Expanding Economic Vista '' . New York Times Magazine . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ FDCH e-Media ( January 10 , 2006 ) . `` U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee Hearing on Judge Samuel Alito 's Nomination to the Supreme Court '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 30 , 2009 . I do n't think there 's any question at this point in our history that Congress ' power under the commerce clause is quite broad , and I think that reflects a number of things , including the way in which our economy and our society has developed and all of the foreign and interstate activity that takes place -- Samuel Alito Jump up ^ Cohen , Adam ( December 7 , 2003 ) . `` Editorial Observer ; Brandeis 's Views on States ' Rights , and Ice - Making , Have New Relevance '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 30 , 2009 . But Brandeis 's dissent contains one of the most famous formulations in American law : that the states should be free to serve as laboratories of democracy Jump up ^ Graglia , Lino ( July 19 , 2005 ) . `` Altering 14th Amendment would curb court 's activist tendencies '' . University of Texas School of Law . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2010 . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hornberger , Jacob C. ( October 30 , 2009 ) . `` Freedom and the Fourteenth Amendment '' . The Future of Freedom Foundation . Retrieved October 30 , 2009 . Fourteenth Amendment . Some argue that it is detrimental to the cause of freedom because it expands the power of the federal government . Others contend that the amendment expands the ambit of individual liberty . I fall among those who believe that the Fourteenth Amendment has been a positive force for freedom . Jump up ^ James Vicini ( April 24 , 2008 ) . `` Justice Scalia defends Bush v. Gore ruling '' . Reuters . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . The nine - member Supreme Court conducts its deliberations in secret and the justices traditionally wo n't discuss pending cases in public ^ Jump up to : Margolick , David ( September 23 , 2007 ) . `` Meet the Supremes '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Beat reporters and academics initially denounced the court 's involvement in that case , its hastiness to enter the political thicket and the half - baked and strained decision that resulted . Jump up ^ `` Public Says Televising Court Is Good for Democracy '' . PublicMind.fdu.edu . March 9 , 2010 . Retrieved December 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mauro , Tony ( March 9 , 2010 ) . `` Poll Shows Public Support for Cameras at the High Court '' . The National Law Journal . Retrieved December 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` C - SPAN Supreme Court Week '' . CSPAN . October 4 , 2009 . Retrieved October 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ James Vicini ( April 24 , 2008 ) . `` Justice Scalia defends Bush v. Gore ruling '' . Reuters . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Scalia was interviewed for the CBS News show `` 60 Minutes Jump up ^ David G. Savage ( October 23 , 2008 ) . `` Roe vs. Wade ? Bush vs. Gore ? What are the worst Supreme Court decisions ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2008 . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . UC Berkeley law professor Goodwin Liu described the decision as ' utterly lacking in any legal principle '' and added that the court was `` remarkably unashamed to say so explicitly . ' Jump up ^ McConnell , Michael W. ( June 1 , 2001 ) . `` Two - and - a-Half Cheers for Bush v Gore '' . University of Chicago Law Review . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ CQ Transcriptions ( Senator Kohl ) ( July 14 , 2009 ) . `` Key Excerpt : Sotomayor on Bush v. Gore '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Many critics saw the Bush v. Gore decision as an example of the judiciary improperly injecting itself into a political dispute '' Jump up ^ Adam Cohen ( Opinion section ) ( March 21 , 2004 ) . `` Justice Rehnquist Writes on Hayes vs. Tilden , With His Mind on Bush v. Gore '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2011 . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . The Bush v. Gore majority , made up of Mr. Rehnquist and his fellow conservatives , interpreted the equal protection clause in a sweeping way they had not before , and have not since . And they stated that the interpretation was ' limited to the present circumstances , ' words that suggest a raw exercise of power , not legal analysis . Jump up ^ Kevin McNamara ( letter to the editor ) ( June 3 , 2009 ) . `` Letters -- Supreme Court Activism ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ CQ Transcriptions ( January 13 , 2006 ) . `` U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee Hearing on Judge Samuel Alito 's Nomination to the Supreme Court '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 28 , 2009 ... Baker v. Carr , the reapportionment case . We heard Justice Frankfurter who delivered a scathing dissent in that ... Jump up ^ Linda Greenhouse ( September 10 , 2007 ) . `` New Focus on the Effects of Life Tenure '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Levinson , Sanford ( February 9 , 2009 ) . `` Supreme court prognosis -- Ruth Bader Ginsburg 's surgery for pancreatic cancer highlights why US supreme court justices should n't serve life terms '' . The Guardian . Manchester . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ See also Arthur D. Hellman , `` Reining in the Supreme Court : Are Term Limits the Answer ? '' , in Roger C. Cramton and Paul D. Carrington , eds. , Reforming the Court : Term Limits for Supreme Court Justices ( Carolina Academic Press , 2006 ) , p. 291 . Jump up ^ Richard Epstein , `` Mandatory Retirement for Supreme Court Justices '' , in Roger C. Cramton and Paul D. Carrington , eds. , Reforming the Court : Term Limits for Supreme Court Justices ( Carolina Academic Press , 2006 ) , p. 415 . Jump up ^ Brian Opeskin , Models of Judicial Tenure : Reconsidering Life Limits , Age Limits and Term Limits for Judges , Oxford J Legal Studies 2015 35 : 627 -- 663 . Jump up ^ Alexander Hamilton ( June 14 , 1788 ) . `` The Federalist No. 78 '' . Independent Journal . Retrieved October 28 , 2009 . and that as nothing can contribute so much to its firmness and independence as permanency in office , this quality may therefore be justly regarded as an indispensable ingredient in its constitution , and , in a great measure , as the citadel of the public justice and the public security . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Reity ( June 20 , 2014 ) . `` Justice Obscured : Supreme court justices earn quarter - million in cash on the side '' . Center for Public Integrity . ^ Jump up to : Lipton , Eric ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` Scalia Took Dozens of Trips Funded by Private Sponsors '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Berman , Mark ; Markon , Jerry ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Why Justice Scalia was staying for free at a Texas resort '' . The Washington Post . Bibliography ( edit ) Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court of the United States , 5 vols. , Detroit ( etc . ) : Macmillan Reference USA , 2008 The Rules of the Supreme Court of the United States ( 2013 ed . ) ( PDF ) . Biskupic , Joan and Elder Witt. ( 1997 ) . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to the U.S. Supreme Court . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly . ISBN 1 - 56802 - 130 - 5 Hall , Kermit L. , ed. ( 1992 ) . The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 . Hall , Kermit L. ; McGuire , Kevin T. , eds. ( 2005 ) . Institutions of American Democracy : The Judicial Branch . New York , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 530917 - 1 . Harvard Law Review Assn. , ( 2000 ) . The Bluebook : A Uniform System of Citation , 17th ed. ( 18th ed. , 2005 . ISBN 978 - 600 - 01 - 4329 - 9 ) Irons , Peter . ( 1999 ) . A People 's History of the Supreme Court . New York : Viking Press . ISBN 0 - 670 - 87006 - 4 . Rehnquist , William . ( 1987 ) . The Supreme Court . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 0 - 375 - 40943 - 2 . Skifos , Catherine Hetos. ( 1976 ). `` The Supreme Court Gets a Home '' , Supreme Court Historical Society 1976 Yearbook. ( in 1990 , renamed The Journal of Supreme Court History ( ISSN 1059 - 4329 ) ) Warren , Charles . ( 1924 ) . The Supreme Court in United States History . ( 3 volumes ) . Boston : Little , Brown and Co . Woodward , Bob and Armstrong , Scott . The Brethren : Inside the Supreme Court ( 1979 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 7402 - 9 . Supreme Court Historical Society . `` The Court Building '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved February 13 , 2008 . Further reading ( edit ) Abraham , Henry J. ( 1992 ) . Justices and Presidents : A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 506557 - 3 . Beard , Charles A. ( 1912 ) . The Supreme Court and the Constitution . New York : Macmillan Company . Reprinted Dover Publications , 2006 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 44779 - 0 . Corley , Pamela C. ; Steigerwalt , Amy ; Ward , Artemus. ( 2013 ) . The Puzzle of Unanimity : Consensus on the United States Supreme Court . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 8472 - 6 . Cushman , Barry . ( 1998 ) . Rethinking the New Deal Court . Oxford University Press . Cushman , Clare ( 2001 ) . The Supreme Court Justices : Illustrated Biographies , 1789 -- 1995 ( 2nd ed . ) . ( Supreme Court Historical Society , Congressional Quarterly Books ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56802 - 126 - 3 . Frank , John P. ( 1995 ) . Friedman , Leon ; Israel , Fred L. , eds . The Justices of the United States Supreme Court : Their Lives and Major Opinions . Chelsea House Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56802 - 126 - 3 . Garner , Bryan A. ( 2004 ) . Black 's Law Dictionary . Deluxe 8th ed . Thomson West . ISBN 0 - 314 - 15199 - 0 . Greenburg , Jan Crawford , Jan. ( 2007 ) . Supreme Conflict : The Inside Story of the Struggle for Control for the United States Supreme Court . New York : Penguin Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59420 - 101 - 1 . Martin , Fenton S. ; Goehlert , Robert U. ( 1990 ) . The U.S. Supreme Court : A Bibliography . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly Books . ISBN 0 - 87187 - 554 - 3 . McCloskey , Robert G. ( 2005 ) . The American Supreme Court . 4th ed . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 55682 - 4 . O'Brien , David M. ( 2008 ) . Storm Center : The Supreme Court in American Politics ( 8th ed . ) . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 93218 - 4 . Spaeth , Harold J. ( 1979 ) . Supreme Court Policy Making : Explanation and Prediction ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : W.H. Freeman & Co Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7167 - 1012 - 7 . Toobin , Jeffrey . The Nine : Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court . Doubleday , 2007 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 51640 - 1 . Urofsky , Melvin and Finkelman , Paul . ( 2001 ) . A March of Liberty : A Constitutional History of the United States . 2 vols . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 512637 - 8 & ISBN 0 - 19 - 512635 - 1 . Urofsky , Melvin I. ( 1994 ) . The Supreme Court Justices : A Biographical Dictionary . New York : Garland Publishing . p. 590 . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 1176 - 1 . Supreme Court Historical Society . `` The Court Building '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved February 13 , 2008 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Supreme Court of the United States . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Supreme Court of the United States Wikisource has original text related to this article : Supreme Court of the United States Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Supreme Court of the United States '' dated 2006 - 08 - 05 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . 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-6725642826078544515 | Medical model of disability | Medical model of disability - wikipedia Medical model of disability Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Disability Theory and models ( show ) Disability theory Ableism / Disablism Medical model Social model Education ( show ) Mainstreaming Individualized Education Program ( IEP ) Special needs Special school Special education Learning disability Therapy ( show ) Physical Occupational Speech Societal implications ( show ) Disability rights movement Inclusion Normalization People - first language Pejorative terms Personal assistance ( show ) Unlicensed assistive personnel ( ADLs ) Orthotics and braces Prosthetics Assistive technology Assisted living Mobility aid Physical accessibility Universal design Web accessibility Socioeconomic assistance ( show ) Social Security Disability Insurance Supplemental Security Income Ticket to Work Disability Living Allowance Disabled students allowance Disabled Persons Railcard Freedom Pass Assured Income for the Severely Handicapped Groups Organizations ( show ) National Telecommuting Institute Society for Disability Studies Disabled Peoples ' International ( DPI ) Visitability Disabled sports ( show ) Special Olympics Paralympic Games Deaflympics Invictus Games Culture ( show ) Disability in the arts Disability art Disability in the media Disability portal Disability Lists The medical model of disability , or medical model , arose from the biomedical perception of disability . This model links a disability diagnosis to an individual 's physical body . The model supposes that this disability may reduce the individual 's quality of life and the aim is , with medical intervention , this disability will be diminished or corrected . The medical model focuses on curing or managing illness or disability . By extension , the medical model supposes a `` compassionate '' or just society invests resources in health care and related services in an attempt to cure or manage disabilities medically . This is in an aim to expand functionality and / or improve functioning , and to allow disabled persons a more `` normal '' life . The medical profession 's responsibility and potential in this area is seen as central . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Components and usage 2 Criticism 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Before the introduction of the Biomedical model , patients relaying their narratives to the doctors was paramount . Through these narratives and developing an intimate relationship with the patients , the doctors would develop treatment plans in a time when diagnostic and treatment options were limited . This could particularly be illustrated with aristocratic doctors treating the elite during the 17th and 18th century . The reliance of doctors on the narratives of patients diminished with the growth of bio-medicine . In 1980 , the World Health Organization ( WHO ) introduced a framework for working with disability , publishing the `` International Classification of Impairments , Disabilities and Handicaps . '' The framework proposed to approach disability by using the terms Impairment , Handicap and Disability . Impairment = a loss or abnormality of physical bodily structure or function , of logic - psychic origin , or physiological or anatomical origin Disability = any limitation or function loss deriving from impairment that prevents the performance of an activity in the time lapse considered normal for a human being Handicap = the disadvantaged condition deriving from impairment or disability limiting a person performing a role considered normal in respect of age , sex and social and cultural factors Components and usage ( edit ) While personal narrative is present in interpersonal interactions , and particularly dominant in Western Culture , personal narrative during interactions with medical personnel is reduced to relaying information about specific symptoms of the disability to medical professionals . The medical professionals then interpret the information provided about the disability by the patient to determine a diagnosis , which likely will be linked to biological causes. The medical professionals now define what is `` normal '' and what is `` abnormal '' in terms of biology and disability . In some countries , the medical model of disability has influenced legislation and policy pertaining to persons with disabilities on a national level . The International Classification of Functioning , Disability and Health ( ICF ) , published in 2001 , defines disability as an umbrella term for impairments , activity limitations and participation restrictions . Disability is the interaction between individuals with a health condition ( such as cerebral palsy , Down syndrome and depression ) and personal and environmental factors ( such as negative attitudes , inaccessible transportation and public buildings , and limited social supports ) . The altered language and words used show a marked change in emphasis from talking in terms of disease or impairment to talking in terms of levels of health and functioning . It takes into account the social aspects of disability and does not see disability only as a ' medical ' or ' biological ' dysfunction . That change is consistent with widespread acceptance of the social model of disability . Criticism ( edit ) The medical model of disability focuses on the individual 's limitations and ways to reduce those impairments or using adaptive technology to adapt them to society . Current definitions of disability accept biomedical assistance but focus more on factors causing environmental and social exclusion . Uncritical reliance on the medical model produces unwanted consequences . Among advocates of disability rights , who tend to subscribe to the social model instead , the medical model of disability is often cited as the basis of an unintended social degradation of disabled people ; further , resources are seen as excessively misdirected towards an almost - exclusively medical focus when those same resources could be used towards things like universal design and societal inclusionary practices . This includes the monetary and the societal costs and benefits of various interventions , be they medical , surgical , social or occupational , from prosthetics , drug - based and other `` cures '' , and medical tests such as genetic screening or preimplantation genetic diagnosis . Often , a medical model of disability is used to justify large investment in these procedures , technologies and research , when adaptation of the disabled person 's environment might ultimately be more beneficial to the society at large , as well as financially cheaper and physically more attainable . Also , some disability rights groups see the medical model of disability as a civil rights issue and criticise charitable organizations or medical initiatives that use it in their portrayal of disabled people , because it promotes a pitiable , essentially negative , largely disempowered image of people with disabilities rather than casting disability as a political , social and environmental problem ( see also the political slogan `` Piss On Pity '' ) . See also ( edit ) Cure Medical model of autism Models of deafness References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Fisher , Pamela ; Goodley , Dan ( January 2007 ) . `` The linear medical model of disability : mothers of disabled babies resist with counter-narratives '' . Sociology of Health & Illnness. 29 ( 1 ) : 66 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Bury , Mike ( 2001 ) . `` Illness narratives : fact or fiction ? '' . Illness narratives : fact or fiction ? . 23 ( 3 ) : 263 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Lawrence , Christopher ( 1994 ) . Medicine in the making of modern Britain : 1700 - 1920 ( Digital Printing ed . ) . London ( u.a. ) : Routledge . ISBN 9780415091688 . Jump up ^ Jewson , N ( 1976 ) . `` The disappearance of the sick man from medical cosmology '' . Sociology. 10 : 225 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ WHO , International Classification of Impairments , Disabilities and Handicaps , 1980 Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=ayecBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA38&dq=medical+model+of+disability+china&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiu4I7fl9vXAhXCTN8KHQ1HDDIQ6AEIMDAC#v=onepage&q=medical%20model%20of%20disability%20china&f=false Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=nX-sDAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=confronting+discrimination+and+inequality+in+China&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi_qrLPnNvXAhWDUd8KHVvKBYMQ6AEIJjAA#v=onepage&q=confronting%20discrimination%20and%20inequality%20in%20China&f=false Jump up ^ `` International Classification of Functioning , Disability and Health '' . WHO . Retrieved 15 November 2011 . External links ( edit ) The Open University : Making your teaching inclusive : The Medical Model Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medical_model_of_disability&oldid=812112072 '' Categories : Disability Medical sociology Medical models Sociological theories Social theories Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles needing additional references from November 2011 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 26 November 2017 , at 02 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did the medical model of disability come from | [] | [] |
-1960525219209244384 | London Underground | London Underground - wikipedia London Underground Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Greater London public transit system . For the suburban London rail network , see London Overground . For the album by Herbie Mann , see London Underground ( album ) . London Underground A deep - level Central line train at Lancaster Gate bound for Ealing Broadway A larger sub-surface Metropolitan line train at Farringdon bound for Aldgate Overview Locale Greater London , Buckinghamshire , Essex , Hertfordshire Transit type Rapid transit Number of lines 11 Number of stations 270 served ( 260 owned ) Daily ridership 5 million Annual ridership 1.379 billion ( 2016 / 17 ) Website London Underground Operation Began operation 10 January 1863 ; 155 years ago ( 1863 - 01 - 10 ) Operator ( s ) London Underground Limited Reporting marks LT ( National Rail ) Technical System length 402 km ( 250 mi ) Track gauge 1,435 mm ( 4 ft 8 ⁄ in ) standard gauge Electrification 630 V DC fourth rail Average speed 33 km / h ( 21 mph ) Part of a series of articles on the London Underground Overview History Timeline Infrastructure Stations Trains Popular Culture Map London Transport portal The London Underground ( also known simply as the Underground , or by its nickname the Tube ) is a public rapid transit system serving London and some parts of the adjacent counties of Buckinghamshire , Essex and Hertfordshire in the United Kingdom . The Underground has its origins in the Metropolitan Railway , the world 's first underground railway . Opened in 1863 , it is now part of the Circle , Hammersmith & City and Metropolitan lines ; the first line to operate underground electric traction trains , the City & South London Railway in 1890 , is now part of the Northern line . The network has expanded to 11 lines , and in 2016 -- 17 carried 1.379 billion passengers , making it the world 's 11th busiest metro system . The 11 lines collectively handle approximately 4.8 million passengers a day . The system 's first tunnels were built just below the surface , using the cut - and - cover method ; later , smaller , roughly circular tunnels -- which gave rise to its nickname , the Tube -- were dug through at a deeper level . The system has 270 stations and 250 miles ( 400 km ) of track . Despite its name , only 45 % of the system is actually underground in tunnels , with much of the network in the outer environs of London being on the surface . In addition , the Underground does not cover most southern parts of Greater London , with less than 10 % of the stations located south of the River Thames . The early tube lines , originally owned by several private companies , were brought together under the `` UndergrounD '' brand in the early 20th century and eventually merged along with the sub-surface lines and bus services in 1933 to form London Transport under the control of the London Passenger Transport Board ( LPTB ) . The current operator , London Underground Limited ( LUL ) , is a wholly owned subsidiary of Transport for London ( TfL ) , the statutory corporation responsible for the transport network in Greater London . As of 2015 , 92 % of operational expenditure is covered by passenger fares . The Travelcard ticket was introduced in 1983 and Oyster , a contactless ticketing system , in 2003 . Contactless card payments were introduced in 2014 , the first public transport system in the world to do so . The LPTB was a prominent patron of art and design , commissioning many new station buildings , posters and public artworks in a modernist style . The schematic Tube map , designed by Harry Beck in 1931 , was voted a national design icon in 2006 and now includes other TfL transport systems such as the Docklands Light Railway , London Overground and TfL Rail . Other famous London Underground branding includes the roundel and Johnston typeface , created by Edward Johnston in 1916 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early years 1.2 The Underground Electric Railways Company years 1.3 The London Passenger Transport Board years 1.4 The London Transport Executive / Board years 1.5 The Greater London Council years 1.6 The London Regional Transport years 1.7 The Transport for London years 2 Infrastructure 2.1 Railway 2.2 Lines 2.3 Services using former and current main lines 2.4 Main line services that use LU tracks 2.5 Trains 2.6 Depots 2.7 Ventilation and cooling 2.8 Lifts and escalators 2.9 Wi - Fi and mobile phone reception 3 Proposed improvements and expansions 3.1 New lines 3.2 Line extensions 3.2. 1 Northern line extension to Battersea and Clapham Junction 3.2. 2 Croxley Rail Link 3.2. 3 Bakerloo line extension to the south 3.2. 4 Bakerloo line extension to Watford Junction 3.2. 5 Central line extension to Uxbridge 3.3 Infrastructure 3.4 New trains for deep - level lines 4 Travelling 4.1 Ticketing 4.2 Hours of operation 4.2. 1 Night Tube 4.3 Accessibility 4.4 Delays and overcrowding 4.5 Safety 5 Design and the arts 5.1 Map 5.2 Roundel 5.3 Architecture 5.4 Johnston typeface 5.5 Posters and patron of the arts 5.6 In popular culture 6 Notable people 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the London Underground Early years ( edit ) The Metropolitan Railway opened using GWR broad gauge locomotives The idea of an underground railway linking the City of London with some of the railway termini in its urban centre was proposed in the 1830s , and the Metropolitan Railway was granted permission to build such a line in 1854 . To prepare construction , a short test tunnel was built in 1855 in Kibblesworth , a small town with geological properties similar to London . This test tunnel was used for two years in the development of the first underground train , and was later , in 1861 , filled up . The world 's first underground railway , it opened in January 1863 between Paddington and Farringdon using gas - lit wooden carriages hauled by steam locomotives . It was hailed as a success , carrying 38,000 passengers on the opening day , and borrowing trains from other railways to supplement the service . The Metropolitan District Railway ( commonly known as the District Railway ) opened in December 1868 from South Kensington to Westminster as part of a plan for an underground `` inner circle '' connecting London 's main - line termini . The Metropolitan and District railways completed the Circle line in 1884 , built using the cut and cover method . Both railways expanded , the District building five branches to the west reaching Ealing , Hounslow , Uxbridge , Richmond and Wimbledon and the Metropolitan eventually extended as far as Verney Junction in Buckinghamshire , more than 50 miles ( 80 km ) from Baker Street and the centre of London . For the first deep - level tube line , the City and South London Railway , two 10 feet 2 inches ( 3.10 m ) diameter circular tunnels were dug between King William Street ( close to today 's Monument station ) and Stockwell , under the roads to avoid the need for agreement with owners of property on the surface . This opened in 1890 with electric locomotives that hauled carriages with small opaque windows , nicknamed padded cells . The Waterloo and City Railway opened in 1898 , followed by the Central London Railway in 1900 , known as the `` twopenny tube '' . These two ran electric trains in circular tunnels having diameters between 11 feet 8 inches ( 3.56 m ) and 12 feet 2.5 inches ( 3.721 m ) , whereas the Great Northern and City Railway , which opened in 1904 , was built to take main line trains from Finsbury Park to a Moorgate terminus in the City and had 16 - foot ( 4.9 m ) diameter tunnels . In the early 20th century , the District and Metropolitan railways needed to electrify and a joint committee recommended an AC system , the two companies co-operating because of the shared ownership of the inner circle . The District , needing to raise the finance necessary , found an investor in the American Charles Yerkes who favoured a DC system similar to that in use on the City & South London and Central London railways . The Metropolitan Railway protested about the change of plan , but after arbitration by the Board of Trade , the DC system was adopted . The Underground electric railways Company years ( edit ) Passengers wait to board a tube train in the early 1900s Yerkes soon had control of the District Railway and established the Underground Electric Railways Company of London ( UERL ) in 1902 to finance and operate three tube lines , the Baker Street and Waterloo Railway ( Bakerloo ) , the Charing Cross , Euston and Hampstead Railway ( Hampstead ) and the Great Northern , Piccadilly and Brompton Railway , ( Piccadilly ) , which all opened between 1906 and 1907 . When the `` Bakerloo '' was so named in July 1906 , The Railway Magazine called it an undignified `` gutter title '' . By 1907 the District and Metropolitan Railways had electrified the underground sections of their lines . In January 1913 , the UERL acquired the Central London Railway and the City & South London Railway , as well as many of London 's bus and tram operators . Only the Metropolitan Railway , along with its subsidiaries the Great Northern & City Railway and the East London Railway , and the Waterloo & City Railway , by then owned by the main line London and South Western Railway , remained outside of the Underground Group 's control . A joint marketing agreement between most of the companies in the early years of the 20th century included maps , joint publicity , through ticketing and UNDERGROUND signs outside stations in Central London . The Bakerloo line was extended north to Queen 's Park to join a new electric line from Euston to Watford , but World War I delayed construction and trains reached Watford Junction in 1917 . During air raids in 1915 people used the tube stations as shelters . An extension of the Central line west to Ealing was also delayed by the war and completed in 1920 . After the war government - backed financial guarantees were used to expand the network and the tunnels of the City and South London and Hampstead railways were linked at Euston and Kennington , although the combined service was not named the Northern line until later . The Metropolitan promoted housing estates near the railway with the `` Metro - land '' brand and nine housing estates were built near stations on the line . Electrification was extended north from Harrow to Rickmansworth , and branches opened from Rickmansworth to Watford in 1925 and from Wembley Park to Stanmore in 1932 . The Piccadilly line was extended north to Cockfosters and took over District line branches to Harrow ( later Uxbridge ) and Hounslow . The London passenger Transport Board years ( edit ) Aldwych Underground station being used as a bomb shelter in 1940 In 1933 , most of London 's underground railways , tramway and bus services were merged to form the London Passenger Transport Board , which used the London Transport brand . The Waterloo & City Railway , which was by then in the ownership of the main line Southern Railway , remained with its existing owners . In the same year that the London Passenger Transport Board was formed , Harry Beck 's diagrammatic tube map appeared for the first time . In the following years , the outlying lines of the former Metropolitan Railway closed , the Brill Tramway in 1935 , and the line from Quainton Road to Verney Junction in 1936 . The 1935 -- 40 New Works Programme included the extension of the Central and Northern lines and the Bakerloo line to take over the Metropolitan 's Stanmore branch . World War II suspended these plans after the Bakerloo line had reached Stanmore and the Northern line High Barnet and Mill Hill East in 1941 . Following bombing in 1940 passenger services over the West London Line were suspended , leaving Olympia exhibition centre without a railway service until a District line shuttle from Earl 's Court began after the war . After work restarted on the Central line extensions in east and west London , these were complete in 1949 . During the war many tube stations were used as air - raid shelters . On 3 March 1943 , a test of the air - raid warning sirens , together with the firing of a new type of anti-aircraft rocket , resulted in a crush of people attempting to take shelter in Bethnal Green Underground station . A total of 173 people , including 62 children , died , making this both the worst civilian disaster of World War II , and the largest loss of life in a single incident on the London Underground network . The London Transport Executive / Board years ( edit ) A 1959 Stock train at Barons Court On 1 January 1948 , under the provisions of the Transport Act 1947 , the London Passenger Transport Board was nationalised and renamed the London Transport Executive , becoming a subsidiary organisation of the British Transport Commission , which was formed on the same day . Under the same act , the country 's main line railways were also nationalised , and their reconstruction was given priority over the maintenance of the Underground and most of the unfinished plans of the pre-war New Works Programme were shelved or postponed . However , the District line needed new trains and an unpainted aluminium train entered service in 1953 , this becoming the standard for new trains . In the early 1960s the Metropolitan line was electrified as far as Amersham , British Railways providing services for the former Metropolitan line stations between Amersham and Aylesbury . In 1962 , the British Transport Commission was abolished , and the London Transport Executive was renamed the London Transport Board , reporting directly to the Minister of Transport . Also during the 1960s , the Victoria line was dug under central London and , unlike the earlier tubes , the tunnels did not follow the roads above . The line opened in 1968 -- 71 with the trains being driven automatically and magnetically encoded tickets collected by automatic gates gave access to the platforms . The Greater London Council years ( edit ) On 1 January 1970 responsibility for public transport within Greater London passed from central government to local government , in the form of the Greater London Council ( GLC ) , and the London Transport Board was abolished . The London Transport brand continued to be used by the GLC . On 28 February 1975 , a southbound train on the Northern City Line failed to stop at its Moorgate terminus and ploughed into the wall at the end of the tunnel . In the resulting tube crash , 43 people died and a further 74 were injured , this being the greatest loss of life during peacetime on the London Underground . In 1976 the Northern City Line was taken over by British Rail and linked up with the main line railway at Finsbury Park , a transfer that had already been planned prior to the accident . In 1979 another new tube , the Jubilee line , named in honour of Queen Elizabeth 's Silver Jubilee , took over the Stanmore branch from the Bakerloo line , linking it to a newly constructed tube between Baker Street and Charing Cross stations . Under the control of the Greater London Council , London Transport introduced a system of fare zones for buses and underground trains that cut the average fare in 1981 . Fares increased following a legal challenge but the fare zones were retained , and in the mid-1980s the Travelcard and the Capitalcard were introduced . The London Regional Transport years ( edit ) Platform edge doors at Westminster In 1984 control of London Buses and the London Underground passed back to central government with the creation of London Regional Transport ( LRT ) , which reported directly to the Secretary of State for Transport , whilst still retaining the London Transport brand . One person operation had been planned in 1968 , but conflict with the trade unions delayed introduction until the 1980s . On 18 November 1987 , fire broke out in an escalator at King 's Cross St. Pancras tube station . The resulting fire cost the lives of 31 people and injured a further 100 . London Underground were strongly criticised in the aftermath for their attitude to fires underground , and publication of the report into the fire led to the resignation of senior management of both London Underground and London Regional Transport . To comply with new safety regulations issued as a result of the fire , and to combat graffiti , a train refurbishment project was launched in July 1991 . In April 1994 , the Waterloo & City Railway , by then owned by British Rail and known as the Waterloo & City line , was transferred to the London Underground . In 1999 , the Jubilee line was extended from Green Park station through Docklands to Stratford station , resulting in the closure of the short section of tunnel between Green Park and Charing Cross stations , and including the first stations on the London Underground to have platform edge doors . The Transport for London years ( edit ) Transport for London ( TfL ) was created in 2000 as the integrated body responsible for London 's transport system . TfL is part of the Greater London Authority and is constituted as a statutory corporation regulated under local government finance rules . The TfL Board is appointed by the Mayor of London , who also sets the structure and level of public transport fares in London . However the day - to - day running of the corporation is left to the Commissioner of Transport for London . TfL eventually replaced London Regional Transport , and discontinued the use of the London Transport brand in favour of its own brand . The transfer of responsibility was staged , with transfer of control of the London Underground delayed until July 2003 , when London Underground Limited became an indirect subsidiary of TfL . Between 2000 and 2003 , London Underground was reorganised in a Public - Private Partnership where private infrastructure companies ( infracos ) upgraded and maintained the railway . This was undertaken before control passed to TfL , who were opposed to the arrangement . One infraco went into administration in 2007 and TfL took over the responsibilities , TfL taking over the other in 2010 . Electronic ticketing in the form of the contactless Oyster card was introduced in 2003 . London Underground services on the East London line ceased in 2007 so that it could be extended and converted to London Overground operation , and in December 2009 the Circle line changed from serving a closed loop around the centre of London to a spiral also serving Hammersmith . From September 2014 , passengers have been able to use contactless cards on the Tube , the use of which has grown very quickly and now over a million contactless transactions are made on the Underground every day . Infrastructure ( edit ) Main article : London Underground infrastructure Railway ( edit ) The Underground serves 270 stations . Fourteen Underground stations are outside Greater London , of which five ( Amersham , Chalfont & Latimer , Chesham , and Chorleywood on the Metropolitan line , and Epping on the Central line ) , are beyond the M25 London Orbital motorway . Of the 32 London boroughs , six ( Bexley , Bromley , Croydon , Kingston , Lewisham and Sutton ) are not served by the Underground network , while Hackney has Old Street and Manor House only just inside its boundaries . Lewisham used to be served by the East London Line ( stations at New Cross and New Cross Gate ) . The line and the stations were transferred to the London Overground network in 2010 . A geographic London Underground map showing the extent of the network ( Amersham and Chesham stations , top left , are omitted ) London Underground 's eleven lines total 402 kilometres ( 250 mi ) in length , making it the third longest metro system in the world . These are made up of the sub-surface network and the deep - tube lines . The Circle , District , Hammersmith & City , and Metropolitan lines form the sub-surface network , with railway tunnels just below the surface and of a similar size to those on British main lines . The Hammersmith & City and Circle lines share stations and most of their track with each other , as well as with the Metropolitan and District lines . The Bakerloo , Central , Jubilee , Northern , Piccadilly , Victoria and Waterloo & City lines are deep - level tubes , with smaller trains that run in two circular tunnels ( tubes ) with a diameter about 11 feet 8 inches ( 3.56 m ) . These lines have the exclusive use of a pair of tracks , except for the Piccadilly line , which shares track with the District line between Acton Town and Hanger Lane Junction and with the Metropolitan line between Rayners Lane and Uxbridge ; and the Bakerloo line , which shares track with London Overground services north of Queen 's Park . Fifty - five per cent of the system runs on the surface . There are 20 miles ( 32 km ) of cut - and - cover tunnel and 93 miles ( 150 km ) of tube tunnel . Many of the central London underground stations on deep - level tube lines are higher than the running lines to assist deceleration when arriving and acceleration when departing . Trains generally run on the left - hand track . However , in some places , the tunnels are above each other ( for example , the Central line east of St Paul 's station ) , or the running tunnels are on the right ( for example on the Victoria line between Warren Street and King 's Cross St. Pancras , to allow cross-platform interchange with the Northern line at Euston ) . The lines are electrified with a four - rail DC system : a conductor rail between the rails is energised at − 210 V and a rail outside the running rails at + 420 V , giving a potential difference of 630 V. On the sections of line shared with mainline trains , such as the District line from East Putney to Wimbledon and Gunnersbury to Richmond , and the Bakerloo line north of Queen 's Park , the centre rail is bonded to the running rails . Lines ( edit ) The London Underground was used by 1.379 billion passengers in 2016 / 2017 . Name Map colour Opening Date Type Length Termini No . Stations Depot Current Stock Trips per annum Avg . trips per mile ( × 1000 ) 2011 / 12 figures Bakerloo line Brown 1906 Deep Tube 23.2 km 14.5 mi Harrow & Wealdstone Queen 's Park Waterloo Stonebridge Park Elephant & Castle 25 Stonebridge Park London Road Queen 's Park 1972 Stock 111,136 7,665 Central line Red 1900 Deep Tube 74. 0 km 46. 0 mi West Ruislip Ealing Broadway Northolt Newbury Park White City Debden Hainault Woodford Epping Leytonstone 49 West Ruislip Hainault White City 1992 Stock 260,916 5,672 Circle line Yellow 1871 Sub surface 27.2 km 17. 0 mi Hammersmith Edgware Road 36 Hammersmith S7 Stock 114,609 4,716 District line Green 1868 Sub surface 64. 0 km 40. 0 mi Ealing Broadway Kensington ( Olympia ) Richmond Wimbledon High Street Kensington Edgware Road Tower Hill Upminster 60 Upminster Ealing Common Hammersmith S7 Stock 208,317 5,208 Hammersmith & City line Pink 1864 Sub surface 25.5 km 15.8 mi Hammersmith Barking Aldgate East Plaistow 29 Hammersmith S7 Stock 114,609 4,716 Jubilee line Grey 1979 Deep Tube 36.2 km 22.5 mi Stanmore Wembley Park Stratford Willesden Green North Greenwich West Ham 27 Neasden Stratford Market 1996 Stock 213,554 9,491 Metropolitan line Magenta 1863 Sub surface 66.7 km 42 mi Baker Street Aldgate Harrow - on - the - Hill Amersham Chesham Uxbridge Watford Rickmansworth 34 Neasden S8 Stock 66,779 1,609 Northern line Black 1890 Deep Tube 58. 0 km 36. 0 mi Kennington Morden Edgware High Barnet Mill Hill East Golders Green 50 Golders Green Morden 1995 Stock 252,310 7,009 Piccadilly line Dark Blue 1906 Deep Tube 71. 0 km 44.3 mi Cockfosters Acton Town Arnos Grove Oakwood Heathrow Terminals 2 & 3 Heathrow Terminal 4 Heathrow Terminal 5 Northfields Rayners Lane Uxbridge 53 Cockfosters Northfields 1973 Stock 210,169 4,744 Victoria line Light Blue 1968 Deep Tube 21. 0 km 13 mi Brixton Walthamstow Central Seven Sisters 16 Northumberland Park 2009 Stock 199,988 15,093 Waterloo & City line Turquoise 1898 Deep Tube 2.5 km 1.5 mi Bank Waterloo Waterloo 1992 Stock 15,892 10,595 Jump up ^ Known as the Central London before 1937 . Jump up ^ The Metropolitan and District railways joint inner circle service started in the shape of a horseshoe , a complete loop was formed in 1884 and the current spiral in 2009 . The line has been referred to as the Circle line at least since 1936 and first appeared separately on the tube map in 1948 . ^ Jump up to : Passenger figures for both Circle and Hammersmith & City lines combined . The Avg . trips per mile figure has been calculated using a combined route length of 24.3 miles . Jump up ^ Originally a joint Great Western and Metropolitan railways service , the line first appeared separately on the tube map in 1990 . Jump up ^ The name dates from 1937 . Jump up ^ Until 1994 the Waterloo & City line was operated by British Rail and its predecessors . Services using former and current main lines ( edit ) A map of the entire system with accurate positions of stations but simplified presentation of lines The Underground uses a number of railways and alignments that were built by main - line railway companies . Bakerloo line : Between Queen 's Park and Harrow & Wealdstone this runs over the Watford DC Line alongside the London & North Western Railway ( LNWR ) main line that opened in 1837 . The route was laid out by the LNWR in 1912 -- 15 and is part of the Network Rail system . Central line : The railway from just south of Leyton to just south of Loughton was built by Eastern Counties Railway in 1856 on the same alignment in use today . The Underground also uses the line built in 1865 by the Great Eastern Railway ( GER ) between Loughton to Ongar via Epping . The connection to the main line south of Leyton was closed in 1970 and removed in 1972 . The line from Epping to Ongar was closed in 1994 ; most of the line is in use today by the heritage Epping Ongar Railway . The line between Newbury Park and Woodford junction ( west of Roding Valley ) via Hainault was built by the GER in 1903 , the connections to the main line south of Newbury Park closing in 1947 ( in the Ilford direction ) and 1956 ( in the Seven Kings direction ) . Central line : The line from just north of White City to Ealing Broadway was built in 1917 by the Great Western Railway ( GWR ) and passenger service introduced by the Underground in 1920 . North Acton to West Ruislip was built by GWR on behalf of the Underground in 1947 -- 8 alongside the pre-existing tracks from Old Oak Common junction towards High Wycombe and beyond , which date from 1904 . As of May 2013 , the original Old Oak Common junction to South Ruislip route has one main - line train a day to / from Paddington . District line : South of Kensington Olympia short sections of the 1862 West London Railway ( WLR ) and its 1863 West London Extension Railway ( WLER ) were used when District extended from Earl 's Court in 1872 . The District had its own bay platform at Olympia built in 1958 along with track on the bed of the 1862 / 3 WLR / WLER northbound . The southbound WLR / WLER became the new northbound main line at that time , and a new southbound main - line track was built through the site of former goods yard . The 1872 junction closed in 1958 , and a further connection to the WLR just south of Olympia closed in 1992 . The branch is now segregated . District line : The line between Campbell Road junction ( now closed ) , near Bromley - by - Bow , and Barking was built by the London , Tilbury & Southend Railway ( LTSR ) in 1858 . The slow tracks were built 1903 -- 05 , when District services were extended from Bow Road ( though there were no District services east of East Ham from 1905 to 1932 ) . The slow tracks were shared with LTSR stopping and goods trains until segregated by 1962 , when main - line trains stopped serving intermediate stations . District line : The railway from Barking to Upminster was built by LTSR in 1885 and the District extended over the route in 1902 . District withdrew between 1905 and 1932 , when the route was quadrupled . Main - line trains ceased serving intermediate stations in 1962 , and the District line today only uses the 1932 slow tracks . District line : The westbound track between east of Ravenscourt Park and Turnham Green and Turnham Green to Gunnersbury follows the alignment of a railway built by the London & South Western Railway ( LSWR ) in 1869 . The eastbound track between Turnham Green and east of Ravenscourt Park follows the alignment built in 1911 ; this was closed 1916 but was re-used when the Piccadilly line was extended in 1932 . District line : The line between East Putney and Wimbledon was built by the LSWR in 1889 . The last scheduled main - line service ran in 1941 but it still sees a few through Waterloo passenger services at the start and end of the daily timetable . The route is also used for scheduled ECS movements to / from Wimbledon Park depot and for Waterloo services diverted during disruptions and track closures elsewhere . Hammersmith & City : Between Paddington and Westbourne Park Underground station , the line runs alongside the main line . The Great Western main line opened in 1838 , serving a temporary terminus the other side of Bishop 's Road . When the current Paddington station opened in 1854 , the line passed to the south of the old station . On opening in 1864 , the Hammersmith & City Railway ( then part of the Metropolitan Railway ) ran via the main line to a junction at Westbourne Park , until 1867 when two tracks opened to the south of the main line , with a crossing near Westbourne Bridge , Paddington . The current two tracks to the north of the main line and the subway east of Westbourne Park opened in 1878 . The Hammersmith & City route is now completely segregated from the main line . Jubilee line : The rail route between Canning Town and Stratford was built by the GER in 1846 , with passenger services starting in 1847 . The original alignment was quadrupled `` in stages between 1860 and 1892 '' for freight services before the extra ( western ) tracks were lifted as traffic declined during the 20th century , and were re-laid for Jubilee line services that started in 1999 . The current Docklands Light Railway ( ex-North London Line ) uses the original eastern alignment and the Jubilee uses the western alignment . Northern line : The line from East Finchley to Mill Hill East was opened in 1867 , and from Finchley Central to High Barnet in 1872 , both by the Great Northern Railway . Piccadilly line : The westbound track between east of Ravenscourt Park and Turnham Green was built by LSWR in 1869 , and originally used for eastbound main - line and District services . The eastbound track was built in 1911 ; it closed in 1916 but was re-used when the Piccadilly line was extended in 1932 . Main line services that use LU tracks ( edit ) Some tracks now in LU ownership remain in use by main line services . District line -- East Putney to Wimbledon , used by South Western Railway on through , ECS and diverted services Metropolitan line -- Harrow - on - the - Hill to Mantles Wood ( west of Amersham ) , used by Chiltern Railways Marylebone to Aylesbury / Aylesbury Vale services Trains ( edit ) Main article : London Underground rolling stock A sub-surface Metropolitan line A Stock train ( left ) passes a deep - tube Piccadilly line 1973 Stock train ( right ) in the siding at Rayners Lane . London Underground trains come in two sizes , larger sub-surface trains and smaller deep - tube trains . Since the early 1960s all passenger trains have been electric multiple units with sliding doors and a train last ran with a guard in 2000 . All lines use fixed length trains with between six and eight cars , except for the Waterloo & City line that uses four cars . New trains are designed for maximum number of standing passengers and for speed of access to the cars and have regenerative braking and public address systems . Since 1999 all new stock has had to comply with accessibility regulations that require such things as access and room for wheelchairs , and the size and location of door controls . All underground trains are required to comply with The Rail Vehicle Accessibility ( Non Interoperable Rail System ) Regulations 2010 ( RVAR 2010 ) by 2020 . Stock on sub-surface lines is identified by a letter ( such as S Stock , used on the Metropolitan line ) , while tube stock is identified by the year of intended introduction ( for example , 1996 Stock , used on the Jubilee line ) . Depots ( edit ) The Underground is served by the following depots : Bakerloo : London Road , Stonebridge Park Central : Hainault , Ruislip , White City Circle : Hammersmith District : Ealing Common , Hammersmith , Upminster Hammersmith & City : Hammersmith Jubilee : Neasden , Stratford Market Metropolitan : Neasden Northern : Edgware , Golders Green , High Barnet , Highgate , Morden Piccadilly : Cockfosters , Northfields Victoria : Northumberland Park Waterloo & City : Waterloo London Transport Museum : Acton Town Ventilation and cooling ( edit ) See also : London Underground infrastructure : Ventilation and cooling and London Underground cooling A Northern line deep - tube train leaves a tunnel mouth just north of Hendon Central station . When the Bakerloo line opened in 1906 it was advertised with a maximum temperature of 60 ° F ( 16 ° C ) , but over time the tube tunnels have warmed up . In 1938 approval was given for a ventilation improvement programme , and a refrigeration unit was installed in a lift shaft at Tottenham Court Road . Temperatures of 47 ° C ( 117 ° F ) were reported in the 2006 European heat wave . It was claimed in 2002 that , if animals were being transported , temperatures on the Tube would break European Commission animal welfare laws . A 2000 study reported that air quality was seventy - three times worse than at street level , with a passenger breathing the same mass of particulates during a twenty - minute journey on the Northern line as when smoking a cigarette . The main purpose of the London Underground 's ventilation fans is to extract hot air from the tunnels , and fans across the network are being refurbished , although complaints of noise from local residents preclude their use at full power at night . In June 2006 a groundwater cooling system was installed at Victoria station . In 2012 , air - cooling units were installed on platforms at Green Park station using cool deep groundwater and at Oxford Circus using chiller units at the top of an adjacent building . New air - conditioned trains are being introduced on the sub-surface lines , but space is limited on tube trains for air - conditioning units and these would heat the tunnels even more . The Deep Tube Programme , investigating replacing the trains for the Bakerloo and Piccadilly lines , is looking for trains with better energy conservation and regenerative braking , on which it might be possible to install a form of air conditioning . In the original Tube design , trains passing through close fitting tunnels act as pistons to create air pressure gradients between stations . This pressure difference drives ventilation between platforms and the surface exits through the passenger foot network . This system depends on adequate cross sectional area of the airspace above the passengers ' heads in the foot tunnels and escalators , where laminar airflow is proportional to the fourth power of the radius , the Hagen -- Poiseuille equation . It also depends on an absence of turbulence in the tunnel headspace . In many stations the ventilation system is now ineffective because of alterations that reduce tunnel diameters and increase turbulence . An example is Green Park tube station , where false ceiling panels attached to metal frames have been installed that reduce the above - head airspace diameter by more than half in many parts . This has the effect of reducing laminar airflow by some 94 % . Originally air turbulence was kept to a minimum by keeping all signage flat to the tunnel walls . Now the ventilation space above head height is crowded with ducting , conduits , cameras , speakers and equipment acting as a baffle plates with predictable reductions in flow . Often electronic signs have their flat surface at right angles to the main air flow , causing choked flow . Temporary sign boards that stand at the top of escalators also maximise turbulence . The alterations to the ventilation system are important , not only to heat exchange , but also the quality of the air at platform level , particularly given its asbestos content . Lifts and escalators ( edit ) See also : London Underground infrastructure : Lifts and escalators Escalators at Canary Wharf station Originally access to the deep - tube platforms was by a lift . Each lift was staffed , and at some quiet stations in the 1920s the ticket office was moved into the lift , or it was arranged that the lift could be controlled from the ticket office . The first escalator on the London Underground was installed in 1911 between the District and Piccadilly platforms at Earl 's Court and from the following year new deep - level stations were provided with escalators instead of lifts . The escalators had a diagonal shunt at the top landing . In 1921 a recorded voice instructed passengers to stand on the right and signs followed in World War II . Travellers were asked to stand on the right so that anyone wishing to overtake them would have a clear passage on the left side of the escalator . The first ' comb ' type escalator was installed in 1924 at Clapham Common . In the 1920s and 1930s many lifts were replaced by escalators . After the fatal 1987 King 's Cross fire , all wooden escalators were replaced with metal ones and the mechanisms are regularly degreased to lower the potential for fires . The only wooden escalator not to be replaced was at Greenford station , which remained until October 2015 when TfL replaced it with the first incline lift on the UK transport network . There are 426 escalators on the London Underground system and the longest , at 60 metres ( 200 ft ) , is at Angel . The shortest , at Stratford , gives a vertical rise of 4.1 metres ( 13 ft ) . There are 184 lifts , and numbers have increased in recent years because of investment making tube stations accessible . Over 28 stations will have lifts installed over the next 10 years , bring the total of step - free stations to over 100 . Wi - fi and mobile phone reception ( edit ) In summer 2012 London Underground , in partnership with Virgin Media , tried out Wi - Fi hot spots in many stations , but not in the tunnels , that allowed passengers free internet access . The free trial proved successful and was extended to the end of 2012 whereupon it switched to a service freely available to subscribers to Virgin Media and others , or as a paid - for service . It is not currently possible to use mobile phones underground using native 2G , 3G or 4G networks , and a project to extend coverage before the 2012 Olympics was abandoned because of commercial and technical difficulties . UK subscribers to the O2 or Three mobile networks can use the Tu Go or InTouch apps respectively to route their voice calls and texts messages via the Virgin Media Wifi network at 138 London Transport stations . The EE network also has recently released a WiFi calling feature available on the iPhone . Proposed Improvements and expansions ( edit ) New lines ( edit ) The Elizabeth line , under the project name Crossrail , is under construction and expected to open in stages until 2018 , providing a new underground route across central London integrated with , but not part of the London Underground system . A part of National Rail which will become part of Crossrail , and which has already been completed , is currently running under the name `` TfL Rail '' . The new line will use Class 345 trains , currently built and tested by Bombardier in Derby , UK , and serve 40 stations . Two options are being considered for the route of Crossrail 2 on a north - south alignment across London , with hopes that it could be open by 2033 . Line extensions ( edit ) Northern line extension to Battersea and Clapham Junction ( edit ) Main article : Northern line extension to Battersea It is planned that the Northern line be extended to Battersea ( Battersea Power Station ) with an intermediate station at Nine Elms , branching off from the existing line at Kennington . In December 2012 , the Treasury confirmed that it will provide a guarantee that allows the Greater London Authority to borrow up to £ 1 billion from the Public Works Loan Board , at a preferential rate , to finance the construction of the line . In April 2013 , Transport for London applied for the legal powers of a Transport and Works Act Order to proceed with the extension . Preparation works started in Spring 2015 . The main tunnelling started in 2017 and the extension is due to open in 2020 . Provision will be made for a possible future extension to Clapham Junction by notifying the London Borough of Wandsworth of a reserved course under Battersea Park and subsequent streets . Croxley Rail Link ( edit ) Main article : Croxley Rail Link The Croxley Rail Link involves re-routing the Metropolitan line 's Watford branch from the current terminus at Watford over part of the disused Croxley Green branch line to Watford Junction with stations at Cassiobridge , Watford Vicarage Road and Watford High Street ( which is currently only a part of London Overground ) . Funding was agreed in December 2011 , and the final approval for the extension was given on 24 July 2013 , with the aim of completion by 2020 . However , in 2015 TfL took over responsibility for designing and building the extension from Hertfordshire County Council , and after further detailed design work concluded that an additional £ 50m would be needed on top of that . As of November 2017 , the project is on hold awaiting additional funding . Bakerloo line extension to the South ( edit ) Main article : Bakerloo line extension In 1931 the extension of the Bakerloo line from Elephant & Castle to Camberwell was approved , with stations at Albany Road and an interchange at Denmark Hill . However , with post-war austerity , the plan was abandoned . In 2006 Ken Livingstone , the then Mayor of London , announced that within twenty years Camberwell would have a tube station . Transport for London has indicated that extensions , possibly to Camberwell , could play a part in the future transport strategy for South London over the coming years . However , no such planning of an extension has been revealed . There have also been many other proposals to extend the line to Streatham , Lewisham , and even beyond Lewisham , taking over the suburban Hayes line via Catford Bridge to relieve some capacity on the suburban rail network . Bakerloo line extension to Watford Junction ( edit ) In 2006 , as part of the planning for the transfer of the North London Line to what became London Overground , TfL proposed re-extending the Bakerloo line to Watford Junction . Central line extension to Uxbridge ( edit ) The London Borough of Hillingdon has proposed that the Central line be extended from West Ruislip to Uxbridge via Ickenham , claiming this would cut traffic on the A40 in the area . Infrastructure ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bakerloo line -- The 36 1972 - stock trains on the Bakerloo line have already exceeded their original design life of 40 years . London Underground is therefore extending their operational life by making major repairs to many of the trains to maintain reliability . The Bakerloo line will be part of the New Tube for London Project . This will replace the existing fleet with new air - cooled articulated trains and a new signalling system to allow Automatic Train Operation . The line is predicted to run a maximum of 27 trains per hour , a 25 % increase from the current 21 - trains - per - hour peak service . Central line -- The Central line was the first line to be modernized in the 1990s , with 85 new 1992 - stock trains and a new automatic signalling system installed to allow Automatic Train Operation . The line runs 34 trains per hour for half an hour in the morning peak but is unable to operate more frequently because of a lack of additional trains . The 85 existing 1992 - stock trains are the most unreliable on the London Underground as they are equipped with the first generation of solid state direct current thyristor control traction equipment . The trains often break down , have to be withdrawn from service at short notice and at times are not available when required , leading to gaps in service at peak times . Although relatively modern and well within their design life , the trains need work in the medium term to ensure the continued reliability of the traction control equipment and maintain fleet serviceability until renewal , which is expected between 2028 and 2032 . Major work is to be undertaken on the fleet to ensure their continued reliability with brakes , traction control systems , doors , automatic control systems being repaired or replaced among other components . The Central line will be part of the New Tube for London Project . This will replace the existing fleet with new air - cooled walkthrough trains and a new more up - to - date automatic signalling system . The line is predicted to run 36 trains per hour , a 25 % increase compared to the present service of 34 trains for busiest 30 minutes in the morning and evening peaks and the 27 -- 30 train per hour service for the rest of the peak . Jubilee line -- The signalling system on the Jubilee line has been replaced to increase capacity on the line by 20 % -- the line now runs 30 trains per hour at peak times , compared to the previous 24 trains per hour . Similarly to the Victoria line the service frequency is planned to increase to 36 trains per hour . To enable this , ventilation , power supply and control and signalling systems will be adapted and modified to allow the increase in frequency . London Underground also plans to add up to an additional 18 trains to the current fleet of 63 trains of 1996 stock . Northern line -- The signalling system on the Northern line has also been replaced to increase capacity on the line by 20 % , as the line now runs 24 trains per hour at peak times , compared to 20 previously . Capacity can be increased further if the operation of the Charing Cross and Bank branches are separated . To enable this up to 50 additional trains will be built in addition to the current 106 1995 stock . The five trains will be required for the proposed Northern line extension and 45 to increase frequencies on the rest of the line . This combined with the segregation of trains at Camden Town junction will allow 30 -- 36 trains per hour compared to 24 trains per hour currently . Piccadilly line -- The eighty - six 1973 stock trains that operate on the Piccadilly line are some of the most reliable trains on the London Underground . The trains have already exceeded their design life of around 40 years and are in need of replacement . The Piccadilly line will be part of the New Tube for London Project . This will replace the existing fleet with new air - cooled walkthrough trains and a new signalling system to allow Automatic Train Operation . The line is predicted to run 30 -- 36 trains per hour up to a 60 % increase compared to the 24 / 25 train per hour service provided today . The Piccadilly will be the first line to be upgraded as part of the New Tube for London Project as passenger usage has increased over recent years and is expected to increase further . This line is important in this project because it does not provide service that is as frequent a service as other lines . Subsurface lines ( District , Metropolitan , Hammersmith & City and Circle ) -- New S Stock trains are being introduced on the sub-surface ( District , Metropolitan , Hammersmith & City and Circle ) lines being scheduled for completion in 2016 . 191 trains have been introduced or are being built : 58 for the Metropolitan line and 133 for the Circle , District and Hammersmith & City lines . The track , electrical supply and signalling systems are also being upgraded in a programme to increase peak - hour capacity . The replacement of the signalling system and the introduction of Automatic Train Operation / Control is scheduled for 2019 -- 22 . A control room for the sub-surface network has been built in Hammersmith and an automatic train control ( ATC ) system is to replace signalling equipment installed from the 1920s such as the signal box at Edgware Road , still manually operated . Bombardier won the contract in June 2011 but was released by agreement in December 2013 , and London Underground has now issued another signalling contract , with Thales . Victoria line -- The signalling system on the Victoria line has been replaced to increase capacity on the line by around 25 % ; the line now runs up to 34 trains per hour compared to 27 -- 28 previously . The trains have been replaced with 47 new higher - capacity 2009 - stock trains . The peak frequency was increased to 36 trains per hour in 2016 after track works were completed to the layout of the points at Walthamstow Central crossover , which transfers northbound trains to the southbound line for their return journey . This resulted in a 40 % increase in capacity between Seven Sisters and Walthamstow Central . Waterloo & City line -- The line was upgraded with five new 1992 - stock trains in the early 1990s , at the same time as the Central line was upgraded . The line operates under traditional signalling and does not use Automatic Train Operation . The line will be part of the New Tube for London Project . This will replace the existing fleet with new air - cooled walkthrough trains and a new signaling system to allow Automatic Train Operation . The line is predicted to run 30 trains per hour , up to a 50 % increase compared to the current 21 - trains - per - hour service . The line may also be one of the first to be upgraded , alongside the Piccadilly line , with new trains , systems and platform - edge doors to test the systems before the Central and Bakerloo lines are upgraded . New trains for deep - level lines ( edit ) Main article : New Tube for London In Summer 2014 Transport for London issued a tender for up to 18 trains for the Jubilee line and up to 50 trains for the Northern line . These would be used to increase frequencies and cover the Battersea extension on the Northern line . In early 2014 the Bakerloo , Piccadilly , Central and Waterloo & City line rolling - stock replacement project was renamed New Tube for London ( NTfL ) and moved from the feasibility stage to the design and specification stage . The study had showed that , with new generation trains and re-signalling : Piccadilly line capacity could be increased by 60 % with 33 trains per hour ( tph ) at peak times by 2025 . Central line capacity increased by 25 % with 33 tph at peak times by 2030 . Waterloo & City line capacity increased by 50 % by 2032 , after the track at Waterloo station is remodelled . Bakerloo line capacity could be increased by 25 % with 27 tph at peak times by 2033 . The project is estimated to cost £ 16.42 billon ( £ 9.86 bn at 2013 prices ) . A notice was published on 28 February 2014 in the Official Journal of the European Union asking for expressions of interest in building the trains . On 9 October 2014 TFL published a shortlist of those ( Alstom , Siemens , Hitachi , CAF and Bombardier ) who had expressed an interest in supplying 250 trains for between £ 1.0 billion and £ 2.5 billion , and on the same day opened an exhibition with a design by PriestmanGoode . The fully automated trains may be able to run without drivers , but the ASLEF and RMT trade unions that represent the drivers strongly oppose this , saying it would affect safety . The Invitation to Tender for the trains was issued in January 2016 ; the specifications for the Piccadilly line infrastructure are expected in 2016 , and the first train is due to run on the Piccadilly line in 2023 . Travelling ( edit ) Ticketing ( edit ) The Oyster card , a contactless smart card used across the London transport system Main article : London Underground ticketing The Underground received £ 2.669 billion in fares in 2016 / 17 and uses Transport for London 's zonal fare system to calculate fares . There are nine zones , zone 1 being the central zone , which includes the loop of the Circle line with a few stations to the south of River Thames . The only London Underground stations in Zones 7 to 9 are on the Metropolitan line beyond Moor Park , outside Greater London . Some stations are in two zones , and the cheapest fare applies . Paper tickets , the contactless Oyster cards , contactless debit or credit cards and Apple Pay and Android Pay smartphones and watches can be used for travel . Single and return tickets are available in either format , but Travelcards ( season tickets ) for longer than a day are available only on Oyster cards . TfL introduced the Oyster card in 2003 ; this is a pre-payment smartcard with an embedded contactless RFID chip . It can be loaded with Travelcards and used on the Underground , the Overground , buses , trams , the Docklands Light Railway , and National Rail services within London . Fares for single journeys are cheaper than paper tickets , and a daily cap limits the total cost in a day to the price of a Day Travelcard . The Oyster card must be ' touched in ' at the start and end of a journey , otherwise it is regarded as ' incomplete ' and the maximum fare is charged . In March 2012 the cost of this in the previous year to travellers was £ 66.5 million . In 2014 , TfL became the first public transport provider in the world to accept payment from contactless bank cards . The Underground first started accepting contactless debit and credit cards in September 2014 . This was followed by the adoption of Apple Pay in 2015 and Android Pay in 2016 , allowing payment using a contactless - enabled phone or smartwatch . Over 500 million journeys have taken place using contactless , and TfL has become one of Europe 's largest contactless merchants. , with around 1 in 10 contactless transactions in the UK taking place on across the TfL network . This contactless technology , developed in - house by TfL , has been licensed to other major cities like New York City and Boston . A concessionary fare scheme is operated by London Councils for residents who are disabled or meet certain age criteria . Residents born before 1951 were eligible after their 60th birthday , whereas those born in 1955 will need to wait until they are 66 . Called a `` Freedom Pass '' it allows free travel on TfL - operated routes at all times and is valid on some National Rail services within London at weekends and after 09 : 30 on Monday to Fridays . Since 2010 , the Freedom Pass has included an embedded holder 's photograph ; it lasts five years between renewals . In addition to automatic and staffed faregates at stations , the Underground also operates on a proof - of - payment system . The system is patrolled by both uniformed and plain - clothes fare inspectors with hand - held Oyster - card readers . Passengers travelling without a valid ticket must pay a penalty fare of £ 80 ( or £ 40 if paid within 21 days ) and can be prosecuted for fare evasion under the Regulation of Railways Act 1889 and Transport for London Byelaws . Hours of Operation ( edit ) The tube closes overnight during the week , but since 2016 , some lines have operated all night on Friday and Saturday nights . The first trains run from about 05 : 00 and the last trains until just after 01 : 00 , with later starting times on Sunday mornings . The nightly closures are used for maintenance , but some lines stay open on New Year 's Eve and run for longer hours during major public events such as the 2012 London Olympics . Some lines are occasionally closed for scheduled engineering work at weekends . The Underground runs a limited service on Christmas Eve with some lines closing early , and does not operate on Christmas Day . Since 2010 a dispute between London Underground and trade unions over holiday pay has resulted in a limited service on Boxing Day . Night Tube ( edit ) Main article : Night Tube Route map of Night Tube On 19 August 2016 , London Underground launched a 24 - hour service on the Victoria and Central lines with plans in place to extend this to the Piccadilly , Northern and Jubilee lines in the autumn starting on Friday morning and continuing right through until Sunday evening . The Night Tube proposal was originally scheduled to start on 12 September 2015 , following completion of upgrades , but in August 2015 it was announced that the start date for the Night Tube had been pushed back because of ongoing talks about contract terms between trade unions and London Underground . On 23 May 2016 it was announced that the night service would launch on 19 August 2016 for the Central and Victoria lines . The service operates on the : Central line : between Ealing Broadway and Hainault via Newbury Park or Loughton . No service on the West Ruislip Branch , between Woodford and Hainault via Grange Hill or between Loughton and Epping . Northern line : between Morden and Edgware / High Barnet via Charing Cross . No service on Mill Hill East or Bank Branches . Piccadilly line : between Cockfosters and Heathrow Terminals 2 , 3 and 5 . No service to Terminal 4 or between Acton Town and Uxbridge . Jubilee line : Full line -- Stratford to Stanmore . Victoria line : Full line -- Wathamstow Central to Brixton . The Jubilee , Piccadilly and Victoria lines operate at 10 - minute intervals , and the Central line between White City and Leytonstone , but operates at 20 - minute intervals from Leytonstone to Hainault / Loughton , and 20 minutes between White City and Ealing Broadway . The Northern line operates at roughly 8 - minute intervals between Morden and Camden Town via Charing Cross , and 15 - minute intervals from Camden Town to Edgware / High Barnet . No services will operate on the other lines for the time being . When the upgrade of the Circle , Hammersmith & City , District and Metropolitan lines is complete and the new signalling system has been fully introduced , along with new trains already in operation , the Night Tube service will be extended to these lines . Accessibility ( edit ) The gap between a train and the platform edge at Victoria . `` Mind the gap '' signs and announcements have been made at stations with curved platforms since 1926 and recorded messages have been used since the late 1960s . Accessibility for people with limited mobility was not considered when most of the system was built , and before 1993 fire regulations prohibited wheelchairs on the Underground . The stations on the Jubilee Line Extension , opened in 1999 , were designed for accessibility , but retrofitting accessibility features to the older stations is a major investment that is planned to take over twenty years . A 2010 London Assembly Report concluded that over 10 % of people in London had reduced mobility and , with an aging population , numbers will increase in the future . Disabled person on the Tube train The standard issue tube map indicates stations that are step - free from street to platforms . There can also be a step from platform to train as large as 12 inches ( 300 mm ) and a gap between the train and curved platforms , and these distances are marked on the map . Access from platform to train at some stations can be assisted using a boarding ramp operated by staff , and a section has been raised on some platforms to reduce the step . As of November 2017 , there are 72 stations with step - free access from platform to train , and there are plans to provide step - free access at another 28 in ten years . By 2016 a third of stations are to have platform humps that reduce the step from platform to train . New trains , such as those being introduced on the sub-surface network , have access and room for wheelchairs , improved audio and visual information systems and accessible door controls . Delays and overcrowding ( edit ) An overcrowded Northern line train . Overcrowding is a regular problem for Tube passengers , especially during peak hours . During peak hours , stations can get so crowded that they need to be closed . Passengers may not get on the first train and the majority of passengers do not find a seat on their trains , some trains having more than four passengers every square metre . When asked , passengers report overcrowding as the aspect of the network that they are least satisfied with , and overcrowding has been linked to poor productivity and potential poor heart health . Capacity increases have been overtaken by increased demand , and peak overcrowding has increased by 16 percent since 2004 / 5 . Compared with 2003 / 4 , the reliability of the network had increased in 2010 / 11 , with Lost Customer Hours reduced from 54 million to 40 million . Passengers are entitled to a refund if their journey is delayed by 15 minutes or more due to circumstances within the control of TfL , and in 2010 , 330,000 passengers of a potential 11 million Tube passengers claimed compensation for delays . A number of mobile phone apps and services have been developed to help passengers claim their refund more efficiently . Safety ( edit ) See also : Safety on the London Underground , Suicide on the London Underground , and List of London Underground accidents London Underground is authorised to operate trains by the Office of Rail Regulation , and the latest Safety Certification and Safety Authorisation is valid until 2017 . As at 19 March 2013 there had been 310 days since the last major incident , when a passenger had died after falling on the track . As of 2015 there have been nine consecutive years in which no employee fatalities have occurred . A special staff training facility was opened at West Ashfield tube station in TFL 's Ashfield House , West Kensington in 2010 at a cost of £ 800,000 . Meanwhile , London Mayor , Boris Johnson , decided it should be demolished along with the Earls Court Exhibition Centre as part of Europe 's biggest regeneration scheme . In November 2011 it was reported that 80 people had committed suicide in the previous year on the London Underground , up from 46 in 2000 . Most platforms at deep tube stations have pits , often referred to as ' suicide pits ' , beneath the track . These were constructed in 1926 to aid drainage of water from the platforms , but also halve the likelihood of a fatality when a passenger falls or jumps in front of a train . Design and the arts ( edit ) Map ( edit ) The left side shows the 1933 Beck map and the right side the map as it appeared in 2012 Main article : Tube map Early maps of the Metropolitan and District railways were city maps with the lines superimposed , and the District published a pocket map in 1897 . A Central London Railway route diagram appears on a 1904 postcard and 1905 poster , similar maps appearing in District Railway cars in 1908 . In the same year , following a marketing agreement between the operators , a joint central area map that included all the lines was published . A new map was published in 1921 without any background details , but the central area was squashed , requiring smaller letters and arrows . Harry Beck had the idea of expanding this central area , distorting geography , and simplifying the map so that the railways appeared as straight lines with equally spaced stations . He presented his original draft in 1931 , and after initial rejection it was first printed in 1933 . Today 's tube map is an evolution of that original design , and the ideas are used by many metro systems around the world . The current standard tube map shows the Docklands Light Railway , London Overground , Emirates Air Line , London Tramlink and the London Underground ; a more detailed map covering a larger area , published by National Rail and Transport for London , includes suburban railway services . The tube map came second in a BBC and London Transport Museum poll asking for a favourite UK design icon of the 20th century and the underground 's 150th anniversary was celebrated by a Google Doodle on the search engine . Roundel ( edit ) An early form of the roundel as used on the platform at Ealing Broadway and the form used today outside Westminster tube station While the first use of a roundel in a London transport context was the trademark of the London General Omnibus Company registered in 1905 , it was first used on the Underground in 1908 when the UERL placed a solid red circle behind station nameboards on platforms to highlight the name . The word `` UNDERGROUND '' was placed in a roundel instead of a station name on posters in 1912 by Charles Sharland and Alfred France , as well as on undated and possibly earlier posters from the same period . Frank Pick thought the solid red disc cumbersome and took a version where the disc became a ring from a 1915 Sharland poster and gave it to Edward Johnston to develop , and registered the symbol as a trademark in 1917 . The roundel was first printed on a map cover using the Johnston typeface in June 1919 , and printed in colour the following October . Roundel and `` way out '' arrow on a platform at Bethnal Green station After the UERL was absorbed into the London Passenger Transport Board in 1933 , it used forms of the roundel for buses , trams and coaches , as well as the Underground . The words `` London Transport '' were added inside the ring , above and below the bar . The Carr - Edwards report , published in 1938 as possibly the first attempt at a graphics standards manual , introduced stricter guidelines . Between 1948 and 1957 the word `` Underground '' in the bar was replaced by `` London Transport '' . As of 2013 , forms of the roundel , with differing colours for the ring and bar , is used for other TfL services , such as London Buses , Tramlink , London Overground , London River Services and Docklands Light Railway . Crossrail , due to open in 2018 , is to be identified with a roundel . The 100th anniversary of the roundel was celebrated in 2008 by TfL commissioning 100 artists to produce works that celebrate the design . Architecture ( edit ) See also : List of listed London Underground stations Seventy of the 270 London Underground stations use buildings that are on the Statutory List of Buildings of Special Architectural or Historic Interest , and five have entrances in listed buildings . The Metropolitan Railway 's original seven stations were inspired by Italianate designs , with the platforms lit by daylight from above and by gas lights in large glass globes . Early District Railway stations were similar and on both railways the further from central London the station the simpler the construction . The City & South London Railway opened with red - brick buildings , designed by Thomas Phillips Figgis , topped with a lead - covered dome that contained the lift mechanism . The Central London Railway appointed Harry Bell Measures as architect , who designed its pinkish - brown steel - framed buildings with larger entrances . Russell Square , one of the UERL stations designed by Leslie Green clad in ox - blood tiles 55 Broadway , above St. James 's Park station , was designed by Charles Holden in 1927 and is one of only two Grade I listed buildings on the Underground . In the first decade of the 20th century Leslie Green established a house style for the tube stations built by the UERL , which were clad in ox - blood faience blocks . Green pioneered using building design to guide passengers with direction signs on tiled walls , with the stations given a unique identity with patterns on the platform walls . Many of these tile patterns survive , though a significant number of these are now replicas . Harry W. Ford was responsible for the design of at least 17 UERL and District Railway stations , including Barons Court and Embankment , and claimed to have first thought of enlarging the U and D in the UNDERGROUND wordmark . The Met 's architect Charles Walter Clark had used a neo-classical design for rebuilding Baker Street and Paddington Praed Street stations before World War I and , although the fashion had changed , continued with Farringdon in 1923 . The buildings had metal lettering attached to pale walls . Clark would later design `` Chiltern Court '' , the large , luxurious block of apartments at Baker Street , that opened in 1929 . In the 1920s and 1930s , Charles Holden designed a series of modernist and art - deco stations some of which he described as his ' brick boxes with concrete lids ' . Holden 's design for the Underground 's headquarters building at 55 Broadway included avant - garde sculptures by Jacob Epstein , Eric Gill and Henry Moore . When the Central line was extended east , the stations were simplified Holden proto - Brutalist designs , and a cavernous concourse built at Gants Hill in honour of early Moscow Metro stations . Few new stations were built in the 50 years after 1948 , but Misha Black was appointed design consultant for the 1960s Victoria line , contributing to the line 's uniform look , with each station having an individual tile motif . Notable stations from this period include Moor Park , the stations of the Piccadilly line extension to Heathrow and Hillingdon . The stations of the 1990s extension of the Jubilee line were much larger than before and designed in a high - tech style by architects such as Norman Foster and Michael Hopkins , making extensive use of exposed metal plating . West Ham station was built as a homage to the red brick tube stations of the 1930s , using brick , concrete and glass . Many platforms have unique interior designs to help passenger identification . The tiling at Baker Street incorporates repetitions of Sherlock Holmes 's silhouette and at Tottenham Court Road semi-abstract mosaics by Eduardo Paolozzi feature musical instruments , tape machines and butterflies . Robyn Denny designed the murals on the Northern line platforms at Embankment . Johnston typeface ( edit ) Main article : Johnston ( typeface ) The first posters used a number of type fonts , as was contemporary practice , and station signs used sans serif block capitals . The Johnston typeface was developed in upper and lower case in 1916 , and a complete set of blocks , marked Johnston Sans , was made by the printers the following year . A bold version of the capitals was developed by Johnston in 1929 . The Met changed to a serif letterform for its signs in the 1920s , used on the stations rebuilt by Clark . However , Johnston was adopted systemwide after the formation of the LPTB in 1933 and the LT wordmark was applied to locomotives and carriages . Johnston was redesigned , becoming New Johnston , for photo - typesetting in the early 1980s when Elichi Kono designed a range that included Light , Medium and Bold , each with its italic version . The typesetters P22 developed today 's electronic version , sometimes called TfL Johnston , in 1997 . Posters and patron of the arts ( edit ) 1913 Underground poster by Tony Sarg Early advertising posters proclaimed the advantages of travelling using various letter forms . Graphic posters first appeared in the 1890s , and it became possible to print colour images economically in the early 20th century . The Central London Railway used colour illustrations in their 1905 poster , and from 1908 the underground group , under Pick 's direction , used images of country scenes , shopping and major events on posters to encourage use of the tube . Pick found he was limited by the commercial artists the printers used , and so commissioned work from artists and designers such as Dora Batty , Edward McKnight Kauffer , the cartoonist George Morrow , Herry ( Heather ) Perry , Graham Sutherland , Charles Sharland and the sisters Anna and Doris Zinkeisen . According to Ruth Artmonsky , over 150 women artists were commissioned by Pick and latterly Christian Barman to design posters for London Underground , London Transport and London County Council Tramways . The Johnston Sans letter form began appearing on posters from 1917 . The Met , strongly independent , used images on timetables and on the cover of its Metro - land guide that promoted the country it served for the walker , visitor and later the house - hunter . By the time London Transport was formed in 1933 the UERL was considered a patron of the arts and over 1000 works were commissioned in the 1930s , such as the cartoon images of Charles Burton and Kauffer 's later abstract cubist and surrealist images . Harold Hutchison became London Transport publicity officer in 1947 , after World War II and nationalisation , and introduced the `` pair poster '' , where an image on a poster was paired with text on another . Numbers of commissions dropped , to eight a year in the 1950s and just four a year in the 1970s , with images from artists such Harry Stevens and Tom Eckersley . Art on the Underground was introduced in 1986 by Henry Fitzhugh to revive London Transport as a patron of the arts with the Underground commissioning six works a year , judged first on artistic merit . In that year Peter Lee , Celia Lyttleton and a poster by David Booth , Malcolm Fowler and Nancy Fowler were commissioned . Today commissions range from the pocket tube map cover to installations in a station . Similarly , Poems on the Underground has commissioned poetry since 1986 that are displayed in carriages . In popular culture ( edit ) Main article : London Underground in popular culture The Underground ( including several fictitious stations ) has been featured in many movies and television shows , including Skyfall , Die Another Day , Sliding Doors , An American Werewolf in London , Creep , Tube Tales , Sherlock and Neverwhere . The London Underground Film Office received over 200 requests to film in 2000 . The Underground has also featured in music such as The Jam 's `` Down in the Tube Station at Midnight '' and in literature such as the graphic novel V for Vendetta . Popular legends about the Underground being haunted persist to this day . Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 3 has a single - player level named Mind The Gap where most of the level takes place between the dockyards and Westminster while the player and a team of SAS attempt to take down terrorists attempting to escape using the London Underground via a hijacked train . The game also features the multiplayer map `` Underground '' , in which players are combating in a fictitious Underground station . The London Underground map serves as a playing field for the conceptual game of Mornington Crescent ( which is named after a station on the Northern line ) and the board game The London Game . Notable people ( edit ) Charles Pearson ( 1793 -- 1862 ) suggested an underground railway in London in 1845 and from 1854 promoted a scheme that eventually became the Metropolitan Railway . John Fowler ( 1817 -- 1898 ) was the railway engineer that designed the Metropolitan Railway . Edward Watkin ( 1819 -- 1901 ) was chairman of the Metropolitan Railway from 1872 to 1894 . James Henry Greathead ( 1844 -- 1896 ) was the engineer that dug the Tower Subway using a method using a wrought iron shield patented by Peter W. Barlow , and later used the same tunnelling shield to build the deep - tube City & South London and Central London railways . Charles Yerkes ( 1837 -- 1905 ) was an American who founded the Underground Electric Railways Company of London ( UERL ) in 1902 , which opened three tube lines and electrified the District Railway . Edgar Speyer ( 1862 -- 1932 ) Financial backer of Yerkes who served as UERL chairman from 1906 to 1915 during its formative years . Albert Stanley ( 1874 -- 1948 ) was manager of the UERL from 1907 , and became the first chairman of the London Passenger Transport Board ( LPTB ) in 1933 . Frank Pick ( 1878 -- 1941 ) was UERL publicity officer from 1908 , commercial manager from 1912 and joint managing director from 1928 . He was chief executive and vice chairman of the LPTB from 1933 to 1940 . It was Pick that commissioned Edward Johnston to create the typeface and redesign the roundel , and established the Underground 's reputation as patrons of the arts as users of the best in contemporary poster art and architecture . Robert Selbie ( 1868 -- 1930 ) was manager of the Metropolitan Railway from 1908 until his death , marketing it using the Metro - land brand . Edward Johnston ( 1872 -- 1944 ) developed the Johnston Sans typeface , still in use today on the London Underground . Harry Beck ( 1902 -- 1974 ) designed the tube map , named in 2006 as a British design icon . MacDonald Gill ( 1884 -- 1947 ) , cartographer credited with drawing , in 1914 , `` the map that saved the London Underground '' . See also ( edit ) London Transport portal Book : London Automation of the London Underground List of busiest London Underground stations List of London Underground stations London Underground strikes Timeline of the London Underground Tube Challenge References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` About TfL -- What we do -- London Underground -- Facts & figures '' . Transport for London . Retrieved 17 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Daily Ridership '' . London : Transport for London . ^ Jump up to : `` TfL annual report 201617 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` National Rail Enquiries - London Underground '' . Jump up ^ Transport for London , Windsor House , 42 -- 50 Victoria Street , London SW1H 0TL , [email protected] . `` Facts & figures '' . 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Retrieved 1 April 2012 . `` Your accessible transport network '' ( PDF ) . Transport for London . December 2012 . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : London Underground ( category ) Route map : Google KML file ( edit help ) Display on Google Maps Template : Attached KML / London Underground KML is from Wikidata Look up Underground , aboveground , underground , or overground in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . London Underground ( Transport for London ) Home page London Underground Morphing Map London Underground at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Last Tube Times for London Underground London Underground track maps : TfL Track Map ( shows only London Underground - operated trackage ) Carto. metro Track Map ( more detailed ; shows Underground , Overground , Crossrail , DLR , and mainline railway tracks as well ) London Underground API London Underground map and history London Underground history in a dynamic timeline map Transport in London Companies and organisations Transport for London Air Line Buses East London Transit Night buses Coach station Cycle hire Dial - a-Ride London Rail Docklands Light Railway London Overground TfL Rail Tramlink Crossrail ( under construction ) Crossrail 2 ( proposed ) London River Services London Streets London Underground Night Tube Source London Taxi and Private Hire office Bus operators Abellio Arriva East Herts & Essex Arriva London Arriva Southern Counties CT Plus Go - Ahead London London Sovereign London United Metrobus Metroline Quality Line Stagecoach London Tower Transit Uno River operators Bateaux London City Cruises Crown River Cruises Livett 's Launches Lower Thames and Medway Passenger Boat Company Thames Clippers Thames Executive Charters Thames River Services Westminster Passenger Services Association Train operators Arriva Rail London c2c Caledonian Sleeper Chiltern Railways East Midlands Trains Eurostar Govia Thameslink Railway Gatwick Express Great Northern Southern Thameslink Grand Central Great Western Railway Greater Anglia Stansted Express Heathrow Connect Heathrow Express Hull Trains London Northwestern Railway South Western Railway Southeastern TfL Rail Virgin Trains ( West Coast ) Virgin Trains East Coast Other Global Infrastructure Partners Heathrow Airport Holdings Port of London Authority Airports Within London City Heathrow Private : Biggin Hill Damyns Hall London Heliport Military : Northolt Outside London Gatwick Luton Southend Stansted Proposed : Thames Estuary Major stations Central area Bank / Monument Baker Street Blackfriars Bond Street Cannon Street Charing Cross City Thameslink Euston Farringdon Fenchurch Street King 's Cross Liverpool Street London Bridge Marylebone Moorgate Oxford Circus Paddington St Pancras International Tottenham Court Road Vauxhall Victoria Waterloo Waterloo East Westminster Other Barking Bromley South Canary Wharf Clapham Junction Ealing Broadway East Croydon Finsbury Park Heathrow Stations Highbury & Islington Ilford Lewisham London City Airport Orpington Putney Richmond Romford Stratford Surbiton Sutton Wimbledon Roads Motorways M1 M4 M11 M25 London Orbital Former : M41 ( West Cross Route ) A40 ( M ) ( Westway ) A102 ( M ) ( East Cross Route ) Ring roads London Inner Ring Road London Ringways North Circular Road South Circular Road Charging Congestion charge Low emission zone Ticketing Freedom Pass Oyster card Travelcard Other History of public transport authorities London Transport Museum Port of London Regent 's Canal Cycle routes Thameslink Trams Trolleybuses Windsor House Former BR sectors British Rail InterCity Network SouthEast Commons WikiProject Local rail transport in the United Kingdom Metros Docklands Light Railway ( East London ) Glasgow Subway London Underground Night Tube Tyne and Wear Metro Tramways Blackpool Edinburgh Greater Manchester Nottingham Sheffield South London West Midlands Urban rail Belfast Bristol Birmingham Cardiff Edinburgh Glasgow Leeds / Bradford Liverpool London Lines of the London Underground Bakerloo line Stations Harrow & Wealdstone Kenton South Kenton North Wembley Wembley Central Stonebridge Park Harlesden Willesden Junction Kensal Green Queen 's Park Kilburn Park Maida Vale Warwick Avenue Paddington Edgware Road Marylebone Baker Street Regents Park Oxford Circus Piccadilly Circus Charing Cross Embankment Waterloo Lambeth North Elephant and Castle ( 100m ) Rolling stock 1972 Stock Depots Stonebridge Park History Former companies Baker Street & Waterloo Railway Underground Electric Railways Company of London Former stations now served by London Overground Bushey Carpenders Park Hatch End Headstone Lane Watford High Street Watford Junction Former stations now served by Jubilee line Canons Park Dollis Hill Finchley Road Kilburn Kingsbury tube station Neasden Queensbury Stanmore St. John 's Wood Swiss Cottage Wembley Park West Hampstead Willesden Green Former rolling stock 1906 Stock 1914 Stock Watford Joint Stock Standard Stock 1938 Stock 1949 Stock 1959 Stock Abandoned plans Extension to Camberwell Extension to Cricklewood Extension to Old Kent Rd London Underground Transport for London London Transport portal Central line Stations Epping branch Epping Theydon Bois Debden Loughton Buckhurst Hill Woodford South Woodford Snaresbrook Hainault loop Roding Valley Chigwell Grange Hill Hainault Fairlop Barkingside Newbury Park Gants Hill Redbridge Wanstead Leytonstone Leyton Stratford Mile End Bethnal Green Liverpool Street Bank St Paul 's Chancery Lane Holborn Tottenham Court Road Oxford Circus Bond Street Marble Arch Lancaster Gate Queensway Notting Hill Gate Holland Park Shepherd 's Bush White City East Acton North Acton Ealing branch West Acton Ealing Broadway Ruislip branch Hanger Lane Perivale Greenford Northolt South Ruislip Ruislip Gardens West Ruislip Rolling stock 1992 Stock History Former stations Blake Hall British Museum North Weald Ongar Wood Lane Former companies Central London Railway Great Eastern Railway Great Western Railway Abandoned plans Richmond extension ( 1913 ) The Grove Paddenswick Road Rylett Road Emlyn Road Turnham Green Heathfield Terrace Gunnersbury Kew Gardens Richmond Richmond extension ( 1920 ) Hammersmith Ravenscourt Park Stamford Brook Turnham Green Gunnersbury Kew Gardens Richmond Denham extension Denham Harefield Road Former rolling stock 1900 Stock 1903 Stock 1915 Stock 1920 Stock Standard Stock 1935 Stock 1960 Stock 1962 Stock Proposed stations First Central Uxbridge Shoreditch High Street Depots Hainault Ruislip London Underground Night Tube Transport for London London Transport portal Circle line Stations Hammersmith Goldhawk Road Shepherd 's Bush Market Wood Lane Latimer Road Ladbroke Grove Westbourne Park Royal Oak Paddington Edgware Road Baker Street Great Portland Street Euston Square King 's Cross St. Pancras Farringdon Barbican Moorgate Liverpool Street Aldgate Tower Hill ( Tower Gateway ) Monument ( Bank ) Cannon Street Mansion House Blackfriars Temple Embankment Westminster St. James 's Park Victoria Sloane Square South Kensington Gloucester Road High Street Kensington Notting Hill Gate Bayswater Paddington ( → to Edgware Road ) Rolling stock S7 Stock History Former railways Metropolitan Railway District Railway Metropolitan line ( 1933 -- 88 ) History of the District line Former rolling stock Metropolitan Railway steam locomotives District Railway steam locomotives Metropolitan Railway electric multiple units District Railway electric multiple units Circle Stock O and P Stock C Stock Associated circle lines Middle Circle Outer Circle Super Outer Circle See also District line Hammersmith & City line Metropolitan line London Underground Transport for London London Transport portal District line Stations Upminster Upminster Bridge Hornchurch Elm Park Dagenham East Dagenham Heathway Becontree Upney Barking East Ham Upton Park Plaistow West Ham Bromley - by - Bow Bow Road Mile End Stepney Green Whitechapel Aldgate East Tower Hill ( Tower Gateway ) Monument ( Bank ) Cannon Street Mansion House Blackfriars Temple Embankment Westminster St. James 's Park Victoria Sloane Square South Kensington Gloucester Road Earl 's Court West Kensington Barons Court Hammersmith Ravenscourt Park Stamford Brook Turnham Green Richmond branch Gunnersbury Kew Gardens Richmond Ealing branch Chiswick Park Acton Town Ealing Common Ealing Broadway Wimbledon branch West Brompton Fulham Broadway Parsons Green Putney Bridge East Putney Southfields Wimbledon Park Wimbledon Edgware Road branch High Street Kensington Notting Hill Gate Bayswater Paddington Edgware Road Olympia branch Kensington ( Olympia ) Rolling stock D78 ( decommissioned ) S7 Stock History District Railway History of the District line Former stations Alperton Benfleet Boston Manor Castle Hill and Ealing Dene Chalkwell Deptford Road East Horndon Eastcote Hanwell Hayes Hillingdon Hounslow Central Hounslow East Hounslow Town Hounslow West Ickenham Laindon Langley Leigh - on - Sea Mark Lane New Cross Gate North Ealing Northfields Northfields & Little Ealing Osterley Osterley & Spring Grove Park Royal Park Royal & Twyford Abbey Pitsea Rayners Lane Rotherhithe Ruislip Ruislip Manor Shadwell Shoeburyness Slough South Acton South Ealing South Harrow Southall Southend Central Southend East St Mary 's ( Whitechapel Road ) Sudbury Town Sudbury Hill Thorpe Bay Uxbridge Wapping Westcliff West Drayton Windsor Wimbledon & Sutton Railway Cannon Hill Cheam Collingwood Road Elm Farm Elm Grove Merton Park Morden Sutton Sutton Common Former stock C69 & C77 A Stock B Stock C Stock D Stock E Stock F Stock G Stock H Stock K Stock L Stock O / P / CO / CP Stock Q Stock R Stock Depots Acton Ealing Common Lillie Bridge See also Other Sub-surface lines Circle line Hammersmith & City line Metropolitan line London Underground Transport for London London Transport portal Hammersmith & City line Stations Hammersmith Goldhawk Road Shepherd 's Bush Market Wood Lane Latimer Road Ladbroke Grove Westbourne Park Royal Oak Paddington Edgware Road Baker Street Great Portland Street Euston Square King 's Cross St. Pancras Farringdon Barbican Moorgate Liverpool Street Aldgate East Whitechapel Stepney Green Mile End Bow Road Bromley - by - Bow West Ham Plaistow Upton Park East Ham Barking Rolling stock S7 Stock History Former railways Metropolitan Railway District Railway Metropolitan line ( 1933 -- 88 ) Former rolling stock A and B Class steam locomotives Electric multiple units O and P Stock C Stock See also District line Circle line Metropolitan line London Underground Transport for London London Transport portal Jubilee line Stations Stanmore Canons Park Queensbury Kingsbury Wembley Park Neasden Dollis Hill Willesden Green Kilburn West Hampstead Finchley Road Swiss Cottage St. John 's Wood Baker Street Bond Street Green Park Westminster Waterloo Southwark ( Waterloo East ) London Bridge Bermondsey Canada Water Canary Wharf North Greenwich Canning Town West Ham Stratford Rolling stock 1996 Stock History Former lines Metropolitan line Bakerloo line Former stations Charing Cross Former rolling stock London Underground 1972 Stock 1983 Stock London Underground Night Tube Transport for London London Transport portal Metropolitan line Stations Central London section Aldgate Liverpool Street Moorgate Barbican Farringdon King 's Cross St. Pancras Euston Square Great Portland Street Core section Baker Street Finchley Road Wembley Park Preston Road Northwick Park Harrow - on - the - Hill Uxbridge branch West Harrow Rayners Lane Eastcote Ruislip Manor Ruislip Ickenham Hillingdon Uxbridge Outer section & branches North Harrow Pinner Northwood Hills Northwood Moor Park Watford branch Croxley Watford Rickmansworth Chorleywood Chalfont & Latimer Chesham branch Chesham Amersham branch Amersham Rolling stock Present rolling stock S8 Stock History Former lines Brill Tramway 1863 -- 1933 1933 -- 1988 Aylesbury and Buckingham Railway Closed stations Brill Granborough Road Hammersmith ( Grove Road ) Lord 's Marlborough Road Quainton Road St Mary 's ( Whitechapel Road ) Shoreditch Swiss Cottage Tower of London Uxbridge Road Verney Junction Waddesdon Waddesdon Road Westcott Winslow Road Wood Lane Wood Siding Wotton Former stations Aldgate East Aylesbury Barking Bow Road Bromley - by - Bow Dollis Hill Drayton Park East Ham Edgware Road Essex Road Finsbury Park Goldhawk Road Great Missenden Gunnersbury Hammersmith 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2622853303902532914 | In Another World With My Smartphone | In Another world with My Smartphone - wikipedia In Another world with My Smartphone Jump to : navigation , search In Another World With My Smartphone Cover of the first volume featuring Yumina ( left ) , Touya ( middle ) and Sushie ( right ) . 異 世界 は スマートフォン とともに ( Isekai wa Sumātofon to Tomo ni ) Genre Harem Light novel Written by Patora Fuyuhara Illustrated by Eiji Usatsuka Published by Hobby Japan English publisher J - Novel Club Demographic Male Imprint HJ Novels Original run 2015 -- present Volumes 10 Manga Illustrated by Soto Published by Kadokawa Shoten Demographic Seinen Magazine Comp Ace Original run November 2016 -- present Volumes Anime television series Directed by Takeyuki Yanase Produced by Hiromi Matsuda Ryuji Kasamatsu Keiji Hamada Shigeto Nihei Yasuyuki Iwanami Hideo Momoda Written by Natsuko Takahashi Music by Exit Tunes Studio Production Reed Licensed by Funimation Original network AT - X , Tokyo MX , BS11 Original run July 11 , 2017 -- September 26 , 2017 Episodes 12 ( List of episodes ) Anime and Manga portal In Another World With My Smartphone ( 異 世界 は スマートフォン とともに , Isekai wa Sumātofon to Tomo ni ) is a Japanese web novel series written by Patora Fuyuhara and illustrated by Eiji Usatsuka . J - Novel Club has licensed the series for an English release , releasing each novels in six weekly parts since February 2017 . A manga adaptation by Soto began its serialization in Kadokawa Shoten 's Comp Ace in November 2016 . An anime television series adaptation by Production Reed aired from July to September 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Characters 3 Media 3.1 Light Novels 3.2 Anime 4 Reception 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) While returning from school , 15 - year - old Touya Mochizuki is accidentally struck by lightning and killed by God . As an apology , God allows him to be resurrected , but since he can not send him back to his old world , he instead reincarnates him into a fantasy world along with a single special request . Touya uses his request in order to bring his smartphone into the new world with him . God also amplifies Touya 's physical , magical , and cognitive abilities to a certain degree as a further apology for the inconvenience of killing him . Taking full advantage of his second chance at life , Touya befriends many different people in the new world . He begins to travel from country to country , solving political disputes , minor quests , and nonchalantly enjoying himself with his newfound allies . Characters ( edit ) Touya Mochizuki ( 望月 冬 夜 , Mochizuki Tōya ) Voiced by : Katsumi Fukuhara ( Japanese ) ; Josh Grelle ( English ) A fifteen - year - old from Earth , reborn by God into the other world as a way of apology for the latter 's mistake of killing him . His smartphone is his only remaining connection to Earth ; while he can no longer call upon anyone from his old life , he can still access the Internet , and the battery can be recharged with magical energy . He is bestowed with Null magic , the attribute of all elements . He also has inexhaustible supply of magic due to the fact that God revived him . He regularly gets mistaken to be from Eashen where Yae is from because Eashen is similar to Japan . After discovering the first Babylon `` Aerial Garden '' and having a mock conversation with Professor Regina Babylon , he sets out to find the rest of the Babylons in order to defeat the Fraze . According to Babylon 's vision , Touya would have nine wives total . He forms pacts with all four of the Heavenly Beasts . He also becomes king of the Duchy of Brunhild after helping to smooth out relations between the Regulus Empire and Belfast Kingdom . He often uses knowledge from his previous life to create products and earn lots of money . He is also the first silver rank adventure to appear in 18 years . Elze Silhoueska ( エルゼ ・ シルエスカ , Eruze Shiruesuka ) Voiced by : Maaya Uchida ( Japanese ) ; Leah Clark ( English ) The elder sister of the Silhoueska twins , a pair of wandering adventurers , and with her natural impulsiveness a fighter by profession . She has long hair and flat chest . She can only use the non-attribute magic ' boost ' which increases her physical abilities . She also likes spicy food , and seems to have a very high tolerance for it , to the point that she 's not allowed in the kitchen because she adds to much spice . After a mock battle with Touya , she and Yae requested Touya to share their affections with him . She is Touya 's third fiancée . Linze Silhoueska ( リンゼ ・ シルエスカ , Rinze Shiruesuka ) Voiced by : Yui Fukuo ( Japanese ) ; Jill Harris ( English ) The younger sister of the Silhoueska twins , with her intelligence and natural talent . She is the magic specialist of the two sisters . She has short hair and big breasted . She can only use light , water , and fire attribute magic in which among the three fire is her strongest element followed by water and then lastly light . When Francesca registered Touya as her new master through his lips , Linze bravely confesses her love and kisses Touya in front of the girls . She is Touya 's second fiancée . Yae Kokonoe ( 九重 八重 , Kokonoe Yae ) Voiced by : Chinatsu Akasaki ( Japanese ) ; Michelle Rojas ( English ) She came from a samurai family and left to hone her skills elsewhere . But , when Touya arrived to a new town , he saw Yae being approached by a gang and managed to fight back . She decides to accompany Touya on his travels . After a mock battle with Touya , she and Elze requested Touya to share their affections with him . She is Touya 's fourth fiancée . Yumina Urnea Belfast ( ユミナ ・ エルネア ・ ベル ファスト , Yumina Erunea Berufasuto ) Voiced by : Marika Kōno ( Japanese ) ; Felecia Angelle ( English ) She is the Crown Princess of Belfast . Yumina 's `` Mystic Eyes '' ability comes from her Heterochormia Eyes which give her the ability to see a person 's true nature . When Touya cured her father from being poisoned , she asks to be engaged with him . She possesses magic attributes of wind , earth , and darkness and is also proficient with bows and arrows . After visiting the Aerial Garden , Yumina proposed to everyone that Linze , Elze , and Yae would be engaged to him . She is Touya 's first fiancée . Sushie Urnea Ortlinde ( スゥシィ ・ エルネア ・ オルトリンデ , Sūshī Erunea Orutorinde ) Voiced by : Nanami Yamashita ( Japanese ) ; Sarah Wiedenheft ( English ) She is the daughter of the duke and duchess of Belfast . She likes her friends to call her Sue ( スゥ , Sū ) . She was once , the subject of the first prince of Rynie , as his fiancée , but is later rescued . She becomes Touya 's sixth fiancée . Leen ( リーン , Rīn ) Voiced by : Sumire Uesaka ( Japanese ) ; Monica Rial ( English ) She is the head of the Fairy Tribe and an ambassador from Mismede and capable of using the Null spell `` Program '' , which can make objects move . Over the span of 200 years , she has managed to make a teddy bear she named Paula able to interact with humans , though it has yet to gain the capability to speak . She possesses all attributes except for darkness , though she can not use as many non-attribute spells as Touya can . Nonetheless , she is considered a genius in magic . She is the one to start Touya on the quest for finding the Babylons as she wants to gain knowledge from the `` Library '' Babylon . She becomes Touya 's fifth fiancée . Kohaku ( 琥珀 , Kohaku ) Voiced by : Yuki Kaida ( Japanese ) ; Marissa Lenti ( English ) A white tiger with black stripes who is one of the four Heavenly Beasts , previously known as the White Monarch . It can change into a smaller form of itself and is the first of the four Heavenly beasts to make a pact with Touya . She has a strange feud with Ruri . ( Her name means amber . ) Media ( edit ) Light Novels ( edit ) The series began publication as a web novel , being serialized on the Shōsetsuka ni Narō website since April 8 , 2013 . The series was later published as a light novel series by Hobby Japan 's `` HJ Novels '' label beginning on May 22 , 2015 ; nine volumes have been published as of June 22 , 2017 . The light novel features illustrations by Eiji Usatsuka . It was licensed for digital distribution in the English language by J - Novel Club , and they have since released Volumes 1 - 4 in eBook format . No . Title Japanese release date Japanese ISBN Mahō ga Kyūshū sa reta ! ? ( 魔法 が 吸収 され た ! ? ) May 22 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 79 - 861018 - 4 Patei o Irodoru Hanayakana Josei - jin ( パテイ を 彩る 華やか な 女性 陣 ) August 22 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 79 - 861065 - 8 ` Ende . Yoroshiku Pa fuyuyo ' ( エンデ. よろしく パ 冬 夜 ) November 21 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 79 - 861117 - 4 Teikoku o Sukuu Tame ni Shutsujin ! ( 帝国 を 救う ため いざ 出陣 ! ! ) February 20 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 79 - 861172 - 3 5 Buriyuhirudo Kōkoku Kenkoku - sai , Kaimaku ! ! ( ブリユンヒルド 公国 建国 祭 、 開幕 ! ! ) May 21 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 79 - 861229 - 4 6 Sate , Koko wa Sente Hisshō ka na ( さて 、 ここ は 先手 必勝 かな ) August 23 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 79 - 861279 - 9 7 U wa l , Akai ne ! Warukunai ( う は l 、 赤い ね ! 悪く ない ) November 24 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 79 - 861329 - 1 8 Yōkoso Babiron Wārudo e ! ( ようこそ バビロン ワールド へ ! ) March 23 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 4 - 79 - 861415 - 1 9 Tsuini hito - gata no fureizu tōjō ! ( ついに 人 型 の フレイズ 登場 ! ) June 22 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 4 - 79 - 861471 - 7 10 Ano hakase okoshite hontoni ī no ( あの 博士 起こし て ほんとに いい の ... ? ) September 22 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 4 - 79 - 861532 - 5 Anime ( edit ) An anime adaptation directed by Takeyuki Yanase , written by Natsuko Takahashi , and animated by Production Reed has been announced and aired from July 11 to September 26 , 2017 . AŌP performed the opening theme song `` Another World '' while Maaya Uchida , Yui Fukuo , Chinatsu Akatsuki , Marika Kōno , Nanami Yamashita , and Sumire Uesaka performed different versions of the ending theme song `` Junjō Emotional '' ( 純情 エモーショナル , Pure Emotional ) . Crunchyroll streamed the anime . Funimation have licensed the series . No . Title Original air date `` Awakening , and Another World '' `` Mezame , Soshite i Sekai . '' ( 目覚め 、 そして 異 世界 . ) July 11 , 2017 In heaven God apologises to Touya Mochizuki for accidentally killing him with lightning and offers to resurrect Touya into a new world . Touya accepts and asks if he can take his smartphone with him . God agrees and makes it so the phone can still connect to Earth 's internet and be recharged with magic . He also boosts Touya 's basic skills such as stamina , reflexes and memory . After awakening in the new world Touya intervenes in a fight between twin sisters Elze and Linze Silhoueska and several thugs he easily defeats . Touya becomes a member of Elze and Linze 's guild so he can take on paid quests . Touya asks the girls to teach him to read the new world 's language and how to use magic . Touya learns there are several types of magic , and most magicians can only use one or two while a rare few like Linze can use three . Touya , however , proves capable of using every type of magic , meaning in the new world he is considered immensely powerful . Touya then uses his smartphone to help a café owner by finding a recipe for ice cream , which becomes very popular . `` First Journey , and Samurai '' `` Hatsu Tabi , Soshite Samurai . '' ( 初 旅 、 そして サムライ . ) July 18 , 2017 While on a quest delivering a letter to the royal capital Touya , Elze and Linze help a samurai named Kokonoe Yae fight off several thugs and invite her to join them . Touya continues to learn as many spells as he can , including rare Null Magic which has a variety of uses . They encounter a group of Lizard men summoned by a dark magician to attack a royal carriage . After defeating the magician Touya uses Null magic to save the life of Leim , the butler of Lady Sushie Urnea Ortlinde , one of the Kings relatives . Sushie introduces Touya and his friends to her father , Duke Ortlinde . While thanking Touya for rescuing Sushie , Touya learns that Sushie 's mother , the Duchess , was rendered blind by an illness and the only healing spell powerful enough to cure blindness comes from Null magic . Touya casts a Null healing spell on the Duchess , restoring her sight . Out of gratitude the Duke gives Touya 40 Platinum coins ( worth around 40 million yen ) and 4 royal medals showing Touya , Elze , Linze and Yae are under the protection of the Duke . After finally delivering the letter Yae becomes a part of their team . `` Shogi board , and Underground Ruins '' `` Shōgi ban , Soshite Chika Iseki . '' ( 将棋 盤 、 そして 地下 遺跡 . ) July 25 , 2017 Touya learns there are demi - human races , such as elves and beast - men and helps a lost fox - girl named Arma find her older sister , another fox - girl named Olga . Touya buys a magicians coat that protects magicians against magic they can use but makes them weaker against magic they ca n't use , but since Touya can use every type of magic the coat protects him from all magical attacks . Touya visits the Duke and teaches him how to play Shogi . Touya and the girls accept a quest to destroy a Dullahan near the ruins of the old capital city . With the Dullahan defeated , Touya uses a Null locating spell and finds an item of magical value hidden in a secret dungeon . After accidentally activating the item it turns out to be the energy source for an artificial glass beast that can repair any damage done to it but they manage to destroy the energy source . The Duke suspects the beast may have been the reason the old capital was abandoned and asks Touya to aid an investigation into why the old capital city was destroyed . In the middle of the investigation the Duke learns his brother , the King , has been poisoned and is gravely ill . `` Engagement , and an Uninvited Visitor '' `` Konyaku , Soshite Oshikake . '' ( 婚約 、 そして 押し掛け . ) August 1 , 2017 Duke Ortlinde asks Touya to cure the king . They encounter Count Balsa , an arrogant noble , who claims the poisoner is the ambassador to the Kingdom of Mismede . Touya easily cures the king and the king 's daughter , Yumina , immediately develops a crush on him . The Mismede ambassador turns out to be Olga , the fox - girl , who had sent the king poisoned wine . Touya decides to re-enact the banquet at which the king was poisoned , only this time he requests Count Balsa drink from the king 's glass . When Balsa refuses it is revealed he had poisoned the king 's glass . Olga is declared innocent and Balsa is arrested . Yumina immediately asks her father to let her marry Touya and the king agrees . Touya manages to avoid marriage by citing his and Yumina 's young age so the king decides on a 2 year engagement , after which if Touya is still not in love with Yumina the wedding will be cancelled with no hard feelings . Yumina joins Touya 's team and teaches him summoning magic . Touya manages to summon a powerful tiger spirit called the White Monarch , whom he forges a pact with and renames her Kohaku . 5 `` Slime Castle , and New Functions '' `` Suraimu Kyassuru , Soshite Shin Kinō . '' ( スライム キャッスル 、 そして 新 機能 . ) August 8 , 2017 Touya is hired to investigate a magician researching Slime Beasts , something the girls are reluctant to do since Slimes dissolve clothing . They encounter numerous slimes and discover the magician had created a slime capable of transforming into a harem of beautiful girls before dying of old age . The girls , already angry at having their clothes dissolved , burn his castle to the ground along with all his research . Later Touya helps Yae return a lost girl to her mother by combining a Null search spell with the maps on his smartphone . Yae asks him to search for her brother and is happy to learn he is safe at her family dojo . She becomes embarrassed when she realises Touya resembles her brother . While experimenting with his smartphone and Null magic Touya helps Linze perform a new water bomb spell . While shopping with Elze , Touya sees her admiring a dress and buys it for her , so the other girls all insist he buy them something as well . Touya receives a letter from the royal capital informing him he is to be made a Knight as thanks for finding the culprit behind the kings poisoning . 6 `` Moving , and a Dragon '' `` Hikkoshi , Soshite Doragon . '' ( 引っ越し 、 そして ドラゴン . ) August 15 , 2017 Touya turns down the offer of a knighthood and is given ownership of a large mansion instead . Touya asks all four girls to move in with him , which embarrasses them as they assumed the king intended the mansion to be for Touya and his future wife . They mistakenly assume this is Touya 's way of saying he will one day marry all four of them , which they are happy to agree to . Duke Ortlinde asks Touya to travel to Mismede to open a portal to allow the King to reach Mismede safely for his meeting with Mismede 's king . Touya realises one of their guards , Sir Lyon , is in love with Olga , and subtly helps him choose a gift Olga would like . A black dragon appears and burns a nearby town . Touya and his team kill the dragon with help from someone hiding in the forest . They are approached by a red dragon that apologises for not getting there in time to help . He is surprised that a human is powerful enough to be Kohaku 's master . Kohaku tells him to tell the Azure Monarch ( presumably the dragon king ) , to keep better control of his children . Touya falls asleep and awakens later with his head in Yumina 's lap , Yumina having won in rock - paper - scissors against the others for the chance to be his pillow . 7 `` Nation of Beastmen , and an Observer '' `` Shishi jin no kuni , soshite kanshi sha . '' ( 獣 人 の 国 、 そして 監視 者 . ) August 22 , 2017 Touya 's party arrive at Mismede 's capital and attend an audience with the king . During the audience the King asks Touya to duel with him . During the duel , the king reveals his own Null magic , `` Accel '' , that gives him enhanced speed , which Touya learns to use and by combining both `` Accel '' and `` Boost '' , defeats him . At night , Touya has an encounter with a fairy named Leen who is more than 600 years old who then teaches Touya the `` Program '' spell , that infuses objects with pre-determined magical properties . After Touya demonstrate his own `` Program '' skill , Leen who was impressed with Touya 's skill offers to teach him more magic , but he declines . The next day , Touya , accompained by Linze and Yumina , buys some materials to create a pistol sword , using `` Program '' to infuse it with auto - reload and blade - extending features . Both girls ask him to create firearms for them , which he does . On their way back , Touya realizes that he is being followed and briefly separates from Linze and Yumina to confront their stalkers , who are revealed to be spies sent by the king to watch and protect Yumina . They are also the ones who secretly helped them against the dragon . At their request , Touya promises to keep it a secret from the others , while Leen decides that she is not giving up on Touya so easily . Later at night , Touya opens a portal to Belfast , allowing both kings to have their meet with each other . 8 `` Daily Life , and Onward to Eashen '' `` Hibi no kurashi , sorede īzen e . '' ( 日々 の 暮らし 、 それで イーゼン へ . ) August 29 , 2017 After returning from Mismede , Touya uses his powers to create a bicycle for himself , but when the girls and Alfred show interest in it , he ends up making enough for all of them to ride . Sometime later , Touya goes to the city to buy some supplies when he finds a little girl being beaten for stealing . After driving away the attackers , Touya invites the girl to work as a maid in his mansion , and she accepts , promising that she will not steal again . Later on , Leen appears at the mansion and asks for Touya 's help , as she needs him to open a gate to Yae 's homeland , Eashen , for her to travel there . However , Touya can not open gates to places he has not seen yet , and Leen teaches him another Null spell that allows him to access Yae 's memories of Eashen , allowing him to open a gate there . Yae then travels along with Touya and the others back to her homeland . 9 `` Oedo , and the Immortal Gem '' `` Oedo , soshite fushi no hōgyoku . '' ( オエド 、 そして 不死 の 宝玉 . ) September 5 , 2017 Using Recall and Gate to go to Eashen , Touya and gang arrive and go to Yae 's house where they were told that her father and brother are fighting in a war . Using Touya 's abilities they quickly find both and Touya helps by defeating the Undead Oni Masked Soldiers , after being thanked by Tokugawa , Tsubaki comes out from the shadows and asks for help to save the Takeda 's as Kansukay had betrayed Shingen , Touya agrees with Leen following . After arriving they free 3 other generals and save Shingen who was under the control of Kansukay 's eye which was stolen with Aports and broken this leads to Kansukay dying . After helping the Takeda family , Baba helps Touya by using Recall and Gate to let Touya go to an island near the Ancient Ruins that Leen was looking for . 10 `` Ocean , and Vacations '' `` Umi , soshite bakansu . '' ( 海 、 そして バカンス . ) September 12 , 2017 After using Gate to travel to an Island nearby the Ancient Ruins , Touya invites his friends for a day of swimming at the beach . During this Touya tries to go diving towards the Ancient Ruins but it is too far without him drowning in the process , Kohaku then helps Touya summon Black Emperor who then was beaten by Touya they are then named Sango ( Turtle ) and Kokuyou ( Snake ) who help Touya reach the Ancient Ruins but then they are soon met with a maid in the Garden of Babylon . 11 `` Panties , and an Aerial Garden '' `` Pantsu , soshite kūchū teien . '' ( ぱんつ 、 そして 空中 庭園 . ) September 19 , 2017 12 `` Decisions , and With My Smartphone '' `` Ketsudan , soshite sumāto fon totomoni . '' ( 決断 、 そして スマートフォン とともに . ) September 26 , 2017 Touya and Gang arrive back at the mansion with Francesca . Afterwards Yumina helps Linze become one of Touya 's brides . The next morning came with Yae and Elze also becoming Touya 's brides . With this Touya then goes to the Garden which then he talks to Regina Babylon the Professor who made Babylon . After this Touya seeks help about his love interests with Kami and The God Of Love . Touya then returns to the mansion with him telling his brides that he is not ready to marry all of them . Reception ( edit ) The series has seen considerable popularity on the Shōsetsuka ni Narō website , having been viewed over 100,000,000 times in total . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ All English episode titles are taken from Crunchyroll . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` In Another World With My Smartphone Anime Reveals Cast , Theme Song Artists , July 11 Debut '' . Anime News Network . May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Summer 2017 SimulDubs on FunimationNow ! '' . Funimation . July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` That 's me tormenting @ JoshGrelle yet again . '' . Twitter.com . September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 異 世界 は スマートフォン とともに . '' . ncode.syosetu.com ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` J - Novel Club Licenses In Another World With My Smartphone Novel '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` 異 世界 は スマートフォン とともに. 1 '' . HJ Novels ( in Japanese ) . Hobby Japan . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 異 世界 は スマートフォン とともに. 2 '' . HJ Novels ( in Japanese ) . Hobby Japan . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 異 世界 は スマートフォン とともに. 3 '' . HJ Novels ( in Japanese ) . Hobby Japan . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 異 世界 は スマートフォン とともに. 4 '' . HJ Novels ( in Japanese ) . Hobby Japan . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 異 世界 は スマートフォン とともに. 5 '' . HJ Novels ( in Japanese ) . Hobby Japan . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 異 世界 は スマートフォン とともに. 6 '' . HJ Novels ( in Japanese ) . Hobby Japan . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 異 世界 は スマートフォン とともに. 7 '' . HJ Novels ( in Japanese ) . Hobby Japan . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 異 世界 は スマートフォン とともに. 8 '' . HJ Novels ( in Japanese ) . Hobby Japan . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 異 世界 は スマートフォン とともに. 9 '' . HJ Novels ( in Japanese ) . Hobby Japan . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 異 世界 は スマートフォン とともに. 10 '' . HJ Novels ( in Japanese ) . Hobby Japan . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` In Another World With My Smartphone Light Novels Get Summer TV Anime '' . Anime News Network . March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Crunchyroll to Stream New Game ! ! Season 2 , In Another World With My Smartphone Anime '' . Anime News Network . July 11 , 2017 . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation to Stream Simuldub for In Another World With My Smartphone '' . Anime News Network . July 18 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harem Light Novel `` Isekai wa Smartphone to Tomoni . '' Gets TV Anime Adaptation This Summer `` . Crunchyroll . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 27 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( in Japanese ) Official Anime Website ( in Japanese ) In Another World With My Smartphone ( light novel ) at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia Ashi Productions / Production Reed TV series Blocker Gundan 4 Machine Blaster ( 1976 -- 1977 ) Monchhichi Twins ( 1980 ) Space Warrior Baldios ( 1980 -- 1981 ) GoShogun ( 1981 ) Magical Princess Minky Momo ( 1982 -- 1983 ) Special Armored Battalion Dorvack ( 1983 -- 1984 ) Dancouga -- Super Beast Machine God ( 1985 ) Machine Robo : Revenge of Cronos ( 1986 -- 1987 ) Machine Robo : Battle Hackers ( 1987 ) Ironfist Chinmi ( 1988 ) Sonic Soldier Borgman ( 1988 ) Idol Densetsu Eriko ( 1989 -- 1990 ) Time Travel Tondekeman ( 1989 -- 1990 ) Idol Angel Yokoso Yoko ( 1990 -- 1991 ) NG Knight Ramune & 40 ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Magical Angel Sweet Mint ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Jankenman ( 1991 -- 1992 ) Magical Princess Minky Momo : Hold on to Your Dreams ( 1991 -- 1992 ) Floral Magician Mary Bell ( 1992 -- 1993 ) Macross 7 ( 1994 -- 1995 ) Blue Seed ( 1994 -- 1995 ) Mega Man ( 1994 -- 1995 ) Jura Tripper ( 1995 ) H2 ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Skysurfer Strike Force ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Kaiketsu Zorro ( 1996 -- 1997 ) VS Knight Ramune & 40 Fire ( 1996 ) All Purpose Cultural Cat Girl Nuku Nuku ( 1998 ) Beast Wars II : Super Life - Form Transformers ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Cyber Team in Akihabara ( 1998 ) Super Life - Form Transformers : Beast Wars Neo ( 1999 ) Cybuster ( 1999 ) F - Zero : GP Legend ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Ultra Maniac ( 2003 ) Jūsō Kikō Dancouga Nova ( 2007 ) Onsen Yōsei Hakone - chan ( 2015 ) Rainbow Days ( 2016 ) In Another World With My Smartphone ( 2017 ) Films Space Warrior Baldios ( 1981 ) GoShogun ( 1982 ) GoShogun : The Time Étranger ( 1985 ) Vampire Hunter D ( 1985 ) Ai City ( 1986 ) Sonic Soldier Borgman : The Final Battle ( 1989 ) Sonic Soldier Borgman : Lover 's Rain ( 1990 ) Sword for Truth ( 1990 ) Floral Magician Mary Bell : The Key of Phoenix ( co-production with Shochiku and Toho ) ( 1992 ) Floral Magician Mary Bell : Mary Bell 's Traffic Safety ( 1993 ) Floral Magician Mary Bell : Mary Bell 's Fire Prevention : What to Do When an Earthquake Occurs ( 1993 ) Beast Wars II : Lio Convoy 's Close Call ! 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3790227501167334725 | Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2017–18 | Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2017 -- 18 - Wikipedia Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2017 -- 18 Jump to : navigation , search Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2017 -- 18 South Africa India Dates 5 January 2018 -- 24 February 2018 Captains Faf du Plessis ( Tests and ODIs ) JP Duminy ( T20Is ) Virat Kohli Test series Result South Africa won the 3 - match series 2 -- 1 Most runs AB de Villiers ( 211 ) Virat Kohli ( 286 ) Most wickets Vernon Philander ( 15 ) Kagiso Rabada ( 15 ) Mohammed Shami ( 15 ) Player of the series Vernon Philander ( SA ) One Day International series Results India won the 6 - match series 5 -- 1 Most runs Hashim Amla ( 154 ) Virat Kohli ( 558 ) Most wickets Lungi Ngidi ( 8 ) Kuldeep Yadav ( 17 ) Player of the series Virat Kohli ( Ind ) Twenty20 International series Results India won the 3 - match series 2 -- 1 Most runs JP Duminy ( 122 ) Shikhar Dhawan ( 143 ) Most wickets Junior Dala ( 7 ) Bhuvneshwar Kumar ( 7 ) Player of the series Bhuvneshwar Kumar ( Ind ) The India cricket team toured South Africa in January and February 2018 to play three Tests , six One Day Internationals ( ODIs ) and three Twenty20 International ( T20I ) matches . In January 2017 , Cricket South Africa ( CSA ) revealed that this tour would replace the scheduled visit by Sri Lanka due to costs and scheduling congestion . The Test series was played for the Freedom Trophy , with South Africa winning the trophy following victories in the first two Tests . South Africa went on to win the Test series 2 -- 1 . It was the first Test series of three matches or more in which all 40 wickets fell in each match of the series . With India 's win the third Test , they retained the number one place in the ICC Test Championship , taking an unassailable lead before the April 2018 cut - off date for next season 's rankings . In August 2017 , it was announced that the traditional Boxing Day Test at Kingsmead will not take place , as India 's home series against Sri Lanka will not conclude until 24 December 2017 . The following month it was announced that tour would likely to start on 5 January 2018 . CSA confirmed the fixtures in September 2017 . Before the Test matches , India were scheduled to play in a two - day warm - up match at Boland Park , Paarl . However , this was cancelled , as India opted to do training sessions instead of the match . The Test series marked Dale Steyn 's return to international cricket . He last played in a Test match for South Africa in November 2016 against Australia in Perth , where he suffered a shoulder injury . However , on day two of the first Test , Steyn damaged his left heel . This ruled him out of the rest of the Test , with a recovery time of 4 to 6 weeks . Two days later , he was ruled out of the rest of the series . During the first ODI , South Africa 's captain , Faf du Plessis , suffered a finger injury and was ruled out of the remaining ODI matches . Aiden Markram was named as South Africa 's captain for the remaining ODI fixtures , becoming the second - youngest South African to lead South Africa in ODIs . India ensured an ODI series victory after beating South Africa by 73 runs in the fifth match , after they had already won the first three fixtures . This resulted in India 's first ODI series win in South Africa , with India maintaining their number one ranking in the ICC ODI Championship . India went on to win the ODI series 5 -- 1 . Virat Kohli scored the most runs in a bilateral ODI series by a player , with 558 . India were also victorious in the T20I matches , winning the series 2 -- 1 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Squads 2 Test series 2.1 1st Test 2.2 2nd Test 2.3 3rd Test 3 ODI series 3.1 1st ODI 3.2 2nd ODI 3.3 3rd ODI 3.4 4th ODI 3.5 5th ODI 3.6 6th ODI 4 T20I series 4.1 1st T20I 4.2 2nd T20I 4.3 3rd T20I 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Squads ( edit ) Tests ODIs T20Is South Africa India South Africa India South Africa India Faf du Plessis ( c ) Hashim Amla Temba Bavuma Theunis de Bruyn Quinton de Kock ( wk ) AB de Villiers Dean Elgar Keshav Maharaj Aiden Markram Morné Morkel Chris Morris Duanne Olivier Lungi Ngidi Andile Phehlukwayo Vernon Philander Kagiso Rabada Dale Steyn Virat Kohli ( c ) Ajinkya Rahane ( vc ) Ravichandran Ashwin Jasprit Bumrah Shikhar Dhawan Ravindra Jadeja Dinesh Karthik Bhuvneshwar Kumar Hardik Pandya Parthiv Patel Cheteshwar Pujara K.L. Rahul Wriddhiman Saha ( wk ) Mohammed Shami Ishant Sharma Rohit Sharma Murali Vijay Umesh Yadav Faf du Plessis ( c ) Hashim Amla Farhaan Behardien Quinton de Kock ( wk ) AB de Villiers JP Duminy Imran Tahir Heinrich Klaasen Aiden Markram David Miller Morné Morkel Chris Morris Lungi Ngidi Andile Phehlukwayo Kagiso Rabada Tabraiz Shamsi Khaya Zondo Virat Kohli ( c ) Rohit Sharma ( vc ) Jasprit Bumrah Yuzvendra Chahal Shikhar Dhawan MS Dhoni ( wk ) Shreyas Iyer Kedar Jadhav Dinesh Karthik Bhuvneshwar Kumar Manish Pandey Hardik Pandya Axar Patel Ajinkya Rahane Mohammed Shami Shardul Thakur Kuldeep Yadav JP Duminy ( c ) Farhaan Behardien Junior Dala AB de Villiers Reeza Hendricks Christiaan Jonker Heinrich Klaasen ( wk ) David Miller Chris Morris Dane Paterson Aaron Phangiso Andile Phehlukwayo Tabraiz Shamsi JJ Smuts Virat Kohli ( c ) Rohit Sharma ( vc ) Jasprit Bumrah Yuzvendra Chahal Shikhar Dhawan MS Dhoni ( wk ) Bhuvneshwar Kumar Dinesh Karthik Manish Pandey Hardik Pandya Axar Patel K.L. Rahul Suresh Raina Shardul Thakur Jaydev Unadkat Kuldeep Yadav Duanne Olivier and Lungi Ngidi were added to South Africa 's squad for the second Test after Dale Steyn suffered an injury during the first Test . Dinesh Karthik was called up as replacement to India 's Test squad for Wriddhiman Saha after Saha was ruled out of the series due to an injury in training . Temba Bavuma suffered a finger injury in a domestic one - day game and was ruled out of South Africa 's squad ahead of the third and final Test . South Africa 's AB de Villiers was ruled out of first three ODIs due to a finger injury . He was added back into South Africa 's squad for the final three matches . Following the first ODI , Faf du Plessis was ruled out of South Africa 's squad for the remaining ODI matches and the T20I series , after suffering a finger injury . Du Plessis was replaced by Farhaan Behardien in the ODI squad and Heinrich Klaasen was added to South Africa 's squad as a reserve wicket - keeper . Aiden Markram was named as captain of South Africa for the remaining ODIs in du Plessis ' absence . South Africa 's Quinton de Kock suffered an injury during the second ODI and was ruled out of the rest of the ODI matches and the T20I series . AB de Villiers was ruled out of South Africa 's squad for the T20I series after suffering an injury before the fifth ODI match . Test series ( edit ) 1st Test ( edit ) 5 -- 9 January 2018 Scorecard South Africa India 286 ( 73.1 overs ) AB de Villiers 65 ( 84 ) Bhuvneshwar Kumar 4 / 87 ( 19 overs ) 209 ( 73.4 overs ) Hardik Pandya 93 ( 95 ) Vernon Philander 3 / 33 ( 14.3 overs ) 130 ( 41.2 overs ) AB de Villiers 35 ( 50 ) Mohammed Shami 3 / 28 ( 12 overs ) 135 ( 42.4 overs ) Ravichandran Ashwin 37 ( 53 ) Vernon Philander 6 / 42 ( 15.4 overs ) South Africa won by 72 runs Newlands Cricket Ground , Cape Town Umpires : Michael Gough ( Eng ) and Richard Kettleborough ( Eng ) Player of the match : Vernon Philander ( SA ) South Africa won the toss and elected to bat . No play was possible on day 3 due to rain . Jasprit Bumrah ( Ind ) made his Test debut . Wriddhiman Saha became the first wicket - keeper for India to take ten catches in a single Test . 2nd Test ( edit ) 13 -- 17 January 2018 Scorecard South Africa India 335 ( 113.5 overs ) Aiden Markram 94 ( 150 ) Ravichandran Ashwin 4 / 113 ( 38.5 overs ) 307 ( 92.1 overs ) Virat Kohli 153 ( 217 ) Morné Morkel 4 / 60 ( 22.1 overs ) 258 ( 91.3 overs ) AB de Villiers 80 ( 121 ) Mohammed Shami 4 / 49 ( 16 overs ) 151 ( 50.2 overs ) Rohit Sharma 47 ( 74 ) Lungi Ngidi 6 / 39 ( 12.2 overs ) South Africa won by 135 runs SuperSport Park , Centurion Umpires : Michael Gough ( Eng ) and Paul Reiffel ( Aus ) Player of the match : Lungi Ngidi ( SA ) South Africa won the toss and elected to bat . Rain and bad light ended play early on day 3 . Lungi Ngidi ( SA ) made his Test debut . Mohammed Shami ( Ind ) took his 100th wicket in Tests . Cheteshwar Pujara became the first batsman for India to be run out in both innings of a Test . Lungi Ngidi became the 23rd bowler for South Africa to take a five - wicket haul on Test debut . 3rd Test ( edit ) 24 -- 28 January 2018 Scorecard India South Africa 187 ( 76.4 overs ) Virat Kohli 54 ( 106 ) Kagiso Rabada 3 / 39 ( 18.4 overs ) 194 ( 65.5 overs ) Hashim Amla 61 ( 121 ) Jasprit Bumrah 5 / 54 ( 18.5 overs ) 247 ( 80.1 overs ) Ajinkya Rahane 48 ( 68 ) Morné Morkel 3 / 47 ( 21 overs ) 177 ( 73.3 overs ) Dean Elgar 86 * ( 240 ) Mohammed Shami 5 / 28 ( 12.3 overs ) India won by 63 runs Wanderers Stadium , Johannesburg Umpires : Aleem Dar ( Pak ) and Ian Gould ( Eng ) Player of the match : Bhuvneshwar Kumar ( Ind ) India won the toss and elected to bat . Vernon Philander ( SA ) played in his 50th Test . Jasprit Bumrah ( Ind ) took his first five - wicket haul in Tests . Virat Kohli became the leading run - scorer as captain of India in Tests ( 3,456 ) . Dean Elgar became the first South African to carry his bat twice in Tests since 1992 . ODI series ( edit ) 1st ODI ( edit ) 1 February 2018 13 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard South Africa 269 / 8 ( 50 overs ) India 270 / 4 ( 45.3 overs ) Faf du Plessis 120 ( 112 ) Kuldeep Yadav 3 / 34 ( 10 overs ) Virat Kohli 112 ( 119 ) Andile Phehlukwayo 2 / 42 ( 8 overs ) India won by 6 wickets Kingsmead Cricket Ground , Durban Umpires : Ian Gould ( Eng ) and Bongani Jele ( SA ) Player of the match : Virat Kohli ( Ind ) South Africa won the toss and elected to bat . 2nd ODI ( edit ) 4 February 2018 10 : 00 Scorecard South Africa 118 ( 32.2 overs ) India 119 / 1 ( 20.3 overs ) JP Duminy 25 ( 39 ) Yuzvendra Chahal 5 / 22 ( 8.2 overs ) Shikhar Dhawan 51 * ( 56 ) Kagiso Rabada 1 / 24 ( 5 overs ) India won by 9 wickets SuperSport Park , Centurion Umpires : Aleem Dar ( Pak ) and Adrian Holdstock ( SA ) Player of the match : Yuzvendra Chahal ( Ind ) India won the toss and elected to field . Khaya Zondo ( SA ) made his ODI debut . Aiden Markram became the second - youngest player to captain South Africa in ODIs . This was South Africa 's lowest total at home in ODIs . Yuzvendra Chahal ( Ind ) took his first five - wicket haul in ODIs . His figures of 5 / 22 were the second - best by any spinner in South Africa after Nicky Boje 's 5 / 21 in 2002 . This was India 's biggest winning margin against South Africa in ODIs , in terms of wickets ( 9 ) . 3rd ODI ( edit ) 7 February 2018 13 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard India 303 / 6 ( 50 overs ) South Africa 179 ( 40 overs ) Virat Kohli 160 * ( 159 ) JP Duminy 2 / 60 ( 10 overs ) JP Duminy 51 ( 67 ) Kuldeep Yadav 4 / 23 ( 9 overs ) India won by 124 runs Newlands Cricket Ground , Cape Town Umpires : Ian Gould ( Eng ) and Adrian Holdstock ( SA ) Player of the match : Virat Kohli ( Ind ) South Africa won the toss and elected to field . Heinrich Klaasen and Lungi Ngidi ( SA ) both made their ODI debuts . Virat Kohli ( Ind ) scored his 34th ODI century and most as captain of India in ODIs ( 12 ) . MS Dhoni became the first wicket - keeper for India to effect 400 dismissals in ODIs . This was India 's biggest win , in terms of runs , against South Africa in South Africa . 4th ODI ( edit ) 10 February 2018 13 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard India 289 / 7 ( 50 overs ) South Africa 207 / 5 ( 25.3 overs ) Shikhar Dhawan 109 ( 105 ) Lungi Ngidi 2 / 52 ( 10 overs ) Heinrich Klaasen 43 * ( 27 ) Kuldeep Yadav 2 / 51 ( 6 overs ) South Africa won by 5 wickets ( D / L method ) Wanderers Stadium , Johannesburg Umpires : Aleem Dar ( Pak ) and Bongani Jele ( SA ) Player of the match : Heinrich Klaasen ( SA ) India won the toss and elected to bat . Rain set South Africa a revised target of 202 runs from 28 overs . Shikhar Dhawan ( Ind ) played in his 100th ODI and became the first batsman for India to score a century in his 100th ODI . 5th ODI ( edit ) 13 February 2018 13 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard India 274 / 7 ( 50 overs ) South Africa 201 ( 42.2 overs ) Rohit Sharma 115 ( 126 ) Lungi Ngidi 4 / 51 ( 9 overs ) Hashim Amla 71 ( 92 ) Kuldeep Yadav 4 / 57 ( 10 overs ) India won by 73 runs St. George 's Park , Port Elizabeth Umpires : Shaun George ( SA ) and Ian Gould ( Eng ) Player of the match : Rohit Sharma ( Ind ) South Africa won the toss and elected to field . 6th ODI ( edit ) 16 February 2018 13 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard South Africa 204 ( 46.5 oves ) India 206 / 2 ( 32.1 overs ) Khaya Zondo 54 ( 74 ) Shardul Thakur 4 / 52 ( 8.5 overs ) Virat Kohli 129 * ( 96 ) Lungi Ngidi 2 / 54 ( 8 overs ) India won by 8 wickets SuperSport Park , Centurion Umpires : Aleem Dar ( Pak ) and Shaun George ( SA ) Player of the match : Virat Kohli ( Ind ) India won the toss and elected to field . Virat Kohli ( Ind ) scored his 35th century in ODIs . Virat Kohli also became the fastest player , in terms of innings , to score 17,000 runs in international cricket ( 363 ) . Virat Kohli scored the most runs in a bilateral ODI series by a player ( 558 ) . T20I series ( edit ) 1st T20I ( edit ) 18 February 2018 14 : 30 Scorecard India 203 / 5 ( 20 overs ) South Africa 175 / 9 ( 20 overs ) Shikhar Dhawan 72 ( 39 ) Junior Dala 2 / 47 ( 4 overs ) Reeza Hendricks 70 ( 50 ) Bhuvneshwar Kumar 5 / 24 ( 4 overs ) India won by 28 runs Wanderers Stadium , Johannesburg Umpires : Shaun George ( SA ) and Adrian Holdstock ( SA ) Player of the match : Bhuvneshwar Kumar ( Ind ) South Africa won the toss and elected to field . Junior Dala and Heinrich Klaasen ( SA ) both made their T20I debuts . This was India 's highest total against South Africa in T20Is . Bhuvneshwar Kumar ( Ind ) took his first five - wicket haul in T20Is . 2nd T20I ( edit ) 21 February 2018 18 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard India 188 / 4 ( 20 overs ) South Africa 189 / 4 ( 18.4 overs ) Manish Pandey 79 * ( 48 ) Junior Dala 2 / 28 ( 4 overs ) Heinrich Klaasen 69 ( 30 ) Jaydev Unadkat 2 / 42 ( 3.4 overs ) South Africa won by 6 wickets SuperSport Park , Centurion Umpires : Bongani Jele ( SA ) and Allahudien Paleker ( SA ) Player of the match : Heinrich Klaasen ( SA ) South Africa won the toss and elected to field . Shardul Thakur ( Ind ) made his T20I debut . Yuzvendra Chahal conceded the most runs by an Indian bowler in a T20I . 3rd T20I ( edit ) 24 February 2018 18 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard India 172 / 7 ( 20 overs ) South Africa 165 / 6 ( 20 overs ) Shikhar Dhawan 47 ( 40 ) Junior Dala 3 / 35 ( 4 overs ) JP Duminy 55 ( 41 ) Bhuvneshwar Kumar 2 / 24 ( 4 overs ) India won by 7 runs Newlands Cricket Ground , Cape Town Umpires : Shaun George ( SA ) and Bongani Jele ( SA ) Player of the match : Suresh Raina ( Ind ) South Africa won the toss and elected to field . Christiaan Jonker ( SA ) made his T20I debut . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Aiden Markram was named as South Africa 's captain , after Faf du Plessis was injured in the first ODI . Jump up ^ Rohit Sharma captained India for the third T20I . ^ Jump up to : While five days of play were scheduled for each Test , the first and third Tests reached a result within four days . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka 's return visit could impact India 's tour to South Africa '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 29 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Unhappy BCCI Not to Play Boxing Day Test in South Africa '' . News18 . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Future Tours Programme '' ( PDF ) . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` CSA and BCCI announce India Tour Itinerary '' . Cricket South Africa . Retrieved 20 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SA invite India for 2017 - 18 instead of SL '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Debutant Ngidi 's 6 for 39 seals series for South Africa '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ruthless India finish third win in South Africa '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 27 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` A first in Test history : 120 wickets up for grabs , 120 wickets taken '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 27 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` India retain ICC Test Championship mace '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 27 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa v India : Boxing Day out , New Year likely to begin late '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 19 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa - India New Year 's Test likely from January 5 '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kingsmead not to host India Test '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CSA announces Zimbabwe and India tour itineraries '' . Cricket South Africa . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India opt out of warm - up game ahead of SA Tests '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The late reappearance of Steyn magic '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 6 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Steyn wo n't bowl further in first Test , could miss rest of series '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 6 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dale Steyn ruled out of first Test '' . Cricket South Africa . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Steyn ruled out of Newlands Test , probably series '' . Sport24 . Retrieved 6 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Steyn sidelined for remainder of India series '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Finger injury rules Du Plessis out of India ODI and T20 Series '' . Cricket South Africa . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Aiden Markram to fill in as South Africa captain '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 3 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Markram appointed captain for remainder of ODI series '' . Cricket South Africa . Retrieved 4 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Aiden Markram to fill in as South Africa 's ODI captain '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 4 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rohit , wristspin fetch India first ODI series win in SA '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` India seals number - one ODI ranking '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kohli 's 35th ODI ton helps India wallop South Africa 5 -- 1 '' . ESPN Cricinfo . 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-1392151776926210608 | Underground Railroad | Underground Railroad - wikipedia Underground Railroad Jump to : navigation , search For train transportation used underground , see Rapid transit . For other uses , see Underground Railroad ( disambiguation ) . Underground Railroad The Underground Railroad by artist Charles T. Webber , 1893 Date Late 1700s - 1865 Location Northern United States with routes to Canada , Mexico , and Caribbean Sea Participants abolitionists and fugitive , runaway slaves Outcome The massive resettlement of former African American slaves outside the United States , until the Union victory at the end of the American Civil War and the passing of the Thirteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution abolishing slavery . Deaths ? Map of various Underground Railroad escape routes in the Northern United States and Canada The Underground Railroad was a network of secret routes and safe houses established in the United States during the early - to - mid 19th century , and used by African - American slaves to escape into free states and Canada with the aid of abolitionists and allies who were sympathetic to their cause . The term is also applied to the abolitionists , both black and white , free and enslaved , who aided the fugitives . Various other routes led to Mexico or overseas . An earlier escape route running south toward Florida , then a Spanish possession , existed from the late 17th century until shortly after the American Revolution . However , the network now generally known as the Underground Railroad was formed in the late 1700s , and reached its height between 1850 and 1860 . One estimate suggests that by 1850 , 100,000 slaves had escaped via the `` Railroad '' . British North America ( present - day Canada ) , where slavery was prohibited , was a popular destination , as its long border gave many points of access . Most former slaves settled in Ontario . More than 30,000 people were said to have escaped there via the network during its 20 - year peak period , although U.S. Census figures account for only 6,000 . Numerous fugitives ' stories are documented in the 1872 book The Underground Railroad Records by William Still , an abolitionist who then headed the Philadelphia Vigilance Committee . Contents ( hide ) 1 Political background 2 Structure 3 Route 3.1 Traveling conditions 3.2 Terminology 3.3 National Underground Railroad Network 4 Folklore 5 Legal and political 6 Criticism 7 Arrival in Canada 8 Notable people 9 Related events 10 Inspirations for fiction 11 Contemporary literature 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 Further reading 15.1 Folklore and myth 16 External links Political background ( edit ) At its peak , nearly 1,000 slaves per year escaped from slave - holding states using the Underground Railroad -- more than 5,000 court cases for escaped slaves were recorded -- many fewer than the natural increase of the enslaved population . The resulting economic impact was minuscule , but the psychological influence on slaveholders was immense . Under the original Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 , officials from free states were required to assist slaveholders or their agents who recaptured runaway slaves , but citizens and governments of many free states ignored the law , and the Underground Railroad thrived . With heavy lobbying by southern politicians , the Compromise of 1850 was passed by Congress after the Mexican -- American War . It stipulated a more stringent Fugitive Slave Law ; ostensibly , the compromise addressed regional problems by compelling officials of free states to assist slave catchers , granting them immunity to operate in free states . Because the law required sparse documentation to claim a person was a fugitive , slave catchers also kidnapped free blacks , especially children , and sold them into slavery . Southern politicians often exaggerated the number of escaped slaves and often blamed these escapes on Northerners interfering with Southern property rights . The law deprived suspected slaves of the right to defend themselves in court , making it difficult to prove free status . In a de facto bribe , judges were paid a higher fee ( $10 ) for a decision that confirmed a suspect as a slave than for one ruling that the suspect was free ( $5 ) . Many Northerners who might have ignored slave issues in the South were confronted by local challenges that bound them to support slavery . This was a primary grievance cited by the Union during the American Civil War , and the perception that Northern States ignored the fugitive slave law was a major justification for secession . Structure ( edit ) See also : Vigilance committee Harriet Tubman ( photo H.B. Lindsley ) , c. 1870 . A worker on the Underground Railroad , Tubman made 13 trips to the South , helping to free over 70 people . She led people to the northern free states and Canada . This helped Harriet Tubman gain the name `` Moses of Her People '' . Quaker abolitionist Levi Coffin and his wife Catherine helped more than 2,000 slaves escape to freedom . The escape network was not literally underground nor a railroad . It was figuratively `` underground '' in the sense of being an underground resistance . It was known as a `` railroad '' by way of the use of rail terminology in the code . The Underground Railroad consisted of meeting points , secret routes , transportation , and safe houses , and personal assistance provided by abolitionist sympathizers . Participants generally organized in small , independent groups ; this helped to maintain secrecy because individuals knew some connecting `` stations '' along the route but knew few details of their immediate area . Escaped slaves would move north along the route from one way station to the next . `` Conductors '' on the railroad came from various backgrounds and included free - born blacks , white abolitionists , former slaves ( either escaped or manumitted ) , and Native Americans . Church clergy and congregations often played a role , especially the Religious Society of Friends ( Quakers ) , Congregationalists , Wesleyans , and Reformed Presbyterians , as well as certain sects of mainstream denominations such as branches of the Methodist church and American Baptists . Without the presence and support of free black residents , there would have been almost no chance for fugitive slaves to pass into freedom unmolested . Route ( edit ) To reduce the risk of infiltration , many people associated with the Underground Railroad knew only their part of the operation and not of the whole scheme . `` Conductors '' led or transported the fugitives from station to station . A conductor sometimes pretended to be a slave in order to enter a plantation . Once a part of a plantation , the conductor would direct the runaways to the North . Slaves traveled at night , about 10 -- 20 miles ( 16 -- 32 km ) to each station . They rested , and then a message was sent to the next station to let the station master know the runaways were on their way . They would stop at the so - called `` stations '' or `` depots '' during the day and rest . The stations were often located in barns , under church floors , or in hiding places in caves and hollowed - out riverbanks . The resting spots where the runaways could sleep and eat were given the code names `` stations '' and `` depots '' , which were held by `` station masters '' . `` Stockholders '' gave money or supplies for assistance . Using biblical references , fugitives referred to Canada as the `` Promised Land '' or `` Heaven '' and the Ohio River as the `` River Jordan '' , which marked the boundary between slave states and free states . Struggle for freedom in a Maryland barn . Engraving from William Still 's The Underground Rail Road , p. 50 Traveling conditions ( edit ) Eastman Johnson , A Ride for Liberty -- The Fugitive Slaves , oil on paperboard , 22 × 26.25 inches , circa 1862 , Brooklyn Museum Although the fugitives sometimes traveled on boat or train , they usually traveled on foot or by wagon in groups of one to three slaves . Some groups were considerably larger . Abolitionist Charles Turner Torrey and his colleagues rented horses and wagons and often transported as many as 15 or 20 slaves at a time . Routes were often purposely indirect to confuse pursuers . Most escapes were by individuals or small groups ; occasionally , there were mass escapes , such as with the Pearl incident . The journey was often considered particularly difficult and dangerous for women or children . Children were sometimes hard to keep quiet or were unable to keep up with a group . In addition , enslaved women were rarely allowed to leave the plantation , making it harder for them to escape in the same ways that men could . Although escaping was harder for women , some women were successful . One of the most famous and successful conductors ( people who secretly traveled into slave states to rescue those seeking freedom ) was Harriet Tubman , an escaped slave woman . Due to the risk of discovery , information about routes and safe havens was passed along by word of mouth . Southern newspapers of the day were often filled with pages of notices soliciting information about escaped slaves and offering sizable rewards for their capture and return . Federal marshals and professional bounty hunters known as slave catchers pursued fugitives as far as the Canada -- US border . Fugitives were not the only black people at risk from slavecatchers . With demand for slaves high in the Deep South as cotton was developed , strong , healthy blacks in their prime working and reproductive years were seen and treated as highly valuable commodities . Both former slaves and free blacks were sometimes kidnapped and sold into slavery , as was Solomon Northup of Saratoga Springs , New York . `` Certificates of freedom , '' signed , notarized statements attesting to the free status of individual blacks also known as free papers , could easily be destroyed or stolen , so provided little protection to bearers . Some buildings , such as the Crenshaw House in far southeastern Illinois , are known sites where free blacks were sold into slavery , known as the `` Reverse Underground Railroad '' . Under the terms of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 , when suspected fugitives were seized and brought to a special magistrate known as a commissioner , they had no right to a jury trial and could not testify in their own behalf . Technically , they were guilty of no crime . The marshal or private slave - catcher needed only to swear an oath to acquire a writ of replevin for the return of property . Congress was dominated by southern Congressmen , as apportionment was based on three - fifths of the number of slaves being counted in population totals . They passed the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 because of frustration at having fugitive slaves helped by the public and even official institutions outside the South . In some parts of the North , slave - catchers needed police protection to exercise their federal authority . Opposition to slavery did not mean that all states welcomed free blacks . For instance , Indiana , whose area along the Ohio River was settled by Southerners , passed a constitutional amendment that barred free blacks from settling in that state . Terminology ( edit ) Members of the Underground Railroad often used specific terms , based on the metaphor of the railway . For example : People who helped slaves find the railroad were `` agents '' ( or `` shepherds '' ) Guides were known as `` conductors '' Hiding places were `` stations '' or `` way stations '' `` Station masters '' hid slaves in their homes Escaped slaves were referred to as `` passengers '' or `` cargo '' Slaves would obtain a `` ticket '' Similar to common gospel lore , the `` wheels would keep on turning '' Financial benefactors of the Railroad were known as `` stockholders '' The Big Dipper ( whose `` bowl '' points to the North Star ) was known as the drinkin ' gourd . The Railroad was often known as the `` freedom train '' or `` Gospel train '' , which headed towards `` Heaven '' or `` the Promised Land '' , i.e. , Canada . William Still , sometimes called `` The Father of the Underground Railroad '' , helped hundreds of slaves to escape ( as many as 60 a month ) , sometimes hiding them in his Philadelphia home . He kept careful records , including short biographies of the people , that contained frequent railway metaphors . He maintained correspondence with many of them , often acting as a middleman in communications between escaped slaves and those left behind . He later published these accounts in the book The Underground Railroad : Authentic Narratives and First - Hand Accounts ( 1872 ) , a valuable resource for historians to understand how the system worked and learn about individual ingenuity in escapes . According to Still , messages were often encoded so that they could be understood only by those active in the railroad . For example , the following message , `` I have sent via at two o'clock four large hams and two small hams '' , indicated that four adults and two children were sent by train from Harrisburg to Philadelphia . The additional word via indicated that the `` passengers '' were not sent on the usual train , but rather via Reading , Pennsylvania . In this case , the authorities were tricked into going to the regular train station in an attempt to intercept the runaways , while Still met them at the correct station and guided them to safety . They eventually escaped either to the North or to Canada , where slavery had been abolished during the 1830s . National Underground Railroad network ( edit ) Following upon legislation passed in 1990 , in 1997 , Congress passed H.R. 1635 , which President Bill Clinton signed into law , and which authorized the United States National Park Service to establish the National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom program to identify associated sites , as well as preserve them and popularize the Underground Railroad and stories of people involved in it . The National Park Service has designated many sites within the network , posted stories about people and places , sponsors an essay contest , and holds a national conference about the Underground Railroad in May or June each year . Folklore ( edit ) Main articles : Quilts of the Underground Railroad and Songs of the Underground Railroad Since the 1980s , claims have arisen that quilt designs were used to signal and direct slaves to escape routes and assistance . According to advocates of the quilt theory , ten quilt patterns were used to direct slaves to take particular actions . The quilts were placed one at a time on a fence as a means of nonverbal communication to alert escaping slaves . The code had a dual meaning : first to signal slaves to prepare to escape , and second to give clues and indicate directions on the journey . The quilt design theory is disputed . The first published work documenting an oral history source was in 1999 , and the first publication of this theory is believed to be a 1980 children 's book . Quilt historians and scholars of pre-Civil - War America have disputed this legend . There is no contemporary evidence of any sort of quilt code , and quilt historians such as Pat Cummings and Barbara Brackman have raised serious questions about the idea . In addition , Underground Railroad historian Giles Wright has published a pamphlet debunking the quilt code . Similarly , some popular , nonacademic sources claim that spirituals and other songs , such as `` Steal Away '' or `` Follow the Drinking Gourd '' , contained coded information and helped individuals navigate the railroad . They have offered little evidence to support their claims . Scholars tend to believe that while the slave songs may certainly have expressed hope for deliverance from the sorrows of this world , these songs did not present literal help for runaway slaves . The Underground Railroad inspired cultural works . For example , `` Song of the Free '' , written in 1860 about a man fleeing slavery in Tennessee by escaping to Canada , was composed to the tune of `` Oh ! Susanna '' . Every stanza ends with a reference to Canada as the land `` where colored men are free '' . Slavery in Upper Canada ( now Ontario ) was outlawed in 1793 ; in 1819 , John Robinson , the Attorney General of Upper Canada , declared that by residing in Canada , black residents were set free , and that Canadian courts would protect their freedom . Slavery in Canada as a whole had been in rapid decline after an 1803 court ruling , and was finally abolished outright in 1834 . Legal and political ( edit ) When frictions between North and South culminated in the Civil War , many blacks , slave and free , fought for the Union Army . Following Union victory in the Civil War , on December 6 , 1865 , the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution outlawed slavery . Following its passage , in some cases the Underground Railroad operated in the opposite direction , as fugitives returned to the United States . Criticism ( edit ) Frederick Douglass , writer , statesman , and an escaped slave , wrote critically of the Underground Railroad in his seminal autobiography , Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass , an American Slave : I have never approved of the very public manner in which some of our western friends have conducted what they call the Underground Railroad , but which I think , by their open declarations , has been made most emphatically the upperground railroad . He went on to say that , although he honors the movement , he feels that the efforts serve more to enlighten the slave - owners than the slaves , making them more watchful and making it more difficult for future slaves to escape . Arrival in Canada ( edit ) International Underground Railroad Memorial in Windsor , Ontario John Brown participated in the Underground Railroad . Estimates vary widely , but at least 30,000 slaves , and potentially more than 100,000 , escaped to Canada via the Underground Railroad . The largest group settled in Upper Canada ( Ontario ) , called Canada West from 1841 . Numerous Black Canadian communities developed in Southern Ontario . These were generally in the triangular region bounded by Niagara Falls , Toronto , and Windsor . Several rural villages made up mostly of ex-slaves were established in Kent and Essex counties . Fort Malden in Amherstburg , Ontario , was deemed the `` chief place of entry '' for slaves seeking to enter Canada . The abolitionist Levi Coffin supported this assessment , describing Fort Malden as `` the great landing place , the principle terminus of the underground railroad of the west . '' After 1850 , approximately thirty fugitive slaves a day were crossing over to Fort Malden by steamboat . The Sultana was one of such ships and made `` frequent round trips '' between Great Lakes ports . Its captain , C.W. Appleby , a celebrated mariner , facilitated the conveyance of several fugitive slaves from various Lake Erie ports to Fort Malden . Another important center of population was Nova Scotia , for example Africville and other villages near Halifax ( see Black Nova Scotians ) . Many of these settlements were started by Black Loyalists after the American Revolutionary War . Important black settlements also developed in other parts of British North America ( now parts of Canada ) . These included Lower Canada ( present - day Quebec ) and Vancouver Island , where Governor James Douglas encouraged black immigration because of his opposition to slavery . He also hoped a significant black community would form a bulwark against those who wished to unite the island with the United States . Upon arriving at their destinations , many fugitives were disappointed , as life in Canada was difficult . While the British colonies had no slavery after 1834 , discrimination was still common . Many of the new arrivals had to compete with mass European immigration for jobs , and overt racism was common . For example , in reaction to Black Loyalists being settled in eastern Canada by the Crown , the city of Saint John , New Brunswick , amended its charter in 1785 specifically to exclude blacks from practicing a trade , selling goods , fishing in the harbour , or becoming freemen ; these provisions stood until 1870 . With the outbreak of the Civil War in the U.S. , many black refugees left Canada to enlist in the Union Army . While some later returned to Canada , many remained in the United States . Thousands of others returned to the American South after the war ended . The desire to reconnect with friends and family was strong , and most were hopeful about the changes emancipation and Reconstruction would bring . Notable people ( edit ) Henry Box Brown John Brown Owen Brown Samuel Burris Obadiah Bush Levi Coffin Elizabeth Rous Comstock George Corson Moses Dickson Frederick Douglass Asa Drury Calvin Fairbank Matilda Joslyn Gage Thomas Galt Thomas Garrett William Lloyd Garrison Sydney Howard Gay Josiah Bushnell Grinnell Laura Smith Haviland Lewis Hayden Josiah Henson Roger Hooker Leavitt Isaac Hopper John Hunn Jermain Wesley Loguen Samuel Joseph May John Berry Meachum Mary Meachum William M. Mitchell James Mott Lucretia Coffin Mott Solomon Northup John Parker John Wesley Posey Amy and Isaac Post John Rankin Alexander Milton Ross David Ruggles Gerrit Smith George Luther Stearns William Still Lewis Tappan Charles Turner Torrey William Troy Sojourner Truth Harriet Tubman Jonathan Walker John Greenleaf Whittier Martha Coffin Wright Joseph Parrish Thompson Related events ( edit ) 1776 -- Declaration of Independence 1793 -- Act Against Slavery 1800 -- Second Great Awakening 1820 -- Missouri Compromise 1850 -- Compromise of 1850 1850 -- Fugitive Slave Act 1851 -- Jerry Rescue 1854 -- Kansas -- Nebraska Act 1857 -- Dred Scott decision 1858 -- Oberlin -- Wellington Rescue 1860 -- Abraham Lincoln of Illinois elected the first Republican U.S. President 1861 through 1865 -- American Civil War 1863 -- Emancipation Proclamation issued by President Lincoln 1865 -- Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution Inspirations for Fiction ( edit ) The Underground Railroad was the inspiration for a faction in Fallout 4 , the Railroad , consisting of safehouses for synthetic humanoids who escaped another faction known as the Institute . The Underground Railroad is a 2016 novel by Colson Whitehead . It won the 2016 National Book Award and the 2017 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction . Underground is an American television series that premiered in 2016 , on WGN America . Contemporary literature ( edit ) David Walker ( 1829 ) Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World Harriet Beecher Stowe ( 1852 ) Uncle Tom 's Cabin Caroline Lee Hentz ( 1854 ) The Planter 's Northern Bride William M. Mitchell ( 1860 ) The Under - Ground Railroad Sarah Hopkins Bradford ( 1869 ) Scenes in the Life of Harriet Tubman ; ( 1896 ) Harriet Tubman , Moses of Her People See also ( edit ) African American portal Ausable Chasm , NY , home of the North Star Underground Railroad Museum Bilger 's Rocks Fort Mose Historic State Park List of Underground Railroad sites Reverse Underground Railroad Slave codes The Holocaust in Norway # Escape to Sweden , an `` underground railroad '' during the Holocaust in Norway Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ National Geographic Society ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Underground Railroad '' . dictionary.com . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . ' A network of houses and other places abolitionists used to help enslaved Africans escape to freedom in the northern states or in Canada ... ' -- American Heritage Dictionary Jump up ^ `` The Underground Railroad '' . Public Broadcasting Service . Retrieved July 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Purpose and Background '' . Taking the Train to Freedom . National Park Service . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 Jump up ^ Smith , Bruce ( March 18 , 2012 ) . `` For a century , Underground Railroad ran south '' . Google News . Associated Press . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2012 . Retrieved March 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Vox , Lisa , `` How Did Slaves Resist Slavery ? '' , African - American History , About.com , Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Settling Canada Underground Railroad '' . Historica . Between 1840 and 1860 , more than 30,000 American slaves came secretly to Canada and freedom Jump up ^ `` From slavery to freedom '' Archived July 13 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , The Grapevine , pp. 3 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Jr , Deborah Gray White , Mia Bay , Waldo E. Martin ( 2013 ) . Freedom on My Mind : A History of African Americans , with documents . Boston : Bedford / St. Martin 's . p. 287 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 64883 - 1 . Jump up ^ Potter , David , 1976 pp. 132 -- 139 Jump up ^ Bordewich , Fergus , 2005 , p. 324 Jump up ^ Gara , Larry . Underground Railroad . National Park Service . p. 8 . Jump up ^ Douglass , Frederick ( July 5 , 1852 ) , `` The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro '' , History Is a Weapon , Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Potter , David , 1976 , p. 139 Jump up ^ `` Avalon Project - Confederate States of America - Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union '' . Avalon.law.yale.edu . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Larson , p. xvii . Jump up ^ Blight , David , 2004 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Society , National Geographic ( 2011 - 11 - 16 ) . `` The Underground Railroad '' . National Geographic Society . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Pinsker , Matthew ( 2000 ) . Vigilance in Pennsylvania : Underground Railroad Activities in the Keystone State , 1837 -- 1861 . Lancaster : PHMC . Jump up ^ `` Underground Railroad Codes '' ( PDF ) . Myths and Codes of the Underground Railroad . Safe Passage . Greater Cincinnati Television Educational Foundation . p. 20 . Retrieved June 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dictated by Robert Jackson a.k.a. Wesley Harris on 2 November 1853 . `` Engravings by Bensell , Schell , and others . '' Jump up ^ Bordewich , Fergus , 2005 , p. 236 Jump up ^ Torrey , E. Fuller ( 2013 ) . The Martyrdom of Abolitionist Charles Torrey . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press . Jump up ^ Blackett , Richard ( October 2014 ) . `` The Underground Railroad and the Struggle Against Slavery '' . History Workshop Journal . 78 ( 1 ) : 279 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Wellington , Darryl Lorenzo ( January 20 , 2004 ) . `` The most famous abductor on the Underground Railroad '' . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Underground Railroad - Black History - HISTORY.com '' . HISTORY.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Potter , David , 1976 , p. 133 Jump up ^ Blight , David , 2004 , p. 98 Jump up ^ `` History - National Underground Railroad Freedom Center '' . Freedomcenter.org . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Blight , David , 2004 , p. 175 Jump up ^ Still , William ( 1872 ) . The Underground Railroad : Authentic Narratives and First - Hand Accounts . ASIN B00264GNTU . Jump up ^ https://www.nps.gov/subjects/ugrr/index.htm Jump up ^ Williams , Ozella McDaniels , 1999 . Jump up ^ Aronson , Marc ( April 1 , 2007 ) . `` History That Never Happened '' . School Library Journal . Retrieved March 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stukin , Stacie . `` Unravelling the Myth of Quilts and the Underground Railroad '' . Time.com . Time . Retrieved 18 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelley , James ( April 2008 ) . `` Song , Story , or History : Resisting Claims of a Coded Message in the African American Spiritual ' Follow the Drinking Gourd ' '' . The Journal of Popular Culture . 41 ( 2 ) : 262 -- 280 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1540 - 5931.2008. 00502. x . Jump up ^ `` Black History - From Slavery to Settlement '' . Archives.gov.on.ca . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mark Lardas , African American Soldier in the Civil War : USCT , 1862 - 66 Jump up ^ Ann Heinrichs , The Underground Railroad Jump up ^ Gindy , Gaye E. ( 2008 ) . The Underground Railroad and Sylvania 's Historic Lathrop House . p. 20 . ISBN 9781434367617 . Jump up ^ Douglass , Frederick . ( 1845 ) Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass . Dover Publications . Chapter 11 . Jump up ^ Bordewich , Fergus , 2005 , p. 379 Jump up ^ Fred Landon , `` Amherstburg , Terminus of the Underground Railroad , '' The Journal of Negro History 10 , no. 1 ( 1925 ) : 5 . ^ Jump up to : Tom Calarco , Places of the Underground Railroad : A Geographical Guide ( Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO , LLC , 2011 ) Jump up ^ `` Arrival of the Black Loyalists : Saint John 's Black Community '' Archived May 19 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , Heritage Resources Saint John Jump up ^ William Still , `` George Corson , '' The Underground Rail Road , ( Philadelphia : Porter & Coates , 1872 ) , pp. 721 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Letters : Underground Railroad site threatened in Montco '' . Articles.philly.com . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kwame Anthony Appiah and Henry Louis Gates Jr , Africana : The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience , Oxford University Press , 1999 ISBN 978 - 0195170559 Jump up ^ `` Aboard the Underground Railroad '' - Boston African American NHS . Nps.gov ( 1962 - 09 - 05 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2011 . Retrieved December 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` For the People : A Newsletter of the Abraham Lincoln Association v. 8 number 1 Spring 2006 , Springfield , Illinois '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Foner pg. 155 - 159 Jump up ^ Foner pg. 9 - 10 Jump up ^ Carlarco pg. 144 - 152 Jump up ^ Calarco p. 153 Jump up ^ Calarco p. 290 Jump up ^ Foner pg. 57 - 58 , 88 - 90 Jump up ^ Foner p 156 Jump up ^ Foner p. 180 Jump up ^ Foner pg. 146 - 147 Jump up ^ `` Mary Meachum and the Underground Railroad '' . St. Louis Public Radio . October 9 , 2012 . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Calarco pg. 210 -- 211 ^ Jump up to : Foner p. 143 Jump up ^ Calarco pg. 222 - 224 Jump up ^ Calarco pg. 225 - 228 Jump up ^ Calarco pg. 236 - 238 Jump up ^ Calarco pg. 242 - 250 Jump up ^ Foner pg. 2 - 3 Jump up ^ Foner pg. 58 - 59 123 - 124 Jump up ^ Foner p. 13 Jump up ^ Foner p. 8 Jump up ^ Foner pg. 87 - 88 Jump up ^ Foner pg. 190 - 94 Jump up ^ `` The 2017 Pulitzer Prize Winner in Fiction '' . pulitzer.org . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , William ( 1860 ) . The Under - Ground Railroad . W. Tweedie . Wikisource . ( scan ) References ( edit ) Blight , David W. ( 2004 ) . Passages to Freedom : The Underground Railroad in History and Memory . Smithsonian Books . ISBN 1 - 58834 - 157 - 7 . Bordewich , Fergus M. ( 2005 ) . Bound for Canaan : The Underground Railroad and the War for the Soul of America . Harper Collins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 052430 - 8 . Calarco , Tom ( 2008 ) . People of the Underground Railroad : A Biographical Dictionary . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0313339244 . Chadwick , Bruce ( 2000 ) . Traveling the Underground Railroad : A Visitor 's Guide to More Than 300 Sites . Citadel Press . ISBN 0 - 8065 - 2093 - 0 . Frost , Karolyn Smardz ; Osei , Kwasi ( 2007 ) . I 've Got a Home in Glory Land : A Lost Tale of the Underground Railroad . Farrar , Straus & Giroux . ISBN 978 - 0 - 374 - 16481 - 2 . Foner , Eric ( 2015 ) . Gateway To Freedom : The Hidden History of the Underground Railroad . New York , NY : Norton . ISBN 0393244075 Forbes , Ella ( 1998 ) But We Have No Country : The 1851 Christiana Pennsylvania Resistance . Africana Homestead Legacy Publishers . Griffler , Keith P. ( 2004 ) Front Line of Freedom : African Americans and the Forging of the Underground Railroad in the Ohio Valley . University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 0 - 8131 - 2298 - 8 . Hagedorn , Ann ( 2004 ) . Beyond the River : The Untold Story of the Heroes of the Underground Railroad . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 87066 - 5 . Hendrick , George ; Willene Hendrick ( 2010 ) , Black refugees in Canada : accounts of escape during the era of slavery , McFarland & Co , ISBN 9780786447336 Hendrick , George , & Hendrick , Willene ( 2003 ) . Fleeing for Freedom : Stories of the Underground Railroad As Told by Levi Coffin and William Still . Ivan R. Dee Publisher . ISBN 1 - 56663 - 546 - 2 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Hudson , J. Blaine ( 2002 ) . Fugitive Slaves and the Underground Railroad in the Kentucky Borderland . McFarland & Company . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1345 - X . LaRoche , Cheryl Janifer ( 2014 ) . Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad : The Geography of Resistance . Urbana , IL : University of Illinois Press . Potter , David M. ( 1976 ) . The Impending Crisis , 1848 -- 1861 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 131929 - 5 . `` Operating the Underground Railroad '' . National Park Service . `` Part 4 : 1831 - 1865 Narrative , The Underground Railroad '' . Africans in America c. 1780 - 1862 : Judgment Day . PBS . Further Reading ( edit ) Library resources about the Underground Railroad Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Blackett , R.J.M. ( 2013 ) . Making Freedom : The Underground Railroad and the Politics of Slavery . Chapel Hill , NC : University of North Carolina Press . Curtis , Anna L. ( 1941 ) . Stories of the Underground Railroad . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2012 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ( Stories about Thomas Garrett , a famous agent on the Underground Railroad ) Frost , Karolyn Smardz ( 2007 ) . I 've Got a Home in Glory Land : A Lost Tale of the Underground Railroad . New York : Farrar , Straus and Giroux . Larson , Kate Clifford ( 2004 ) . Bound For the Promised Land : Harriet Tubman , Portrait of an American Hero . New York : Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 345 - 45627 - 0 . Still , William ( 1872 ) . The Underground Railroad : A Record of Facts , Authentic Narratives , Letters , &c. , Narrating the Hardships , Hair - Breadth Escapes and Death Struggles of the Slaves in Their Efforts for Freedom , As Related by Themselves and Others , or Witnessed by the Author . Philadelphia : Porter & Coates . ( Classic book documenting the Underground Railroad operations in Philadelphia ) . Public domain ebook at Project Gutenberg The Underground Railroad public domain audiobook at LibriVox Folklore and Myth ( edit ) `` Documentary Evidence is Missing on Underground Railroad Quilts '' . historyofquilts.com . `` New Jersey 's Underground Railroad Myth - Buster : Giles Wright is on a Mission to Fine Tune Black History '' . Historic Camden County . `` Putting it in Perspective : The Symbolism of Underground Railroad quilts '' . quilthistory.com . `` Underground Railroad Quilts & Abolitionist Fairs '' . Womenfolk.com . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Underground Railroad . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Underground Railroad . Underground Railroad Studies Underground Railroad Timeline Friends of the Underground Railroad National Underground Railroad Freedom Center Underground Railroad Research Institute at Georgetown College Underground Railroad in Buffalo and Upstate New York : A bibliography by The Buffalo History Museum ( hide ) Underground Railroad People William L. Chaplin Levi Coffin Richard Dillingham Calvin Fairbank Thomas Garrett Laura Smith Haviland Daniel Hughes William Cooper Nell Harriet Forten Purvis Robert Purvis John Rankin Hetty Reckless Gerrit Smith William Still Harriet Beecher Stowe Charles Turner Torrey Sojourner Truth Harriet Tubman Frances Harper Delia Webster Places List of Underground Railroad sites houses churches Levi Coffin House Bialystoker Synagogue Bilger 's Rocks Wilson Bruce Evans House Cyrus Gates Farmstead Sites in Indiana Allen Chapel Town Clock Church Kelton House F. Julius LeMoyne House John Rankin House Gerrit Smith Estate John Freeman Walls Historic Site Events Pearl incident ( 1848 ) Jerry Rescue ( 1851 ) Uncle Tom 's Cabin ( 1852 book ) Dred : A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp ( 1856 book ) Oberlin -- Wellington Rescue ( 1858 ) Thirteenth Amendment ( 1865 ) Topics Songs of the Underground Railroad Abolitionism in the United States Abolitionism opponents of slavery African - American opponents publications Fugitive slaves Fugitive slave laws 1850 Quilts Slave catcher The Underground Railroad Records ( 1872 book ) Related National Underground Railroad Freedom Center Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Historical Park Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad State Park visitor center The Railroad to Freedom : A Story of the Civil War ( 1932 book ) A Woman Called Moses ( 1978 miniseries ) Roots of Resistance ( 1989 documentary ) The Quest for Freedom ( 1992 film ) Freedom : The Underground Railroad ( 2013 board game ) Underground ( 2016 TV series ) See also : Slavery in the United States and Slavery in Canada Links to related articles ( hide ) American Civil War Origins Origins Issues Timeline leading to the War Antebellum era Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 Dred Scott v. Sandford Lincoln - Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Popular sovereignty Secession States ' rights President Lincoln 's 75,000 volunteers Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Emancipation Proclamation Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Slave Power Slavery in the United States Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom 's Cabin Abolitionism Susan B. Anthony John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. Sella Martin Lysander Spooner George Luther Stearns Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Combatants Theaters Campaigns Battles States Combatants Union ( USA ) Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Confederacy ( CSA ) Army Navy Marine Corps Theaters Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans - Mississippi Pacific Coast Union naval blockade Major Campaigns Anaconda Plan Blockade runners New Mexico Jackson 's Valley Peninsula Northern Virginia Maryland Stones River Vicksburg Tullahoma Gettysburg Morgan 's Raid Bristoe Knoxville Red River Overland Atlanta Valley 1864 Bermuda Hundred Richmond - Petersburg Franklin -- Nashville Price 's Raid Sherman 's March Carolinas Appomattox Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run Wilson 's Creek Fort Donelson Pea Ridge Hampton Roads Shiloh New Orleans Corinth Seven Pines Seven Days 2nd Bull Run Antietam Perryville Fredericksburg Stones River Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Atlanta Mobile Bay Franklin Nashville Five Forks Involvement ( by state or territory ) AL AK AR AZ CA CO CT DC DE FL GA HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VA WA WV WI WY Leaders Confederate Military R.H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A.S. Johnston J.E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Price Semmes E.K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Union Military Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D.D. 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2499016315619239297 | EuroMillions | EuroMillions - wikipedia EuroMillions Jump to : navigation , search Participating countries in EuroMillions : original countries ( February 2004 ) other countries ( October 2004 ) EuroMillions tickets EuroMillions is a transnational lottery requiring 7 correct numbers to win the jackpot . It was launched on 7 February 2004 by France 's Française des Jeux , Spain 's Loterías y Apuestas del Estado and the United Kingdom 's Camelot . The first draw was held on Friday 13 February 2004 in Paris . Initially , only the UK , France and Spain participated , with the Austrian , Belgian , Irish , Luxembourgish , Portuguese and Swiss lotteries joining for the 8 October 2004 drawing . Draws are held every Tuesday and Friday night at 20 : 45 CET in Paris . A standard EuroMillions ticket costs € 2.50 , £ 2.50 or CHF 3.50 per line played , depending on the local currency . An option called Plus is currently available only in Ireland , adds € 1.00 per line ; as of February 2014 , a non-optional addition called `` My Million '' in France adds € 0.50 per line , while in Portugal it 's called `` M1lhão '' and represents € 0.30 of the whole € 2.50 bet . The cost of playing in the UK increased from £ 1.50 to £ 2.00 per line on 7 November 2009 , due to the combination of the EUR / GBP exchange rate , and an automatic entry in its Millionaire Raffle . From 24 September 2016 the cost per line increased from £ 2.00 to £ 2.50 in the UK . From September 24 , 2016 the amount of lucky stars changed from a pool of 11 to a pool of 12 numbers . Decreasing the jackpot winning odds from 1 : 117million to 1 : 140million . From September 24 , 2016 the cost of entry in Ireland and Spain rose to € 2.50 per line . All prizes , including the jackpot , are tax - free ( except in Switzerland , Spain and Portugal since 2013 ) and are paid as a lump sum . Contents ( hide ) 1 Play 2 Eligibility 3 Prize structure 4 EuroMillions Trust 5 Super Draws and Event draws 6 Notable wins 7 Distribution of revenue 8 Email scams making use of EuroMillions brand name 9 EuroMillions Plus ( Ireland only ) 10 UK Millionaire Maker 10.1 UK Millionaire Maker Special Events 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Play ( edit ) The player selects five main numbers which can be any number from 1 to 50 . The player selects two different lucky star numbers from a pool of 12 numbers . Draws take place at 20 : 45 every Tuesday and Friday in Paris . The results are published shortly after the draw on associated and independent websites around 23 : 00 hours . To participate in the EuroMillions Lotto , tickets can be purchased from many outlets , namely at licensed stores and online websites . The gameplay changed on Tuesday 10 May 2011 with a second weekly draw and the number of `` lucky stars '' in the Pacquerette machine increasing from 9 to 11 . A prize for matching two main numbers and no lucky stars was also introduced on the same date . On Saturday 24 September 2016 the number of `` lucky stars '' increased again , from 11 to 12 . Eligibility ( edit ) According to the Euromillions rules page , no restriction on nationality of buyer exists . Tourists / Non-residents are eligible to participate in the EuroMillions lottery as long as they aged 18 or over . The minimum age differs in some countries , e.g. it is 16 years in the UK . The game is currently available to players in Andorra , Austria , Belgium , France ( including overseas regions and collectivities ) , Ireland , the Isle of Man , Liechtenstein , Luxembourg , Monaco , Portugal , Spain , Switzerland and the United Kingdom . Prize structure ( edit ) As of 24 September 2016 the structure of the draw was changed , with the Lucky Star being drawn from a pool of 12 numbers instead of the old 11 . The prize structure as of Tuesday 27 September 2016 is as follows : Main numbers Lucky stars Probability of winning ( a ) % of prize fund ( b ) Expected winnings ( € ) Expected winnings ( £ ) Fraction % 0 1 in 22 4.57 % 18.25 % € 4 £ 3.30 1 in 49 2.03 % 14.85 % € 8 £ 6.00 1 in 188 0.53 % 4.95 % € 10 £ 7.60 0 1 in 314 0.32 % 3.50 % € 12 £ 9.00 1 in 706 0.14 % 1.85 % € 14 £ 10.70 1 in 985 0.10 % 1.75 % € 19 £ 14.20 0 1 in 13,811 0.0072 % 0.38 % € 58 £ 43.30 1 in 14,125 0.0071 % 0.67 % € 104 £ 78.00 1 in 31,075 0.0032 % 0.48 % € 164 £ 123.00 1 in 621,503 0.00016 % 0.45 % € 3,076 £ 2,307.30 5 0 1 in 3,107,515 0.000032 % 0.92 % € 31,448 £ 23,586.00 5 1 in 6,991,908 0.000014 % 3.95 % € 303,798 £ 227,848.80 5 1 in 139,838,160 0.00000072 % 43.2 % or 27 % ( X ) Jackpot Jackpot Booster fund 4.8 % or 21 % ( X ) Overall 1 in 13 7.71 % 100 % € 14 £ 10.70 The booster fund is available to contribute to the jackpot , for example to boost the initial jackpot in a sequence of growing jackpots . The amount utilized each week is determined in advance by the participating lotteries . ( a ) per entry ( b ) prize fund = 50 % of sales main draw ( b ) sales main draw = € 2.20 in pounds sterling per entry ( exchange rate ! ) times number of entries ( X ) draw 1 to 6 : 43.2 % + 4.8 % & draw 7 ( or higher ) : 27 % + 21 % expected winnings ( £ ) exchange rate : € 1.00 = £ 0.75 The odds of winning any prize at all are 1 in 13 The odds of getting none of the 50 main balls but getting both lucky stars is approximately 1 in 115 . This means that it is less likely than getting 2 main balls and one lucky star ( 1 in 49 ) . However , there is no prize for only getting 2 lucky stars . The figures for the estimated prize are just a guide , and the actual amount varies according to the total in the prize fund and the number of winners for each prize . ( Estimated prizes as per reverse of UK playslip ) If the Jackpot is not won , it rolls over to the next draw . Effective 7 November 2009 new rules were put in place regarding rollovers . The new rules introduce the Jackpot Pool Cap . The jackpot will continue to rollover until the Jackpot reaches or exceeds € 185,000,000 , the Jackpot will remain at € 185,000,000 and any additional prize money rolled over will be added to the jackpot pool for the next lower prize level containing at least one winner ( 5 main numbers + 1 Lucky Star or possibly even just five main numbers ) . After winning the Jackpot with a Jackpot Pool Cap , the Jackpot Pool Cap grows by € 5,000,000 . ( In other words , after the capped Jackpot of € 185,000,000 is won , the next Jackpot Pool Cap is € 190,000,000 , then the next time € 195,000,000 etc . ) If the € 190,000,000 Jackpot is still not won , the Jackpot will continue to be € 190,000,000 for the next draw if it is won , and again any additional prize money will be added to the jackpot pool for the next lower prize level containing at least one winner . A new rule change of 12 January 2012 locks the Jackpot cap at € 190,000,000 permanently and if the jackpot is not won after two draws , the prize money will be distributed amongst the winners at the next level . A new rule change of 24 September 2016 : if the jackpot is not won after five draws , the prize money will be distributed amongst the winners at the next level . EuroMillions trust ( edit ) The participating national lotteries in the EuroMillions game have each established a EuroMillions Trust account . This is used for the settlement of all amounts due and for holding amounts in respect of future prizes . This trust arrangement protects the participating lotteries between them from a default from one of the national companies and ultimately the players ' interests . EuroMillions is the largest euro lottery , its history of creation is dated back to the distant year of 1994 when several EU countries first had the idea of launching a multi-European lottery . Super draws and event draws ( edit ) Super Draws and Event draws are special drawings when the Jackpot is set to a guaranteed amount - often € 100,000,000 . The difference being that a Super Draw jackpot will roll over to the next drawing if not won but an Event Draw jackpot will be distributed amongst the winners in the next lower tier ( i.e. match 5 + 1 ) . So far there has not been an event draw , until now , jackpots in a Super Draw have rolled over to the next drawing if not won The first Super draw of 2011 took place on Tuesday 10 May to mark the introduction of the second weekly Euromillions draw and changes to the game format ( 11 lucky stars instead of 9 and a new `` match 2 main numbers and no lucky stars '' prize tier ) . The first Super draw of 2016 took place on Friday 30 September to introduce the change to the game format ( 12 lucky stars instead of 11 and increased price ) . Super draws have been held to date on 9 February 2007 ( € 100 million ) ; 28 September 2007 ( € 130 million ) ; 8 February 2008 ( € 130 million ) ; 26 September 2008 ( € 130 million ) ; 6 March 2009 ( € 100 million ) ; 18 September 2009 ( € 100 million ) ; 5 February 2010 ( € 100 million ) ; 1 October 2010 ( € 100 million ) ; 10 May 2011 ( € 100 million ) ; 4 October 2011 ( € 100 million ) ; 28 September 2012 ( € 100 million ) ; 22 March 2013 ( € 100 million ) ; 7 June 2013 ( € 100 million ) ; 15 November 2013 ( € 100 million ) ; 7 March 2014 ( € 100 million ) ; 3 October 2014 ( € 100 million ) ; 6 March 2015 ( € 100 million ) ; 5 June 2015 ( € 100 million ) ; 6 November 2015 ( € 100 million ) ; 30 September 2016 ( € 130 million ) ; 30 June 2017 ( € 100 million ) ; 15 September 2017 ( € 130 million ) . ( A € 100,000,000 Super draw was planned for 6 June 2014 but was cancelled when the jackpot rolled over to € 105,000,000 ) . ( This is a change to the game rules as of 4 April 2011 when the Event Draw was added . ) Notable Wins ( edit ) Date Prize money Winner Other details 23 February 2018 € 177,724,496 or £ 155,597,796.20 2 winning tickets ( Spain and UK ) Anonymous , the British ticket won £ 77,798,898.10 , the Spanish won € 88,862,248 and sold in La Línea de la Concepción near the border to Gibraltar . 19 December 2017 € 135,346,147 or £ 119,876,081.00 1 Swiss ticket Anonymous , ticket sold in canton of Zürich . 6 October 2017 € 190,000,000 or £ 168,966,805.00 1 Spanish ticket Anonymous , ticket sold in Jinámar ( Community of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria ) 30 June 2017 € 100,000,000 or £ 87,570,000.00 1 UK ticket Anonymous 2 June 2017 € 153,873,716 or £ 134,808,762.00 1 Belgian ticket Anonymous , ticket sold in the Flemish Region . 11 October 2016 € 168,085,323 or £ 153,361,048.00 1 Belgian ticket An unnamed 45 - year - old father of four from Schaerbeek , Brussels - Capital Region , who won the EuroMillions jackpot . This was the biggest lottery win in Belgium and at the time the fifth - biggest individual win in EuroMillions history . 29 January 2016 € 132,376,632 or £ 100,765,091.00 2 winning tickets ( France and Ireland ) Anonymous , 20 November 2015 € 163,553,041 or £ 114,814,234.00 1 Portuguese ticket Anonymous , ticket sold in Eiras , Community of Coimbra 12 June 2015 € 129,204,405 or £ 93,388,943.90 1 UK ticket Anonymous 6 March 2015 € 100,000,000 or £ 72,180,000.00 1 Portuguese ticket Anonymous , ticket sold in Margaride , Community of Felgueiras 24 October 2014 € 190,000,000 or £ 149,758,000.00 1 Portuguese ticket Anonymous , ticket sold in Castelo Branco 13 June 2014 € 137,313,501 or £ 109,589,905.00 1 Spanish ticket Anonymous , ticket sold in Parla ( Community of Madrid ) 14 March 2014 € 129,384,564 or £ 107,932,603.20 1 UK ticket Neil Trotter from Coulsdon , Greater London 7 January 2014 € 130,277,770 or £ 108,247,799.00 2 winning tickets ( Spain and France ) Anonymous , tickets were bought in Noia in Galicia and in departement Indre - et - Loire . 15 November 2013 € 100,000,000 or £ 83,830,000.00 1 Spanish ticket Anonymous , ticket sold in Almuñecar ( province of Granada ) 23 August 2013 € 93,948,087 or £ 80,738,985.00 1 Swiss ticket Anonymous , ticket sold in canton of Valais . 25 June 2013 € 187,937,614 or £ 159,559,034.00 2 winning tickets ( Ireland and Belgium ) Anonymous , tickets were bought in the Dublin region and in the province of Limburg . 28 May 2013 € 95,372,874 or £ 81,381,673.30 1 UK ticket Anonymous 29 March 2013 € 132,486,744 or £ 112,017,541.00 1 French ticket Anonymous , ticket sold in departement Seine - et - Marne . 21 December 2012 € 101,835,641 or £ 83,087,699.00 1 French ticket Anonymous , ticket sold in departement Haute - Garonne . 13 November 2012 € 169,837,010 or £ 136,124,363.00 1 French ticket Anonymous , ticket sold in departement Alpes - Maritimes . 28 September 2012 € 100,000,000 or £ 79,750,000.00 1 Spanish ticket Montserrat Mutgé from Barcelona 10 August 2012 € 190,000,000 or £ 148,656,000.00 1 UK ticket Adrian and Gillian Bayford of Haverhill , Suffolk 7 October 2011 € 117,705,979 or £ 101,203,600.70 1 UK ticket Dave and Angela Dawes from Wisbech , Cambridgeshire . 13 September 2011 € 162,256,622 or £ 140,822,522.00 1 French ticket Anonymous , ticket sold in departement Calvados . 12 July 2011 € 185,000,000 or £ 161,653,000.00 1 UK ticket Colin and Chris Weir from Largs 33 miles ( 53 km ) from Glasgow . 13 May 2011 € 121,019,633 or £ 105,892,179.00 1 Spanish ticket 30 - year - old baker Francisco Delgado Rodríguez from Pilas ( Seville ) . 8 October 2010 € 129,818,431 or £ 113,019,926 1 UK ticket Anonymous . 14 May 2010 € 100,037,101 or £ 84,451,321 1 UK ticket Anonymous 12 February 2010 € 129,618,406 or £ 112,016,226 2 winning tickets ( Spain and UK ) Nigel Page and Justine Laycock from Cirencester won £ 56,008,113.20 6 November 2009 € 102,199,675 or £ 91,141,671 2 winning tickets ( both UK ) Two winners shared the jackpot prize , receiving £ 45.5 million each , the largest lottery prizes ever paid out in the UK at that time . One of the winning tickets was held by a syndicate of seven people from Liverpool ( each receiving £ 6.5 million ) ; the other by Les Scadding and Samantha Peachey - Scadding from Newport . 18 September 2009 € 100,000,000 or £ 89 million 1 French ticket Syndicate of 15 players . Each member won more than € 6 million . Ticket sold in departement Bouches - du - Rhône . 8 May 2009 € 126,231,764 or £ 113,229,891 1 Spanish ticket Unnamed 25 - year - old Spanish woman . At the time was the largest jackpot to have been won by a single ticket holder in Europe . 6 March 2009 € 100,000,000 2 people ( 1 French , 1 Austrian ) Two winners shared the jackpot prize , receiving € 50 million each . 26 September 2008 € 130,000,000 15 people ( 4 British , 3 French , 3 Portuguese , 2 Spanish , 1 Austrian , 1 Belgian , 1 Swiss ) There was no winner with all 5 numbers and both lucky stars . The super-draw jackpot of was shared by those who had 5 numbers plus 1 lucky star , winning a total of nearly € 9.2 million each . 5 September 2008 € 119,349,706 2 people ( 1 Spanish , 1 Portuguese ) Two winners shared the jackpot prize , receiving nearly € 60 million each . 8 February 2008 € 130,000,000 16 people ( 6 British , 5 French , 2 Swiss , 1 Austrian , 1 Belgian , 1 Portuguese ) There was no winner with all 5 numbers and both lucky stars . The super-draw jackpot was shared by those with 5 numbers plus 1 lucky star , winning a total of over € 8.6 million each . 28 September 2007 € 130,000,000 14 people ( 6 British , 5 Spanish , 2 French , 1 Belgian ) There was no winner with all 5 numbers and both lucky stars . The super-draw jackpot was shared by those with 5 numbers plus 1 lucky star , winning a total of over € 9.8 million each . 10 August 2007 € 52,630,236 or £ 35,425,411.80 1 UK ticket Angela Kelly , a 40 - year - old former Royal Mail postal administrator from East Kilbride , Lanarkshire , Scotland , at the time won the largest lottery win ever in the United Kingdom . 9 February 2007 € 100,000,000 or £ 67.9 million 1 Belgian ticket Unnamed Belgian man who won the EuroMillions jackpot with a ticket bought in a newspaper shop in Tienen . This was the biggest lottery win in Belgium and at the time the third - biggest individual win in EuroMillions history . 17 November 2006 € 183,109,057 or £ 124 million 20 people ( 7 British , 4 French , 3 Spanish , 3 Portuguese , 2 Irish , 1 Belgian ) No ticket matched all the winning numbers for the twelfth draw and the jackpot was divided among the twenty tickets that matched 5 numbers plus one lucky star . Each ticket holder won 5 % of the jackpot plus the regular match 5 + 1 prize ( a total of over € 9.6 million or £ 7.1 million each ) . Seven of the twenty tickets were sold in the United Kingdom , four in France , three each in Spain and Portugal , two in Ireland and one in Belgium . 31 March 2006 € 75,753,123 or £ 56,608,222 1 Belgian ticket Unnamed Belgian man from Brussels . This was the second biggest win to date in Belgium , and the third - biggest prize won by a single person . 3 February 2006 € 183,573,078 or £ 134 million 3 people ( 2 French , 1 Portuguese ) Three ticket holders , two in France and one in Portugal . They each received € 61,191,026 . 29 July 2005 € 115,436,126 or £ 77 million 1 Irish ticket Dolores McNamara , a 45 - year - old mother of six from Garryowen , Limerick , Ireland . She was the biggest individual winner in EuroMillions history at the time . She claimed the prize on 4 August 2005 at the Irish National Lottery 's headquarters in Dublin . Distribution of revenue ( edit ) In the UK , the total EuroMillions revenue is broken down as follows : Breakdown of UK EuroMillions revenue 0.5 % in profit to Camelot 4.5 % in operating costs 5 % in commission to the retailers . 12 % to the UK Government ( Lottery Duty ) 28 % for the `` Good Causes '' 50 % to winners Email scams making Use of EuroMillions brand name ( edit ) When Chris and Colin Weir , one couple who won the EuroMillions , pledged to donate their prize money to good causes , cyber criminals started using the couple 's name in their email scams to fool the general public and ultimately cheat them of money . EuroMillions plus ( Ireland only ) ( edit ) In June 2007 , with the success of the main EuroMillions game , the Irish National Lottery launched EuroMillions Plus . For an extra € 1 per line , players could enter the additional draw with the top prize each week of € 500,000 . Sales of the main EuroMillions in Ireland for 2006 were over € 145 million ; this success led to the introduction of ' Plus ' . UK Millionaire Maker ( edit ) Since November 2009 at least one UK player every week has won a guaranteed million Pounds Sterling . With the introduction of the Tuesday EuroMillions Draw on Tuesday 10 May 2011 there were 2 Millionaire Raffle winners each week . The latest changes to Euromillions in September 2016 now mean that two guaranteed Millionaire Raffle winners are made per draw , or 4 per week across the two draws . According to the Euromillions website , the chances of winning the UK Millionaire Maker game on a Tuesday can be estimated as 1 in 1,900,000 but can shrink to 1 in 2,250,000 in the events of rollovers . On a Friday , it can be calculated as 1 in 2,950,000 but again the odds can fall to 1 in 3,400,000 in the events of a 4 times rollover . Winning in this game depends entirely on the number of the playslips sold so the odds fluctuate . The odds may also fluctuate during a super draw or a special event in the UK Millionaire Raffle . Prices per line in the UK increased by 50 pence to £ 2.00 . The 50 pence was added due to weak exchange rates between the pound and euro and to cover the expense of the new Millionaire Maker . On 24 September 2016 the price per line in the UK was increased by an additional 50 pence to £ 2.50 . UK Millionaire Maker special events ( edit ) On Friday 26 December 2014 , there were 10 winners On Friday 31 October 2014 , there were 25 winners On Tuesday 31 December 2013 , there were 25 winners On Friday 26 July 2013 , there were 100 winners On Friday 31 May 2013 , the winner won a total of £ 12 million ( £ 1 million every month for a year ) . On New Year 's Day , 2013 there were 25 Winners On Christmas Day 2012 there were 25 Winners To celebrate the London 2012 Olympics on 27 July 2012 the drawing had 100 winners . Millionaires Month ran from 25 November 2011 through to 23 December 2011 , when 50 UK Millionaire Raffle winners were announced over a month - long promotion . On Friday 25 November 2011 the first 18 millionaires were made . Another 7 were made between Tuesday 29 November 2011 and Tuesday 20 December 2011 . On Friday 23 December 2011 the last 25 millionaires were made . On Tuesday 7 June 2011 , there were 15 winners . On Christmas Eve 2010 ( Friday 24 December 2010 ) the UK Millionaire Raffle was increased to 25 winners in one evening . See also ( edit ) Eurojackpot - a similar transnational lottery in Croatia , Czech Republic , Denmark , Estonia , Finland , Germany , Hungary , Iceland , Italy , Latvia , Lithuania , the Netherlands , Norway , Slovakia , Slovenia , Spain and Sweden . Lottery Vikinglotto - a similar transnational lottery in Denmark , Sweden , Norway , Finland , Iceland , Latvia , Lithuania , Estonia and Slovenia . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Paragraph 7.1 ( Translation : `` The draws for the Euro Millions game take place on Tuesday and Friday evenings at the time specified by the organisers of the game , which is around 21 : 45 ( CET ) , Paris time . '' ) Jump up ^ `` Home '' . The National Lottery. 11 September 2012 . Archived from the original on 22 September 2012 . Retrieved 22 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Players ' Guide to EuroMillions '' . National Lottery . Archived from the original on 4 September 2012 . Retrieved 22 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` EuroMillions Interactive Game Procedures '' . The National Lottery. 27 February 2012 . Archived from the original on 3 September 2012 . Retrieved 22 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` EuroMillions draw : lottery postponed after jackpot naturally passes € 100 million mark after rollovers and strong ticket sales '' . The Independent . 5 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` EuroMillions Game Procedures '' . The National Lottery. 27 February 2012 . Retrieved 22 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Williams , Amanda ; Corcoran , Kieran ( 18 March 2014 ) . `` Welcome to the millionaire 's club , son : Father of £ 108m EuroMillions winner already has new Jaguar among fleet of cars on driveway of sprawling family home '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 11 November 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.camelotgroup.co.uk/news/uk-national-lottery-news/ Jump up ^ `` www.loteriasyapuestas.es '' . Jump up ^ Carolyn Bramble BBC Producer ( 14 August 2012 ) . `` BBC News - Euromillions : Adrian and Gillian Bayford win £ 148m '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 22 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Article '' . canada.com . Retrieved 22 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UK Ticket - Holder Wins EuroMillions Jackpot '' . Sky News . 12 July 2011 . Retrieved 12 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` El panadero de los 121 millones y su familia ' desaparecen ' de Pilas Andalucía - Sevilla '' ( in Spanish ) . elmundo.es . Retrieved 22 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Euro Millions : un Britannique remporte seul les 129 millions d'euros '' ( in French ) . Leparisien.fr . Retrieved 22 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Wallop , Harry ; Evans , Martin ; Britten , Nick ( 21 October 2010 ) . `` EuroMillions jackpot : £ 113 million lottery winner decides to remain anonymous '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 11 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Record de l'Euro Millions battu au Royaume - Uni à 129.818. 431 euros '' ( in French ) . Leparisien.fr . Retrieved 22 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` There appears to be a problem with the following : '' . National-lottery.co.uk . Retrieved 22 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Jones , Sam ( 15 February 2010 ) . `` Lottery winners celebrated £ 56m prize with breakfast in supermarket cafe '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ `` British EuroMillions couple describe their record win '' . BBC News . 15 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Euro Millions 102 millions '' . leJDD.fr. 8 July 2012 . Retrieved 22 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Britons share £ 90m lottery prize '' . BBC News . 7 November 2009 . Retrieved 22 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UK Lottery winners are unveiled '' . BBC News . 10 November 2009 . Retrieved 22 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Keeley , Graham ( 12 May 2009 ) . `` £ 110m winner of EuroMillions jackpot was ill in bed with flu '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 13 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Post worker scoops £ 35m jackpot '' . BBC News . 15 August 2007 . Retrieved 8 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Three winners scoop EuroMillions '' . BBC News . 3 February 2006 . Retrieved 8 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lottery winner claims £ 77m cheque '' . BBC News . 4 August 2005 . Retrieved 8 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Correspondence with help at national-lottery.co.uk , 8 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` BBC News - Lottery win : Euromillions couple are ' tickled pink ' '' . BBC News . 15 June 2011 . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Slay Hoax : Chris and Colin Weir Email Scam '' . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Internet fraudsters pose as lotto millionaires Colin and Chris Weir - Daily Record '' . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . External links ( edit ) UK National Lottery Irish National Lottery Belgium National Lottery Portugal National Lottery Spain National Lottery Swiss Lottery Austrian National Lottery Luxembourg National Lottery French National Lottery Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EuroMillions&oldid=834320312 '' Categories : Lottery games Mega Ball lottery games Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Use dmy dates from November 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Svenska 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 02 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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-1257930726042468831 | (Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay | ( Sittin ' on ) the Dock of the Bay - wikipedia ( Sittin ' on ) the Dock of the Bay Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see The Dock of the Bay ( disambiguation ) . `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay '' Single by Otis Redding from the album The Dock of the Bay B - side `` Sweet Lorene '' ( Volt issue ) `` Keep Your Arms Around Me '' ( Atco reissue ) Released January 8 , 1968 Format Vinyl record Recorded November 22 and December 7 , 1967 Studio Stax Studios , Memphis , Tennessee Genre Rhythm and blues soul Length 2 : 38 Label Volt Atco V - 157 Songwriter ( s ) Steve Cropper Otis Redding Producer ( s ) Steve Cropper Otis Redding singles chronology `` Knock on Wood '' ( 1967 ) `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay '' ( 1968 ) `` The Happy Song ( Dum Dum ) '' ( 1968 ) `` Knock on Wood '' ( 1967 ) `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay '' ( 1968 ) `` The Happy Song ( Dum Dum ) '' ( 1968 ) Music video `` ( Sittin ' on ) The Dock of the Bay '' on YouTube `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay '' is a song co-written by soul singer Otis Redding and guitarist Steve Cropper . It was recorded by Redding twice in 1967 , including once just days before his death in a plane crash . The song was released on Stax Records ' Volt label in 1968 , becoming the first posthumous single to top the charts in the US . It reached number 3 on the UK Singles Chart . Redding started writing the lyrics to the song in August 1967 , while sitting on a rented houseboat in Sausalito , California . He completed the song with the help of Cropper , who was a Stax producer and the guitarist for Booker T. & the M.G. 's . The song features whistling and sounds of waves crashing on a shore . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 1.1 Charts 1.1. 1 Weekly charts 1.1. 2 Year - end charts 2 Later versions 3 Reception 3.1 Universal success 3.2 Legacy 3.2. 1 Other cover versions 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 External links Origins ( edit ) While on tour with the Bar - Kays in August 1967 , Redding wrote the first verse of the song , under the abbreviated title `` Dock of the Bay , '' on a houseboat at Waldo Point in Sausalito , California . He had completed his famed performance at the Monterey Pop Festival just weeks earlier . While touring in support of the albums King & Queen ( a collaboration with female vocalist Carla Thomas ) and Live in Europe , he continued to scribble lines of the song on napkins and hotel paper . In November of that year , he joined producer and guitarist Steve Cropper at the Stax recording studio in Memphis , Tennessee , to record the song . In a September 1990 interview on NPR 's Fresh Air , Cropper explained the origins of the song : Otis was one of those the kind of guy who had 100 ideas . ( ... ) He had been in San Francisco doing The Fillmore . And the story that I got he was renting boathouse or stayed at a boathouse or something and that 's where he got the idea of the ships coming in the bay there . And that 's about all he had : `` I watch the ships come in and I watch them roll away again . '' I just took that ... and I finished the lyrics . If you listen to the songs I collaborated with Otis , most of the lyrics are about him . ( ... ) Otis did n't really write about himself but I did . Songs like `` Mr. Pitiful , '' `` Fa - Fa - Fa - Fa - Fa ( Sad Song ) '' ; they were about Otis and Otis ' life . `` Dock of the Bay '' was exactly that : `` I left my home in Georgia , headed for the Frisco Bay '' was all about him going out to San Francisco to perform . Together , they completed the music and melancholy lyrics of `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay . '' From those sessions emerged Redding 's final recorded work , including `` Dock of the Bay , '' which was recorded on November 22 , with additional overdubs on December 7 . Redding 's restrained yet emotive delivery is backed by Cropper 's memorably succinct guitar playing . The song is somewhat different in style from most of Redding 's other recordings . While discussing the song with his wife , Redding stated that he had wanted to `` be a little different '' with `` The Dock of the Bay '' and `` change his style '' . There were concerns that `` The Dock of the Bay '' had too much of a pop feel for an Otis Redding record , and contracting the Stax gospel act the Staple Singers to record backing vocals was discussed but never carried out . Redding had considered the song to be unfinished and planned to record what he considered a final version , but never got the chance . The song features a whistled tune heard before the song 's fade . It was originally performed by Redding , who ( according to Cropper ) had `` this little fadeout rap he was gon na do , an ad - lib . He forgot what it was so he started whistling . '' Redding continued to tour after the recording sessions . On December 10 , his charter plane crashed into Lake Monona , outside Madison , Wisconsin . Redding and six others were killed . After Redding 's death , Cropper mixed `` Dock of the Bay '' at Stax Studios . He added the sound of seagulls and waves crashing to the background , as Redding had requested , recalling the sounds he heard when he was staying on the houseboat . The fade - out whistling was originally recorded by Redding and was re-recorded by his bandleader , Sam `` Bluzman '' Taylor . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1968 ) Peak position Canada RPM Top Singles 7 New Zealand ( Listener ) UK Singles Chart U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Hot Rhythm & Blues Singles Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1968 ) Rank Canada 44 UK 38 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 Later versions ( edit ) `` ( Sittin ' on ) The Dock of the Bay '' 7 '' single cover Single by Sammy Hagar B - side `` I 've Done Everything for You '' Released 1979 Format 7 '' single Recorded May 1979 Genre Rock Length 3 : 03 Label Capitol Songwriter ( s ) Steve Cropper Otis Redding Producer ( s ) Carter `` ( Sittin ' on ) The Dock of the Bay '' 7 '' single cover Single by Michael Bolton B - side `` Call My Name '' Released Format 7 '' single Genre Pop rock adult contemporary Length 3 : 50 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Steve Cropper Otis Redding Producer ( s ) Jonathan Cain Keith Diamond Susan Hamilton This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` The Dock of the Bay '' has been hugely popular , even after its stay at the top of the charts . The song has been recorded by many artists , from Redding 's peers , like Glen Campbell , Cher , Peggy Lee , David Allan Coe , Bob Dylan , Don Partridge , Percy Sledge , Dee Clark , and Sam & Dave , to artists in various genres , including Jimmy Velvit ( whose cover version was included on his 2001 Grammy - nominated album Sun Sea & Sand ) , Widespread Panic ( who opened their New Year 's Eve 2005 concert with the song ) , Waylon Jennings and Willie Nelson ( whose duet peaked at number 13 on the U.S. Hot Country Songs chart ) , Kenny Rankin , Dennis Brown , Michel Pagliaro , Jacob Miller , Pearl Jam , the Format , T. Rex ( as the B - side of `` Dreamy Lady '' , released in 1975 ) , Brent Smith of Shinedown ( during an acoustic set in 2008 and with Zach Myers in a 2014 EP ) , Justin Nozuka ( 2007 ) , Sara Bareilles ( 2008 ) , and Garth Brooks ( for the 2013 Blue - Eyed Soul album in the Blame It All on My Roots : Five Decades of Influences compilation ) . Playing for Change recorded a version featuring Grandpa Elliott and other performers . Sammy Hagar released a version of the song as a non-album single in 1979 . His version features the song 's co-writer , Steve Cropper , on guitar and members of the band Boston -- Brad Delp , Sib Hashian and Barry Goudreau -- on backup vocals . Producer John S. Carter had the track recorded in May 1979 with Cropper , bassist Leland Sklar and drummer Alvin Taylor . Later , he added Hagar 's vocals with background harmonies by the three members of Boston , with whom Hagar had just toured . Although the single was a modest hit for Hagar , peaking at number 65 on the Billboard Hot 100 , he considered it Carter 's efforts to manufacture a pop top 40 pop hit despite Hagar 's heavy metal roots . Hagar and Cropper 's work on the song was rated the thirty - seventh worst guitar solo in history by Pitchfork in 1998 . The song was not released on an album until 1992 , when it appeared on The Best of Sammy Hagar . The B - side of Hagar 's single was the first release of his studio version of `` I 've Done Everything for You '' . Michael Bolton included the song on his 1987 album The Hunger . His version peaked at number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Zelma Redding , Otis 's widow , said she was so moved by Bolton 's performance `` that it brought tears to my eyes . It reminded me so much of my husband that I know if he heard it , he would feel the same . '' In a framed letter that hangs on the wall of Bolton 's office , she referred to the record as `` my all - time favorite version of my husband 's classic . '' In April 2013 , Justin Timberlake performed the song as part of a tribute to Memphis soul music at the `` In Performance '' concert series performed at the White House . The series was attended by President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama . Reception ( edit ) Many who first heard the final version had doubts about the song , the sound , and the production . Among the skeptics were Phil Walden and Jim Stewart . Redding accepted some of the criticisms and fine - tuned the song . He reversed the opening , which was Redding 's whistling part , and put it at the end as suggested . `` The Dock of the Bay '' was released early in 1968 and topped the charts in the US and UK . Billboard ranked the record as the number 4 song for 1968 . Universal success ( edit ) `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay '' was released in January 1968 , shortly after Redding 's death . R&B stations quickly added the song to their playlists , which had been saturated with Redding 's previous hits . The song shot to number one on the R&B charts in early 1968 and , starting in March , topped the pop charts for four weeks . The album , which shared the song 's title , became his largest - selling to date , peaking at number four on the pop albums chart . `` Dock of the Bay '' was popular in countries across the world and became Redding 's most successful record , selling more than four million copies worldwide . The song went on to win two Grammy Awards : Best R&B Song and Best Male R&B Vocal Performance . Legacy ( edit ) Redding 's body of work at the time of his death was immense , including a backlog of archived recordings as well as those created in November and December 1967 , just before his death . In mid-1968 , Stax Records severed its distribution contract with Atlantic Records , which retained the label 's back catalog and the rights to the unreleased Otis Redding masters . Through its Atco subsidiary ( Atco had distributed Otis Redding 's releases from Stax 's Volt label ) , Atlantic issued three more albums of new Redding material , one live album , and eight singles between 1968 and 1970 . Reprise Records issued a live album featuring Redding and Jimi Hendrix at the Monterey Pop Festival . Both studio albums and anthologies sold well in America and abroad . Redding was especially successful in the United Kingdom , where The Dock of the Bay went to number one , becoming the first posthumous album to reach the top spot there . In 1999 , BMI named the song as the sixth-most performed song of the twentieth century , with about six million performances . Rolling Stone ranked The Dock of the Bay number 161 on its 500 Greatest Albums of All Time , the third of five Redding albums on the list . `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay '' was ranked twenty - eighth on Rolling Stone 's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time , the second - highest of four Redding songs on the list , after `` Respect '' . Jim Morrison made reference to `` Dock of the Bay '' in the Doors ' song `` Runnin ' Blue '' , written by Robby Krieger , from their 1969 album The Soft Parade . Morrison sings an a capella intro for the song , singing directly about Otis Redding . `` Poor Otis dead and gone , left me here to sing his song , pretty little girl with a red dress on , poor Otis dead and gone . '' And during the verse , the lyrics `` Got to find a dock and a bay '' appear more than once ; as well as several other references to Redding 's song . Other cover versions ( edit ) In addition to the original Otis Redding version , several other versions have charted on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States . King Curtis 's version charted for five weeks starting in March 1968 and peaked at number 84 ( during the same month , the original was number one ) . A year later , Sergio Mendes & Brasil ' 66 's version charted for five weeks starting in June 1969 and peaked at number 66 . Sammy Hagar 's version charted for five weeks starting in April 1979 , peaking at number 65 . The Reddings , who included two of Otis Redding 's sons , released a version which charted for nine weeks starting in June 1982 and peaked at number 55 . Michael Bolton 's rendition charted for 17 weeks starting in January 1988 and peaked at number 11 , making it the highest - charting cover version . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bowman , Rob ( 2007 ) . Liner Notes for Dreams to Remember : The Otis Redding Story ( DVD ) . Beverly Hills , CA : Reelin ' in the Years Productions / Concord Music Group . Jump up ^ Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` Show 51 -- The Soul Reformation : Phase three , soul music at the summit . ( Part 7 ) : UNT Digital Library '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . University of North Texas Libraries . Jump up ^ Rose Lichter - Marck ( March 25 , 2011 ) . `` The undying soul of Otis '' . The Daily Holdings , Inc . Retrieved May 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dock of the Bay origin / meaning '' . Archived from the original on 11 June 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Cropper , Steve ( September 18 , 1990 ) . `` Guitarist , songwriter and producer Steve Cropper '' . Fresh Air ( Interview ) . Interview with Terry Gross . NPR . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 -- via WHYY - FM . Jump up ^ Richie Unterberger . `` Otis Redding -- Biography '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved February 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Henry , Mike ( 1 January 2013 ) . `` Black History : More Than Just a Month '' . Rowman & Littlefield -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Bowman 1997 , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1999 , p. 394 -- 395 . Jump up ^ Sullivan 2013 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Bowman 1997 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Perrone , Pierre ( February 16 , 2009 ) . `` Sam Taylor : Blues man who provided the whistling on ' Dock of the Bay ' '' . independent.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` flavour of new zealand -- search listener '' . Flavourofnz.co.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Artist Chart History -- Otis Redding '' . The Official UK Charts Company . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Otis Redding -- Charts & Awards '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved February 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display -- RPM -- Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 1968 - UK Music Charts '' . Uk-charts.top-source.info . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1968 / Top 100 Songs of 1968 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` David Allan Coe -- Dock Of The Bay '' . Discogs . Jump up ^ Album `` Don Partridge '' , EMI Columbia Records SCX 6280 ( 1968 ) ^ Jump up to : Hagar , Sammy ; Selvin , Joel ( 2011 ) . Red : My Uncensored Life in Rock . HarperCollins . p. 77 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 200928 - 1 . Jump up ^ Liner notes . Sammy Hagar . The Best of Sammy Hagar . Capitol CDP 0777 7 80262 2 8 . 1992 . Jump up ^ Michael Sandlin . `` Top 50 Worst Guitar Solos of the Millennium '' . Reprint of `` Top 50 Worst Guitar Solos in Music History '' . Pitchfork. 28 October 1998 . Archived January 25 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` People Are Talking About ... `` . Jet . January 18 , 1988 . Retrieved September 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Bolton : ' How Black Music Changed My Life ' '' . Ebony . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Schlosser , Kurt ( April 10 , 2014 ) . `` Justin Timberlake bares his soul with Otis Redding cover at White House '' . today.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 -- 2004 . Record Research . p. 486 . Jump up ^ Otfinoski 2003 , p. 194 . Jump up ^ `` Honors '' . Otis Redding Official Website . Retrieved October 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1968 Grammy Award Winners '' . Grammy.com . Retrieved 1 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bowman 1997 , pp. 138 - 142 . Jump up ^ `` 1968 Top 40 Official UK Albums Archive 22nd June 1968 '' . London : The Official Charts Company . 2010 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BMI Announces Top 100 Songs of the Century '' . at BMI.com. 13 December 1999 . Retrieved 25 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The RS 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . RollingStone.com . Archived from the original on 16 May 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn . Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles : 1955 -- 2002 . Record Research , 2004 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bowman , Rob ( 1997 ) . Soulsville U.S.A. : The Story of Stax Records . New York , NY : Schirmer Trade . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8256 - 7284 - 2 . OCLC 36824884 . Guralnick , Peter ( 1999 ) . Sweet Soul Music : Rhythm and Blues and the Southern Dream of Freedom . Back Bay Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 33273 - 6 . OCLC 41950519 . Otfinoski , Steven ( 2003 ) . African Americans in the Performing Arts ( A to Z of African Americans ) . New York , NY : Facts on File . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 4807 - 6 . OCLC 49558659 . Sullivan , Steve ( 2013 ) . Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings , Volume 2 . Lanham , MD : Lanham : Scarecrow Press , Inc . ISBN 0 - 810 - 88296 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Love is Blue '' by Paul Mauriat Billboard Hot 100 number - one single March 16 , 1968 Succeeded by `` Honey '' by Bobby Goldsboro Preceded by `` We 're a Winner '' by The Impressions Billboard Hot Rhythm & Blues Singles number one single March 16 -- 30 , 1968 Succeeded by `` ( Sweet Sweet Baby ) Since You 've Been Gone '' by Aretha Franklin Otis Redding Studio albums Pain in My Heart The Great Otis Redding Sings Soul Ballads Otis Blue The Soul Album Complete & Unbelievable : The Otis Redding Dictionary of Soul King & Queen ( duet album w / Carla Thomas ) Posthumous albums The Immortal Otis Redding Love Man Tell the Truth Live albums Live in Europe In Person at the Whisky a Go Go Monterey International Pop Festival Good to Me : Live at the Whisky a Go Go , Vol. 2 Compilation albums The History of Otis Redding The Dock of the Bay The Best of Otis Redding Remember Me The Very Best of Otis Redding , Vol. 1 Otis ! The Definitive Otis Redding The Very Best of Otis Redding , Vol. 2 Dreams to Remember : The Otis Redding Anthology Singles ( US / UK Top Ten singles ) `` These Arms of Mine '' `` Mr. Pitiful '' `` I 've Been Loving You Too Long '' `` Respect '' `` Satisfaction '' `` My Lover 's Prayer '' `` Try a Little Tenderness '' `` Tramp '' `` Knock on Wood '' `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay '' `` The Happy Song ( Dum - Dum ) '' `` I 've Got Dreams to Remember '' `` Papa 's Got a Brand New Bag '' ( Live ) . `` You Left the Water Running '' Related topics Discography Songs Albums Shake ! Otis at Monterey Steve Cropper Booker T. & the M.G. 's Carla Thomas Stax Deep Soul Soul `` Otis '' ( song ) Andrew Love Waylon Jennings Albums Singles Studio albums Waylon at JD 's Folk - Country Leavin ' Town Nashville Rebel Waylon Sings Ol ' Harlan Love of the Common People The One and Only Hangin ' On Only the Greatest Jewels Just to Satisfy You Waylon Singer of Sad Songs The Taker / Tulsa Cedartown , Georgia Good Hearted Woman Ladies Love Outlaws Lonesome , On'ry and Mean Honky Tonk Heroes This Time The Ramblin ' Man Dreaming My Dreams Are You Ready for the Country Ol ' Waylon I 've Always Been Crazy What Goes Around Comes Around Music Man Black on Black It 's Only Rock + Roll Waylon and Company Never Could Toe the Mark Turn the Page Sweet Mother Texas Will the Wolf Survive Hangin ' Tough A Man Called Hoss Full Circle The Eagle Too Dumb for New York City , Too Ugly for L.A. Ol ' Waylon Sings Ol ' Hank Cowboys , Sisters , Rascals & Dirt Waymore 's Blues ( Part II ) Right for the Time Closing In on the Fire Waylon Forever Goin ' Down Rockin ' : The Last Recordings Live albums Waylon Live Never Say Die : Live Live from Austin , TX Never Say Die : The Final Concert Notable singles 1960s `` That 's the Chance I 'll Have to Take '' `` Stop the World ( And Let Me Off ) '' `` Anita , You 're Dreaming '' `` Time to Bum Again '' `` ( That 's What You Get ) For Lovin ' Me '' `` Green River '' `` Mental Revenge '' `` The Chokin ' Kind '' `` Walk On Out of My Mind '' `` I Got You '' with Anita Carter `` Only Daddy That 'll Walk the Line '' `` Yours Love '' `` Something 's Wrong in California '' `` The Days of Sand and Shovels '' `` Brown Eyed Handsome Man '' 1970s `` Singer of Sad Songs '' `` The Taker '' `` ( Do n't Let the Sun Set on You ) Tulsa '' `` Mississippi Woman '' `` Under Your Spell Again '' with Jessi Colter `` Cedartown , Georgia '' `` Good Hearted Woman '' `` Sweet Dream Woman '' `` Pretend I Never Happened '' `` You Can Have Her '' `` We Had It All '' `` You Asked Me To '' `` This Time '' `` I 'm a Ramblin ' Man '' `` Rainy Day Woman '' `` Dreaming My Dreams with You '' `` Are You Sure Hank Done It This Way '' `` Ca n't You See '' `` Are You Ready for the Country '' `` Luckenbach , Texas ( Back to the Basics of Love ) '' `` I 've Always Been Crazy '' `` Do n't You Think This Outlaw Bit 's Done Got Out of Hand '' `` Amanda '' `` Come With Me '' `` I Ai n't Living Long Like This '' 1980s -- 1990s `` Clyde '' `` Good Ol ' Boys '' `` Storms Never Last '' with Jessi Colter `` Shine '' `` Just to Satisfy You '' with Willie Nelson `` Women Do Know How to Carry On '' `` Lucille ( You Wo n't Do Your Daddy 's Will ) '' `` Breakin ' Down '' `` Hold On , I 'm Comin ' '' with Jerry Reed `` The Conversation '' with Hank Williams Jr . `` I May Be Used ( But Baby I Ai n't Used Up ) '' `` Never Could Toe the Mark '' `` America '' `` Waltz Me to Heaven '' `` Drinkin ' and Dreamin ' '' `` The Devil 's on the Loose '' `` Working Without a Net '' `` Will the Wolf Survive '' `` What You 'll Do When I 'm Gone '' `` Rose in Paradise '' `` Fallin ' Out '' `` My Rough and Rowdy Days '' `` If Ole Hank Could Only See Us Now '' `` How Much Is It Worth to Live in L.A. '' `` Which Way Do I Go ( Now That I 'm Gone ) '' `` Trouble Man '' `` You Put the Soul in the Song '' `` Wrong '' `` Where Corn Do n't Grow '' `` What Bothers Me Most '' `` The Eagle '' `` Just Talkin ' '' `` Too Dumb for New York City '' `` Wild Ones '' `` I Know About Me Do n't Know About You '' `` Outlaw Shit '' Collaborations Waylon & Willie Albums : Waylon & Willie WWII Take It to the Limit Clean Shirt Super Hits Singles : `` The Wurlitzer Prize ( I Do n't Want to Get Over You ) '' `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay '' `` Take It to the Limit '' `` If I Can Find a Clean Shirt '' Other collaborations Country - Folk with The Kimberlys Leather and Lace with Jessi Colter Heroes with Johnny Cash Old 97 's & Waylon Jennings with Old 97 's Collaboration singles `` MacArthur Park '' with The Kimberlys `` Suspicious Minds '' with Jessi Colter `` Good Hearted Woman '' with Willie Nelson ( Re-recording ) `` Suspicious Minds '' with Jessi Colter ( Re-release from Wanted ! The Outlaws ) `` There Ai n't No Good Chain Gang '' with Johnny Cash `` Wish I Was Crazy Again '' with Johnny Cash `` The Wild Side of Life / It Was n't God Who Made Honky Tonk Angels '' with Jessi Colter `` Leave Them Boys Alone '' with Hank Williams Jr. and Ernest Tubb `` Even Cowgirls Get the Blues '' with Johnny Cash `` Ballad of Forty Dollars '' with Johnny Cash `` Somewhere Between Ragged and Right '' with John Anderson `` High Ridin ' Heroes '' with David Lynn Jones `` One Good Love '' with Neil Diamond Compilations The Best of Waylon Jennings Do n't Think Twice Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love to Town Only Daddy That 'll Walk the Line Heartaches by the Number Greatest Hits Waylon 's Greatest Hits , Vol. 2 The Best of Waylon New Classic Waylon Only Daddy That 'll Walk the Line : The RCA Years The Journey : Six Strings Away The Journey : Destiny 's Child The Restless Kid : Live at JD 's 20th Century Masters -- The Millennium Collection : The Best of Waylon Jennings RCA Country Legends Ultimate Waylon Jennings 16 Biggest Hits Nashville Rebel The Essential Waylon Jennings Related The Waylors Outlaw country Wanted ! The Outlaws `` We Are the World '' The Highwaymen Old Dogs Jessi Colter Waylon Albright `` Shooter '' Jennings Willie Nelson singles discography 1950s and 1960s 1957 `` No Place For Me '' / `` Lumberjack '' 1959 `` Man With the Blues '' / `` The Storm Has Just Begun '' 1960 `` What a Way to Live '' / `` Misery Mansion '' `` Nite Life '' / `` Rainy Day Blues '' 1961 `` The Part Where I Cry '' / `` Mr. Record Man '' 1962 `` Willingly '' / `` Chain of Love '' `` Touch Me '' / `` Where My House Lives '' `` Wake Me When It 's Over '' / `` There 's Gonna Be Love In My House '' `` You Dream About Me '' / `` Is This My Destiny '' 1963 `` Half a Man '' / `` The Last Letter '' `` Take My Word '' / `` Feed it a Memory '' 1964 `` How Long is Forever '' / `` You Took My Happy Away '' `` Am I Blue '' / `` There 'll Be No Teardrops Tonight '' `` River Boy '' / `` Opportunity to Cry '' `` I Never Cared For You '' / `` You Left Me ( A Long Time Ago ) '' `` Pretty Paper '' / `` What A Merry Christmas This Could Be '' 1965 `` She 's Not For You '' / `` Permanently Lonely '' `` Healing Hands of Time '' / `` One Day at the Time '' `` I Just Ca n't Let You Say Goodbye '' / `` And So Will You , My Love '' 1966 `` One In A Row '' / `` San Antonio Rose '' `` Colombus Stockade Blues '' / `` He Sits at my Table '' `` I 'm Still Not Over You '' / `` I Love You Because '' 1967 `` The Party 's Over '' / `` Make Way for a Better Man '' `` Blackjack County Chain '' / `` Some Other World '' `` San Antonio '' / `` To Make a Long Story Short '' 1968 `` Little Things '' / `` Sweet Memories '' `` Good Times '' / `` Where Do You Stand '' `` Johnny One Time '' / `` She 's Still Gone '' 1969 `` Bring Me Sunshine '' / `` Do n't Say Love or Nothing '' `` I Hope So '' / `` Right or Wrong '' 1970s 1970 `` Once More With Feeling '' / `` Who Do I Know in Dallas '' `` Laying My Burdens Down '' / `` Truth Number One '' 1971 `` I 'm a Memory '' / `` Fire and Rain '' `` Yesterday 's Wine '' / `` Me and Paul '' 1972 `` Words Do n't Fit the Picture '' / `` A Moment '' 1973 `` Shotgun Willie '' ( mono ) / `` Sad Songs and Waltzes '' `` Stay All Night ( Stay a Little Longer ) '' / `` Devil in a Sleepin ' Bag '' `` I Still Ca n't Believe You 're Gone '' / `` Heaven and Hell '' `` Bloody Mary Morning '' / `` After the Fire is Gone '' ( with Tracy Nelson ) `` Sister 's Comin ' Home '' ( mono ) / `` Pick Up The Tempo '' `` Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain '' / `` Bandera '' 1976 `` Remember Me ( When the Candle Lights Are Gleaming ) '' / `` Time of the Preacher '' `` I 'd Have to Be Crazy '' ( mono ) / `` Amazing Grace '' `` If You 've Got the Money I 've Got the Time '' / `` The Sound in Your Mind '' 1977 `` Uncloudy Day '' / `` Precious Memories '' `` I Love You A Thousand Ways '' / `` Mom and Dad 's Waltz '' 1978 `` Georgia on My Mind '' / `` On The Sunny Side Of The Street '' `` Blue Skies '' / `` Moonlight in Vermont '' `` All of Me '' / `` Unchained Melody '' 1979 `` Whiskey River '' / `` Under the Double Eagle '' `` September Song '' / `` Do n't Get Around Much Anymore '' `` White Christmas '' / `` Blue Christmas '' 1980s 1980 `` Help Me Make It Through the Night '' / `` The Pilgrim , Chapter 33 '' `` My Heroes Have Always Been Cowboys '' / `` Rising Stars '' `` Midnight Rider '' / `` So You Think You 're A Cowboy '' `` On the Road Again '' / `` Jumpin ' Cotton Eyed Joe '' ( performed by Johnny Gimble ) 1981 `` Angel Flying Too Close to the Ground '' / `` I Guess I 've Come to Live Here in Your Eyes '' `` Mona Lisa '' / `` Twinkle , Twinkle Little Star '' `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter '' / `` Over the Rainbow '' `` Heartaches of a Fool '' / `` Uncloudy Day '' 1982 `` Always on My Mind '' / `` The Party 's Over '' `` Let It Be Me '' / `` Permanently Lonely '' `` Last Thing I Needed First Thing This Morning '' / `` Old Fords and a Natural Stone '' `` Little Old Fashioned Karma '' / `` Beer Barrel Polka '' `` Why Do I Have to Choose '' / `` Would You Lay with Me ( In a Field of Stone ) '' `` Take It to the Limit '' / `` Till I Gain Control Again '' `` Without a Song '' 1984 `` City of New Orleans ( Unedited version ) '' / `` Why Are You Pickin ' On Me '' 1985 `` Forgiving You Was Easy '' / `` You Would n't Cross the Street '' `` Me and Paul '' / `` I Let My Mind Wander '' 1986 `` Living in the Promiseland '' / `` Bach Minuet in G '' `` I 'm Not Trying to Forget You '' / `` I 've Got the Craziest Feeling '' `` Partners After All '' / `` Home Away From Home '' `` Heart of Gold '' / `` So Much Like My Dad '' `` Island in the Sea '' / `` There Is No Easy Way '' `` Nobody There But Me '' / `` Wake Me When It 's Over '' `` Spanish Eyes '' ( with Julio Iglesias ) / `` Ole Buttermilk Sky '' `` Twilight Time '' / `` Ac - Cent - Tchu - Ate the Positive '' `` Nothing I Can Do About It Now '' / `` If I Were a Painting '' `` There You Are '' / `` Spirit '' `` Is The Better Part Over '' / `` Mr. Record Man '' 1990s `` The Highway '' / `` Spirit '' `` Ai n't Necessarily So '' / `` I Never Cared For You '' ( `` Ai n't Necessarily So '' also on CD Single ) 1991 `` The Piper Came Today '' / `` ( I Do n't Have a Reason ) To Go To California Anymore '' ( `` The Piper Came Today '' also on CD Single ) `` Ten With a Two '' / `` You Decide '' `` Graceland '' `` Still is Still Moving to Me '' / `` Valentine '' 1995 `` Turn Me Loose and Let Me Swing '' 1998 `` I Never Cared for You '' 2000s and 2010s 2002 `` Mendocino County Line '' ( with Lee Ann Womack ) / `` Maria ( Shut Up and Kiss Me ) '' ( Both single tracks released on CD and 7 '' record ) 2003 `` Wurlitzer Prize '' ( with Norah Jones ) `` Beer for My Horses '' ( with Toby Keith ) 2005 `` I 'm a Worried Man '' ( with Toots Hibbert ) `` The Harder They Come '' 2006 `` You Do n't Know Me '' `` Cowboys Are Frequently , Secretly Fond of Each Other '' 2008 `` Gravedigger '' `` You Do n't Think I 'm Funny Anymore '' 2011 `` The Scientist '' 2012 `` Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die '' `` Just Breathe '' `` Come On Back Jesus '' 2013 `` From Here to the Moon and Back '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` Grandma 's Hands '' ( with Mavis Staples ) `` It Wo n't Be Long '' ( with The Secret Sisters ) `` Somewhere Between '' ( with Loretta Lynn ) 2014 `` The Wall '' `` Bring It On '' `` Laws of Nature '' `` Who 'll Buy My Memories '' 2015 `` It 's All Going to Pot '' Book : Willie Nelson Category : Willie Nelson David Allan Coe Studio albums Penitentiary Blues Requiem for a Harlequin The Mysterious Rhinestone Cowboy Once Upon a Rhyme Longhaired Redneck Rides Again Texas Moon Tattoo Buckstone County Prison Family Album Nothing Sacred Human Emotions Compass Point Spectrum VII I 've Got Something to Say Encore Invictus ( Means ) Unconquered Tennessee Whiskey DAC Rough Rider Underground Album Castles in the Sand Hello in There Just Divorced Darlin ' , Darlin ' Unchained Son of the South A Matter of Life and Death I Love Country Crazy Daddy 1990 Songs for Sale Standing Too Close to the Flames Johnny Cash Is a Friend of Mine Recommended for Airplay Long Haired Country Boy Songwriter of the Tear Country and Western Sings Merle Haggard Whoopsy Daisy Sings Johnny Cash 's Biggest Hits All I 'll Ever Be Rebel Meets Rebel DAC 's Back Live albums Live : If That Ai n't Country ... Live at the Iron Horse Saloon Live at Billy Bob 's Texas Compilation albums Greatest Hits The Best of David Allan Coe 17 Greatest Hits For the Record : The First 10 Years 18 X-Rated Hits Biggest Hits Super Hits The Mysterious Rhinestone Cowboy / Once Upon a Time 20 Greatest Hits Longhaired Redneck / Rides Again The Original Outlaw Headed for the Country Best of the Best Compass Point / I 've Got Something to Say David Allan Coe , Johnny Paycheck & Others Human Emotions / Spectrum VII Invictus Means Unconquered / Tennessee Whiskey Tattoo / Family Album Lonesome Fugitive The Perfect Country and Western Song Truckin ' Outlaw Super Hits , Vol. 2 20 Road Music Hits 16 Biggest Hits Castles in the Sand / Once Upon a Rhyme The Original Outlaw of Country Music 20 All Time Greatest Hits Country Outlaw The Essential David Allan Coe Ultimate Collection For the Soul and for the Mind : Demos of ' 71 - ' 74 Castles in the Sand / Hello in There Just Divorced / Darlin ' Darlin ' : Plus Rough Rider / DAC : Plus Unchained / Son of the South : Plus At His Best The Ride Country Hit Parade Early Years Singles `` You Never Even Called Me by My Name '' `` Longhaired Redneck '' `` Stand by Your Man '' `` Tennessee Whiskey '' `` Dock of the Bay '' `` The Ride '' `` Mona Lisa Lost Her Smile '' `` She Used to Love Me a Lot '' `` I 'm Gonna Hurt Her on the Radio '' Related articles Discography Johnny Paycheck `` Would You Lay with Me ( In a Field of Stone ) '' `` Take This Job and Shove It '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=(Sittin%27_On)_The_Dock_of_the_Bay&oldid=801553248 '' Categories : 1968 singles Otis Redding songs Songs about California Songs about San Francisco David Allan Coe songs Michael Bolton songs Peggy Lee songs Waylon Jennings songs Willie Nelson songs Jimmy Velvit songs Glen Campbell songs Songs written by Otis Redding Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Songs released posthumously Songs written by Steve Cropper RCA Records singles Atco Records singles Stax Records singles Capitol Records singles Columbia Records singles Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from June 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Euskara Français Hrvatski Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Sardu Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 11 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the original singer of sitting on the dock of the bay | [
"\"(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay\" is a song co-written by soul singer Otis Redding and guitarist Steve Cropper. It was recorded by Redding twice in 1967, including once just days before his death in a plane crash. The song was released on Stax Records' Volt label in 1968,[2] becoming the first posthumous single to top the charts in the US.[3] It reached number 3 on the UK Singles Chart."
] | [
"Otis Redding"
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3428752772134586617 | 2008 Under-19 Cricket World Cup squads | 2008 Under - 19 Cricket World Cup squads - wikipedia 2008 Under - 19 Cricket World Cup squads Jump to : navigation , search The following players were selected to play in the 2008 Under - 19 Cricket World Cup . Contents ( hide ) 1 Australia 2 Bangladesh 3 Bermuda 4 England 5 India 6 Ireland 7 Malaysia 8 Namibia 9 Nepal 10 New Zealand 11 Pakistan 12 Papua New Guinea 13 South Africa 14 Sri Lanka 15 West Indies 16 Zimbabwe 17 References Australia ( edit ) The following players were selected for Australia 's squad : Michael Hill ( c ) Phillip Hughes ( vc ) Daniel Burns Michael Cranmer James Faulkner Josh Hazlewood David King Dom O'Brien ( wk ) Kirk Pascoe James Pattinson Clive Rose Kumar Sarna Jeremy Smith Steve Smith Marcus Stoinis Bangladesh ( edit ) The following players were selected for Bangladesh 's squad : Suhrawadi Shuvo ( c ) Amit Majumder Ashiqul Islam ( wk ) Ashraful Hossain Dolar Mahmud Golam Kibria Mahmudul Hasan Mohammad Mithun ( wk ) Mohammad Shakil Nadimuddin Nasir Hossain Rony Talukdar Rubel Hossain Shykat Ali Subashis Roy Bermuda ( edit ) The following players were selected for Bermuda 's squad : Rodney Trott ( c ) Malachi Jones ( vc ) Machai Campbell Deunte Darrell Jordan DeSilva Chris Douglas Terryn Fray Tre Govia Kyle Hodsoll Dennico Hollis Greg Maybury McLaren Smith Pierre Smith ( wk ) Regino Smith ( wk ) Tamauri Tucker England ( edit ) The following players were selected for England 's squad : Alex Wakely ( c ) Ben Brown ( wk ) Liam Dawson Steven Finn Billy Godleman James Goodman James Harris James Lee Stuart Meaker Sam Northeast Dan Redfern James Taylor Tom Westley Chris Woakes Greg Wood ( wk ) India ( edit ) The following players were selected for India 's squad : Virat Kohli ( c ) Ravindra Jadeja ( vc ) Ajitesh Argal Napoleon Einstein Shreevats Goswami ( wk ) Perry Goyal ( wk ) Iqbal Abdulla Siddarth Kaul Taruwar Kohli Abhinav Mukund Manish Pandey Pradeep Sangwan Duvvarapu Siva Kumar Tanmay Srivastava Saurabh Tiwary Ireland ( edit ) The following players were selected for Ireland 's squad : Greg Thompson ( c ) Ben Ackland Andy Balbirnie ( wk ) Andrew Britton Chris Dougherty Shane Getkate James Hall Richard Keaveney Theo Lawson Gavin McKenna Graham McDonnell Lee Nelson Stuart Poynter ( wk ) James Shannon Paul Stirling Malaysia ( edit ) The following players were selected for Malaysia 's squad : Ahmad Faiz ( c ) Faris Almas ( vc ) Sarath Ananthasivam Faizal Abu Hasan Fauzi Arifin Kasman Kaderi Mohammad Miran Nik Arifin Norwira Zazmie Aminuddin Ramly Saravanan Raj Shafiq Sharif ( wk ) Shahid Ali Khan Suharril Fetri Namibia ( edit ) The following players were selected for Namibia 's squad : Dawid Botha ( c ) Claude Bouwer Gert Jan Coetzee Morne Engelbrecht Tiaan Louw Elandre Oosthuizen Bernard Scholtz Sean Silver Ewald Steenkamp Keady Strauss Louis van der Westhuizen Martin van Niekerk Ashley van Rooi Raymond van Schoor Pikky Ya France Nepal ( edit ) The following players were selected for Nepal 's squad : Paras Khadka ( c ) Gyanendra Malla ( vc ) Amrit Bhattarai Mahesh Chhetri Akash Gupta Sagar Khadka Anil Mandal Subash Pradhan ( wk ) Abhaya Rana Chandra Sawad Raj Shrestha Rom Shrestha Antim Thapa Puspa Thapa Rahul Vishwakarma New Zealand ( edit ) The following players were selected for New Zealand 's squad : Kane Williamson ( c ) Corey Anderson Nick Beard Harry Boam Trent Boult Michael Bracewell Tamati Clarke Fraser Colson Andrew Dodd Michael Guptill - Bunce ( wk ) Greg Morgan Hamish Rutherford Tim Southee Anurag Verma George Worker Pakistan ( edit ) The following players were selected for Pakistan 's squad : Imad Wasim ( c ) Shan Masood ( vc ) Adil Raza Ahmed Shehzad Ahsan Jamil Ali Asad Azhar Attari Junaid Khan Kamran Hussain Mohammad Rameez Shahzaib Ahmed Umair Mir ( wk ) Umar Akmal Umar Amin Usman Salahuddin Papua New Guinea ( edit ) The following players were selected for Papua New Guinea 's squad : Colin Amini ( c ) Alfred Amini Charles Amini Jonathan Diho Arua Dikana Willie Gavera Tanti Heni Jason Kila Jacob Mado Loa Nou John Reva Heni Siaka Joel Tom Tony Ura Archie Vala South Africa ( edit ) The following players were selected for South Africa 's squad : Wayne Parnell ( c ) Roy Adams Matthew Arnold Clayton August Bradley Barnes ( wk ) Daniel Childs Sybrand Engelbrecht Reeza Hendricks Pieter Malan Mangaliso Mosehle ( wk ) Obus Pienaar Rilee Rossouw JJ Smuts Yaseen Vallie Jonathan Vandiar Sri Lanka ( edit ) The following players were selected for Sri Lanka 's squad : Ashan Priyanjan ( c ) Dinesh Chandimal ( wk ) Denuwan Fernando Ishan Jayaratne Umesh Karunaratne Navin Kavikara Dilshan Munaweera Sachith Pathirana Chathura Peiris Angelo Perera Kusal Perera Thisara Perera Roshen Silva Lahiru Thirimanne Imesh Udayanga West Indies ( edit ) The following players were selected for the West Indie 's squad : Shamarh Brooks ( c ) Steven Jacobs ( vc ) Adrian Barath Nkrumah Bonner Darren Bravo Kyle Corbin Andre Creary Jason Dawes Dawnley Grant Delorn Johnson Horace Miller Veerasammy Permaul Kieran Powell Devon Thomas ( wk ) Shacaya Thomas Zimbabwe ( edit ) The following players were selected for Zimbabwe 's squad : Prince Masvaure ( c ) Justin Gaisford Tinashe Chimbambo ( wk ) Tendai Chitongo Hughes Dinembira Kyle Jarvis Edzai Jaure Daniel Landman Tendai Mashonganyika Stewart Matsika Solomon Mire Peter Moor Tinotenda Mutombodzi Njabulo Ncube Reginald Nehonde References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Australia Squad '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 28 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh Squad '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 28 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bermuda Squad '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 28 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` England Squad '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 28 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` India Squad '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 28 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ireland Squad '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 28 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Malaysia Squad '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 28 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Namibia Squad '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 28 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nepal Squad '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 28 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand Squad '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 28 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan Squad '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 28 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Papua New Guinea Squad '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 28 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa Squad '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 28 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka Squad '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 28 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies Squad '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 28 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe Squad '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 28 September 2016 . ( hide ) Under - 19 Cricket World Cup Tournaments Australia 1988 South Africa 1998 Sri Lanka 2000 New Zealand 2002 Bangladesh 2004 Sri Lanka 2006 Malaysia 2008 New Zealand 2010 Australia 2012 UAE 2014 Bangladesh 2016 New Zealand 2018 Squads 1998 2000 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 Qualification 2012 2014 2016 2018 Regional Africa Americas Asia East Asia - Pacific Europe Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2008_Under-19_Cricket_World_Cup_squads&oldid=823941267 '' Categories : ICC Under - 19 Cricket World Cup squads ICC Under - 19 Cricket World Cup Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 February 2018 , at 10 : 17 . 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-371113534156748607 | Chemical reaction | Chemical reaction - wikipedia Chemical reaction Jump to : navigation , search A thermite reaction using iron ( III ) oxide . The sparks flying outwards are globules of molten iron trailing smoke in their wake . A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the transformation of one set of chemical substances to another . Classically , chemical reactions encompass changes that only involve the positions of electrons in the forming and breaking of chemical bonds between atoms , with no change to the nuclei ( no change to the elements present ) , and can often be described by a chemical equation . Nuclear chemistry is a sub-discipline of chemistry that involves the chemical reactions of unstable and radioactive elements where both electronic and nuclear changes can occur . The substance ( or substances ) initially involved in a chemical reaction are called reactants or reagents . Chemical reactions are usually characterized by a chemical change , and they yield one or more products , which usually have properties different from the reactants . Reactions often consist of a sequence of individual sub-steps , the so - called elementary reactions , and the information on the precise course of action is part of the reaction mechanism . Chemical reactions are described with chemical equations , which symbolically present the starting materials , end products , and sometimes intermediate products and reaction conditions . Chemical reactions happen at a characteristic reaction rate at a given temperature and chemical concentration . Typically , reaction rates increase with increasing temperature because there is more thermal energy available to reach the activation energy necessary for breaking bonds between atoms . Reactions may proceed in the forward or reverse direction until they go to completion or reach equilibrium . Reactions that proceed in the forward direction to approach equilibrium are often described as spontaneous , requiring no input of free energy to go forward . Non-spontaneous reactions require input of free energy to go forward ( examples include charging a battery by applying an external electrical power source , or photosynthesis driven by absorption of electromagnetic radiation in the form of sunlight ) . Different chemical reactions are used in combinations during chemical synthesis in order to obtain a desired product . In biochemistry , a consecutive series of chemical reactions ( where the product of one reaction is the reactant of the next reaction ) form metabolic pathways . These reactions are often catalyzed by protein enzymes . Enzymes increase the rates of biochemical reactions , so that metabolic syntheses and decompositions impossible under ordinary conditions can occur at the temperatures and concentrations present within a cell . The general concept of a chemical reaction has been extended to reactions between entities smaller than atoms , including nuclear reactions , radioactive decays , and reactions between elementary particles as described by quantum field theory . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Equations 3 Elementary reactions 4 Chemical equilibrium 5 Thermodynamics 6 Kinetics 7 Reaction types 7.1 Four basic types 7.1. 1 Synthesis 7.1. 2 Decomposition 7.1. 3 Single replacement 7.1. 4 Double replacement 7.2 Oxidation and reduction 7.3 Complexation 7.4 Acid - base reactions 7.5 Precipitation 7.6 Solid - state reactions 7.7 Reactions at the solid gas interface 7.8 Photochemical reactions 8 Catalysis 9 Reactions in organic chemistry 9.1 Substitution 9.2 Addition and elimination 9.3 Other organic reaction mechanisms 10 Biochemical reactions 11 Applications 12 Monitoring 13 See also 14 References 15 Bibliography History Antoine Lavoisier developed the theory of combustion as a chemical reaction with oxygen Chemical reactions such as combustion in fire , fermentation and the reduction of ores to metals were known since antiquity . Initial theories of transformation of materials were developed by Greek philosophers , such as the Four - Element Theory of Empedocles stating that any substance is composed of the four basic elements -- fire , water , air and earth . In the Middle Ages , chemical transformations were studied by Alchemists . They attempted , in particular , to convert lead into gold , for which purpose they used reactions of lead and lead - copper alloys with sulfur . The production of chemical substances that do not normally occur in nature has long been tried , such as the synthesis of sulfuric and nitric acids attributed to the controversial alchemist Jābir ibn Hayyān . The process involved heating of sulfate and nitrate minerals such as copper sulfate , alum and saltpeter . In the 17th century , Johann Rudolph Glauber produced hydrochloric acid and sodium sulfate by reacting sulfuric acid and sodium chloride . With the development of the lead chamber process in 1746 and the Leblanc process , allowing large - scale production of sulfuric acid and sodium carbonate , respectively , chemical reactions became implemented into the industry . Further optimization of sulfuric acid technology resulted in the contact process in the 1880s , and the Haber process was developed in 1909 -- 1910 for ammonia synthesis . From the 16th century , researchers including Jan Baptist van Helmont , Robert Boyle and Isaac Newton tried to establish theories of the experimentally observed chemical transformations . The phlogiston theory was proposed in 1667 by Johann Joachim Becher . It postulated the existence of a fire - like element called `` phlogiston '' , which was contained within combustible bodies and released during combustion . This proved to be false in 1785 by Antoine Lavoisier who found the correct explanation of the combustion as reaction with oxygen from the air . Joseph Louis Gay - Lussac recognized in 1808 that gases always react in a certain relationship with each other . Based on this idea and the atomic theory of John Dalton , Joseph Proust had developed the law of definite proportions , which later resulted in the concepts of stoichiometry and chemical equations . Regarding the organic chemistry , it was long believed that compounds obtained from living organisms were too complex to be obtained synthetically . According to the concept of vitalism , organic matter was endowed with a `` vital force '' and distinguished from inorganic materials . This separation was ended however by the synthesis of urea from inorganic precursors by Friedrich Wöhler in 1828 . Other chemists who brought major contributions to organic chemistry include Alexander William Williamson with his synthesis of ethers and Christopher Kelk Ingold , who , among many discoveries , established the mechanisms of substitution reactions . Equations As seen from the equation CH + 2 O → CO + 2 H O , a coefficient of 2 must be placed before the oxygen gas on the reactants side and before the water on the products side in order for , as per the law of conservation of mass , the quantity of each element does not change during the reaction Main article : Chemical equation Chemical equations are used to graphically illustrate chemical reactions . They consist of chemical or structural formulas of the reactants on the left and those of the products on the right . They are separated by an arrow ( → ) which indicates the direction and type of the reaction ; the arrow is read as the word `` yields '' . The tip of the arrow points in the direction in which the reaction proceeds . A double arrow ( ⇌ ) pointing in opposite directions is used for equilibrium reactions . Equations should be balanced according to the stoichiometry , the number of atoms of each species should be the same on both sides of the equation . This is achieved by scaling the number of involved molecules ( A , B , C ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( A , B , C ) ) ) and D ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( D ) ) ) in a schematic example below ) by the appropriate integers a , b , c and d . a A + b B ⟶ c C + d D ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( ( ( \ mathit ( a ) ) A ) + ( \ mathit ( b ) ) B - > ( ( \ mathit ( c ) ) C ) + ( \ mathit ( d ) ) D ) ) ) More elaborate reactions are represented by reaction schemes , which in addition to starting materials and products show important intermediates or transition states . Also , some relatively minor additions to the reaction can be indicated above the reaction arrow ; examples of such additions are water , heat , illumination , a catalyst , etc . Similarly , some minor products can be placed below the arrow , often with a minus sign . An example of organic reaction : oxidation of ketones to esters with a peroxycarboxylic acid Retrosynthetic analysis can be applied to design a complex synthesis reaction . Here the analysis starts from the products , for example by splitting selected chemical bonds , to arrive at plausible initial reagents . A special arrow ( ⇒ ) is used in retro reactions . Elementary reactions The elementary reaction is the smallest division into which a chemical reaction can be decomposed , it has no intermediate products . Most experimentally observed reactions are built up from many elementary reactions that occur in parallel or sequentially . The actual sequence of the individual elementary reactions is known as reaction mechanism . An elementary reaction involves a few molecules , usually one or two , because of the low probability for several molecules to meet at a certain time . Isomerization of azobenzene , induced by light ( hν ) or heat ( Δ ) The most important elementary reactions are unimolecular and bimolecular reactions . Only one molecule is involved in a unimolecular reaction ; it is transformed by an isomerization or a dissociation into one or more other molecules . Such reactions require the addition of energy in the form of heat or light . A typical example of a unimolecular reaction is the cis -- trans isomerization , in which the cis - form of a compound converts to the trans - form or vice versa . In a typical dissociation reaction , a bond in a molecule splits ( ruptures ) resulting in two molecular fragments . The splitting can be homolytic or heterolytic . In the first case , the bond is divided so that each product retains an electron and becomes a neutral radical . In the second case , both electrons of the chemical bond remain with one of the products , resulting in charged ions . Dissociation plays an important role in triggering chain reactions , such as hydrogen -- oxygen or polymerization reactions . AB ⟶ A + B ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( AB - > A + B ) ) ) Dissociation of a molecule AB into fragments A and B For bimolecular reactions , two molecules collide and react with each other . Their merger is called chemical synthesis or an addition reaction . A + B ⟶ AB ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( A + B - > AB ) ) ) Another possibility is that only a portion of one molecule is transferred to the other molecule . This type of reaction occurs , for example , in redox and acid - base reactions . In redox reactions , the transferred particle is an electron , whereas in acid - base reactions it is a proton . This type of reaction is also called metathesis . HA + B ⟶ A + HB ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( HA + B - > A + HB ) ) ) for example NaCl + AgNO 3 ⟶ NaNO 3 + AgCl ↓ ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( NaCl + AgNO3 - > NaNO3 + AgCl ( v ) ) ) ) Chemical equilibrium Main article : Chemical equilibrium Most chemical reactions are reversible , that is they can and do run in both directions . The forward and reverse reactions are competing with each other and differ in reaction rates . These rates depend on the concentration and therefore change with time of the reaction : the reverse rate gradually increases and becomes equal to the rate of the forward reaction , establishing the so - called chemical equilibrium . The time to reach equilibrium depends on such parameters as temperature , pressure and the materials involved , and is determined by the minimum free energy . In equilibrium , the Gibbs free energy must be zero . The pressure dependence can be explained with the Le Chatelier 's principle . For example , an increase in pressure due to decreasing volume causes the reaction to shift to the side with the fewer moles of gas . The reaction yield stabilizes at equilibrium , but can be increased by removing the product from the reaction mixture or changed by increasing the temperature or pressure . A change in the concentrations of the reactants does not affect the equilibrium constant , but does affect the equilibrium position . Thermodynamics Chemical reactions are determined by the laws of thermodynamics . Reactions can proceed by themselves if they are exergonic , that is if they release energy . The associated free energy of the reaction is composed of two different thermodynamic quantities , enthalpy and entropy : Δ G = Δ H − T ⋅ Δ S ( \ displaystyle \ Delta G = \ Delta H-T \ cdot \ Delta S ) . G : free energy , H : enthalpy , T : temperature , S : entropy , Δ : difference ( change between original and product ) Reactions can be exothermic , where ΔH is negative and energy is released . Typical examples of exothermic reactions are precipitation and crystallization , in which ordered solids are formed from disordered gaseous or liquid phases . In contrast , in endothermic reactions , heat is consumed from the environment . This can occur by increasing the entropy of the system , often through the formation of gaseous reaction products , which have high entropy . Since the entropy increases with temperature , many endothermic reactions preferably take place at high temperatures . On the contrary , many exothermic reactions such as crystallization occur at low temperatures . Changes in temperature can sometimes reverse the sign of the enthalpy of a reaction , as for the carbon monoxide reduction of molybdenum dioxide : 2 CO ( g ) + MoO 2 ( s ) ⟶ 2 CO 2 ( g ) + Mo ( s ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( 2CO ( g ) + MoO2 ( s ) - > 2CO2 ( g ) + Mo ( s ) ) ) ) ; Δ H o = + 21.86 kJ at 298 K ( \ displaystyle \ Delta H ^ ( o ) = + 21.86 \ ( \ text ( kJ at 298 K ) ) ) This reaction to form carbon dioxide and molybdenum is endothermic at low temperatures , becoming less so with increasing temperature . ΔH ° is zero at 7003185500000000000 ♠ 1855 K , and the reaction becomes exothermic above that temperature . Changes in temperature can also reverse the direction tendency of a reaction . For example , the water gas shift reaction CO ( g ) + H 2 O ( v ) ↽ − − ⇀ CO 2 ( g ) + H 2 ( g ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( CO ( g ) + H2O ( ( v ) ) < = > CO2 ( g ) + H2 ( g ) ) ) ) is favored by low temperatures , but its reverse is favored by high temperature . The shift in reaction direction tendency occurs at 7003110000000000000 ♠ 1100 K . Reactions can also be characterized by the internal energy which takes into account changes in the entropy , volume and chemical potential . The latter depends , among other things , on the activities of the involved substances . d U = T ⋅ d S − p ⋅ d V + μ ⋅ d n ( \ displaystyle ( d ) U = T \ cdot ( d ) S-p \ cdot ( d ) V+ \ mu \ cdot ( d ) n ) U : internal energy , S : entropy , p : pressure , μ : chemical potential , n : number of molecules , d : small change sign Kinetics The speed at which reactions takes place is studied by reaction kinetics . The rate depends on various parameters , such as : Reactant concentrations , which usually make the reaction happen at a faster rate if raised through increased collisions per unit time . Some reactions , however , have rates that are independent of reactant concentrations . These are called zero order reactions . Surface area available for contact between the reactants , in particular solid ones in heterogeneous systems . Larger surface areas lead to higher reaction rates . Pressure -- increasing the pressure decreases the volume between molecules and therefore increases the frequency of collisions between the molecules . Activation energy , which is defined as the amount of energy required to make the reaction start and carry on spontaneously . Higher activation energy implies that the reactants need more energy to start than a reaction with a lower activation energy . Temperature , which hastens reactions if raised , since higher temperature increases the energy of the molecules , creating more collisions per unit time , The presence or absence of a catalyst . Catalysts are substances which change the pathway ( mechanism ) of a reaction which in turn increases the speed of a reaction by lowering the activation energy needed for the reaction to take place . A catalyst is not destroyed or changed during a reaction , so it can be used again . For some reactions , the presence of electromagnetic radiation , most notably ultraviolet light , is needed to promote the breaking of bonds to start the reaction . This is particularly true for reactions involving radicals . Several theories allow calculating the reaction rates at the molecular level . This field is referred to as reaction dynamics . The rate v of a first - order reaction , which could be disintegration of a substance A , is given by : v = − d ( A ) d t = k ⋅ ( A ) . ( \ displaystyle v = - ( \ frac ( d ( ( \ ce ( A ) ) ) ) ( dt ) ) = k \ cdot ( ( \ ce ( A ) ) ) . ) Its integration yields : ( A ) ( t ) = ( A ) 0 ⋅ e − k ⋅ t . ( \ displaystyle ( ( \ ce ( ( A ) ) ) ) ( t ) = ( ( \ ce ( ( A ) ) ) ) _ ( 0 ) \ cdot e ^ ( - k \ cdot t ) . ) Here k is first - order rate constant having dimension 1 / time , ( A ) ( t ) is concentration at a time t and ( A ) is the initial concentration . The rate of a first - order reaction depends only on the concentration and the properties of the involved substance , and the reaction itself can be described with the characteristic half - life . More than one time constant is needed when describing reactions of higher order . The temperature dependence of the rate constant usually follows the Arrhenius equation : k = k 0 e − E a / k B T ( \ displaystyle k = k_ ( 0 ) e ^ ( ( - E_ ( a ) ) / ( k_ ( B ) T ) ) ) where E is the activation energy and k is the Boltzmann constant . One of the simplest models of reaction rate is the collision theory . More realistic models are tailored to a specific problem and include the transition state theory , the calculation of the potential energy surface , the Marcus theory and the Rice -- Ramsperger -- Kassel -- Marcus ( RRKM ) theory . Reaction types Four basic types Representation of four basic chemical reactions types : synthesis , decomposition , single replacement and double replacement . Synthesis Main article : Synthesis reaction In a synthesis reaction , two or more simple substances combine to form a more complex substance . These reactions are in the general form : A + B ⟶ AB ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( A + B - > AB ) ) ) Two or more reactants yielding one product is another way to identify a synthesis reaction . One example of a synthesis reaction is the combination of iron and sulfur to form iron ( II ) sulfide : 8 Fe + S 8 ⟶ 8 FeS ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( 8Fe + S8 - > 8FeS ) ) ) Another example is simple hydrogen gas combined with simple oxygen gas to produce a more complex substance , such as water . Decomposition Main article : Decomposition reaction A decomposition reaction is when a more complex substance breaks down into its more simple parts . It is thus the opposite of a synthesis reaction , and can be written as AB ⟶ A + B ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( AB - > A + B ) ) ) One example of a decomposition reaction is the electrolysis of water to make oxygen and hydrogen gas : 2 H 2 O ⟶ 2 H 2 + O 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( 2H2O - > 2H2 + O2 ) ) ) Single replacement In a single replacement reaction , a single uncombined element replaces another in a compound ; in other words , one element trades places with another element in a compound These reactions come in the general form of : A + BC ⟶ AC + B ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( A + BC - > AC + B ) ) ) One example of a single displacement reaction is when magnesium replaces hydrogen in water to make magnesium hydroxide and hydrogen gas : Mg + 2 H 2 O ⟶ Mg ( OH ) 2 + H 2 ( ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( ( Mg ) + 2H2O - > Mg ( OH ) 2 + H2 ( ^ ( ) ) ) ) ) Double replacement In a double replacement reaction , the anions and cations of two compounds switch places and form two entirely different compounds . These reactions are in the general form : AB + CD ⟶ AD + CB ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( AB + CD - > AD + CB ) ) ) For example , when barium chloride ( BaCl ) and magnesium sulfate ( MgSO ) react , the SO anion switches places with the 2Cl anion , giving the compounds BaSO and MgCl . Another example of a double displacement reaction is the reaction of lead ( II ) nitrate with potassium iodide to form lead ( II ) iodide and potassium nitrate : Pb ( NO 3 ) 2 + 2 KI ⟶ PbI 2 ↓ + 2 KNO 3 ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( Pb ( NO3 ) 2 + 2KI - > PbI2 ( v ) + 2KNO3 ) ) ) Oxidation and reduction Illustration of a redox reaction Sodium chloride is formed through the redox reaction of sodium metal and chlorine gas Redox reactions can be understood in terms of transfer of electrons from one involved species ( reducing agent ) to another ( oxidizing agent ) . In this process , the former species is oxidized and the latter is reduced . Though sufficient for many purposes , these descriptions are not precisely correct . Oxidation is better defined as an increase in oxidation state , and reduction as a decrease in oxidation state . In practice , the transfer of electrons will always change the oxidation state , but there are many reactions that are classed as `` redox '' even though no electron transfer occurs ( such as those involving covalent bonds ) . In the following redox reaction , hazardous sodium metal reacts with toxic chlorine gas to form the ionic compound sodium chloride , or common table salt : 2 Na ( s ) + Cl 2 ( g ) ⟶ 2 NaCl ( s ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( 2Na ( s ) + Cl2 ( g ) - > 2NaCl ( s ) ) ) ) In the reaction , sodium metal goes from an oxidation state of 0 ( as it is a pure element ) to + 1 : in other words , the sodium lost one electron and is said to have been oxidized . On the other hand , the chlorine gas goes from an oxidation of 0 ( it is also a pure element ) to − 1 : the chlorine gains one electron and is said to have been reduced . Because the chlorine is the one reduced , it is considered the electron acceptor , or in other words , induces oxidation in the sodium -- thus the chlorine gas is considered the oxidizing agent . Conversely , the sodium is oxidized or is the electron donor , and thus induces reduction in the other species and is considered the reducing agent . Which of the involved reactants would be reducing or oxidizing agent can be predicted from the electronegativity of their elements . Elements with low electronegativity , such as most metals , easily donate electrons and oxidize -- they are reducing agents . On the contrary , many ions with high oxidation numbers , such as H O , MnO , CrO , Cr O , OsO can gain one or two extra electrons and are strong oxidizing agents . The number of electrons donated or accepted in a redox reaction can be predicted from the electron configuration of the reactant element . Elements try to reach the low - energy noble gas configuration , and therefore alkali metals and halogens will donate and accept one electron respectively . Noble gases themselves are chemically inactive . An important class of redox reactions are the electrochemical reactions , where electrons from the power supply are used as the reducing agent . These reactions are particularly important for the production of chemical elements , such as chlorine or aluminium . The reverse process in which electrons are released in redox reactions and can be used as electrical energy is possible and used in batteries . Complexation Ferrocene -- an iron atom sandwiched between two C H ligands In complexation reactions , several ligands react with a metal atom to form a coordination complex . This is achieved by providing lone pairs of the ligand into empty orbitals of the metal atom and forming dipolar bonds . The ligands are Lewis bases , they can be both ions and neutral molecules , such as carbon monoxide , ammonia or water . The number of ligands that react with a central metal atom can be found using the 18 - electron rule , saying that the valence shells of a transition metal will collectively accommodate 18 electrons , whereas the symmetry of the resulting complex can be predicted with the crystal field theory and ligand field theory . Complexation reactions also include ligand exchange , in which one or more ligands are replaced by another , and redox processes which change the oxidation state of the central metal atom . Acid - base reactions In the Brønsted -- Lowry acid -- base theory , an acid - base reaction involves a transfer of protons ( H ) from one species ( the acid ) to another ( the base ) . When a proton is removed from an acid , the resulting species is termed that acid 's conjugate base . When the proton is accepted by a base , the resulting species is termed that base 's conjugate acid . In other words , acids act as proton donors and bases act as proton acceptors according to the following equation : HA acid + B base ↽ − − ⇀ A − conjugated base + HB + conjugated acid ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( ( \ underset ( acid ) ( HA ) ) + ( \ underset ( base ) ( B ) ) < = > ( \ underset ( conjugated \ base ) ( A ^ ( - ) ) ) + ( \ underset ( conjugated \ acid ) ( HB+ ) ) ) ) ) The reverse reaction is possible , and thus the acid / base and conjugated base / acid are always in equilibrium . The equilibrium is determined by the acid and base dissociation constants ( K and K ) of the involved substances . A special case of the acid - base reaction is the neutralization where an acid and a base , taken at exactly same amounts , form a neutral salt . Acid - base reactions can have different definitions depending on the acid - base concept employed . Some of the most common are : Arrhenius definition : Acids dissociate in water releasing H O ions ; bases dissociate in water releasing OH ions . Brønsted - Lowry definition : Acids are proton ( H ) donors , bases are proton acceptors ; this includes the Arrhenius definition . Lewis definition : Acids are electron - pair acceptors , bases are electron - pair donors ; this includes the Brønsted - Lowry definition . Precipitation Precipitation Precipitation is the formation of a solid in a solution or inside another solid during a chemical reaction . It usually takes place when the concentration of dissolved ions exceeds the solubility limit and forms an insoluble salt . This process can be assisted by adding a precipitating agent or by removal of the solvent . Rapid precipitation results in an amorphous or microcrystalline residue and slow process can yield single crystals . The latter can also be obtained by recrystallization from microcrystalline salts . Solid - state reactions Reactions can take place between two solids . However , because of the relatively small diffusion rates in solids , the corresponding chemical reactions are very slow in comparison to liquid and gas phase reactions . They are accelerated by increasing the reaction temperature and finely dividing the reactant to increase the contacting surface area . Reactions at the solid Gas interface Reaction can take place at the solid gas interface , surfaces at very low pressure such as ultra-high vacuum . Via scanning tunneling microscopy , it is possible to observe reactions at the solid gas interface in real space , if the time scale of the reaction is in the correct range . Reactions at the solid gas interface are in some cases related to catalysis . Photochemical reactions In this Paterno -- Büchi reaction , a photoexcited carbonyl group is added to an unexcited olefin , yielding an oxetane . In photochemical reactions , atoms and molecules absorb energy ( photons ) of the illumination light and convert into an excited state . They can then release this energy by breaking chemical bonds , thereby producing radicals . Photochemical reactions include hydrogen -- oxygen reactions , radical polymerization , chain reactions and rearrangement reactions . Many important processes involve photochemistry . The premier example is photosynthesis , in which most plants use solar energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose , disposing of oxygen as a side - product . Humans rely on photochemistry for the formation of vitamin D , and vision is initiated by a photochemical reaction of rhodopsin . In fireflies , an enzyme in the abdomen catalyzes a reaction that results in bioluminescence . Many significant photochemical reactions , such as ozone formation , occur in the Earth atmosphere and constitute atmospheric chemistry . Catalysis Main article : Catalysis Further information : Reaction Progress Kinetic Analysis Schematic potential energy diagram showing the effect of a catalyst in an endothermic chemical reaction . The presence of a catalyst opens a different reaction pathway ( in red ) with a lower activation energy . The final result and the overall thermodynamics are the same . Solid heterogeneous catalysts are plated on meshes in ceramic catalytic converters in order to maximize their surface area . This exhaust converter is from a Peugeot 106 S2 1100 In catalysis , the reaction does not proceed directly , but through reaction with a third substance known as catalyst . Although the catalyst takes part in the reaction , it is returned to its original state by the end of the reaction and so is not consumed . However , it can be inhibited , deactivated or destroyed by secondary processes . Catalysts can be used in a different phase ( heterogeneous ) or in the same phase ( homogeneous ) as the reactants . In heterogeneous catalysis , typical secondary processes include coking where the catalyst becomes covered by polymeric side products . Additionally , heterogeneous catalysts can dissolve into the solution in a solid -- liquid system or evaporate in a solid -- gas system . Catalysts can only speed up the reaction -- chemicals that slow down the reaction are called inhibitors . Substances that increase the activity of catalysts are called promoters , and substances that deactivate catalysts are called catalytic poisons . With a catalyst , a reaction which is kinetically inhibited by a high activation energy can take place in circumvention of this activation energy . Heterogeneous catalysts are usually solids , powdered in order to maximize their surface area . Of particular importance in heterogeneous catalysis are the platinum group metals and other transition metals , which are used in hydrogenations , catalytic reforming and in the synthesis of commodity chemicals such as nitric acid and ammonia . Acids are an example of a homogeneous catalyst , they increase the nucleophilicity of carbonyls , allowing a reaction that would not otherwise proceed with electrophiles . The advantage of homogeneous catalysts is the ease of mixing them with the reactants , but they may also be difficult to separate from the products . Therefore , heterogeneous catalysts are preferred in many industrial processes . Reactions in organic chemistry Main article : Organic reaction In organic chemistry , in addition to oxidation , reduction or acid - base reactions , a number of other reactions can take place which involve covalent bonds between carbon atoms or carbon and heteroatoms ( such as oxygen , nitrogen , halogens , etc . ) . Many specific reactions in organic chemistry are name reactions designated after their discoverers . Substitution In a substitution reaction , a functional group in a particular chemical compound is replaced by another group . These reactions can be distinguished by the type of substituting species into a nucleophilic , electrophilic or radical substitution . S 1 mechanism S 2 mechanism In the first type , a nucleophile , an atom or molecule with an excess of electrons and thus a negative charge or partial charge , replaces another atom or part of the `` substrate '' molecule . The electron pair from the nucleophile attacks the substrate forming a new bond , while the leaving group departs with an electron pair . The nucleophile may be electrically neutral or negatively charged , whereas the substrate is typically neutral or positively charged . Examples of nucleophiles are hydroxide ion , alkoxides , amines and halides . This type of reaction is found mainly in aliphatic hydrocarbons , and rarely in aromatic hydrocarbon . The latter have high electron density and enter nucleophilic aromatic substitution only with very strong electron withdrawing groups . Nucleophilic substitution can take place by two different mechanisms , S 1 and S 2 . In their names , S stands for substitution , N for nucleophilic , and the number represents the kinetic order of the reaction , unimolecular or bimolecular . The three steps of an S 2 reaction . The nucleophile is green and the leaving group is red S 2 reaction causes stereo inversion ( Walden inversion ) The S 1 reaction proceeds in two steps . First , the leaving group is eliminated creating a carbocation . This is followed by a rapid reaction with the nucleophile . In the S 2 mechanism , the nucleophile forms a transition state with the attacked molecule , and only then the leaving group is cleaved . These two mechanisms differ in the stereochemistry of the products . S 1 leads to the non-stereospecific addition and does not result in a chiral center , but rather in a set of geometric isomers ( cis / trans ) . In contrast , a reversal ( Walden inversion ) of the previously existing stereochemistry is observed in the S 2 mechanism . Electrophilic substitution is the counterpart of the nucleophilic substitution in that the attacking atom or molecule , an electrophile , has low electron density and thus a positive charge . Typical electrophiles are the carbon atom of carbonyl groups , carbocations or sulfur or nitronium cations . This reaction takes place almost exclusively in aromatic hydrocarbons , where it is called electrophilic aromatic substitution . The electrophile attack results in the so - called σ - complex , a transition state in which the aromatic system is abolished . Then , the leaving group , usually a proton , is split off and the aromaticity is restored . An alternative to aromatic substitution is electrophilic aliphatic substitution . It is similar to the nucleophilic aliphatic substitution and also has two major types , S 1 and S 2 Mechanism of electrophilic aromatic substitution In the third type of substitution reaction , radical substitution , the attacking particle is a radical . This process usually takes the form of a chain reaction , for example in the reaction of alkanes with halogens . In the first step , light or heat disintegrates the halogen - containing molecules producing the radicals . Then the reaction proceeds as an avalanche until two radicals meet and recombine . X ⋅ + R − H ⟶ X − H + R ⋅ ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( X . + R-H - > X-H + R . ) ) ) R ⋅ + X 2 ⟶ R − X + X ⋅ ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( R. + X2 - > R-X + X . ) ) ) Reactions during the chain reaction of radical substitution Addition and elimination The addition and its counterpart , the elimination , are reactions which change the number of substitutents on the carbon atom , and form or cleave multiple bonds . Double and triple bonds can be produced by eliminating a suitable leaving group . Similar to the nucleophilic substitution , there are several possible reaction mechanisms which are named after the respective reaction order . In the E1 mechanism , the leaving group is ejected first , forming a carbocation . The next step , formation of the double bond , takes place with elimination of a proton ( deprotonation ) . The leaving order is reversed in the E1cb mechanism , that is the proton is split off first . This mechanism requires participation of a base . Because of the similar conditions , both reactions in the E1 or E1cb elimination always compete with the S 1 substitution . E1 elimination E1cb elimination E2 elimination The E2 mechanism also requires a base , but there the attack of the base and the elimination of the leaving group proceed simultaneously and produce no ionic intermediate . In contrast to the E1 eliminations , different stereochemical configurations are possible for the reaction product in the E2 mechanism , because the attack of the base preferentially occurs in the anti-position with respect to the leaving group . Because of the similar conditions and reagents , the E2 elimination is always in competition with the S 2 - substitution . Electrophilic addition of hydrogen bromide The counterpart of elimination is the addition where double or triple bonds are converted into single bonds . Similar to the substitution reactions , there are several types of additions distinguished by the type of the attacking particle . For example , in the electrophilic addition of hydrogen bromide , an electrophile ( proton ) attacks the double bond forming a carbocation , which then reacts with the nucleophile ( bromine ) . The carbocation can be formed on either side of the double bond depending on the groups attached to its ends , and the preferred configuration can be predicted with the Markovnikov 's rule . This rule states that `` In the heterolytic addition of a polar molecule to an alkene or alkyne , the more electronegative ( nucleophilic ) atom ( or part ) of the polar molecule becomes attached to the carbon atom bearing the smaller number of hydrogen atoms . '' If the addition of a functional group takes place at the less substituted carbon atom of the double bond , then the electrophilic substitution with acids is not possible . In this case , one has to use the hydroboration -- oxidation reaction , where in the first step , the boron atom acts as electrophile and adds to the less substituted carbon atom . At the second step , the nucleophilic hydroperoxide or halogen anion attacks the boron atom . While the addition to the electron - rich alkenes and alkynes is mainly electrophilic , the nucleophilic addition plays an important role for the carbon - heteroatom multiple bonds , and especially its most important representative , the carbonyl group . This process is often associated with an elimination , so that after the reaction the carbonyl group is present again . It is therefore called addition - elimination reaction and may occur in carboxylic acid derivatives such as chlorides , esters or anhydrides . This reaction is often catalyzed by acids or bases , where the acids increase by the electrophilicity of the carbonyl group by binding to the oxygen atom , whereas the bases enhance the nucleophilicity of the attacking nucleophile . Acid - catalyzed addition - elimination mechanism Nucleophilic addition of a carbanion or another nucleophile to the double bond of an alpha , beta unsaturated carbonyl compound can proceed via the Michael reaction , which belongs to the larger class of conjugate additions . This is one of the most useful methods for the mild formation of C -- C bonds . Some additions which can not be executed with nucleophiles and electrophiles , can be succeeded with free radicals . As with the free - radical substitution , the radical addition proceeds as a chain reaction , and such reactions are the basis of the free - radical polymerization . Other organic reaction mechanisms The Cope rearrangement of 3 - methyl - 1 , 5 - hexadiene Mechanism of a Diels - Alder reaction Orbital overlap in a Diels - Alder reaction In a rearrangement reaction , the carbon skeleton of a molecule is rearranged to give a structural isomer of the original molecule . These include hydride shift reactions such as the Wagner - Meerwein rearrangement , where a hydrogen , alkyl or aryl group migrates from one carbon to a neighboring carbon . Most rearrangements are associated with the breaking and formation of new carbon - carbon bonds . Other examples are sigmatropic reaction such as the Cope rearrangement . Cyclic rearrangements include cycloadditions and , more generally , pericyclic reactions , wherein two or more double bond - containing molecules form a cyclic molecule . An important example of cycloaddition reaction is the Diels -- Alder reaction ( the so - called ( 4 + 2 ) cycloaddition ) between a conjugated diene and a substituted alkene to form a substituted cyclohexene system . Whether a certain cycloaddition would proceed depends on the electronic orbitals of the participating species , as only orbitals with the same sign of wave function will overlap and interact constructively to form new bonds . Cycloaddition is usually assisted by light or heat . These perturbations result in different arrangement of electrons in the excited state of the involved molecules and therefore in different effects . For example , the ( 4 + 2 ) Diels - Alder reactions can be assisted by heat whereas the ( 2 + 2 ) cycloaddition is selectively induced by light . Because of the orbital character , the potential for developing stereoisomeric products upon cycloaddition is limited , as described by the Woodward -- Hoffmann rules . Biochemical reactions Illustration of the induced fit model of enzyme activity Biochemical reactions are mainly controlled by enzymes . These proteins can specifically catalyze a single reaction , so that reactions can be controlled very precisely . The reaction takes place in the active site , a small part of the enzyme which is usually found in a cleft or pocket lined by amino acid residues , and the rest of the enzyme is used mainly for stabilization . The catalytic action of enzymes relies on several mechanisms including the molecular shape ( `` induced fit '' ) , bond strain , proximity and orientation of molecules relative to the enzyme , proton donation or withdrawal ( acid / base catalysis ) , electrostatic interactions and many others . The biochemical reactions that occur in living organisms are collectively known as metabolism . Among the most important of its mechanisms is the anabolism , in which different DNA and enzyme - controlled processes result in the production of large molecules such as proteins and carbohydrates from smaller units . Bioenergetics studies the sources of energy for such reactions . An important energy source is glucose , which can be produced by plants via photosynthesis or assimilated from food . All organisms use this energy to produce adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) , which can then be used to energize other reactions . Applications Thermite reaction proceeding in railway welding . Shortly after this , the liquid iron flows into the mould around the rail gap Chemical reactions are central to chemical engineering where they are used for the synthesis of new compounds from natural raw materials such as petroleum and mineral ores . It is essential to make the reaction as efficient as possible , maximizing the yield and minimizing the amount of reagents , energy inputs and waste . Catalysts are especially helpful for reducing the energy required for the reaction and increasing its reaction rate . Some specific reactions have their niche applications . For example , the thermite reaction is used to generate light and heat in pyrotechnics and welding . Although it is less controllable than the more conventional oxy - fuel welding , arc welding and flash welding , it requires much less equipment and is still used to mend rails , especially in remote areas . Monitoring Mechanisms of monitoring chemical reactions depend strongly on the reaction rate . Relatively slow processes can be analyzed in situ for the concentrations and identities of the individual ingredients . Important tools of real time analysis are the measurement of pH and analysis of optical absorption ( color ) and emission spectra . A less accessible but rather efficient method is introduction of a radioactive isotope into the reaction and monitoring how it changes over time and where it moves to ; this method is often used to analyze redistribution of substances in the human body . Faster reactions are usually studied with ultrafast laser spectroscopy where utilization of femtosecond lasers allows short - lived transition states to be monitored at time scaled down to a few femtoseconds . See also Wikiquote has quotations related to : Chemical reaction Chemical reaction Substrate Reagent Catalyst Product Chemical reaction model Chemist Chemistry Limiting reagent List of organic reactions Organic reaction Reaction progress kinetic analysis Combustion Mass balance Branches of chemistry Dictionary of chemical formulas List of biomolecules List of inorganic compounds Periodic table Physical Chemical kinetics Chemical physics Nuclear chemistry Electrochemistry Femtochemistry Geochemistry Photochemistry Quantum chemistry Solid - state chemistry Spectroscopy Surface science Thermochemistry Organic Biochemistry Bioorganic chemistry Biophysical chemistry Chemical biology Clinical chemistry Fullerene chemistry Medicinal chemistry Neurochemistry Pharmacy Physical organic chemistry Polymer chemistry Inorganic Bioinorganic chemistry Cluster chemistry Coordination chemistry Materials science Organometallic chemistry Others Actinide chemistry Analytical chemistry Astrochemistry Chemistry education Clay chemistry Click chemistry Computational chemistry Cosmochemistry Environmental chemistry Food chemistry Forensic chemistry Green chemistry Post-mortem chemistry Supramolecular chemistry Theoretical chemistry Wet chemistry Portal Commons WikiProject Energy Fundamental concepts Energetics Energy Units Energy system Energy transformation Mass Mass -- energy equivalence Power Thermodynamics Laws of thermodynamics Exergy Forms Kinetic Potential Mechanical Electric Magnetic Gravitational Chemical Ionization Nuclear Chromodynamic Elastic Mechanical wave Sound wave Radiant Rest Thermal Energy carriers Enthalpy Fuel fossil fuel Heat Work Electricity Battery Capacitor Primary energy Fossil fuel Coal Petroleum Natural gas Gravitational energy Nuclear fuel Natural uranium Radiant energy Solar Wind Bioenergy Hydropower Marine energy Geothermal Energy system components Energy engineering Oil refinery Fossil - fuel power station Cogeneration Integrated gasification combined cycle Nuclear power Nuclear power plant Radioisotope thermoelectric generator Solar power Photovoltaic system Concentrated solar power Solar thermal energy Solar power tower Solar furnace Wind power Wind farm High - altitude wind power Hydropower Hydroelectricity Wave farm Tidal power Biomass Geothermal power Use and supply Energy consumption World energy consumption Energy security Energy conservation Efficient energy use Transport Agriculture Renewable energy Sustainable energy Energy policy Energy development Worldwide energy supply South America USA Mexico Canada Europe Asia Africa Australia Misc . 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2972898593558926143 | Herculaneum | Herculaneum - Wikipedia Herculaneum Jump to : navigation , search For the modern Italian commune , see Ercolano . For other uses , see Herculaneum ( disambiguation ) . Herculaneum The excavations of Ercolano Shown within Italy Alternate name Ercolano Location Ercolano , Campania , Italy Coordinates 40 ° 48 ′ 22 '' N 14 ° 20 ′ 54 '' E / 40.8060 ° N 14.3482 ° E / 40.8060 ; 14.3482 Coordinates : 40 ° 48 ′ 22 '' N 14 ° 20 ′ 54 '' E / 40.8060 ° N 14.3482 ° E / 40.8060 ; 14.3482 Type Settlement History Founded 6th -- 7th century BC Abandoned 79 AD Site notes Website Herculaneum -- Official website UNESCO World Heritage Site Official name Archaeological Areas of Pompeii , Herculaneum , and Torre Annunziata Type Cultural Criteria iii , iv , v Designated 1997 ( 21st session ) Reference no . 829 Region Europe and North America Located in the shadow of Mount Vesuvius , Herculaneum ( Italian : Ercolano ) was an ancient Roman town destroyed by volcanic pyroclastic flows in 79 AD . Its ruins are located in the comune of Ercolano , Campania , Italy . As a UNESCO World Heritage Site , it is famous as one of the few ancient cities that can now be seen in much of its original splendour , as well as for having been lost , along with Pompeii , Stabiae , Oplontis and Boscoreale , in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79 that buried it . Unlike Pompeii , the deep pyroclastic material which covered it preserved wooden and other organic - based objects such as roofs , beds , doors , food and even some 300 skeletons which were discovered in recent years along the seashore . It had been thought until then that the town had been evacuated by the inhabitants . Herculaneum was a wealthier town than Pompeii , possessing an extraordinary density of fine houses with , for example , far more lavish use of coloured marble cladding . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of Herculaneum 2 The eruption of AD 79 3 Archaeology 4 The Site 4.1 The House of Aristides ( Ins II , 1 ) 4.2 The House of Argus ( Ins II , 2 ) 4.3 The House of the Genius ( Ins II , 3 ) 4.4 The House of the Alcove ( Ins IV ) 4.5 College of the Augustales 4.6 Central Thermae 4.7 Villa of the Papyri 4.8 Skeletal remains 5 Issues of conservation 6 Photos 7 Documentaries 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External Resources 12 External links History of Herculaneum ( edit ) Herculaneum plan showing buildings below modern town Ancient tradition connected Herculaneum with the name of the Greek hero Herakles ( Hercules in Latin and consequently Roman Mythology ) , an indication that the city was of Greek origin . In fact , it seems that some forefathers of the Samnite tribes of the Italian mainland founded the first civilization on the site of Herculaneum at the end of the 6th century BC . Soon after , the town came under Greek control and was used as a trading post because of its proximity to the Gulf of Naples . The Greeks named the city Ἡράκλειον , Heraklion . In the 4th century BC , Herculaneum again came under the domination of the Samnites . The city remained under Samnite control until it became a Roman municipium in 89 BC , when , having participated in the Social War ( `` war of the allies '' against Rome ) , it was defeated by Titus Didius , a legate of Sulla . After the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD , the town of Herculaneum was buried under approximately 20 metres ( 50 -- 60 feet ) of ash . It lay hidden and largely intact until discoveries from wells and underground tunnels became gradually more widely known , and notably following the Prince d'Elbeuf's explorations in the early 18th century . Excavations continued sporadically up to the present and today many streets and buildings are visible , although over 75 % of the town remains buried . Today , the Italian towns of Ercolano and Portici lie on the approximate site of Herculaneum . Until 1969 the town of Ercolano was called Resina . It changed its name to Ercolano , the Italian modernization of the ancient name in honour of the old city . The inhabitants worshipped above all Hercules , who was believed to be the founder of both the town and Mount Vesuvius . Other important deities worshipped include Venus and Apollo . The eruption of AD 79 ( edit ) Herculaneum and other cities affected by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius . The black cloud represents the general distribution of ash and cinder . Modern coast lines are shown . Bronze horse excavated at Resina Theater ( Herculaneum ) . Main article : Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79 The catastrophic eruption of Mt . Vesuvius occurred on the afternoon of 24 August AD 79 . Because Vesuvius had been dormant for approximately 800 years , it was no longer even recognized as a volcano . Based on archaeological excavations and on two letters of Pliny the Younger to the Roman historian Tacitus , the course of the eruption can be reconstructed . At around 1pm on 24 August , Vesuvius began spewing volcanic ash and stone thousands of meters into the sky . When it reached the tropopause ( the boundary between the troposphere and the stratosphere ) , the top of the cloud flattened , prompting Pliny to describe it to Tacitus as a Stone Pine tree . The prevailing winds at the time blew toward the southeast , causing the volcanic material to fall primarily on the city of Pompeii and the surrounding area . Since Herculaneum lay to the west of Vesuvius , it was only mildly affected by the first phase of the eruption . While roofs in Pompeii collapsed under the weight of falling debris , only a few centimetres of ash fell on Herculaneum , causing little damage but nonetheless prompting most inhabitants to flee . During the following night , the eruptive column which had risen into the stratosphere collapsed onto Vesuvius and its flanks . The first pyroclastic surge , formed by a mixture of ash and hot gases , billowed through the mostly evacuated town of Herculaneum at 160 km / h ( 100 mph ) . A succession of six flows and surges buried the city 's buildings , causing little damage in some areas and preserving structures , objects and victims almost intact . However , in other areas there was significant damage , knocking down walls , tearing away columns and other large objects ; a marble statue of M. Nonius Balbus near the baths was blown 15 m away and a carbonised skeleton was found lifted 2.5 m above ground level in the garden of the House of the Telephus Relief . Recent multidisciplinary research on the lethal effects of the pyroclastic surges in the Vesuvius area showed that in the vicinity of Pompeii and Herculaneum , heat was the main cause of the death of people who had previously been thought to have died by ash suffocation . This study shows that exposure to the surges , measuring at least 250 ° C ( 482 ° F ) even at a distance of 10 kilometres from the vent , was sufficient to cause the instant death of all residents , even if they were sheltered within buildings . Archaeology ( edit ) In 1709 the digging of a deep well revealed some exceptional statues at the lowest levels which was later found to be the site of the theatre . The Prince d'Elbeuf purchased the land and proceeded to tunnel out from the bottom of the well , collecting any statues they could find . Among the earliest statues recovered were the two superbly sculpted Herculaneum Women now in the Dresden Skulpturensammlung . Small Herculaneum Woman ( Dresden ) Major excavation was resumed in 1738 by Spanish engineer Rocque Joaquin de Alcubierre . The elaborate publication of Le Antichità di Ercolano ( `` The Antiquities of Herculaneum '' ) under the patronage of the King of the Two Sicilies had an effect on incipient European Neoclassicism out of all proportion to its limited circulation ; in the later 18th century , motifs from Herculaneum began to appear on stylish furnishings , from decorative wall - paintings and tripod tables to perfume burners and teacups . However , excavation ceased once the nearby town of Pompeii was discovered , which was significantly easier to excavate because of the thinner layer of debris covering the site ( 4 m as opposed to Herculaneum 's 20 m ) . Barker noted in his 1908 Buried Herculaneum , `` By the orders of Francis I land was purchased , and in 1828 excavations were begun in two parts 150 feet apart , under the direction of the architect . Carlo Bonucci . In the year 1868 still further purchases of land were made , and excavations were carried on in an eastward direction till 1875 . The total area now open measures 300 by 150 perches ( 1510 by 755 8 metres ) . The limits of the excavations to the north and east respectively are the modern streets of Vico di Mare and Vico Ferrara . It is here only that any portion of ancient Herculaneum may be seen in the open day . '' From 1927 until 1942 a new campaign of excavations was begun by Amedeo Maiuri , which exposed about four hectares of the ancient city in the archaeological park that is visible today . Excavation resumed briefly in the town in 1980 -- 81 on the ancient shoreline following which the skeletons in the boathouses were found . From 1996 -- 99 the large area to the north - west of the site was excavated and exposed , including part of the Villa of the Papyri , the north - west baths , the House of the Dionysian Reliefs and a large collapsed monument . This area was left in a chaotic state and from 2000 -- 7 further work on conservation of this area was done . Many public and private buildings , including the forum complex , are yet to be excavated . This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Italian . ( June 2015 ) Click ( show ) for important translation instructions . ( show ) View a machine - translated version of the Italian article . Google 's machine translation is a useful starting point for translations , but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate , rather than simply copy - pasting machine - translated text into the English Wikipedia . Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low - quality . If possible , verify the text with references provided in the foreign - language article . You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation . A model attribution edit summary ( using German ) : Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ( ( : de : Exact name of German article ) ) ; see its history for attribution . You should also add the template ( ( Translated it Scavi archeologici di Ercolano ) ) to the talk page . For more guidance , see Wikipedia : Translation . The site ( edit ) Insulae numbers The buildings at the site are grouped in blocks ( insulae ) , defined by the intersection of the east - west ( cardi ) and north - south ( decumani ) streets . Hence we have Insula II -- Insula VII running counterclockwise from Insula II . To the east are two additional blocks : Orientalis I ( oI ) and Orientalis II ( oII ) . To the south of Orientalis I ( oI ) lies one additional group of buildings known as the `` Suburban District '' ( SD ) . Individual buildings having their own entrance number . For example , the House of the Deer is labelled ( Ins IV , 3 ) . The house of Aristides ( Ins II , 1 ) ( edit ) Cupids playing with a lyre , Roman fresco from Herculaneum The first building in insula II is the House of Aristides . The entrance opens directly onto the atrium , but the remains of the house are not particularly well preserved due to damage caused by previous excavations . The lower floor was probably used for storage . The house of Argus ( Ins II , 2 ) ( edit ) The second house in insula II got its name from a fresco of Argus and Io which once adorned a reception room off the large peristyle . The fresco is now lost , but its name lives on . This building must have been one of the finer villas in Herculaneum . The discovery of the house in the late 1820s was notable because it was the first time a second floor had been unearthed in such detail . The excavation revealed a second floor balcony overlooking Cardo III , as well as wooden shelving and cupboards ; however , with the passing of time , these elements have been lost . The house of the Genius ( Ins II , 3 ) ( edit ) To the north of the House of Argus lies the House of the Genius . It has been only partially excavated but it appears to have been a spacious building . The house derives its name from the statue of a cupid that formed part of a candlestick . In the centre of the peristyle are the remains of a rectangular basin . The house of the alcove ( Ins IV ) ( edit ) The house is actually two buildings joined together . As a consequence of this it is a mixture of plain and simple rooms combined with some highly decorated ones . The atrium is covered , so lacks the usual impluvium . It retains its original flooring of opus tesselatum and opus sectile . Off the atrium is a biclinium richly decorated with frescoes in the fourth style and a large triclinium which originally had a marble floor . A number of other rooms , one of which is the apsed alcove after which the house was named , can be reached via a hall which gets its light from a small courtyard . College of the augustales ( edit ) A marble tablet from Herculaneum showing women playing knucklebones , depicting Phoebe , Leto , Niobe , Hilearia , and Agle , painted and signed by an artist named `` Alexander of Athens '' , now in the Museo Archeologico Nazionale ( Naples ) Temple of the augustales or priests of the Imperial cult . Central Thermae ( edit ) The Central Thermae were bath houses built around the first century AD . Bath houses were very common at that time , especially in Pompeii and Herculaneum . Per common practice , there were two different bath areas , one for men and the other for women . These houses were extremely popular , attracting many visitors daily . This cultural hub was also home to several works of art , which can be found in various areas of the Central Thermae site . Villa of the Papyri ( edit ) Main article : Villa of the Papyri A fresco depicting Theseus , from Herculaneum ( Ercolano ) , Italy , 45 -- 79 AD The most famous of the luxurious villas at Herculaneum is the `` Villa of the Papyri . '' It was once identified as the magnificent seafront retreat for Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus , Julius Caesar 's father - in - law ; however , it has emerged that the objects thought to be associated with Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesonius correspond more closely to a greatly standardized assemblage , and can not indicate , with certainty , the owner of the villa . The villa stretches down towards the sea in four terraces . Piso , a literate man who patronized poets and philosophers , built a fine library there , the only one to survive intact from antiquity . Between 1752 and 1754 a number of blackened unreadable papyrus scrolls were serendipitously recovered from the Villa of the Papyri by workmen . These scrolls became known as the Herculaneum papyri or scrolls , the majority of which are today stored at the National Library , Naples . The scrolls are badly carbonized , but a large number have been unrolled , with varying degrees of success . Computer - enhanced multi-spectral imaging , in the infra - red range , helps make the ink legible . There is now a real prospect that it will be possible to read the unopened rolls using X-rays . The same techniques could be applied to the rolls waiting to be discovered in the as - yet unexcavated part of the villa , eliminating the need for potentially damaging the rolls by unrolling them . A team spent a month in summer 2009 , making numerous X-ray scans of two of the rolls that are stored at the French National Academy in Paris . They hoped that computer processing would convert the scans into digital images showing the interiors of the rolls and revealing the ancient writing . The main fear , however , was that the Roman writers might have used carbon - based inks , which would be essentially invisible to the scans . That fear has turned out to be fact . They had hoped that re-scanning the rolls with more powerful X-ray equipment would reveal the text . However , subsequent X-rays have still produced nothing legible . Still , the hundreds , possibly thousands of scrolls still buried at the site may yet prove to have legible text someday . As of 2016 , research and experimentation has recovered more scrolls and it is suggested that new techniques will allow more to be read without unrolling them . Skeletal remains ( edit ) `` Boat houses '' where skeletons were found `` Boat houses '' with skeletons The skeleton called the `` Ring Lady '' unearthed in Herculaneum . In 1981 , under site administrator Dr. Giuseppe Maggi , excavations initially turned up more than 55 skeletons ( 30 adult males , 13 adult females and 12 children ) on the beach and in the first six boat chambers . Because earlier excavations had revealed only a few skeletons , it was long thought that nearly all of the inhabitants had managed to escape , but this surprising discovery led to a change of view . The last inhabitants waiting for rescue from the sea were killed instantly by the intense heat , despite being sheltered from direct impact . The study of victims ' postures and the effects on their skeletons indicate that the first surge caused instant death as a result of fulminant shock due to a temperature of about 500 ° C ( 932 ° F ) . The intense heat caused contraction of hands and feet and possibly fracture of bones and teeth . Chemical analysis of the remains has led to greater insight into the health and nutrition of the Herculaneum population . Dr. Sara C. Bisel ( 1932 -- 1996 ) was a physical anthropologist and classical archaeologist who played a prominent role in early scientific research at Herculaneum . Her pioneering work in the chemical and physical analysis of skeletons yielded new insights into the nutrition and health of ancient populations . This was considered ground - breaking and helped advance the field of paleodemography . Quantities of lead were found in some of the skeletons , which led some to speculation of lead poisoning . Also the presence of scarring on the pelvis , for instance , may give some indication of the number of children a woman had borne . Casts of skeletons were also produced , to replace the original bones after taphonomic study , scientific documentation and excavation . In contrast to Pompeii , where casts resembling the body features of the victims were produced by filling the body imprints in the ash deposit with plaster , the shape of corpses at Herculaneum could not be preserved , due to the rapid vaporization and replacement of the flesh of the victims by the hot ash ( ca . 500 ° C ) . A cast of the skeletons unearthed within chamber 10 is on display at the Museum of Anthropology in Naples . Issues of conservation ( edit ) Main article : Conservation issues of Pompeii and Herculaneum Herculaneum , Ercolano , and Vesuvius The volcanic water , ash and debris covering Herculaneum , along with the extreme heat , left it in a remarkable state of preservation for over 1600 years . However , once excavations began , exposure to the elements began the slow process of deterioration . This was not helped by the methods of archaeology used earlier in the town 's excavation , which generally centered around recovering valuable artifacts rather than ensuring the survival of all artifacts . In the early 1980s and under the direction of Dr. Sara C. Bisel , preservation of the skeletal remains became a high priority . The carbonised remains of organic materials , when exposed to the air , deteriorated over a matter of days , and destroyed many of the remains until a way of preserving them was formed . Today , tourism and vandalism have damaged many of the areas open to the public , and water damage coming from the modern Ercolano has undermined many of the foundations of the buildings . Reconstruction efforts have often proved counterproductive . However , in modern times conservation efforts have been more successful . Today excavations have been temporarily discontinued , in order to direct all funding to help save the city . A large number of artifacts from Herculaneum are preserved in the Naples National Archaeological Museum . A private - public partnership , the Herculaneum Conservation Project , has taken a lead restoring Herculaneum . In 2012 , UNESCO 's director general praised Herculaneum as a model `` whose best practices surely can be replicated in other similar vast archaeological areas across the world '' Photos ( edit ) House Number 22 is noted for this outstanding summer triclinium with a nymphaeum decorated with coloured mosaics Herculaneum , Neptune and Salacia , wall mosaic in House Number 22 Street paving stones in Herculaneum Residential water pipe made of lead in Herculaneum Wall paintings in the first style Inlaid marble floor Marcus Nonius Balbus The Elder , found in dwellings of Resina / Herculaneum . Documentaries ( edit ) A 1987 National Geographic special In the Shadow of Vesuvius explored the sites of Pompeii and Herculaneum , interviewed archaeologists , and examined the events leading up to the eruption of Vesuvius . A 2002 documentary `` Herculaneum . An unlucky escape '' -- http://www.doclab.it/produzioni.php , based on a research of Pier Paolo Petrone , Giuseppe Mastrolorenzo and Mario Pagano . Co-production of DocLab Rome , Discovery Channel USA , France 3 -- Taxi Brousse , Spiegel TV , Mediatred , 52 ' . A 2004 documentary `` Pompeii and the 79 AD eruption '' . TBS Channel Tokyo Broadcasting System , 120 ' . An hour - long drama produced for the BBC entitled Pompeii : The Last Day portrays several characters ( with historically attested names , but fictional life - stories ) living in Pompeii , Herculaneum and around the Bay of Naples , and their last hours , including a fuller and his wife , two gladiators , and Pliny the Elder . It also portrays the facts of the eruption . Pompeii Live , Channel 5 , 28 June 2006 , 8pm , live archaeological dig at Pompeii and Herculaneum Marcellino de Baggis ' 2007 documentary `` Herculaneum : Diaries of Darkness and Light '' , Onionskin productions A 2007 documentary `` Troja ist überall : Auferstehung am Vesuv '' , Spiegel TV , 43'29 -- http://terra-x.zdf.de/ZDFde/inhalt/3/0,1872,7122307,00.html . Secrets of the Dead : Herculaneum Uncovered is a PBS show covering the archaeological discoveries at Herculaneum . Out of the Ashes : Recovering the Lost Library of Herculaneum is a KBYU - TV documentary that traces the history of the Herculaneum papyri from the time of the eruption , to their discovery in 1752 , to modern developments that impact their study . The Other Pompeii : Life and Death in Herculaneum is a documentary presented by Andrew Wallace - Hadrill , director of Herculaneum Conservation Project . Pompeii : The Mystery of the People Frozen in Time is a 2013 BBC One drama documentary presented by Dr. Margaret Mountford . See also ( edit ) 62 Pompeii earthquake Herculaneum papyri Friends of Herculaneum Society Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The founding myth asserted that Hercules built Herculaneum at the location where he killed Cacus , a son of Vulcan who had stolen some of Hercules ' cattle . Jump up ^ Wallace - Hadrill , Andrew ( 2011 ) . Herculaneum : Past and Future . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7112 - 3142 - 9 . Jump up ^ Available at the University of Arizona : Pliny the Younger , Letters 6.16 and 6.20 to Cornelius Tacitus and in Project Gutenberg : Letter LXV -- To Tacitus , Letter LXVI -- To Cornelius Tacitus Jump up ^ http://www.herculaneum.ox.ac.uk/files/newsletters/harchissue2.pdf p 3 Jump up ^ https://sites.google.com/site/ad79eruption/herculaneum-1/insula-oi/house-of-the-relief-of-telephus Jump up ^ Mastrolorenzo , G ; Petrone , P ; Pappalardo , L ; Guarino , FM ( 15 June 2010 ) . `` Lethal thermal impact at periphery of pyroclastic surges : evidences at Pompeii . '' . PLoS ONE . 5 ( 6 ) : e11127 . Bibcode : 2010PLoSO ... 511127M . PMC 2886100 . PMID 20559555 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0011127 . Jump up ^ THE LARGE AND THE SMALL HERCULANEUM WOMAN , Universita Ca ' Foscari , Venezia , Doctoral Thesis 2014 -- 2015 , Angeliki Ntontou Jump up ^ The Herculaneum Women : And the Origins of Archaeology ( J. Paul Getty Museum ) -- 7 Feb 2008 , Daehner Jump up ^ Ethel Ross Barker ( 1908 ) . `` Buried Herculaneum '' . Jump up ^ https://sites.google.com/site/ad79eruption/herculaneum-1/northwest-insula/northwest-baths Jump up ^ https://sites.google.com/site/ad79eruption/herculaneum-1/northwest-insula/house-of-the-dionysian-reliefs Jump up ^ The World of Pompeii . Edited by John J. Dobbins and Pedar W. Foss 2008 Jump up ^ `` Digital Exploration : Unwrapping the Secrets of Damaged Manuscripts '' . www.research.uky.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` UK scientists stymied in effort to read ancient scrolls '' . kentucky . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` UK scientists stymied in effort to read ancient scrolls '' . kentucky . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ Mastrolorenzo , G. ; Petrone , P.P. ; Pagano , M. ; Incoronato , A. ; Baxter , P.J. ; Canzanella , A. ; Fattore , L. ( 2001 ) . ( Further excavations in the 1990s revealed a total of at least three hundred skeletons huddled close together in twelve arches facing the sea and on the beach , while the town was almost completely evacuated . The `` Ring Lady '' ( see image ) , named for the rings on her fingers , was discovered in 1982 . http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v410/n6830/pdf/410769a0.pdf `` Herculaneum Victims of Vesuvius in AD 79 '' ) Check url = value ( help ) ( PDF ) . Nature . 410 ( 6830 ) : 769 -- 770 . Bibcode : 2001Natur. 410 ... 769M . PMID 11298433 . doi : 10.1038 / 35071167 . Jump up ^ Recently Dr Estelle Lazer of the University of Sydney has questioned some of these findings in Resurrecting Pompeii ( 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Hammer , Joshua . `` The Fall and Rise and Fall of Pompeii '' . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Herculaneum : DVD : Diaries of Light and Darkness '' . WorldCat . Online Computer Library Center , Inc . Retrieved 17 April 2013 . References ( edit ) Notes National Geographic , Vol 162 , No 6 . Buried Roman Town Give Up Its Dead , ( December , 1982 ) National Geographic , Vol 165 , No 5 . The Dead Do Tell Tales , ( May , 1984 ) Discover , magazine , Vol 5 , No 10 . The Bone Lady ( October , 1984 ) The Mayo Alumnus , Vol 19 , No2 . An Archaeologist 's Preliminary Report : Time Warp at Herculaneum , ( April , 1983 ) Carnegie Mellon Magazine , Vol 4 , No 2 . Bone Lady Reconstructs People at Herculaneum , Winter , 1985 In the Shadow of Vesuvius National Geographic Special , ( 11 February 1987 ) 30 years of National Geographic Special , ( 25 January 1995 ) Petrone P.P. , Fedele F. ( a cura di ) , 2002 . Vesuvio 79 A.D. Vita e morte ad Ercolano , Fridericiana Editrice Universitaria , Napoli . Antonio Virgili , Culti misterici ed orientali a Pompei , Gangemi , Roma , 2008 . National Geographic , Vol 212 , No 3 . Vesuvius . Asleep for Now , ( September , 2006 ) http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/09/vesuvius/vesuvius-text External Resources ( edit ) Pliny the Younger 's letters on the catastrophic eruption of Mt . Vesuvius in 79 A.D. to the Roman historian Tacitus from University of Arizona : Pliny the Younger , Letters 6.16 and 6.20 to Cornelius Tacitus and in Project Gutenberg : Letter LXV -- To Tacitus , Letter LXVI -- To Cornelius Tacitus External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Herculaneum . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ercolano . The local archaeological authorities -- Official website Herculaneum Conservation Project -- Official website AD 79 : Year of Destruction The Friends of Herculaneum Society The Philodemus Project will publish Philodemus ' works on poetry and on rhetoric . Brigham Young University : Herculaneum Scrolls Herculaneum by Iain Dickson , ' Melvadius Macrinus Cugerni ' Herculaneum Uncovered Documentary produced by the PBS Series Secrets of the Dead Purcell , N. , R. Talbert , T. Elliott , S. Gillies . `` Places : 432873 ( Herculaneum ) '' . Pleiades . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Romano - Campanian Wall - Painting ( English , Italian , Spanish and French introduction ) `` Herculaneum Uncovered -- A conversation with Andrew Wallace - Hadrill '' , Ideas Roadshow , 2013 Texts on Wikisource : `` How was Herculaneum Destroyed ? '' in Popular Science Monthly , Volume 2 ( December 1872 ) `` Herculaneum '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . `` Herculaneum '' . The Nuttall Encyclopædia. 1907 . Pompeii History Pompei Mount Vesuvius 62 Pompeii earthquake Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 Villas of Pompeii Villa of the Mysteries Domus of Pompeii House of the Faun House of Sallust House of the Centenary House of Julia Felix House of Loreius Tiburtinus House of Menander House of the surgeon House of the Silver Wedding House of the Tragic Poet House of the Vettii Lupanar Public buildings of Pompeii Aqua Augusta Macellum of Pompeii Recreational buildings of Pompeii Amphitheatre Suburban Baths Temples of Pompeii Temple of Apollo Temple of Isis Temple of Jupiter Other sites destroyed in the 79 Eruption Herculaneum Villa of the Papyri Oplontis Villa Poppaea Stabiae Villa Boscoreale Archaeological Museum Naples National Archaeological Museum Art in Pompeii Achilles and Briseis Alexander Mosaic Portrait of Paquius Proculo Erotic art in Pompeii and Herculaneum Pompeian Styles Conservation issues of Pompeii and Herculaneum Pompeii in popular culture Archaeological sites in Campania Province of Avellino Aeclanum Compsa Province of Benevento Benevento Arch of Trajan Roman Theatre Caudium Ligures Baebiani Saticula Province of Caserta Allifae Ausona Calatia Cales Santa Maria Capua Vetere Arch of Hadrian ( Capua ) Casilinum Sant'Angelo in Formis Sinuessa Trebula Balliensis Vescia Province of Naples Atella Baiae Cumae Grotta di Cocceio Herculaneum Villa of the Papyri Liternum Miseno Piscina Mirabilis Naples Aqua Augusta Bourbon Tunnel Catacombs of San Gaudioso Catacombs of San Gennaro Crypta Neapolitana Virgil 's tomb Macellum of Naples Oplontis Villa Poppaea Palazzo a Mare Pompeii Pozzuoli Flavian Amphitheater ( Pozzuoli ) Lucrinus Lacus Lake Avernus Macellum of Pozzuoli Portus Julius Stabiae Suessula Castello Barbarossa Villa Jovis Villa Boscoreale Province of Salerno Monte Pruno Paestum Heraion at the mouth of the Sele Temple of Athena Second Temple of Hera Tomb of the Diver Pertosa Caves Velia Villa Romana of Minori World Heritage Sites in Italy Northwest Crespi d'Adda Genoa Mantua and Sabbioneta Monte San Giorgio Porto Venere , Palmaria , Tino and Tinetto , Cinque Terre Corniglia Manarola Monterosso al Mare Riomaggiore Vernazza Residences of the Royal House of Savoy Castle of Moncalieri Castle of Racconigi Castle of Rivoli Castello del Valentino Royal Palace of Turin Palazzo Carignano Palazzo Madama , Turin Palace of Venaria Palazzina di caccia of Stupinigi Villa della Regina Rhaetian Railway in the Albula / Bernina Landscapes Rock Drawings in Valcamonica Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy Santa Maria delle Grazie , Milan Vineyard Landscape of Piedmont : Langhe - Roero and Monferrato Northeast Aquileia The Dolomites Ferrara Modena Cathedral , Torre della Ghirlandina and Piazza Grande , Modena Orto botanico di Padova Ravenna Venice Verona City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto Central Assisi Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi Etruscan Necropolises of Cerveteri and Tarquinia Florence Hadrian 's Villa Medici villas Piazza del Duomo , Pisa Pienza Rome San Gimignano Siena Urbino Val d'Orcia Villa d'Este South Alberobello Amalfi Coast Castel del Monte , Apulia Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park , Paestum and Velia , Certosa di Padula Herculaneum Oplontis and Villa Poppaea Naples Palace of Caserta , Aqueduct of Vanvitelli and San Leucio Complex Pompeii Sassi di Matera Islands Aeolian Islands Arab - Norman Palermo and the Cathedral Churches of Cefalù and Monreale Archaeological Area of Agrigento Barumini nuraghes Mount Etna Syracuse and Necropolis of Pantalica Val di Noto Caltagirone Catania Militello in Val di Catania Modica Noto Palazzolo Acreide Ragusa Scicli Villa Romana del Casale Countrywide Longobards in Italy , Places of Power ( 568 -- 774 A.D. ) Brescia Cividale del Friuli Castelseprio Spoleto Temple of Clitumnus located at Campello sul Clitunno Santa Sofia located at Benevento Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo located at Monte Sant'Angelo Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps Primeval Beech Forests of Europe Venetian Works of Defence between 15th and 17th centuries Bergamo Palmanova Peschiera del Garda Shared with Switzerland Shared with the Holy See Shared with Austria , France , Germany , Slovenia , and Switzerland Shared with Albania , Austria , Belgium , Bulgaria , Croatia , Germany , Poland , Romania , Slovakia , Slovenia , Spain and Ukraine Shared with Croatia and Montenegro Landmarks of Campania Amalfi Cathedral Ancient remains of Capua Cumae Caserta Palace Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park Faraglioni Herculaneum Paestum Pompeii Santa Sofia , Benevento Solfatara Sorrento Peninsula Stabiae Trinità della Cava Vesuvius National Park Villa Poppaea VIAF : 101145542622296642077 GND : 4024464 - 7 NDL : 00629173 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herculaneum&oldid=808435816 '' Categories : Archaeological sites in Campania Herculaneum ( ancient city ) Roman towns and cities in Italy Roman sites of Campania Destroyed cities Archaeological parks Coastal towns in Campania Museums of Ancient Rome in Italy National museums of Italy Former populated places in Italy Populated places established in the 1st millennium BC 1st - millennium BC establishments in Italy Ercolano Heracles Human remains ( archaeological ) Mount Vesuvius 1738 archaeological discoveries World Heritage Sites in Italy Hidden categories : Pages with URL errors Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from May 2012 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles to be expanded from June 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles needing translation from Italian Wikipedia CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Nuttall Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 November 2017 , at 21 : 16 . 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5132334539140916840 | Navel | Navel - wikipedia Navel `` Belly button '' redirects here . For other uses , see Belly button ( disambiguation ) and Navel ( disambiguation ) . Navel The human navel is a raised or hollowed area left after the umbilical cord detaches . Details Precursor Umbilical cord Ductus venosus Artery Umbilical artery Vein Umbilical vein Identifiers Latin Umbilicus MeSH D014472 TA A01. 2.04. 005 FMA 61584 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The navel ( clinically known as the umbilicus , colloquially known as the belly button , or tummy button ) is a hollowed or sometimes raised area on the abdomen at the attachment site of the umbilical cord . All placental mammals have a navel . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Clinical significance 2.1 Disorders 2.2 Other disorders 2.3 Surgery 2.4 Safety 3 Society and culture 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading Structure ( edit ) See also : Umbilical vein and Umbilical artery The navel is the centre of the circle in this drawing of the Vitruvian Man by Leonardo da Vinci Abdominal regions are used for example to localize pain . The umbilicus is used to visually separate the abdomen into quadrants . The umbilicus is a prominent mark on the abdomen , with its position being relatively consistent among humans . The skin around the waist at the level of the umbilicus is supplied by the tenth thoracic spinal nerve ( T10 dermatome ) . The umbilicus itself typically lies at a vertical level corresponding to the junction between the L3 and L4 vertebrae , with a normal variation among people between the L3 and L5 vertebrae . Parts of the navel include the `` umbilical tip '' , which is the center of the navel often described as a button shape . The `` periumbilical skin '' surrounds it . Navels consisting of the umbilical tip protruding past the periumbilical skin have been nicknamed `` outies '' . Outies are often mistaken for umbilical hernias , but are actually a completely different shape with no health concern , unlike an umbilical hernia . The navel ( specifically abdominal wall ) would be considered an umbilical hernia if the protrusion was 5 centimeters or more . The total diameter of an umbilical hernia is usually 10 centimeters . Navels that are concave are nicknamed `` innies '' . While the shape of the human navel may be affected by long term changes to diet and exercise , unexpected change in shape may be the result of ascites . Clinical significance ( edit ) Disorders ( edit ) In addition to change in shape being a possible side effect from ascites and umbilical hernias , the navel can be involved in umbilical sinus or fistula , which in rare cases can lead to menstrual or fecal discharge from the navel . Menstrual discharge from the umbilicus is a rare disorder associated with umbilical endometriosis . Other disorders ( edit ) Omphalitis , an inflammatory condition of the umbilicus in the newborn , usually caused by a bacterial infection . Surgery ( edit ) To minimize scarring , the navel is a recommended site of incision for various surgeries , including transgastric appendicectomy , gall bladder surgery , and the umbilicoplasty procedure itself . Safety ( edit ) Abdominal thrusts is a first aid method of dislodging an object stuck in the throat , and is performed just above the navel . Society and Culture ( edit ) See also : Navel in popular culture The public exposure of the male and female midriff and bare navel has been taboo at times in Western cultures , being considered immodest or indecent . It was banned in some jurisdictions , but community perceptions have changed , and exposure of female midriff and navel is more accepted today . In some societies or contexts , it is both fashionable and common , though not without its critics . While the West was relatively resistant to midriff - baring clothing until the 1980s , it has long been a fashion with Indian women . The Japanese have long had a special regard for the navel . During the early Jomon period in northern Japan , three small balls indicating the breasts and navel were pasted onto flat clay objects to represent the female body . The navel was exaggerated in size , informed by the belief that the navel symbolizes the center where life begins . See also ( edit ) Navel fetishism Omphalos hypothesis Omphaloskepsis Umbilical microbiome References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Navels . Look up umbilicus in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Jump up ^ `` Definition of NAVEL '' . www.merriam-webster.com . Jump up ^ `` Why do n't other animals have belly buttons like ours ? '' . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Anatomy & Physiology '' . Openstax college at Connexions . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Harold ( 2006 ) . Clinical Anatomy : Applied Anatomy for Students and Junior Doctors . New York : Wiley . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 3804 - 1 . Jump up ^ O'Rahilly , Ronan ; Müller , Fabiola ; Carpenter , Stanley ; Swenson , Rand ( 2004 ) . `` Abdominal walls '' . Basic Human Anatomy : A Regional Study of Human Structure . Dartmouth Medical School . ^ Jump up to : Meier , Donald E. ; OlaOlorun , David A. ; Omodele , Rachael A. ; Nkor , Sunday K. ; Tarpley , John L. ( 2001 ) . `` Incidence of Umbilical Hernia in African Children : Redefinition of ' Normal ' and Reevaluation of Indications for Repair '' . World Journal of Surgery . 25 ( 5 ) : 645 -- 8 . doi : 10.1007 / s002680020072 . PMID 11369993 . Jump up ^ Ceccanti , Silvia , et al. `` Umbilical cord sparing technique for repair of congenital hernia into the cord and small omphalocele . '' Journal of Pediatric Surgery 52.1 ( 2017 ) : 192 - 196 . Jump up ^ Herrine , Steven K. `` Ascites '' . The Merck Manuals . Jump up ^ Bagade , Pallavi V ; Guirguis , Mamdouh M ( 2009 ) . `` Menstruating from the umbilicus as a rare case of primary umbilical endometriosis : a case report '' . Journal of Medical Case Reports . 3 : 9326 . doi : 10.1186 / 1752 - 1947 - 3 - 9326 . PMC 2803849 . PMID 20062755 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Donna M. ( June 2 , 2008 ) . `` What 's Wrong With His Belly Button ? '' . Jump up ^ Cunningham , F. Williams Obstetrics : The Newborn ( 24 ed . ) . McGraw - Hill . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Fleisher , Gary R. Textbook of Pediatric Emergency Medicine . Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins , 2006 , p. 928 . Jump up ^ Kaehler , G. ; Schoenberg , M.B. ; Kienle , P. ; Post , S. ; Magdeburg , R. ( 2013 ) . `` Transgastric appendicectomy '' . British Journal of Surgery . 100 ( 7 ) : 911 -- 5 . doi : 10.1002 / bjs. 9115 . PMID 23575528 . Lay summary -- Medical News Today ( April 12 , 2013 ) . Jump up ^ `` SRMC Surgeon Offers Gallbladder Removal through Belly Button Incision with da Vinci ® System '' ( Press release ) . Southeastern Health . December 9 , 2013 . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bruekers , Sven E. ; van der Lei , Berend ; Tan , Tik L. ; Luijendijk , Roland W. ; Stevens , Hieronymus P.J.D. ( 2009 ) . `` ' Scarless ' Umbilicoplasty '' . Annals of Plastic Surgery . 63 ( 1 ) : 15 -- 20 . doi : 10.1097 / SAP. 0b013e3181877b60 . PMID 19546666 . Jump up ^ MedlinePlus Encyclopedia Abdominal thrusts Jump up ^ `` New code may reveal navel '' . Mohave Daily Miner. 24 March 1985 . Retrieved 20 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Banerjee , Mukulika & Miller , Daniel ( 2003 ) The Sari . Oxford ; New York : Berg ISBN 1 - 85973 - 732 - 3 Jump up ^ Naumann , Nelly ( 2000 ) . `` First Indications of Symbolic Expression '' . Japanese Prehistory : The Material and Spiritual Culture of the Jōmon Period . Otto Harrassowitz Verlag . pp. 114 -- 5 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 447 - 04329 - 8 . Further reading ( edit ) Look up navel , bellybutton , innie , or outie in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Moreau , Corrie S. ; Hulcr , Jiri ; Latimer , Andrew M. ; Henley , Jessica B. ; Rountree , Nina R. ; Fierer , Noah ; Lucky , Andrea ; Lowman , Margaret D. ; Dunn , Robert R. ( 2012 ) . `` A Jungle in There : Bacteria in Belly Buttons are Highly Diverse , but Predictable '' . PLoS ONE . 7 ( 11 ) : e47712 . Bibcode : 2012PLoSO ... 747712H . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0047712 . PMC 3492386 . PMID 23144827 . Gabriele , Raimondo ; Conte , Marco ; Egidi , Federico ; Borghese , Mario ( 2005 ) . `` Umbilical metastases : current viewpoint '' . World Journal of Surgical Oncology. 3 ( 1 ) : 13 . doi : 10.1186 / 1477 - 7819 - 3 - 13 . PMC 552325 . PMID 15723695 . Piskun , Gregory ; Rajpal , Sanjeev ( 1999 ) . `` Transumbilical Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Utilizes No Incisions Outside the Umbilicus '' . Journal of Laparoendoscopic & Advanced Surgical Techniques. 9 ( 4 ) : 361 -- 4 . doi : 10.1089 / lap. 1999.9. 361 . PMID 10488834 . Craig , Stefan B. ; Faller , Mary S. ; Puckett , Charles L. ( 2000 ) . `` In Search of the Ideal Female Umbilicus '' . Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery . 105 ( 1 ) : 389 -- 92 . doi : 10.1097 / 00006534 - 200001000 - 00062 . PMID 10627008 . `` New meaning to ' navel - gazing ' : Scientists study belly button bacteria '' . Body Odd . NBC News . April 14 , 2011 . `` Belly Button Biodiversity Project '' . hide Human regional anatomy Head Ear Face Cheek Chin Eye Mouth Nose Forehead Jaw Occiput Scalp Temple Neck Adam 's apple Throat Trunk Abdomen Waist Midriff Navel Back Thorax Breast Pelvis Sex organs Limbs Arm Shoulder Axilla Brachium Elbow Forearm Wrist Hand Finger Thumb Index Middle Ring Little Leg Buttocks Hip Thigh Knee Calf Foot Ankle Heel Sole Toe Other Écorché General anatomy : systems and organs , regional anatomy , planes and lines , superficial axial anatomy , superficial anatomy of limbs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Navel&oldid=845247799 '' Categories : Abdomen Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2015 All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from August 2015 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from August 2015 Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Use dmy dates from January 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Avañe'ẽ Авар Aymar aru বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deitsch Deutsch Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kiswahili Лакку Latina Latviešu Limburgs Lingála Lumbaart മലയാളം მარგალური Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Bahasa Hulontalo 78 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 June 2018 , at 13 : 39 . 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-8054886534238318411 | Olivia Hussey | Olivia Hussey - wikipedia Olivia Hussey Olivia Hussey Olivia Hussey , c. 1975 Olivia Osuna ( 1951 - 04 - 17 ) 17 April 1951 ( age 67 ) Buenos Aires , Argentina Residence Los Angeles , California , U.S. Occupation Actress Years active 1965 -- present Spouse ( s ) Dean Paul Martin ( m . 1971 ; div. 1978 ) Akira Fuse ( m . 1980 ; div. 1989 ) David Glen Eisley ( m . 1991 ) Children 3 , including India Eisley Website oliviahussey.com Olivia Hussey ( born Olivia Osuna ; 17 April 1951 ) is an English - Argentine actress . After appearing in theatre in London , Hussey was chosen to play the role of Juliet in Franco Zeffirelli 's 1968 film version of Romeo and Juliet . The role lent her international recognition , and she won a Golden Globe and also the David di Donatello Award for her performance . In 1974 , she appeared as the lead character , Jess , in the cult horror film Black Christmas . She would reunite with Zeffirelli in the miniseries Jesus of Nazareth ( 1977 ) , as Mary , mother of Jesus , and appeared in John Guillermin 's Agatha Christie adaptation Death on the Nile ( 1978 ) . She would appear in several international productions throughout the 1980s , including the Japanese production Virus ( 1980 ) , and the Australian horror film Turkey Shoot ( 1982 ) . In 1990 , she appeared in two other horror productions : Psycho IV : The Beginning and Stephen King 's It . In addition to screen acting , Hussey has also worked as a voice actress , providing voice roles in multiple Star Wars video games , including Star Wars : Rogue Squadron , Star Wars : Force Commander , and Star Wars : The Old Republic . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Early work ; Romeo and Juliet 2.2 Later roles and voice work 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Video games 5 Awards and nominations 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Early Life ( edit ) Hussey was born Olivia Osuna in Buenos Aires , Argentina , the first child of Andreas Osuna , an Argentine opera singer , and Joy Hussey , a secretary originally from England . Her parents divorced when she was two years old , and at age seven , Hussey moved with her mother and younger brother to London , where she spent the remainder of her early life . She was raised Roman Catholic . In London , she attended the Italia Conti Academy drama school for five years . At age thirteen , she began acting professionally in theatre . Career ( edit ) Early work ; Romeo and Juliet ( edit ) Assuming her mother 's maiden name as her stage name , Hussey appeared , at age thirteen , on the London stage as Jenny in The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie , opposite Vanessa Redgrave . It was during the run of this play that Italian film director Franco Zeffirelli first spotted her because of her beauty and theatrical skill . At age fifteen , she was chosen out of 500 actresses to star as Juliet in Zeffirelli 's 1968 film version of Romeo and Juliet , opposite Leonard Whiting 's Romeo . Prior to her role in Romeo and Juliet , she had appeared in minor roles in two films : The Battle of the Villa Fiorita and Cup Fever ( both 1965 ) , and an episode of the television series Drama 61 -- 67 ( 1964 ) . In 1969 , she won a special David di Donatello Award and the Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year - Actress for her performance in Romeo and Juliet . In 1971 , she appeared in the British drama All the Right Noises , followed by the crime film The Summertime Killer ( 1972 ) , and the musical Lost Horizon ( 1973 ) , opposite Liv Ullmann , John Gielgud , and Sally Kellerman . In 1974 , she played the leading role of Jess in the Canadian horror film , Black Christmas ( 1974 ) , which became influential as a forerunner of the slasher film genre of horror films . She played Mary , the mother of Jesus , in the 1977 television production of Jesus of Nazareth ( her second work for director Zeffirelli ) . In 1978 she played Rosalie Otterbourne in Death on the Nile with Peter Ustinov , and appeared in The Cat and the Canary ( 1979 ) . She also starred as Marit in the Japanese film Virus ( 1980 ) , and played Rebecca of York in the 1982 remake of Ivanhoe ( 1982 ) ; the same year , she had a lead role in the Australian horror film Turkey Shoot ( 1982 ) . In 1987 , Hussey appeared in a clip for the Michael Jackson video Liberian Girl , among others , who also included Steven Spielberg , John Travolta , Olivia Newton - John , Whoopi Goldberg , Lou Ferrigno , and Billy Dee Williams . In 1990 , Hussey appeared in two horror projects , playing Norma Bates , the mother of Norman Bates , in Psycho IV : The Beginning , a prequel to Alfred Hitchcock 's Psycho ( 1960 ) , and in the miniseries It , an adaptation of the Stephen King novel . Later roles and voice work ( edit ) Hussey at the Cinema City Film Festival , 2008 In 2003 she played the lead in a film adaptation of the life of Mother Teresa , for which she was presented with a Character & Morality in Entertainment Award on 12 May 2007 in Hollywood . She stated in an interview that it had been her dream and wish to portray the role of Mother Teresa of Calcutta since she finished her role as the Virgin Mary in Jesus of Nazareth . In 2015 Hussey and Leonard Whiting reunited as on - screen partners in the film Social Suicide ( 2015 ) , the only film that they both appeared in since Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) . Hussey has also worked as a voice actress , and was nominated for `` Outstanding Individual Achievement for Voice Acting by a Female Performer in an Animated Television Production '' at the Annie Awards for her work in the DC animated universe , as Talia al Ghul . She voiced the character of Kasan Moor in the PC / Nintendo64 game , Star Wars : Rogue Squadron ( 1998 ) and was also in the massively multiplayer online role - playing game Star Wars : The Old Republic ( 2011 ) as Jedi Master Yuon Par . She also lent her voice to Star Wars : Force Commander in 2000 . Personal Life ( edit ) She quit acting for two years following the success of Franco Zeffirelli 's Romeo and Juliet due to an ongoing struggle with agoraphobia . In 1971 Hussey married actor Dean Paul Martin , son of the singer Dean Martin . They had a son , Alexander Gunther Martin ( later an actor ) , in 1973 , before divorcing in 1978 . Dean Paul Martin died in 1987 when his National Guard F - 4 Phantom jet fighter crashed in California 's San Bernardino Mountains during a snowstorm . In 1980 Hussey married Japanese singer Akira Fuse in two ceremonies , one at home in Los Angeles and a second , an Indian wedding , in Miami . She gave birth to her son Max in 1983 . She divorced Fuse in 1989 . In 1991 Hussey married American rock musician David Glen Eisley , a son of the late actor Anthony Eisley . In October 1993 she gave birth to her daughter , India Eisley . India , also an actress , played her first major role in the American teen drama The Secret Life of the American Teenager in 2008 . Her memoir , The Girl on the Balcony : Olivia Hussey Finds Life After Romeo and Juliet , is planned to be released in 2018 . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1965 The Battle of the Villa Fiorita Donna 1965 Cup Fever Jinny 1968 Romeo and Juliet Juliet Golden Globe Award for Most Promising Newcomer David di Donatello for Best Actress Nominated -- Laurel Award 1971 All the Right Noises Val 1971 H - Bomb Erica 1972 The Summertime Killer Tania Scarlotti 1973 Lost Horizon Maria Black Christmas Jess Bradford 1978 Death on the Nile Rosalie Otterbourne 1978 The Pirate Leila Television film 1979 The Cat and the Canary Cicily Young 1979 The Thirteenth Day : The Story of Esther Esther Television film 1980 Virus Marit 1980 The Man with Bogart 's Face Elsa 1982 Turkey Shoot Chris Walters 1982 Ivanhoe Rebecca Television film 1985 The Corsican Brothers Annamarie de Guidice Television film Distortions Amy Marks The Jeweller 's Shop Thérèse 1990 Undeclared War Rebecca Eche 1990 Psycho IV : The Beginning Norma Bates Television film Quest of the Delta Knights The Mannerjay 1994 Save Me Gail 1995 Ice Cream Man Nurse Wharton 1995 Bad English I : Tales of a Son of a Brit The Dark Mist Voice of the Ancients ( Voice ) Dead Man 's Island Rosie , the housemaid Television film 1998 The Gardener Mrs. Carter 1998 Shame , Shame , Shame Therapist 2000 Bloody Proof Laura Island Prey Catherine Gaits 2003 Mother Teresa of Calcutta Mother Teresa Television film 2005 Headspace Dr. Karen Murphy 2006 Seven Days of Grace Jewel 2007 Tortilla Heaven Petra 2008 Three Priests Rachel 2008 I Am Somebody : No Chance in Hell Mrs. Duncan 2015 Social Suicide Julia 's Mother Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1964 Drama 60 -- 67 Mrs. Ken 's daughter Episode : `` Studio ' 64 -- The Crunch '' 1977 Jesus of Nazareth Mary , mother of Jesus Miniseries 1978 The Bastard Alicia Miniseries 1984 The Last Days of Pompeii Ione Miniseries 1984 Murder , She Wrote Kitty Trumbull Episode : `` Sing a Song of Murder '' 1990 It Audra Phillips Denbrough Miniseries 1994 Lonesome Dove : The Series Olivia Jessup Episodes : `` Where the Heart Is '' `` Law and Order '' `` Firebrand '' Boy Meets World Aunt Prudence Curtis Episode : `` A Long Walk To Pittsburgh ( Part 2 ) '' 1998 Pinky and the Brain Queen ( Voice ) `` The Megalomaniacal Adventures of Brainie the Poo '' , `` Melancholy Brain '' 1999 Superman : The Animated Series Talia ( Voice ) Episode : `` The Demon Reborn '' 2000 Batman Beyond `` Talia '' ( Voice ) Episode : `` Out of the Past '' Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1998 Star Wars : Rogue Squadron Kasan Moor 2000 Star Wars : Force Commander AT - AA Driver , Abridon Refugee 2 2011 Star Wars : The Old Republic Jedi Master Yuon Par Awards and nominations ( edit ) Annie Awards 2001 : Nominated , `` Outstanding Individual Achievement for Voice Acting by a Female Performer in an Animated Television Production '' -- Batman Beyond David di Donatello Awards 1969 : Won , `` Best Actress '' -- Romeo and Juliet Golden Globe Awards 1969 : Won , `` Most Promising Female Newcomer '' -- Romeo and Juliet Laurel Awards 1970 : Nominated , `` Female New Face '' -- Romeo and Juliet Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The 25 Most Badass Horror Movie Heroines '' . Complex . Archived from the original on 24 March 2018 . Retrieved 30 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Staff ( 4 March 2002 ) . `` Part of me thinks I am Juliet '' . The Telegraph . Archived from the original on 8 October 2016 . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Podolsky , J.D. ( 16 March 1992 ) . `` Forever Juliet -- For Olivia Hussey , Life After Romeo and Juliet Brought Sweetness and Sorrow '' . People . Archived from the original on 9 May 2012 . Retrieved 31 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Mario , Conte . `` God & I : Olivia Hussey '' . saintanthonyofpadua.net . Archived from the original on 22 December 2015 . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Olivia Hussey -- Romeo and Juliet Interview -- 01 / 10 / 08 '' . grouchoreviews.com . Archived from the original on 22 December 2015 . Retrieved 14 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Redgrave 1991 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Daileader 2001 , p. 188 . Jump up ^ Rapf , Maurice ( 6 September 1968 ) . `` Generation Gap in Verona '' . Life . Google Books : 10 . Archived from the original on 24 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Olivia Hussey '' . British Film Institute ( BFI ) . Archived from the original on 31 March 2017 . Retrieved 29 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Olivia Hussey '' . Golden Globes . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . Archived from the original on 31 March 2017 . Retrieved 28 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lost Horizon Found '' . Film Brain . 19 May 2006 . Archived from the original on 25 May 2006 . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Boyle , Donna - Marie Cooper ( 9 June 2014 ) . `` An Iconic Screen Presence '' . Catholic World Report . Archived from the original on 3 August 2016 . Retrieved 29 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Mayo 2013 , p. 397 . Jump up ^ Sussex Publishers , LLC ( February 1990 ) . `` Go East , Old Actors '' . Spy : 38 . Jump up ^ `` A Film that Makes Viewers Dream of Escape '' . Philadelphia Daily News . Newspapers.com. 6 September 1983 . p. 44 . Jump up ^ Donovan , Frank ( 24 February 2015 ) . `` The 50 Most WTF Celebrity Cameos in Music Video History '' . MTV . Archived from the original on 31 March 2017 . Retrieved 28 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Hinman , Catherine ( 15 July 1990 ) . `` Whirlwind Affair : ` Psycho Iv ` Wraps Up '' . Orlando Sun - Sentinel . Archived from the original on 1 April 2017 . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Mayo 2013 , p. 288 . Jump up ^ Mayo 2013 , p. 435 . Jump up ^ Cooper Boyle , Donna - Marie . `` An Iconic Screen Presence '' . thecatholicworldreport.com . Archived from the original on 22 December 2015 . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( 29 September 2014 ) . `` Romeo and Juliet Stars Leonard Whiting , Olivia Hussey Reuniting for ' Social Suicide ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 22 December 2015 . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Factor 5 ( 3 December 1998 ) . Star Wars : Rogue Squadron . Electronic Arts , LucasArts . Jump up ^ BioWare ( 20 December 2011 ) . Star Wars : The Old Republic . Electronic Arts , LucasArts . Scene : closing credits , 11 : 07 in , English Cast . Jump up ^ `` Dean Martin 's Son is dead in Jet '' . The New York Times . 27 March 1987 . Archived from the original on 22 December 2015 . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Arias , Ron ( 13 April 1987 ) . `` Actor , Athlete and Dashing Pilot , Dean Paul Martin Dies When His Jet Crashes on a Mountainside '' . People . Archived from the original on 22 December 2015 . Retrieved 14 December 2015 . References ( edit ) Daileader , Celia R. ( 8 October 2001 ) . `` Nude Shakespeare in film and nineties popular feminism '' . In Alexander , Catherine M.S. ; Stanley Wells . Shakespeare and Sexuality . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 80475 - 2 . Mayo , Mike ( 2013 ) . The Horror Show Guide : The Ultimate Frightfest of Movies ( 2 ed . ) . Visible Ink Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 578 - 59420 - 7 . Redgrave , Vanessa ( 1991 ) . Vanessa Redgrave : An Autobiography . Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 40216 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutOlivia Husseyat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Official website Olivia Hussey on IMDb Olivia Hussey at AllMovie Olivia Hussey at the British Film Institute Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year -- Actress Lois Maxwell ( 1948 ) Mercedes McCambridge ( 1950 ) Pier Angeli ( 1952 ) Colette Marchand ( 1953 ) Pat Crowley / Bella Darvi / Barbara Rush ( 1954 ) Shirley MacLaine / Kim Novak / Karen Sharpe ( 1955 ) Anita Ekberg / Victoria Shaw / Dana Wynter ( 1956 ) Carroll Baker / Jayne Mansfield / Natalie Wood ( 1957 ) Sandra Dee / Carolyn Jones / Diane Varsi ( 1958 ) Linda Cristal / Susan Kohner / Tina Louise ( 1959 ) Angie Dickinson / Janet Munro / Stella Stevens / Janet Munro ( 1960 ) Ina Balin / Nancy Kwan / Hayley Mills ( 1961 ) Ann - Margret / Jane Fonda / Christine Kaufmann ( 1962 ) Patty Duke / Sue Lyon / Rita Tushingham ( 1963 ) Ursula Andress / Tippi Hedren / Elke Sommer ( 1964 ) Mia Farrow / Celia Kaye / Mary Ann Mobley ( 1965 ) Elizabeth Hartman ( 1966 ) Jessica Walter ( 1967 ) Katharine Ross ( 1968 ) Olivia Hussey / Marianne McAndrew ( 1969 ) Ali MacGraw ( 1970 ) Carrie Snodgress ( 1971 ) Twiggy ( 1972 ) Diana Ross ( 1973 ) Tatum O'Neal ( 1974 ) Susan Flannery ( 1975 ) Marilyn Hassett ( 1976 ) Jessica Lange ( 1977 ) Irene Miracle ( 1979 ) Bette Midler ( 1980 ) Nastassja Kinski ( 1981 ) Pia Zadora ( 1982 ) Sandahl Bergman ( 1983 ) BNE : XX1536574 BNF : cb13895425g ( data ) GND : 1128681498 ISNI : 0000 0000 8160 8210 LCCN : no90011041 SNAC : w6vt54r8 SUDOC : 074643509 VIAF : 85137546 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olivia_Hussey&oldid=846179228 '' Categories : 1951 births 20th - century English actresses 21st - century English actresses Actresses from London Argentine emigrants to England Argentine people of English descent Argentine Roman Catholics Alumni of the Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts David di Donatello winners English film actresses English Shakespearean actresses English television actresses English video game actresses English voice actresses English Roman Catholics Living people New Star of the Year ( Actress ) Golden Globe winners Hidden categories : EngvarB from June 2017 Use dmy dates from June 2017 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 June 2018 , at 22 : 19 ( UTC ) . 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2883528515120480440 | Universal Camouflage Pattern | Universal Camouflage pattern - Wikipedia Universal Camouflage pattern Universal Camouflage pattern A computerized rendition of a swatch of the Universal Camouflage Pattern Type Military camouflage pattern Place of origin United States of America Service history In service 2005 -- present ( to be discontinued in 2019 ) Used by United States Army United States Air Force U.S. Navy See Users for non-US users Wars War in Afghanistan Iraq War Production history Designed Produced 2004 -- present Variants Universal Camouflage Pattern Delta ( UCP -- D ) Two soldiers in 2005 wearing the Army Combat Uniform in the Universal Camouflage Pattern The Universal Camouflage Pattern ( UCP ) , also unofficially referred to as ACUPAT ( Army Combat Uniform Pattern ) or Digital Camouflage ( digicam ) , is a digital military camouflage pattern formerly used in the United States Army 's Army Combat Uniform . The pattern was chosen after several laboratory and field tests that occurred from 2003 to 2004 , although it has been established that UCP may well have been adopted without field testing against other patterns . Its pixelated pattern is a modification of the United States Marine Corps ' MARPAT camouflage pattern which is similar to the Canadian CADPAT scheme . The effectiveness of the pattern was questioned , leading to several research programs being conducted to modify or replace the current standard issue pattern . In July 2014 , the Army announced that Operational Camouflage Pattern had been selected as the replacement pattern , and will completely replace the former pattern by the end of September 2019 . Contents 1 Selection 1.1 Phase I 1.1. 1 Initial patterns and colors 1.1. 2 Test sites 1.1. 3 Elimination of patterns 1.2 Phases II and III 1.3 Phase IV ( system level ) 1.4 Results 2 Color selection 3 Controversy 4 Discontinuation and replacement 5 Users 6 References 7 External links Selection ( edit ) U.S. soldiers in May 2017 wearing the ACU in UCP . Phase i ( edit ) Initial patterns and colors ( edit ) Main article : U.S. Army universal camouflage trials Three patterns were developed , called All Over Brush , Track , and Shadow / Line . For each pattern , there were four color combinations , which corresponded to a specific type of terrain , however , all four patterns used tan as their base color . The three remaining colors were green , brown , and black for the Woodland pattern , dark tan , khaki , and brown for the Desert pattern , light gray , medium gray , and black for the Urban pattern , and dark tan , light gray , and brown for the Desert / Urban pattern . Test sites ( edit ) There were fifteen evaluations , which took place at Fort Benning , Fort Polk , Fort Irwin , Fort Lewis , and Yakima , Washington . The camouflage patterns were then rated on their blending , brightness , contrast , and detection by U.S. Army soldiers , during the daytime , and also at night using night vision devices . Elimination of patterns ( edit ) Following testing , the Shadow Line pattern was eliminated entirely , along with the urban and desert / urban patterns of All Over Brush . All four of the Track patterns were accepted along with All Over Brush 's woodland and desert patterns . Phases ii and iii ( edit ) The patterns were then modified and tested alongside a newly introduced `` Contractor - Developed Mod '' pattern , MultiCam . Near infrared testing determined that black , medium gray , and medium tan were the only colors that gave acceptable performance . Phase iv ( system level ) ( edit ) All four remaining patterns , desert Brush , MultiCam , Woodland Track , and Urban Track were then tested alongside each other in urban , woodland , and desert environments . Results ( edit ) The desert Brush design received the best overall mean daytime visual rating . Contractor developed pattern received highest rating in woodland environments , but low ratings in desert and urban environments . Urban Track was generally the 3rd or 4th worst performer at each site , but was the best performer in nighttime environments . Infrared testing showed negligible differences in the performance of the four patterns . Natick rated the patterns from best to worst as : Desert Brush , Woodland Track Mod , Contractor - Developed Mod , and Urban Track . Color selection ( edit ) The color scheme of the Army Combat Uniform is composed of tan ( officially named Desert Sand 500 ) , gray ( Urban Gray 501 ) , and sage green ( Foliage Green 502 ) . The pattern is notable for its elimination of the color black . Justification given for the omission of black was that black is a color not commonly found in nature . Pure black viewed through night vision goggles can appear extremely dark and create an undesirable high - contrast image . This argument was not accepted by the Canadian forces or the Marine Corps when they adopted the preceding CADPAT and MARPAT patterns respectively . Controversy ( edit ) U.S. Army soldiers in May 2006 , wearing the Universal Camouflage Pattern in Kunar province , Afghanistan The U.S. Army incorrectly reported to the media that the basis for the UCP was the Urban Track pattern , which had been modified through the removal of black from the pattern and pixelated . Pattern comparisons subsequently established that the information provided by the U.S. Army was incorrect , and that the pattern was simply a three - coloured version of MARPAT , a derivative of the Canadian CADPAT scheme . No evidence has been presented by the U.S. Army that the new UCP pattern had underwent proper field testing . Following building criticism of the poor effectiveness of the pattern in most terrains like the Afghan and Middle Eastern theatres of operations , the use of the pattern was discussed within the US Senate . When passed by the Senate , House of Representatives Bill 2346 required the Department of Defense to `` take immediate action to provide combat uniforms to personnel deployed to Afghanistan with a camouflage pattern that is suited to the environment of Afghanistan . '' The Army subsequently initiated re-evaluation of existing and alternative camouflage patterns to determine if this was a necessary action . In recent tests conducted by the U.S. Army 's Natick Soldier Systems Center ( NSRDEC ) , results indicated that three other patterns did significantly better than UCP in desert and woodland environments . Four commercial submissions were tested to replace UCP for Army use . Discontinuation and replacement ( edit ) Main article : Operational Camouflage Pattern In 2014 , the United States Army discontinued the Universal Camouflage Pattern , and Army researchers worked on a new and better camouflage . Four new patterns were tested to give soldiers different patterns suitable for different environments , plus a single neutral pattern , to be used on more expensive body armor and other gear . The selection involved hundreds of computer trials as well as on - the - ground testing at half a dozen locations around the world . In May 2014 , the Army announced that a pattern called Scorpion , a pattern similar to MultiCam that was developed for the Objective Force Warrior program in 2002 and modified in 2009 ( W2 version ) , had been chosen as the replacement for UCP . On 31 July 2014 , the Army formally announced that the Operational Camouflage Pattern would begin being issued in uniforms in summer 2015 . The name Operational Camouflage Pattern is to emphasize its use beyond Afghanistan to all combatant commands , with a family of versions , including a dark jungle - woodland variant and a lighter pattern for deserts . The Universal Camouflage Pattern will officially be retired by the Army by the end of September 2019 . As the federal military began phasing out the UCP , many state defense forces began adopting it as their uniform . Users ( edit ) Ukraine : Known to be used by Bohdan Company , Kherson Company , Ternopil Company and Skif Battalion . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` We should permanently post more U.S. troops abroad . For their own sake '' . Newsweek . Newsweek . August 28 , 2017 . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UCP - D : This Is What Happened The Last Time The US Army Created A Pixelated Camo Pattern - Soldier Systems Daily '' . Jump up ^ `` USA - Camopedia '' . camopedia.org . Jump up ^ `` ACU Presentation '' . ArmyStudyGuide.com . Jump up ^ Carroll , Ward ( 9 April 2007 ) . `` Defense Tech : Singing the ACU Blues '' . Defense Tech . Military Advantage , A Monster Company . Jump up ^ `` Facts : Army Combat Uniform '' . U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command Office of the Chief of Public affairs . U.S. Army . 14 June 2004 . Archived from the original on 20 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Cramer , Guy ( 2004 ) . `` Dual Texture - U.S. Army Digital Camouflage '' . United Dynamics Corp . Jump up ^ Engber , Daniel ( 6 July 2012 ) . `` Lost in the Wilderness , the Military 's Misadventures in Pixelated Camouflage '' . State . Retrieved 27 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.army.mil/e2/c/downloads/396739.pdf ^ Jump up to : http://www.armyuniformchanges.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/New-OCP-Uniform-Fielding-Update.jpg ^ Jump up to : Gould , Joe ( 31 July 2014 ) . `` Army Announces Rollout Date for New Camo '' . Armytimes.com . Gannett . Archived from the original on 1 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Army Selects New Camouflage Pattern '' . Military.com. 23 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dugas , Anabela ; Kramer , F. Matthew ( 15 December 2004 ) . `` Universal Camouflage For The Future Warrior '' . U.S. Army Natick Soldier Center . Archived from the original on 11 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Dugas , A. ; Zupkofska , K.J. ; DiChiara , A. ; Kramer , F.M. ( 1 December 2004 ) . `` Universal Camouflage for the Future Warrior '' ( PDF ) . Natick , MA : U.S. Army Research , Development and Engineering Command , Natick Soldier Center . ADA433081 . Jump up ^ Cramer , Guy ( 2004 ) . `` New Digital U.S. Army Combat Uniform eliminates Black in pattern '' . HyperStealth Biotechnology Corp . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions ( FAQs ) Army Combat Uniform '' . Program Executive Office Soldier . U.S. Army . 24 February 2012 . Archived from the original on 14 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Maze , Rick ( 21 June 2009 ) . `` Troops in Afghanistan would get new uniforms '' . ArmyTimes . Army Times Publishing Company . Retrieved 13 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Cox , William ( 17 September 2009 ) . `` UCP Fares Poorly in Army Camo Test '' . Army Times . Army Times Publishing Company . Retrieved 17 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Lance M. Bacon ( 10 March 2012 ) . `` Army Weighs 4 Options to Replace Current Camo '' . Army Times . Retrieved 15 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Eloise Lee ( 2 March 2012 ) . `` The Army Is Eyeing These Cool New Camouflage Patterns '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 15 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Dickson , Caitlin ( 14 October 2013 ) . `` The Army 's $5 Billion New Uniform Already Being Replaced '' . The Daily Beast . IAC / InterActiveCorp . Jump up ^ Cox , Matthew ( 6 August 2014 ) . `` Army Unveils Design Changes for New Camo Uniform '' . Military.com . Military Advantage , A Monster Company . Jump up ^ `` What is the CSMR ? '' . California State Military Reserve . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Mendie , Ubon ( 16 September 2010 ) . `` New York Guard Members to Begin Wearing Modified ACU '' . dmna.ny.gov . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . Jump up ^ http://militaryland.net/ukraine/special-police-forces/bohdan-company/ Jump up ^ http://militaryland.net/ukraine/special-police-forces/kherson-company/ Jump up ^ http://militaryland.net/ukraine/special-police-forces/ternopil-company/ Jump up ^ http://militaryland.net/ukraine/special-police-forces/skif-battalion/ External links ( edit ) Army testing combat boots , camouflage patterns Camouflage Methods Camouflage Countershading Active camouflage Counter-illumination Disruptive coloration Motion camouflage Multi-scale camouflage Multi-spectral camouflage Self - decoration Snow camouflage In nature As evidence for natural selection Crypsis Decorator crabs Flower mantises Mimicry Batesian Müllerian Aggressive Underwater camouflage Pioneers Peacetime Edward Bagnall Poulton The Colours of Animals Abbott Handerson Thayer Concealing - Coloration in the Animal Kingdom Camoufleurs Lucien - Victor Guirand de Scévola John Graham Kerr Norman Wilkinson Everett Warner Johann Georg Otto Schick Hugh Cott Adaptive Coloration in Animals Geoffrey Barkas Timothy O'Neill Researchers Roy Behrens Innes Cuthill Thomas N. Sherratt Martin Stevens Military Topics Military camouflage Aircraft camouflage Dazzle camouflage Middle East Command Camouflage Directorate Ship camouflage USN WWII camouflage measures Patterns Up to WWII German WWII Splittertarnmuster ( 1931 ) Platanenmuster ( 1937 ) Rauchtarnmuster ( 1939 ) Palmenmuster ( c 1941 ) Sumpfmuster ( 1943 ) Erbsenmuster ( 1944 ) Leibermuster ( 1945 ) Other Lozenge ( 1917 aircraft ) Telo mimetico ( 1929 tent ) Denison smock ( 1941 ) Frog Skin ( 1942 ) Post-war Lizard ( 1947 ) Flecktarn ( 1956 ) Rain pattern ( 1960 ) Late 20th Century Rhodesian Brushstroke ( 1965 ) ERDL ( 1967 ) Disruptive Pattern Material ( 1969 ) wz. 68 Moro ( 1969 ) Tigerstripe M84 M90 Disruptive Pattern Camouflage Uniform Six - Color Desert Pattern ( Chocolate Chip ) U.S. `` M81 '' Woodland ( 1981 ) wz. 89 Puma Jigsaw TAZ 83 TAZ 90 Camouflage Europe Centrale Desert Night Camouflage wz. 93 Pantera Soldier 2000 Type 99 ( China ) 21st Century Australian Multicam Bundeswehr Wüstentarn CADPAT ( 2002 ) M05 MARPAT MultiCam Multi-Terrain Pattern Operational Camouflage Pattern Tactical Assault Camouflage Type 07 Universal Camouflage Pattern Technology Deployed Berberys - R Nakidka Prototypes Diffused lighting camouflage ( 1941 ) Yehudi lights ( 1943 ) Adaptiv ( 2011 ) Related Dazzled and Deceived Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal_Camouflage_Pattern&oldid=854295475 '' Categories : Camouflage patterns Military camouflage Hidden categories : Use American English from April 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use dmy dates from June 2011 Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 08 : 47 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | when did the army switch to digital camo | [] | [] |
4085636246670823475 | Cassandra Clare | Cassandra Clare - wikipedia Cassandra Clare Jump to : navigation , search Cassandra Clare Clare speaking at the 2013 WonderCon at the Anaheim Convention Center , Anaheim , California Judith Rumelt ( 1973 - 07 - 27 ) July 27 , 1973 ( age 44 ) Tehran , Tehran Province , Iran Occupation Author Nationality American Genre Young adult fiction Literary movement Contemporary fantasy , urban fantasy , fantasy of manners Notable works The Mortal Instruments series Spouse Joshua Lewis Website cassandraclare.com Judith Lewis ( née Rumelt , born July 27 , 1973 ) , better known by her pen name Cassandra Clare , is an American author of young adult fiction , best known for her bestselling series The Mortal Instruments . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personal life 2 The Mortal Instruments series 3 Awards 3.1 City of Bones 3.2 City of Ashes 4 Bibliography 4.1 The Shadowhunter Chronicles 4.1. 1 The Mortal Instruments 4.1. 2 Mortal Instruments Companion Books 4.1. 3 The Infernal Devices 4.1. 4 The Dark Artifices 4.2 The Magisterium Series 4.3 Short fiction 4.4 Fan fiction ( writing as Cassandra Claire ) 5 References 6 External links Personal life Clare was born Judith Rumelt , to American parents , in Tehran , Iran . Her parents are Elizabeth and Richard Rumelt , who are a business school professor and author , respectively . Her maternal grandfather was film producer Max Rosenberg . Clare is Jewish , and has described her family as `` not religious '' . As a child , Clare traveled frequently , spending time in Switzerland , England , and France . She returned to Los Angeles for high school , and from then on split her time between California and New York City , where she worked at various entertainment magazines and tabloids , including The Hollywood Reporter . While living in Los Angeles Clare began writing fan fiction using the name Cassandra Claire . The Draco Trilogy , based on Harry Potter and The Very Secret Diaries , based on The Lord of the Rings were popular . However , she deleted her fan fiction from the Internet shortly before her first novel , The City of Bones , was published under the name Cassandra Clare . She is also friends with author Holly Black , and their books occasionally overlap , Clare mentioning characters from Black 's novels and vice versa , such as Val and Luis from Black 's Valiant . Clare is also credited by her publisher with creating the `` City of Fallen Angels treatment '' where a tangible `` letter '' from one character to another is attached to the back of physical copies of a book . The goal is to spur print book sales . She currently resides in Amherst , Massachusetts , with her husband , Joshua Lewis , and three cats . The Mortal Instruments series Main article : The Mortal Instruments In 2004 , Clare started working on her first - published novel , City of Bones , inspired by the urban landscape of Manhattan . City of Bones was released by Simon & Schuster in 2007 and is a contemporary fantasy story revolving around characters Clary Fray , Jace Wayland , and Simon Lewis , which became a New York Times bestseller upon its release . City of Ashes and City of Glass completed the first trilogy . A subsequent second trilogy contained three more books : City of Fallen Angels , City of Lost Souls , and City of Heavenly Fire . There is a prequel trilogy called The Infernal Devices , which is set in the same universe as The Mortal Instruments , but set in the Victorian era . This consisting of three books : Clockwork Angel , published on August 31 , 2010 , Clockwork Prince , published on December 6 , 2011 , and Clockwork Princess , published on March 19 , 2013 . A fourth trilogy set in this universe was announced in 2012 , to be collectively known as The Dark Artifices . The new contemporary series is set in Los Angeles , and follow female shadowhunter Emma Carstairs , who was introduced in City of Heavenly Fire . The first book , Lady Midnight , was released in March 2016 ; the second , Lord of Shadows was released in April 2017 ; the third , Queen of Air and Darkness will be released on December 4 , 2018 . There are also two series of interconnected short stories set in this universe . The first is The Bane Chronicles , completed in 2014 and written with Sarah Rees Brennan and Maureen Johnson , and the second is the planned Tales from the Shadowhunter Academy , written with Brennan and Johnson as well as Robin Wasserman . The first book in The Mortal Instruments was made into a film , The Mortal Instruments : City of Bones ( 2013 ) , by Unique Features and Constantin Film . First - time writer Jessica Postigo wrote the screenplay . Lily Collins played Clary Fray and Jamie Campbell Bower played Jace Wayland . After a disappointing box office performance , subsequent movies in the series were cancelled . A television adaptation of The Mortal Instruments called Shadowhunters began airing in January , 2016 , and has been renewed for a second season . Awards City of Bones 2010 Georgia Peach Book Awards for Teen Readers Finalist for the Locus Award for Best First Novel of 2007 An American Library Association Teens Top Ten Award winner , 2008 2010 Georgia Peach Book Awards for Teen Readers Winner of The 2010 Abraham Lincoln Illinois High School Book Award Winner of the 2010 Pacific Northwest Library Association Young Reader 's Choice Award A Texas TAYSHAS title 2010 Shortlisted for the 2010 Evergreen Young Adult Book Award Shortlisted for The 2010 Colorado Blue Spruce Young Adult Book Award Shortlisted for The North Carolina School Library Media Association Young Adult Book Award Grand Canyon Reader Award Nominee ( Teen ) 2010 Iowa High School Book Award Nominee 2009 - 2010 North Carolina YA Book Award Nominee 2009 - 2010 New Hampshire Flume Teen Reader 's Choice Award Nominee , 2010 Nevada Young Readers ' Award Nominee 2010 Ohio Buckeye Teen Book Award Nominee , 2009 Oregon Young Adult Network Book Rave Reading List Title 2008 South Carolina Young Adult Book Award Nominee 2009 - 2010 Shortlisted for the Coventry Inspiration Book Awards City of Ashes A 2009 ALA Teens Top Ten Title Bibliography The Shadowhunter Chronicles The Mortal Instruments City of Bones ( March 27 , 2007 ) City of Ashes ( March 28 , 2008 ) City of Glass ( March 24 , 2009 ) City of Fallen Angels ( April 5 , 2011 ) City of Lost Souls ( May 8 , 2012 ) City of Heavenly Fire ( May 27 , 2014 ) Mortal Instruments Companion Books The Shadowhunter 's Codex ( with Joshua Lewis ) ( October 29 , 2013 ) The Bane Chronicles ( with Sarah Rees Brennan & Maureen Johnson ) ( 2013 -- 2014 ; print edition released November 11 , 2014 ) Tales From the Shadowhunter Academy ( with Sarah Rees Brennan , Maureen Johnson & Robin Wasserman ) ( 2015 ; print edition released November 15 , 2016 ) A History of Notable Shadowhunters and Denizens of Downworld ( illustrated by Cassandra Jean ) ( February 18 , 2016 ) The Infernal Devices Clockwork Angel ( August 31 , 2010 ) Clockwork Prince ( December 6 , 2011 ) Clockwork Princess ( March 19 , 2013 ) The Dark Artifices Lady Midnight ( March 8 , 2016 ) Lord of Shadows ( May 23 , 2017 ) Queen of Air and Darkness ( December 4 , 2018 ) The magisterium series This series is co-written with Holly Black . The Iron Trial ( September 9 , 2014 ) The Copper Gauntlet ( September 1 , 2015 ) The Bronze Key ( September 2016 ) The Golden Boy ( 2017 ) The Enemy of Death ( 2018 ) Short fiction `` The Girl 's Guide to Defeating the Dark Lord '' , Turn the Other Chick , ed . Esther Friesner , Baen Books ( 2004 ) ( writing as Cassandra Claire ) `` Charming '' , So Fey , ed . Steve Berman , Haworth Press ( 2007 ) `` Graffiti '' , Magic in the Mirrorstone , ed . Steve Berman , Mirrorstone Books ( 2008 ) `` Other Boys '' , The Eternal Kiss , ed . Trisha Telep , Running Press ( 2009 ) `` The Mirror House '' , Vacations from Hell , ed . Farrin Jacobs , HarperCollins ( 2009 ) `` I Never '' , Geektastic , ed . Holly Black and Cecil Castelucci , Little , Brown ( 2009 ) `` Cold Hands '' , ZVU : Zombies Versus Unicorns , ed . Holly Black and Justine Larbalestier , Simon and Schuster ( 2010 ) `` The Perfect Dinner Party '' ( w / Holly Black ) , Teeth : Vampire Tales , ed . Ellen Datlow and Terri Windling , HarperCollins ( 2011 ) `` The Rowan Gentleman '' ( w / Holly Black ) , in Welcome to Bordertown ( 2011 ) `` Sisters Before Misters '' ( w / Sarah Rees Brennan & Holly Black ) in Dark Duets : All - New Tales of Horror and Dark Fantasy ( 2014 ) Fan fiction ( writing as Cassandra Claire ) The Draco Trilogy : `` Draco Dormiens '' , `` Draco Sinister '' , and `` Draco Veritas '' ( Harry Potter ) The Very Secret Diaries ( The Lord of the Rings ) References ^ Jump up to : Alter , Alexandra ( June 15 , 2012 ) . `` The New Queen of Fantasy : Cassandra Clare 's Breakout '' . The Wall Street Journal . p . D2 . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dill , Margo L. ( March 14 , 2010 ) . `` Potter Phenomenon '' . The Champaign - Urbana News - Gazette . p. F - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Best Sellers : Children 's Books '' . New York Times . 2007 - 04 - 22 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` features.blogs.fortune.cnn.com/2012/08/29/cassandra-clare-richard-rumelt/ '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/651906611.html ? dids = 651906611 : 651906611&FMT = ABS&FMTS = ABS : FT&type = current&date = Jun + 17 % 2C + 2004&author = Dennis + McLellan&pub = Los + Angeles + Times&desc = Obituaries % 3B + Max + Rosenberg % 2C + 89 % 3B + Longtime + Producer + of + Classic + Horror + Films&pqatl = google '' . 2004 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ Clare , Cassandara ( February 27 , 2011 ) . `` The first chapter of City of Fallen Angels ( and POV ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Kids ' Q&A Cassandra Clare '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Author 's bio at Sony.com '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Times article on The Draco Trilogy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Author 's Bio at LookingGlassReview.com '' . Jump up ^ `` www.cassandraclare.com/cms/faqs # valiant '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , David A. ( August 29 , 2012 ) . `` A most unusual father - daughter professional pairing '' . CNN Money . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` www.cbcbooks.org/sub-news.php ? id = 847 '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` What are the publication dates of Clockwork Princess and City of Heavenly Fire ? '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Italie , Hillel ( 14 May 2012 ) . `` Cassandra Clare To Write ' The Dark Artifices , ' A Fantasy Series Set In Los Angeles '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on 1 April 2014 . Retrieved 9 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cover Reveal : ' Queen of Air and Darkness ' coming December 4 , 2018 '' . TMISource . November 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Clare , Cassandra ( 17 Jan 2016 ) . `` March 2016 : Lady Midnight ( Dark Artifices 1 ) September 2016 = The Bronze Key April 2017 : Lord of Shadows '' . Jump up ^ Brissey , Breia ( 14 October 2014 ) . `` Cassandra Clare and co. to launch Shadowhunter e-series '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 9 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cassandra Clare 's Blog 23 August 2009 '' . Archived from the original on 28 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Mortal Instruments IMDB page '' . Jump up ^ Clare , Cassandra ( 4 October 2010 ) . `` movie news '' . Cassandra Clare 's Blog . LiveJournal . Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 13 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 Georgia Peach Book Award for Teen Readers Winner Announced '' . Georgia Library Media Association . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The 2008 Teens ' Top Ten '' . Young Adult Library Services Association . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Illinois ' High School Readers ' Choice Award '' . Illinois School Library Media Association . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Northwest Library Association Young Reader 's Choice Award '' . Pacific Northwest Library Association . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Texas TAYSHAS title 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Texas Library Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Evergreen Young Adult Book Award '' . King County Library System . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Colorado Blue Spruce Young Adult Book Award '' ( PDF ) . Colorado Blue Spruce Young Adult Book World . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 07 - 07 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` NCSLMA YA Book Award '' . North Carolina School Library Media Association . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Canyon Reader Award '' . Grand Canyon Reader Award . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Iowa High School Book Award Nominee '' . Iowa Association of School Librarians . Archived from the original on 2010 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` North Carolina YA Booklist '' . NCSLMA . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` NH Teen Reader 's Choice Awards '' . New Hampshire Library Association . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 25 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Nevada Young Reader 's Award '' . Nevada Library Association . Archived from the original on 2009 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Buckeye Book Award '' . Buckeye Children 's Book Award . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Oregon Young Adult Network Book Rave List '' . Oregon Library Association . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` SCASL Young Adult Book Awards '' . South Carolina Association of School Librarians . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Coventry Inspiration Book Awards '' . Coventry City Council . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 ALA Teens Top Ten '' . Young Adult Library Services Association . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ Friesner , Esther ( 2004 ) . Turn the Other Chick . Baen Books . ISBN 0743488571 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cassandra Clare . Author 's website Author 's livejournal Cassandra Clare at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database VIAF : 15972535 LCCN : n2006017279 ISNI : 0000 0000 5068 8131 GND : 133854140 SELIBR : 381613 SUDOC : 165246782 BNF : cb158762778 ( data ) NDL : 01229690 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cassandra_Clare&oldid=816029267 '' Categories : 1973 births 21st - century American novelists American fantasy writers American women short story writers American women novelists Fan fiction writers Living people American Jews People from Tehran Women science fiction and fantasy writers 21st - century women writers 21st - century American short story writers Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote تۆرکجه Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 20 : 06 . 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1554985992996213424 | Economy of Kenya | Economy of Kenya - Wikipedia Economy of Kenya This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( May 2013 ) Economy of Kenya Nairobi is the financial centre of Kenya . Currency Kenyan shilling ( KES ) Trade organisations CEN - SAD , COMESA , EAC , WTO and others Statistics GDP PPP : $175.659 billion Nominal : $85.980 billion ( 2018 est . ) GDP rank 69th ( nominal ) 74th ( PPP ) GDP per capita PPP : $3,657 ( 2018 est . ) Nominal : $1,790 ( 2018 est . ) GDP by sector agriculture ( 24.2 % ) , industry ( 14.8 % ) , services ( 62.5 % ) ( 2015 . ) Inflation ( CPI ) 6.45 % ( March 2016 ) Population below poverty line 42 % ( March 2016 est . ) Gini coefficient 42.5 % ( 2008 est . ) Labour force ~ 17.89 million ( 48 % population ) ( 2015 est . ) Labour force by occupation agriculture 75 % , industry and services 25 % ( 2015 est . ) Unemployment 38 % ( 2015 est . ) Main industries small - scale consumer goods ( plastic , furniture , batteries , textiles , clothing , soap , cigarettes , flour ) , agricultural products , horticulture , oil refining ; aluminium , steel , lead ; cement , commercial ship repair , tourism Ease - of - doing - business rank 80th ( 2018 ) External Exports $5.705 billion ( 2015 . ) Export goods tea , horticultural products , coffee , petroleum products , fish , cement Main export partners Uganda 12.2 % Tanzania 10.2 % United States 8.3 % United Kingdom 7.8 % Netherlands 7.4 % Zambia 5.7 % Pakistan 4.8 % UAE 4.3 % ( 2014 est . ) Imports $12.651 billion ( 2015 . ) Import goods machinery and transportation equipment , petroleum products , motor vehicles , iron and steel , resins and plastics Main import partners India 21.7 % China 15.2 % United Arab Emirates 10.0 % Saudi Arabia 6.7 % Egypt 5.3 % South Africa 5.3 % ( 2014 est . ) Public finances Public debt $11,960,000,000 ( 31 December 2013 est . ) . Revenues $7.375 billion ( 2012 est . ) Expenses $9.3 billion ( 2012 est . ) Credit rating Standard & Poor 's : B+ ( Domestic ) B+ ( Foreign ) BB - ( T&C Assessment ) Outlook : Stable Fitch : B+ Outlook : Stable reserves = 5,541,000,000 ( Dec 2013 ) Main data source : CIA World Fact Book All values , unless otherwise stated , are in US dollars . Kenya 's economy is market - based with a few state - owned infrastructure enterprises and maintains a liberalised external trade system . The country is generally perceived as Eastern and central Africa 's hub for Financial , Communication and Transportation services . Major industries include : agriculture , forestry and fishing , mining and minerals , industrial manufacturing , energy , tourism and financial services . As of 2018 estimates , Kenya had a GDP of $85.980 billion making it the 69th largest economy in the world . Per capita GDP was estimated at $1,790 . The government of Kenya is generally investment friendly and has enacted several regulatory reforms to simplify both foreign and local investment , including the creation of an export processing zone . The export processing zone is expected to grow rapidly through input of foreign direct investment . An increasingly significant portion of Kenya 's foreign inflows are remittances by non-resident Kenyans who work in the US , Middle East , Europe and Asia . Compared to its neighbours , Kenya has well - developed social and physical infrastructure . As of March 2014 , economic prospects were positive with above 5 % GDP growth expected , largely because of expansions in telecommunications , transport , construction and a recovery in agriculture . These improvements are supported by a large pool of English - speaking professional workers . There is a high level of computer literacy , especially among the youth . In 2018 , Kenya ranked 80th in the World Bank ease of doing business rating from 113rd in 2016 ( of 190 countries ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Economic history 2 Gross domestic product 2.1 Agriculture , industry and manufacturing , and services GDP growth 3 Industries 3.1 Agriculture 3.2 Forestry and fishing 3.3 Mining and minerals 3.4 Industry and manufacturing 3.5 Energy 3.6 Tourism 3.7 Financial services 4 Labour 4.1 Family farm labour 4.2 Wage - job labour 4.3 Non-farm self - employment / `` Jua Kali '' 4.3. 1 The Impact of Customary Law on the Informal Economy 5 Currency , exchange rate , and inflation 6 Government finances 6.1 Revenue and spending 6.2 Government debt 6.3 Economic Stimulus Programme 6.4 Integrated Financial Management Information System 6.5 Funds for the Inclusion of Informal Sector 6.6 Investor compensation fund 7 Foreign economic relations 7.1 Exports 7.2 Balance of trade 7.3 Foreign investment policies 8 Current economic standing 9 Economic planning : Vision 2030 9.1 The Economic Pillar 9.2 The Social Pillar 9.3 The Political Pillar 10 Criticism and challenges 11 See also 12 References 13 Notes 14 Further reading 15 External links Economic history ( edit ) After its independence , Kenya promoted rapid economic growth through public investment , encouragement of smallholder agricultural production , and incentives for private often foreign industrial investment . Gross domestic product ( GDP ) grew at an annual average of 6.6 % from 1963 to 1973 and 7.2 % during the 1970s . Agricultural production grew by 4.7 % annually during the same period , stimulated by redistributing estates , diffusing new crop strains , and opening new areas to cultivation . Between 1974 and 1990 , however , Kenya 's economic performance declined . With GDP growth averaging 4.2 % per year in the 1980s and 2.2 % a year in the 1990s . Kenya 's inward - looking policy of import substitution and rising oil prices made Kenya 's manufacturing sector uncompetitive . The government began a massive intrusion in the private sector . Lack of export incentives , tight import controls , and foreign exchange controls made the domestic environment for investment even less attractive . From 1991 to 1993 , Kenya had its worst economic performance since independence . Growth in GDP stagnated , and agricultural production shrank at an annual rate of 3.9 % . Inflation reached a record 100 % in August 1993 , and the government 's budget deficit was over 10 % of GDP . As a result of these combined problems , bilateral and multilateral donors suspended program aid to Kenya in 1991 . Throughout these first three decades of independence , Kenya 's parastatals , partly from a lack of expertise and endemic corruption , largely inhibited economic development . In 1979 , a presidential commission went as far as saying that they constituted `` a serious threat to the economy '' ; a decade later , they had still not furthered industrialisation or fostered the development of a Black - Kenyan business class . The backbone of the country 's private - sector success was provided by Asian Kenyans ; during the colonial period , it was they who had created their country 's internal market , and then dominated internal trade . British colonizers instituted segregation based on skin colour : Whites were first - class citizens , Indians ( who came to Kenya to work on the East African Railway as labourers , were second - class citizens , and native Kenyans were third - class citizens . As a result , various laws were set in place to limit African Kenyans in their own land , for example , they had to walk around with ' Passes ' at all times , and free movement , schooling and entrepreneurial endeavours for Africans in Kenya was strictly enforced by colonial police between the late 1800s and Kenya 's Independence in 1963 . Post-independence , and particularly after being pushed out of its retail stronghold after its `` Africanisation '' , those who stayed in Kenya transferred their dominance to the more advanced sectors of its commerce and industry , easily out - competing Western multinationals in notable instances . Prominent Asian - Kenyan businesspeople include Manu Chandaria and Madatally Manji . Between the 1980s - 90s the introduction of structural adjustment programs ( SAPs ) sponsored by the IMF and World Bank contributed to the decline in Kenya 's economy . Some of the SAP conditions , such as the structural adjustment loans and strict conditions regarding policy , resulted in a decrease in government spending on economic and social services , a decrease in education enrollment , and a increase in unemployment ( specifically in the agricultural industry ) . The loans from the SAPs were also utilized to pay off other service debts that the country had at the time . As a result , the formal economy gave way to the growth of the informal economy , living standards began to decline , and Kenya opened up to the global economy . In 1993 , the Government of Kenya began a major program of economic reform and liberalisation . A new minister of finance and a new governor of the central bank undertook a series of economic measures with the assistance of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) . As part of this program , the government eliminated price controls and import licensing , removed foreign exchange controls , privatised a range of publicly owned companies , reduced the number of civil servants , and introduced conservative fiscal and monetary policies . From 1994 to 1996 , Kenya 's real GDP growth rate averaged just over 4 % a year . In 1997 , however , the economy entered a period of slowing or stagnant growth , due in part to adverse weather conditions and reduced economic activity prior to general elections in December 1997 . In July 1997 , the Government of Kenya refused to meet commitments made earlier to the IMF on governance reforms . As a result , the IMF suspended lending for three years , and the World Bank also put a $90 million structural adjustment credit on hold . The economy however registered an improvement between 2002 and 2007 under the Kibaki administration . The Government of Kenya took positive steps on reform , including the 1997 establishment of the Kenya Anti-Corruption Authority , and measures to improve the transparency of government procurements and reduce the government payroll . In July 2000 , the IMF signed a $150 million Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility , and the World Bank followed suit shortly after with a $157 million Economic and Public Sector Reform credit . This is a chart of trend of gross domestic product of Kenya at market prices estimated by the International Monetary Fund with figures in millions of Kenyan Shillings . Year Gross Domestic Product US Dollar Exchange 1980 74,940 7.42 Shillings 1985 143,715 16.43 Shillings 278,502 22.86 Shillings 1995 614,267 50.42 Shillings 2000 967,838 78.58 Shillings 2005 1,449,408 75.55 Shillings 2008 -- 78.90 Shillings 2011 -- 96.85 Shillings 2011 -- 106.21 Shillings 2012 -- 84.00 Shillings This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Small scale businesses are providing a more and more jobs in Kenya . With increased but simplified regulations , they are able to blossom into large , legitimate businesses that can eventually create more jobs and government revenue . Gross domestic product ( edit ) Kenya 's economic performance since independence . In 2006 Kenya 's gross domestic product ( GDP ) was about US $17.39 billion . Per capita GDP averages somewhat more than US $450 annually . Adjusted in purchasing power parity ( PPP ) terms , per capita GDP in 2006 was about US $1,200 . The country 's real GDP growth picked up to 2.3 percent in early 2004 and to nearly 6 percent in 2005 and 2006 , compared with a sluggish 1.4 percent in 2003 and throughout President Daniel arap Moi 's last term ( 1997 -- 2002 ) . Real GDP is expected to continue to improve , largely because of expansions in tourism , telecommunications , transport , and construction and a recovery in agriculture . The Kenya Central Bank forecast for 2007 is between 5 and 6 percent GDP growth . GDP composition by sector , according to 2004 estimates , was as follows : agriculture , 25.7 percent ; manufacturing , 14.0 percent ; trade , restaurants , and hotels , 13.8 percent ; transport and communications , 6.9 percent ; government services , 15.6 percent ; and other , 24.0 percent . Agriculture , industry and manufacturing , and services GDP growth ( edit ) Agriculture : In 1980 , agriculture accounted for 33 % of Kenya 's overall GDP . In 1990 , the value agriculture added to GDP was 30 percent , in 2000 , it increased to 32 percent , and in 2011 , and the value agriculture added to overall GDP fell to 23 percent . Industry and manufacturing : In the last 31 years , this component of Kenya 's GDP has been greatly fluctuating . In 1980 , industry and manufacturing accounted for 21 percent of Kenya 's overall GDP . In 1990 , it decreased to 19 percent , and in 2000 , the value added to GDP decreased again to 17 percent . In 2011 , there was a slight rise to 19 percent of Kenya 's overall GDP . Services : The World Bank defines Services as jobs that are included in `` wholesale and retail trade , transport , government , financial , professional , and personal services . '' In 1980 , services accounted for 47 percent of Kenya 's overall GPD . In 1990 , it accounted for 51 percent , in 2000 it stayed constant at 51 percent , and in 2011 , the services sector accounted for 58 percent of Kenya 's overall GDP . Industries ( edit ) Agriculture ( edit ) Main article : Agriculture in Kenya See also : Coffee industry of Kenya and Tea Production in Kenya Flower production Tea farm , Kericho County The agricultural sector continues to dominate Kenya 's economy , although only 15 percent of Kenya 's total land area has sufficient fertility and rainfall to be farmed , and only 7 or 8 percent can be classified as first - class land . In 2006 almost 75 percent of working Kenyans made their living on the land , compared with 80 percent in 1980 . About one - half of total agricultural output is non-marketed subsistence production . Agriculture is the second largest contributor to Kenya 's gross domestic product ( GDP ) , after the service sector . In 2005 agriculture , including forestry and fishing , accounted for about 24 percent of GDP , as well as for 18 percent of wage employment and 50 percent of revenue from exports . The principal cash crops are tea , horticultural produce , and coffee ; horticultural produce and tea are the main growth sectors and the two most valuable of all of Kenya 's exports . In 2005 horticulture accounted for 23 percent and tea for 22 percent of total export earnings . Coffee has declined in importance with depressed world prices , accounting for just 5 percent of export receipts in 2005 . The production of major food staples such as corn is subject to sharp weather - related fluctuations . Production downturns periodically necessitate food aid -- for example , in 2004 aid for 1.8 million people ⎯ because of one of Kenya 's intermittent droughts . However , the expansion of credit to the agricultural sector has enabled farmers to better deal with the large risk of agriculture based on rainfall and the dramatic fluctuations of the prices of agricultural products . Tea , coffee , sisal , pyrethrum , corn , and wheat are grown in the fertile highlands , one of the most successful agricultural production regions in Africa . Livestock predominates in the semi-arid savanna to the north and east . Coconuts , pineapples , cashew nuts , cotton , sugarcane , sisal , and corn are grown in the lower - lying areas . Forestry and fishing ( edit ) Resource degradation has reduced output from forestry . In 2004 roundwood removals came to 22,162,000 cubic meters . Fisheries are of local importance around Lake Victoria and have potential on Lake Turkana . Kenya 's total catch reported in 2004 was 128,000 metric tons . However , output from fishing has been declining because of ecological disruption . Pollution , overfishing , and the use of unauthorised fishing equipment have led to falling catches and have endangered local fish species . Mining and minerals ( edit ) Soda Ash train , Lake Magadi , Kajiado County Kenya has no significant mineral endowment . The mining and quarrying sector makes a negligible contribution to the economy , accounting for less than 1 percent of gross domestic product , the majority contributed by the soda ash operation at Lake Magadi in south - central Kenya . Thanks largely to rising soda ash output , Kenya 's mineral production in 2005 reached more than 1 million tons . One of Kenya 's largest foreign - investment projects in recent years is the planned expansion of Magadi Soda . Apart from soda ash , the chief minerals produced are limestone , gold , salt , large quantities of niobium , fluorspar , and fossil fuel . All unextracted minerals are government property , according to the Mining Act . The Department of Mines and Geology , under the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources , controls exploration and exploitation of such minerals . Industry and manufacturing ( edit ) Although Kenya is the most industrially developed country in East Africa , manufacturing still accounts for only 14 percent of gross domestic product ( GDP ) . This level of manufacturing GDP represents only a slight increase since independence . Expansion of the sector after independence , initially rapid , has stagnated since the 1980s , hampered by shortages in hydroelectric power , high energy costs , dilapidated transport infrastructure , and the dumping of cheap imports . However , due to urbanisation , the industry and manufacturing sectors have become increasingly important to the Kenyan economy , and has been reflected by an increasing GDP per capita . Industrial activity , concentrated around the three largest urban centres , Nairobi , Mombasa , and Kisumu , is dominated by food - processing industries such as grain milling , beer production , and sugarcane crushing , and the fabrication of consumer goods , e.g. , vehicles from kits . Kenya also has an oil refinery that processes imported crude petroleum into petroleum products , mainly for the domestic market . In addition , a substantial and expanding informal sector engages in small - scale manufacturing of household goods , motor - vehicle parts , and farm implements . About half of the investment in the industrial sector is foreign , with the United Kingdom providing half . The United States is the second largest investor . Kenya 's inclusion among the beneficiaries of the US Government 's African Growth and Opportunity Act ( AGOA ) has given a boost to manufacturing in recent years . Since AGOA took effect in 2000 , Kenya 's clothing sales to the United States increased from US $44 million to US $270 million ( 2006 ) . Other initiatives to strengthen manufacturing have been the new government 's favourable tax measures , including the removal of duty on capital equipment and other raw materials . Energy ( edit ) Further information : Energy in Kenya The largest share of Kenya 's electricity supply comes from hydroelectric stations at dams along the upper Tana River , as well as the Turkwel Gorge Dam in the west . A petroleum - fired plant on the coast , geothermal facilities at Olkaria ( near Nairobi ) , and electricity imported from Uganda make up the rest of the supply . Kenya 's installed capacity stood at 1,142 megawatts a year between 2001 and 2003 . The state - owned Kenya Electricity Generating Company ( KenGen ) , established in 1997 under the name of Kenya Power Company , handles the generation of electricity , while the Kenya Power and Lighting Company ( KPLC ) handles transmission and distribution . Shortfalls of electricity occur periodically , when drought reduces water flow . In 1997 and 2000 , for example , drought prompted severe power rationing , with economically damaging 12 - hour blackouts . Frequent outages , as well as high cost , remain serious obstacles to economic activity . Tax and other concessions are planned to encourage investment in hydroelectricity and in geothermal energy , in which Kenya is a pioneer . The government plans to open two new power stations in 2008 , Sondu Miriu ( hydroelectric ) and Olkaria IV ( geothermal ) , but power demand growth is strong , and demand is still expected to outpace supply during periods of drought . Kenya has recently found some hydrocarbon reserves on its semi arid northern region of Turkana after several decades of intermittent exploration . Prospecting also continues off Kenya 's shore . In the meantime , Kenya currently imports all crude petroleum requirements . Petroleum accounts for 20 to 25 percent of the national import bill . Kenya Petroleum Refineries -- a 50 : 50 joint venture between the government and several oil majors -- operates the country 's sole oil refinery in Mombasa . However , this oil refinery facility has been shut down and Kenya currently imports refined oil . In 2004 oil consumption was estimated at 55,000 barrels ( 8,700 m ) a day . Most of the Mombasa refinery 's production is transported via Kenya 's Mombasa -- Nairobi pipeline . Tourism ( edit ) Main article : Tourism in Kenya Guided tours . WaterLovers Beach Resort , Diani Beach . Kenya 's services sector , which contributes about 63 percent of GDP , is dominated by tourism . The tourism sector exhibited steady growth in most years since independence and by the late 1980s had become the country 's principal source of foreign exchange . In the late 1990s , tourism relinquished this position to tea exports because of a terrorism - related downturn . The downturn followed the 1998 bombing of the U.S Embassy in Nairobi and later negative travel advisories from Western governments . Kenya has also contributed to boosting hospitality in other countries , the Nairobi headquartered Serena Hotel is the most consistently high - rated hotel in Pakistan . Tourists , the largest number from Germany and the United Kingdom , are attracted to the coastal beaches and the game reserves , notably , the expansive Tsavo East National Park and Tsavo West National Park ( 20,808 square kilometres ) in the southeast . The government and tourist industry organisations have taken steps to address security issues and to reverse negative publicity . Such steps include establishing a tourist police and launching marketing campaigns in key tourist origin markets . In 2006 tourism generated US $803 million , up from US $699 million the previous year . Financial services ( edit ) Kenya is East and Central Africa 's hub for financial services . The Nairobi Stock Exchange ( NSE ) is ranked 4th in Africa in terms of market capitalisation . The Kenya banking system is supervised by the Central Bank of Kenya ( CBK ) . As of late July 2004 , the system consisted of 43 commercial banks ( down from 48 in 2001 ) , several non-bank financial institutions , including mortgage companies , four savings and loan associations , and several score foreign - exchange bureaus . Two of the four largest banks , the Kenya Commercial Bank ( KCB ) and the National Bank of Kenya ( NBK ) , are partially government - owned , and the other two are majority foreign - owned ( Barclays Bank and Standard Chartered ) . Most of the many smaller banks are family - owned and - operated . Labour ( edit ) In 2006 Kenya 's labour force was estimated to include about 12 million workers , almost 75 percent in agriculture . The number employed outside small - scale agriculture and pastoralism was about 6 million . In 2004 about 15 percent of the labour force was officially classified as unemployed . Other estimates place Kenya 's unemployment much higher , even up to 40 percent . In recent years , Kenya 's labour force has shifted from the countryside to the cities , such as Nairobi , as Kenya becomes increasingly urbanised . The labour force participation rate in Kenya has been constant from 1997 to 2010 for both women and men . In 1997 , 65 percent of women were employed in some type of labour and 76 percent of men were employed . In 2005 , 60 percent of women and 70 percent of men were in the labour force , and in 2010 , 61 percent of women and 72 percent of men were a part of the labour force . Family farm labour ( edit ) In the past twenty years , Kenyans have moved away from family farming towards jobs that pay wages or to start small businesses outside of agriculture . In 1989 , 4.5 million Kenyan 's , out of a total working population of 7.3 million , worked on family farms . In 2009 , only 6.5 million Kenya 's , 45 percent , out of a total working population of 14.3 million , work on family farms , as compared to Tanzania , where 66 of the working population worked on family farms . More than half of family farm workers in Kenya are women , 3.8 million , compared to men who make up 2.7 million . Wage - job labour ( edit ) According to the World Bank 2012 Kenya Economic Update , `` Men are much more likely than women to hold wage jobs , and women are more likely to work on family farms . Twice as many men as women hold wage jobs , and more men work principally in wage jobs than on family farms . Most Kenyans are now striving get modern , wage jobs . '' Modern wage jobs include being a `` engineer , telecommunication specialist , cut flower worker , teacher , construction worker , housekeepers , professionals , any industrial and manufacturing job , and port and dock workers . '' In 1989 , there were only 1.9 million Kenyans employed in wage work , in 2009 , 5.1 million Kenyans work in modern , wage jobs . In wage jobs , men dominate over women . In 2009 , 3.4 million men held wage jobs , while only 1.3 million women were employed in wage jobs . Non-farm self - employment / `` Jua Kali '' ( edit ) In Kenya , the `` Jua Kali '' sector is another name for the informal economy , also described as non-farming self employment . The term `` Jua Kali '' is Swahili for `` hot sun '' and stems from the fact that the workers in the informal economy work under the fierce sun . The informal sector consists of self - employment and wage employment that are neither regulated by the Kenyan government nor recognized for legal protection . As a result , informal sector employment does not contribute to Kenya 's Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) like that of the formal agriculture industry . Non-farm self - employment has risen from 1989 to 2009 . The World Bank characterizes non-farm self - employment to include jobs being a `` street vendor , shop owner , dressmaker , assistant , fishmonger , caterer , etc . '' Non-farm self - employment has risen from a total of 0.9 million working in 1989 to a total of 2.7 million workers in 2009 . There is almost an equal number of men and women in the non-farm self - employment category . The men make up 1.4 million workers , and the women 1.3 million . As of 2009 , Kenya 's informal economy accounts for about 80 percent of the total employment for the country . Kenya 's informal sector consists of mostly self - employed individuals with few entrepreneurs whom employ others . Some of the benefits of the informal sector are that it contributes economic activity of what is equal to 35 % of the total GDP in Kenya , provides an informal finance in Kenya known as ROSCAs , and provides an income for those with lower socioeconomic status . Some drawbacks of the `` Jua Kali '' are that it promotes smuggling , tax evasion , and lacks social protection . Most members of the informal sector have low education attainment but are responsible for providing all of their own skilled labour through apprenticeships while also training almost all of its skilled workforce . Many choose to join the informal for its lack of fees , shorter training sessions , and practical content that is otherwise absent from formal education . Rising cost of education and no guarantees of future employment have caused many workers to transfer to informal apprenticeships . The impact of customary law on the informal economy ( edit ) Customary law has some adverse impacts on females in the informal sector . The impact of customary law on informal economy is illustrated in how it influences the participation and opportunities of women in this sector . The 1882 Married Women 's Property Act gives married women equal property rights and the Law of Succession Act gives women inheritance rights , but the constitution exempts those who are considered `` members of a particular race or tribe '' and instead allows for their customary law to remain in practice . Some of the consequences are that customary law allows for discrimination against women and keeps them from accessing assets , land , and property that might otherwise allow them to have collateral for business finance . This barrier to business finance restrains the amount of credit that women entrepreneurs might otherwise use to enter both the formal and informal sector . Some examples of discriminatory statutes in the constitution are , the Law of Succession Act , the Divorce Laws , and the Children 's Act 2001 . These statutes manifest themselves in very specific practices . For example , unmarried women inherit less than their brothers , married women are not expected to receive any inheritance , and women only have permission to manage their spouse 's property as a surrogate for her sons . Furthermore , women without children are still omitted from inheritance that may come from the death of their husband and married women are given a disproportionate control of property as compared to their spouse . Because women have less assets and low education attainment , women are more likely to turn to the informal economy than men . Currency , exchange rate , and inflation ( edit ) The exchange rate of the Kenya shilling between 2003 and 2010 has averaged at about KSh74 - 78 to US $1 . The average inflation between 2005 and July 2015 is 8.5 % , As at July 2015 Kenya 's inflation rate is 6.62 % . Government finances ( edit ) Revenue and spending ( edit ) In 2006 Kenya 's revenues totalled US $4.448 billion , while its estimated expenditures totalled US $5.377 billion . Government budget balance as a percentage of gross domestic product -- a low − 5.5 percent in 2004 -- had improved to − 2.1 percent in 2006 . As at 2012 , Kenya set a record high budget of 1.459 trillion KES . Government debt ( edit ) In 2006 Kenya had a current account deficit of US $1.5 billion . This figure was a significant increase over 2005 , when the current account had a deficit of US $495 million . In 2006 the current account balance as a percentage of gross domestic product was − 4.2 . In 2006 Kenya 's external debt totalled US $6.7 billion . The debt is forecast to be a manageable 30 percent of gross domestic product in 2007 . Economic Stimulus Programme ( edit ) Main article : Kenya Economic Stimulus Program The Kenya Economic Stimulus Program ( ESP ) was an initiative that aimed to stimulate economic activity in Kenya through investment in long term solutions to the challenges of food security , rural unemployment and underdevelopment . Its stated objective was to promote regional development for equity and social stability , improving infrastructure , enhancing the quality of education , availing affordable health - care for all Kenyans , investing in the conservation of the environment and expanding the access to and building the ICT capacity of the general populace of Kenya . In launching the Economic Stimulus Programme , the Ministry of Finance aimed to achieve regional development for equity and social stability . Integrated financial management information system ( edit ) Originally introduced in 2003 , the Integrated Financial Management Information System ( IFMIS ) was re-engineered by the Ministry of Finance to curb fraud and other malpractices that stem from inefficiency . In re-engineering IFMIS , the Ministry aimed to put Kenya 's financial and economic information in a format that was accessible from an online platform , which would radically improve public expenditure management under the Ministry of Finance . IFMIS enables fully integrated planning for the budgeting process since it links planning policy objectives and budget allocation . It also seeks to support the e-Government shared services strategy by taking government financial services online . IFMIS will ensure that status reports are readily available , which enhances capacity to track budgets thus enabling effective decision - making . The three pronged benefits of IFMIS include leading to improvements in planning and budgeting , monitoring , evaluation and accountability and budget execution . Other benefits include aiding in the reduction in maintenance cost of government fleets in terms of fuel and spares where huge losses have been previously incurred . Funds for the inclusion of informal sector ( edit ) The Fund for the Inclusion of Informal Sector ( FIIS ) , a fund that allows Micro and Small Entrepreneurs ( MSE ) to access credit facilities , expand their businesses and increase their savings . It also aims to help informal enterprises transition to formal sector enterprises through access to formal providers of financial services . The fund is a revolving fund through which the government enters into credit facility agreements with select banks for on - lending to micro-and small - enterprises through branches , authorised banking agents and other channels , particularly mobile banking . Its objective is to ensure that the MSE sector becomes efficient , innovative and has a diversified and competitive product range . It will also provide policies that raise the earnings and productivity of an estimated 8.3 million Kenyans working in the informal sector . Investor compensation fund ( edit ) The operations of the investor compensation fund , which aimed to compensate investors who had lost money to defunct stock brokers such as Nyaga Stock Brokers and Discount Securities Limited , was launched under his watch . In launching the operations of the fund , also ensured that the interests of future investors were safeguarded . The fund had prior to the launch of its operations been established under the Capital Markets Act . This Fund is specifically meant to compensate investors who suffer losses resulting from failure of a licensed stockbroker or dealer to meet his contractual obligations . In both the case of the collapse of Nyaga Stock Brokers and the collapse of Discount Securities Limited all genuine claims within the statutory maximum of Sh. 50,000 per every investor were compensated . The government , through treasury and public financial management reforms , strengthened audit capacity as a result of structured capacity building and the merger of all Government of Kenya ( GoK ) audit functions ( including those of schools and local authorities ) so as to enhance their independence and effectiveness . The Ministry of Finance also issued a circular to bring donor - funded projects within the mandate of the Treasury 's Internal Audit Department ( IAD ) with an aim of effectively monitoring the use of funds allocated to these projects . Foreign economic relations ( edit ) Kenyan exports in 2006 . Since independence , Kenya , a nonaligned country , has seen both substantial foreign investment and significant amounts of development aid ( total aid was $943 million in 2006 , which was 4 % of GNI ) , some from Russia , some from China and others from the high developed countries . Between 60 and 70 percent of industry is still owned from abroad . Kenya 's development assistance has come from increasingly diverse sources in recent years with China taking an increasingly higher prominent role than the west . The share of funding provided by the United Kingdom has fallen significantly , while that of multilateral agencies , particularly the World Bank and the European Development Fund , has increased . The most active investors currently are the Chinese . Kenya is active within regional trade blocs such as the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa ( COMESA ) and the East African Community ( EAC ) , a partnership of Kenya , Uganda , and Tanzania . The aim of the EAC is to create a common market of the three states modelled on the European Union . Among the early steps toward integration is the customs union which has eliminated duties on goods and non-tariff trade barriers among the members . Exports ( edit ) Kenya 's chief exports are horticultural products and tea . In 2005 , the combined value of these commodities was US $1,150 million , about 10 times the value of Kenya 's third most valuable export , coffee . Kenya 's other significant exports are petroleum products , sold to near neighbours , fish , cement , pyrethrum , and sisal . The leading imports are crude petroleum , chemicals , manufactured goods , machinery , and transportation equipment . Africa is Kenya 's largest export market , followed by the European Union . The major destinations for exports are the United Kingdom ( UK ) , Tanzania , Uganda , and the Netherlands . Major suppliers are China , India , United Arab Emirates , Saudi Arabia , and South Africa . Kenya 's main exports to the United States are garments traded under the terms of the African Growth and Opportunity Act ( AGOA ) . Despite AGOA , Kenya 's apparel industry is struggling to hold its ground against Asian competition and runs a trade deficit with the United States . Many of Kenya 's problems relating to the export of goods are believed by most economists to be caused by Kenya 's export of inexpensive goods that saturate the global market but do little to substantially raise the amount of money coming into the country . Kenya is also the dominant trade partner of Uganda ( 12.3 % exports , 15.6 % imports ) and Rwanda ( 30.5 % exports , 17.3 % imports ) . Balance of trade ( edit ) Kenya typically has a substantial trade deficit . The trade balance fluctuates widely because Kenya 's main exports are primary commodities subject to the effects of both world prices and weather . In 2005 Kenya 's income from exports was about US $3.2 billion . The payment for imports was about US $5.7 billion , yielding a trade deficit of about US $2.5 billion . Foreign investment policies ( edit ) Kenyan policies on foreign investment generally have been favourable since independence , with occasional tightening of restrictions to promote the Africanization of enterprises . Foreign investors have been guaranteed ownership and the right to remit dividends , royalties , and capital . In the 1970s , the government disallowed foreign investment unless there was also some government participation in the ownership of an enterprise . Notwithstanding some restrictions , between 60 and 70 percent of industry is still owned from abroad , a significant portion of which can be traced to fraudulent asset transfers by the colonial Britain during transition to independence . This denied Kenyans the opportunity to progress economically -- relegating most of them to poverty and creating conditions that would lead to dependency on foreign aid . However , Kenyan has had more economic success and more success raising its own quality of life than some of its neighbours in Sub-Saharan Africa . Current economic standing ( edit ) As of 18 June 2012 , the Kenya Economic Update launched in Nairobi , indicating that the economy is stabilising due to government action in the third quarter of 2011 . The actions taken consisted of a raise in interest rates that in turn brought inflation down . The latest World Bank economic report is projecting an economic growth of 5 percent in 2012 , but the economy is still vulnerable to shocks that may reduce growth to a lower 4.1 percent . Johannes Zutt , the World Bank County Director for Kenya , quoted -- '' Kenya 's per capita income has exceeded US $800 for the first time , and Kenyans have an opportunity to enjoy better standards of living as the economy progresses towards middle - income status in the coming years . '' Jane Kiringai , the Bank 's Senior Economist for Kenya , makes a point that -- `` Structural weaknesses , including a widening current account deficit , pose a significant risk to Kenya 's economic stability . Another oil price shock , poor harvest , or contagion in the Euro zone could easily create renewed economic turbulence and reverse the recent gains . '' Although these problems are currently taking place , the East African Community is creating opportunities to reduce the shocks occurring in Kenya 's economy . Economic planning : Vision 2030 ( edit ) Further information : Kenya Vision 2030 The Vision 2030 is Kenya 's current blue - print for the future of economic growth . The long - term goals of this vision are to create a prosperous , and globally competitive nation with a high quality of life by the year 2030 . To do this , it aims to transform Kenyan industry all the while creating a clean and secure environment . The vision is separated into three different pillars : economic , social , and political governance . The economic Pillar ( edit ) The Economic Pillar is seeking to achieve growth in the Gross Domestic Product of 10 percent by 2012 . The economic areas that the Vision 2030 is targeting are : tourism , agriculture , wholesale / retail trade , manufacturing , IT enabled services , and Financial Services . The social Pillar ( edit ) The Social Pillar of Vision 2030 has the objective of improving the quality of life for all Kenyans . It aims to do this by targeting human and social welfare programs , specifically : education and training , health , environment , housing and urbanisation , children and social development , and youth and sports . The political Pillar ( edit ) The Political Pillar of Vision 2030 objective is to move to the future as one nation and envisions a democratic system that is issue based , people centred , results oriented , and is accountable to the public . It targets five main areas : The rule of law -- the Constitution of Kenya , electoral and political processes , democracy and public service delivery , transparency and accountability , and security , peace building and conflict management . Criticism and challenges ( edit ) The economy 's heavy dependence on rain - fed agriculture and the tourism sector leaves it vulnerable to cycles of boom and bust . The agricultural sector employs nearly 75 percent of the country 's 38 million people . Half of the sector 's output remains subsistence production . Kenya 's economic performance has been hampered by numerous interacting factors : heavy dependence on a few agricultural exports that are vulnerable to world price fluctuations , population growth that has outstripped economic growth , prolonged drought that has necessitated power rationing , deteriorating infrastructure , and extreme disparities of wealth that have limited the opportunities of most to develop their skills and knowledge . Poor governance and corruption also have had a negative impact on growth , making it expensive to do business in Kenya . According to Transparency International , Kenya ranks among the world 's half - dozen most corrupt countries . Bribery and fraud cost Kenya as much as US $1 billion a year . Kenyans , 23 percent living on less than US $1 per day , pay some 16 bribes a month -- two in every three encounters with public officials . Another large drag on Kenya 's economy is the burden of human immunodeficiency virus / acquired immune deficiency syndrome ( HIV / AIDS ) . Prospects significantly improved under the Kibaki government , whose policy aims include budgetary reforms and debt restraint . Despite early disillusionment of western donors with the government , the economy has seen a broad - based expansion , led by strong performance in tourism and telecommunications , and acceptable post-drought results in agriculture , especially the vital tea sector . Kenya 's economy grew by more than 7 % in 2007 and its foreign debt was greatly reduced . However , it is possible to underscore that situation in Kenya will be stable over foreseeable future and it will result in stable economic growth , in 2014 it is expected to reach 4 % and more in 2015 due to growing flow of foreign investment , prospective promotion of Kenyan goods on global markets and increment in demand for agricultural products , especially , for tea and cut flowers . Western donors are now adopting a less paternalistic attitude towards their relations with African nations . However , there is still significant improvement to be done . 2007 -- 2008 post election violence also impacted the Kenyan economy , greatly contributing to the downturn of Kenya 's business cycle during the period . See also ( edit ) Category : Companies of Kenya Eco-Pesa Vision 2030 General : Economy of Africa References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Report for Selected Countries and Subjects ( PPP valuation of Kenya GDP ) '' . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ease of Doing Fishery in Kenya '' . Doingbusiness.org . Retrieved 24 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Export Partners of Kenya '' . CIA World Factbook. 2012 . Retrieved 27 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Import Partners of Kenya '' . CIA World Factbook. 2012 . Retrieved 27 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sovereigns rating list '' . Standard & Poor 's . Retrieved 26 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Rogers , Simon ; Sedghi , Ami ( 15 April 2011 ) . `` How Fitch , Moody 's and S&P rate each country 's credit rating '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 31 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kenya Company Registration '' . Healy Consultants . Retrieved 2 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kenya '' . Retrieved 11 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Doing Business in Kenya - World Bank Group '' . www.doingbusiness.org . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ MWANGI S. KIMENYI ; FRANCIS M. MWEGA ; NJUGUNA S. NDUNG'U ( May 2016 ) . `` The African Lions : Kenya country case study '' ( PDF ) . The Brookings Institution . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kenya ( 05 / 07 / 12 ) '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 11 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Himbara , David ( 1993 ) . `` Myths and Realities of Kenyan Capitalism '' . Journal of African Political Economy. 31 ( 1 ) : 93 -- 107 . JSTOR 161345 . Jump up ^ Rono , Joseph Kipkemboi . `` The impact of the structural adjustment programmes on Kenyan society . '' Journal of Social Development in Africa 17.1 ( 2002 ) : 81 - 98 . Jump up ^ Kinyanjui , Mary Njeri . Women and the informal economy in urban Africa : From the margins to the centre . Zed Books Ltd. , 2014 . Jump up ^ David Bigman ( 2002 ) . Globalization and the Developing Countries : Emerging Strategies for Rural Development and Poverty Alleviation . CABI . p. 136 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85199 - 575 - 5 . Jump up ^ KenInvest supports small businesses to become engines of growth in Kenya dandc.eu Archived 9 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Kenya country profile . Library of Congress Federal Research Division ( June 2007 ) . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . ^ Jump up to : `` Labor force participation rate , female ( % of female population ages 15 + ) ( modeled ILO estimate ) '' . Retrieved 11 June 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.plc.co.ke ^ Jump up to : Kenya Economic Update : Kenya at work : Energizing the economy and creating jobs . World Bank . December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ronald Hope Sr , Kempe . `` Informal economic activity in Kenya : benefits and drawbacks . '' African Geographical Review 33.1 ( 2014 ) : 67 - 80 . ^ Jump up to : Ronald Hope Sr , Kempe . `` Informal economic activity in Kenya : benefits and drawbacks . '' African Geographical Review 33.1 ( 2014 ) : 67 - 80 . Jump up ^ Barasa , Fred Simiyu , and Eleanor SM Kaabwe . `` Fallacies in policy and strategies of skills training for the informal sector : evidence from the jua kali sector in Kenya . '' Journal of education and work 14.3 ( 2001 ) : 329 - 353 . ^ Jump up to : Ellis , Amanda . Gender and economic growth in Kenya : Unleashing the power of women . World Bank Publications , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kinyanjui , Mary Njeri . Women and the informal economy in urban Africa : From the margins to the centre . Zed Books Ltd. , 2014 . Jump up ^ Daniel Branch ( 15 November 2011 ) . Kenya : Between Hope and Despair , 1963 -- 2011 . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 14876 - 3 . Jump up ^ S. , Nyamu . `` Inflation Rates '' . www.centralbank.go.ke . Archived from the original on 16 October 2015 . Retrieved 14 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Kenya Inflation Rate `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 November 2012 . Retrieved 28 November 2012 . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 16 October 2015 . Retrieved 14 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Kenya Budget http://www.pwc.com/ke/en/pdf/kenya-budget-2012-revenue-and-expenditure-highlights.pdf Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20120405063226/http://www.economicstimulus.go.ke/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=102&Itemid=226 . Archived from the original on 5 April 2012 . Retrieved 10 September 2015 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Republic of Kenya : Ministry of Finance '' . Finance.go.ke . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Nicholas Kerandi ( [email protected] ) . `` IFMIS re-engineered to revitalize public financial management '' . Pfmr.go.ke . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Capital Business '' . Capitalfm.co.ke . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2009/1/kenya-aid-mwega/01_kenya_aid_mwega.pdf Jump up ^ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ug.html Uganda country profile , CIA World Factbook ) Jump up ^ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rw.html Rwanda country profile , CIA World Fact book Jump up ^ Vision 2030 http://www.vision2030.go.ke/index.php Jump up ^ http://kessa.org/yahoo_site_admin/assets/docs/3_A_Gitonga.140120221.pdf Jump up ^ `` The Economic Pillar '' http://www.vision2030.go.ke/index.php/pillars . Retrieved 25 November 2012 Jump up ^ `` The Social Pillar '' http://www.vision2030.go.ke/index.php/pillars/index/social . Retrieved 25 November 2012 Jump up ^ `` The Political Pillar '' http://www.vision2030.go.ke/index.php/pillars/index/political . Retrieved 26 November 2012 Jump up ^ `` Enria.org '' http://enria.org/economic-analysis/kenya-s-economic-growth-in-2014-and-2015 . Retrieved 27 February 2014 Notes ( edit ) This article incorporates public domain material from the CIA World Factbook website https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html . This article incorporates text from a scholarly publication published under a copyright license that allows anyone to reuse , revise , remix and redistribute the materials in any form for any purpose : Ellis , Amanda ; Cutura , Jozefina ; Dione , Nouma ; Gillson , Ian ; Manuel , Clare ; Thongori , Judy. 2007 . Gender and Economic Growth in Kenya : Unleashing the Power of Women . Directions in Development ; Private Sector Development . Washington , DC Please check the source for the exact licensing terms . Further reading ( edit ) Kitching , Gavin ( 1980 ) . Class and Economic Change in Kenya . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 02385 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Economy of Kenya . 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-7563897933726115699 | Bile | Bile - wikipedia Bile Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the fluid produced by the liver . For other uses , see Bile ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bile ( yellow material ) in a liver biopsy in the setting of bile stasis , i.e. cholestasis . H&E stain Bile or gall is a dark green to yellowish brown fluid , produced by the liver of most vertebrates , that aids the digestion of lipids in the small intestine . In humans , bile is produced continuously by the liver ( liver bile ) , and stored and concentrated in the gallbladder ( gallbladder bile ) . After eating , this stored bile is discharged into the duodenum . The composition of gallbladder bile is 97 % water , 0.7 % bile salts , 0.2 % bilirubin , 0.51 % fats ( cholesterol , fatty acids and lecithin ) , and 200 meq / l inorganic salts . Bile was the yellow bile in the four humor system of medicine , the standard of medical practice in Europe from 500 B.C. to the early nineteenth century . About 400 to 800 ml of bile is produced per day in adult humans . Contents ( hide ) 1 Function 2 Clinical significance 2.1 Biliary obstruction 3 Society and culture 3.1 Bile soap 3.2 Bile in food 3.3 Animal abuse 4 Principal bile acids 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading Function ( edit ) Action of bile salts in digestion Recycling of the bile Bile acts to some extent as a surfactant , helping to emulsify the lipids in food . Bile salt anions are hydrophilic on one side and hydrophobic on the other side ; consequently , they tend to aggregate around droplets of lipids ( triglycerides and phospholipids ) to form micelles , with the hydrophobic sides towards the fat and hydrophilic sides facing outwards . The hydrophilic sides are negatively charged , and this charge prevents fat droplets coated with bile from re-aggregating into larger fat particles . Ordinarily , the micelles in the duodenum have a diameter around 14 -- 33 μm . The dispersion of food fat into micelles provides a greatly increased surface area for the action of the enzyme pancreatic lipase , which actually digests the triglycerides , and is able to reach the fatty core through gaps between the bile salts . A triglyceride is broken down into three fatty acids and a monoglyceride , which are absorbed by the villi on the intestine walls . After being transferred across the intestinal membrane , the fatty acids reform into triglycerides ( re-esterified ) , before being absorbed into the lymphatic system through lacteals . Without bile salts , most of the lipids in food would be excreted in faeces , undigested . Since bile increases the absorption of fats , it is an important part of the absorption of the fat - soluble substances , such as the vitamins A , D , E , and K . Besides its digestive function , bile serves also as the route of excretion for bilirubin , a byproduct of red blood cells recycled by the liver . Bilirubin derives from hemoglobin by glucuronidation . Bile tends to be alkali on average . The pH of common duct bile ( 7.50 to 8.05 ) is higher than that of the corresponding gallbladder bile ( 6.80 to 7.65 ) . Bile in the gallbladder becomes more acidic in the longer a person goes without eating , though resting slows this fall in pH . As an alkali , it also has the function of neutralizing excess stomach acid before it enters the duodenum , the first section of the small intestine . Bile salts also act as bactericides , destroying many of the microbes that may be present in the food . Clinical significance ( edit ) In the absence of bile , fats become indigestible and are instead excreted in feces , a condition called steatorrhea . Feces lack their characteristic brown color and instead are white or gray , and greasy . Steatorrhea can lead to deficiencies in essential fatty acids and fat - soluble vitamins . In addition , past the small intestine ( which is normally responsible for absorbing fat from food ) the gastrointestinal tract and gut flora are not adapted to processing fats , leading to problems in the large intestine . The cholesterol contained in bile will occasionally accrete into lumps in the gallbladder , forming gallstones . Cholesterol gallstones are generally treated through surgical removal of the gallbladder . However , they can sometimes be dissolved by increasing the concentration of certain naturally occurring bile acids , such as chenodeoxycholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid . On an empty stomach -- after repeated vomiting , for example -- a person 's vomit may be green or dark yellow , and very bitter . The bitter and greenish component may be bile or normal digestive juices originating in the stomach . The color of bile is often likened to `` fresh - cut grass '' , unlike components in the stomach that look greenish yellow or dark yellow . Bile may be forced into the stomach secondary to a weakened valve ( pylorus ) , the presence of certain drugs including alcohol , or powerful muscular contractions and duodenal spasms . Biliary obstruction ( edit ) Biliary obstruction can be caused by a variety of dietary factors . Most biliary obstructions are caused by the high consumption of sugar , fat and processed foods . These foods can cause gallstones . Primarily , biliary obstruction is caused by blockage in the bile ducts . Bile ducts carry bile from the liver and gallbladder through the pancreas . A huge amount of the bile is then released into the small intestine duodenum . The remaining bile is stored in the gallbladder . After food consumption the bile in the gallbladder is released to help with digestion and fat absorption . Society and culture ( edit ) In medical theories prevalent in the West from Classical Antiquity to the Middle Ages , the body 's health depended on the equilibrium of four `` humors '' , or vital fluids , two of which related to bile : blood , phlegm , `` yellow bile '' ( choler ) , and `` black bile '' . These `` humors '' are believed to have its roots in the appearance of a blood sedimentation test made in open air , which exhibits a dark clot at the bottom ( `` black bile '' ) , a layer of unclotted erythrocytes ( `` blood '' ) , a layer of white blood cells ( `` phlegm '' ) and a layer of clear yellow serum ( `` yellow bile '' ) . Excesses of black bile and yellow bile were thought to produce depression and aggression , respectively , and the Greek names for them gave rise to the English words cholera ( from Greek kholé ) and melancholia . Those same theories explain the derivation of the English word bilious from bile , the meaning of gall in English as `` exasperation '' or `` impudence '' , and the Latin word cholera , derived from the Greek kholé , which was passed upon several Romance languages in words meaning `` anger '' such as colère ( French ) and cólera ( Spanish ) . Bile soap ( edit ) Bile from dead mammals can be mixed with soap . This mixture , called bile soap , can be applied to textiles a few hours before washing and is a traditional and rather effective method for removing various kinds of tough stains . Bile in food ( edit ) `` Pinapaitan '' is a dish in Philippine cuisine that uses bile as flavoring . Animal abuse ( edit ) In regions like Asia where bile products are a popular ingredient in traditional medicine , there are several cases of abuse of bears from which bile is farmed . Principal bile acids ( edit ) Cholic acid Chenodeoxycholic acid Glycocholic acid Taurocholic acid Deoxycholic acid Lithocholic acid See also ( edit ) Medicine portal Animals portal Bile acid sequestrant Bile bear Enterohepatic circulation Intestinal juice Ox gall References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Barrett , Kim E. ( 2012 ) . Ganong 's review of medical physiology . ( 24th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill Medical . p. 512 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 178003 - 2 . Jump up ^ Guyton and Hall ( 2011 ) . Textbook of Medical Physiology . U.S. : Saunders Elsevier . p. 784 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4160 - 4574 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Secretion of Bile and the Role of Bile Acids In Digestion '' . www.vivo.colostate.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Secretion of Bile and the Role of Bile Acids In Digestion '' . www.vivo.colostate.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Sutor , D. June ( 1976 ) . `` Diurnal Variations in the pH of Pathological Gallbladder Bile '' ( PDF ) . Gut ( 17 ) : 971 -- 974 . doi : 10.1136 / gut. 17.12. 971 . Jump up ^ Barabote RD , Tamang DG , Abeywardena SN , et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Extra domains in secondary transport carriers and channel proteins '' . Biochim . Biophys . Acta. 1758 ( 10 ) : 1557 -- 79 . PMID 16905115 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bbamem. 2006.06. 018 . Jump up ^ Choices , NHS . `` Nausea and vomiting in adults - NHS Choices '' . www.nhs.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Choices , NHS . `` Gallstones - NHS Choices '' . www.nhs.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Johansson , Ingvar ; Lynøe , Niels ( 2008 ) . Medicine & Philosophy : A Twenty - First Century Introduction . Walter de Gruyter . p. 27 . ISBN 9783110321364 . Retrieved 23 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Newton , W. ( 1837 ) . `` The invention of certain improvements in the manufacture of soap , which will be particularly applicable to the felting of woollen cloths . '' . The London Journal of Arts and Sciences ; and Repertory of Patent Inventions . IX : 289 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Pinapaitan - Ang Sarap '' . Ang Sarap ( A Tagalog word for `` It 's Delicious '' ) . 2013 - 08 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 05 . Further reading ( edit ) Bowen , R. ( 2001 - 11 - 23 ) . `` Secretion of Bile and the Role of Bile Acids In Digestion '' . Colorado State Hypertextbook article on Bile . Archived from the original on 29 May 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 17 . Krejčí , Z ; Hanuš L. ; Podstatová H. ; Reifová E ( 1983 ) . `` A contribution to the problems of the pathogenesis and microbial etiology of cholelithiasis '' . Acta Universitatis Palackianae Olomucensis Facultatis Medicae. 104 : 279 -- 286 . PMID 6222611 . Maton , Anthea ; Jean Hopkins ; Charles William McLaughlin ; Susan Johnson ; Maryanna Quon Warner ; David LaHart ; Jill D. Wright ( 1993 ) . Human Biology and Health . Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey , USA : Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 981176 - 1 . Physiology of the gastrointestinal system GI tract Upper Exocrine Chief cells Pepsinogen Parietal cells Gastric acid Intrinsic factor Foveolar cells HCO Mucus Goblet cells Mucus Processes Swallowing Vomiting Fluids Saliva Gastric acid Lower Enteric nervous system Submucous plexus Myenteric plexus Endocrine / paracrine G cells gastrin D cells somatostatin ECL cells Histamine enterogastrone : I cells CCK K cells GIP S cells secretin Enteroendocrine cells Enterochromaffin cell APUD cell Fluids Intestinal juice Processes Segmentation contractions Migrating motor complex Borborygmus Defecation Either / both Processes Peristalsis ( Interstitial cell of Cajal Basal electrical rhythm ) Gastrocolic reflex Digestion Accessory Fluids Bile Pancreatic juice Processes Enterohepatic circulation Abdominopelvic Peritoneal fluid GND : 4393841 - 3 NDL : 00572708 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bile&oldid=802430273 '' Categories : Body fluids Digestive system Biomolecules Hepatology Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2011 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012 Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from April 2015 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans ܐܪܡܝܐ Авар Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kapampangan Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Лакку Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar മലയാളം Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 03 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is bile made and what does it do | [
"Bile or gall is a dark green to yellowish brown fluid, produced by the liver of most vertebrates, that aids the digestion of lipids in the small intestine. In humans, bile is produced continuously by the liver (liver bile), and stored and concentrated in the gallbladder (gallbladder bile). After eating, this stored bile is discharged into the duodenum. The composition of gallbladder bile is 97% water, 0.7%[1] bile salts, 0.2% bilirubin, 0.51% fats (cholesterol, fatty acids and lecithin),[1] and 200 meq/l inorganic salts.[2]",
"Bile or gall is a dark green to yellowish brown fluid, produced by the liver of most vertebrates, that aids the digestion of lipids in the small intestine. In humans, bile is produced continuously by the liver (liver bile), and stored and concentrated in the gallbladder (gallbladder bile). After eating, this stored bile is discharged into the duodenum. The composition of gallbladder bile is 97% water, 0.7%[1] bile salts, 0.2% bilirubin, 0.51% fats (cholesterol, fatty acids and lecithin),[1] and 200 meq/l inorganic salts.[2]"
] | [
"produced by the liver of most vertebrates",
"aids the digestion of lipids in the small intestine"
] |
8842707513643579546 | Killer Elite (film) | Killer Elite ( film ) - wikipedia Killer Elite ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2011 film . For the 1975 film , see The Killer Elite . Killer Elite Theatrical release poster Directed by Gary McKendry Produced by Michael Boughen Steve Chasman Sigurjón Sighvatsson Tony Winley Screenplay by Matt Sherring Based on The Feather Men by Sir Ranulph Fiennes Starring Jason Statham Clive Owen Robert De Niro Dominic Purcell Yvonne Strahovski Aden Young Ben Mendelsohn Music by Reinhold Heil Johnny Klimek Cinematography Simon Duggan Edited by John Gilbert Production company Omnilab Media Ambience Entertainment Current Entertainment Sighvatsson Films Film Victoria Wales Creative IP Fund Agora Films International Traders Mascot Pictures Wales Distributed by Entertainment Film Distributors ( United Kingdom ) Open Road Films ( United States ) Release date 10 September 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 10 ) ( TIFF ) 23 September 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 23 ) ( United Kingdom and United States ) 23 February 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 23 ) ( Australia ) Running time 114 minutes Country United Kingdom Australia Language English Budget $70 million Box office $56.3 million Killer Elite is a 2011 British - Australian action thriller film starring Jason Statham , Clive Owen and Robert De Niro . The film is based on the 1991 novel The Feather Men by Sir Ranulph Fiennes and is directed by Gary McKendry . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Accolades 5 The Feather Men 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1980 , mercenaries Danny Bryce ( Jason Statham ) , Hunter ( Robert De Niro ) , Davies ( Dominic Purcell ) , and Meier ( Aden Young ) are in Mexico to assassinate a man . Danny is shot when he becomes distracted after realizing he has killed the man in front of the target 's young daughter . Affected by this , Danny retires and returns to his native Australia . The following year , Danny is summoned to Oman to meet The Agent ( Adewale Akinnuoye - Agbaje ) . He learns that Hunter failed a $6 million job . If Danny does not complete Hunter 's mission , Hunter will be executed . Sheikh Amr , a deposed king of a small region of Oman , wants Danny to kill three former SAS troopers -- Steven Harris ( Lachy Hulme ) , Steven Cregg ( Grant Bowler ) , and Simon McCann ( Daniel Roberts ) -- for killing his three eldest sons during the Dhofar Rebellion . Danny must videotape their confessions and make their deaths look like accidents , all before the terminally ill sheikh dies . This will allow the sheikh 's fourth son , Bakhait ( Firass Dirani ) , to regain control of his father 's desert region . Davies and Meier agree to help Danny for a share of the money . Danny and Meier sneak into Harris 's house . After Harris confesses on videotape , they take him to the bathroom , intending to make it look like he slipped and hit his head . However , Harris 's girlfriend knocks on the door . While Harris and Meier are distracted , Harris attempts to break free , causing Meier to kill him . In England , Davies questions bar patrons about former SAS members . This is reported to the Feather Men , a secret society of former operatives protecting their own . Their head enforcer , Spike Logan ( Clive Owen ) , is sent to investigate . Davies discovers Cregg preparing for a long nighttime march in wintry weather at the Brecon Beacons mountain range . Danny infiltrates the base , disguised in uniform , and drugs Cregg 's coffee . Danny follows Cregg on the march and makes him confess before the drug sends him into shock to die of hypothermia . For their last target , their plan is to crash a remote - controlled truck into McCann 's car . With the help of the inexperienced Jake ( Michael Dorman ) , Meier kills McCann ; however , Logan and his men were watching over McCann . A gunfight ensues , and Jake accidentally kills Meier . Danny and Davies part ways . Davies is tracked down by Logan 's men , and is hit by a truck and killed while trying to escape . Danny returns to Oman and gives the sheikh the last confession , which he has faked . Hunter is released , while Danny heads back to Australia and reunites with Anne ( Yvonne Strahovski ) , a childhood acquaintance . Soon , he is informed by the Agent that there is one last man who participated in the sheikh 's sons ' murders and that this man , Ranulph Fiennes , is about to release a book about his experiences in the SAS . Danny sends Anne to France so Hunter can protect her . The sheikh 's son confirms that Harris was innocent . Logan , meanwhile , traces Danny through the Agent and sends a team to protect the author , but Jake distracts them , allowing Danny to shoot Fiennes . He only wounds the man , however , taking pictures that appear to show him dead . Logan captures Danny , taking him to an abandoned warehouse , but then a government agent arrives and reveals that the British government is behind the events because of the sheikh 's valuable oil reserves . A three - way battle ensues , with Danny escaping and Logan shooting the government agent . In Paris , the Agent tries to kidnap Anne for ransom , but Hunter beats the henchman and shoots the Agent in the leg . Hunter seems threatening at first , but spares his life . Danny and Hunter head to Oman to give the sheikh the pictures . However , Logan arrives first , tells the sheikh the pictures are fake and then stabs him to death . The sheikh 's son does not care ; he gives Logan the money . Hunter spots Logan leaving , and they chase after him , along with the sheikh 's men . After stopping the sheikh 's men , Danny and Hunter confront Logan on a desert road . Hunter takes some of the money for his expenses and his family . They leave the remainder , telling Logan that he will need it to start a new life after killing the government agent and acting against the wishes of the Feather Men and the British government . Danny says that it is over for him and that Logan must make up his own mind what to do . Danny reunites with Anne . Cast ( edit ) From left : Dominic Purcell , Jason Statham , Yvonne Strahovski and Adewale Akinnuoye - Agbaje . Jason Statham as mercenary Danny Bryce Clive Owen as ex-SAS officer Spike Logan Yvonne Strahovski as Anne Frazier Robert De Niro as Hunter Lachy Hulme as Harris Dominic Purcell as Davies Aden Young as Meier Adewale Akinnuoye - Agbaje as The Agent Ben Mendelsohn as Martin Grant Bowler as Captain James Cregg Matthew Nable as Pennock Michael Dorman as Jake Jamie McDowell as Diane Chris Anderson as Finn George Murphy as ADR Voice Gillie McKenzie as Shooter and stunt double Firass Dirani as Bakhait Rodney Afif as Sheikh Amr Andrew Stehlin as Dutchy Daniel Roberts as McCann Production ( edit ) The Internet Movie Database cites a number of locations used for filming . Filming began at Docklands Studios Melbourne in May 2010 . In July 2010 , Jason Statham 's scenes were shot at the Brecon Beacons in Wales . Robert De Niro filmed a scene in Melbourne 's Spring Street set in 1970s Paris . The scene of McCann 's death by tanker truck was filmed on Dynon Road , Melbourne . The final scene was filmed on Little Collins Street in Melbourne . Some London scenes were filmed in Cardiff -- in July 2010 , De Niro and Statham were seen filming outside The Promised Land Bar on Windsor Place . Other scenes shot in Cardiff were also on Windsor Place , showing the City United Reformed Church , Buffalo bar and various small business buildings . Agent 's several meetings with other characters at a stone , columned monument were shot at the Welsh National War Memorial in Alexandra Gardens , Cardiff . A scene where The Welshman leaves a building was shot on Kings Road , Pontcanna , showing Kings Road Doctors ' Surgery and residential buildings . Another scene was shot at The Blue Anchor Inn in East Aberthaw , Vale of Glamorgan . In July 2010 , filming took place near the Storey Arms outdoor centre in the Brecon Beacons . A number of 1970s period cars were in evidence , particularly a bright orange Austin Maxi . Reception ( edit ) The film , which had a gala - premiere at the 36th Toronto International Film Festival on 10 September 2011 , has received negative reviews from critics . Rotten Tomatoes maintains Killer Elite with a 25 % rating with the consensus stating : `` A rote , utterly disposable Jason Statham vehicle that just happens to have Clive Owen and Robert De Niro in it . '' Conversely , Roger Ebert gave it 3 stars out of 4 , calling it director Gary McKendry 's `` impressive debut '' , noting he `` understands that action is better when it 's structured around character and plot , and does n't rely on simple sensation . '' Accolades ( edit ) Despite the negative reviews , Killer Elite was nominated for Best Production Design and Best Visual Effects at the 2nd AACTA Awards . The feather men ( edit ) The plot for the movie is based on the novel The Feather Men by Sir Ranulph Fiennes and is `` based on a true story '' ( since Fiennes insists that it is true ) . Several elements from the book were altered to make the movie seem more believable to a movie - going audience . Sir Ranulph Fiennes , the book 's author , claims that a secret society called the `` Feather Men '' , made up of retired and disabled SAS members , was operating in the shadows . They are called the `` feather men '' because their influence and intervention were subtle , like the touch of a feather . It is also an allusion to the three feathers of British Army regiments . Their job was to protect SAS personnel and their families and avenge wrongs or harm done to them . The mastermind behind the plot was changed from a Soviet - trained terrorist group called The Clinic to an Omani sheik who is inexplicably sent into exile after his three eldest sons die on jihad . The sheik hires a group of highly skilled Western mercenaries , gives them a limitless budget , and holds one of their friends as a hostage so that they will complete the task he sets for them . The targets are three SAS troopers ( one who is still serving and is a decorated war hero ) who served in Oman in the 1970s . Their deaths must appear accidental to avoid reprisals . In the film , an added complication is that they must confess to being murderers before they are killed . The Battle of Mirbat , a siege in which nine SAS troopers with 100 assorted Firqas under training and 30 paramilitary askars ( armed police ) held off a force of 250 insurgents , is mentioned in passing in the film but never explained . One of the sheik 's three sons was supposed to have been killed in action there . In the movie , the British Foreign Office is supposed to be in collusion with the sheik in order to guarantee oil leases on the sheik 's land . They even force the `` feather men '' to back off with threats of imprisonment . However , the wealthy sheik is in exile and his son , a westernized playboy , shows no interest in returning to his homeland to claim his title . Therefore , even if the sheik 's plot is successful , the British government will not have gained any leverage with the original landholders ( and probably have a current relationship with the usurper who replaced him ) . The book has no such subplot . Sir Ranulph Fiennes claims that the `` feather men '' saved his life from an assassination attempt by The Clinic . In the book , ' The Clinic ' tried to ambush him at his farmhouse in Exmoor , but the `` feather men '' ran them off . In the movie , he is a minor character who only survives because the assassin feels regret and only maims him . In fact , in the movie Fiennes ' inclusion in the death list is an afterthought by the patron because Fiennes falsely claims in a tell - all book that he was at Mirbat . The military adviser for the movie was Iain D Townsley , a former member of a Sabre Squadron 22 SAS . Iain had served 25 years in the British Army , 18 of those years with 22 SAS . Iain was at that time living in Victoria Australia , and by chance was introduced to the director Gary McKendry who offered him the job . Iain maintained that `` it 's a good story , but not a true story '' . Battle of Mirbat The Feather Men , a 1991 novel . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Swart , Sharon ( 2010 - 05 - 14 ) . `` Jason Statham embraces ' Killer Elite ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 18 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` KILLER ELITE ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Killer Elite ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Statham returns home to Britain to film ' Killer Elite ' '' . BBC.co.uk . Retrieved 18 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Quinn , Karl ( 2010 - 07 - 07 ) . `` Hollywood comes to Paris end of town , De Niro style '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 18 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Our History '' . The Blue Anchor . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Evans , Ian ( 2011 ) . `` Killer Elite premiere photos - 36th Toronto International Film Festival '' . DigitalHit.com . Retrieved 3 January 2012 ( ( inconsistent citations ) ) Jump up ^ `` Killer Elite '' . Chicago Sun - Times . External links ( edit ) Look up rote in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Killer Elite on IMDb Killer Elite at Rotten Tomatoes ( hide ) Media in Cardiff Television and film production Aspect Television Bay TV Swansea BBC Wales ITV Wales S4C Made in Cardiff Broadcasting House , Cardiff BBC Roath Lock BAFTA Cymru Hartswood Films Calon Cardiff Film Festival Television series Drama Doctor Who Torchwood The Sarah Jane Adventures Class Caerdydd Being Human Crash Merlin Sherlock Upstairs Downstairs Casualty Pobol y Cwm Atlantis Wizards vs Aliens Alys Comedy Gavin & Stacey Satellite City High Hopes Factual BBC Wales Today Hospital 24 / 7 Newyddion ITV News : Wales at Six # CardiffNews CF99 Reality The Valleys Quiz shows Only Connect Children 's SuperTed Fireman Sam The Story of Tracy Beaker Wil Cwac Cwac Film Tiger Bay Human Traffic The Contractor Flick Skellig Patagonia The Big I Am Panic Button Killer Elite Press Western Mail South Wales Echo Echo Extra Y Dinesydd gair rhydd Buzz Metro Radio BBC Radio Wales BBC Radio Cymru Capital FM South Wales Nation Radio Gold Heart South Wales Xpress Radio Radio Cardiff Online WalesOnline CardiffOnline Pizzaman category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Killer_Elite_(film)&oldid=830729354 '' Categories : 2011 films English - language films Australian films Australian action films British films British action films Films based on British novels Films based on military novels Films set in Australia Films set in France Films set in Mexico Films set in Oman Films set in the 1980s Films set in England Films shot in Melbourne Films shot in Wales Vigilante films Entertainment One films Open Road Films films Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2012 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 March 2018 , at 16 : 10 . 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3828309572349499592 | Teddy Altman | Teddy Altman - wikipedia Teddy Altman Jump to : navigation , search For the Marvel Comics character , see Hulkling . This television - related article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( June 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Teddy Altman Grey 's Anatomy character Kim Raver as Dr. Teddy Altman in 2010 . First appearance `` New History '' 6x09 , November 12 , 2009 ( as recurring cast ) `` Sympathy for the Parents '' 6x19 , April 1 , 2010 ( as main cast ) Last appearance `` Flight '' 8x24 , May 17 , 2012 ( as main cast ) `` Danger Zone '' 14x05 , October 26 , 2017 ( as recurring cast ) Created by Shonda Rhimes Portrayed by Kim Raver Information Occupation Attending cardiothoracic surgeon at Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital ( former ) Title Chief of Cardiothoracic Surgery M.D. F.A.C.S. Spouse ( s ) Henry Burton ( Deceased ) Significant other ( s ) Andrew Perkins Mark Sloan Theodora `` Teddy '' Altman , M.D. is a fictional character from the ABC medical drama Grey 's Anatomy , portrayed by actress Kim Raver . She was an attending cardiothoracic surgeon at Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital , the fictional institution where the show is set . She leaves the show in the 8th - season finale after it is revealed that she has been offered a chief position with Army Medical Command , but has turned it down out of loyalty to Dr. Owen Hunt . In order to liberate her from the hospital where her husband died , Hunt fires her from Seattle Grace . Teddy returns for a few episodes in season 14 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Storylines 2 Development 2.1 Casting and creation 2.2 Characterization 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Storylines ( edit ) Teddy attended the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center . She completed her surgical residency at George Washington University Medical School and her fellowship at the Mayo Clinic in Florida . As an attending physician , Teddy worked at Columbia , but after her best friend was killed during the collapse of the second tower on September 11 , 2001 , she left and joined the army , meeting trauma surgeon Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) during her tour in Baghdad . Owen brings Teddy to Seattle Grace Mercy West hospital to mentor his girlfriend , Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) . Teddy admits that she is in love with Owen , but he tells her that he loves Cristina . When Teddy assigns Cristina a difficult surgery for her first solo cardiothoracic case and refuses to assist , Owen questions Teddy 's motives . Teddy decides to leave Seattle Grace ; Cristina pleads with her to stay , even offering to break up with Owen if Teddy will continue to teach her . Although Teddy agrees to stay , Owen convinces Cristina to stay with him , and Teddy briefly removes her from her service . Teddy develops a friendship with pediatric surgeon Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) , who sets her up with plastic surgeon Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) . They have a brief relationship , which they both enjoy despite knowing that neither wants the other -- Teddy still wants Owen , and Mark is in love with Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) . The two separate amicably when Teddy walks in on Mark sleeping with resident Reed Adamson ( Nora Zehetner ) . Towards the end of season six , Teddy has to fight for her job as Chief of Cardiothoracic Surgery . Cristina asks Owen to put in a good word for Teddy ; he does the opposite by telling Chief of Surgery Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) that she would land on her feet . Ultimately another candidate refuses to take the post and Teddy receives a full - time contract . Teddy later learns of , and is hurt by Owen 's betrayal . Teddy has a brief relationship with Dr. Andrew Perkins , whose service at the hospital is temporary . Before his departure , he suggests that Teddy has a tendency to fall for people who are either otherwise engaged or only in town for a month . She later meets Henry Burton , a patient with the rare genetic condition Von Hippel - Lindau disease , who can no longer afford to pay for his medical care . Teddy marries him so that he can use her health insurance , and only comes to appreciate the gravity of this decision when Henry suffers a near fatal complication of his illness . Teddy discovers that he has listed her as his emergency contact and is forced to make a life - or - death decision regarding his care , not as his doctor but as his wife . Though the newly - weds both maintain that theirs is a simple marriage of convenience , and Teddy continues to date other men , Henry later confesses that he has feelings for Teddy . She tells him she does not feel the same way . Teddy again removes Cristina from her service when she performs a surgery despite Teddy 's opposition . She tells Owen that Cristina 's over-abundance of confidence makes her dangerous , and that she will keep Cristina off her service until she feels she is ready to return . When Andrew returns and asks Teddy to move to Germany with him , she accepts , and agrees to divorce Henry . However , in the seventh season finale , Teddy changes her mind and tells Henry that she is falling in love with him . The two begin their married life properly , but in season eight , Henry dies , leaving Teddy distraught . She blames Owen because she was n't told that Henry had died until after her surgery on another patient . Feeling that he put the hospital before her , she breaks off her friendship with him , causing problems with them being able to work together that are later made worse by Cristina 's own relationship troubles with Owen ( During this time , Cristina tells Owen that he has to grant Teddy her anger , to which an enraged Owen lashes out the hypocrisy in the situation , given that when Cristina discovered she was pregnant with Owen 's child , she told him that keeping the pregnancy was non negotiable and wanted to pursue an abortion , despite Owen 's desire to have a child , and his pleas to keep the pregnancy , points out that Cristina never `` granted him any anger '' over what he thought was her selfish decision ) . After a particularly bad case , Dr. Bailey sternly tells Teddy that what happened with Henry was not Owen 's fault and that Teddy knows this and needs to get over it , which pushes Teddy to behave more civilly towards Owen , but she finally lets go of her anger after she desperately begs Owen to convince Cristina ( who by this point has broken up with him ) to not transfer away from Seattle and is left shocked and silent when Owen furiously tells her he will not do that because he and Teddy are only co-workers and , as she made very clear , not friends and therefore she has no right to ask him for any help or favors . She and Owen eventually make up in the season finale . Owen finds out she was offered a job at the United States Army Medical Command , but turned it down because she wanted to be there for Owen , if he and Cristina were to separate . He ultimately fires her and she does take the military job , and tells her that he 'll be okay as they part having restored their friendship. Teddy and Owen make up and hug each other goodbye as he wants her to take the job offer , which would be good for her . Teddy was later mentioned in season thirteen episode `` True Colors . '' Army officers knocked at Owen 's door stating that his sister Megan is believed to have been found alive ten years after her disappearance . At first , Owen is not sure what to believe , but his wife Amelia Shepherd mentioned to Owen that Teddy saw Megan and recognized her . This seemed to be the first time Teddy was mentioned after her departure . Development ( edit ) Raver initially signed for a recurring role , but was promoted to a series regular . Casting and creation ( edit ) In October 2009 , it was reported that actress Kim Raver would play the character and have a recurring role on the show 's sixth season . In January 2010 , Raver was promoted to a series regular . On May 18 , 2012 , the day after the season eight finale , Grey 's Anatomy creator , Shonda Rhimes , announced that it was Raver 's decision to leave the show , `` I know this season 's finale had some surprises for viewers and the exit of Kim Raver was one of the big ones . But Kim 's series option was up and she was ready to give Teddy Altman a much - needed vacation . It 's been a pleasure working with someone as talented and funny and kind as Kim ; everyone is going to miss her terribly . I like to imagine that Teddy is still out there in the Grey 's Anatomy universe , running Army Medical Command and building a new life . '' When the news of the character 's departure was released , Raver wrote on her Twitter , `` I 've had one of the best times of my creative career working on Grey 's with Shonda , Betsy and the best cast on Television , '' she wrote , adding : `` I feel fortunate and grateful to have worked with such an amazing team at GA ( Grey 's Anatomy ) . ( I ) am going to miss everyone ! ! And to the GA ( Grey 's Anatomy ) fans , you guys rock ! I am sure S9 ( season nine ) will be great ! '' On June 20 , 2017 , it was announced that Raver would be reprising her role as Teddy Altman for a guest arc during the show 's 14th season . Characterization ( edit ) This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2012 ) We see Teddy as a person who is willing to do whatever possible to make herself a much appreciated doctor and friend at Grey Sloan . In Season 14 's premiere , `` Break Down the House '' , Teddy and Owen Reunite after long times away from each other . Teddy comforts Owen after he is on the verge of having a meltdown . is this just the beginning of a newly discovered friendship between the two after so much time away from each other ? Reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2012 ) Entertainment Weekly writer Tanner Stransky found Altman had not been given a good storyline until the arrival of Henry : `` I think Kim Raver has always been rather under - used on this show , until more recently . '' References ( edit ) Specific Jump up ^ ' Grey 's Anatomy ' scoop : Kim Raver to play spoiler in Owen - Cristina romance Jump up ^ Kim Raver becomes series regular on ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Jump up ^ ' Grey 's Anatomy ' season finale : Boss explains two shocking exits Jump up ^ Eggenberger , Nicole . `` Chyler Leigh , Kim Raver Leave Grey 's Anatomy '' . US Weekly . Celebrity News . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Kim Raver To Make A Return In Season 14 '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stransky , Tanner ( November 10 , 2011 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' recap : Death and Devastation '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc. p. 2 . Retrieved July 29 , 2012 . General `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide '' . ABC . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy portal Fictional characters portal Teddy Altman at ABC.com Teddy Altman on IMDb ( hide ) Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Derek Shepherd Preston Burke Addison Montgomery Mark Sloan Callie Torres Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game Private Practice A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teddy_Altman&oldid=807298531 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy characters Fictional characters introduced in 2009 Fictional surgeons Fictional United States Army personnel Hidden categories : Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from June 2010 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Television articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles to be expanded from July 2012 All articles to be expanded Articles with empty sections from July 2012 All articles with empty sections Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 03 : 18 . About Wikipedia | who is dr altman on grey's anatomy | [
"Theodora \"Teddy\" Altman, M.D. is a fictional character from the ABC medical drama Grey's Anatomy, portrayed by actress Kim Raver. She was an attending cardiothoracic surgeon at Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital, the fictional institution where the show is set. She leaves the show in the 8th-season finale after it is revealed that she has been offered a chief position with Army Medical Command, but has turned it down out of loyalty to Dr. Owen Hunt. In order to liberate her from the hospital where her husband died, Hunt fires her from Seattle Grace. Teddy returns for a few episodes in season 14."
] | [
"Kim Raver"
] |
-7770076171032019571 | Haunted Mansion Holiday | Haunted Mansion Holiday - wikipedia Haunted Mansion Holiday This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Haunted Mansion Holiday Disneyland Area New Orleans Square Status Operating Opening date October 3 , 2001 Tokyo Disneyland Area Fantasyland Status Operating Opening date September 15 , 2004 General statistics Attraction type Omnimover Manufacturers Arrow Development ( Disneyland ) Designer Walt Disney Imagineering Theme The Nightmare Before Christmas Music Gordon Goodwin ( original ) Danny Elfman / John Debney ( A Musical History of Disneyland ) Speed 3 mph ( 4.8 km / h ) Vehicle type Doom Buggies Riders per vehicle 2 -- 3 Audio - animatronics Yes Host Ghost Host ( Corey Burton ) ( Disneyland version ) Ghost Host ( Ponta Mitsui ) ( Tokyo Disneyland version ) Disney 's Fastpass available Must transfer from wheelchair Exterior view of the mansion Haunted Mansion Holiday , also known as Haunted Mansion Holiday Nightmare , is a seasonal overlay of the Haunted Mansion attraction at Disneyland and Tokyo Disneyland that blends the settings and characters of the original Haunted Mansion with those of Tim Burton 's 1993 film The Nightmare Before Christmas . Taking inspiration from `` The Night Before Christmas '' , the attraction retells the story of Jack Skellington ( as `` Sandy Claws '' ) visiting the Haunted Mansion on Christmas Eve , leaving holiday chaos in his wake . The Haunted Mansion typically closes for two and half weeks in late summer so it can be converted into the Haunted Mansion Holiday . The overlaid attraction is then open to guests from late - September through early January before being closed again to remove the overlay . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Storyline 3 Attraction 4 Additions 5 Soundtrack 6 Voice cast 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) Two similar overlays -- Country Bear Christmas Special and It 's a Small World Holiday -- had already been successful for some time when Haunted Mansion Holiday was developed . Initially , Disney considered doing a retelling of Charles Dickens ' A Christmas Carol , but decided against it due to the attraction 's setting in New Orleans Square and the incongruity of bringing Santa Claus into the eerie environment of the Haunted Mansion . Instead , they decided to base it on The Nightmare Before Christmas after considering which Disney character would celebrate Christmas in the Haunted Mansion , should Santa Claus ever land there on his journey . Steve Davison took the idea and worked with Walt Disney Creative Entertainment to develop the overlay . One issue Disney had to deal with was the fact that many of the key performers in the original attraction -- Paul Frees , Leota Toombs , Eleanor Audley , most of the singing busts , and almost all of the original voice actors -- had died years earlier . Paul Frees was replaced in his role as the Ghost Host by Corey Burton , who had done voiceover work with Disney before . Leota Toombs ' daughter , Kim Irvine , resembled her mother and was thus chosen to perform in her place as Madame Leota . Susan Blakeslee ( impersonating Eleanor Audley ) provides the voice of Madame Leota . The singing busts were topped with Jack - O - Lanterns and given computer - animated singing projections . New voice actors were picked for the graveyard ghosts that sound similar to the originals ( with the exception of the Headsman Trio ; The Knight and Executioner seem to have had their voices swapped ) . Haunted Mansion Holiday opened October 3 , 2001 , and quickly became popular with guests , leading to the attraction 's FastPass machines being activated during the overlay ( they are now always active ) . The Tokyo version props were intended for Walt Disney World , but when the park abandoned plans to install the attraction , Tokyo ( which features a carbon copy of their Haunted Mansion ) received all the props . On September 13 , 2013 ( Friday the 13th ) , the Haunted Mansion at Disneyland opened to the public outfitted with new effects and set pieces in celebration of its 13th year . Walt Disney World Resort and Disneyland Paris do not have seasonal overlays . Outside of Phantom Manor , guests can get their photo taken with Jack and Sally . Storyline ( edit ) The Haunted Mansion Holiday takes place shortly after the events of the film it conjoins with , The Nightmare Before Christmas , where Jack Skellington , who tried to create his very own twisted Christmas in a Halloween - style overlay in the movie , now discovers the Haunted Mansion , home to 999 Happy Haunts . Deciding to spread joy to the mansion 's gloomy residents for the holidays , Jack and his creepy crew from Halloween Town bring hundreds of Jack 's original evil Christmas presents and decorations to the manor and deck the haunting grounds for a thrilling and chilling holiday for the Grim Grinning Ghosts inhabiting the abandoned house , setting the stage for the ride itself . Attraction ( edit ) Upon visiting the mansion , guests first see that the facade has been completely redecorated , with jack - o - lanterns and candles . Jack 's sleigh is on the roof . In the foyer , a grim rendition of Making Christmas plays while the Ghost Host begins to tell the story of what is happening at the mansion . A picture of Jack Skellington slowly changes into Jack dressed as `` Sandy Claws '' . Doors open , letting guests into the famous octagonal portrait gallery . Large stained glass paintings line the walls , depicting innocent Christmas scenes . After the doors close shut , all goes dark with the horrendous sound of the paintings breaking in half . The room begins to stretch , the tension rises , and with a thunderclap , Jack 's face appears in the cupola above , shouting : `` Happy Holidays , Everyone ! '' Since 2013 , the ceiling has been retooled to depict a stained glass wreath , changing color as the room stretches . It will shatter twice , once in the face of a grinning pumpkin head , then entirely to reveal a fully animated Jack Skellington looking down upon guests . When the lights come back on , the Ghost Host can still be seen in the rafters . A dreadful scream and the shattering of bones is heard , and the doors reopen . Guests are lead into the Loading Area , where they board their Doom Buggy to begin the tour . From above , Jack greets guests with Sally and the Vampire Teddy . Down another hallway , paintings of characters from Halloween Town watch guests ' every move . In the library , Zero has created a spinning Christmas tree of books , wrapped in garlands . The staring busts remain . The Doom Buggies then float into the Music Room , where Sally sits , listening to the Vampire Teddy play for her rapidly on the piano . As guests glide upstairs , insects shiver in fear inside of cages , with tags reading , `` To Oogie '' . Oogie 's shadow can be seen dancing on the face of the moon and turning into a Christmas tree . Guests float past an Endless Hallway , with bone decor all around . Zero , Jack 's dog floats inside , barking happily . In the Conservatory , a group of flowers has sprung to life and now forms the choir . A man tries to escape his Christmas - wrapped coffin , but the Vampire Teddy Bear sits atop , hammer and nails in hand . The hallway , which guests travel through backwards , has been redeocrated as well , with skulls and garlands . Doors on either side make strange noises , as though something on the other side were trying to get out . A monstrous man - eating wreath waits above the guests , reaching out to grab them . More of the comically vicious flowers seem to be sprouting from it . The possessed grandfather clock chimes 13 as the hands spin wildly backwards , and a note reads `` To Leota : 13 Special Gifts for You ! - Sandy Claws '' In the Seance Room , Madame Leota recites the `` 13 Days of Christmas '' , her 13 Christmas gifts . Tarot cards showing all of her gifts float about the room , while the Vampire Teddy Bear rings bells maniacally . A zombified nutcracker imitates Leota chanting her incantations . The Happy Haunts finally begin to materialize in the ballroom . A cake sits on the table that bears resemblance to the spiral hill from Halloween town , but covered in snow . An immense , dead Christmas tree is in the middle of the room , with glowing skull and jack - o - lantern ornaments and ascending and desscending spider ornaments . Ghosts dance right through the tree while a ghost organist plays Kidnap the Sandy Claws as a waltz . In the Attic , all of Jack 's presents have been stored . Ghastly , glowing presents lie about the room , jack - in - the - boxes popping up to scare passing guests . A snake , having eaten some presents , sits with Jack 's Naughty and Nice list hanging out of its mouth . The Graveyard has been completely covered in snow and the spiral hill from Halloween Town sits in the middle of the graveyard , covered with snow and singing , glowing jack - o - lanterns . Jack Skellington greets guests at the gates , wishing them a Merry Christmas with Zero . A quintet of busts have been topped with singing jack - o - lanterns while the graveyard ghosts sing about their perfect Christmas . Ghosts ride around on bicycles with Jack 's bonedeer . Giant ice angles with jack - o - lantern heads blow on their horns overhead . Guests finally enter the exit crypt , as the Vampire Teddy Bear plays his own little horn to say goodbye . The Ghost Host warns guests about followers , as Lock , Shock , and Barrel playfully peek out of presents . Guilded mirrors surround the next walls , and in those mirrors , Lock , Shock , or Barrel sit in your car . Sally can then be seen , waving to Jack as he leaves , crossing the face of the moon and wishing her a Merry Christmas . Guests then disembark their Doom Buggy , hearing the ghosts play a jazzy tune to give them something to remember after they leave . Additions ( edit ) Disneyland offers an `` Oogie Boogie 's Holiday Tricks and Treats '' scavenger hunt . Oogie has hidden cameos throughout the mansion , which guests are asked to look for . For instance , Oogie can be found in shrubbery in the gardens , a shadow on the Christmas card , a doll in the attic , etc . Soundtrack ( edit ) The attraction 's musical score was originally composed by Gordon Goodwin . It was replaced in 2002 with an adapted score by John Debney , based on themes from the film 's soundtrack composed by Danny Elfman . Since 2003 , Goodwin 's original music has been used in the stretching rooms and the exit crypt ( where Goodwin 's attic music is used ) , while the rest of Elfman 's score remains . Several characters in the ride are voiced by the original actors from the film , and the various sound effects are an admixture of tracks from the original attraction and new ones . CD Cover Artwork Track listing Up on the Housetop ( 2 : 07 ) Scary Bells ( 1 : 52 ) Over the Graveyards ( 1 : 40 ) Old Mansion Tree ( 2 : 01 ) Wreck the Halls ( 2 : 10 ) We Wish You a Scary Christmas ( 1 : 45 ) The 13 Days of Christmas ( 2 : 17 ) God Rest You Merry Grinning Ghosts ( 1 : 53 ) Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas Medley ( 2 : 30 ) Includes -- Making Christmas / What 's This ? / Kidnap the Sandy Claws Disneyland Haunted Mansion Holiday Ride - Through Mix ( 16 : 20 ) Includes -- Foyer , Elevators , Elevator Exit , Picture Gallery , Loading Zone , Corridor of Doors , Seance Room , Grand Hall , Attic , Graveyard Finale , Hitchhiking Ghosts . Voice cast ( edit ) Chris Sarandon -- Jack Skellington Ken Page -- Oogie Boogie Corey Burton -- Ghost Host Kath Soucie -- Sally Susanne Blakeslee -- Madame Leota ; Kim Irvine ( face ) See also ( edit ) Haunted Mansion The Nightmare Before Christmas Phantom Manor Mystic Manor References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` DoomBuggies.com '' Retrieved on March 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Weiss , Werner ( November 27 , 2015 ) . `` Yesterland : Haunted Mansion Holiday '' . yesterland.com . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Haunted Mansion Holiday - Documentary ( YouTube video ) . March 11 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Liddane , Lisa ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Disneyland 's Haunted Mansion is a house of fancy frights '' . The Orange County Register . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Doombuggies.com Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas Characters ( Jack Skellington ) Film The Nightmare Before Christmas Video games Oogie 's Revenge The Pumpkin King Kingdom Hearts Music The Nightmare Before Christmas Nightmare Revisited `` This Is Halloween '' Attraction Haunted Mansion Holiday Portal Category Disneyland Current attractions Former attractions Main Street , U.S.A. Disneyland Railroad Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln The Disney Gallery Main Street Cinema Main Street Vehicles Main Street windows Fantasyland Alice in Wonderland Casey Jr . Circus Train Dumbo the Flying Elephant Fantasyland Theatre It 's a Small World King Arthur Carrousel Mad Tea Party Matterhorn Bobsleds Mr. Toad 's Wild Ride Peter Pan 's Flight Pinocchio 's Daring Journey Pixie Hollow Sleeping Beauty Castle Snow White Grotto Snow White 's Scary Adventures Storybook Land Canal Boats Adventureland Walt Disney 's Enchanted Tiki Room Indiana Jones Adventure Jungle Cruise Tarzan 's Treehouse Tomorrowland Astro Orbitor Autopia Buzz Lightyear Astro Blasters Disneyland Monorail Disneyland Railroad Finding Nemo Submarine Voyage Jedi Training : Trials of the Temple Space Mountain Space Mountain Ghost Galaxy Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue Star Wars Launch Bay Frontierland Big Thunder Mountain Railroad Pirate 's Lair on Tom Sawyer Island Frontierland Shootin ' Exposition Golden Horseshoe Saloon Mark Twain Riverboat Sailing Ship Columbia New Orleans Square Disneyland Railroad Pirates of the Caribbean The Haunted Mansion Haunted Mansion Holiday Critter Country Splash Mountain Davy Crockett Explorer Canoes The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh Mickey 's Toontown Chip ' n Dale Treehouse Donald 's Boat Disneyland Railroad Gadget 's Go Coaster Goofy 's Playhouse Mickey 's House and Meet Mickey Minnie 's House Roger Rabbit 's Car Toon Spin Future Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge Entertainment The Dapper Dans Fantasmic ! 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Ride & Go Seek One Man 's Dream II : The Magic Lives On Space Mountain Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue Stitch Encounter Toontown Chip ' n Dale 's Treehouse Donald 's Boat Gadget 's Go Coaster Goofy 's Paint and Playhouse Mickey 's House and Meet Mickey Minnie 's House Roger Rabbit 's Car Toon Spin Toon Park Westernland Big Thunder Mountain Country Bear Theater The Diamond Horseshoe Horseshoe Roundup Mark Twain Riverboat Super-Duper Jumpin ' Time Tom Sawyer Island Rafts Westernland Shootin ' Gallery Critter Country Beaver Brothers Explorer Canoes Splash Mountain Entertainment Dreaming Up Parade Happiness On High Nightfall Glow Tokyo Disneyland Electrical Parade : Dreamlights Seasonal Attraction Country Bear Theater Jingle bells Jamboree Country Bear Theater Vacation Jamboree Haunted Mansion Holiday Nightmare Future Attraction & Entertainment Beauty and the Beast ( themed area ) Big Hero 6 ride Celebrate ! Tokyo Disneyland Let 's Party Gras ! Halloween Main topics History Samhain Allhallowtide Symbols Activities Trick - or - treating Geography Christian observances Traditions Abstinence from meat Apple bobbing Cards Costumes Food Ghost tours Jack - o ' - lantern Lighting candles on graves Prayer for the dead Soul cake Events Bonfire Great Pumpkin Haunted attraction Pumpkin queen Media Television Films Books Music Albums Songs Related events Festival of the Dead Bon Festival Chuseok Día de Muertos Gai Jatra Pitri Paksha Qingming Festival Totensonntag Zhōng yuán jié Veneration of the dead Death anniversary Death customs Kaddish Yizkor Other events Allantide Beggars Night Devil 's Night Eid il - Burbara Hop - tu - Naa Korochun Krampus Mischief Night Namahage Old Halloween Saci day Superstition Walpurgis Night Will - o ' - the - wisp Christmas Christmas Eve Children 's Day Boxing Day Nochebuena Saint Nicholas Day St. Stephen 's Day Sol Invictus Yule In Christianity Biblical Magi Adoration of the Magi Adoration of the Shepherds Advent Angel Gabriel Annunciation Annunciation to the shepherds Baptism of the Lord Bethlehem Christingle Christmastide Epiphany Herod the Great Jesus Joseph Mary Massacre of the Innocents flight into Egypt Nativity Fast Nativity of Jesus in art in later culture Nativity scene Saint Nicholas Star of Bethlehem Twelfth Night In folklore Badalisc La Befana Belsnickel Caganer Christkind Ded Moroz Elves Father Christmas Grýla Jack Frost Joulupukki Knecht Ruprecht Korvatunturi Krampus Mikulás Miner 's figure Mrs. Claus Nisse / Tomte North Pole Old Man Winter Olentzero Père Fouettard Père Noël Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Saint Lucy Santa 's reindeer Santa 's workshop Sinterklaas Tió de Nadal Vertep Yule Cat Yule Lads Zwarte Piet Gift - bringers Saint Nicholas Santa Claus List of Christmas gift - bringers by country Traditions Advent calendar Advent candle Advent wreath Boar 's Head Feast Candle arches Cards Carols by Candlelight Cavalcade of Magi Crackers Decorations Events and celebrations Feast of the Seven Fishes Flying Santa Google Santa Tracker Hampers Las Posadas Letters Lights Lord of Misrule Markets Meals and feasts Moravian star Nine Lessons and Carols NORAD Tracks Santa Nutcrackers dolls Ornaments Parades list Piñatas Pyramids Räuchermann Seals Secret Santa Spanbaum Stamps Stockings Tree Twelve Days Wassailing Windows Yule Goat Yule log By country Australia and New Zealand Denmark Germany Hawaii Hungary Iceland Indonesia Ireland Mexico Norway Philippines Poland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Sweden Ukraine Music Carols list Hit singles UK Hit singles US Music books Carols for Choirs The Oxford Book of Carols The New Oxford Book of Carols Piae Cantiones Other media Films Poetry `` Old Santeclaus with Much Delight '' `` A Visit from St. Nicholas '' Television specials Yule Log In modern society Advent Conspiracy Black Friday ( partying ) Black Friday ( shopping ) Bronner 's Christmas Wonderland Christmas club Christmas creep Christmas Day ( Trading ) Act 2004 Christmas Lectures Christmas Mountains Christmas truce Controversies Cyber Monday Economics Giving Tuesday El Gordo Holiday season In July In August Leon Day NBA games NFL games Puritan New England American Civil War Post-War United States Running of the Santas SantaCon Santa 's Candy Castle Small Business Saturday Super Saturday Virginia O'Hanlon White Christmas Winter festivals WWE Tribute to the Troops Xmas Food and drink Dinner Joulupöytä Julebord Kūčios Réveillon Twelve - dish supper Smörgåsbord Wigilia Sweets bûche de Noël Cake Candy cane Cookies Fruitcake Gingerbread Kourabiedes Melomakarono Mince pie Pavlova Pecan pie Pumpkin pie Pudding Rosca de reyes Szaloncukor Turrón Soup Menudo Sauce Cranberry sauce Beverages Apple cider Champurrado Eggnog Mulled wine Smoking Bishop Ponche crema Dumpling Hallaca Tamale Meat Ham Roast goose Romeritos Turkey Stuffing Category Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haunted_Mansion_Holiday&oldid=843877864 '' Categories : Operating amusement attractions Amusement rides introduced in 2001 Amusement rides introduced in 2004 Amusement rides by name Amusement rides manufactured by Arrow Dynamics Audio - Animatronic attractions Christmas events and celebrations Dark rides Disneyland Fantasyland Liberty Square ( Magic Kingdom ) Haunted Mansion Haunted attractions ( simulated ) New Orleans Square ( Disneyland ) Omnimover attractions The Nightmare Before Christmas Tokyo Disneyland Walt Disney Parks and Resorts attractions 2001 establishments in California 2004 establishments in Japan Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2018 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from November 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 1 June 2018 , at 02 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does the haunted mansion turn to nightmare before christmas | [
"The Haunted Mansion typically closes for two and half weeks in late summer so it can be converted into the Haunted Mansion Holiday. The overlaid attraction is then open to guests from late-September through early January before being closed again to remove the overlay."
] | [
"late summer"
] |
8799342620532712530 | Resource | Resource - wikipedia Resource Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Resource ( disambiguation ) . A resource is a source or supply from which a benefit is produced . Resources can be broadly classified on the basis upon their availability they are renewable and non renewable resources . They can also be classified as actual and potential on the basis of level of development and use , on the basis of origin they can be classified as biotic and abiotic , and on the bases of their distribution , as ubiquitous and localized ( private resources , community own , resources , natural resources , international resources ) . An item becomes a resource with time and developing technology . Typically resources are materials , energy , services , staff , knowledge , or other assets that are transformed to produce benefit and in the process may be consumed or made unavailable . Benefits of resource utilization may include increased wealth or wants , proper functioning of a system , or enhanced well being . From a human perspective a natural resource is anything obtained from the environment to satisfy human needs and wants . From a broader biological or ecological perspective a resource satisfies the needs of a living organism ( see biological resource ) . The concept of resources has been applied in diverse realms , with respect to economics , biology and ecology , computer science , management , and human resources , and is linked to the concepts of competition , sustainability , conservation , and stewardship . In application within human society , commercial or non-commercial factors require resource allocation through resource management . Resources have three main characteristics : utility , limited availability , and potential for depletion or consumption . Resources have been variously categorized as biotic versus abiotic , renewable versus non-renewable , and potential versus actual , with more elaborate classification . Contents ( hide ) 1 Economic resources 2 Biological 3 Economic versus biological 4 Computer resources 5 Natural 6 Labour or human resources 7 Capital or infrastructure 8 Tangible versus intangible 9 Use and sustainable development 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Economic resources ( edit ) In economics a resource is defined as a service or other asset used to produce goods and services that meet human needs and wants . Economics itself has been defined as the study of how society manages its scarce resources . Classical economics recognizes three categories of resources , also referred to as factors of production : land , labour , and capital . Land includes all natural resources and is viewed as both the site of production and the source of raw materials . Labour or human resources consists of human effort provided in the creation of products , paid in wage . Capital consists of human - made goods or means of production ( machinery , buildings , and other infrastructure ) used in the production of other goods and services , paid in interest . Biological ( edit ) In biology and ecology a resource is defined as a substance that is required by a living organism for normal growth , maintenance , and reproduction ( see biological resource ) . The main essential resources for animals are food , water , and territory . For plants key resources include sunlight , nutrients , water , and a place to grow . Resources , can be consumed by an organism and , as a result , become unavailable to other organisms . Competition for resources vary from complete symmetric ( all individuals receive the same amount of resources , irrespective of their size ) to perfectly size symmetric ( all individuals exploit the same amount of resource per unit biomass ) to absolutely size - asymmetric ( the largest individuals exploit all the available resource ) . The degree of size asymmetry has major effects on the structure and diversity of ecological communities , e.g. in plant communities size - asymmetric competition for light has stronger effects on diversity compared with competition for soil resources. The degree of size asymmetry has major effects on the structure and diversity of ecological communities . Economic versus biological ( edit ) There are three fundamental differences between economic versus ecological views : 1 ) the economic resource definition is human - centered ( anthropocentric ) and the biological or ecological resource definition is nature - centered ( biocentric or ecocentric ) ; 2 ) the economic view includes desire along with necessity , whereas the biological view is about basic biological needs ; and 3 ) economic systems are based on markets of currency exchanged for goods and services , whereas biological systems are based on natural processes of growth , maintenance , and reproduction . Computer resources ( edit ) Main article : Resource ( computer science ) A computer resource is any physically or virtual component of limited availability within a computer or information management system . Computer resources include means for input , processing , output , communication , and storage . Natural ( edit ) Natural resources are derived from the environment . Many natural resources are essential for human survival , while others are used for satisfying human desire . Conservation is the management of natural resources with the goal of sustainability . Natural resources may be further classified in different ways . Resources can be categorized on the basis of origin : Abiotic resources comprise non-living things ( e.g. , land , water , air and minerals such as gold , iron , copper , silver ) . Biotic resources are obtained from the biosphere . Forests and their products , animals , birds and their products , fish and other marine organisms are important examples . Minerals such as coal and petroleum are sometimes included in this category because they were formed from fossilized organic matter , though over long periods of time . Natural resources are also categorized based on the stage of development : Potential resources are known to exist and may be used in the future . For example , petroleum may exist in many parts of India and Kuwait that have sedimentary rocks , but until the time it is actually drilled out and put into use , it remains a potential resource . Actual resources are those that have been surveyed , their quantity and quality determined , and are being used in present times . For example , petroleum and natural gas is actively being obtained from the Mumbai High Fields . The development of an actual resource , such as wood processing depends upon the technology available and the cost involved . That part of the actual resource that can be developed profitably with available technology is called a reserve resource , while that part that can not be developed profitably because of lack of technology is called a stock resource . Natural resources can be categorized on the basis of renewability : Non-renewable resources are formed over very long geological periods . Minerals and fossils are included in this category . Since their rate of formation is extremely slow , they can not be replenished , once they are depleted . Out of these , the metallic minerals can be re-used by recycling them , but coal and petroleum can not be recycled . Renewable resources , such as forests and fisheries , can be replenished or reproduced relatively quickly . The highest rate at which a resource can be used sustainably is the sustainable yield . Some resources , like sunlight , air , and wind , are called perpetual resources because they are available continuously , though at a limited rate . Their quantity is not affected by human consumption . Many renewable resources can be depleted by human use , but may also be replenished , thus maintaining a flow . Some of these , like agricultural crops , take a short time for renewal ; others , like water , take a comparatively longer time , while still others , like forests , take even longer . Dependent upon the speed and quantity of consumption , overconsumption can lead to depletion or total and everlasting destruction of a resource . Important examples are agricultural areas , fish and other animals , forests , healthy water and soil , cultivated and natural landscapes . Such conditionally renewable resources are sometimes classified as a third kind of resource , or as a subtype of renewable resources . Conditionally renewable resources are presently subject to excess human consumption and the only sustainable long term use of such resources is within the so - called zero ecological footprint , wherein human use less than the Earth 's ecological capacity to regenerate . Natural resources are also categorized based on distribution : Ubiquitous resources are found everywhere ( e.g. , air , light , water ) . Localized resources are found only in certain parts of the world ( e.g. , copper and iron ore , geothermal power ) . Actual vs. potential natural resources are distinguished as follows : Actual resources are those resources whose location and quantity are known and we have the technology to exploit and use them . Potential resources are the ones of which we have insufficient knowledge or we do not have the technology to exploit them at present . On the basis of ownership , resources can be classified as individual , community , national , and international . Labour or human resources ( edit ) In economics , labour or human resources refers to the human effort in production of goods and rendering of services . Human resources can be defined in terms of skills , energy , talent , abilities , or knowledge . In a project management context , human resources are those employees responsible for undertaking the activities defined in the project plan . Capital or infrastructure ( edit ) In social studies , capital refers to already - produced durable goods used in production of goods or services . In essence , capital refers to human - made resources created using knowledge and expertise based on utility or perceived value . Common examples of capital include buildings , machinery , railways , roads , and ships . As resources , capital goods may or may not be significantly consumed , though they may depreciate in the production process and they are typically of limited capacity or unavailable for use by others . Tangible versus intangible ( edit ) Whereas , tangible resources such as equipment have actual physical existence , intangible resources such as corporate images , brands and patents , and other intellectual property exist in abstraction . Generally the economic value of a resource is controlled by supply and demand . Some view this as a narrow perspective on resources because there are many intangibles that can not be measured in money . Natural resources such as forests and mountains have aesthetic value . Resources also have an ethical value . This paragraph needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Use and sustainable development ( edit ) Typically resources can not be consumed in their original form , but rather through resource development they must be processed into more usable commodities and usable things . With increasing population , the demand for resources is increasing . There are marked differences in resource distribution and associated economic inequality between regions or countries , with developed countries using more natural resources than developing countries . Sustainable development is a pattern of resource use , that aims to meet human needs while preserving the environment . Sustainable development means that we should exploit our resources carefully to meet our present requirement without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs . The practice of the three R 's -- reduce , reuse and recycle must be followed in order to save and extend the availability of resources . Various problems relate to the usage of resources : Environmental degradation Over-consumption Resource curse Resource depletion Tragedy of the commons Myth of superabundance Various benefits can result from the wise usage of resources : Economic growth Ethical consumerism Prosperity Quality of life Sustainability Wealth See also ( edit ) Natural resource management Resource - based view Resource slack References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Miller , G.T. & S. Spoolman ( 2011 ) . Living in the Environment : Principles , Connections , and Solutions ( 17th ed . ) . Belmont , CA : Brooks - Cole . ISBN 0 - 538 - 73534 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Ricklefs , R.E. ( 2005 ) . The Economy of Nature ( 6th ed . ) . New York , NY : WH Freeman . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 8697 - 4 . Jump up ^ McConnell , C.R. , S.L. Brue , and S.M. Flynn. 2011 . Economics : principles , problems , and policies , 19th ed . McGraw - Hill / Irwin , New York , NY . ISBN 0 - 07 - 351144 - 7 . Jump up ^ Mankiw , N.G. 2008 . Principles of Economics , 5th ed . South - Western College Publishing , Boston , MA . ISBN 1 - 111 - 39911 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Samuelson , P.A. and W.D. Nordhaus. 2004 . Economics , 18th ed . McGraw - Hill / Irwin , Boston , MA . ISBN 0 - 07 - 287205 - 5 . Jump up ^ Morley , D. 2010 . Understanding Computers : Today and Tomorrow , 13th ed . Course Technology , Stamford , CT . ISBN 0 - 538 - 74810 - 9 . Jump up ^ Hut , PM ( 2008 - 09 - 07 ) . `` Getting and Estimating Resource Requirements - People '' . Pmhut.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Berry , John . 2004 . Tangible Strategies for Intangible Assets . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0071412865 . External links ( edit ) The dictionary definition of resource at Wiktionary Natural resources Air Pollution / quality Ambient standards ( USA ) Index Indoor developing nations Law Clean Air Act ( USA ) Ozone depletion Emissions Airshed Trading Deforestation ( REDD ) Energy Law Resources Fossil fuels ( peak oil ) Geothermal Nuclear Solar sunlight shade Tidal Wave Wind Land Arable peak farmland Degradation Law property Management habitat conservation Minerals mining law sand peak rights Soil conservation fertility health resilience Use planning reserve Life Biodiversity Bioprospecting Biosphere Bushfood Bushmeat Fisheries law management Food Forests genetic resources law management Game law Gene bank Herbalist plants Marine conservation Non-timber forest products Rangeland Seed bank Wildlife conservation management Wood Water Types / location Aquifer storage and recovery Drinking Fresh Groundwater pollution recharge remediation Hydrosphere Ice bergs glacial polar Irrigation Rain harvesting Stormwater Surface water Wastewater reclaimed Aspects Desalination Floods Law Leaching Sanitation Conflict Conservation Peak water Pollution Privatization Quality Right Resources management policy Related Commons enclosure global land tragedy of Economics ecological land Ecosystem services Exploitation overexploitation Earth Overshoot Day Management adaptive Natural capital accounting Nature reserve Systems ecology Urban ecology Wilderness Resource Common - pool Conflict ( perpetuation ) Curse Depletion Extraction Nationalism Renewable / Non-renewable Portals Agriculture and agronomy Energy Environment Fishing Forestry Mining Water Wetlands agencies law management ministries organizations Colleges Natural resources GND : 4076675 - 5 NDL : 00570898 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Resource&oldid=843308557 '' Categories : Resources Resource economics Ecology Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2014 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca भोजपुरी Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia עברית Basa Jawa Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Shqip Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Українська 粵語 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 08 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | explain the resources on the basis of development | [] | [] |
-879975919127422148 | History of the United States | History of the United States - wikipedia History of the United States Jump to : navigation , search `` American history '' redirects here . For the history of the continents , see History of the Americas . See also : Economic history of the United States and Timeline of the United States history Part of a series on the History of the United States Timeline ( hide ) Prehistory Pre-colonial Colonial period 1776 -- 1789 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 1865 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 1945 1945 -- 1964 1964 -- 1980 1980 -- 1991 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present By ethnicity ( show ) African American Asian American Chinese American Filipino American Japanese American Jewish American Mexican American Native Americans Polish American By topic ( show ) Antisemitism Civil rights 1896 -- 1954 1955 -- 1968 Civil War Culture Demographics Diplomacy Economics Historiography Labor Medicine Military Socialism Southern By state Frontier ( Old West ) Technology and industry Territory LGBT Women This Is America , Charlie Brown United States portal This article is part of a series on the Culture of the United States of America Society History Language People Race and ethnicity Religion Arts and literature Architecture Art Dance Fashion Literature Comics Poetry Music Sculpture Theater Other Cuisine Festivals Folklore Media Newspapers Radio Cinema TV Mythology Sport Symbols Flag Great Seal Monuments Motto Anthem Bird World Heritage Sites United States portal The history of the United States began with the settlement of Indigenous people before 10,000 BC . Numerous cultures formed . The arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492 started the European colonization of the Americas . Most colonies formed after 1600 . By the 1770s , thirteen British colonies contained 2.5 million people along the Atlantic coast east of the Appalachian Mountains . After defeating France , the British government imposed a series of new taxes after 1765 , rejecting the colonists ' argument that new taxes needed their approval ( see Stamp Act 1765 ) . Tax resistance , especially the Boston Tea Party ( 1773 ) , led to punitive laws by Parliament designed to end self - government in Massachusetts . Armed conflict began in 1775 . In 1776 , the Second Continental Congress declared a new , independent nation : the United States of America . Led by General George Washington , it won the Revolutionary War with large support from France . The peace treaty of 1783 gave the new nation the land east of the Mississippi River ( except Canada and Florida ) . The Articles of Confederation established a central government , but it was ineffectual at providing stability , as it could not collect taxes and had no executive officer . A convention in 1787 wrote a new Constitution that was adopted in 1789 . In 1791 , a Bill of Rights was added to guarantee inalienable rights . With Washington as the first president and Alexander Hamilton his chief adviser , a strong central government was created . Purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France in 1803 doubled the size of the United States . A second and final war with Britain was fought in 1812 , which solidified national pride . Encouraged by the notion of manifest destiny , U.S. territory expanded all the way to the Pacific coast . While the United States was large in terms of area , its population in 1790 was only 4 million . However this grew rapidly , reaching 7.2 million in 1810 , 32 million in 1860 , 76 million in 1900 , 132 million in 1940 , and 321 million in 2015 . Economic growth in terms of overall GDP was even greater . However compared to European powers , the nation 's military strength was relatively limited in peacetime before 1940 . The expansion was driven by a quest for inexpensive land for yeoman farmers and slave owners . The expansion of slavery was increasingly controversial and fueled political and constitutional battles , which were resolved by compromises . Slavery was abolished in all states north of the Mason -- Dixon line by 1804 , but the South continued to profit off of the institution , mostly from production of cotton . Republican Abraham Lincoln was elected in 1860 on a platform of halting the expansion of slavery . Seven Southern slave states rebelled and created the foundation of the Confederacy . Its attack of Fort Sumter against the Union forces started the Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) . Confederate defeat led to the impoverishment of the South and the abolition of slavery . In the Reconstruction Era ( 1863 -- 1877 ) , legal and voting rights were extended to freed slaves . The national government emerged much stronger , and because of the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868 , it gained the explicit duty to protect individual rights . However , when white Democrats regained their power in the South in 1877 , often by paramilitary suppression of voting , they passed Jim Crow laws to maintain white supremacy , and new disfranchising constitutions that prevented most African Americans and many poor whites from voting . This continued until gains of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s and passage of federal legislation to enforce constitutional rights were made . The United States became the world 's leading industrial power at the turn of the 20th century due to an outburst of entrepreneurship in the Northeast and Midwest and the arrival of millions of immigrant workers and farmers from Europe . The national railroad network was completed and large - scale mining and factories industrialized the Northeast and Midwest . Mass dissatisfaction with corruption , inefficiency and traditional politics stimulated the Progressive movement , from the 1890s to 1920s , which led to many reforms including the 16th to 19th constitutional amendments , which brought the federal income tax , direct election of Senators , prohibition , and women 's suffrage . Initially neutral during World War I , the United States declared war on Germany in 1917 and funded the Allied victory the following year . After a prosperous decade in the 1920s , the Wall Street Crash of 1929 marked the onset of the decade - long worldwide Great Depression . Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt ended the Republican dominance of the White House and implemented his New Deal programs , which included relief for the unemployed , support for farmers , Social Security and a minimum wage . The New Deal defined modern American liberalism . After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 , the United States entered World War II and financed the Allied war effort and helped defeat Nazi Germany in the European theater . Its involvement culminated in using newly invented nuclear weapons on two Japanese cities to defeat Imperial Japan in the Pacific theater . The United States and the Soviet Union emerged as rival superpowers in the aftermath of World War II . During the Cold War , the two countries confronted each other indirectly in the arms race , the Space Race , proxy wars , and propaganda campaigns . The purpose of this was to stop the spread of communism . In the 1960s , in large part due to the strength of the Civil Rights Movement , another wave of social reforms was enacted by enforcing the constitutional rights of voting and freedom of movement to African - Americans and other racial minorities . The Cold War ended when the Soviet Union was officially dissolved in 1991 , leaving the United States as the world 's only superpower . After the Cold War , the United States began focusing on modern conflicts in the Middle East and nuclear programs in North Korea . The beginning of the 21st century saw the September 11 attacks by Al - Qaeda in 2001 , which was later followed by the U.S. - led wars in Iraq and Afghanistan . In 2008 , the United States had its worst economic crisis since the Great Depression , which was followed by slower - than - usual rates of economic growth during the 2010s . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pre-Columbian Era 1.1 Native development prior to European contact 1.1. 1 Major cultures 1.2 Native development in Hawaii 2 Colonial period 2.1 Spanish , Dutch , and French colonization 2.2 British colonization 3 18th century 3.1 Political integration and autonomy 4 American Revolution 5 Early years of the republic 5.1 Confederation and Constitution 5.2 The new Chief Executive 5.3 Slavery 6 19th century 6.1 Jeffersonian Republican Era 6.2 War of 1812 6.3 Era of Good Feelings 6.4 Indian removal 6.5 Second Party System 6.6 Second Great Awakening 6.7 Abolitionism 6.8 Westward expansion and Manifest Destiny 6.9 Divisions between North and South 6.10 Civil War 6.11 Emancipation 6.12 Reconstruction Era 6.13 The West and the Gilded Age 7 20th century 7.1 Progressive Era 7.2 Imperialism 7.3 World War I 7.4 Women 's suffrage 7.5 Roaring Twenties and the Great Depression 7.6 World War II 7.7 The Cold War , counterculture , and civil rights 7.7. 1 Climax of liberalism 7.7. 2 Civil Rights Movement 7.7. 3 The Women 's Movement 7.7. 4 The Counterculture Revolution and Cold War Détente 7.8 Close of the 20th century 8 21st century 8.1 9 / 11 and the War on Terror 8.2 The Great Recession 8.3 Recent events 9 See also 10 References 11 Textbooks 12 Further reading 12.1 Primary sources 13 External links Pre-Columbian Era ( edit ) Main articles : Prehistory of the United States , History of Native Americans in the United States , and Pre-Columbian era See also : Native Americans in the United States This map shows the approximate location of the ice - free corridor and specific Paleoindian sites ( Clovis theory ) . It is not definitively known how or when the Native Americans first settled the Americas and the present - day United States . The prevailing theory proposes that people migrated from Eurasia across Beringia , a land bridge that connected Siberia to present - day Alaska during the Ice Age , and then spread southward throughout the Americas and possibly going as far south as the Antarctic Peninsula . This migration may have begun as early as 30,000 years ago and continued through to about 10,000 + years ago , when the land bridge became submerged by the rising sea level caused by the ending of the last glacial period . These early inhabitants , called Paleoamericans , soon diversified into many hundreds of culturally distinct nations and tribes . The pre-Columbian era incorporates all period subdivisions in the history and prehistory of the Americas before the appearance of significant European influences on the American continents , spanning the time of the original settlement in the Upper Paleolithic period to European colonization during the early modern period . While technically referring to the era before Christopher Columbus ' voyages of 1492 to 1504 , in practice the term usually includes the history of American indigenous cultures until they were conquered or significantly influenced by Europeans , even if this happened decades or even centuries after Columbus ' initial landing . Native development prior to European contact ( edit ) Main article : History of Native Americans in the United States The Cultural areas of pre-Columbian North America , according to Alfred Kroeber . Native American cultures are not normally included in characterizations of advanced stone age cultures as `` Neolithic , '' which is a category that more often includes only the cultures in Eurasia , Africa , and other regions . The archaeological periods used are the classifications of archaeological periods and cultures established in Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips ' 1958 book Method and Theory in American Archaeology . They divided the archaeological record in the Americas into five phases ; see Archaeology of the Americas . The Clovis culture , a megafauna hunting culture , is primarily identified by use of fluted spear points . Artifacts from this culture were first excavated in 1932 near Clovis , New Mexico . The Clovis culture ranged over much of North America and also appeared in South America . The culture is identified by the distinctive Clovis point , a flaked flint spear - point with a notched flute , by which it was inserted into a shaft . Dating of Clovis materials has been by association with animal bones and by the use of carbon dating methods . Recent reexaminations of Clovis materials using improved carbon - dating methods produced results of 11,050 and 10,800 radiocarbon years B.P. ( roughly 9100 to 8850 BCE ) . Numerous Paleoindian cultures occupied North America , with some arrayed around the Great Plains and Great Lakes of the modern United States of America and Canada , as well as adjacent areas to the West and Southwest . According to the oral histories of many of the indigenous peoples of the Americas , they have been living on this continent since their genesis , described by a wide range of traditional creation stories . Other tribes have stories that recount migrations across long tracts of land and a great river , believed to be the Mississippi River . Genetic and linguistic data connect the indigenous people of this continent with ancient northeast Asians . Archeological and linguistic data has enabled scholars to discover some of the migrations within the Americas . A Folsom point for a spear . The Folsom Tradition was characterized by use of Folsom points as projectile tips , and activities known from kill sites , where slaughter and butchering of bison took place . Folsom tools were left behind between 9000 BCE and 8000 BCE . Na - Dené - speaking peoples entered North America starting around 8000 BCE , reaching the Pacific Northwest by 5000 BCE , and from there migrating along the Pacific Coast and into the interior . Linguists , anthropologists and archeologists believe their ancestors comprised a separate migration into North America , later than the first Paleo - Indians . They migrated into Alaska and northern Canada , south along the Pacific Coast , into the interior of Canada , and south to the Great Plains and the American Southwest . They were the earliest ancestors of the Athabascan - speaking peoples , including the present - day and historical Navajo and Apache . They constructed large multi-family dwellings in their villages , which were used seasonally . People did not live there year - round , but for the summer to hunt and fish , and to gather food supplies for the winter . The Oshara Tradition people lived from 5500 BCE to 600 CE . They were part of the Southwestern Archaic Tradition centered in north - central New Mexico , the San Juan Basin , the Rio Grande Valley , southern Colorado , and southeastern Utah . Since the 1990s , archeologists have explored and dated eleven Middle Archaic sites in present - day Louisiana and Florida at which early cultures built complexes with multiple earthwork mounds ; they were societies of hunter - gatherers rather than the settled agriculturalists believed necessary according to the theory of Neolithic Revolution to sustain such large villages over long periods . The prime example is Watson Brake in northern Louisiana , whose 11 - mound complex is dated to 3500 BCE , making it the oldest , dated site in the Americas for such complex construction . It is nearly 2,000 years older than the Poverty Point site . Construction of the mounds went on for 500 years until was abandoned about 2800 BCE , probably due to changing environmental conditions . Poverty Point culture is a Late Archaic archaeological culture that inhabited the area of the lower Mississippi Valley and surrounding Gulf Coast . The culture thrived from 2200 BCE to 700 BCE , during the Late Archaic period . Evidence of this culture has been found at more than 100 sites , from the major complex at Poverty Point ( a UNESCO World Heritage Site ) across a 100 - mile ( 160 km ) range to the Jaketown Site near Belzoni , Mississippi . Totem poles in Wrangell , Alaska . Poverty Point is a 1 square mile ( 2.6 km ) complex of six major earthwork concentric rings , with additional platform mounds at the site . Artifacts show the people traded with other Native Americans located from Georgia to the Great Lakes region . This is one among numerous mound sites of complex indigenous cultures throughout the Mississippi and Ohio valleys . They were one of several succeeding cultures often referred to as mound builders . The Woodland period of North American pre-Columbian cultures refers to the time period from roughly 1000 BCE to 1,000 CE in the eastern part of North America . The term `` Woodland '' was coined in the 1930s and refers to prehistoric sites dated between the Archaic period and the Mississippian cultures . The Hopewell tradition is the term for the common aspects of the Native American culture that flourished along rivers in the northeastern and midwestern United States from 200 BCE to 500 CE . The indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast were of many nations and tribal affiliations , each with distinctive cultural and political identities , but they shared certain beliefs , traditions and practices , such as the centrality of salmon as a resource and spiritual symbol . Their gift - giving feast , potlatch , is a highly complex event where people gather in order to commemorate special events . These events , such as , the raising of a Totem pole or the appointment or election of a new chief . The most famous artistic feature of the culture is the Totem pole , with carvings of animals and other characters to commemorate cultural beliefs , legends , and notable events . The Hopewell tradition was not a single culture or society , but a widely dispersed set of related populations , who were connected by a common network of trade routes , known as the Hopewell Exchange System . At its greatest extent , the Hopewell exchange system ran from the Southeastern United States into the southeastern Canadian shores of Lake Ontario . Within this area , societies participated in a high degree of exchange ; most activity was conducted along the waterways that served as their major transportation routes . The Hopewell exchange system traded materials from all over the United States . Major cultures ( edit ) Grave Creek Mound , located in Moundsville , West Virginia , is one of the largest conical mounds in the United States . It was built by the Adena culture . Adena culture : The Adena culture was a Native American culture that existed from 1000 BC to 200 BC , in a time known as the Early Woodland period . The Adena culture refers to what were probably a number of related Native American societies sharing a burial complex and ceremonial system . A map showing the extent of the Coles Creek cultural period and some important sites . Coles Creek culture : The Coles Creek culture is an indigenous development of the Lower Mississippi Valley that took place between the terminal Woodland period and the later Plaquemine culture period . The period is marked by the increased use of flat - topped platform mounds arranged around central plazas , more complex political institutions , and a subsistence strategy still grounded in the Eastern Agricultural Complex and hunting rather than on the maize plant as would happen in the succeeding Plaquemine Mississippian period . The culture was originally defined by the unique decoration on grog - tempered ceramic ware by James A. Ford after his investigations at the Mazique Archeological Site . He had studied both the Mazique and Coles Creek Sites , and almost went with the Mazique culture , but decided on the less historically involved sites name . It is ancestral to the Plaquemine culture . The Great House at the Casa Grande Ruins National Monument . Hohokam culture : The Hohokam was a culture centered along American Southwest . The early Hohokam founded a series of small villages along the middle Gila River . They raised corn , squash and beans . The communities were located near good arable land , with dry farming common in the earlier years of this period . They were known for their pottery , using the paddle - and - anvil technique . The Classical period of the culture saw the rise in architecture and ceramics . Buildings were grouped into walled compounds , as well as earthen platform mounds . Platform mounds were built along river as well as irrigation canal systems , suggesting these sites were administrative centers allocating water and coordinating canal labor . Polychrome pottery appeared , and inhumation burial replaced cremation . Trade included that of shells and other exotics . Social and climatic factors led to a decline and abandonment of the area after 1400 A.D. Ancestral Puebloan archeological sites The Great Kiva of Chetro Ketl at the Chaco Culture National Historical Park , UNESCO World Heritage Site . Cliff Palace , Mesa Verde National Park , a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Taos Pueblo , a UNESCO World Heritage site , is an Ancient Pueblo belonging to a Native American tribe of Pueblo people , marking the cultural development in the region during the Pre-Columbian era . White House Ruins , Canyon de Chelly National Monument Ancestral Puebloan culture : The Ancestral Puebloan culture covered present - day Four Corners region of the United States , comprising southern Utah , northern Arizona , northwestern New Mexico , and southwestern Colorado . It is believed that the Ancestral Puebloans developed , at least in part , from the Oshara Tradition , who developed from the Picosa culture . They lived in a range of structures that included small family pit houses , larger clan type structures , grand pueblos , and cliff sited dwellings . The Ancestral Puebloans possessed a complex network that stretched across the Colorado Plateau linking hundreds of communities and population centers . The culture is perhaps best known for the stone and earth dwellings built along cliff walls , particularly during the Pueblo II and Pueblo III eras . Three UNESCO World Heritage Sites located in the United States are credited to the Pueblos : Mesa Verde National Park , Chaco Culture National Historical Park and Taos Pueblo . The best - preserved examples of the stone dwellings are in National Parks , examples being , Navajo National Monument , Chaco Culture National Historical Park , Mesa Verde National Park , Canyons of the Ancients National Monument , Aztec Ruins National Monument , Bandelier National Monument , Hovenweep National Monument , and Canyon de Chelly National Monument . Mississippian culture Monks Mound of Cahokia ( UNESCO World Heritage Site ) in summer . The concrete staircase follows the approximate course of the ancient wooden stairs . An artistic recreation of The Kincaid Site from the prehistoric Mississippian culture as it may have looked at its peak 1050 -- 1400 CE . Engraved stone palette from Moundville , illustrating two horned rattlesnakes , perhaps referring to The Great Serpent of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex . Mississippian culture : The Mississippian culture which extended throughout the Ohio and Mississippi valleys and built sites throughout the Southeast , created the largest earthworks in North America north of Mexico , most notably at Cahokia , on a tributary of the Mississippi River in present - day Illinois . The ten - story Monks Mound at Cahokia has a larger circumference than the Pyramid of the Sun at Teotihuacan or the Great Pyramid of Egypt . The 6 square miles ( 16 km ) city complex was based on the culture 's cosmology ; it included more than 100 mounds , positioned to support their sophisticated knowledge of astronomy , and built with knowledge of varying soil types . The society began building at this site about 950 CE , and reached its peak population in 1,250 CE of 20,000 -- 30,000 people , which was not equalled by any city in the present - day United States until after 1800 . Cahokia was a major regional chiefdom , with trade and tributary chiefdoms located in a range of areas from bordering the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico . Kincaid c. 1050 -- 1400 AD , is one of the largest settlements of the Mississippian culture , it was located at the southern tip of present - day U.S. state of Illinois . Kincaid Mounds has been notable for both its significant role in native North American prehistory and for the central role the site has played in the development of modern archaeological techniques . The site had at least 11 substructure platform mounds ( ranking fifth for mound - culture pyramids ) . Artifacts from the settlement link its major habitation and the construction of the mounds to the Mississippian period , but it was also occupied earlier during the Woodland period . The Mississippian culture developed the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex , the name which archeologists have given to the regional stylistic similarity of artifacts , iconography , ceremonies and mythology . The rise of the complex culture was based on the people 's adoption of maize agriculture , development of greater population densities , and chiefdom - level complex social organization from 1200 CE to 1650 CE . The Mississippian pottery are some of the finest and most widely spread ceramics north of Mexico . Cahokian pottery was especially fine , with smooth surfaces , very thin walls and distinctive tempering , slips and coloring . Map of the Five Nations of the Iroquois ( from the Darlington Collection ) . Iroquois Culture : The Iroquois League of Nations or `` People of the Long House '' , based in present - day upstate and western New York , had a confederacy model from the mid-15th century . It has been suggested that their culture contributed to political thinking during the development of the later United States government . Their system of affiliation was a kind of federation , different from the strong , centralized European monarchies . Leadership was restricted to a group of 50 sachem chiefs , each representing one clan within a tribe . The Oneida and Mohawk people had nine seats each ; the Onondagas held fourteen ; the Cayuga had ten seats ; and the Seneca had eight . Representation was not based on population numbers , as the Seneca tribe greatly outnumbered the others . When a sachem chief died , his successor was chosen by the senior woman of his tribe in consultation with other female members of the clan ; property and hereditary leadership were passed matrilineally . Decisions were not made through voting but through consensus decision making , with each sachem chief holding theoretical veto power . The Onondaga were the `` firekeepers '' , responsible for raising topics to be discussed . They occupied one side of a three - sided fire ( the Mohawk and Seneca sat on one side of the fire , the Oneida and Cayuga sat on the third side . ) Elizabeth Tooker , an anthropologist , has said that it was unlikely theU. S. founding fathers were inspired by the confederacy , as it bears little resemblance to the system of governance adopted in the United States . For example , it is based on inherited rather than elected leadership , selected by female members of the tribes , consensus decision - making regardless of population size of the tribes , and a single group capable of bringing matters before the legislative body . Long - distance trading did not prevent warfare and displacement among the indigenous peoples , and their oral histories tell of numerous migrations to the historic territories where Europeans encountered them . The Iroquois invaded and attacked tribes in the Ohio River area of present - day Kentucky and claimed the hunting grounds . Historians have placed these events as occurring as early as the 13th century , or in the 17th century Beaver Wars . Through warfare , the Iroquois drove several tribes to migrate west to what became known as their historically traditional lands west of the Mississippi River . Tribes originating in the Ohio Valley who moved west included the Osage , Kaw , Ponca and Omaha people . By the mid-17th century , they had resettled in their historical lands in present - day Kansas , Nebraska , Arkansas and Oklahoma . The Osage warred with Caddo - speaking Native Americans , displacing them in turn by the mid-18th century and dominating their new historical territories . Native development in Hawaii ( edit ) Kamehameha I , founder of the Kingdom of Hawaii . Main article : History of Hawaii Native development in Hawaii begins with the settlement of Polynesians between 1st century to 10th century . Around 1200 AD Tahitian explorers found and began settling the area as well . This became the rise of the Hawaiian civilization and would be separated from the rest of the world for another 500 years until the arrival of the British . Europeans under the British explorer Captain James Cook arrived in the Hawaiian Islands in 1778 . Within five years of contact , European military technology would help Kamehameha I conquer most of the people , and eventually unify the islands for the first time ; establishing the Kingdom of Hawaii . Colonial period ( edit ) Main article : Colonial history of the United States European territorial claims in North America , c. 1750 France Great Britain Spain After a period of exploration sponsored by major European nations , the first successful English settlement was established in 1607 . Europeans brought horses , cattle , and hogs to the Americas and , in turn , took back to Europe maize , turkeys , potatoes , tobacco , beans , and squash . Many explorers and early settlers died after being exposed to new diseases in the Americas . The effects of new Eurasian diseases carried by the colonists , especially smallpox and measles , were much worse for the Native Americans , as they had no immunity to them . They suffered epidemics and died in very large numbers , usually before large - scale European settlement began . Their societies were disrupted and hollowed out by the scale of deaths . Spanish , Dutch , and French colonization ( edit ) Main articles : Spanish colonization of the Americas , Dutch colonization of the Americas , and French colonization of the Americas Spanish conquests of Continental United States The Spaniard Juan Ponce de León named Florida . The Spanish conquistador Coronado explored parts of the American Southwest from 1540 to 1542 . Spanish explorers were the first Europeans with Christopher Columbus ' second expedition , to reach Puerto Rico on November 19 , 1493 ; others reached Florida in 1513 . Spanish expeditions quickly reached the Appalachian Mountains , the Mississippi River , the Grand Canyon and the Great Plains . In 1540 , Hernando de Soto undertook an extensive exploration of the Southeast . In 1540 , Francisco Vásquez de Coronado explored from Arizona to central Kansas . Small Spanish settlements eventually grew to become important cities , such as San Antonio , Texas ; Albuquerque , New Mexico ; Tucson , Arizona ; Los Angeles , California ; and San Francisco , California . New Netherland was a 17th - century Dutch colony centered on present - day New York City and the Hudson River Valley ; the Dutch traded furs with the Native Americans to the north . The colony served as a barrier to expansion from New England . Despite being Calvinists and building the Reformed Church in America , the Dutch were tolerant of other religions and cultures . The colony , which was taken over by Britain in 1664 , left an enduring legacy on American cultural and political life . This includes secular broad - mindedness and mercantile pragmatism in the city as well as rural traditionalism in the countryside ( typified by the story of Rip Van Winkle ) . Notable Americans of Dutch descent include Martin Van Buren , Theodore Roosevelt , Franklin D. Roosevelt , Eleanor Roosevelt and the Frelinghuysens . New France was the area colonized by France from 1534 to 1763 . There were few permanent settlers outside Quebec and Acadia , but the French had far - reaching trading relationships with Native Americans throughout the Great Lakes and Midwest . French villages along the Mississippi and Illinois rivers were based in farming communities that served as a granary for Gulf Coast settlements . The French established plantations in Louisiana along with settling New Orleans , Mobile and Biloxi . The Wabanaki Confederacy were military allies of New France through the four French and Indian Wars while the British colonies were allied with the Iroquois Confederacy . During the French and Indian War -- the North American theater of the Seven Years ' War -- New England fought successfully against French Acadia . The British removed Acadians from Acadia ( Nova Scotia ) and replaced them with New England Planters . Eventually , some Acadians resettled in Louisiana , where they developed a distinctive rural Cajun culture that still exists . They became American citizens in 1803 with the Louisiana Purchase . Other French villages along the Mississippi and Illinois rivers were absorbed when the Americans started arriving after 1770 , or settlers moved west to escape them . French influence and language in New Orleans , Louisiana and the Gulf Coast was more enduring ; New Orleans was notable for its large population of free people of color before the Civil War . British colonization ( edit ) Further information : British colonization of the Americas The Mayflower , which transported Pilgrims to the New World . During the first winter at Plymouth , about half of the Pilgrims died . The strip of land along the eastern seacoast was settled primarily by English colonists in the 17th century along with much smaller numbers of Dutch and Swedes . Colonial America was defined by a severe labor shortage that employed forms of unfree labor such as slavery and indentured servitude and by a British policy of benign neglect ( salutary neglect ) . Over half of all European immigrants to Colonial America arrived as indentured servants . Salutary neglect permitted the development of an American spirit distinct from that of its European founders . Squanto known for having been an early liaison between the native populations in Southern New England and the Mayflower settlers , who made their settlement at the site of Squanto 's former summer village . The first successful English colony , Jamestown , was established in 1607 on the James River in Virginia . Jamestown languished for decades until a new wave of settlers arrived in the late 17th century and established commercial agriculture based on tobacco . Between the late 1610s and the Revolution , the British shipped an estimated 50,000 to 120,000 convicts to their American colonies . A severe instance of conflict was the 1622 Powhatan uprising in Virginia in which Native Americans killed hundreds of English settlers . The largest conflicts between Native Americans and English settlers in the 17th century were King Philip 's War in New England and the Yamasee War in South Carolina . Jennie Augusta Brownscombe , The First Thanksgiving at Plymouth , 1914 , Pilgrim Hall Museum , Plymouth , Massachusetts New England was initially settled primarily by Puritans . The Pilgrims established a settlement in 1620 at Plymouth Colony , which was followed by the establishment of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630 . The Middle Colonies , consisting of the present - day states of New York , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , and Delaware , were characterized by a large degree of diversity . The first attempted English settlement south of Virginia was the Province of Carolina , with Georgia Colony -- the last of the Thirteen Colonies -- established in 1733 . The Indian massacre of Jamestown settlers in 1622 . Soon the colonists in the South feared all natives as enemies . The colonies were characterized by people primarily of the Judeo - Christian faiths , with many Congregationalists in New England , German and Dutch Reformed in the Middle Colonies , Catholics in Maryland , and Scots - Irish Presbyterians on the frontier . Sephardic Jews were among early settlers in cities of New England and the South . Many immigrants arrived as religious refugees : French Huguenots settled in New York , Virginia and the Carolinas . Many royal officials and merchants were Anglicans . Religiosity expanded greatly after the First Great Awakening , a religious revival in the 1740s led by preachers such as Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield . American Evangelicals affected by the Awakening added a new emphasis on divine outpourings of the Holy Spirit and conversions that implanted within new believers an intense love for God . Revivals encapsulated those hallmarks and carried the newly created evangelicalism into the early republic , setting the stage for the Second Great Awakening beginning in the late 1790s . In the early stages , evangelicals in the South such as Methodists and Baptists preached for religious freedom and abolition of slavery ; they converted many slaves and recognized some as preachers . John Gadsby Chapman , The Baptism of Pocahontas ( 1840 ) . A copy is on display in the Rotunda of the U.S. Capitol . Each of the 13 American colonies had a slightly different governmental structure . Typically , a colony was ruled by a governor appointed from London who controlled the executive administration and relied upon a locally elected legislature to vote taxes and make laws . By the 18th century , the American colonies were growing very rapidly as a result of low death rates along with ample supplies of land and food . The colonies were richer than most parts of Britain , and attracted a steady flow of immigrants , especially teenagers who arrived as indentured servants . The tobacco and rice plantations imported African slaves for labor from the British colonies in the West Indies , and by the 1770s African slaves comprised a fifth of the American population . The question of independence from Britain did not arise as long as the colonies needed British military support against the French and Spanish powers . Those threats were gone by 1765 . London regarded the American colonies as existing for the benefit of the mother country . This policy is known as mercantilism . 18th century ( edit ) An upper - class , with wealth based on large plantations operated by slave labor , and holding significant political power and even control over the churches , emerged in South Carolina and Virginia . A unique class system operated in upstate New York , where Dutch tenant farmers rented land from very wealthy Dutch proprietors , such as the Rensselaer family . The other colonies were more equalitarian , with Pennsylvania being representative . By the mid-18th century Pennsylvania was basically a middle - class colony with limited deference to its small upper - class . A writer in the Pennsylvania Journal in 1756 summed it up : The People of this Province are generally of the middling Sort , and at present pretty much upon a Level . They are chiefly industrious Farmers , Artificers or Men in Trade ; they enjoy in are fond of Freedom , and the meanest among them thinks he has a right to Civility from the greatest . Political integration and autonomy ( edit ) Join , or Die : This 1756 political cartoon by Benjamin Franklin urged the colonies to join together during the French and Indian War . The French and Indian War ( 1754 -- 63 ) was a watershed event in the political development of the colonies . It was also part of the larger Seven Years ' War . The influence of the main rivals of the British Crown in the colonies and Canada , the French and North American Indians , was significantly reduced with the territory of the Thirteen Colonies expanding into New France both in Canada and the Louisiana Territory . Moreover , the war effort resulted in greater political integration of the colonies , as reflected in the Albany Congress and symbolized by Benjamin Franklin 's call for the colonies to `` Join or Die '' . Franklin was a man of many inventions -- one of which was the concept of a United States of America , which emerged after 1765 and was realized in July 1776 . Following Britain 's acquisition of French territory in North America , King George III issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763 with the goal of organizing the new North American empire and protecting the native Indians from colonial expansion into western lands beyond the Appalachian Mountains . In ensuing years , strains developed in the relations between the colonists and the Crown . The British Parliament passed the Stamp Act of 1765 , imposing a tax on the colonies without going through the colonial legislatures . The issue was drawn : did Parliament have this right to tax Americans who were not represented in it ? Crying `` No taxation without representation '' , the colonists refused to pay the taxes as tensions escalated in the late 1760s and early 1770s . An 1846 painting of the 1773 Boston Tea Party . The population density in the American Colonies in 1775 . The Boston Tea Party in 1773 was a direct action by activists in the town of Boston to protest against the new tax on tea . Parliament quickly responded the next year with the Coercive Acts , stripping Massachusetts of its historic right of self - government and putting it under army rule , which sparked outrage and resistance in all thirteen colonies . Patriot leaders from all 13 colonies convened the First Continental Congress to coordinate their resistance to the Coercive Acts . The Congress called for a boycott of British trade , published a list of rights and grievances , and petitioned the king for redress of those grievances . The appeal to the Crown had no effect , and so the Second Continental Congress was convened in 1775 to organize the defense of the colonies against the British Army . Ordinary folk became insurgents against the British even though they were unfamiliar with the ideological rationales being offered . They held very strongly a sense of `` rights '' that they felt the British were deliberately violating -- rights that stressed local autonomy , fair dealing , and government by consent . They were highly sensitive to the issue of tyranny , which they saw manifested in the arrival in Boston of the British Army to punish the Bostonians . This heightened their sense of violated rights , leading to rage and demands for revenge . They had faith that God was on their side . The American Revolutionary War began at Concord and Lexington in April 1775 when the British tried to seize ammunition supplies and arrest the Patriot leaders . In terms of political values , the Americans were largely united on a concept called Republicanism , that rejected aristocracy and emphasized civic duty and a fear of corruption . For the Founding Fathers , according to one team of historians , `` republicanism represented more than a particular form of government . It was a way of life , a core ideology , an uncompromising commitment to liberty , and a total rejection of aristocracy . '' American Revolution ( edit ) Main articles : American Revolution and History of the United States ( 1776 -- 89 ) See also : Commemoration of the American Revolution Washington 's surprise crossing of the Delaware River in Dec. 1776 was a major comeback after the loss of New York City ; his army defeated the British in two battles and recaptured New Jersey . The Thirteen Colonies began a rebellion against British rule in 1775 and proclaimed their independence in 1776 as the United States of America . In the American Revolutionary War ( 1775 -- 83 ) the Americans captured the British invasion army at Saratoga in 1777 , secured the Northeast and encouraged the French to make a military alliance with the United States . France brought in Spain and the Netherlands , thus balancing the military and naval forces on each side as Britain had no allies . General George Washington ( 1732 -- 99 ) proved an excellent organizer and administrator , who worked successfully with Congress and the state governors , selecting and mentoring his senior officers , supporting and training his troops , and maintaining an idealistic Republican Army . His biggest challenge was logistics , since neither Congress nor the states had the funding to provide adequately for the equipment , munitions , clothing , paychecks , or even the food supply of the soldiers . As a battlefield tactician , Washington was often outmaneuvered by his British counterparts . As a strategist , however , he had a better idea of how to win the war than they did . The British sent four invasion armies . Washington 's strategy forced the first army out of Boston in 1776 , and was responsible for the surrender of the second and third armies at Saratoga ( 1777 ) and Yorktown ( 1781 ) . He limited the British control to New York City and a few places while keeping Patriot control of the great majority of the population . Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence The Loyalists , whom the British counted upon too heavily , comprised about 20 % of the population but never were well organized . As the war ended , Washington watched proudly as the final British army quietly sailed out of New York City in November 1783 , taking the Loyalist leadership with them . Washington astonished the world when , instead of seizing power for himself , he retired quietly to his farm in Virginia . Political scientist Seymour Martin Lipset observes , `` The United States was the first major colony successfully to revolt against colonial rule . In this sense , it was the first ' new nation ' . '' On July 4 , 1776 , the Second Continental Congress , meeting in Philadelphia , declared the independence of `` the United States of America '' in the Declaration of Independence . July 4 is celebrated as the nation 's birthday . Historian George Billias says : Independence amounted to a new status of interdependence : the United States was now a sovereign nation entitled to the privileges and responsibilities that came with that status . America thus became a member of the international community , which meant becoming a maker of treaties and alliances , a military ally in diplomacy , and a partner in foreign trade on a more equal basis . The new nation was founded on Enlightenment ideals of liberalism in what Thomas Jefferson called the unalienable rights to `` life , liberty and the pursuit of happiness '' , and dedicated strongly to republican principles . Republicanism emphasized the people are sovereign ( not hereditary kings ) , demanded civic duty , feared corruption , and rejected any aristocracy . Every nation constructs and honors the memory of its founding ; following generations use it to establish its identity and define patriotism . The Revolution became the main source of the non-denominational `` American civil religion '' that has shaped patriotism , and the memory and meaning of the nation 's birth ever since . Key events and people were viewed as icons of fundamental virtues . Thus the Revolution produced a Moses - like leader ( George Washington ) , prophets ( Thomas Jefferson , Tom Paine ) , disciples ( Alexander Hamilton , James Madison ) and martyrs ( Boston Massacre , Nathan Hale ) , as well as devils ( Benedict Arnold ) . There are sacred places ( Valley Forge , Bunker Hill ) , rituals ( Boston Tea Party ) , emblems ( the new flag ) , sacred days ( Independence Day ) , and sacred scriptures whose every sentence is carefully studied ( The Declaration of Independence , the Constitution and the Bill of Rights ) . Early years of the Republic ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States ( 1789 -- 1849 ) See also : First Party System and Second Party System Confederation and Constitution ( edit ) Further information : Articles of Confederation and History of the United States Constitution Economic growth in America per capita income . Index with 1700 set as 100 . In the 1780s the national government was able to settle the issue of the western territories , which were ceded by the states to Congress and became territories . With the migration of settlers to the Northwest , soon they became states . Nationalists worried that the new nation was too fragile to withstand an international war , or even internal revolts such as the Shays ' Rebellion of 1786 in Massachusetts . Nationalists -- most of them war veterans -- organized in every state and convinced Congress to call the Philadelphia Convention in 1787 . The delegates from every state wrote a new Constitution that created a much more powerful and efficient central government , one with a strong president , and powers of taxation . The new government reflected the prevailing republican ideals of guarantees of individual liberty and of constraining the power of government through a system of separation of powers . The Congress was given authority to ban the international slave trade after 20 years ( which it did in 1807 ) . A compromise gave the South Congressional apportionment out of proportion to its free population by allowing it to include three - fifths of the number of slaves in each state 's total population . This provision increased the political power of southern representatives in Congress , especially as slavery was extended into the Deep South through removal of Native Americans and transportation of slaves by an extensive domestic trade . To assuage the Anti-Federalists who feared a too - powerful national government , the nation adopted the United States Bill of Rights in 1791 . Comprising the first ten amendments of the Constitution , it guaranteed individual liberties such as freedom of speech and religious practice , jury trials , and stated that citizens and states had reserved rights ( which were not specified ) . The New chief executive ( edit ) George Washington legacy remains among the two or three greatest in American history , as Commander - in - Chief of the Continental Army , hero of the Revolution , and the first President of the United States . George Washington -- a renowned hero of the American Revolutionary War , commander - in - chief of the Continental Army , and president of the Constitutional Convention -- became the first President of the United States under the new Constitution in 1789 . The national capital moved from New York to Philadelphia and finally settled in Washington DC in 1800 . The major accomplishments of the Washington Administration were creating a strong national government that was recognized without question by all Americans . His government , following the vigorous leadership of Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton , assumed the debts of the states ( the debt holders received federal bonds ) , created the Bank of the United States to stabilize the financial system , and set up a uniform system of tariffs ( taxes on imports ) and other taxes to pay off the debt and provide a financial infrastructure . To support his programs Hamilton created a new political party -- the first in the world based on voters -- the Federalist Party . Thomas Jefferson and James Madison formed an opposition Republican Party ( usually called the Democratic - Republican Party by political scientists ) . Hamilton and Washington presented the country in 1794 with the Jay Treaty that reestablished good relations with Britain . The Jeffersonians vehemently protested , and the voters aligned behind one party or the other , thus setting up the First Party System . Depiction of election - day activities in Philadelphia by John Lewis Krimmel , 1815 Federalists promoted business , financial and commercial interests and wanted more trade with Britain . Republicans accused the Federalists of plans to establish a monarchy , turn the rich into a ruling class , and making the United States a pawn of the British . The treaty passed , but politics became intensely heated . The Whiskey Rebellion in 1794 , when western settlers protested against a federal tax on liquor , was the first serious test of the federal government . Washington called out the state militia and personally led an army , as the insurgents melted away and the power of the national government was firmly established . Washington refused to serve more than two terms -- setting a precedent -- and in his famous farewell address , he extolled the benefits of federal government and importance of ethics and morality while warning against foreign alliances and the formation of political parties . John Adams , a Federalist , defeated Jefferson in the 1796 election . War loomed with France and the Federalists used the opportunity to try to silence the Republicans with the Alien and Sedition Acts , build up a large army with Hamilton at the head , and prepare for a French invasion . However , the Federalists became divided after Adams sent a successful peace mission to France that ended the Quasi-War of 1798 . Slavery ( edit ) Main article : Slavery in the United States Slaves Waiting for Sale : Richmond , Virginia . Painted upon the sketch of 1853 During the first two decades after the Revolutionary War , there were dramatic changes in the status of slavery among the states and an increase in the number of freed blacks . Inspired by revolutionary ideals of the equality of men and influenced by their lesser economic reliance on slavery , northern states abolished slavery . States of the Upper South made manumission easier , resulting in an increase in the proportion of free blacks in the Upper South ( as a percentage of the total non-white population ) from less than one percent in 1792 to more than 10 percent by 1810 . By that date , a total of 13.5 percent of all blacks in the United States were free . After that date , with the demand for slaves on the rise because of the Deep South 's expanding cotton cultivation , the number of manumissions declined sharply ; and an internal U.S. slave trade became an important source of wealth for many planters and traders . In 1809 , president James Madison severed the US 's involvement with the Atlantic slave trade . 19th century ( edit ) Jeffersonian Republican Era ( edit ) Jefferson saw himself as a man of the frontier and a scientist ; he was keenly interested in expanding and exploring the West . Jefferson 's major achievement as president was the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 , which provided U.S. settlers with vast potential for expansion west of the Mississippi River . Jefferson , a scientist himself , supported expeditions to explore and map the new domain , most notably the Lewis and Clark Expedition . Jefferson believed deeply in republicanism and argued it should be based on the independent yeoman farmer and planter ; he distrusted cities , factories and banks . He also distrusted the federal government and judges , and tried to weaken the judiciary . However he met his match in John Marshall , a Federalist from Virginia . Although the Constitution specified a Supreme Court , its functions were vague until Marshall , the Chief Justice ( 1801 -- 35 ) , defined them , especially the power to overturn acts of Congress or states that violated the Constitution , first enunciated in 1803 in Marbury v. Madison . War of 1812 ( edit ) Main article : War of 1812 Territorial expansion ; Louisiana Purchase in white . Thomas Jefferson defeated Adams for the presidency in the 1800 election . Americans were increasingly angry at the British violation of American ships ' neutral rights in order to hurt France , the impressment ( seizure ) of 10,000 American sailors needed by the Royal Navy to fight Napoleon , and British support for hostile Indians attacking American settlers in the Midwest . They may also have desired to annex all or part of British North America . Despite strong opposition from the Northeast , especially from Federalists who did not want to disrupt trade with Britain , Congress declared war on June 18 , 1812 . Oliver Hazard Perry 's message to William Henry Harrison after the Battle of Lake Erie began with what would become one of the most famous sentences in American military history : `` We have met the enemy and they are ours ''. ( citation needed ) This 1865 painting by William H. Powell shows Perry transferring to a different ship during the battle . The war was frustrating for both sides . Both sides tried to invade the other and were repulsed . The American high command remained incompetent until the last year . The American militia proved ineffective because the soldiers were reluctant to leave home and efforts to invade Canada repeatedly failed . The British blockade ruined American commerce , bankrupted the Treasury , and further angered New Englanders , who smuggled supplies to Britain . The Americans under General William Henry Harrison finally gained naval control of Lake Erie and defeated the Indians under Tecumseh in Canada , while Andrew Jackson ended the Indian threat in the Southeast . The Indian threat to expansion into the Midwest was permanently ended . The British invaded and occupied much of Maine . The British raided and burned Washington , but were repelled at Baltimore in 1814 -- where the `` Star Spangled Banner '' was written to celebrate the American success . In upstate New York a major British invasion of New York State was turned back . Finally in early 1815 Andrew Jackson decisively defeated a major British invasion at the Battle of New Orleans , making him the most famous war hero . With Napoleon ( apparently ) gone , the causes of the war had evaporated and both sides agreed to a peace that left the prewar boundaries intact . Americans claimed victory on February 18 , 1815 as news came almost simultaneously of Jackson 's victory of New Orleans and the peace treaty that left the prewar boundaries in place . Americans swelled with pride at success in the `` second war of independence '' ; the naysayers of the antiwar Federalist Party were put to shame and the party never recovered . The Indians were the big losers ; they never gained the independent nationhood Britain had promised and no longer posed a serious threat as settlers poured into the Midwest . Era of good feelings ( edit ) Main article : Era of Good Feelings Era of Good Feelings As strong opponents of the war , the Federalists held the Hartford Convention in 1814 that hinted at disunion . National euphoria after the victory at New Orleans ruined the prestige of the Federalists and they no longer played a significant role as a political party . President Madison and most Republicans realized they were foolish to let the Bank of the United States close down , for its absence greatly hindered the financing of the war . So , with the assistance of foreign bankers , they chartered the Second Bank of the United States in 1816 . Settlers crossing the Plains of Nebraska . The Republicans also imposed tariffs designed to protect the infant industries that had been created when Britain was blockading the U.S. With the collapse of the Federalists as a party , the adoption of many Federalist principles by the Republicans , and the systematic policy of President James Monroe in his two terms ( 1817 -- 25 ) to downplay partisanship , the nation entered an Era of Good Feelings , with far less partisanship than before ( or after ) , and closed out the First Party System . The Monroe Doctrine , expressed in 1823 , proclaimed the United States ' opinion that European powers should no longer colonize or interfere in the Americas . This was a defining moment in the foreign policy of the United States . The Monroe Doctrine was adopted in response to American and British fears over Russian and French expansion into the Western Hemisphere . In 1832 , President Andrew Jackson , 7th President of the United States , ran for a second term under the slogan `` Jackson and no bank '' and did not renew the charter of the Second Bank of the United States of America , ending the Bank in 1836 . Jackson was convinced that central banking was used by the elite to take advantage of the average American , and instead implemented state banks , popularly known as `` pet banks . '' Indian removal ( edit ) Main article : Indian removal The Indian Removal Act resulted in the transplantation of several Native American tribes and the Trail of Tears . In 1830 , Congress passed the Indian Removal Act , which authorized the president to negotiate treaties that exchanged Native American tribal lands in the eastern states for lands west of the Mississippi River . Its goal was primarily to remove Native Americans , including the Five Civilized Tribes , from the American Southeast ; they occupied land that settlers wanted . Jacksonian Democrats demanded the forcible removal of native populations who refused to acknowledge state laws to reservations in the West ; Whigs and religious leaders opposed the move as inhumane . Thousands of deaths resulted from the relocations , as seen in the Cherokee Trail of Tears . Many of the Seminole Indians in Florida refused to move west ; they fought the Army for years in the Seminole Wars . Second Party system ( edit ) Main articles : Second Party System and Presidency of Andrew Jackson Henry Clay After the First Party System of Federalists and Republicans withered away in the 1820s , the stage was set for the emergence of a new party system based on well organized local parties that appealed for the votes of ( almost ) all adult white men . The former Jeffersonian ( Democratic - Republican ) party split into factions . They split over the choice of a successor to President James Monroe , and the party faction that supported many of the old Jeffersonian principles , led by Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren , became the Democratic Party . As Norton explains the transformation in 1828 : Jacksonians believed the people 's will had finally prevailed . Through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties , political leaders , and newspaper editors , a popular movement had elected the president . The Democrats became the nation 's first well - organized national party ... and tight party organization became the hallmark of nineteenth - century American politics . Opposing factions led by Henry Clay helped form the Whig Party . The Democratic Party had a small but decisive advantage over the Whigs until the 1850s , when the Whigs fell apart over the issue of slavery . Behind the platforms issued by state and national parties stood a widely shared political outlook that characterized the Democrats : Horace Greeley 's New York Tribune -- the leading Whig paper -- endorsed Clay for President and Fillmore for Governor , 1844 . The Democrats represented a wide range of views but shared a fundamental commitment to the Jeffersonian concept of an agrarian society . They viewed the central government as the enemy of individual liberty . The 1824 `` corrupt bargain '' had strengthened their suspicion of Washington politics ... Jacksonians feared the concentration of economic and political power . They believed that government intervention in the economy benefited special - interest groups and created corporate monopolies that favored the rich . They sought to restore the independence of the individual ( the `` common man , '' i.e. the artisan and the ordinary farmer ) by ending federal support of banks and corporations and restricting the use of paper currency , which they distrusted . Their definition of the proper role of government tended to be negative , and Jackson 's political power was largely expressed in negative acts . He exercised the veto more than all previous presidents combined . Jackson and his supporters also opposed reform as a movement . Reformers eager to turn their programs into legislation called for a more active government . But Democrats tended to oppose programs like educational reform mid the establishment of a public education system . They believed , for instance , that public schools restricted individual liberty by interfering with parental responsibility and undermined freedom of religion by replacing church schools . Nor did Jackson share reformers ' humanitarian concerns . He had no sympathy for American Indians , initiating the removal of the Cherokees along the Trail of Tears . Second Great Awakening ( edit ) Main article : Second Great Awakening A drawing of a Protestant camp meeting , 1829 . The Second Great Awakening was a Protestant revival movement that affected the entire nation during the early 19th century and led to rapid church growth . The movement began around 1790 , gained momentum by 1800 , and , after 1820 membership rose rapidly among Baptist and Methodist congregations , whose preachers led the movement . It was past its peak by the 1840s . It enrolled millions of new members in existing evangelical denominations and led to the formation of new denominations . Many converts believed that the Awakening heralded a new millennial age . The Second Great Awakening stimulated the establishment of many reform movements -- including abolitionism and temperance designed to remove the evils of society before the anticipated Second Coming of Jesus Christ . Abolitionism ( edit ) Main article : Abolitionism in the United States Officers and men of the Irish - Catholic 69th New York Volunteer Regiment attend Catholic services in 1861 . After 1840 the abolitionist movement redefined itself as a crusade against the sin of slave ownership . It mobilized support ( especially among religious women in the Northeast affected by the Second Great Awakening ) . William Lloyd Garrison , a radical abolitionist , published the most influential of the many anti-slavery newspapers , The Liberator , while Frederick Douglass , an ex-slave , began writing for that newspaper around 1840 and started his own abolitionist newspaper North Star in 1847 . The great majority of anti-slavery activists , such as Abraham Lincoln , rejected Garrison 's theology and held that slavery was an unfortunate social evil , not a sin . Westward expansion and manifest Destiny ( edit ) Main article : American frontier The American colonies and the new nation grew rapidly in population and area , as pioneers pushed the frontier of settlement west . The process finally ended around 1890 -- 1912 as the last major farmlands and ranch lands were settled . Native American tribes in some places resisted militarily , but they were overwhelmed by settlers and the army and after 1830 were relocated to reservations in the west . The highly influential `` Frontier Thesis '' of Wisconsin historian Frederick Jackson Turner argues that the frontier shaped the national character , with its boldness , violence , innovation , individualism , and democracy . The California Gold Rush news of gold brought some 300,000 people to California from the rest of the United States and abroad . Recent historians have emphasized the multicultural nature of the frontier . Enormous popular attention in the media focuses on the `` Wild West '' of the second half of the 19th century . As defined by Hine and Faragher , `` frontier history tells the story of the creation and defense of communities , the use of the land , the development of markets , and the formation of states '' . They explain , `` It is a tale of conquest , but also one of survival , persistence , and the merging of peoples and cultures that gave birth and continuing life to America . '' The first settlers in the west were the Spanish in New Mexico ; they became U.S. citizens in 1848 . The Hispanics in California ( `` Californios '' ) were overwhelmed by over 100,000 gold rush miners . California grew explosively . San Francisco by 1880 had become the economic hub of the entire Pacific Coast with a diverse population of a quarter million . From the early 1830s to 1869 , the Oregon Trail and its many offshoots were used by over 300,000 settlers . ' 49ers ( in the California Gold Rush ) , ranchers , farmers , and entrepreneurs and their families headed to California , Oregon , and other points in the far west . Wagon - trains took five or six months on foot ; after 1869 , the trip took 6 days by rail . Manifest Destiny was the belief that American settlers were destined to expand across the continent . This concept was born out of `` A sense of mission to redeem the Old World by high example ... generated by the potentialities of a new earth for building a new heaven . '' Manifest Destiny was rejected by modernizers , especially the Whigs like Henry Clay and Abraham Lincoln who wanted to build cities and factories -- not more farms . Democrats strongly favored expansion , and won the key election of 1844 . After a bitter debate in Congress the Republic of Texas was annexed in 1845 , leading to war with Mexico , who considered Texas to be a part of Mexico due to the large numbers of Mexican settlers . The American occupation of Mexico City in 1848 The Mexican -- American War ( 1846 -- 48 ) broke out with the Whigs opposed to the war , and the Democrats supporting the war . The U.S. army , using regulars and large numbers of volunteers , defeated the Mexican armies , invaded at several points , captured Mexico City and won decisively . The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the war in 1848 . Many Democrats wanted to annex all of Mexico , but that idea was rejected by southerners who argued that by incorporating millions of Mexican people , mainly of mixed race , would undermine the United States as an exclusively white republic . Instead the U.S. took Texas and the lightly settled northern parts ( California and New Mexico ) . The Hispanic residents were given full citizenship and the Mexican Indians became American Indians . Simultaneously , gold was discovered in California in 1849 , attracting over 100,000 men to northern California in a matter of months in the California Gold Rush . A peaceful compromise with Britain gave the U.S. ownership of the Oregon Country , which was renamed the Oregon Territory . Divisions between North and South ( edit ) Main articles : Origins of the American Civil War and History of the United States ( 1849 -- 65 ) United States map , 1863 Union states Union territories not permitting slavery Border Union states , permitting slavery Confederate states Union territories permitting slavery ( claimed by Confederacy ) The central issue after 1848 was the expansion of slavery , pitting the anti-slavery elements in the North , against the pro-slavery elements that dominated the South . A small number of active Northerners were abolitionists who declared that ownership of slaves was a sin ( in terms of Protestant theology ) and demanded its immediate abolition . Much larger numbers in the North were against the expansion of slavery , seeking to put it on the path to extinction so that America would be committed to free land ( as in low - cost farms owned and cultivated by a family ) , free labor , and free speech ( as opposed to censorship of abolitionist material in the South ) . Southern whites insisted that slavery was of economic , social , and cultural benefit to all whites ( and even to the slaves themselves ) , and denounced all anti-slavery spokesmen as `` abolitionists . '' Justifications of slavery included economics , history , religion , legality , social good , and even humanitarianism , to further their arguments . Defenders of slavery argued that the sudden end to the slave economy would have had a profound and killing economic impact in the South where reliance on slave labor was the foundation of their economy . They also argued that if all the slaves were freed , there would be widespread unemployment and chaos . Religious activists split on slavery , with the Methodists and Baptists dividing into northern and southern denominations . In the North , the Methodists , Congregationalists , and Quakers included many abolitionists , especially among women activists . ( The Catholic , Episcopal and Lutheran denominations largely ignored the slavery issue . ) The issue of slavery in the new territories was seemingly settled by the Compromise of 1850 , brokered by Whig Henry Clay and Democrat Stephen Douglas ; the Compromise included the admission of California as a free state in exchange for no federal restrictions on slavery placed on Utah or New Mexico . The point of contention was the Fugitive Slave Act , which increased federal enforcement and required even free states to cooperate in turning over fugitive slaves to their owners . Abolitionists pounced on the Act to attack slavery , as in the best - selling anti-slavery novel Uncle Tom 's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe . The Compromise of 1820 was repealed in 1854 with the Kansas -- Nebraska Act , promoted by Senator Douglas in the name of `` popular sovereignty '' and democracy . It permitted voters to decide on the legality slavery in each territory , and allowed Douglas to adopt neutrality on the issue of slavery . Anti-slavery forces rose in anger and alarm , forming the new Republican Party . Pro - and anti - contingents rushed to Kansas to vote slavery up or down , resulting in a miniature civil war called Bleeding Kansas . By the late 1850s , the young Republican Party dominated nearly all northern states and thus the electoral college . It insisted that slavery would never be allowed to expand ( and thus would slowly die out ) . The Southern slavery - based societies had become wealthy based on their cotton and other agricultural commodity production , and some particularly profited from the internal slave trade . Northern cities such as Boston and New York , and regional industries , were tied economically to slavery by banking , shipping , and manufacturing , including textile mills . By 1860 , there were four million slaves in the South , nearly eight times as many as there were nationwide in 1790 . The plantations were highly profitable , due to the heavy European demand for raw cotton . Most of the profits were invested in new lands and in purchasing more slaves ( largely drawn from the declining tobacco regions ) . The United States , immediately before the Civil War . All of the lands east of , or bordering , the Mississippi River were organized as states in the Union , but the West was still largely unsettled . For 50 of the nation 's first 72 years , a slaveholder served as President of the United States and , during that period , only slaveholding presidents were re-elected to second terms . In addition , southern states benefited by their increased apportionment in Congress due to the partial counting of slaves in their populations . Slave rebellions , by Gabriel Prosser ( 1800 ) , Denmark Vesey ( 1822 ) , Nat Turner ( 1831 ) , and most famously by John Brown ( 1859 ) , caused fear in the white South , which imposed stricter oversight of slaves and reduced the rights of free blacks . The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 required the states to cooperate with slave owners when attempting to recover escaped slaves , which outraged Northerners . Formerly , an escaped slave that reached a non-slave state was presumed to have attained sanctuary and freedom under the Missouri Compromise . The Supreme Court 's 1857 decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford ruled that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional ; angry Republicans said this decision threatened to make slavery a national institution . After Abraham Lincoln won the 1860 election , seven Southern states seceded from the union and set up a new nation , the Confederate States of America ( Confederacy ) , on February 8 , 1861 . It attacked Fort Sumter , a U.S. Army fort in South Carolina , thus igniting the war . When Lincoln called for troops to suppress the Confederacy in April 1861 , four more states seceded and joined the Confederacy . A few of the ( northernmost ) `` slave states '' did not secede and became known as the border states ; these were Delaware , Maryland , Kentucky , and Missouri . During the war , the northwestern portion of Virginia seceded from the Confederacy . and became the new Union state of West Virginia . West Virginia is usually associated with the border states . Civil War ( edit ) Main article : American Civil War The Union had large advantages in men and resources at the start of the war . The ratio grew steadily in favor of the Union . The Civil War began on April 12 , 1861 , when elements of 100,000 Confederate forces attacked a U.S. military installation at Fort Sumter in South Carolina . In response to the attack , on April 15 , Lincoln called on the states to send detachments totaling 75,000 troops to recapture forts , protect the capital , and `` preserve the Union '' , which in his view still existed intact despite the actions of the seceding states . The two armies had their first major clash at the First Battle of Bull Run ( Battle of Manassas ) , ending in a Union defeat , but , more importantly , proved to both the Union and Confederacy that the war would be much longer and bloodier than originally anticipated . Lincoln with Allan Pinkerton and Major General John Alexander McClernand at the Battle of Antietam . The war soon divided into two theaters : Eastern and Western . In the western theater , the Union was relatively successful , with major battles , such as Perryville and Shiloh along with Union gunboat dominance of navigable rivers producing strategic Union victories and destroying major Confederate operations . Warfare in the Eastern theater began poorly for the Union as the Confederates won at Manassas Junction ( Bull Run ) , just outside Washington . Major General George B. McClellan was put in charge of the Union armies . After reorganizing the new Army of the Potomac , McClellan failed to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond , Virginia in his Peninsula Campaign and retreated after attacks from newly appointed Confederate General Robert E. Lee . Meanwhile , both sides concentrated in 1861 -- 62 on raising and training new armies . The main action was Union success in controlling the border states , with Confederates largely driven out of Maryland , West Virginia ( a new state ) , Kentucky and Missouri . The autumn 1862 Confederate campaign into Maryland was designed to hurt Union morale and win European support . It ended with Confederate retreat at the Battle of Antietam , and Lincoln 's warning he would issue an Emancipation Proclamation in January 1863 if the states did not return . Making slavery a central war goal Energized Republicans in the North , as well as their enemies , the anti-war Copperhead Democrats . It ended the risk of British and French intervention . Lee 's smaller army won at the Battle of Fredericksburg late in 1862 , causing yet another change in commanders . Lee won again at the Battle of Chancellorsville in May 1863 , while losing his top aide , Stonewall Jackson . But Lee pushed too hard and ignored the Union threat in the west . Lee invaded Pennsylvania in search of supplies and to cause war - weariness in the North . In perhaps the turning point of the war , Lee 's army was badly beaten at the Battle of Gettysburg , July 1 -- 3 , 1863 , and barely made it back to Virginia . On the homefront , industrial expansion in the North expanded dramatically , using its extensive railroad service , and moving industrial workers into munitions factories . Foreign trade increased , with the United States providing both food and cotton to Britain , And Britain sending in manufactured products and thousands of volunteers for the Union Army ( plus a few to the Confederates ) . The British operated blockade runners bringing in food , luxury items and munitions to the Confederacy , bringing out tobacco and cotton . The Union blockade increasingly shut down Confederate ports , and by late 1864 the blockade runners Were usually captured before they could make more than handful of runs . The Battle of Franklin , November 30 , 1864 . In the West , on July 4 , 1863 , Union forces under the command of General Ulysses S. Grant gained control of the Mississippi River at the Battle of Vicksburg , thereby splitting the Confederacy . Lincoln made General Grant commander of all Union armies . Grant put General William Tecumseh Sherman in charge of the Western armies . In 1864 , Sherman marched south from Chattanooga to capture Atlanta , a decisive victory that ended war jitters among Republicans in the North who feared they might fail to reelect Lincoln in 1864 . Lincoln won a landslide . The last two years of the war were bloody for both sides , With Sherman marching almost unopposed through central and eastern Georgia , then moving up through South Carolina and North Carolina , burning cities , destroying plantations , ruining railroads and bridges , but avoiding civilian casualties . Sherman demonstrated that the South line the long - term ability to resist a northern invasion . Much of the heartland of the Confederacy was physically destroyed , and could no longer provide desperately needed food , horses , mules , wagons , boots or munitions to its combat armies . In spring 1864 Grant , realizing that Lee was unable to replenishes casualties , while Lincoln would provide replacements for Union losses , launched a war of attrition against Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia . This war of attrition was divided into three main campaigns . The first of these , the Overland Campaign forced Lee to retreat into the city of Petersburg where Grant launched his second major offensive , the Richmond - Petersburg Campaign in which he besieged Petersburg . After a near ten - month siege , Petersburg surrendered . However , the defense of Fort Gregg allowed Lee to move his army out of Petersburg . Grant pursued and launched the final , Appomattox Campaign which resulted in Lee surrendering his Army of Northern Virginia numbering 28,000 on April 9 , 1865 , at Appomattox Court House . Other Confederate armies followed suit and the war ended with no postwar insurgency . The American Civil War was the world 's earliest industrial war . Railroads , the telegraph , steamships , and mass - produced weapons were employed extensively . The mobilization of civilian factories , mines , shipyards , banks , transportation and food supplies all foreshadowed the impact of industrialization in World War I. It remains the deadliest war in American history , resulting in the deaths of about 750,000 soldiers and an undetermined number of civilian casualties . About ten percent of all Northern males 20 -- 45 years old , and 30 percent of all Southern white males aged 18 -- 40 died . Its legacy includes ending slavery in the United States , restoring the Union , and strengthening the role of the federal government . According to historian Allan Nevins the Civil War had a major long - term impact on the United States in terms of developing its leadership potential and moving the entire nation beyond the adolescent stage : The fighting and its attendant demands upon industry , finance , medicine , and law also helped train a host of leaders who during the next 35 years , to 1900 , made their influence powerfully felt on most of the social , economic , and cultural fronts . It broke down barriers of parochialism ; it ended distrust of large - scale effort ; it hardened and matured the whole people emotionally . The adolescent land of the 1850s ... rose under the blows of battle to adult estate . The nation of the post-Appomattox generation , though sadly hurt ( especially in the South ) by war losses , and deeply scarred psychologically ( especially in the North ) by war hatreds and greeds , had at last the power , resolution , and self - trust of manhood . Emancipation ( edit ) See also : Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War and Emancipation Proclamation First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln by Francis Bicknell Carpenter ( People in the image are clickable . ) The Emancipation Proclamation was an executive order issued by President Abraham Lincoln on January 1 , 1863 . In a single stroke it changed the legal status , as recognized by the U.S. government , of 3 million slaves in designated areas of the Confederacy from `` slave '' to `` free . '' It had the practical effect that as soon as a slave escaped the control of the Confederate government , by running away or through advances of federal troops , the slave became legally and actually free . The owners were never compensated . Plantation owners , realizing that emancipation would destroy their economic system , sometimes moved their slaves as far as possible out of reach of the Union army . By June 1865 , the Union Army controlled all of the Confederacy and liberated all of the designated slaves . Large numbers moved into camps run by the Freedmen 's Bureau , where they were given food , shelter , medical care , and arrangements for their employment were made . The severe dislocations of war and Reconstruction had a large negative impact on the black population , with a large amount of sickness and death . Reconstruction Era ( edit ) Main article : Reconstruction Era See also : History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) Freedmen voting in New Orleans , 1867 . Reconstruction lasted from Lincoln 's Emancipation Proclamation of January 1 , 1863 to the Compromise of 1877 . The major issues faced by Lincoln were the status of the ex-slaves ( called `` Freedmen '' ) , the loyalty and civil rights of ex-rebels , the status of the 11 ex-Confederate states , the powers of the federal government needed to prevent a future civil war , and the question of whether Congress or the President would make the major decisions . The severe threats of starvation and displacement of the unemployed Freedmen were met by the first major federal relief agency , the Freedmen 's Bureau , operated by the Army . Three `` Reconstruction Amendments '' were passed to expand civil rights for black Americans : the Thirteenth Amendment outlawed slavery ; the Fourteenth Amendment guaranteed equal rights for all and citizenship for blacks ; the Fifteenth Amendment prevented race from being used to disfranchise men . Ex-Confederates remained in control of most Southern states for over two years , but changed when the Radical Republicans gained control of Congress in the 1866 elections . President Andrew Johnson , who sought easy terms for reunions with ex-rebels , was virtually powerless in the face of the Radical Republican Congress ; he was impeached , but the Senate 's attempt to remove him from office failed by one vote . Congress enfranchised black men and temporarily stripped many ex-Confederate leaders of the right to hold office . New Republican governments came to power based on a coalition of Freedmen made up of Carpetbaggers ( new arrivals from the North ) , and Scalawags ( native white Southerners ) . They were backed by the U.S. Army . Opponents said they were corrupt and violated the rights of whites . Atlanta 's railyard and roundhouse in ruins shortly after the end of the Civil War State by state they lost power to a conservative - Democratic coalition , which gained control of the entire South by 1877 . In response to Radical Reconstruction , the Ku Klux Klan ( KKK ) emerged in 1867 as a white - supremacist organization opposed to black civil rights and Republican rule . President Ulysses Grant 's vigorous enforcement of the Ku Klux Klan Act of 1870 shut down the Klan , and it disbanded . Paramilitary groups , such as the White League and Red Shirts emerged about 1874 that worked openly to use intimidation and violence to suppress black voting to regain white political power in states across the South during the 1870s . Rable described them as the military arm of the Democratic Party . Reconstruction ended after the disputed 1876 election . The Compromise of 1877 gave Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes the White House in exchange for removing all remaining federal troops in the South . The federal government withdrew its troops from the South , and Southern Democrats took control of every Southern state . From 1890 to 1908 , southern states effectively disfranchised most black voters and many poor whites by making voter registration more difficult through poll taxes , literacy tests , and other arbitrary devices . They passed segregation laws and imposed second - class status on blacks in a system known as Jim Crow that lasted until the Civil Rights Movement . The West and the Gilded Age ( edit ) Main article : Gilded Age The completion of the Transcontinental Railroad ( 1869 ) at First Transcontinental Railroad , by Andrew J. Russell . The latter half of the nineteenth century was marked by the rapid development and settlement of the far West , first by wagon trains and riverboats and then aided by the completion of the transcontinental railroad . Large numbers of European immigrants ( especially from Germany and Scandinavia ) took up low - cost or free farms in the Prairie States . Mining for silver and copper opened up the Mountain West . The United States Army fought frequent small - scale wars with Native Americans as settlers encroached on their traditional lands . Gradually the U.S. purchased the Native American tribal lands and extinguished their claims , forcing most tribes onto subsidized reservations . According to the U.S. Bureau of the Census ( 1894 ) , from 1789 to 1894 : The Indian wars under the government of the United States have been more than 40 in number . They have cost the lives of about 19,000 white men , women and children , including those killed in individual combats , and the lives of about 30,000 Indians . The actual number of killed and wounded Indians must be very much higher than the given ... Fifty percent additional would be a safe estimate ... Scottish immigrant Andrew Carnegie led the enormous expansion of the American steel industry . The `` Gilded Age '' was a term that Mark Twain used to describe the period of the late 19th century with a dramatic expansion of American wealth and prosperity , underscored by the mass corruption in the government . Reforms of the Age included the Civil Service Act , which mandated a competitive examination for applicants for government jobs . Other important legislation included the Interstate Commerce Act , which ended railroads ' discrimination against small shippers , and the Sherman Antitrust Act , which outlawed monopolies in business . Twain believed that this age was corrupted by such elements as land speculators , scandalous politics , and unethical business practices . Since the days of Charles A. Beard and Matthew Josephson , some historians have argued that the United States was effectively plutocratic for at least part of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era . As financiers and industrialists such as J.P. Morgan and John D. Rockefeller began to amass vast fortunes , many U.S. observers were concerned that the nation was losing its pioneering egalitarian spirit . By 1890 American industrial production and per capita income exceeded those of all other world nations . In response to heavy debts and decreasing farm prices , wheat and cotton farmers joined the Populist Party . An unprecedented wave of immigration from Europe served to both provide the labor for American industry and create diverse communities in previously undeveloped areas . From 1880 to 1914 , peak years of immigration , more than 22 million people migrated to the United States . Most were unskilled workers who quickly found jobs in mines , mills , factories . Many immigrants were craftsmen ( especially from Britain and Germany ) bringing human skills , and others were farmers ( especially from Germany and Scandinavia ) who purchased inexpensive land on the Prairies from railroads who sent agents to Europe . Poverty , growing inequality and dangerous working conditions , along with socialist and anarchist ideas diffusing from European immigrants , led to the rise of the labor movement , which often included violent strikes . Skilled workers banded together to control their crafts and raise wages by forming labor unions in industrial areas of the Northeast . Before the 1930s few factory workers joined the unions in the labor movement . Samuel Gompers led the American Federation of Labor ( 1886 -- 1924 ) , coordinating multiple unions . Industrial growth was rapid , led by John D. Rockefeller in oil and Andrew Carnegie in steel ; both became leaders of philanthropy ( Gospel of Wealth ) , giving away their fortunes to create the modern system of hospitals , universities , libraries , and foundations . Mulberry Street , along which Manhattan 's Little Italy is centered . Lower East Side , circa 1900 . Almost 97 % of residents of the 10 largest American cities of 1900 were non-Hispanic whites . The Panic of 1893 broke out and was a severe nationwide depression impacting farmers , workers , and businessmen who saw prices , wages , and profits fall . Many railroads went bankrupt . The resultant political reaction fell on the Democratic Party , whose leader President Grover Cleveland shouldered much of the blame . Labor unrest involved numerous strikes , most notably the violent Pullman Strike of 1894 , which was shut down by federal troops under Cleveland 's orders . The Populist Party gained strength among cotton and wheat farmers , as well as coal miners , but was overtaken by the even more popular Free Silver movement , which demanded using silver to enlarge the money supply , leading to inflation that the silverites promised would end the depression . The financial , railroad , and business communities fought back hard , arguing that only the gold standard would save the economy . In the most intense election in the nation 's history , conservative Republican William McKinley defeated silverite William Jennings Bryan , who ran on the Democratic , Populist , and Silver Republican tickets . Bryan swept the South and West , but McKinley ran up landslides among the middle class , industrial workers , cities , and among upscale farmers in the Midwest . Prosperity returned under McKinley , the gold standard was enacted , and the tariff was raised . By 1900 the U.S. had the strongest economy on the globe . Apart from two short recessions ( in 1907 and 1920 ) the overall economy remained prosperous and growing until 1929 . Republicans , citing McKinley 's policies , took the credit . 20th century ( edit ) Progressive Era ( edit ) Main article : Progressive Era American children of many ethnic backgrounds celebrate noisily in a 1902 Puck cartoon . Dissatisfaction on the part of the growing middle class with the corruption and inefficiency of politics as usual , and the failure to deal with increasingly important urban and industrial problems , led to the dynamic Progressive Movement starting in the 1890s . In every major city and state , and at the national level as well , and in education , medicine , and industry , the progressives called for the modernization and reform of decrepit institutions , the elimination of corruption in politics , and the introduction of efficiency as a criterion for change . Leading politicians from both parties , most notably Theodore Roosevelt , Charles Evans Hughes , and Robert La Follette on the Republican side , and William Jennings Bryan and Woodrow Wilson on the Democratic side , took up the cause of progressive reform . Women became especially involved in demands for woman suffrage , prohibition , and better schools ; their most prominent leader was Jane Addams of Chicago , who created settlement houses . `` Muckraking '' journalists such as Upton Sinclair , Lincoln Steffens and Jacob Riis exposed corruption in business and government along with rampant inner city poverty . Progressives implemented anti-trust laws and regulated such industries of meat - packing , drugs , and railroads . Four new constitutional amendments -- the Sixteenth through Nineteenth -- resulted from progressive activism , bringing the federal income tax , direct election of Senators , prohibition , and woman suffrage . The Progressive Movement lasted through the 1920s ; the most active period was 1900 -- 18 . Imperialism ( edit ) Further information : American imperialism This cartoon reflects the view of Judge magazine regarding America 's imperial ambitions following a quick victory in the Spanish -- American War of 1898 . The American flag flies from the Philippines and Hawaii in the Pacific to Cuba and Puerto Rico in the Caribbean . The United States emerged as a world economic and military power after 1890 . The main episode was the Spanish -- American War , which began when Spain refused American demands to reform its oppressive policies in Cuba . The `` splendid little war '' , as one official called it , involved a series of quick American victories on land and at sea . At the Treaty of Paris peace conference the United States acquired the Philippines , Puerto Rico , and Guam . Cuba became an independent country , under close American tutelage . Although the war itself was widely popular , the peace terms proved controversial . William Jennings Bryan led his Democratic Party in opposition to control of the Philippines , which he denounced as imperialism unbecoming to American democracy . President William McKinley defended the acquisition and was riding high as the nation had returned to prosperity and felt triumphant in the war . McKinley easily defeated Bryan in a rematch in the 1900 presidential election . After defeating an insurrection by Filipino nationalists , the United States engaged in a large - scale program to modernize the economy of the Philippines and dramatically upgrade the public health facilities . By 1908 , however , Americans lost interest in an empire and turned their international attention to the Caribbean , especially the building of the Panama Canal . In 1912 when Arizona became the final mainland state , the American Frontier came to an end . The canal opened in 1914 and increased trade with Japan and the rest of the Far East . A key innovation was the Open Door Policy , whereby the imperial powers were given equal access to Chinese business , with not one of them allowed to take control of China . World War I ( edit ) Main articles : American entry into World War I and United States home front during World War I American Cemetery at Romagne - sous - Montfaucon As World War I raged in Europe from 1914 , President Woodrow Wilson took full control of foreign policy , declaring neutrality but warning Germany that resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare against American ships supplying goods to Allied nations would mean war . Germany decided to take the risk and try to win by cutting off supplies to Britain through the sinking of ships such as the RMS Lusitania ; the U.S. declared war in April 1917 mainly from the threat of the Zimmermann telegram . American money , food , and munitions arrived quickly , but troops had to be drafted and trained ; by summer 1918 American soldiers under General John J. Pershing arrived at the rate of 10,000 a day , while Germany was unable to replace its losses . The result was Allied victory in November 1918 . President Wilson demanded Germany depose the Kaiser and accept his terms in the famed Fourteen Points speech . Wilson dominated the 1919 Paris Peace Conference but Germany was treated harshly by the Allies in the Treaty of Versailles ( 1919 ) as Wilson put all his hopes in the new League of Nations . Wilson refused to compromise with Senate Republicans over the issue of Congressional power to declare war , and the Senate rejected the Treaty and the League . Women 's suffrage ( edit ) Further information : Women 's suffrage in the United States Women suffragists demonstrating for the right to vote in 1913 . The women 's suffrage movement began with the June 1848 National Convention of the Liberty Party . Presidential candidate Gerrit Smith argued for and established women 's suffrage as a party plank . One month later , his cousin Elizabeth Cady Stanton joined with Lucretia Mott and other women to organize the Seneca Falls Convention , featuring the Declaration of Sentiments demanding equal rights for women , and the right to vote . Many of these activists became politically aware during the abolitionist movement . The women 's rights campaign during `` first - wave feminism '' was led by Stanton , Lucy Stone and Susan B. Anthony , among many others . Stone and Paulina Wright Davis organized the prominent and influential National Women 's Rights Convention in 1850 . The movement reorganized after the Civil War , gaining experienced campaigners , many of whom had worked for prohibition in the Women 's Christian Temperance Union . By the end of the 19th century a few western states had granted women full voting rights , though women had made significant legal victories , gaining rights in areas such as property and child custody . Women 's suffragists parade in New York City in 1917 , carrying placards with signatures of more than a million women . Around 1912 the feminist movement began to reawaken , putting an emphasis on its demands for equality and arguing that the corruption of American politics demanded purification by women because men could not do that job . Protests became increasingly common as suffragette Alice Paul led parades through the capital and major cities . Paul split from the large National American Woman Suffrage Association ( NAWSA ) , which favored a more moderate approach and supported the Democratic Party and Woodrow Wilson , led by Carrie Chapman Catt , and formed the more militant National Woman 's Party . Suffragists were arrested during their `` Silent Sentinels '' pickets at the White House , the first time such a tactic was used , and were taken as political prisoners . Women surrounded by posters in English and Yiddish supporting Franklin D. Roosevelt , Herbert H. Lehman , and the American Labor Party teach other women how to vote , 1936 . The old anti-suffragist argument that only men could fight a war , and therefore only men deserve the right to vote , was refuted by the enthusiastic participation of tens of thousands of American women on the home front in World War I. Across the world , grateful nations gave women the right to vote . Furthermore , most of the Western states had already given the women the right to vote in state and national elections , and the representatives from those states , including the first woman Jeannette Rankin of Montana , demonstrated that woman suffrage was a success . The main resistance came from the south , where white leaders were worried about the threat of black women voting . Congress passed the Nineteenth Amendment in 1919 , and women could vote in 1920 . NAWSA became the League of Women Voters , and the National Woman 's Party began lobbying for full equality and the Equal Rights Amendment , which would pass Congress during the second wave of the women 's movement in 1972 . Politicians responded to the new electorate by emphasizing issues of special interest to women , especially prohibition , child health , and world peace . The main surge of women voting came in 1928 , when the big - city machines realized they needed the support of women to elect Al Smith , a Catholic from New York City . Meanwhile , Protestants mobilized women to support Prohibition and vote for Republican Herbert Hoover . Roaring Twenties and the Great Depression ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States ( 1918 -- 45 ) Further information : Great Depression , Causes of the Great Depression , and New Deal Prohibition agents destroying barrels of alcohol in Chicago , 1921 . In the 1920s the U.S. grew steadily in stature as an economic and military world power . The United States Senate did not ratify the Treaty of Versailles imposed by its Allies on the defeated Central Powers ; instead , the United States chose to pursue unilateralism . The aftershock of Russia 's October Revolution resulted in real fears of Communism in the United States , leading to a Red Scare and the deportation of aliens considered subversive . Money supply decreased a lot between Black Tuesday and the Bank Holiday in March 1933 when there were massive bank runs across the United States . While public health facilities grew rapidly in the Progressive Era , and hospitals and medical schools were modernized , the nation in 1918 lost 675,000 lives to the Spanish flu pandemic . In 1920 , the manufacture , sale , import and export of alcohol were prohibited by the Eighteenth Amendment , Prohibition . The result was that in cities illegal alcohol became a big business , largely controlled by racketeers . The second Ku Klux Klan grew rapidly in 1922 -- 25 , then collapsed . Immigration laws were passed to strictly limit the number of new entries . The 1920s were called the Roaring Twenties due to the great economic prosperity during this period . Jazz became popular among the younger generation , and thus the decade was also called the Jazz Age . Dorothea Lange 's Migrant Mother depicts destitute pea pickers in California , centering on Florence Owens Thompson , a mother of seven , age 32 , in Nipomo , California , March 1936 . The Great Depression ( 1929 -- 39 ) and the New Deal ( 1933 -- 36 ) were decisive moments in American political , economic , and social history that reshaped the nation . During the 1920s , the nation enjoyed widespread prosperity , albeit with a weakness in agriculture . A financial bubble was fueled by an inflated stock market , which later led to the Stock Market Crash on October 29 , 1929 . This , along with many other economic factors , triggered a worldwide depression known as the Great Depression . During this time , the United States experienced deflation as prices fell , unemployment soared from 3 % in 1929 to 25 % in 1933 , farm prices fell by half , and manufacturing output plunged by one - third . Outgoing president Herbert Hoover and Roosevelt on Inauguration Day , 1933 In 1932 , Democratic presidential nominee Franklin D. Roosevelt promised `` a New Deal for the American people '' , coining the enduring label for his domestic policies . The desperate economic situation , along with the substantial Democratic victories in the 1932 elections , gave Roosevelt unusual influence over Congress in the `` First Hundred Days '' of his administration . He used his leverage to win rapid passage of a series of measures to create welfare programs and regulate the banking system , stock market , industry , and agriculture , along with many other government efforts to end the Great Depression and reform the American economy . The New Deal regulated much of the economy , especially the financial sector . It provided relief to the unemployed through numerous programs , such as the Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) and for young men , the Civilian Conservation Corps that undertook jobs such as forest fire fighting and creating public works . Large scale spending projects designed to provide high paying jobs and rebuild the infrastructure were under the purview of the Public Works Administration . Roosevelt turned left in 1935 -- 36 , building up labor unions through the Wagner Act . Unions became a powerful element of the merging New Deal Coalition , which won reelection for Roosevelt in 1936 , 1940 , and 1944 by mobilizing union members , blue collar workers , relief recipients , big city machines , ethnic , and religious groups ( especially Catholics and Jews ) and the white South , along with blacks in the North ( where they could vote ) . Some of the programs were dropped in the 1940s when the conservatives regained power in Congress through the Conservative Coalition . Of special importance is the Social Security program , begun in 1935 . World War II ( edit ) Further information : World War II , Military history of the United States during World War II , and United States home front during World War II The Japanese crippled American naval power with the attack on Pearl Harbor , destroying many battleships . In the Depression years , the United States remained focused on domestic concerns while democracy declined across the world and many countries fell under the control of dictators . Imperial Japan asserted dominance in East Asia and in the Pacific . Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy militarized and threatened conquests , while Britain and France attempted appeasement to avert another war in Europe . U.S. legislation in the Neutrality Acts sought to avoid foreign conflicts ; however , policy clashed with increasing anti-Nazi feelings following the German invasion of Poland in September 1939 that started World War II . Roosevelt positioned the U.S. as the `` Arsenal of Democracy '' , pledging full - scale financial and munitions support for the Allies -- but no military personnel . This was carried out through the Lend - Lease agreements . Japan tried to neutralize America 's power in the Pacific by attacking Pearl Harbor on December 7 , 1941 , which catalyzed American support to enter the war . The main contributions of the U.S. to the Allied war effort comprised money , industrial output , food , petroleum , technological innovation , and ( especially 1944 -- 45 ) , military personnel . Much of the focus in Washington was maximizing the economic output of the nation . The overall result was a dramatic increase in GDP , the export of vast quantities of supplies to the Allies and to American forces overseas , the end of unemployment , and a rise in civilian consumption even as 40 % of the GDP went to the war effort . This was achieved by tens of millions of workers moving from low - productivity occupations to high efficiency jobs , improvements in productivity through better technology and management , and the move into the active labor force of students , retired people , housewives , and the unemployed , and an increase in hours worked . Into the Jaws of Death : The Normandy landings began the Allied march toward Germany from the west . American corpses sprawled on the beach of Tarawa , November 1943 . It was exhausting ; leisure activities declined sharply . People tolerated the extra work because of patriotism , the pay , and the confidence that it was only `` for the duration '' , and life would return to normal as soon as the war was won . Most durable goods became unavailable , and meat , clothing , and gasoline were tightly rationed . In industrial areas housing was in short supply as people doubled up and lived in cramped quarters . Prices and wages were controlled , and Americans saved a high portion of their incomes , which led to renewed growth after the war instead of a return to depression . The Allies -- the United States , Britain , and the Soviet Union , China , as well as Poland , Canada and other countries -- fought the Axis powers of Germany , Italy , and Japan . The Allies saw Germany as the main threat and gave highest priority to Europe . The U.S. dominated the war against Japan and stopped Japanese expansion in the Pacific in 1942 . After losing Pearl Harbor and in the Philippines to the Japanese , and drawing the Battle of the Coral Sea ( May 1942 ) , the American Navy inflicted a decisive blow at Midway ( June 1942 ) . American ground forces assisted in the North African Campaign that eventually concluded with the collapse of Mussolini 's fascist government in 1943 , as Italy switched to the Allied side . A more significant European front was opened on D - Day , June 6 , 1944 , in which American and Allied forces invaded Nazi - occupied France from Britain . Bronze statue of Eisenhower at Capitol rotunda . On the home front , mobilization of the U.S. economy was managed by Roosevelt 's War Production Board . The wartime production boom led to full employment , wiping out this vestige of the Great Depression . Indeed , labor shortages encouraged industry to look for new sources of workers , finding new roles for women and blacks . However , the fervor also inspired anti-Japanese sentiment , leading to internment of Japanese - Americans . Research and development took flight as well , best seen in the Manhattan Project , a secret effort to harness nuclear fission to produce highly destructive atomic bombs . The Allies pushed the Germans out of France but faced an unexpected counterattack at the Battle of the Bulge in December . The final German effort failed , and , as Allied armies in East and West were converging on Berlin , the Nazis hurriedly tried to kill the last remaining Jews . The western front stopped short , leaving Berlin to the Soviets as the Nazi regime formally capitulated in May 1945 , ending the war in Europe . Over in the Pacific , the U.S. implemented an island hopping strategy toward Tokyo , establishing airfields for bombing runs against mainland Japan from the Mariana Islands and achieving hard - fought victories at Iwo Jima and Okinawa in 1945 . Bloodied at Okinawa , the U.S. prepared to invade Japan 's home islands when B - 29s dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , forcing the empire 's surrender in a matter of days and thus ending World War II . The U.S. occupied Japan ( and part of Germany ) , sending Douglas MacArthur to restructure the Japanese economy and political system along American lines . During the war , Roosevelt coined the term `` Four Powers '' to refer four major Allies of World War II , the United States , the United Kingdom , the Soviet Union and China , which later became the foundation of the United Nations Security Council . Though the nation lost more than 400,000 military personnel , the mainland prospered untouched by the devastation of war that inflicted a heavy toll on Europe and Asia . Participation in postwar foreign affairs marked the end of predominant American isolationism . The awesome threat of nuclear weapons inspired both optimism and fear . Nuclear weapons were never used after 1945 , as both sides drew back from the brink and a `` long peace '' characterized the Cold War years , starting with the Truman Doctrine in May 22 , 1947 . There were , however , regional wars in Korea and Vietnam . The Cold War , Counterculture , and Civil rights ( edit ) Main articles : History of the United States ( 1945 -- 64 ) , History of the United States ( 1964 -- 80 ) , and United States in the 1950s Cuban Missile Crisis a meeting with Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev in Vienna in 1961 . Following World War II , the United States emerged as one of the two dominant superpowers , the USSR being the other . The U.S. Senate on a bipartisan vote approved U.S. participation in the United Nations ( UN ) , which marked a turn away from the traditional isolationism of the U.S. and toward increased international involvement . The primary American goal of 1945 -- 48 was to rescue Europe from the devastation of World War II and to contain the expansion of Communism , represented by the Soviet Union . U.S. foreign policy during the Cold War was built around the support of Western Europe and Japan along with the policy of containment , stopping the spread of communism . The U.S. joined the wars in Korea and Vietnam to try to stop its spread . The Truman Doctrine of 1947 provided military and economic aid to Greece and Turkey to counteract the threat of Communist expansion in the Balkans . In 1948 , the United States replaced piecemeal financial aid programs with a comprehensive Marshall Plan , which pumped money into the economy of Western Europe , and removed trade barriers , while modernizing the managerial practices of businesses and governments . President Kennedy 's Civil Rights Address , June 11 , 1963 . The Plan 's $13 billion budget was in the context of a U.S. GDP of $258 billion in 1948 and was in addition to the $12 billion in American aid given to Europe between the end of the war and the start of the Marshall Plan . Soviet head of state Joseph Stalin prevented his satellite states from participating , and from that point on , Eastern Europe , with inefficient centralized economies , fell further and further behind Western Europe in terms of economic development and prosperity . In 1949 , the United States , rejecting the long - standing policy of no military alliances in peacetime , formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) alliance , which continues into the 21st century . In response the Soviets formed the Warsaw Pact of communist states , leading to the `` iron curtain '' . Apollo 11 In August 1949 the Soviets tested their first nuclear weapon , thereby escalating the risk of warfare . The threat of mutually assured destruction however , prevented both powers from nuclear war , and resulted in proxy wars , especially in Korea and Vietnam , in which the two sides did not directly confront each other . Within the United States , the Cold War prompted concerns about Communist influence . The unexpected leapfrogging of American technology by the Soviets in 1957 with Sputnik , the first Earth satellite , began the Space Race , won by the Americans as Apollo 11 landed astronauts on the moon in 1969 . The angst about the weaknesses of American education led to large - scale federal support for science education and research . In the decades after World War II , the United States became a global influence in economic , political , military , cultural , and technological affairs . Beginning in the 1950s , middle - class culture became obsessed with consumer goods . White Americans made up nearly 90 % of the population in 1950 . In 1960 , the charismatic politician John F. Kennedy was elected as the first and -- thus far -- only Roman Catholic President of the United States . The Kennedy family brought a new life and vigor to the atmosphere of the White House . His time in office was marked by such notable events as the acceleration of the United States ' role in the Space Race , escalation of the American role in the Vietnam War , the Cuban missile crisis , the Bay of Pigs Invasion , the jailing of Martin Luther King , Jr. during the Birmingham campaign , and the appointment of his brother Robert F. Kennedy to his Cabinet as Attorney General . Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas , Texas , on November 22 , 1963 , leaving the nation in profound shock . Climax of liberalism ( edit ) American soldiers during the Vietnam War , 1967 The climax of liberalism came in the mid-1960s with the success of President Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1963 -- 69 ) in securing congressional passage of his Great Society programs . They included civil rights , the end of segregation , Medicare , extension of welfare , federal aid to education at all levels , subsidies for the arts and humanities , environmental activism , and a series of programs designed to wipe out poverty . As recent historians have explained : Gradually , liberal intellectuals crafted a new vision for achieving economic and social justice . The liberalism of the early 1960s contained no hint of radicalism , little disposition to revive new deal era crusades against concentrated economic power , and no intention to redistribute wealth or restructure existing institutions . Internationally it was strongly anti-Communist . It aimed to defend the free world , to encourage economic growth at home , and to ensure that the resulting plenty was fairly distributed . Their agenda - much influenced by Keynesian economic theory - envisioned massive public expenditure that would speed economic growth , thus providing the public resources to fund larger welfare , housing , health , and educational programs . Johnson was rewarded with an electoral landslide in 1964 against conservative Barry Goldwater , which broke the decades - long control of Congress by the Conservative coalition . However , the Republicans bounced back in 1966 and elected Richard Nixon in 1968 . Nixon largely continued the New Deal and Great Society programs he inherited ; conservative reaction would come with the election of Ronald Reagan in 1980 . Meanwhile , the American people completed a great migration from farms into the cities and experienced a period of sustained economic expansion . Civil rights movement ( edit ) Main article : Civil Rights Movement Civil Rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. ( right ) , with President Lyndon B. Johnson in the background ( left ) Starting in the late 1950s , institutionalized racism across the United States , but especially in the South , was increasingly challenged by the growing Civil Rights Movement . The activism of African - American leaders Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King , Jr. led to the Montgomery Bus Boycott , which launched the movement . For years African Americans would struggle with violence against them but would achieve great steps toward equality with Supreme Court decisions , including Brown v. Board of Education and Loving v. Virginia , the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , and the Fair Housing Act of 1968 , which ended the Jim Crow laws that legalized racial segregation between whites and blacks . Duncan West speaking with Cesar Chavez . The Delano UFW rally . Duncan represented the Teamsters who were supporting the UFW and condemning their IBT leadership for working as thugs against a fellow union . Duncan and his wife Mary were the branch organizers of the LA IS . Martin Luther King , Jr. , who had won the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to achieve equality of the races , was assassinated in 1968 . Following his death others led the movement , most notably King 's widow , Coretta Scott King , who was also active , like her husband , in the Opposition to the Vietnam War , and in the Women 's Liberation Movement . There were 164 riots in 128 American cities in the first nine months of 1967 . Frustrations with the seemingly slow progress of the integration movement led to the emergence of more radical discourses during the early 1960s , which , in turn , gave rise to the Black Power movement of the late 1960s and early 1970s . The decade would ultimately bring about positive strides toward integration , especially in government service , sports , and entertainment . Native Americans turned to the federal courts to fight for their land rights . They held protests highlighting the federal government 's failure to honor treaties . One of the most outspoken Native American groups was the American Indian Movement ( AIM ) . In the 1960s , Cesar Chavez began organizing poorly paid Mexican - American farm workers in California . He led a five - year - long strike by grape pickers . Then Chávez formed the nation 's first successful union of farm workers . His United Farm Workers of America ( UFW ) faltered after a few years but after Chavez died in 1993 he became an iconic `` folk saint '' in the pantheon of Mexican Americans . The women 's movement ( edit ) Further information : Second - wave feminism Anti-Vietnam War demonstration , 1967 A new consciousness of the inequality of American women began sweeping the nation , starting with the 1963 publication of Betty Friedan 's best - seller , The Feminine Mystique , which explained how many housewives felt trapped and unfulfilled , assaulted American culture for its creation of the notion that women could only find fulfillment through their roles as wives , mothers , and keepers of the home , and argued that women were just as able as men to do every type of job . In 1966 Friedan and others established the National Organization for Women , or NOW , to act for women as the NAACP did for African Americans . Two hippies at Woodstock Protests began , and the new Women 's Liberation Movement grew in size and power , gained much media attention , and , by 1968 , had replaced the Civil Rights Movement as the U.S 's main social revolution . Marches , parades , rallies , boycotts , and pickets brought out thousands , sometimes millions . There were striking gains for women in medicine , law , and business , while only a few were elected to office . The Movement was split into factions by political ideology early on , however ( with NOW on the left , the Women 's Equity Action League ( WEAL ) on the right , the National Women 's Political Caucus ( NWPC ) in the center , and more radical groups formed by younger women on the far left ) . The proposed Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution , passed by Congress in 1972 was defeated by a conservative coalition mobilized by Phyllis Schlafly . They argued that it degraded the position of the housewife and made young women susceptible to the military draft . However , many federal laws ( i.e. , those equalizing pay , employment , education , employment opportunities , and credit ; ending pregnancy discrimination ; and requiring NASA , the Military Academies , and other organizations to admit women ) , state laws ( i.e. , those ending spousal abuse and marital rape ) , Supreme Court rulings ( i.e. ruling that the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment applied to women ) , and state ERAs established women 's equal status under the law , and social custom and consciousness began to change , accepting women 's equality . The controversial issue of abortion , deemed by the Supreme Court as a fundamental right in Roe v. Wade ( 1973 ) , is still a point of debate today . The Counterculture Revolution and Cold War détente ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States ( 1964 -- 80 ) United States Navy F - 4 Phantom II shadows a Soviet Tu - 95 Bear D aircraft in the early 1970s U.S. Senator Edmund Muskie speaking at Fairmount Park , Philadelphia on Earth Day , 1970 Amid the Cold War , the United States entered the Vietnam War , whose growing unpopularity fed already existing social movements , including those among women , minorities , and young people . President Lyndon B. Johnson 's Great Society social programs and numerous rulings by the Warren Court added to the wide range of social reform during the 1960s and 1970s . Feminism and the environmental movement became political forces , and progress continued toward civil rights for all Americans . The Counterculture Revolution swept through the nation and much of the western world in the late sixties and early seventies , further dividing Americans in a `` culture war '' but also bringing forth more liberated social views . Johnson was succeeded in 1969 by Republican Richard Nixon , who attempted to gradually turn the war over to the South Vietnamese forces . He negotiated the peace treaty in 1973 which secured the release of POWs and led to the withdrawal of U.S. troops . The war had cost the lives of 58,000 American troops . Nixon manipulated the fierce distrust between the Soviet Union and China to the advantage of the United States , achieving détente ( relaxation ; ease of tension ) with both parties . Nixon departs The Watergate scandal , involving Nixon 's cover - up of his operatives ' break - in into the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate office complex destroyed his political base , sent many aides to prison , and forced Nixon 's resignation on August 9 , 1974 . He was succeeded by Vice President Gerald Ford . The Fall of Saigon ended the Vietnam War and resulted in North and South Vietnam being reunited . Communist victories in neighboring Cambodia and Laos occurred in the same year . The OPEC oil embargo marked a long - term economic transition since , for the first time , energy prices skyrocketed , and American factories faced serious competition from foreign automobiles , clothing , electronics , and consumer goods . By the late 1970s the economy suffered an energy crisis , slow economic growth , high unemployment , and very high inflation coupled with high interest rates ( the term stagflation was coined ) . Since economists agreed on the wisdom of deregulation , many of the New Deal era regulations were ended , such as in transportation , banking , and telecommunications . Jimmy Carter , running as someone who was not a part of the Washington political establishment , was elected president in 1976 . On the world stage , Carter brokered the Camp David Accords between Israel and Egypt . In 1979 , Iranian students stormed the U.S. embassy in Tehran and took 66 Americans hostage , resulting in the Iran hostage crisis . With the hostage crisis and continuing stagflation , Carter lost the 1980 election to the Republican Ronald Reagan . On January 20 , 1981 , minutes after Carter 's term in office ended , the remaining U.S. captives held at the U.S. embassy in Iran were released , ending the 444 - day hostage crisis . Close of the 20th century ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States ( 1980 -- 91 ) Ronald Reagan at the Brandenburg Gate challenges Soviet premier Mikhail Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall in 1987 , shortly before the end of the Cold War . Ronald Reagan produced a major realignment with his 1980 and 1984 landslide elections . Reagan 's economic policies ( dubbed `` Reaganomics '' ) and the implementation of the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 lowered the top marginal tax rate from 70 % to 28 % over the course of seven years . Reagan continued to downsize government taxation and regulation . The U.S. experienced a recession in 1982 , but the negative indicators reversed , with the inflation rate decreasing from 11 % to 2 % , the unemployment rate decreasing from 10.8 % in December 1982 to 7.5 % in November 1984 , and the economic growth rate increasing from 4.5 % to 7.2 % . Reagan ordered a buildup of the U.S. military , incurring additional budget deficits . Reagan introduced a complicated missile defense system known as the Strategic Defense Initiative ( SDI ) ( dubbed `` Star Wars '' by opponents ) in which , theoretically , the U.S. could shoot down missiles with laser systems in space . The Soviets reacted harshly because they thought it violated the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty , and would upset the balance of power by giving the U.S. a major military advantage . For years Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev argued vehemently against SDI . However , by the late 1980s he decided the system would never work and should not be used to block disarmament deals with the U.S. Historians argue how great an impact the SDI threat had on the Soviets -- whether it was enough to force Gorbachev to initiate radical reforms , or whether the deterioration of the Soviet economy alone forced the reforms . There is agreement that the Soviets realized they were well behind the Americans in military technology , that to try to catch up would be very expensive , and that the military expenses were already a very heavy burden slowing down their economy . Reagan 's Invasion of Grenada and bombing of Libya were popular in the U.S , though his backing of the Contras rebels was mired in the controversy over the Iran -- Contra affair that revealed Reagan 's poor management style . Supreme Court Justice - nominee Sandra Day O'Connor talks with President Ronald Reagan outside the White House , July 15 , 1981 . Serving from her appointment in 1981 by Ronald Reagan until her retirement in 2006 . She was the first woman to serve as a Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States . Reagan met four times with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev , who ascended to power in 1985 , and their summit conferences led to the signing of the Intermediate - Range Nuclear Forces Treaty . Gorbachev tried to save Communism in the Soviet Union first by ending the expensive arms race with America , then by shedding the East European empire in 1989 . The Soviet Union collapsed on Christmas Day 1991 , ending the U.S -- Soviet Cold War . Intermediate - Range Nuclear Forces Treaty The United States emerged as the world 's sole remaining superpower and continued to intervene in international affairs during the 1990s , including the 1991 Gulf War against Iraq . Following his election in 1992 , President Bill Clinton oversaw one of the longest periods of economic expansion and unprecedented gains in securities values , a side effect of the digital revolution and new business opportunities created by the Internet . He also worked with the Republican Congress to pass the first balanced federal budget in 30 years . In 1998 , Clinton was impeached by the House of Representatives on charges of lying about a sexual relationship with White House intern Monica Lewinsky . He was acquitted by the Senate . The failure of impeachment and the Democratic gains in the 1998 election forced House Speaker Newt Gingrich , a Republican , to resign from Congress . Clinton , Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat during the Oslo Accords on September 13 , 1993 . The Republican Party expanded its base throughout the South after 1968 ( excepting 1976 ) , largely due to its strength among socially conservative white Evangelical Protestants and traditionalist Roman Catholics , added to its traditional strength in the business community and suburbs . As white Democrats in the South lost dominance of the Democratic Party in the 1990s , the region took on the two - party apparatus which characterized most of the nation . The Republican Party 's central leader by 1980 was Ronald Reagan , whose conservative policies called for reduced government spending and regulation , lower taxes , and a strong anti-Soviet foreign policy . His iconic status in the party persists into the 21st century , as practically all Republican Party leaders acknowledge his stature . Social scientists Theodore Caplow et al. argue , `` The Republican party , nationally , moved from right - center toward the center in 1940s and 1950s , then moved right again in the 1970s and 1980s . '' They add : `` The Democratic party , nationally , moved from left - center toward the center in the 1940s and 1950s , then moved further toward the right - center in the 1970s and 1980s . '' The presidential election in 2000 between George W. Bush and Al Gore was one of the closest in U.S. history and helped lay the seeds for political polarization to come . The vote in the decisive state of Florida was extremely close and produced a dramatic dispute over the counting of votes . The U.S. Supreme Court in Bush v. Gore ended the recount with a 5 -- 4 vote . That meant Bush , then in the lead , carried Florida and the election . Including 2000 , the Democrats outpolled the Republicans in the national vote in every election from 1992 to 2016 , except for 2004 . 21st century ( edit ) 9 / 11 and the War on Terror ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States ( 1991 -- 2008 ) Further information : September 11 attacks and War on Terror The NASDAQ Composite index swelled with the dot - com bubble in the optimistic `` New Economy '' . The bubble burst in 2000 . On September 11 , 2001 ( `` 9 / 11 '' ) , the United States was struck by a terrorist attack when 19 al - Qaeda hijackers commandeered four airliners to be used in suicide attacks and intentionally crashed two into both twin towers of the World Trade Center and the third into the Pentagon , killing 2,937 victims -- 206 aboard the three airliners , 2,606 who were in the World Trade Center and on the ground , and 125 who were in the Pentagon . The fourth plane was re-taken by the passengers and crew of the aircraft . While they were not able to land the plane safely , they were able to re-take control of the aircraft and crash it into an empty field in Pennsylvania , killing all 44 people including the four terrorists on board , thereby saving whatever target the terrorists were aiming for . Within two hours , both Twin Towers of the World Trade Center completely collapsed causing massive damage to the surrounding area and blanketing Lower Manhattan in toxic dust clouds . All in all , a total of 2,977 victims perished in the attacks . In response , President George W. Bush on September 20 announced a `` War on Terror '' . On October 7 , 2001 , the United States and NATO then invaded Afghanistan to oust the Taliban regime , which had provided safe haven to al - Qaeda and its leader Osama bin Laden . The former World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan during September 11 attacks in 2001 One World Trade Center , built in its place The federal government established new domestic efforts to prevent future attacks . The controversial USA PATRIOT Act increased the government 's power to monitor communications and removed legal restrictions on information sharing between federal law enforcement and intelligence services . A cabinet - level agency called the Department of Homeland Security was created to lead and coordinate federal counter-terrorism activities . Some of these anti-terrorism efforts , particularly the U.S. government 's handling of detainees at the prison at Guantanamo Bay , led to allegations against the U.S. government of human rights violations . George W. Bush addressed the General Assembly of the United Nations on 12 September 2002 to outline the complaints of the United States government against the Iraqi government . In 2003 , from March 19 to May 1 , the United States launched an invasion of Iraq , which led to the collapse of the Iraq government and the eventual capture of Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein , with whom the U.S. had long - standing tense relations . The reasons for the invasion cited by the Bush administration included the spreading of democracy , the elimination of weapons of mass destruction ( a key demand of the UN as well , though later investigations found parts of the intelligence reports to be inaccurate ) , and the liberation of the Iraqi people . Despite some initial successes early in the invasion , the continued Iraq War fueled international protests and gradually saw domestic support decline as many people began to question whether or not the invasion was worth the cost . In 2007 , after years of violence by the Iraqi insurgency , President Bush deployed more troops in a strategy dubbed `` the surge '' . While the death toll decreased , the political stability of Iraq remained in doubt . Headquarters of the Lehman Brothers , who filed for bankruptcy in September 2008 at the height of the U.S. financial crisis . In 2008 , the unpopularity of President Bush and the Iraq war , along with the 2008 financial crisis , led to the election of Barack Obama , the first African - American President of the United States . After his election , Obama reluctantly continued the war effort in Iraq until August 31 , 2010 , when he declared that combat operations had ended . However , 50,000 American soldiers and military personnel were kept in Iraq to assist Iraqi forces , help protect withdrawing forces , and work on counter-terrorism until December 15 , 2011 , when the war was declared formally over and the last troops left the country . At the same time , Obama increased American involvement in Afghanistan , starting a surge strategy using an additional 30,000 troops , while proposing to begin withdrawing troops sometime in December 2014 . With regards to Guantanamo Bay , President Obama forbade torture but in general retained Bush 's policy regarding the Guantanamo detainees , while also proposing that the prison eventually be closed . In May 2011 , after nearly a decade in hiding , the founder and leader of Al Qaeda , Osama bin Laden , was killed in Pakistan in a raid conducted by U.S. naval special forces acting under President Obama 's direct orders . While Al Qaeda was near collapse in Afghanistan , affiliated organizations continued to operate in Yemen and other remote areas as the CIA used drones to hunt down and remove its leadership . The Boston Marathon Bombing was a bombing incident , followed by subsequent related shootings , that occurred when two pressure cooker bombs exploded during the Boston Marathon on April 15 , 2013 . The bombs exploded about 12 seconds and 210 yards ( 190 m ) apart at 2 : 49 pm EDT , near the marathon 's finish line on Boylston Street . They killed 3 people and injured an estimated 264 others . The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant -- formerly known as Al - Qaeda in Iraq -- rose to prominence in September 2014 . In addition to taking control of much of Western Iraq and Eastern Syria , ISIS also beheaded three journalists , two American and one British . These events lead to a major military offensive by the US and its allies in the region . On December 28 , 2014 , President Obama officially ended the combat mission in Afghanistan and promised a withdrawal of all remaining U.S. troops at the end of 2016 with the exception of the embassy guards . The Great recession ( edit ) Main article : Great Recession Congressional leadership meeting with then - President Obama in 2011 . In September 2008 , the United States , and most of Europe , entered the longest post -- World War II recession , often called the `` Great Recession . '' Multiple overlapping crises were involved , especially the housing market crisis , a subprime mortgage crisis , soaring oil prices , an automotive industry crisis , rising unemployment , and the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression . The financial crisis threatened the stability of the entire economy in September 2008 when Lehman Brothers failed and other giant banks were in grave danger . Starting in October the federal government lent $245 billion to financial institutions through the Troubled Asset Relief Program which was passed by bipartisan majorities and signed by Bush . Following his election victory by a wide electoral margin in November 2008 , Bush 's successor -- Barack Obama -- signed into law the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 , which was a $787 billion economic stimulus aimed at helping the economy recover from the deepening recession . Obama , like Bush , took steps to rescue the auto industry and prevent future economic meltdowns . These included a bailout of General Motors and Chrysler , putting ownership temporarily in the hands of the government , and the `` cash for clunkers '' program which temporarily boosted new car sales . The recession officially ended in June 2009 , and the economy slowly began to expand once again . The unemployment rate peaked at 10.1 % in October 2009 after surging from 4.7 % in November 2007 , and returned to 5.0 % as of October 2015 . However , overall economic growth has remained weaker in the 2010s compared to expansions in previous decades . Recent events ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States ( 2008 -- present ) Tea Party protesters walk towards the United States Capitol during the Taxpayer March on Washington , September 12 , 2009 . From 2009 to 2010 , the 111th Congress passed major legislation such as the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act , informally known as Obamacare , the Dodd -- Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and the Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell Repeal Act , which were signed into law by President Obama . Following the 2010 midterm elections , which resulted in a Republican - controlled House of Representatives and a Democratic - controlled Senate , Congress presided over a period of elevated gridlock and heated debates over whether or not to raise the debt ceiling , extend tax cuts for citizens making over $250,000 annually , and many other key issues . These ongoing debates led to President Obama signing the Budget Control Act of 2011 . In the Fall of 2012 , Mitt Romney challenged Barack Obama for the Presidency . Following Obama 's reelection in November 2012 , Congress passed the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 -- which resulted in an increase in taxes primarily on those earning the most money . Congressional gridlock continued as Congressional Republicans ' call for the repeal of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act -- popularly known as `` Obamacare '' -- along with other various demands , resulted in the first government shutdown since the Clinton administration and almost led to the first default on U.S. debt since the 19th century . As a result of growing public frustration with both parties in Congress since the beginning of the decade , Congressional approval ratings fell to record lows , with only 11 % of Americans approving as of October 2013 . Other major events that have occurred during the 2010s include the rise of new political movements , such as the conservative Tea Party movement and the liberal Occupy movement . There was also unusually severe weather during the early part of the decade . In 2012 , over half the country experienced record drought and Hurricane Sandy caused massive damage to coastal areas of New York and New Jersey . On the morning of June 26 , 2015 outside the Supreme Court , the crowd reacts to the Court 's decision on Obergefell v. Hodges The ongoing debate over the issue of rights for the LGBT community , most notably that of same - sex marriage , began to shift in favor of same - sex couples , and has been reflected in dozens of polls released in the early part of the decade . In 2012 , President Obama became the first president to openly support same - sex marriage , and the 2013 Supreme Court decision in the case of United States v. Windsor provided for federal recognition of same - sex unions . In June 2015 , the Supreme Court legalized gay marriage nationally in the case of Obergefell v. Hodges . Political debate has continued over issues such as tax reform , immigration reform , income inequality and U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East , particularly with regards to global terrorism , the rise of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and an accompanying climate of Islamophobia . Trump signing Executive Order 13769 at the Pentagon as the Vice President Mike Pence and Secretary of Defense James Mattis look on , January 27 , 2017 On November 8 , 2016 , Republican Party presidential nominee Donald Trump defeated Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton to become the President - elect of the United States . Trump 's election became mired in controversy after U.S. intelligence agencies concluded that associates of the Russian government interfered in the election `` to undermine public faith in the U.S. democratic process . '' This , along with questions about potential collusion between the Trump campaign and Russian officials , led to the launch of investigations into the matter by the FBI , and the Senate and the House Intelligence Committees . Historical graph of political party control of the Senate and House of Representatives as well as the Presidency . See also ( edit ) American urban history Colonial history of the United States Economic history of the United States History of agriculture in the United States History of education in the United States History of immigration to the United States History of religion in the United States History of the Southern United States History of women in the United States List of historians by area of study # History of the United States List of history journals # United States and Canada List of Presidents of the United States Military history of the United States Outline of United States history Politics of the United States Territorial evolution of the United States Territories of the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` New Ideas About Human Migration From Asia To Americas '' . ScienceDaily . October 29 , 2007 . Retrieved March 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Cohen & Bailey 2006 , p. 6 Jump up ^ Gordon R. Willey and Philip Phillips ( 1957 ) . Method and Theory in American Archaeology . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 89888 - 9 . Jump up ^ Deloria , V. , Jr. , ( 1997 ) Red Earth White Lies : Native Americans and The Myth of Scientific Fact . Jump up ^ Hillerman , Anthony G. ( 1973 ) . `` The Hunt for the Lost American '' , in The Great Taos Bank Robbery and Other Indian Country Affairs , University of New Mexico Press . ISBN 0 - 8263 - 0306 - 4 . Jump up ^ D.E. Dummond , `` Toward a Pre-History of the Na - Dene , with a General Comment on Population Movements among Nomadic Hunters '' , American Anthropological Association , 1969 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ Leer , Jeff , Doug Hitch , & John Ritter. 2001 . Interior Tlingit Noun Dictionary : The Dialects Spoken by Tlingit Elders of Carcross and Teslin , Yukon , and Atlin , British Columbia , Whitehorse , Yukon Territory : Yukon Native Language Centre . ISBN 1 - 55242 - 227 - 5 . Jump up ^ Joe W. Saunders * , Rolfe D. Mandel , Roger T. Saucier , E. Thurman Allen , C.T. Hallmark , Jay K. Johnson , Edwin H. Jackson , Charles M. Allen , Gary L. Stringer , Douglas S. Frink , James K. Feathers , Stephen Williams , Kristen J. Gremillion , Malcolm F. Vidrine , and Reca Jones , `` A Mound Complex in Louisiana at 5400 -- 5000 Years Before the Present '' , Science , September 19 , 1997 : Vol. 277 no . 5333 , pp. 1796 -- 1799 , accessed 2011 - 10 - 27 Jump up ^ ^ Fagan , Brian M. 2005 . Ancient North America : The Archaeology of a Continent . Fourth Edition . New York . Thames & Hudson Inc. p. 418 . Jump up ^ `` Hopewell '' . Ohio History Central . Jump up ^ Douglas T. Price , and Gary M. Feinman ( 2008 ) . Images of the Past , 5th edition . New York : McGraw - Hill . pp. 274 -- 277 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 340520 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Chenault , Mark , Rick Ahlstrom , and Tom Motsinger , ( 1993 ) In the Shadow of South Mountain : The Pre-Classic Hohokam of ' La Ciudad de los Hornos ' , Part I and II . Jump up ^ `` Ancestral Pueblo culture . 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Jump up ^ Eric Hinderaker and Rebecca Horn , `` Territorial Crossings : Histories and Historiographies of the Early Americas , '' William and Mary Quarterly ( 2010 ) 67 # 3 pp. 395 -- 432 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Robert Greenberger , Juan Ponce de León : the exploration of Florida and the search for the Fountain of Youth ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Pyne , Stephen J. ( 1998 ) . How the Canyon Became Grand . New York City : Penguin Books . pp. 4 -- 7 . ISBN 0 - 670 - 88110 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : A. Grove Day , Coronado 's Quest : The Discovery of the Southwestern States ( 1940 ) online Jump up ^ David J. Weber , New Spain 's Far Northern Frontier : Essays on Spain in the American West , 1540 -- 1821 ( 1979 ) ^ Jump up to : Jaap Jacobs , The Colony of New Netherland : A Dutch Settlement in Seventeenth - Century America ( 2nd ed . Cornell University Press ; 2009 ) online Jump up ^ Brebner , John Bartlet . New England 's Outpost : Acadia before the Conquest of Canada . 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Jump up ^ James Davie Butler , `` British Convicts Shipped to American Colonies , '' American Historical Review ( 1896 ) 2 # 1 pp. 12 -- 33 in JSTOR ; Thomas Keneally , The Commonwealth of Thieves , Random House Publishing , Sydney , 2005 . Jump up ^ Tougias , Michael ( 1997 ) . `` King Philip 's War in New England '' . HistoryPlace.com . Jump up ^ Oatis , Steven J. ( 2004 ) . A Colonial Complex : South Carolina 's Frontiers in the Era of the Yamasee War , 1680 -- 1730 . University of Nebraska Press . p. 167 . Jump up ^ Richard Middleton and Anne Lombard Colonial America : A History to 1763 ( 4th ed. 2011 ) Jump up ^ Patricia U. Bonomi , Under the Cope of Heaven : Religion , Society , and Politics in Colonial America ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Thomas S. Kidd , The Great Awakening : The Roots of Evangelical Christianity in Colonial America ( 2009 ) ^ Jump up to : Max Savelle ( 2005 ) ( 1948 ) . Seeds of Liberty : The Genesis of the American Mind . Kessinger Publishing . pp. 185 -- 90 . ISBN 9781419107078 . Jump up ^ Clinton Rossiter , Seedtime of the Republic : the origin of the American tradition of political liberty ( 1953 ) p 106 . Jump up ^ H.W. Brands ( 2010 ) . The First American : The Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin . Random House Digital , Inc . pp. 232 -- 40 , 510 -- 12 . ISBN 9780307754943 . Jump up ^ Edmund S. Morgan ( 2012 ) ( 1956 ) . The Birth of the Republic , 1763 -- 89 ( 4th ed . ) . U. of Chicago Press . pp. 14 -- 27 . ISBN 9780226923420 . Jump up ^ Robert Allison ( 2007 ) . The Boston Tea Party . Applewood Books . pp. 47 -- 63 . ISBN 9781933212111 . Jump up ^ Mark Edward Lender , review of American Insurgents , American Patriots : The Revolution of the People ( 2010 ) by T.H. Breen , in The Journal of Military History ( 2012 ) 76 # 1 p. 233 - 4 Jump up ^ Robert A. Divine , T.H. Breen , et al . The American Story ( 3rd ed. 2007 ) p 147 Jump up ^ John E. Ferling , Independence : The Struggle to Set America Free ( 2011 ) ^ Jump up to : Lesson Plan on `` What Made George Washington a Good Military Leader ? '' NEH EDSITEMENT Jump up ^ Lipset , The First New Nation ( 1979 ) p. 2 Jump up ^ George Billias American Constitutionalism Heard Round the World , 1776 -- 1989 ( 2011 ) p 17 . Jump up ^ Gordon S. Wood , The American Revolution : A History ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Barry Schwartz , `` The social context of commemoration : A study in collective memory . '' Social forces 61.2 ( 1982 ) : 374 - 402 . online Jump up ^ Jill Lepore , The Whites Of Their Eyes : The Tea Party 's Revolution and the Battle Over American History ( 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Robert P. Hay , `` George Washington : American Moses , '' American Quarterly ( 1969 ) 21 # 4 pp 780 - 91 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Catherine L. Albanese , Sons of the Fathers : The Civil Religion of the American Revolution ( 1977 ) ^ Jump up to : Jack P. Greene , and J.R. Pole , eds . A Companion to the American Revolution ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Richard Labunski , James Madison and the Struggle for the Bill of Rights ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Forrest McDonald , The Presidency of George Washington ( 1974 ) ^ Jump up to : Marshall Smelser , `` The Jacobin Phrenzy : The Menace of Monarchy , Plutocracy , and Anglophilia , 1789 -- 1798 , '' Review of Politics ( 1959 ) 21 # 1 pp 239 -- 258 in JSTOR Jump up ^ John C. Miller , The Federalist Era : 1789 -- 1801 ( 1960 ) Jump up ^ Lesson Plan on `` Washington and the Whiskey Rebellion '' NEH EDSITEMENT Jump up ^ `` George Washington 's Farewell Address '' . Archiving Early America . Retrieved June 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ David McCullough , John Adams ( 2008 ) ch 10 Jump up ^ Peter Kolchin , American Slavery , 1619 -- 1877 , New York : Hill and Wang , 1993 , pp. 79 -- 81 Jump up ^ Gordon S. Wood , Empire of Liberty : A History of the Early Republic , 1789 -- 1815 ( 2009 ) pp 368 -- 74 Jump up ^ Stephen E. Ambrose , Undaunted Courage : Meriwether Lewis , Thomas Jefferson , and the Opening of the American West ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ Jean Edward Smith , John Marshall : Definer of a Nation ( 1998 ) pp 309 -- 26 Jump up ^ Stagg 1983 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Carlisle & Golson 2007 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Pratt , Julius W. ( 1925b . ) Expansionists of 1812 Jump up ^ David Heidler , Jeanne T. Heidler , The War of 1812 , p. 4 Jump up ^ The Encyclopedia of the War of 1812 , Spencer Tucker , p. 236 Jump up ^ Wood , Empire of Liberty ( 2009 ) ch 18 Jump up ^ Marshall Smelser , `` Tecumseh , Harrison , and the War of 1812 , '' Indiana Magazine of History ( March 1969 ) 65 # 1 pp 25 -- 44 online ^ Jump up to : J.C.A. Stagg , The War of 1812 : Conflict for a Continent ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ James Banner , To the Hartford Convention : the Federalists and the Origins of Party Politics in Massachusetts , 1789 -- 1815 ( 1969 ) ^ Jump up to : George Dangerfield , The Era of Good Feelings : America Comes of Age in the Period of Monroe and Adams Between the War of 1812 , and the Ascendancy of Jackson ( 1963 ) ^ Jump up to : Paul Goodman , `` The First American Party System '' in William Nisbet Chambers and Walter Dean Burnham , eds . The American Party Systems : Stages of Political Development ( 1967 ) , 56 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Mark T. Gilderhus , `` The Monroe Doctrine : Meanings and Implications , '' Presidential Studies Quarterly March 2006 , Vol. 36 # 1 pp 5 -- 16 ^ Jump up to : Andrew Jackson Archived January 27 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , North Carolina History Project Jump up ^ David Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler , Indian Removal ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Robert Vincent Remini , Andrew Jackson and His Indian Wars ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Mary Beth Norton et al. , A People and a Nation , Volume I : to 1877 ( Houghton Mifflin , 2007 ) p 287 Jump up ^ Mary Beth Norton et al. , A People and a Nation , Volume I : to 1877 ( 2007 ) pp 287 -- 88 Jump up ^ Robert Allen Rutland , The Democrats : From Jefferson to Clinton ( U. of Missouri Press , 1995 ) ch 1 -- 4 Jump up ^ Sydney Ahlstrom , A Religious History of the American People ( 1972 ) pp 415 -- 71 Jump up ^ Timothy L. Smith , Revivalism and Social Reform : American Protestantism on the Eve of the Civil War ( 1957 ) Jump up ^ John Stauffer , Giants : The Parallel Lives of Frederick Douglass and Abraham Lincoln ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ James Oakes ( 2008 ) . The Radical and the Republican : Frederick Douglass , Abraham Lincoln , and the Triumph of Antislavery Politics . W.W. Norton . p. 57 . ISBN 9780393078725 . Jump up ^ Molly Oshatz ( 2011 ) . Slavery and Sin : The Fight Against Slavery and the Rise of Liberal Protestantism . Oxford U.P. p. 12 . ISBN 9780199751686 . Jump up ^ For a recent overview see Robert V. Hine and John Mack Faragher , Frontiers : A Short History of the American West ( 2008 ) ; for elaborate detail see Howard R. Lamar , ed . The New Encyclopedia of the American West ( 1998 ) ^ Jump up to : Robert V. Hine and John Mack Faragher , The American West : A New Interpretive History ( Yale University Press , 2000 ) p. 10 Jump up ^ John David Unruh , The Plains Across : The Overland Emigrants and the Trans - Mississippi West , 1840 -- 1860 ( 1993 ) p 120 Jump up ^ Merk 1963 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Howe argues that , `` American imperialism did not represent an American consensus ; it provoked bitter dissent within the national polity . '' Daniel Walker Howe , What Hath God Wrought : The Transformation of America , 1815 -- 1848 ( 2007 ) pp 705 -- 06 ^ Jump up to : Hine and Faragher , The American West ( 2000 ) ch 6 -- 7 Jump up ^ Daniel Walker Howe ( 2007 ) . What Hath God Wrought : The Transformation of America , 1815 -- 1848 . p. 798 . ISBN 9780199726578 . Jump up ^ Jeff Forret , Slavery in the United States ( Facts on File , 2012 ) Jump up ^ ushistory.org . `` The Southern Argument for Slavery ( ushistory.org ) '' . www.ushistory.org . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Jon Sensbach . Review of McKivigan , John R. ; Snay , Mitchell , eds. , Religion and the Antebellum Debate Over Slavery H - SHEAR , H - Net Reviews . January 2000 . online Jump up ^ ushistory.org . `` The Compromise of 1850 ( ushistory.org ) '' . www.ushistory.org . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Fergus M. Bordewich , America 's Great Debate : Henry Clay , Stephen A. Douglas , and the Compromise That Preserved the Union ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ Nicole Etcheson , Bleeding Kansas : Contested Liberty in the Civil War Era ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ `` Interview : James Oliver Horton : Exhibit Reveals History of Slavery in New York City '' Archived December 23 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , PBS Newshour , January 25 , 2007 , Retrieved February 11 , 2012 Jump up ^ Kenneth Stampp , The Causes of the Civil War ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Allen C. Guelzo , Fateful Lightning : A New History of the Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2012 ) ch 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ Stephen E. Woodworth , Decision in the Heartland : The Civil War in the West ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ Bruce Catton , The Army of the Potomac : Mr. Lincoln 's Army ( 1962 ) Jump up ^ On Lee 's strategy in 1863 see James M. McPherson , `` To Conquer a Peace ? '' Civil War Times ( March / April 2007 ) 46 # 2 pp 26 -- 33 , online at EBSCO Jump up ^ A new way of calculating casualties by looking at the deviation of the death rate of men of fighting age from the norm through analysis of census data found that at least 627,000 and at most 888,000 people , but most likely 761,000 people , died through the war . J. David Hacker , `` Recounting the Dead , '' New York Times Sept 20 , 2011 . For more details see J. David Hacker , `` A census - based count of the Civil War dead . '' Civil War History 57.4 ( 2011 ) : 307 -- 348 . Jump up ^ John Huddleston , Killing Ground : The Civil War and the Changing American Landscape ( 2002 ) p 3 . Jump up ^ Allan Nevins , `` Introduction '' in Paul Gates , Agriculture and the Civil War ( 1965 ) p.v. Jump up ^ `` Art & History : First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation by President Lincoln '' . U.S. Senate . Retrieved August 2 , 2013 . Lincoln met with his cabinet on July 22 , 1862 , for the first reading of a draft of the Emancipation Proclamation . Sight measurement . Height : 108 inches ( 274.32 cm ) Width : 180 inches ( 457.2 cm ) Jump up ^ Allen C. Guelzo , Lincoln 's Emancipation Proclamation : The End of Slavery in America ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Jim Downs , Sick from Freedom : African - American Illness and Suffering during the Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2015 ) Jump up ^ Allen C. Guelzo , Fateful Lightning : A New History of the Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2012 ) pp 445 -- 513 is a brief treatment ; see also Eric Foner , A Short History of Reconstruction ( 1990 ) ; and Mark Wahlgren Summers , The Ordeal of the Reunion : A New History of Reconstruction ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ Paul A , Cimbala , The Freedmen 's Bureau : Reconstructing the American South after the Civil War ( 2005 ) includes a brief history and primary documents ^ Jump up to : George C. Rable , But There Was No Peace : The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Edward L. Ayers , The Promise of the New South : Life After Reconstruction ( 1992 ) pp 3 -- 54 Jump up ^ C. Vann Woodward , The Strange Career of Jim Crow ( 3rd ed. 1974 ) Jump up ^ Howard Sitkoff , The Struggle for Black Equality ( 3rd ed. 2008 ) ch 7 Jump up ^ Bureau of the Census ( 1894 ) . Report on Indians taxed and Indians not taxed in the United States ( except Alaska ) . p. 637 . ISBN 9780883544624 . Jump up ^ Alan Trachtenberg , The Incorporation of America : Culture and Society in the Gilded Age ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Charles , A. Beard and Mary R. Beard , The rise of American civilization ( 1927 ) Jump up ^ Matthew Josephson , The robber barons : The great American capitalists , 1861 -- 1901 ( 1934 ) Jump up ^ Pettigrew , Richard Franklin ( 2010 ) . Triumphant Plutocracy : The Story of American Public Life from 1870 to 1920 . Nabu Press . ISBN 1146542747 . Jump up ^ Ryan , foreword by Vincent P. De Santis ; edited by Leonard Schlup , James G. ( 2003 ) . Historical dictionary of the Gilded Age . Armonk , N.Y. : M.E. Sharpe . p. 145 . ISBN 0765603314 . Jump up ^ John Calvin Reed , The New Plutocracy ( 1903 ) . Jump up ^ Piketty , Thomas ( 2014 ) . Capital in the Twenty - First Century . Belknap Press . ISBN 067443000X pp. 348 -- 349 Jump up ^ Mintz , Steven ( June 5 , 2008 ) . `` Learn About the Gilded Age '' . Digital History . University of Houston . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2008 . Retrieved June 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Growth of U.S. Population '' . TheUSAonline.com . Jump up ^ Bacon , Katie ( June 12 , 2007 ) . The Dark Side of the Gilded Age . The Atlantic . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zinn , Howard . A People 's History of the United States . New York : Harper Perennial Modern Classics , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 083865 - 5 pp. 264 -- 282 . Jump up ^ `` '' The First Measured Century : An Illustrated Guide to Trends in America , 1900 -- 2000 `` '' . Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) . Jump up ^ Charles Hoffmann , `` The Depression of the Nineties , '' Journal of Economic History ( 1956 ) 16 # 2 pp 137 -- 164 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Worth Robert Miller , `` A Centennial Historiography of American Populism , '' Kansas History ( 1993 ) 16 # 1 pp 54 -- 69 . online edition Archived July 2 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ William D. Harpine ( 2006 ) . From the Front Porch to the Front Page : McKinley and Bryan in the 1896 Presidential Campaign . Texas A&M University Press . pp. 176 -- 86 . ISBN 9781585445592 . Jump up ^ H. Wayne Morgan , `` William McKinley as a Political Leader , '' Review of Politics ( 1966 ) 28 # 4 pp. 417 -- 432 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Mintz , Steven ( 2006 ) . `` Learn About the Progressive Era '' . Digital History . University of Houston . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved February 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ George Mowry , The Era of Theodore Roosevelt and the Birth of Modern America , 1900 -- 1912 ( Harpers , 1954 ) Jump up ^ `` A Thing Well Begun Is Half Done '' . Persuasive Maps : PJ Mode Collection . Cornell University . Jump up ^ Thomas G. Paterson . `` United States Intervention in Cuba , 1898 : Interpretations of the Spanish -- American -- Cuban -- Filipino War , '' The History Teacher ( 1996 ) 29 # 3 pp. 341 -- 61 in JSTOR ^ Jump up to : Fred H. Harrington , `` The Anti-Imperialist Movement in the United States , 1898 -- 1900 , '' Mississippi Valley Historical Review ( 1935 ) 22 # 2 pp. 211 -- 30 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Thomas A. Bailey , `` Was the Presidential Election of 1900 a Mandate on Imperialism ? '' Mississippi Valley Historical Review ( 1937 ) 24 # 1 pp 43 -- 52 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Peter W. Stanley , A Nation in the Making : The Philippines and the United States , 1899 -- 1921 ( 1974 ) Jump up ^ Richard J. Jensen , Jon Thares Davidann , and Yoneyuki Sugital , eds . Trans - Pacific relations : America , Europe , and Asia in the twentieth century ( Greenwood , 2003 ) Jump up ^ McNabb , James B. ( 2005 ) . `` Germany 's Decision for Unrestricted Submarine Warfare and Its Impact on the U.S. Declaration of War '' . In Roberts , Priscilla Mary and Spencer Tucker . World War I : Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . pp. 482 -- 83 . ISBN 9781851094202 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Edward M. Coffman , The War to End All Wars : The American Military Experience in World War I ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ John Milton Cooper , Breaking the Heart of the World : Woodrow Wilson and the Fight for the League of Nations ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ The Seneca Falls Convention was preceded by the Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women in 1837 held in New York City , at which women 's rights issues were debated , especially African - American women 's rights . Gordon , Ann D. ; Collier - Thomas , Bettye ( 1997 ) . `` Introduction '' . African American women and the vote , 1837 -- 1965 . University of Massachusetts Press . pp. 2 -- 9 . ISBN 1 - 55849 - 059 - 0 . Jump up ^ Rebecca J. Mead , How the Vote Was Won : Woman Suffrage in the Western United States , 1868 -- 1914 ( 2006 ) ^ Jump up to : Glenda Riley , Inventing the American Woman : An Inclusive History ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ `` Suffragists Parade Down Fifth Avenue -- 1917 '' . New York Times . 1917 . Jump up ^ Aileen S. Kraditor , The Ideas of the Woman Suffrage Movement : 1890 -- 1920 ( 1967 ) Jump up ^ Katherine H. Adams and Michael L. Keene , Alice Paul and the American Suffrage Campaign ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Elizabeth Frost - Knappman and Kathryn Cullen - Dupont , Women 's Suffrage in America ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Lynn Dumenil , The Modern Temper : American Culture and Society in the 1920s ( 1995 ) pp 98 -- 144 Jump up ^ Kristi Andersen , After Suffrage : Women in Partisan and Electoral Politics before the New Deal ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Allan J. Lichtman ( 2000 ) ( 1979 ) . Prejudice and the Old Politics : The Presidential Election of 1928 . Lexington Books . p. 163 . ISBN 9780739101261 . Jump up ^ `` Feature : World War I and isolationism , 1913 -- 33 '' . U.S. Department of State . April 29 , 1991 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rodney P. Carlisle ( 2009 ) . Handbook to Life in America . Infobase Publishing . p. 245ff . ISBN 9781438119014 . Jump up ^ `` Pandemics and Pandemic Scares in the 20th Century '' . U.S. Department of Health & Human Services . Jump up ^ For a comprehensive history by a leading scholar see David M. Kennedy , Freedom from Fear : The American People in Depression and War , 1929 -- 1945 ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Shlaes 2008 , pp. 85 , 90 Jump up ^ David M. Kennedy , `` What the New Deal Did , '' Political Science Quarterly , ( Summer 2009 ) 124 # 2 pp 251 -- 68 Jump up ^ Conrad Black , Roosevelt : Champion of Freedom ( 2003 ) pp 648 -- 82 Jump up ^ Gordon W. Prange , Donald M. Goldstein and Katherine V. Dillon , At Dawn We Slept : The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor ( 1982 ) Jump up ^ Harold G. Vatter , The U.S. Economy in World War II ( 1988 ) pp 27 -- 31 Jump up ^ David Kennedy , Freedom from Fear : The American People in Depression and War , 1929 -- 1945 ( 2001 ) pp 615 -- 68 Jump up ^ `` Dwight D. Eisenhower '' . aoc.gov . Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved November 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ David M. Kennedy , Freedom from Fear ( 1999 ) pp 615 -- 68 Jump up ^ Roger Daniels , Prisoners Without Trial : Japanese Americans in World War II ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Richard Rhodes , The Making of the Atomic Bomb ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Stephen Ambrose , Eisenhower and Berlin , 1945 : The Decision to Halt at the Elbe ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ Ronald H. Spector , Eagle Against the Sun ( 1985 ) ch 12 -- 18 Jump up ^ D.M. Giangreco , Hell to Pay : Operation DOWNFALL and the Invasion of Japan , 1945 -- 1947 ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Richard B. Finn , Winners in Peace : MacArthur , Yoshida , and Postwar Japan ( 1992 ) pp 43 -- 103 Jump up ^ Gaddis , John Lewis ( 1972 ) . The United States and the Origins of the Cold War , 1941 -- 1947 . Columbia University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 12239 - 9 . Jump up ^ Leland , Anne ; Oboroceanu , Mari -- Jana ( February 26 , 2010 ) . `` American War and Military Operations Casualties : Lists and Statistics '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved February 18 , 2011 . p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : John Lewis Gaddis , The Long Peace : Inquiries Into the History of the Cold War ( 1989 ) ^ Jump up to : John Lewis Gaddis , The Cold War : A New History ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ James T. Patterson , Grand Expectations : The United States , 1945 -- 1974 ( 1988 ) Jump up ^ `` Table 1 . United States -- Race and Hispanic Origin : 1790 to 1990 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 25 , 2010 . Retrieved January 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Michael O'Brien , John F. Kennedy : A Biography ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Eric Alterman and Kevin Mattson , The Cause : The Fight for American Liberalism from Franklin Roosevelt to Barack Obama ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ Robert Dallek , Lyndon B. Johnson : Portrait of a President ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Irving Bernstein , Guns or Butter : The Presidency of Lyndon Johnson ( 1994 ) Jump up ^ David Edwin Harrell , Jr. , Edwin S. Gaustad , John B. Boles , Sally Foreman Griffith , Randall M. Miller , Randall B. Woods , Unto a Good Land : A History of the American People ( 2005 ) pp 1052 -- 53 Jump up ^ Gregory Schneider , The Conservative Century : From Reaction to Revolution ( Rowman & Littlefield. 2009 ) ch 5 Jump up ^ Bruce J. Dierenfield , The Civil Rights Movement ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Lindsey Lupo ( 2010 ) . Flak - Catchers : One Hundred Years of Riot Commission Politics in America . Lexington Books . pp. 123 -- 24 . ISBN 9780739138120 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Peniel E. ( 2001 ) . `` '' Black Liberation without Apology : Reconceptualizing the Black Power Movement. `` '' . The Black Scholar. 31 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 2 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Jacobs ( 2006 ) . Mexican American Literature : The Politics of Identity . Routledge . p. 13 . ISBN 9781134218233 . Jump up ^ Angela Howard Zophy , ed . Handbook of American Women 's History ( 2nd ed. 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Donald T. Critchlow , Phyllis Schlafly and Grassroots Conservatism : A Woman 's Crusade ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Jane J. Mansbridge , Why We Lost the ERA ( 1986 ) Jump up ^ Donald T. Critchlow , Intended Consequences : Birth Control , Abortion , and the Federal Government in Modern America ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Roger Chapman , Culture Wars : An Encyclopedia of Issues , Voices , and Viewpoints ( 2009 ) ^ Jump up to : John Robert Greene , The Presidency of Gerald R. Ford ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Martha Derthick , The Politics of Deregulation ( 1985 ) Jump up ^ `` People & Events : The Election of 1976 '' . American Experience . PBS . Retrieved January 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Urofsky , Melvin I. ( 2000 ) . The American Presidents . Taylor & Francis . p. 545 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8153 - 2184 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Jan 20 , 1981 : Iran Hostage Crisis ends '' . This Day in History . History.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Effective Federal Tax Rates : 1979 -- 2001 '' . Bureau of Economic Analysis . July 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Wilentz 2008 , pp. 140 -- 41 Jump up ^ `` The United States Unemployment Rate '' . Miseryindex.us . November 8 , 2008 . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2008 . Retrieved January 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilentz 2008 , p. 170 Jump up ^ Julian E. Zelizer ( 2010 ) . Arsenal of Democracy : The Politics of National Security -- From World War II to the War on Terrorism . Basic Books . p. 350 . ISBN 9780465015078 . Jump up ^ Ruud van Dijk ; et al. ( 2013 ) . Encyclopedia of the Cold War . Routledge . pp. 863 -- 64 . ISBN 1 - 135 - 92311 - 6 . Jump up ^ John Ehrman ; Michael W. Flamm ( 2009 ) . Debating the Reagan Presidency . Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 101 -- 82 . ISBN 9780742570573 . Jump up ^ Weisman , Steven R. ( July 7 , 1981 ) . `` Reagan Nominating Woman , an Arizona Appeals Judge , to Serve on Supreme Court '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wilentz 2008 , pp. 243 -- 44 ^ Jump up to : Wilentz 2008 , p. 400 Jump up ^ Theodore Caplow ; Howard M. Bahr ; Bruce A. Chadwick ; John Modell ( 1994 ) . Recent Social Trends in the United States , 1960 -- 1990 . McGill - Queen 's Press . p. 337 . ISBN 9780773512122 . Jump up ^ Wilentz 2008 , pp. 420 -- 27 Jump up ^ National Commission on Terrorist Attacks , The 9 / 11 Commission Report ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ David E. Sanger , Confront and Conceal : Obama 's Secret Wars and Surprising Use of American Power ( 2012 ) ch 1 , 5 Jump up ^ Julian E. Zelizer , ed . The Presidency of George W. Bush : A First Historical Assessment ( 2010 ) pp 59 -- 87 Jump up ^ `` Report Details Alleged Abuse of Guantanamo Bay , Abu Ghraib Detainees '' . PBS NewsHour . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guantanamo an ideal recruitment tool for terrorists -- UN human rights chief '' . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zelizer , ed . The Presidency of George W. Bush : A First Historical Assessment ( 2010 ) pp 88 -- 113 Jump up ^ `` CIA 's final report : No WMD found in Iraq '' . MSNBC . Associated Press . April 25 , 2005 . Retrieved April 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Clifton , Eli ( November 7 , 2011 ) . `` Poll : 62 Percent Say Iraq War Was n't Worth Fighting '' . ThinkProgress . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Milbank , Dana ; Deane , Claudia ( June 8 , 2005 ) . `` Poll Finds Dimmer View of Iraq War '' . Washington Post . Retrieved October 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilentz 2008 , p. 453 Jump up ^ William Crotty , `` Policy and Politics : The Bush Administration and the 2008 Presidential Election , '' Polity ( 2009 ) 41 # 3 pp 282 -- 311 doi : 10.1057 / pol. 2009.3 Jump up ^ NBC News , `` ' The war is over ' : Last US soldiers leave Iraq , '' MSNBC Dec. 18 , 2011 Archived March 1 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Glenn Greenwald , `` Obama 's new executive order on Guantanamo : The president again bolsters the Bush detention regime he long railed against , '' Salon March 8 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Obama Lays Out Strategy for ' New Phase ' in Terror Fight '' . ABC News . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Baker , Peter ; Cooper , Helene ; Mazzetti , Mark ( May 1 , 2011 ) . `` Bin Laden Is Dead , Obama Says '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Peter L. Bergen , Manhunt : The Ten - Year Search for Bin Laden -- from 9 / 11 to Abbottabad ( 2012 ) pp 250 -- 61 Jump up ^ `` Statement by the President on the End of the Combat Mission in Afghanistan '' . whitehouse.gov . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Thomas Payne , The Great Recession : What Happened ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ * Rosenberg , Jerry M. ( 2012 ) . The Concise Encyclopedia of The Great Recession 2007 -- 2012 . Scarecrow Press 2nd edition 708pp . ISBN 9780810883406 . Jump up ^ Robert W. Kolb ( 2011 ) . The Financial Crisis of Our Time . Oxford University Press . p. 96ff . ISBN 9780199792788 . Jump up ^ Riley , Charles ( February 3 , 2011 ) . `` Treasury close to profit on TARP bank loans '' . CNN Money . Jump up ^ `` ' I 'd Approve TARP Again ' : George W. Bush '' . November 5 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Steven Rattner , Overhaul : An Insider 's Account of the Obama Administration 's Emergency Rescue of the Auto Industry ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Kaiser , Emily ( September 20 , 2010 ) . `` Recession ended in June 2009 : NBER '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ CNBC . `` US economy may be stuck in slow lane for long run '' . CNBC . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Local news from Bellingham , Whatcom County , WA - BellinghamHerald.com '' . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2014 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mejeur , Jeanne . `` NATIONAL EMPLOYMENT MONTHLY UPDATE '' . National Conference of State Legislatures . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Bruce S. Jansson ( 2011 ) . The Reluctant Welfare State : Engaging History to Advance Social Work Practice in Contemporary Society . Cengage Learning . p. 466 . ISBN 0840034407 . Jump up ^ Robert P. Watson ; et al. ( 2012 ) . The Obama Presidency : A Preliminary Assessment . SUNY Press . ISBN 9781438443287 . Jump up ^ Paul R. Abramson et al. Change and Continuity in the 2008 and 2010 Elections ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ `` Congress Ends 2011 Mired in Gridlock '' . InvestorPlace . December 22 , 2011 . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gallup , Inc . `` Congress ' Job Approval Falls to 11 % Amid Gov 't Shutdown '' . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Civil Rights '' . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tottoli , Roberto ( 2014 ) . Routledge Handbook of Islam in the West . p. 230 . Jump up ^ `` The Latest : Trump promises ' I will not let you down '' . Associated Press . November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , Greg ; Entous , Adam . `` Declassified report says Putin ' ordered ' effort to undermine faith in U.S. election and help Trump '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Fleitz , Fred ( 7 January 2017 ) . `` Was Friday 's declassified report claiming Russian hacking of the 2016 election rigged ? '' . Fox News . Jump up ^ `` Party In Power -- Congress and Presidency -- A Visual Guide To The Balance of Power In Congress , 1945 -- 2008 '' . Uspolitics.about.com . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2012 . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chart of Presidents of the United States '' . Filibustercartoons.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Composition of Congress by Party 1855 -- 2013 '' . Infoplease.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Textbooks ( edit ) Alexander , Ruth M. and Mary Beth Norton , Major Problems in American Women 's History ( 4th ed. 2006 ) Beard , Charles A. and Mary Beard , The Rise of American civilization ( 2 vol. 1927 ) , Complete edition online , highly influential in 1920s -- 1940s Carnes , Mark C. , and John A. Garraty , The American Nation : A History of the United States ( 14th ed. 2015 ) ; university and AP textbook Hamby , Alonzo L. ( 2010 ) . Outline of U.S. History . U.S. Department of State . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2013 . Divine , Robert A. et al. America Past and Present ( 10th ed. 2012 ) , university textbook Foner , Eric . Give Me Liberty ! An American History ( 4th ed. 2013 ) , university textbook Gilbert , Martin . The Routledge Atlas of American History ( 2010 ) Kennedy , David M. ; Cohen , Lizabeth ( 2016 ) . The American Pageant : A History of the Republic ( 16th ed . ) . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . , university textbook 12th edition 2002 online Schweikart , Larry , and Dave Dougherty . A Patriot 's History of the Modern World , Vol . I : From America 's Exceptional Ascent to the Atomic Bomb : 1898 -- 1945 ; Vol. II : From the Cold War to the Age of Entitlement , 1945 -- 2012 ( 2 vol. 2013 ) , a view from the right Tindall , George B. , and David E. Shi . America : A Narrative History ( 9th ed. 2012 ) , university textbook Zinn , Howard ( 2003 ) . A People 's History of the United States . HarperPerennial Modern Classics . ISBN 9780060528423 . , a view from the left Further reading ( edit ) Agnew , Jean - Christophe , and Roy Rosenzweig , eds . A Companion to Post-1945 America ( 2006 ) Alden , John R. A history of the American Revolution ( 1966 ) 644pp online Boehm , Lisa Krissoff , and Steven Hunt Corey . America 's Urban History ( 2014 ) ; University textbook ; see website Boyer , Paul , ed . The Oxford companion to United States history ( 2001 ) online The New Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations ( 4 vol 2013 ) online Chambers , John Whiteclay , ed . The Oxford Companion to American Military History ( 2000 ) online Diner , Hasia , ed . Encyclopedia of American Women 's History ( 2010 ) Evans , Sara M. Born for Liberty : A History of Women in America ( 1997 ) excerpt and text search Fiege , Mark . The Republic of Nature : An Environmental History of the United States ( 2012 ) 584 pages Gerber , David A. American Immigration : A Very Short Introduction ( 2011 ) Goldfield , David . ed . Encyclopedia of American Urban History ( 2 vol 2006 ) ; 1056pp ; Gray , Edward G. ed . The Oxford Handbook of the American Revolution ( 2012 ) Horton , James Oliver and Lois E. Horton . Hard Road to Freedom : The Story of African America ( 2 vol. 2002 ) Howe , Daniel Walker . What Hath God Wrought : The Transformation of America , 1815 -- 1848 ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 2009 ) , Pulitzer Prize Hornsby Jr. , Alton . A Companion to African American History ( 2008 ) Johnson , Thomas H. , ed . The Oxford companion to American history ( 1966 ) online Kammen , Michael G , ed . The Past before us : Contemporary historical writing in the United States ( 1980 ) , wide - ranging survey of historiography ; online free Kazin , Michael , et al. eds . The Concise Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History ( 2011 ) Kennedy , David M. Freedom from Fear : The American People in Depression and War , 1929 -- 1945 ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 2001 ) , Pulitzer Prize online Kirkendall , Richard S. A Global Power : America Since the Age of Roosevelt ( 2nd ed. 1980 ) university textbook 1945 -- 80 online Kirkland , Edward C. A History Of Americam Economic Life ( 3rd ed. 1960 ) online Kurian , George T. ed . Encyclopedia of American Studies ( 4 vol. 2001 ) . Lancaster , Bruce , Bruce Catton , and Thomas Fleming . The American Heritage History of the American Revolution ( 2004 ) , very well illustrated Leuchtenburg , William E. The American President : From Teddy Roosevelt to Bill Clinton ( 2015 ) , popular narrative by a leading scholar ; 904 pp McPherson , James M. Battle Cry of Freedom : The Civil War Era ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 2003 ) , Pulitzer Prize ; comprehensive coverage of 1848 -- 1865 Middleton , Richard , and Anne Lombard . Colonial America : A History to 1763 ( 4th ed. 2011 ) Milner , Clyde A. , Carol A. O'Connor , and Martha A. Sandweiss , eds . The Oxford History of the American West ( 1996 ) Morris , Charles R. A Rabble of Dead Money : The Great Crash and the Global Depression : 1929 -- 1939 ( PublicAffairs , 2017 ) , 389 pp. online review Nugent , Walter . Progressivism : A Very Short Introduction ( 2009 ) Patterson , James T. Grand Expectations : The United States , 1945 -- 1974 ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 1997 ) Patterson , James T. Restless Giant : The United States from Watergate to Bush v. Gore ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 2007 ) Paxson , Frederic Logan . History of the American frontier , 1763 -- 1893 ( 1924 ) online , old survey by leading authority ; Pulitzer Prize Perry , Elisabeth Israels , and Karen Manners Smith , eds . The Gilded Age & Progressive Era : A Student Companion ( 2006 ) Pole , Jack P. and J.R. Pole . A Companion to the American Revolution ( 2003 ) Resch , John , ed . Americans at War : Society , Culture , and the Homefront ( 4 vol 2004 ) , essays by experts on a wide range of homefront topics . Schlesinger , Arthur . Jr. , ed . History of American Presidential Elections , 1789 -- 2008 ( 2011 ) 3 vol and 11 vol editions ; detailed analysis of each election , with primary documents ; online v. 1 . 1789 -- 1824 -- v. 2 . 1824 -- 1844 -- v. 3 . 1848 -- 1868 -- v. 4 . 1872 -- 1888 -- v. 5 . 1892 -- 1908 -- v. 6 . 1912 -- 1924 -- v. 7 . 1928 -- 1940 -- v. 8 . 1944 -- 1956 -- v. 9 . 1960 -- 1968 -- v. 10 . 1972 -- 1984 -- v. 11 . 1988 -- 2001 Sheehan - Dean , ed. , Aaron ( 2014 ) . A Companion to the U.S. Civil War . New York : Wiley Blackwell . ISBN 1 - 44 - 435131 - 1 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) , 2 vol . 1232pp ; 64 topical chapters by experts ; emphasis on historiography . Slotten , Hugh Richard , ed. , The Oxford Encyclopedia of the History of American Science , Medicine , and Technology ( 2014 ) , 1456 pp Taylor , Alan . Colonial America : A Very Short Introduction ( 2012 ) 168pp Taylor , Alan . American Colonies ( 2002 ) , 526 pages ; by a leading scholar Taylor , Alan . American Revolutions : A Continental History , 1750 -- 1804 ( 2016 ) 704pp ; recent survey by leading scholar Thernstrom , Stephan , ed . Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups ( 1980 ) online Schlesinger , Arthur . Jr. , ed . History of American Presidential Elections , 1789 -- 2008 ( 2011 ) 3 vol and 11 vol editions ; detailed analysis of each election , with primary documents ; online v. 1 . 1789 -- 1824 -- v. 2 . 1824 -- 1844 -- v. 3 . 1848 -- 1868 -- v. 4 . 1872 -- 1888 -- v. 5 . 1892 -- 1908 -- v. 6 . 1912 -- 1924 -- v. 7 . 1928 -- 1940 -- v. 8 . 1944 -- 1956 -- v. 9 . 1960 -- 1968 -- v. 10 . 1972 -- 1984 -- v. 11 . 1988 -- 2001 Vickers , Daniel , ed . A Companion to Colonial America ( 2006 ) Wilentz , Sean ( 2008 ) . The Age of Reagan : A History , 1974 -- 2008 . Wood , Gordon S. Empire of Liberty : A History of the Early Republic , 1789 -- 1815 ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 2009 ) Zophy , Angela Howard , ed . Handbook of American Women 's History . ( 2nd ed. 2000 ) . 763 pp. articles by experts online Primary sources ( edit ) Commager , Henry Steele and Milton Cantor . Documents of American History Since 1898 ( 8th ed. 2 vol 1988 ) Engel , Jeffrey A. et al. eds . America in the World : A History in Documents from the War with Spain to the War on Terror ( 2014 ) 416pp with 200 primary sources , 1890s -- 2013 Troy , Gil , and Arthur Schlesinger , Jr. , eds . 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6657750858006033322 | It (2017 film) | It ( 2017 film ) - Wikipedia It ( 2017 film ) Jump to : navigation , search It Theatrical release poster Directed by Andy Muschietti Produced by Roy Lee Dan Lin Seth Grahame - Smith David Katzenberg Barbara Muschietti Screenplay by Chase Palmer Cary Fukunaga Gary Dauberman Based on It by Stephen King Starring Jaeden Lieberher Bill Skarsgård Music by Benjamin Wallfisch Cinematography Chung - hoon Chung Edited by Jason Ballantine Production companies New Line Cinema Ratpac - Dune Entertainment Vertigo Entertainment Lin Pictures KatzSmith Productions Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date September 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 05 ) ( TCL Chinese Theatre ) September 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) ( United States ) Running time 135 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $35 million Box office $677.6 million It ( also known as It : Chapter One ) is a 2017 American supernatural horror film directed by Andy Muschietti , based on the 1986 novel of the same name by Stephen King . The screenplay is by Chase Palmer , Cary Fukunaga and Gary Dauberman . A second installment is planned . The film tells the story of seven children in Derry , Maine , who are terrorized by the eponymous being , only to face their own personal demons in the process . The novel was previously adapted into a 1990 miniseries . The film stars Jaeden Lieberher and Bill Skarsgård as Bill Denbrough and Pennywise the Dancing Clown , respectively , with Jeremy Ray Taylor , Sophia Lillis , Finn Wolfhard , Wyatt Oleff , Chosen Jacobs , Jack Dylan Grazer , Nicholas Hamilton , and Jackson Robert Scott in supporting roles . Principal photography began in the Riverdale neighborhood of Toronto on June 27 , 2016 , and ended on September 21 , 2016 . Other Ontario locations included Port Hope and Oshawa . It premiered in Los Angeles on September 5 , 2017 , and was theatrically released in the United States on September 8 , 2017 . Upon release , the film set numerous box office records and has grossed over $677 million worldwide . Unadjusted for inflation , it is the highest - grossing horror film of all - time , and the second highest - grossing R - rated film of all time ( after Deadpool ) . It is also the 9th highest - grossing film of 2017 . It received positive reviews , with critics praising the performances , direction , cinematography and musical score , and many calling it one of the best Stephen King adaptations . A sequel , It : Chapter Two , is scheduled to be released on September 6 , 2019 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Kajganich project ( 2009 -- 2010 ) 3.2 Fukunaga project ( 2012 -- 2015 ) 3.3 Muschietti project ( 2015 -- 2017 ) 3.4 Filming 3.5 Design 3.5. 1 Costume design 3.5. 2 Creature design 3.6 Visual effects 4 Themes 5 Music 6 Release 6.1 Marketing 7 Reception 7.1 Box office 7.2 Critical response 8 Accolades 9 Sequel 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Plot In October 1988 , stuttering teenager Bill Denbrough gives his seven - year - old brother , Georgie , a paper sailboat . Georgie sails the boat along the rainy streets of small town Derry and is disappointed when it falls down a storm drain . As he attempts to retrieve it , Georgie sees a clown in the sewer who introduces himself as `` Pennywise the Dancing Clown '' . The clown entices Georgie to come closer by talking about the circus , then severs his arm and drags him into the sewer drain . The following summer , Bill and his friends ( loudmouth Richie Tozier , hypochondriac Eddie Kaspbrak , and timid Stan Uris ) run afoul of bully Henry Bowers and his gang . Bill , still haunted by Georgie 's disappearance and the resulting neglect from his grief - stricken parents , discovers that his brother 's body may have washed up in a marshy wasteland called the Barrens . He recruits his friends to check it out , believing his brother may still be alive . `` New kid '' Ben Hanscom learns that the town has been plagued by unexplained tragedies and child disappearances for centuries , and is lured into the basement of the library by Pennywise , before escaping the library . He is attacked by Bowers ' gang for being fat and has an ' H ' carved into his stomach . He is able to escape before Henry can finish his name and flees into the Barrens and meets Bill 's group . They find the sneaker of a missing girl named Betty Ripsom , while a member of the pursuing Bowers Gang , Patrick Hockstetter , is killed by Pennywise looking for Ben . The Losers see Ben bloody , and rush to the nearest drug store to fix him up . They do n't have enough money , however , and Beverly helps them in stealing the products . Beverly Marsh , a girl ostracized over rumors of promiscuity , helps clean Ben 's wound and joins the group ; both Bill and Ben develop feelings for her . Later , the group befriends homeschooled black kid Mike Hanlon after defending him from Bowers in a rock war . All the while each member of the group has encountered terrifying phenomena in various forms ; these include a menacing clown for Richie , a headless boy for Ben , a fountain of blood for Beverly , a diseased and rotting man known as a Leper for Eddie , a creepy painting come to life for Stan , Mike 's parents burning alive , and finally a phantom Georgie for Bill . Now calling themselves `` The Losers Club '' , they realize they are all being terrorized by the same entity . They determine that Pennywise ( or `` It '' ) assumes the appearance of what they fear , awakens every 27 years to feed on the children of Derry before returning to hibernation , and moves about by using sewer lines -- which all lead to the town 's original well under the creepy , abandoned house at 29 Neibolt Street . After an attack by Pennywise , the group ventures to the house to confront him , only to be separated and terrorized . Bill and Richie leave Eddie behind , and Eddie sees the leper . Richie then gets locked in a room full of clown dolls , and sees a casket with a doll of himself inside . Pennywise jumps out from behind the casket and chases Richie out the door . They realize Eddie is gone , and find him right before Pennywise kills him . Eddie breaks his arm , while Pennywise gloats to Bill about Georgie . As they regroup , Beverly impales Pennywise through the head , forcing the clown to retreat . However , after the encounter Eddie is forbidden to see the group by his overprotective mother , Richie argues that fighting It is n't worth their lives leading to him , leading him to say Georgie is did in which Bill punches Richie in the face . Richie , Stan and Mike leave the group , and only Bill , Ben , and Beverly remain resolute in fighting It and prepare for another confrontation . Weeks later , after Beverly confronts and incapacitates her abusive father , she is abducted by Pennywise . The Losers Club reassembles and travels back to the Neibolt house to rescue her . Henry Bowers , who has killed his father ( and possibly his remaining gang ) after being compelled into madness by It , attacks the group . Mike fights back and pushes Henry down the well to his apparent death . Amidst , Beverly wakes up in Pennywise 's lair . She tries to run away , but Pennywise catches her , and shows her It 's true form ; the Deadlights . The Losers descend into the sewers and Stan is separated and almost killed by It in the form of the `` Flute Lady '' , but is rescued by the Losers . They find It 's underground lair , which contains a mountain of decayed circus props and children 's belongings , around which the bodies of missing children float in mid-air . Beverly , now catatonic after being exposed to It 's true form , is restored to consciousness as Ben kisses her . Bill encounters Georgie , but recognizes that he is Pennywise in disguise , and shoots him with Mike 's bolt gun . Pennywise attacks the group and takes Bill hostage , offering to spare the others if they let It keep Bill . Richie lists bad things Bill has done to him , but realizes friendship is important , and attacks Pennywise with a baseball bat . The Losers see their various fears , but wound It quickly . After a brutal battle they defeat Pennywise and he retreats , with Bill declaring that It will starve during its hibernation . Their victory is bittersweet , as Bill finds his brother 's raincoat and accepts his death while his friends comfort him and the missing children 's bodies float to the ground . The Losers then leave the sewers . As summer ends , Beverly informs the group of a vision she had while catatonic , where she saw them fighting It as adults . The Losers swear a blood oath that they will return to Derry as adults if It returns and destroy the creature once and for all by cutting their palms with a glass shard . Stanley , Eddie , Richie , Mike , and Ben make their goodbyes as the group disperses . Beverly tells Bill she is leaving the next day to live with her aunt in Portland . Before she leaves , Bill reveals his feelings and they share a kiss . Cast Jaeden Lieberher as William `` Bill '' Denbrough : The stuttering leader of the Losers ' Club searching for his missing brother Georgie . Losing his brother makes the battle against It a more personal crusade for him . On the character of Denbrough , Muschietti spoke of him knowing a situation of despair , on top of the terror of It and the fear of heights , to which he stated , `` Bill is like a ghost in his own home : nobody sees him because his parents ca n't get over Georgie 's death . '' Ty Simpkins was considered for the role in Cary Fukunaga 's production . Bill Skarsgård as Pennywise Bill Skarsgård as It / Pennywise the Dancing Clown : An ancient , trans - dimensional evil that awakens every twenty - seven years . Will Poulter was previously cast in the role but was forced to drop out due to scheduling conflicts , with Poulter stating , `` I was when Mr. Fukunaga was directing , but the circumstances at New Line are such that a new director 's attached now . '' Poulter continued , `` I think , with all due respect to him of course , I was selected by Cary and subscribed to Cary 's vision for the movie , and so I have n't had a chance to connect with that ( new ) director . '' Mark Rylance , Ben Mendelsohn , Kirk Acevedo , Richard Armitage , Hugo Weaving , and Tilda Swinton were considered for the role , with Mendelsohn passing on the project , as New Line wanted him to take a sizable pay cut . On June 3 , 2016 , The Independent officially reported , after final negotiations took place , that Muschietti had chosen actor Bill Skarsgård to portray the character . On portraying Pennywise , Skarsgård stated , `` It 's such an extreme character . Inhumane , It 's beyond even a sociopath because he 's not even human . He 's not even a clown . I 'm playing just one of the beings It creates . '' Skarsgård described the character further , saying , `` It truly enjoys the shape of the clown Pennywise , and enjoys the game and the hunt . '' He also commented , `` What 's funny to this evil entity might not be funny to everyone else . But he thinks it 's funny . '' On Pennywise 's design , Skarsgård stated , `` It 's important that we do something fresh and original for this one . It 's purposely not going toward that weird , greasy look . '' He also commented on being compared to Tim Curry , stating that , `` ( Curry ) 's performance was truly great , but it 's important for me to do something different because of that . I 'll never be able to make a Tim Curry performance as good as Tim Curry . '' Skarsgård also elaborated on his age , stating , `` There 's a childishness to the character , because he 's so closely linked to the kids . The clown is the manifestation of children 's imaginations , so there 's something child - like about that . '' Producer Dan Lin spoke of Skarsgård 's physical attributes : `` His build is really interesting . He 's really tall and lanky , and feels a little clown like in his movement . When he came in -- we had a lot of different actors read , and when he came in he had a different spin on the character that got us really excited . '' Lin concluded by contrasting the character with that of Heath Ledger 's Joker , `` You 've had ( Ledger ) doing almost a clown joker , you 've seen obviously Tim Curry as a clown . We wanted someone who created a Pennywise character that would stand on its own and Bill came in and created this character that frankly freaked us out . '' Muschietti spoke of Skarsgård 's Pennywise as one not to lurk in the shadows , to which he remarked , `` Pennywise shows up , he 's front and center , and he does his show . He has an act ... So it 's weird all the time , and every little thing implies a further threat . '' Muschietti also spoke of wanting to make the sense of dread that grows in Derry part of the dread of Pennywise , to which he stated , `` He 's not just a character that can shape - shift , his influence is all around . The anticipation of him is almost scarier than the actual Pennywise scares . '' On selecting Skarsgård to portray Pennywise , Muschietti wanted to stay true to the essence of the character , and Skarsgård caught his attention , `` The character has a childish and sweet demeanor , but there 's something very off about him . Bill has that balance in him . He can be sweet and cute , but he can be pretty disturbing . '' Wyatt Oleff as Stanley `` Stan '' Uris : A Jewish mysophobe who is the son of a rabbi . He is studying for his bar mitzvah but is n't interested in religion , which is upsetting to his father . On the character of Uris , Muschietti spoke of him knowing a situation of despair , `` Long story short , there 's all sorts of difficult situations , and we had the chance to tell them in a movie that faces directly those conflicts ... the families of the young actors were very open - minded , so we could tell them about subjects that are normally very touchy . '' Jeremy Ray Taylor as Benjamin `` Ben '' Hanscom : Hanscom is the new kid at school and consequently does not have any friends . He likes reading and researching so he spends a lot of time in the library . He is also very overweight , which earns his place in the Losers ' Club , but like all of the Losers , there are underlying facets that define him far more than superficial appearances . On the character of Hanscom , Muschietti spoke of him knowing a situation of despair , `` ... Ben is bullied at school . '' Sophia Lillis as Beverly `` Bev '' Marsh : The only female member of the Losers ' Club , she is bullied at school , particularly concerning false rumors that she is promiscuous . Her home life is also dismal , as her violent father is sexually abusive to her . On the character of Marsh , Muschietti spoke of her knowing a situation of despair , `` Beverly 's case is of course the worst , because it 's about sexual abuse on a minor . '' In an interview with Rolling Stone , Lillis spoke of Muschietti not wanting her and her co-stars to spend too much time with Skarsgård : `` We actually were n't allowed to see him until our scenes , because we wanted the horror to be real . '' On Skarsgård 's appearance as Pennywise , she recalled , `` Everyone had different reactions , but all of us were like , ' Wow , what did we get ourselves into ? ' One look at him , and ... you know , he 's a really scary clown that wants to kill us . I was a little bit shocked . '' On her connection with her fellow co-stars , she noted that the closeness of the friendships formed allowed Lillis to connect with her own character : `` I relate to Beverly -- the way she deals with her emotions , and the way she was around the Losers . I felt that way around the actual actors . '' Finn Wolfhard as Richard `` Richie '' Tozier : The bespectacled best friend of Bill Denbrough , whose loud mouth and foul language often get him into trouble . Wolfhard , famous as Mike Wheeler in Stranger Things , shared the first image of the Losers Club on his Instagram account , with the photo captioned as `` The Losers Club take Toronto '' , showing the cast of actors who would play the protagonists . Wolfhard was the only actor cast in both this and Fukunaga 's version . On the character of Tozier , Muschietti spoke of him knowing a situation of despair , `` We do n't know much about Richie 's personality , because he 's the big mouth of the group . But we suppose he 's also neglected at home , and he 's the clown of the band because he needs attention . '' Jack Dylan Grazer as Edward `` Eddie '' Kaspbrak : Kaspbrak is the epitome of the hypochondriac , overly exaggerated by the immense amount of objects in his medicine cabinet ; a sickly boy who only feels truly well when he is with his friends . His overbearing mother is the true source of his hypochondria , however ; she has convinced him that he is seriously ill and must stay close to her because only she can protect him . Grazer spoke of his appreciation of films such as Lethal Weapon 2 ( 1989 ) and Batman ( 1989 ) that gave him `` ... insight on how ( he ) could ( improvise ) or reuse those things as references to the time period . '' Chosen Jacobs as Michael `` Mike '' Hanlon : An African American homeschool student and outsider . Orphaned in a fire and raised by his stern grandfather , he is reluctant to take up the family trade as a butcher . On the experience of shooting Muschietti 's piece , Jacobs spoke of the experience as `` ... my favorite summer of my 16 long years on earth ... '' Nicholas Hamilton as Henry Bowers : A young sociopath who leads the Bowers Gang , a gang of high school thugs , and terrorizes the Losers ' Club . Hamilton prepared for the role by studying Jarred Blancard 's portrayal of the character in It ( 1990 ) , and in Hamilton 's words , `` watched all the bits of my original character '' for research . Hamilton added , through the character of Bowers , that `` There 's stuff that I have to do that is really creepy and the opportunity to help share my psychotic side has been really fun . '' Additionally Hamilton stated , `` I recently did a scene where I was working with Jeremy Ray Taylor . I had to terrorize the hell out of him and get right in his face . '' Jackson Robert Scott as George `` Georgie '' Denbrough : The innocent , energetic 7 - year - old brother of Bill Denbrough . His death at the hands of Pennywise sets the stage for the next summer 's events . Additionally , Owen Teague is introduced as Patrick Hockstetter , a psychopathic bully of the Bowers Gang who meets his end early at the hands of Pennywise ; Logan Thompson appears as Victor `` Vic '' Criss , a bully and friend of Henry Bowers who is reluctant to engage in their most sadistic acts ; Jake Sim appears as Reginald `` Belch '' Huggins , another bully and friend of Henry Bowers who is known for his ability to belch on command ; Javier Botet appears as The Leper , a diseased and rotting man that encounters Eddie Kaspbrak at the house on 29 Neibolt Street ; Tatum Lee appears as Judith , one of It 's horrifying creations ; Steven Williams appears as Leroy Hanlon , the stern grandfather of Mike Hanlon , who runs a nearby abattoir ; Stephen Bogaert appears as Alvin Marsh , the abusive father of Beverly Marsh ; Geoffrey Pounsett appears as Zack Denbrough , the father of Bill and George Denbrough ; Pip Dwyer appears as Sharon Denbrough , the mother of Bill and George Denbrough ; Ari Cohen appears as Rabbi Uris , the father of Stanley Uris ; Stuart Hughes appears as Oscar `` Butch '' Bowers , a police officer and abusive father of Henry Bowers ; Megan Charpentier appears as Greta Keene , the pharmacist 's daughter who targets Beverly for ridicule . Production The project first entered development in 2009 . The proposed film adaptation went through three phases of planning : initially a single film with screenwriter David Kajganich ; then the dual film project , first with Cary Fukunaga attached as director and co-writer , then with Andy Muschietti . Kajganich project ( 2009 -- 2010 ) On March 12 , 2009 , Variety reported that Warner Bros. would bring Stephen King 's novel to the big screen , with David Kajganich adapting the novel , and Dan Lin , Roy Lee and Doug Davison producing the piece . When Kajganich learnt of Warner Bros . ' plans to adapt King 's novel , he went after the job . Knowing that Warner Bros. was committed to adapting It as a single feature film , Kajganich began to reread the novel in an attempt to try to find a structure that would accommodate such a large number of characters in two different time periods , around 120 pages , which was one of Warner Bros . ' stipulations . Kajganich worked with Lin , Lee , and Davison on The Invasion ( 2007 ) , and he knew they would champion good storytelling , and allow him the time to work out a solid first draft of the screenplay . Kajganich spoke of the remake being set in the , `` mid-1980s and in the present ... mirroring the twenty - odd - year gap King uses in the book ... and with a great deal of care and attention paid to the backstories of all the characters '' . Kajganich also mentioned that Warner Bros. wished for the adaptation to be rated R , saying , `` ... we can really honor the book and engage with the traumas ( both the paranormal ones and those they deal with at home and school ) that these characters endure '' . He said that his dream choice for Pennywise would be Buster Keaton if he were still alive , and that the Pennywise that he scripted is `` less self - conscious of his own irony and surreality '' . As of June 29 , 2010 , Kajganich was re-writing his screenplay . Fukunaga project ( 2012 -- 2015 ) `` I am in the midst of rewriting the first script now . We 're not working on the second part yet . The first script is just about the kids . It 's more like The Goonies ( 1985 ) meets a horror film ... We 're definitely honoring the spirit of Stephen King , but the horror has to be modernized to make it relevant . That 's my job , right now , on this pass . I 'm working on making the horror more about suspense than visualization of any creatures . I just do n't think that 's scary . What could be there , and the sounds and how it interacts with things , is scarier than actual monsters . '' -- Cary Fukunaga , on the development of It On June 7 , 2012 , The Hollywood Reporter revealed that Cary Fukunaga was boarding the project as director , and would co-write the script with Chase Palmer . The producers were now Roy Lee of Vertigo Entertainment , Dan Lin of Lin Pictures , and Seth Grahame - Smith and David Katzenberg of KatzSmith Productions . On May 21 , 2014 , Warner Bros. was announced to have moved the film to its New Line Cinema division , with overseer duties conducting by New Line 's Walter Hamada and Dave Neustadter , along with Vice President of Production at Warner Bros. , Niija Kuykendall . On December 5 , 2014 , in an interview with Vulture , Dan Lin announced that the first film would be a coming - of - age story about the children tormented by It , and the second will skip ahead in time as those same characters band together to continue the fight as adults . Lin also stated that Fukunaga was then only committed to directing the first film , though was currently closing a deal to co-write the second . Lin concluded by mentioning King , to which he remarked , `` The most important thing is that ( King ) gave us his blessing . We did n't want to make this unless he felt it was the right way to go , and when we sent him the script , the response that Cary got back was , ' Go with God , please ! This is the version the studio should make . ' So that was really gratifying . '' Lin confirmed that Fukunaga was set to begin principal photography in the summer of 2016 . On February 3 , 2015 , Fukunaga was interviewed by Slate , and spoke about It , mentioning that he has someone in mind for the role of Pennywise . On March 3 , 2015 , Fukunaga noted his goal to find the `` perfect guy to play Pennywise '' . Fukunaga also revealed that he , Kajganich and Palmer had changed the names and dates in the script , adding , `` ... the spirit is similar to what he 'd like to see in cinemas '' . On May 4 , 2015 , it was officially announced that Will Poulter had been cast to play Pennywise , after Fukunaga was `` blown away '' by his audition . Ty Simpkins was then considered to play one of The Losers ' Club members . On May 25 , 2015 , it was reported that Fukunaga had dropped out as the director of It . According to TheWrap , Fukunaga clashed with the studio and did not want to compromise his artistic vision in the wake of budget cuts by New Line , which greenlit the first film at $30 million . However , Fukunaga maintained that was not the case , stating he had bigger disagreements with New Line over the direction of the story , `` I was trying to make an unconventional horror film . It did n't fit into the algorithm of what they knew they could spend and make money back on based on not offending their standard genre audience . '' He made mention that the budget was fine , as well as his desire to make Pennywise more than just the clown . Fukunaga concluded by stating , `` We invested years and so much anecdotal storytelling in it . Chase and I both put our childhood in that story . So our biggest fear was they were going to take our script and bastardize it ... So I 'm actually thankful that they are going to rewrite the script . I would n't want them to stealing our childhood memories and using that ... I was honoring King 's spirit of it , but I needed to update it . King saw an earlier draft and liked it . '' On Fukunaga 's departure , King wrote , `` The remake of IT may be dead -- or undead -- but we 'll always have Tim Curry . He 's still floating down in the sewers of Derry . '' Muschietti project ( 2015 -- 2017 ) `` The way Cary intended to execute the script is something that only he can talk about . I can say my version of It highly emphasizes Pennywise 's most terrifying virtue , which is It 's ability to materialise into your worse fear ; I want to take people in a journey into Pennywise 's world through a disturbing , surrealistic and intoxicating experience that will leave nobody at ease . '' -- Andy Muschietti , on his version of It On July 16 , 2015 , it was announced that Andy Muschietti was in negotiations to direct It , with New Line beginning a search for a new writer to tailor a script to Muschietti 's vision . The announcement also confirmed the possible participation of Muschietti 's sister , Barbara Muschietti , as a producer , and Richard Brener joining Hamada , Neustadter and Kuykendall to oversee the project . On April 22 , 2016 , it was indicated that Will Poulter , who had been cast to portray Pennywise in Fukunaga 's version , had dropped out of the film due to a scheduling conflict and that executives were meeting with actors to portray the antagonist . Also that day , New Line Cinema set the film for a release of September 8 , 2017 . On October 30 , 2015 , Muschietti was interviewed by Variety wherein he spoke about his vision of It , while mentioning Poulter was still in the mix for the role of Pennywise : `` ( Poulter ) would be a great option . For me he is at the top of my list ... '' He confirmed that next summer is the time for them to start shooting . It was decided to shoot It during the summer months to give the filmmakers time to work with the children who have the main roles in the first part of the film . Muschietti went on to say that `` King described 50s ' terror iconography '' , adding that he feels there is a whole world now to `` rediscover , to update '' . He said there would not be any mummies or werewolves and that the `` terrors are going to be a lot more surprising '' . On February 19 , 2016 , at the D.I.C.E. Summit 2016 , producer Roy Lee confirmed that Fukunaga and Chase Palmer 's original script had been rewritten , remarking , `` It will hopefully be shooting later this year . We just got the California tax credit ... ( Dauberman ) wrote the most recent draft working with ( Muscetti ) , so it 's being envisioned as two movies . '' On May 5 , 2016 , in an interview with Collider.com , David Kajganich expressed uncertainty as to whether drafts of his original screenplay would be used by Dauberman and Muschietti , with the writer stating , `` We know there 's a new director , I do n't know myself whether he 's going back to any of the previous drafts or writing from scratch . I may not know until the film comes out . I do n't know how it works ! If you find out let me know . '' On June 2 , 2016 , Jaeden Lieberher was confirmed as portraying lead protagonist Bill Denbrough , while The Hollywood Reporter reported that Bill Skarsgård was in final negotiations to star as Pennywise , with a cast also including Finn Wolfhard , Jack Dylan Grazer , Wyatt Oleff , Chosen Jacobs and Jeremy Ray Taylor . Also that day , there was a call for 100 background performers , with the background actor call going from 3 p.m. to 7 p.m. ; by 4 p.m. , more than 300 people had gone through . The casting call also asked for a marching band and period cars between 1970 and 1989 . On June 9 , 2016 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Owen Teague was set to portray Patrick Hocksetter . On June 21 , 2016 , it was officially announced that Nicholas Hamilton had been cast to play Henry Bowers , and Bloody Disgusting reported that Javier Botet had been added to the cast shortly before filming commenced . On June 22 , 2016 , Deadline.com reported that Muschietti had chosen Sophia Lillis to portray Beverly Marsh , and on June 24 , 2016 , Moviepilot wrote that Stephen Bogaert had been added to the cast shortly before filming commenced , portraying Al Marsh , the abusive father of Beverly Marsh . On July 22 , 2016 , Barbara Muschietti was interviewed by Northumberland News ' Karen Longwell , wherein she spoke about the filming locations on It , while mentioning the beauty of Port Hope being one of the reasons as to why it was chosen . Muschietti added , `` We were looking for an idyllic town , one that would be a strong contrast to the story . Port Hope is the kind of place we all wish we had grown up in : long summers riding bicycles , walks by the lake , a lovely main street , charming homes with green lawns , warm people . '' Muschietti also mentioned that 360 extras from the area , from adults to small children , had been involved . On August 11 , 2016 , at The CW TCA presentation for the series Frequency , producer Dan Lin spoke of the piece 's comparison to Netflix 's Stranger Things , describing It being an `` homage to 80s movies '' , while remarking : `` I think a great analogy is actually Stranger Things , and we 're seeing it on Netflix right now . It 's very much an homage to ' 80s movies , whether it 's classic Stephen King or even Spielberg . Think about Stand by Me ( 1986 ) as far as the bonding amongst the kids . But there is a really scary element in Pennywise . '' Lin continued , speaking of how well the young cast had bonded in the first weeks of shooting , `` We clearly had a great dynamic amongst the kids . Really great chemistry is always a challenging thing with a movie like It because you 're casting kids who do n't have a ton of experience , but it ended up being really natural . Each kid , like a The Goonies ( 1985 ) or Stand by Me ( 1986 ) , has a very specific personality and they 're forming the loser 's club obviously ... We 've spent a few months getting the kids to bond and now they 're going to fight this evil , scary clown . '' On February 9 , 2017 , at the press day for The Lego Batman Movie ( 2017 ) , Lin confirmed that It would be rated R by the MPAA , and stated to Collider.com 's Steve Weintraub , `` If you 're going to make a `` Rated - R movie '' , you have to fully embrace what it is , and you have to embrace the source material . It is a scary clown that 's trying to kill kids ... They do have a scary clown that 's taken over the town of Derry , so it 's going to be rated R . '' On March 11 , 2017 , Muschietti , at the SXSW festival , spoke of an element of the pre-production phase in his attempt to keep Skarsgård separated from the film 's child actors , wherein the actor was not introduced to the young cast until Pennywise 's first encounter with the children : `` It was something that we agreed on , and that 's how it happened ... The day that he showed up on the stage , they f * cking freaked out . Bill is like , seven - foot high , and I ca n't describe how scary he looks in person . He 's a wiry man , crouching , making sounds , snotting , drooling , speaking in Swedish sometimes . Terrifying . '' Muschietti stated that the story had been moved forward , with the scenes with the young Losers Club shifting from the 1950s to the 1980s , while also describing the plot as `` getting much wider '' , with new material not in the novel or the 1990 miniseries . However , Muschietti said he hoped the material would still strike the same emotional resonance that the book did for him when he first read it : `` It 's all about trying to hit the core and the heart . '' On July 12 , 2017 , Muschietti , in an interview with French magazine Mad Movies , spoke of the R rating allowing him to go into adult themes , which was championed from the people at New Line Cinema . He also stated that , `` ... if you aimed for a PG - 13 movie , you had nothing at the end . So we were very lucky that the producers did n't try to stop us . In fact it 's more our own moral compass that sometimes showed us that some things lead us in places where we did n't want to go . '' In the same interview , on July 12 , 2017 , producer Barbara Muschietti added that there was only one scene that was deemed to be too horrific to feature in the new adaptation , stating , `` ... you wo n't find the scene where a kid has his back broken and is thrown in the toilets . We thought that the visual translation of that scene had something that was really too much . '' Muschietti concluded by emphasizing that nothing was removed from the original vision , nor was the violence of any event watered down . On July 19 , 2017 , in an interview with Variety 's Brent Lang , director Muschietti commented of the monstrous forms that It will be taking , as well as noting the fact that they are very different from the incarnations present in King 's story , `` The story is the same , but there are changes in the things the kids are scared of . In the book they 're children in the ' 50s , so the incarnations of the monsters are mainly from movies , so it 's Wolf Man , the Mummy , Frankenstein , ( and ) Dracula . I had a different approach . I wanted to bring out deeper fears , based not only on movie monsters but on childhood traumas . '' While on the topic of the key to a successful horror film , Muschietti concluded by remarking that `` Stay true to what scares you . If you do n't respect that , you ca n't scare anyone . '' Muschietti explained how Skarsgård caught his attention to embody Pennywise , while pointing out that he did not want the young cast to spend too much time with the actor when not shooting , and encouraged them to `` maintain distance '' , wherein Muschietti detailed : `` We wanted to carry the impact of the encounters to when the cameras were rolling . The first scene where Bill interacted with the children , it was fun to see how the plan worked . The kids were really , really creeped out by Bill . He 's pretty intimidating because he 's six - four and has all this makeup . '' Filming Port Hope had undergone a number of changes to transform into the town of Derry . Production designer Mara LePere - Schloop went to Bangor , Maine , to scope out locations , including the Thomas Hill Standpipe , the land running alongside the Kenduskeag Stream that in It is called The Barrens , and the Waterworks on the Penobscot River . LePere - Schloop said that they were hoping to shoot some scenes in the city , and possibly take some aerial shots . On May 31 , 2016 , Third Act Productions was confirmed to have applied to film interior and exterior scenes for It in the municipality of Port Hope , with filming slated for various locations around the municipality from July 11 , 2016 to July 18 , 2016 . Principal photography begun in Toronto , with an original shooting schedule from June 27 to September 6 , 2016 . By July 8 , 2016 , Port Hope had undergone changes to transform it into Derry ; Port Hope Municipal hall was the Derry Public Library , The Port Hope Tourism Centre became the City of Derry office , Ganaraska Financial was remade as Montgomery Financial , Gould 's Shoes store front on Walton Street changed to a butcher shop , The Avanti Hair Design store front changed to Tony 's Barber Shop , an empty storefront at 36 Walton Street changed to Reliance Cleaners , Queen Street Tattoo store front changed to Derry Scoop , a statue of Paul Bunyan was erected in Memorial Park , US flags hung in place of Canadian flags downtown , and Port Hope Capitol Theatre had appeared to be showing Batman ( 1989 ) and Lethal Weapon 2 ( 1989 ) , thus confirming the film 's 1989 setting . On July 11 , 2016 , preliminary shooting took place in Port Hope Town Hall , Memorial Park cenotaph , Queen Street , between Walton and Robertson streets and the Capitol Theatre . On July 12 , 2016 , filming occurred between the intersection of Mill and Walton street , Walton Street bridge , and in front and behind 16 -- 22 Walton Street and Port Hope Town Hall . Other shooting locations included Queen Street between Walton and Roberston street , and Memorial Park , on July 13 . It was also reported , on July 14 , that filming had been set up on the alley between Gould 's Shoe 's and Avanti Hair Design , and John and Hayward streets . Filming moved to Cavan Street , between Highland Drive and Ravine Drive , and Victoria Street South , between Trafalgar Street and Sullivan Street , on July 15 . Filming in Port Hope ended on July 18 , at Watson 's Guardian Drugs . Oshawa had been chosen by producers of It as the next filming location , and on July 20 , 2016 , filming notices were sent out to homes in the area of Eulalie Avenue and James Street , near downtown Oshawa , advising residents that filming would take place in the area from August 5 to August 8 , 2016 . On July 29 , 2016 , it was announced the crew had worked on the formerly vacant lot at the dead end of James Street constructing the set , in the form of a dilapidated old house . It was also remarked that the structure is a facade built around scaffolding that would be used for exterior shots . The set was composed of pre-fabricated modules that were trucked in and put into place by IATSE carpenters . On July 18 , 2016 , production crews had arrived in Riverdale , Toronto , with filming beginning at 450 Pape Ave , which is home to a circa 1902 heritage - designated building called Cranfield House , up until August 19 , 2016 . It was reported on September 4 that filming had wrapped in Oshawa , which included the haunted house location , as well as on Court and Fisher streets . Principal photography was confirmed to have ended in Toronto on September 21 , 2016 , with an altered shooting schedule occurring from June 27 to September 21 , 2016 , and post-production initially beginning on September 14 , 2016 . Design Costume design Pennywise 's gray costume was partly inspired by the clothing style of the Renaissance . On August 16 , 2016 , in an interview with Entertainment Weekly , costume designer Janie Bryant spoke of crafting Pennywise 's form - fitting suit and the inspirations it drew from -- involving a number of eras -- among them Medieval , Renaissance , Elizabethan , and Victorian . Bryant explained that the costume incorporates all these otherworldly past lives , highlighting the point that Pennywise is a clown from a different time . In designing Pennywise 's costume , Bryant included a Fortuny pleating , which gives the costume an almost crepe - like effect , to which Bryant remarked , `` It 's a different technique than what the Elizabethans would do . It 's more organic , it 's more sheer . It has a whimsical , floppy quality to it . It 's not a direct translation of a ruff or a whisk , which were two of the collars popular during the Elizabethan period . '' Bryant played with multiple eras as a way of reflecting Pennywise 's immortality , and added a `` doll - like quality to the costume '' . She further stated , `` The pants being short , the high waistline of the jacket , and the fit of the costume is a very important element . It gives the character a child - like quality . '' Bryant spoke of the two puffs off the shoulder , sleeves and again on the bloomers , with her desire to create an `` organic , gourd or pumpkin kind of effect '' , which includes the peplum at the waist , and the flared , skirt - like fabric blossoming from below his doublet . She explains , `` It helps exaggerate certain parts of the body . The costume is very nipped in the waist and with the peplum and bloomers it has an expansive silhouette . '' The main color of his costume is a dusky gray , but with a few splashes of colour . She concludes the interview by stating , `` The pompoms are orange , and then with the trim around the cuffs and the ankles , it 's basically a ball fringe that 's a combination of orange , red , and cinnamon . It 's almost like Pennywise fades into his environment . But there are accents to pull out the definition of the gray silk . '' Creature design Judith , the woman in the portrait whose form It assumes to terrify Stan , did not appear in the novel . Muschietti based this sequence on the paintings of Amedeo Modigliani , one of which hung in his childhood home , and which he found frightening , interpreting Modigliani 's stylisation as monstrosity . The eponymous creature in Muschietti 's previous film , Mama , was also based on Modigliani 's work . Visual effects Nicholas Brooks was the overall visual effects supervisor , and visual effects company Rodeo FX worked on most of the visual effects on It . Amalgamated Dynamics worked on the special makeup effects . Themes The film has been described as a loss of innocence story , with fear , mortality and survivalist themes . Muschietti remarked of the film 's elements of coming of age and issues of mortality , adding that such themes are prevalent in King 's book , though in reality they occur in a more progressive way , `` There 's a passage ( in It ) that reads , ' Being a kid is learning how to live and being an adult is learning how to die . ' There 's a bit of a metaphor of that and it just happens in a very brutal way , of course . '' He also mentioned the characterization of Pennywise 's survivalist attitude , and a passage in the novel which inspired Muschietti was when Bill wonders if Pennywise is eating children simply because that is what people are told monsters do , `` It 's a tiny bit of information , but that sticks with you so much . Maybe it is real as long as children believe in it . And in a way , Pennywise 's character is motivated by survival . In order to be alive in the imagination of children , he has to keep killing . '' While Muschietti acknowledged It being a horror film , he felt that it is not simply that , `` It 's a story of love and friendship and a lot of other beautiful emotions . '' The graphic sexual content that was in the novel and Fukunaga 's original script was not included in the film . Music On March 23 , 2017 , Benjamin Wallfisch was announced as the composer of It 's score . The soundtrack album was released in preview in August 2017 . All tracks written by Benjamin Wallfisch . ( show ) Track listing No . Title Length 1 . `` Every 27 Years '' 2 : 36 2 . `` Paper Boat '' 1 : 55 3 . `` Georgie , Meet Pennywise '' 3 : 38 4 . `` Derry '' 2 : 25 5 . `` River Chase '' 2 : 09 6 . `` Egg Boy '' 2 : 44 7 . `` Beverly '' 1 : 20 8 . `` Come Join the Clowns , Eds '' 1 : 20 9 . `` You 'll Float Too '' 3 : 20 10 . `` Shape Shifter '' 1 : 42 11 . `` Hockstetter Attack '' 2 : 15 12 . `` Haircut '' 4 : 15 13 . `` Derry History '' 2 : 48 14 . `` January Embers '' 1 : 05 15 . `` Saving Mike '' 1 : 15 16 . `` This Is Not a Dream '' 2 : 08 17 . `` Slideshow '' 2 : 00 18 . `` Georgie 's Theme '' 1 : 42 19 . `` He Did n't Stutter Once '' 1 : 33 20 . `` 29 Neibolt St . '' 4 : 17 21 . `` Time to Float '' 3 : 04 22 . `` It 's What It Wants '' 1 : 19 23 . `` You 'll Die If You Try '' 4 : 38 24 . `` Return to Neibolt '' 2 : 31 25 . `` Into the Well '' 2 : 05 26 . `` Pennywise 's Tower '' 1 : 48 27 . `` Deadlights '' 2 : 04 28 . `` Searching for Stanley '' 2 : 28 29 . `` Saving Beverly '' 3 : 36 30 . `` Georgie Found '' 1 : 53 31 . `` Transformation '' 0 : 58 32 . `` Feed on Your Fear '' 2 : 34 33 . `` Welcome to the Losers Club '' 3 : 05 34 . `` Yellow Raincoat '' 1 : 43 35 . `` Blood Oath '' 3 : 11 36 . `` Kiss '' 0 : 54 37 . `` Every 27 Years ( Reprise ) '' 2 : 07 38 . `` Epilogue -- The Pennywise Dance '' 0 : 36 Release It was released in North America on September 8 , 2017 . In Europe , the film was released in Belgium on September 6 , 2017 , Denmark and the Netherlands on September 7 , 2017 , and Norway and Finland on September 8 , 2017 . On March 7 , 2017 , the alternate title of the film was announced by Stephen King as Part 1 -- The Losers ' Club . In addition to the conventional 2D format , It was also released across 615 IMAX screens globally , including 389 domestically . Marketing This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) On January 31 , 2016 , Muschietti , on his Instagram , posted a sketch that was thought to be the precursor to Pennywise 's final look , to celebrate pre-production getting underway . Beginning from July 11 , 2016 , Muschietti posted a variety of missing person posters of children within the Derry area , including Betty Ripsom , Richie Tozier , Paul Greenberg , Jonathan Chan , and Tania McGowan . Muschietti shared a photo of a missing person poster featuring Richie Tozier . The poster lists all of the character 's information , as part of It 's marketing campaign . The first official image for It debuted on July 13 , 2016 , introducing the first look at Skarsgård 's Pennywise The Dancing Clown , as well as an interview with Skarsgård , conducted by Anthony Breznican . Thomas Freeman of Maxim wrote `` ... Skarsgard in full , terrifying costume , ... he 's clearly got what it takes to fill King 's most macabre , nightmare - inducing creation . '' Chris Eggertsen of HitFix responded positively , stating the image to be `` ... an appropriately macabre look that does n't deviate too radically from the aesthetic of Curry 's Pennywise ... dare I say , a more creepily seductive look to Skarsgard 's version that was absent from Curry 's interpretation . '' On July 30 , 2016 , Muschietti released three storyboard images , up until the date of August 22 , 2016 , with the first featuring Bill Denbrough making a paper boat for his younger brother George . The second storyboard features Bill leading his bike , nicknamed Silver , across a lawn with the included phrase : `` He thrusts his fists against the posts but still insists he sees the ghosts '' . The third and final storyboard features Bill asleep next to a sketch of Beverly Marsh . On August 16 , 2016 , Entertainment Weekly released the full costume image of Skarsgård 's Pennywise to promote It , including an interview with costume designer Janie Bryant . JoBlo.com 's Damion Damaske was fond of the new design , though was understanding of others being dismissive of it . Damaske also stated , `` One of the chief complaints is that it looked too automatically scary , and that one of the reasons Pennywise chooses his guise is to trick and lure children . '' Dave Trumbore of Collider.com noted that `` This one 's going to divide some folks . It 's nowhere near as baggy or colorful as the one Tim Curry ... donned ... , but the new version certainly seems to have a lot more thought and intent behind its creation . '' Jonathan Barkan of Bloody Disgusting called the image one of `` ... ( drawing ) attention and curiosity '' . Barkan then stated `` I do n't know if it 's morbid curiosity or hopeful wishes but the overall response to his face and makeup seemed to be quite positive ! '' On March 9 , 2017 , Neha Aziz of SXSW announced that Muschietti would appear at a screening event titled , Face Your Fears , to share footage from It , while discussing his inspirations and influences . On March 11 , 2017 , New Line Cinema showcased its promotion of It by releasing a teaser trailer and a scene at the South by Southwest festival . Trace Thurman of Bloody Disgusting heralded the trailer : `` It was maybe 90 seconds of footage , but it was a damn impressive 90 seconds of footage ... As far as teasers go , it 's one of the best that I 've ever seen . '' Dread Central 's Jonathan Barkan praised the scene , and stated , `` The kids are clearly very adept at working off one another . There was a chemistry between the four that was wonderful to see and it 's obvious that Muschietti worked very hard to ensure they were believable . '' Eric Vespe of Ai n't It Cool News remarked that `` ... this one scene shows us the key traits of the bulk of the members of the Losers Club within one sequence . I loved it for that reason . '' On March 28 , 2017 , New Line released a 139 - second teaser trailer to promote It , following a 19 - second trailer and the official teaser poster the prior day , and for exhibitors at CinemaCon . Tom Philip of GQ heralded the trailer and its tonality by stating : `` Dark corners everywhere and a pervading sense of absolute doom , even in the scenes where the creature is n't looming . That projector scene ! Christ ! '' Michael Gold of The New York Times praised the trailer , and stated : `` There 's always tension in the sustained string chords of the soundtrack , and it imbues everything with suspense and darkness . '' Wired 's Brian Raftery spoke most highly of the trailer , to which he stated , `` The teaser 's scariest moment features no gore or gotcha - ness ; instead , it involves a misfiring slide - projector and a barely discernible clown - grin . Nothing in the It trailer feels like a cheap thrill , which is all the more thrilling . '' IndieWire 's William Earl reacted positively to the `` top - notch '' production design of Derry , Maine within the trailer . The trailer reached 197 million views in its first 24 hours , setting a new record as the trailer with the most views in one day . In addition to dethroning The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) , the trailer numbers surpassed previous records held by Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) , Fifty Shades Darker ( 2017 ) , and Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) . On May 7 , 2017 , a second teaser trailer , this one lasting 137 seconds , was shown at the MTV Movie & TV Awards in Los Angeles , California , with the new preview showcasing a snippet of the film where the `` Losers ' Club '' search for Pennywise 's many victims . Daniel Kreps of Rolling Stone felt snippet of the film `` was initially ... similar to Stand by Me ( 1986 ) , with the Losers ' Club playfully bantering about `` gray water '' ... A series of scary images soon follow before the trailer ends on Pennywise doing unimaginable balloon tricks to lure a victim . '' Matt Goldberg of Collider.com praised the trailer , and stated : `` This new trailer really plays up the kids ' role and their fears . It 's a smart move , because if a sequel does come along , it 's going to be looking at the kids as adults , so that aspect will be lost . '' Digital Spy 's Jack Tomlin spoke of the clarity in that director Muschietti 's film will carry on down the `` creepy as hell '' vibe he gave the first trailer . On July 13 , 2017 , Entertainment Weekly released a collection of new images and concept art such as Pennywise 's lair to promote It , including commentary from director Andrés Muschietti . On July 19 , 2017 , New Line Cinema showcased its promotion of It , by releasing three reels of footage at San Diego Comic - Con , before an advanced screening of Annabelle : Creation ( 2017 ) . Reception Box Office As of November 5 , 2017 , It has grossed $325.9 million in the United States and Canada , and $351.7 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $677.6 million , against a production budget of $35 million . In North America , initial opening weekend projections had the film grossing $50 -- 60 million . By the week of its release , estimates were raised to $60 -- 70 million , with a chance to go higher if word of mouth was strong . It opened in 4,103 theaters , setting the record for most venues for an R - rated film ( beating Logan 's 4,071 from the past March ) . A few days before its release , the film became Fandango 's top horror pre-seller of all - time , eclipsing Paranormal Activity 3 ( 2011 ) , as well as setting the record as the site 's top pre-seller among September releases , beating Sully ( 2016 ) . The film made $13.5 million from Thursday night previews , setting the record for highest amount by both an R - rated ( besting Deadpool 's $12.6 million ) and a horror film . Due to the high Thursday gross , Deadline.com noted some industry trackers upped weekend projections to $90 million . It went on to have an opening day of $50.2 million ( including previews ) , increasing weekend projections to over $100 million . The film 's Friday gross not only set a record for biggest single - day amount by an R - rated film ( beating Deadpool 's $47.3 million ) but nearly eclipsed Paranormal Activity 3 's entire weekend gross of $52.6 million , which was the highest opening weekend gross for a horror film . It went on to open to $123.1 million , setting the records for largest opening weekend for both a September release and a horror film , and was the second - biggest debut for an R - rated film behind Deadpool ( $132.4 million ) . Variety and Deadline both noted that the film 's opening weekend could have been even greater if not for Hurricane Irma shutting down nearly 50 % of Florida 's theaters , a state that typically accounts for 5 % of the country 's box office grosses . During its first full week , the film made $8.8 million on Monday , $11.4 million on Tuesday , $7.9 million on Wednesday and $7.2 million on Thursday , each setting September records for their respective days . In its second weekend the film grossed $60.1 million ( a better - than - average for horror films drop of 51 % ) , making more in its second weekend than previous opening record holder Paranormal Activity 3 made in its first , and again topped the box office . It also pushed the domestic total to $218.7 million , overtaking Crocodile Dundee for highest - grossing September film ( $174.8 million in 1984 ) . In its third week the film was dethroned by newcomer Kingsman : The Golden Circle , finishing second at the box office with $29.7 million . In its fourth week , the film initially made a projected gross of $17.3 million , apparently retaking its top spot at the box office ahead of Kingsman ( $17 million ) . However the following day , actual results had the film finishing in second by a gross of $16.93 million to $16.90 million , while beating out newcomer American Made ( $16.8 million ) . The film continued to hold well in the following weeks , making $10 million and $6.1 million in its fifth and sixth weeks , finishing a respective 3rd and 4th at the box office . Critical response Bill Skarsgård 's portrayal of Pennywise the Dancing Clown received widespread praise from critics and audiences . On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 84 % based on 283 reviews , with an average rating of 7.2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Well - acted and fiendishly frightening with an emotionally affecting story at its core , It amplifies the horror in Stephen King 's classic story without losing touch with its heart . '' Metacritic , another review aggregator , assigned the film a weighted average score of 70 out of 100 , based on 48 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 4 out of 4 stars , saying : `` What will REALLY put a chill down your spine and raise the hairs on the back of your neck are the moments when an adolescent character is isolated from friends , all alone in the cellar or the bathroom or the alley or a dark office , and something they 've long feared springs to ' life ' in a certain fashion , confirming their worst sense of dread and doom . '' Andrew Barker of Variety praised the visuals and cast , while acknowledging the familiarities , calling the film `` a collection of alternately terrifying , hallucinatory , and ludicrous nightmare imagery ... a series of well - crafted yet decreasingly effective suspense setpieces ; and a series of well - acted coming - of - age sequences that do n't quite fully mature . '' Mark Kermode of The Guardian gave the film 4 out of 5 stars , writing that the film `` is an energetic romp with crowd - pleasing appeal that is n't afraid to bare its gory teeth '' . Christopher Orr of The Atlantic gave the film a mixed review , calling it `` a solid but relatively conventional horror movie '' and writing that it `` privileges CGI scares over dread and nuance '' . Some critics were disappointed with the film 's implementation of jump scares . Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune noted the film 's `` diminishing returns of one jump scare after another '' , writing that `` nearly every scene begins and ends the same way , with a slow build ... leading up to a KAAA - WHUMMMMMM ! ! ! ! sound effect '' . Eric Kohn of IndieWire praised the film 's visuals but wrote that it `` simplifies its appeal with jump scares '' , and Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly lauded the child actors but wrote that `` the more we see of Pennywise , the less scary he becomes '' . Accolades It received a 2017 Golden Trailer Awards nomination for Best Horror , which it subsequently won . List of awards and nominations Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . Golden Trailer Awards June 6 , 2017 Best Horror It Won Sequel On February 16 , 2016 , producer Roy Lee , in an interview with Collider.com , mentioned the final film of the planned It duology , remarking that : `` ( Dauberman ) wrote the most recent draft working with ( Muschietti ) , so it 's being envisioned as two movies . '' On July 19 , 2017 , Muschietti revealed that the plan is to get production underway for the sequel to It next spring , adding , `` We 'll probably have a script for the second part in January ( 2018 ) . Ideally , we would start prep in March . Part one is only about the kids . Part two is about these characters 30 years later as adults , with flashbacks to 1989 when they were kids . '' On July 21 , 2017 , Muschietti spoke of looking forward to having a dialogue in the second film that does not exist within the first , stating , `` ... it seems like we 're going to do it . It 's the second half , it 's not a sequel . It 's the second half and it 's very connected to the first one . '' Muschietti confirmed that two cut scenes from the film will hopefully be included in the second , one of which being the fire at the Black Spot from the book . On September 25 , 2017 , New Line Cinema announced that a sequel would be released on September 6 , 2019 , with co-scriptwriter Gary Dauberman returning to write the script . Notes Jump up ^ Writers Andy Muschietti , Cary Fukunaga and David Kajganich refer to Skarsgård 's character as Pennywise , in various interviews -- most notably with Collider.com . Additionally the name Pennywise the Dancing Clown is what Pennywise introduces himself as to Georgie Denbrough ; the term It is n't used in either of these cases . References Jump up ^ `` IT '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` With new adaptation of ' It , ' New Line Cinema hopes to continue horror winning streak '' . Los Angeles Times . September 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Box Office To Wake Up From Long Summer 's Nap As ' It ' Happens With $60 Ms Opening , Possible $70 M -- Preview '' . Deadline.com . September 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` It ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.allmovie.com/movie/it-v638977 ^ Jump up to : Warner Bros Editors ( January 14 , 2017 ) . `` IT -- Warner Bros '' . Warner Bros. Archived from the original on January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ IGN Editors ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` STEPHEN KING 'S IT DIRECTOR CARY FUKUNAGA SEEKS THE `` PERFECT '' PENNYWISE FOR REMAKE `` . IGN . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Staley , Brandon ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` IT REMAKE HAS A RATING , PLANS FOR A SEQUEL '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` Stephen King 's ' It ' Finds New Director '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Kristian ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` The New ' It ' Trailer Is Just As Glorious And Terrifying As You Feared '' . Bustle . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Verhoeven , Beatrice ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's ' It ' Casts Hollywood Legacy as Pennywise the Clown '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Eggertsen , Chris ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King has an ' It ' remake update for you '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Keene , Allison ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' Wraps Production with One Last Creepy Photo '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Courtney ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` Mansion in Riverdale sets the scene for horror film ' It ' '' . CTV Toronto . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Northumberland News Editor ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Port Hope eyed for remake of Stephen King 's ' It ' '' . Northumberland News . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Burnham , Emily ( March 31 , 2015 ) . `` Crew from new adaptation of Stephen King 's `` It '' in Bangor to scope out potential filming locations `` . Northumberland News . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` IT 's first trailer introduces terrifying new version of Stephen King 's clown Pennywise '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` First ' It ' Movie Trailer Unleashes Pennywise '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Calfas , Jennifer . `` ' It ' Shatters Box Office Records With Massive Opening Weekend '' . Time . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Mumford , Gwilym ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen King 's It scares off The Exorcist to become highest - grossing horror ever '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Launches With $50 M Overseas ; ' It ' Tops $600 M WW ; ' Despicable 3 ' Hops Past ' Zootopia ' -- Intl Box Office '' . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rahman , Abid ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' : What the Critics Are Saying '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Sequel Gets September 2019 Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' Remake to Star ' Midnight Special 's ' Jaeden Lieberher '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ledford , Jon ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's It finds its Pennywise '' . Looper . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Charnel House Editors ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` IT Character Profiles '' . Charnel House . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Sprague , Mike ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` STEPHEN KING 'S IT : DIRECTOR TALKS R - RATING & NEW STILLS '' . JoBlo.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gallagher , Brian ( February 27 , 2016 ) . `` Jurassic World Interview with Ty Simpkins '' . MovieWeb . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reyes , Mike ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` The It Movie Just Cast A Key Member of the Losers Club '' . CINEMABLEND . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' Reboot Taps ' Hemlock Grove ' Star Bill Skarsgard to Play Pennywise the Clown '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's ' It ' Adaptation Finds Its Pennywise the Clown ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Will ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's It in final talks with Bill Skarsgard for Pennywise '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ellen , Tom ( December 29 , 2016 ) . `` Tom Ellen 's Empire Interview -- IT with Andrés Muschietti '' . Empire . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kaye , Ben ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Two - part remake of Stephen King 's It will finally go into production this year , gets R rating '' . Consequence of Sound . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` The Reboot of Stephen King 's It Finds Its Pennywise ... Again '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chang , Kee ( October 15 , 2016 ) . `` RICHARD ARMITAGE BLOWS HIS COVER '' . Anthem Magazine . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Neal , Sean ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` New version of Stephen King 's It finds its younger , hipper Pennywise '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Disgusting , Mr ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` It ' : Here 's Who 's Testing For the Role of Pennywise ! ( Exclusive ) '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Brian ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's IT Has Found Its Pennywise the Clown '' . MovieWeb . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Walkuski , Eric ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` IT SET VISIT : TILDA SWINTON COULD HAVE BEEN PENNYWISE , AND MORE FUN FACTS ! '' . JoBlo.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( May 26 , 2015 ) . `` Stephen King 's IT Has Found Its Pennywise the Clown '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( June 3 , 2016 ) . `` Bill Skarsgård is the new Pennywise in Stephen King It adaptation '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ivie , Devon ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` Wow , the First Photo of Pennywise the Clown From It 's Film Adaptation Is So Cute and Cuddly , You Guys '' . Vulture . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hall , Jacob ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' First Look Teases Bill Skarsgård 's Pennywise the Dancing Clown With New Image '' . / Film . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2016 . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' : Here 's Your First Look at Pennywise ! ! ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2016 . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathan ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` First Look at Pennywise the Clown From Stephen King 's IT Movie '' . IGN . 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Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2017 . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Calvario , Liz ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' : Pennywise Hits the Sewer in a Chilling New Photo '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2017 . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marnell , Blair ( December 26 , 2016 ) . `` FIRST STEPHEN KING 'S IT IMAGE SHOWS PENNYWISE BEING HORRIFYING '' . Nerdist Industries . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( December 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' : New Image Released along with Details from Director Andrés Muschietti '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Donnelly , Matt ( December 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' Remake Offers Up Creepy First Look at Bill Skarsgard 's Pennywise ( Photo ) '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sprague , Mike ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` IT DIRECTOR ANDRES MUSCHIETTI TALKS BILL SKARSGARD 'S TERRIFYING PENNYWISE '' . JoBlo.com . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's Why Bill Skarsgard Was Cast as Pennywise in ' IT ' '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The List Editors ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Andres Muschietti confirms prep date for IT sequel '' . The List . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Barton , Steve ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen King 's IT : Andy Muschietti and Barbara Muschietti Talk Hard R Rating '' . Dread Central . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : White , James ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's It finds a new Pennywise in Bill Skarsgard '' . Empire . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Moreno , EJ ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' IT ' Director Andres Muschietti Talks The Film 's Hard `` R '' - Rating `` . Monkeys Fighting Robots . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : A. Lincoln , Ross ( June 22 , 2015 ) . `` Sophia Lillis Joins New Line 's ' It ' Remake ; Aunjanue Ellis Sign on To Christine Crokos ' ' Pimp ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Briers , Michael ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` It Director Andy Muschietti Vows To Deliver A No Holds Barred Adaptation Of The King Classic '' . We Got This Covered . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : T. Collins , Sean ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` Encounter With Pennywise , Remake Details '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's IT -- First Photo of the New Losers Club ! '' . iHorror . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cranswick , Amie ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` First look at the Loser 's Club from Stephen King adaptation It '' . Flickering Myth . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` How the New Movie Adaptation of Stephen King 's ' It ' Is Responsible for ' Stranger Things ' '' . / Film . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2016 . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Franklin , Garth ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` '' IT '' Director Talks Freedom Of An R - Rating `` . Dark Horizons . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Comic - Con : ' It ' stars had their ' favorite summer ever ' with Pennywise the clown ( really ) '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` A Terrifying Vision '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' IT ' : 40 + Things to Know About the Terrifying Stephen King Adaptation '' . Collider . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ MTV News Staff ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` ONE IT STAR COULDN 'T STOP LAUGHING THE FIRST TIME THEY MET PENNYWISE THE CLOWN '' . MTV . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hatfull , Jonathan ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's It remake first look at the Losers ' Club '' . SciFiNow . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Disgusting , Mr ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' : Pennywise Comes After Nicholas Hamilton '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McClendon , Lamarco ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Nicholas Hamilton on Filming Stephen King 's ' It ' Remake '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . 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Cosmic Book News . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2016 . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Baldwin , Daniel ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Might ' It : Part 2 ' Be Filming Sooner Than Expected ? '' . Cinema Runner . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Calvario , Liz ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Teaser Trailer : Pennywise Creeps Back Into Our Lives '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Opie , David ( March 13 , 2009 ) . `` It 's coming , as Hollywood plans Stephen King adaptation '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dionne , Zach ( September 30 , 2016 ) . `` THE COMPLETE GUIDE TO THE ' IT ' REMAKE : STEPHEN KING 'S PENNYWISE IS BACK '' . Fuse . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . 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Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lilja 's Library Editor ( June 29 , 2010 ) . `` David Kajganich -- Interview '' . Lilja 's Library . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( July 1 , 2010 ) . `` Screenwriter Gives Update on Big Screen Adaptation of Stephen King 's It '' . / Film . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Castina ( July 6 , 2010 ) . `` Stephen King 's `` It '' Bound For Big Screen `` . PopCrunch . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barton , Steve ( April 5 , 2009 ) . `` Exclusive : More on the IT Remake ! Rated R ? '' . Dread Central . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( April 5 , 2009 ) . `` Remake of Stephen King 's It will be Rated - R and Set in the Mid-1980s '' . / Film . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stephens , Niki ( July 1 , 2010 ) . `` SCREENWRITER DAVID KAJGANICH GIVES AN UPDATE ON STEPHEN KING 'S IT '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Serafini , Matt ( June 30 , 2010 ) . `` Early Details on the IT Remake '' . Dread Central . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Radish , Christina ( January 11 , 2014 ) . `` Director Cary Fukunaga Talks TRUE DETECTIVE , Making an 8 - Hour Film , Future Seasons , BEASTS OF NO NATION , Modernizing Horror with IT , and More '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( June 7 , 2012 ) . `` Stephen King 's ' It ' to Be Adapted by Cary Fukunaga into Two Films ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Evry , Max ( December 5 , 2014 ) . `` Stephen King 's IT Will Shoot Next Summer '' . Coming Soon . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Kyle ( December 5 , 2014 ) . `` Cary Fukunaga Will Shoot Stephen King 's It Next Summer '' . Vulture . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack ( May 26 , 2015 ) . `` Stephen King 's It remake put on indefinite hold as director Cary Fukunaga walks out '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wickman , Forrest ( February 3 , 2015 ) . `` Cary Fukunaga on Adapting It , His Musical With Owen Pallett , and # TrueDetectiveSeason2 '' . Slate . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Disgusting , Mr ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` ' It ' Director Seeks `` Perfect Pennywise '' Clown `` . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ P. Sullivan , Kevin ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` Will Poulter cast as Pennywise in Cary Fukunaga 's It '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` Will Poulter to Play the Evil Clown in ' It ' Remake ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( May 25 , 2015 ) . `` ' It ' Loses Director Cary Fukunaga '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Geier , Thom ( May 25 , 2015 ) . `` Cary Fukunaga Out as Director of Stephen King 's ' It ' at New Line ( Exclusive ) '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Setoodeh , Ramin ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` Cary Fukunaga Offers New Details on Why ' It ' Remake Fell Apart '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ P. Sullivan , Kevin ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` Cary Fukunaga opens up about IT departure -- Exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ King , Stephen ( May 25 , 2015 ) . `` The remake of IT may be dead '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sky News Editors , Justin ( May 26 , 2015 ) . `` It Remake ' Dead ' As Director Walks Away '' . Sky News . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2015 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Jorissen , Matt ( November 6 , 2015 ) . `` IT Emphasizes Pennywise 's Most Terrifying Virtue '' . Lilja 's Library . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` Stephen King 's ' It ' Finds New Director ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . 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Variety . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sewell , Annie ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Filming Starts Next Summer on Remake of Stephen King Classic ' It ' '' . Inquisitr . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Disgusting , Mr ( October 31 , 2015 ) . `` Stephen King 's ' It ' to Film Next Summer ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Mike ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's It May Start Filming in 2016 ; Two Movies Still Planned '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Page , Aubrey ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' A Bigger Splash ' Writer David Kajganich on His Unique Approach to the Remake and ' It ' '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Northumberland News Editor ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Hundreds turn up for Stephen King 's ' It ' background actor cast call in Port Hope '' . Northumberland News . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2016 . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Nicholas Hamilton in Stephen King 's ' It ' ; Monterey Media Acquires ' The Last Film Festival ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Horror Wizard Javier Botet to Haunt ' The Mummy ' and Stephen King 's ' It ' '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Creature Performer Javier Botet Joins The Mummy and Stephen King 's It '' . Dread Central . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Producer Dan Lin Confirms ' It ' Rating and Sequel Plans '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wixson , Heather ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` SXSW 2017 : Impressions of First Footage from IT & New Footage from ANNABELLE 2 '' . Daily Dead . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Farokhmanesh , Megan ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` The new Pennywise terrified the young cast of Stephen King 's IT reboot '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Whittaker , Richard ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` SXSW Panel : Face Your Fears '' . The Austin Chronicle . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mad Movies Editors ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` ÇA BY ANDY MUSCHIETTI '' . Mad Movies . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Squires , John ( July 3 , 2017 ) . `` New Pennywise Image Found On French Magazine Cover '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` Andy Muschietti Talks Holding Nothing Back for `` R '' - rated ' IT ' `` . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collinson , Gary ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` It director Andy Muschietti on the film 's R rating '' . Flickering Myth . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Murray , Emily ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` New IT Film Will Contain Scenes ' Too Intense ' For The Original '' . UniLad . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Naylor , Daisy ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` The New ' IT ' Movie Will Be `` R '' Rated With `` Very Adult Themes '' `` . thehooknew . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carptenter , Michael ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` IT Director Talks the Advantages of an R Rating '' . iHorror . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Michael ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` IT Director : R Rating Allows Film to Explore ' Very Adult Themes ' '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Various Monsters in ' IT ' Will Be Very Different from the Book '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sprague , Mike ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` ANDY MUSCHIETTI TALKS IT PART 2 & CLASSIC MOVIE MONSTERS '' . JoBlo.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moore , Paul ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` There 's new terrifying details about the IT film '' . Joe . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Director on Tackling the Two R - Rated Movies and Why He Picked Bill Skarsgard for Pennywise '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Female First Editors ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Andres Muschietti confirms prep date for IT sequel '' . Female First . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ MSN Editors ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Andres Muschietti confirms prep date for IT sequel '' . MSN . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Cavanaugh , Patrick ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen King 's ' It ' Director Explains How Bill Skarsgard Won Coveted Pennywise Role '' . Pop Culture . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` New Adaptation of Stephen King 's It Begins Filming in June '' . Dread Central . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Muschietti , Andrés ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` Day one '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jorissen , Matt ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` IT Filming in Toronto This Summer '' . Lilja 's Library . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kemp , Dustin ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` STEPHEN KING 'S ' IT ' : PORT HOPE 'S TRANSFORMATION INTO DERRY AND WHAT IT REVEALS ABOUT PLOT '' . Inquisitr . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2016 . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Longwell , Karen ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` Ten changes to Port Hope 's downtown for the filming of Stephen King 's ' It ' '' . Northumberland News . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2016 . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Longwell , Karen ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` DurhamRegion : Ten changes to Port Hope 's downtown for the filming of Stephen King 's ' It ' '' . Durham Region . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2016 . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Longwell , Karen ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` Preparation for Stephen King 's ' It ' filming started in Port Hope '' . Northumberland News . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2016 . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : The Oshawa Express Editors ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` Oshawa sewers to be haunted by literary terror '' . The Oshawa Express . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2016 . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Shah , Maryam ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' movie being filmed in Oshawa '' . Toronto Sun . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Jef ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' That 's how you make a haunted house ' : Elaborate set for film of Stephen King 's ' It ' being built in Oshawa '' . Northumberland News . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2016 . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kim , Peter ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` Filming of Stephen King 's horror classic ' It ' becoming nightmare for some residents '' . Global News . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Matteis , Stephanie ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` Film crew for Stephen King movie It creates horror show for Riverdale resident '' . CBC.ca . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Honderich , Holly ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` Excessive film shoots at Riverdale home irks neighbours '' . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lavoie , Joanna ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Lights , camera , too much action at oft - used Pape Avenue film set '' . InsideToronto . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Novakovic , Stefan ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Redevelopment Plan Re-Emerges for Storied East End Mansion '' . Urban Toronto . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ruta , Mike ( September 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' was a hit and it 's a wrap in Oshawa '' . Durham Region . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' Wraps Filming : Pennywise Jack - in - the - Box Revealed '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Orange , Alan ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's IT Wraps Production , Pennywise Jack - in - the - Box Revealed '' . MovieWeb . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Addicted to Horror Movies Editors ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` Filming on Andy Muschietti 's Remake of Stephen King 's ' It ' has Wrapped '' . Addicted to Horror Movies . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ IMDb Editors ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` It ( 2017 ) -- IMDbPro '' . IMDb . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Yahoo Movies Staff ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' First Look : A New Close - Up of Pennywise 's Creepy Costume '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Osborn , Alex ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` IT MOVIE : FIRST FULL LOOK AT PENNYWISE THE CLOWN '' . IGN . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ K , George ( May 19 , 2012 ) . `` What is the difference between Fortuny pleating and mushroom pleating ? '' . Tom 's Sons International Pleating . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Behold Pennywise the Clown 's eerie costume from Stephen King 's It '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brucculieri , Julia ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` The First Look at Pennywise The Clown From The New ' It ' Film Is Terrifying '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` It : First full unsettling look at Pennywise the clown in Stephen King remake '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elizabethan Doublets -- Elizabethan Era Editors ( May 16 , 2012 ) . `` Elizabethan Doublets '' . Tom 's Sons International Pleating . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' : Here 's `` Pennywise '' in Full Clown Costume and He 's Definitely Freaky ! `` . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` Muschietti Talks Paintings that Inspired Nightmarish New ' IT ' Creature '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cinefex Editors ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` It '' . Cinefex . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Rodeo FX Editors ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` IT -- In Production '' . Rodeo FX . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Rodeo FX Editors ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` FILMOGRAPHY '' . Rodeo FX . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Amalgamated Dynamics Editors ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Amalgamated Dynamics -- Filmography '' . Amalgamated Dynamics . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ White , James ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` New Images Of Pennywise And The Kids From It '' . Empire . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Truitt , Brian ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` See a creepy / cool photo of the new Pennywise in Stephen King 's ' It ' remake '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fraser , Kevin ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` ANDRÉS MUSCHIETTI SPILLS NEW DETAILS ABOUT IT AND REVEALS NEW IMAGES '' . JoBlo.com . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` Pennywise and the Losers ' Club Highlighted in New ' IT ' Images '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stefansky , Emma ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` New ' It ' Images Feature a Red Balloon and a Bunch of Terrified '' . ScreenCrush . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Pennywise disarms in secret Comic - Con footage from Stephen King 's It '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Graphic Sexual Content Involving Pre-Teens Cut From New IT Movie '' . ScreenGeek . June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sprague , Mike ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` STEPHEN KING 'S IT SCORES LIGHTS OUT COMPOSER BENJAMIN WALLFISCH '' . JoBlo.com . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ IT : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack by Benjamin Wallfisch on Apple Music , 2017 - 09 - 08 , retrieved 2017 - 09 - 01 Jump up ^ Disgusting , Mr ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Who Will Play Pennywise in Stephen King 's ' It ' ? '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.kino.dk/film/i/it/it-2017 Jump up ^ https://www.cinemagnus.nl/verwacht/film/it/1169/ Jump up ^ http://www.filmweb.no/film/article1302530.ece Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen King Says the New ' It ' Movie Succeeds Beyond Expectations '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen King calls It remake a ' wonderful production ' '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anita Busch and Anthony D'Alessandro ( September 9 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen King 's ' It ' Scares Life Into Box Office , Beats ' Deadpool ' With $13.5 M Record Preview ; $90 M+ 3 - Day Possible '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Has Pennywise 's New Look Already Been Revealed ? '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Collin ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Director of Stephen King 's It remake reveals concept art for Pennywise '' . Consequence of Sound . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Brian ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Pennywise 's New Look Teased as IT Begins Shooting '' . MovieWeb . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Blu - ray Forum Editors ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` Director of Stephen King 's It remake reveals concept art for Pennywise '' . Blu - ray . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ ThePhantomFox ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Paul Greenberg missing poster taken from the IT filming in Port Hope '' . Reddit . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dillon , Ananda ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Latest Pics From The Movie Adaptation of Stephen King 's ' IT ' Are Worthy of the King Himself '' . Moviepilot . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's IT Remake : Missing Posters Show Pennywise 's Victims '' . iHorror . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` FIRST LOOK AT PENNYWISE THE CLOWN FROM STEPHEN KING 'S IT MOVIE '' . IGN . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ White , James ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` First look at Bill Skarsgård as the new Pennywise from It '' . Empire . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` It : First look at Pennywise the Clown in Stephen King adaptation '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Thomas ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` THE FIRST LOOK AT PENNYWISE IN STEPHEN KING 'S ' IT ' IS THE STUFF OF NIGHTMARES '' . Maxim . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Eggertsen , Chris ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' remake : Here 's your first look at the new Pennywise '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hall , Jacob ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' Director Andy Muschietti Shares Images From the Set '' . / Film . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wampler , Scott ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` Check Out A Bunch of Spooky New Images From The Set of IT '' . Birth. Movies. Death . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Burkart , Gregory ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Dig These Cryptic and Creepy Behind - the - Scenes Images From IT ! '' . Blumhouse Productions . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roschke , Ryan ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` A Behind - the - Scenes Look at the Horror Remake of Stephen King 's It '' . PopSugar . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roschke , Ryan ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` A Behind - the - Scenes Look at the Horror Remake of Stephen King 's It -- Slideshow '' . PopSugar . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ White , James ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Take a full look at Bill Skarsgård as the new Pennywise from It '' . Empire . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Maxim Staff ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` THE DAILY HEAT INDEX : HERE 'S THE FIRST LOOK AT PENNYWISE THE CLOWN 'S CREEPY COSTUME FOR STEPHEN KING 'S ' IT ' '' . Maxim . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Damaske , Damion ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` FIRST LOOK AT PENNYWISE 'S `` FRIENDLY '' GUISE FROM THE NEW IT REBOOT `` . JoBlo.com . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' : Bill Skarsgård 's Creepy New Pennywise Costume Revealed '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' : Here 's `` Pennywise '' in Full Clown Costume and He 's Definitely Freaky ! `` . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Aziz , Neha ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Announcing Face Your Fears : An Exclusive First Look & Filmmaker Discussion '' . SXSW . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ SXSW Editors ( March 11 , 2017 ) . `` Face Your Fears : An Exclusive First Look & Filmmaker Discussion '' . SXSW . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Kennedy , Michael ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` IT Remake Teaser Trailer Description : New Pennywise Does n't Hold Back '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trendell , Andrew ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` First trailer for re-make of Stephen King 's ' It ' ' leaves audience screaming ' '' . NME . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thurman , Trace ( March 11 , 2017 ) . `` We 've Seen Footage From Stephen King 's ' It ' ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Ben ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` First footage from Stephen King 's It remake gets critics excited '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` SXSW 2017 : We Saw Footage From Stephen King 's It and Annabelle 2 '' . Dread Central . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vespe , Eric ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` The first footage from the new adaptation of Stephen King 's IT screened at SXSW and it looks really good ! '' . Ai n't It Cool News . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , James ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` The First Teaser Trailer For It Preys On Your Fears '' . Empire . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` New ' It ' Poster and Teaser Trailer Heralds the Horrors to Come '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilyadov , Alex ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` NEW IT POSTER RELEASED , TRAILER TO BE REVEALED TOMORROW '' . IGN . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Creepy ' IT ' Poster Offers Up a Balloon ; Trailer Tomorrow ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` CinemaCon : New Line Scares up ' Annabelle : Creation ' as Sequel Title '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Creeps to Top of Social Media Charts '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Philip , Tom ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` The Trailer for the New IT Remake Will Ruin Your Childhood All Over Again '' . GQ . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gold , Michael ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` The New ' It ' Trailer Is Here to Give You Nightmares '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Raftery , Brian ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` With the First Trailer for It , Stephen King Reclaims the ' 80s '' . Wired . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Earl , William ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Trailer Breakdown : The 6 Best Parts That Perfectly Capture the Novel 's Brilliance '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Trailer Scares Up Worldwide Traffic Record In First 24 Hours With Near 200M , Smokes ' Fate Of The Furious ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ahern , Sarah ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Trailer Sets Record for Most Online Views in Single Day '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Coggan , Devan ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` It trailer sets all - time viewing record for 24 - hour period '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` The It Movie Is Already Breaking Records '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Brings Horror to the MTV Movie & TV Awards With New Clip '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ahern , Sarah ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' New Footage Spooks Audiences at MTV Movie & TV Awards '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Desta , Yohana ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` It : Watch Pennywise Show His Face , If You Dare '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hincks , Joseph ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Watch the New Trailer for Andres Muschietti 's It '' . Time . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Eliza ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` A New It Trailer Is Here to Ruin Balloons Forever '' . Cosmopolitan . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` IT movie : New trailer for Stephen King adaptation floats online '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Terrifying New ' It ' Trailer Sees Losers ' Club Journey Into Sewers '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` New ' It ' Trailer Promises Further Trouble for the Beleaguered Clown Community '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tomlin , Jack ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Watch the latest teaser for Stephen King 's It -- as The Losers ' Club are terrorised by Pennywise the Clown '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` The Losers descend into Pennywise 's nest in this new look at Stephen King 's It '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' IT ' Images Show off the Losers While Concept Art Teases the Final Confrontation '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Houghton , Rianne ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` It movie 's new concept art reveals Pennywise 's terrifying lair '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cavanaugh , Patrick ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` New Stephen King 's ' IT ' Concept Art Reveal Pennywise 's Lair '' . Pop Culture . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` New Line Cinema Brings Horror to the # SDCC With `` ScareDiego '' `` . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Comic - Con : New Line 's ' ScareDiego ' Event To Include Exclusive ' IT ' Footage , ' Annabelle : Creation ' Screening '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` # SDCC17 Update : New Line Cinemas Hosting ScareDiego Event With New IT Footage and Annabelle : Creation Screening '' . Dread Central . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` A Look at the ' IT ' Booth at the # SDCC '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` After Horrific Summer At Box Office , ' It ' Will Bring Life To Fall Marketplace With Potential $60 M Opening '' . Deadline.com . August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( September 3 , 2017 ) . `` After Dismal Summer , Hollywood Pins Hopes on Fall Ticket Sales '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adaptation of Stephen King 's ' It ' Targets Fall Opening Weekend Record '' . Box Office Mojo . September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fandango : ' IT ' Shatters Presales Records for Horror Movies and September Releases '' . Box Office Pro . September 6 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' It ' Scares Up Record - Crushing $13.5 Million Thursday '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Crazed Clown Cashes Smashes Sept. , Genre Records As Stephen King 's ' It ' Pulls In $123 M+ Opening '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : Stephen King 's ' It ' Smashes Records With Massive $117 Million Opening '' . Variety . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It ' Scares Up $11.4 M , Biggest Tuesday Ever For September ; Stephen King Film To Clear $200 M This Weekend '' . Deadline.com . September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Allesandro , Anthony . `` ' American Assassin ' Collects $915 K In Previews ; ' It ' Still King Of The B.O. As Horror Pic Heads To $200 M + '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Allesandro , Anthony . `` ' Mother ! ' Dies With ' F ' CinemaScore And $7.5 M Start As ' It ' Becomes Biggest September Release Ever With $218 M+ Cume '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Allesandro , Anthony ( September 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Kingsman : The Golden Circle ' Ropes $38 M+ ; ' Ninjago ' Dulls Sword To $21 M ; ' Friend Request ' A Loner With $1.8 M '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Kingsman ' Edges Out ' It ' In Fierce Three - Way B.O. Tie ; Early AM Figures Have ' American Made ' In 3rd '' . Deadline.com . October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro . `` Blumhouse Has Plenty To Smile About As ' Happy Death Day ' Scares Up $26 M+ Opening '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` No doubt about ' IT ' : Stephen King clown puts serious scares on screen '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Jump up ^ Andrew Barker ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : Stephen King 's ' It ' '' . Variety . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mark Kermode ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` It review -- enthusiastic , cine - literate retelling of Stephen King 's horror novel '' . The Observer . The Guardian ) ) . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Christopher Orr ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` It : A Solid but Conventional Shocker '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zack Sharf ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Reviews Are Disappointed the Film Uses ' Too Many Jump Scares ' That Do n't Add Up '' . IndieWire . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Michael Phillips ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' review : Stand by me , and we 'll deal with this clown '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eric Kohn ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Review : Stephen King 's Killer Clown Faithfully Comes to Life , But Do n't Expect Any Surprises '' . IndieWire . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chris Nashawaty ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` It delivers the scares , despite too much clowning around '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Trailer Awards Nominees : Warner Bros & ' Lego Batman ' Lead Pack '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Hilary ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Trailer Awards : ' Lego Batman Movie ' Leads With 11 Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Wins Top Prize at Golden Trailer Awards '' . Variety . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.goldentrailer.com/gta-18-nominees/ Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : ' It ' Movie Hopefully Shooting This Year ; Will Be Rated - R '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' IT ' Director Andy Muschietti Says He 's Coming Back for a Sequel '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zinski , Dan ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Second IT Movie Adaptation Aims to Start Filming Next Year '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brew , Simon ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen King 's It sequel set to start filming next spring '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wax , Alyse ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` STEPHEN KING 'S IT ALREADY HAS A SEQUEL PLANNED '' . Syfy . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' IT ' Director Andy Muschietti on Reinventing Pennywise and Sequel Plans '' . Collider.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Sean ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Why The IT Movie Left The Adult Storyline Out Of The First Film '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` The ' IT ' Movie Had to Cut Two Crazy Scenes to Stay On - Budget '' . Collider.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Sequel Sets September 2019 Release Date '' . Variety.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Movie Sequel Plans Move Forward at New Line '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . External links Film in the United States portal Horror fiction portal 2010s portal Official website It on IMDb It at AllMovie It at Box Office Mojo It at Rotten Tomatoes It at Metacritic Films directed by Andy Muschietti Mama ( 2013 ) It ( 2017 ) Cary Fukunaga Films directed Sin Nombre ( 2009 ) Jane Eyre ( 2011 ) Beasts of No Nation ( 2015 ) Films written It ( 2017 ) Television series created Maniac ( TBA ) Television series directed True Detective ( 2014 ) Adaptations of works by Stephen King Films The Shining ( 1980 ) Cujo ( 1983 ) The Dead Zone ( 1983 ) Christine ( 1983 ) Cat 's Eye ( 1985 ) Silver Bullet ( 1985 ) The Running Man ( 1987 ) Tales from the Darkside : The Movie ( 1990 ) Graveyard Shift ( 1990 ) Misery ( 1990 ) Sleepwalkers ( 1992 ) Needful Things ( 1993 ) The Dark Half ( 1993 ) Dolores Claiborne ( 1995 ) Thinner ( 1996 ) The Night Flier ( 1997 ) The Green Mile ( 1999 ) Hearts in Atlantis ( 2001 ) Dreamcatcher ( 2003 ) Secret Window ( 2004 ) Riding the Bullet ( 2004 ) 1408 ( 2007 ) The Mist ( 2007 ) Dolan 's Cadillac ( 2009 ) A Good Marriage ( 2014 ) Mercy ( 2014 ) Cell ( 2016 ) The Dark Tower ( 2017 ) It ( 2017 ) Gerald 's Game ( 2017 ) 1922 ( 2017 ) Carrie Carrie ( 1976 ) The Rage : Carrie 2 ( 1999 ) Carrie ( 2002 ) Carrie ( 2013 ) Creepshow Creepshow ( 1982 ) Creepshow 2 ( 1987 ) Creepshow 3 ( 2007 ) Children of the Corn Disciples of the Crow ( 1983 ) Children of the Corn ( 1984 ) The Final Sacrifice ( 1992 ) Urban Harvest ( 1995 ) The Gathering ( 1996 ) Fields of Terror ( 1998 ) Isaac 's Return ( 1999 ) Revelation ( 2001 ) Children of the Corn ( 2009 ) Genesis ( 2011 ) Different Seasons Stand by Me ( 1986 ) The Shawshank Redemption ( 1994 ) Apt Pupil ( 1998 ) Firestarter Firestarter ( 1984 ) Rekindled ( 2002 ) Trucks Maximum Overdrive ( 1986 ) Trucks ( 1997 ) Pet Sematary Pet Sematary ( 1989 ) Pet Sematary Two ( 1992 ) The Mangler The Mangler ( 1995 ) The Mangler 2 ( 2002 ) The Mangler Reborn ( 2005 ) The Lawnmower Man The Lawnmower Man ( 1992 ) Beyond Cyberspace ( 1996 ) TV films , episodes , and miniseries `` Gramma '' ( 1986 ) `` Sorry , Right Number '' ( 1987 ) It ( 1990 ) The Tommyknockers ( 1993 ) The Stand ( 1994 ) The Langoliers ( 1995 ) The Shining ( 1997 ) Quicksilver Highway ( 1997 ) `` The Revelations of ' Becka Paulson '' ( 1997 ) Storm of the Century ( 1999 ) Stephen King 's Desperation ( 2006 ) Nightmares & Dreamscapes : From the Stories of Stephen King ( 2006 ) Bag of Bones ( 2011 ) Big Driver ( 2014 ) Salem 's Lot Salem 's Lot ( 1979 ) A Return to Salem 's Lot ( 1987 ) Salem 's Lot ( 2004 ) Sometimes They Come Back Sometimes They Come Back ( 1991 ) Sometimes They Come Back ... Again ( 1996 ) Sometimes They Come Back ... for More ( 1998 ) Rose Red Rose Red ( 2002 ) The Diary of Ellen Rimbauer ( 2003 ) TV series Golden Years ( 1991 ) The Dead Zone ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Kingdom Hospital ( 2004 ) Haven ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Under the Dome ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 11.22. 63 ( 2016 ) The Mist ( 2017 ) Mr. Mercedes ( 2017 -- present ) Castle Rock ( TBA ) Operas Dolores Claiborne ( 2013 ) The Shining ( 2016 ) Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It_(2017_film)&oldid=809047084 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films American films 2010s teen horror films 2010s psychological horror films Horror adventure films 2010s adventure films 2010s drama films 2010s mystery films 2010s thriller films 2017 horror films 2010s horror thriller films American horror thriller films American supernatural horror films American supernatural thriller films American psychological horror films American psychological thriller films American psychological drama films Horror drama films Horror films about clowns Films about children Films about domestic violence Films about bullying Films set in Maine Films set in 1988 Films set in 1989 Films set in fictional populated places Films based on American horror novels Films based on works by Stephen King Films produced by Dan Lin Warner Bros. films New Line Cinema films Films about shapeshifting Incest in film Maine in fiction American coming - of - age films Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from February 2017 Wikipedia articles needing style editing from October 2017 All articles needing style editing Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 20 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays it in stephen king's it | [
"\nBill Skarsgård as It / Pennywise the Dancing Clown:[N 1]\nAn ancient, trans-dimensional evil that awakens every twenty-seven years.[30][31][32][33] Will Poulter was previously cast in the role but was forced to drop out due to scheduling conflicts,[30] with Poulter stating, \"I was when Mr. Fukunaga was directing, but the circumstances at New Line are such that a new director's attached now.\"[34] Poulter continued, \"I think, with all due respect to him of course, I was selected by Cary and subscribed to Cary's vision for the movie, and so I haven't had a chance to connect with that [new] director.\"[35] Mark Rylance, Ben Mendelsohn, Kirk Acevedo, Richard Armitage, Hugo Weaving, and Tilda Swinton were considered for the role,[36][37][38][39][40] with Mendelsohn passing on the project, as New Line wanted him to take a sizable pay cut.[41] On June 3, 2016, The Independent officially reported, after final negotiations took place, that Muschietti had chosen actor Bill Skarsgård to portray the character.[42] On portraying Pennywise, Skarsgård stated, \"It's such an extreme character. Inhumane, It's beyond even a sociopath because he's not even human. He's not even a clown. I'm playing just one of the beings It creates.\"[43] Skarsgård described the character further, saying, \"It truly enjoys the shape of the clown Pennywise, and enjoys the game and the hunt.\" He also commented,[44] \"What's funny to this evil entity might not be funny to everyone else. But he thinks it's funny.\"[45] On Pennywise's design, Skarsgård stated, \"It's important that we do something fresh and original for this one. It's purposely not going toward that weird, greasy look.\"[46] He also commented on being compared to Tim Curry, stating that, \"[Curry]'s performance was truly great, but it's important for me to do something different because of that. I'll never be able to make a Tim Curry performance as good as Tim Curry.\"[47][48] Skarsgård also elaborated on his age, stating, \"There's a childishness to the character, because he's so closely linked to the kids. The clown is the manifestation of children's imaginations, so there's something child-like about that.\"[49] Producer Dan Lin spoke of Skarsgård's physical attributes: \"His build is really interesting. He's really tall and lanky, and feels a little clown like in his movement. When he came in—we had a lot of different actors read, and when he came in he had a different spin on the character that got us really excited.\"[50] Lin concluded by contrasting the character with that of Heath Ledger's Joker, \"You've had [Ledger] doing almost a clown joker, you've seen obviously Tim Curry as a clown. We wanted someone who created a Pennywise character that would stand on its own and Bill came in and created this character that frankly freaked us out.\"[50] Muschietti spoke of Skarsgård's Pennywise as one not to lurk in the shadows, to which he remarked, \"Pennywise shows up, he's front and center, and he does his show. He has an act ... So it's weird all the time, and every little thing implies a further threat.\"[51][52][53][54][55] Muschietti also spoke of wanting to make the sense of dread that grows in Derry part of the dread of Pennywise, to which he stated, \"He's not just a character that can shape-shift, his influence is all around. The anticipation of him is almost scarier than the actual Pennywise scares.\"[56] On selecting Skarsgård to portray Pennywise, Muschietti wanted to stay true to the essence of the character, and Skarsgård caught his attention,[57] \"The character has a childish and sweet demeanor, but there’s something very off about him. Bill has that balance in him. He can be sweet and cute, but he can be pretty disturbing.\"[58]\n\nWyatt Oleff as Stanley \"Stan\" Uris:\nA Jewish mysophobe who is the son of a rabbi. He is studying for his bar mitzvah but isn't interested in religion, which is upsetting to his father. On the character of Uris, Muschietti spoke of him knowing a situation of despair, \"Long story short, there’s all sorts of difficult situations, and we had the chance to tell them in a movie that faces directly those conflicts ... the families of the young actors were very open-minded, so we could tell them about subjects that are normally very touchy.\"[59]\n\nJeremy Ray Taylor as Benjamin \"Ben\" Hanscom:\nHanscom is the new kid at school and consequently does not have any friends. He likes reading and researching so he spends a lot of time in the library. He is also very overweight, which earns his place in the Losers' Club, but like all of the Losers, there are underlying facets that define him far more than superficial appearances.[26][60] On the character of Hanscom, Muschietti spoke of him knowing a situation of despair, \"... Ben is bullied at school.\"[61]\n\nSophia Lillis as Beverly \"Bev\" Marsh:\nThe only female member of the Losers' Club, she is bullied at school, particularly concerning false rumors that she is promiscuous. Her home life is also dismal, as her violent father is sexually abusive to her.[62] On the character of Marsh, Muschietti spoke of her knowing a situation of despair, \"Beverly's case is of course the worst, because it’s about sexual abuse on a minor.\"[63] In an interview with Rolling Stone, Lillis spoke of Muschietti not wanting her and her co-stars to spend too much time with Skarsgård: \"We actually weren't allowed to see him until our scenes, because we wanted the horror to be real.\"[64] On Skarsgård's appearance as Pennywise, she recalled, \"Everyone had different reactions, but all of us were like, 'Wow, what did we get ourselves into?' One look at him, and ... you know, he's a really scary clown that wants to kill us. I was a little bit shocked.\"[64] On her connection with her fellow co-stars, she noted that the closeness of the friendships formed allowed Lillis to connect with her own character: \"I relate to Beverly – the way she deals with her emotions, and the way she was around the Losers. I felt that way around the actual actors.\"[64]\n\nFinn Wolfhard as Richard \"Richie\" Tozier:\nThe bespectacled best friend of Bill Denbrough, whose loud mouth and foul language often get him into trouble.[26][60] Wolfhard, famous as Mike Wheeler in Stranger Things, shared the first image of the Losers Club on his Instagram account, with the photo captioned as \"The Losers Club take Toronto\", showing the cast of actors who would play the protagonists. Wolfhard was the only actor cast in both this and Fukunaga's version.[65][66][67] On the character of Tozier, Muschietti spoke of him knowing a situation of despair, \"We don't know much about Richie's personality, because he's the big mouth of the group. But we suppose he's also neglected at home, and he's the clown of the band because he needs attention.\"[68]\n\nJack Dylan Grazer as Edward \"Eddie\" Kaspbrak:\nKaspbrak is the epitome of the hypochondriac, overly exaggerated by the immense amount of objects in his medicine cabinet; a sickly boy who only feels truly well when he is with his friends.[26][60][59] His overbearing mother is the true source of his hypochondria, however; she has convinced him that he is seriously ill and must stay close to her because only she can protect him. Grazer spoke of his appreciation of films such as Lethal Weapon 2 (1989) and Batman (1989) that gave him \"... insight on how [he] could [improvise] or reuse those things as references to the time period.\"[69]\n\nChosen Jacobs as Michael \"Mike\" Hanlon:\nAn African American homeschool student and outsider. Orphaned in a fire and raised by his stern grandfather, he is reluctant to take up the family trade as a butcher.[26][70][60][71][59] On the experience of shooting Muschietti's piece, Jacobs spoke of the experience as \"... my favorite summer of my 16 long years on earth ...\"[72]\n\nNicholas Hamilton as Henry Bowers:\nA young sociopath who leads the Bowers Gang, a gang of high school thugs, and terrorizes the Losers' Club.[73][74] Hamilton prepared for the role by studying Jarred Blancard's portrayal of the character in It (1990), and in Hamilton's words, \"watched all the bits of my original character\" for research.[75] Hamilton added, through the character of Bowers, that \"There's stuff that I have to do that is really creepy and the opportunity to help share my psychotic side has been really fun.\"[75] Additionally Hamilton stated, \"I recently did a scene where I was working with Jeremy Ray Taylor. I had to terrorize the hell out of him and get right in his face.\"[75]\n\nJackson Robert Scott as George \"Georgie\" Denbrough:\nThe innocent, energetic 7-year-old brother of Bill Denbrough. His death at the hands of Pennywise sets the stage for the next summer's events.[76][77]\n\n"
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-6665880788937463074 | Great Britain in the Seven Years' War | Great Britain in the Seven Years ' war - wikipedia Great Britain in the Seven Years ' war Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the British role in the Seven Years ' War . For other uses , see Seven Years ' War . Part of a series on the Wars of Great Britain Seven Years ' War Jacobite risings War of Jenkins ' Ear War of the Austrian Succession Seven Years ' War American Revolutionary War Fourth Anglo - Dutch War French Revolutionary Wars James Wolfe 's victory at the Battle of Quebec in 1759 . Great Britain was one of the major participants in the Seven Years ' War which lasted between 1754 and 1763 . Britain emerged from the war as the world 's leading colonial power , having gained a number of new territories at the Treaty of Paris in 1763 and established itself as the world 's pre-eminent naval power . The war started poorly for Britain , which suffered many deaths from the plague and scurvy , and at the hands of France in North America during 1754 -- 55 ; and in the loss of Menorca in 1756 . The same year Britain 's major ally Austria switched sides and aligned itself with France ; and Britain was hastily forced to conclude a new alliance with Frederick the Great 's Prussia . For the next seven years these two nations were ranged against a growing number of enemy powers led by France . After a period of political instability , the rise of a government headed by the Duke of Newcastle and William Pitt the elder provided Britain with firmer leadership , enabling it to consolidate and achieve its war aims . In 1759 Britain enjoyed an Annus Mirabilis , `` year of miracles '' , with success over the French on the continent ( Germany ) , in North America ( capturing the capital of New France ) , and in India . In 1761 Britain also came into conflict with Spain . The following year British forces captured Havana and Manila , the western and eastern capitals of the Spanish Empire , and repulsed a Spanish invasion of Portugal . By this time the Pitt - Newcastle ministry had collapsed , Britain was short of credit and the generous peace terms offered by France and its allies were accepted . Through the crown , Britain was allied to the Electorate of Hanover and Kingdom of Ireland , both of which effectively fell under British military command throughout the war . It also directed the military strategy of its various colonies around the world including British America . In India British possessions were administered by the East India Company . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 War in North America 2.1 Initial skirmishes ( 1754 -- 55 ) 2.2 Braddock Expedition ( 1755 ) 2.3 Further struggles in North America ( 1756 -- 58 ) 3 War in Europe ( 1756 -- 59 ) 3.1 Stately Quadrille 3.2 Fall of Menorca 3.3 Prussian alliance 3.4 British intervention on the continent 3.5 Change of government 3.6 Naval `` Descents '' 4 Indian Campaign ( 1756 -- 58 ) 4.1 Calcutta 4.2 Plassey 4.3 French East India Company 5 Annus Mirabilis ( 1759 ) 5.1 Madras 5.2 West Indies 5.3 Battle of Minden 5.4 Failed invasion 5.5 Naval supremacy 6 Conquest of Canada ( 1758 -- 60 ) 6.1 Louisbourg 6.2 Quebec 6.3 Montreal 7 Victory in India ( 1760 -- 61 ) 7.1 Wandiwash 7.2 Pondicherry 8 War in Europe ( 1760 -- 62 ) 8.1 West German campaign 8.2 End of the Prussian Alliance 9 War with Spain ( 1762 ) 9.1 Portugal 9.2 Cuba 9.3 Philippines 10 Other campaigns 10.1 Senegal 10.2 Martinique 10.3 Newfoundland 11 Britain during the war 11.1 Demographics 12 Peace treaty 12.1 Negotiations 12.2 Terms of the peace agreement 13 Legacy and aftermath 14 See also 15 References 16 Bibliography Background ( edit ) Further information : Anglo - Austrian Alliance and War of the Austrian Succession The Duke of Newcastle succeeded his brother as Prime Minister in 1754 and managed domestic affairs for much of the Seven Years ' War . The last major conflict in Europe , the War of the Austrian Succession , had ended in 1748 with the Treaty of Aix - la - Chapelle , following a bloody war which had left large parts of Central Europe devastated . The peace terms were unpopular with many , however , as they largely retained the status quo -- which led the people of states such as France , Britain and Austria to believe they had not made sufficient gains for their efforts in the war . By the early 1750s many saw another major war as imminent , and Austria was preparing its forces for an attempt to retake Silesia from Prussia . The British Prime Minister , the Duke of Newcastle , had acceded to the premiership in 1754 following the sudden death of his brother Henry Pelham , and led a government made up largely of Whigs . Newcastle had thirty years ' experience as a Secretary of State and was a leading figure on the diplomatic scene . Despite enjoying a comfortable majority in the House of Commons he was extremely cautious and vulnerable to attacks led by men such as William Pitt , leader of the Patriot Party . Newcastle fervently believed that peace in Europe was possible so long as the `` Old System '' and the alliance with Austria prevailed and devoted much of his efforts to the continuance of this . One of the major concerns for the British government of the era was colonial expansion . During the eighteenth century the British colonies in North America had become more populous and powerful -- and were agitating to expand westwards into the American interior . The territory most prized by the new settlers was the Ohio Country , which was also claimed by France . As well as having economic potential , it was considered strategically key . French control of that territory would block British expansion westwards and eventually French territory would surround the British colonies , pinning them against the coast . A number of colonial delegations to London urged the government to take more decisive action in the Ohio dispute . War in North America ( edit ) As an officer of the Virginia Regiment , George Washington played a major role in Britain 's campaign in the early stages of the Seven Years ' War . Initial skirmishes ( 1754 -- 55 ) ( edit ) Further information : French and Indian War The Ohio Country located between Britain 's Thirteen Colonies and France 's New France saw France and Britain clash . In 1753 the French sent an expedition south from Montreal that began constructing forts in the upper reaches of the Ohio River . In 1754 the Province of Virginia sent the Virginia Regiment led by George Washington to the area to assist in the construction of a British fort at present - day Pittsburgh , but the larger French force had driven away a smaller British advance party and built Fort Duquesne . Washington and some native allies ambushed a company of French scouts at the Battle of Jumonville Glen in late May 1754 . In the skirmish the French envoy Joseph Coulon de Jumonville was left dead leading to a diplomatic incident . The French responded in force from Fort Duquesne , and in July Washington was forced to surrender at the Battle of Fort Necessity . Despite the conflict between them , the two nations were not yet formally at war . Braddock expedition ( 1755 ) ( edit ) Main article : Braddock Expedition The government in Britain , realising that the existing forces of America were insufficient , drew up a plan to dispatch two battalions of Irish regular troops under General Edward Braddock and intended to massively increase the number of Provincial American forces . A number of expeditions were planned to give the British the upper hand in North America including a plan for New England troops to defeat Fort Beauséjour and Fortress Louisbourg in Acadia , and others to act against Fort Niagara and Fort Saint - Frédéric from Albany , New York . The largest operation was a plan for Braddock to dislodge the French from the Ohio Country . In May 1755 Braddock 's column blundered into an enemy force composed of French and Native Americans at the Battle of the Monongahela near Fort Duquesne . After several hours ' fighting the British were defeated and forced to retreat , Braddock died a few days later of his wounds . The remainder of his force returned to Philadelphia and took up quarters , intending no further action that year . The French remained in control of the Ohio Country . In the maritime theatre , the British were successful in the Battle of Fort Beauséjour and in their campaign to remove the French military threat from Acadia . After the battle the British began the Great Expulsion called the Bay of Fundy Campaign ( 1755 ) by the British , with the intent of preventing Acadian support of the French supply lines to Louisbourg . The British forcibly relocated 12,000 French - speakers . Two additional expeditions from Albany each failed to reach their objectives , although one , William Johnson 's expedition , did establish Fort William Henry and held off a French attempt on Fort Edward in the Battle of Lake George . When news of the Braddock disaster reached Britain it caused a massive public outcry over the government 's poor military preparation . The government appointed William Shirley as the new commander - in - chief in North America , and planned an equally ambitious series of operations for the following year . Further struggles in North America ( 1756 -- 58 ) ( edit ) Main article : French and Indian War Map showing the possessions in 1750 of Britain ( pink and purple ) , France ( blue ) , and Spain ( orange ) in North America . Britain and France continued to clash , each with increasingly large forces . Even though the inhabitants of the British colonies hugely outnumbered those of New France , they were unable to exert this advantage partly due to a successful campaign by the French to recruit Native American allies who raided the unprotected frontier of the Thirteen Colonies . The British raised regiments of local militia and shipped in more regular forces from Britain and Ireland . Despite these increased forces Britain continued to fare badly in the battle for control of the Ohio Country and the nearby Great Lakes , and none of their campaigns was successful in 1756 . After losing the Battle of Fort Oswego , not only that fort , but others in the Mohawk River valley were abandoned . This was followed in 1757 by the fall of Fort William Henry and the Indian atrocities that followed . News of this disaster sent a fresh wave of panic around the British colonies , and the entire militia of New England was mobilised overnight . In the maritime theatre , a raid was organized on Lunenburg , Nova Scotia and several on the Chignecto . A British attempt to take Louisbourg in 1757 failed due to bad weather and poor planning . The following year , in part because of having expelled many Acadians , the Siege of Louisbourg ( 1758 ) succeeded , clearing the way for an advance on Quebec . Immediately after the fall of Louisbourg the expulsion of the Acadians continued with the removal of Acadians in the St. John River Campaign , the Petitcodiac River Campaign , the Ile Saint - Jean Campaign , and the Gulf of St. Lawrence Campaign ( 1758 ) . By this point the war in North America had reached a stalemate , with France broadly holding the territorial advantage . It held possession of the disputed Ohio territory but lacked the strength to launch an attack on the more populous British coastal colonies . One of the most significant geopolitical actions of the time was the slow movement towards Imperial unity in North America started by the Albany Congress , although a Plan of Union proposed by Benjamin Franklin was rejected by delegates . War in Europe ( 1756 -- 59 ) ( edit ) Stately quadrille ( edit ) Further information : Diplomatic Revolution Britain had been allied to Austria since 1731 , and the co-operation between the two states had peaked during the War of the Austrian Succession when Maria Theresa had been able to retain her throne with British assistance . Since then the relationship had weakened -- as Austria was dissatisfied with the terms negotiated by Britain for them at the Treaty of Aix - la - Chapelle . Prussia had captured Silesia from Austria during the war and Austria wanted British help to recover it . Sensing that it would not be forthcoming , the Austrians approached their historical enemy France and made a defensive treaty with her -- thereby dissolving the twenty - five year Anglo - Austrian Alliance . Alarmed by the sudden switch in the European balance of power the British made a similar agreement with Prussia at the Westminster Convention . By doing this Newcastle hoped to rebalance the two sides in central Europe -- and thereby make a war potentially mutually destructive to all . This he hoped would stop either Austria or Prussia making an attack on the other and would prevent an all - out war in Europe . This would allow Britain and France to continue their colonial skirmishes without formal war being declared in Europe . Frederick the Great had a number of supporters in London , including William Pitt who welcomed the rapprochement between Britain and Prussia . The Dutch Republic , a long - standing ally of Britain , declared its neutrality in the wake of the Westminster Convention and had no active participation in the coming conflict . Fall of Menorca ( edit ) Main article : Siege of Fort St Philip ( 1756 ) As war in Europe appeared increasingly inevitable , the Newcastle government sought to take the initiative -- and make sure that the strategic island of Menorca ( historically called `` Minorca '' by the British ) was secured before it fell into French hands . A relief expedition was dispatched under Admiral John Byng to save it . However , once he arrived in the Mediterranean Byng found a sizable French fleet and a 15,000 - strong army besieging the fortress . After fighting an indecisive battle he withdrew to Gibraltar , and Menorca subsequently fell . Formal war was finally declared in May 1756 , almost exactly two years after the two countries had first clashed in Ohio . Byng was recalled to Britain and court - martialled . There was violent public outrage about the loss of Menorca , mostly directed against Newcastle . He tried to deflect the blame by emphasising the alleged cowardice of Byng . After being tried by his peers , the admiral was eventually executed by firing squad for `` not doing his utmost '' . By that time Newcastle and his government had fallen . It was replaced by a weaker administration headed by the Duke of Devonshire and dominated by William Pitt . Prussian alliance ( edit ) Main article : Anglo - Prussian alliance ( 1756 ) Frederick the Great remained Britain 's only major ally throughout much of the War . The major war in continental Europe that the British had hoped to avoid exploded in August 1756 when Frederick the Great attacked and overran the Austrian ally Saxony . Having occupied it he then launched a similarly bold invasion of Bohemia . In both cases the Prussians caught their Austrian enemies by surprise , and had used this advantage to full effect , capturing major objectives before Austrian troops had been fully mobilised . Having besieged Prague , an Austrian counter-attack and a defeat at the Battle of Kolín forced the Prussians back . Britain found itself bound by the Westminster Convention and entered the war on the Prussian side . Newcastle was deeply reluctant to do this , but he saw that a Prussian collapse would be disastrous to British and Hanoverian interests . The Anglo - Prussian Alliance was established , which saw large amounts of subsidy given to Prussia . Some supporters of George II were strong advocates of support for Prussia , as they saw it would be impossible to defend his realm of Hanover if they were to be defeated . Despite his initial dislike of Frederick , the King later moved towards this viewpoint . British intervention on the continent ( edit ) Further information : Invasion of Hanover ( 1757 ) Within a short time Prussia was being attacked on four fronts , by Austria from the south , France from the west , Russia from the east , and Sweden from the north . Frederick fought defensive actions trying to blunt the invaders , losing thousands of men and precious resources in the process . He began to send more urgent appeals to London for material help on the continent . When the war with France had commenced , Britain had initially brought Hessian and Hanoverian troops to defend Britain from a feared invasion scare . When the threat of this receded , the German soldiers were sent to defend Hanover along with a small contingent of British troops under Duke of Cumberland , the King 's second son . The arrival of British troops on the continent was considered a rarity , as the country preferred to make war by using its naval forces . As with the Prussians , Cumberland 's army was initially overwhelmed by the sheer scale of the French attacks . Following the disastrous Battle of Hastenbeck Cumberland was forced to sign the Convention of Klosterzeven by which Hanover would withdraw from the war -- and large chunks of its territory would be occupied by the French for the duration of the conflict . Prussia was extremely alarmed by this development and lobbied hard for it to be reversed . In London too , there was shock at such a capitulation and Pitt recalled Cumberland to London where he was publicly rebuked by his father , the King , and forced to relinquish his commission . The terms of Klosterzeven were revoked , Hanover re-entered the war -- and a new commander was selected to command the Allied Anglo - German forces . Ferdinand of Brunswick was a brother - in - law of Frederick the Great , and had developed a reputation as a competent officer . He set about trying to rally the German troops under his command , by emphasising the extent of the atrocities committed by the French troops who had occupied Hanover , and launched a counter-offensive in late 1757 driving the French back across the Rhine . Despite several British attempts to persuade them , the Dutch Republic refused to join their former allies in the war and remained neutral . Pitt at one point even feared that the Dutch would enter the war against Britain , in response to repeated violations of Dutch neutrality by the Royal Navy . Similarly the British were wary of Denmark joining the war against them , but Copenhagen followed a policy of strict neutrality . Change of government ( edit ) Main article : Pitt -- Newcastle ministry William Pitt was the leader of the Patriot Whigs and oversaw British strategy from 1757 . In London the Pitt - dominated administration had fallen after just six months because of a lack of support in parliament . A period of political stalemate followed , with no real direction to the British war effort . It became apparent that the only way a serious war administration could be put together was by an alliance of leading figures . In 1757 a partnership was formed between the Duke of Newcastle and William Pitt -- despite their years of enmity . Newcastle became the head of the administration as Prime Minister , with control of public finances , while Pitt became Secretary of State and de facto war minister with control of much of British military strategy . Other leading figures such as Henry Fox and the Duke of Bedford were also given positions in the administration . The new government 's strategic thinking was sharply divided . Pitt had been a long - term advocate of Britain playing as small a role on the European continent while concentrating their resources and naval power to strike against vulnerable French colonies . Newcastle remained an old - school continentalist -- who believed that the war would be decided in Europe , and was convinced that a strong British presence there was essential . He was supported in this view by George II . A compromise was eventually established in which Britain would keep troops on the European continent under the command of the Duke of Brunswick , while Pitt was given authority to launch several colonial expeditions . He sent forces to attack French settlements in West Africa and the West Indies , operations which were tactically successful and brought financial benefits . In Britain a popular surge of patriotism and support for the government resulted . Pitt formed a triumvirate to direct operations with George Anson in command of the navy and John Ligonier in charge of the army . A Militia Act was passed to create a sizable force to defend Britain which would free up regular troops for operations overseas . Naval `` descents '' ( edit ) As a Colonel James Wolfe participated in the 1757 Raid on Rochefort . He soon rose to be a General , taking part in the seizure of Louisbourg and leading the British troops who captured Quebec in 1759 . The British had received several requests from their German allies to try to relieve the pressure on them by launching diversionary operations against the French . Pitt had long been an advocate of amphibious strikes or `` descents '' against the French coastline in which a small British force would land , capture a settlement , destroy its fortifications and munitions supplies and then withdraw . This would compel the French to withdraw troops from the Northern front to guard the coast . After an urgent request from Brunswick , Pitt was able to put his plan into action , and in September 1757 a British raid was launched against Rochefort in western France . For various reasons it was not a success , but Pitt was determined to press ahead with similar raids . Another British expedition was organised under Lord Sackville . A landing in Saint - Malo was partially successful , but was cut short by the sudden appearance of French troops -- and the force withdrew to Britain . Pitt organised a third major descent , under the command of Thomas Bligh . His raid on Cherbourg in August 1758 proved to be the most successful of the descents , as he burnt ships and munitions and destroyed the fortifications of the town . However , an attempt in September to do the same at St Malo ended with the Battle of Saint Cast and the British withdrawing with heavy casualties . This proved to be the last of the major landings attempted on the French coast -- though the British later took control of the Belle Île off the coast of Brittany which was used as a base for marshalling troops and supplies . The raids were not financially successful and were described by Henry Fox as being `` like breaking windows with guineas '' . From then on the British concentrated their efforts in Europe on Germany . Indian campaign ( 1756 -- 58 ) ( edit ) Main article : Third Carnatic War Britain and France both had significant colonial possessions in India and had been battling for supremacy for a number of years . The British were represented by the British East India Company ( EIC ) who were permitted to raise troops . The collapse of the long - standing Mughal Empire brought the clash between the two states to a head , as each tried to gain sufficient power and territory to dominate the other . The 1754 Treaty of Pondicherry which ended the Second Carnatic War had brought a temporary truce to India , but it was soon under threat . A number of smaller Indian Princely states aligned with either Britain or France . One of the most assertive of these Princes was the pro-French Nawab of Bengal , Siraj ud - Daulah , who resented the British presence in Calcutta . In 1756 he had succeeded his grandfather Alivardi Khan who had been a staunch British ally . By contrast he regarded the British East India Company as an encroaching threat . Calcutta ( edit ) Further information : Battle of Calcutta On 20 June 1756 the Nawab 's troops stormed Fort William capturing the city . A number of the British civilians and prisoners of war were locked in the small guard room in what became known as the Black Hole of Calcutta . After the death of many of them , the atrocity became a popular rallying call for revenge . A force from Madras under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Robert Clive arrived and liberated the city , driving out the Nawab 's troops . The Third Carnatic War that followed saw Britain ranged against the Nawab and France . Clive consolidated his position in Calcutta , and made contact with one of the Nawab 's chief advisors Mir Jafar attempting to persuade him and other leading Bengalis to overthrow the Nawab . After the British ambushed a column of the Nawab 's troops which was approaching Calcutta on 2 February 1757 , the two sides agreed the Treaty of Alinagar which brought a temporary truce to Bengal . Plassey ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Plassey Robert Clive , meeting with Mir Jafar after Plassey , by Francis Hayman . Despite the agreement at Alinagar , neither side was content with the status quo . The British felt that if they did not assert their position , the French would become the dominant power in Bengal . Siraj ud - Daulah was fearful of being forced to accept British suzerainty . His position was weakened by his unpopularity with his own subjects , and the threat of other military enemies to the west . He began to take steps to drive the British out of Bengal entirely . On 23 June 1757 the Nawab led a force of 50,000 into the field . Ranged against them was a much smaller Anglo - Indian force under the command of Robert Clive . The Nawab was weakened by the betrayal of Mir Jafar who had concluded a secret pact with the British before the battle -- and refused to move his troops to support the Nawab . Faced with the superior firepower and discipline of the British troops -- the Nawab 's army was routed . After the battle Siraj ud - Daulah was overthrown and executed by his own officers , and Mir Jafar succeeded him as Nawab . He then concluded a peace treaty with the British . Mir Jafar himself subsequently clashed with the British for much the same reasons as Siraj ud - Daulah had . He conspired with the Dutch East India Company to try to oust the British from Bengal and in 1759 invited them to send troops to aid him . The defeat of the Dutch at the Battle of Chinsurah resulted in Britain moving to have Jafar replaced with his son - in - law , who was considered more favourable to the EIC . One of the most important long - term effects of the battle was that the British received the diwan -- the right to collect taxes in Bengal which was granted in 1765 . French East India Company ( edit ) The French presence in India was led by the French East India Company operating out of its base at Pondicherry . Its forces were under the command of Joseph François Dupleix and Lally , a Jacobite . The veteran Dupleix had been in India a long time , and had established a key rapport with France 's Indian allies . Lally was more newly arrived , and was seeking a swift victory over the British -- and was less concerned about diplomatic sensibilities . Following the Battle of Chandalore when Clive attacked a French trading post the French were driven completely out of Bengal . In spite of this they still had a major presence in central India , and hoped to regain the power they had lost to the British in southern India during the Second Carnatic War . Annus Mirabilis ( 1759 ) ( edit ) Main article : Annus Mirabilis of 1759 Apart from a few isolated victories , the war had not gone well for Britain since 1754 . In all theatres except India and North America ( where Pitt 's strategy had led to important gains in 1758 ) they were on the retreat . British agents received information about a planned French invasion which would knock Britain out of the war completely . While France starved their colonial forces of troops and supplies to concentrate them on the goal of total strategic supremacy in Europe , the British government agreed to continue their policy of shipping their own troops to fight for total victory in the colonies -- leaving Britain to be guarded by the large militia that had existed since 1757 . Madras ( edit ) Main articles : Siege of Madras and Battle of Condore Following Clive 's victory at Plassey and the subjugation of Bengal , Britain had not directed large resources to the Indian theatre . The French meanwhile had despatched a large force from Europe to seize the initiative on the subcontinent . The clear goal of this force was to capture Madras , which had previously fallen to the French in 1746 . In December 1758 a French force of 8,000 under the Comte de Lally descended on Madras , bottling up the 4,000 British defenders in Fort St George . After a hard - fought three - month siege the French were finally forced to abandon their attempt to take the city by the arrival of a British naval force carrying 600 reinforcements on 16 February 1759 . Lally withdrew his troops , but it was not the end of French ambitions in southern India . West Indies ( edit ) Further information : Invasion of Guadeloupe ( 1759 ) One of Pitt 's favoured strategies was a British expedition to attack the French West Indies , where their richest sugar - producing colonies were situated . A British naval force of 9,000 sailed from Portsmouth in November 1758 under the command of Peregrine Hopson . Using Barbados as a staging point , they attacked first at Martinique . After failing to make enough headway , and losing troops rapidly to disease , they were forced to abandon the attempt and move to the secondary target of the British expedition , Guadeloupe . Facing a race against time before the hurricane season hit in July , a landing was forced and the town of Basse - Terre was shelled . They looked in severe danger when a large French fleet unexpectedly arrived under Bompart , but on 1 May the island 's defenders finally surrendered and Bompart was unable to prevent the loss of Guadeloupe . Orders arrived from London concerning an assault on Saint Lucia but the commanders decided that such an attempt was unwise given the circumstances . Instead they moved to protect Antigua for any possible attack by Bompart , before the bulk of the force sailed for home in late July . Battle of Minden ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Minden Since early 1758 the British had contributed an increasingly large number of troops to serve in Germany . Pitt had reversed his previous hostility to British intervention on the continent , as he realised that the theatre could be used to tie down numerous French troops and resources which might otherwise be sent to fight in the colonies . Brunswick 's army had enjoyed enormous success since winter 1757 , crossing the Rhine several times , winning the Battle of Krefeld and capturing Bremen without a shot being fired . In recognition of his services Parliament voted him £ 2,000 a year for life . By April 1759 Brunswick had an army of around 72,000 facing two French armies with a combined strength of 100,000 . The French had occupied Frankfurt and were using it as their base for operations , which Brunswick now attempted to assault . On 13 April Brunswick lost the Battle of Bergen to a superior French force and was forced to retreat . Battle plan of Minden The French pursued Brunswick slowly , capturing the strategic town of Minden which could potentially be used to stage an invasion of Hanover . Brunswick was pressured into action by this threat ; the French command was also eager to end the campaign with a swift victory to free up troops which would allow them to take part in the proposed invasion of Britain . On the night of 31 July , both commanders simultaneously decided to attack the other outside Minden . The French forces reacted hesitantly when faced with Germans in front of them as dawn broke , allowing the Allies to seize the initiative and counter-attack . However , one column of British troops advanced too quickly and soon found itself attacked on all sides by a mixture of cavalry , artillery and infantry which vastly outnumbered them . The British managed to hold them off , sustaining casualties of a third . When they were reinforced with other troops , the Allies broke through the French lines and forced them to retreat . The British cavalry under Sackville were ordered to advance , but he refused -- apparently in indignation at his treatment by Brunswick , though this was at the time popularly attributed to cowardice on his part . In the confusion , the French were allowed to escape the battlefield and avoid total disaster . Despite widespread praise for the conduct of the British troops , their commander Sackville received condemnation for his alleged cowardice and was forced to return home in disgrace . He was replaced by Marquess of Granby . The victory proved crucial , as Frederick had lost to the Russians at Kunersdorf . Had Brunswick been defeated at Minden , Hanover would almost certainly have been invaded and the total defeat of Prussia would have been imminent . In the wake of the victory , the Allies advanced pushing the French backwards and relieving the pressure on the Prussians . Failed invasion ( edit ) Further information : Planned French invasion of Britain ( 1759 ) The central plank of France 's war against Britain in 1759 was a plan to invade Britain , authored by the French chief minister Duc de Choiseul . It was subject to several changes , but the core was that more than 50,000 French troops would cross the English Channel from Le Havre in flat - bottomed boats and land at Portsmouth on the British coast . Aided by a Jacobite rebellion -- they would then advance on London and force a peace agreement on the British , extracting various concessions and knocking them out of the war . The British became aware through their agents of the scheme and drew up a plan to mobilise their forces in case of the invasion . In an effort to set back the invasion , a British raid was launched against Le Havre which destroyed numerous flat - boats and supplies . In spite of this , the plans continued to progress and by autumn the French were poised to launch their invasion . Following naval defeats at the Battle of Quiberon Bay and Battle of Lagos , and with news of the Allied victory at Minden , the French began to have second thoughts about their plan , and in late autumn cancelled it . The French did not have the clear sea they hoped for the crossing , nor could they now spare the number of troops on the continent . A number of flaws in the plan had also become apparent , including the fact that claims of the number of Jacobite supporters were now considered wildly optimistic . The campaign was considered a last throw of the dice for the Jacobites to have any realistic hope of reclaiming the British throne . After the campaign the French soon abandoned the Stuarts entirely , withdrawing their support , and forcing them to take up a new home in Rome . Many of the Highland communities that had strongly supported the Jacobites in 1715 and 1745 now had regiments serving in the British army , where they played a key role in Britain 's success that year . Naval supremacy ( edit ) Further information : Battle of Quiberon Bay and Battle of Lagos The French naval defeat at Quiberon Bay proved a devastating setback to the planned invasion , and was one of the major reasons behind its ultimate cancellation By 1759 the Royal Navy had expanded to 71,000 personnel and 275 ships in commission , with another 82 under ordinance . During the war the British had instituted a new system of blockade , by which they penned in the main French fleets at anchor in Brest and Toulon . The British were able to keep an almost constant force poised outside French harbours . The French inability to counter this had led to a collapse in morale among French seamen and the wider population . The French government had devised a plan that would allow them to launch their invasion . It required a junction of the two French fleets in the English Channel , where they would be able to cover a major invasion . However , in August 1759 the French Mediterranean Fleet under Admiral La Clue left harbour and was destroyed at the Battle of Lagos near Portugal . This left only the Channel Fleet at Brest under Conflans . When he tried to break free of the British blockade in November , he was run down and attacked by the British under Admiral Hawke at the Battle of Quiberon Bay . This victory left the British in almost total command of the seas , compounded by the effective use of naval forces in the West Indies , Canada and India . A small French force under Thurot did manage to land on the Irish coast , and menace Belfast before being forced to withdraw and being destroyed by a Royal Navy squadron in the Irish Sea . The year was rounded out by the news of Wolfe 's victory at Quebec . However while 1759 was acclaimed as Britain 's ' Annus Mirabilis ' , for the Prussians the year had been as disastrous as it had been successful for the British . Prussia 's armies had suffered a string of defeats and lost large numbers of casualties . At times Prussia veered close to total collapse and was now heavily dependent on continued British financial assistance . Conquest of Canada ( 1758 -- 60 ) ( edit ) Further information : Conquest of 1760 Louisbourg ( edit ) Main article : Siege of Louisbourg ( 1758 ) Following the failure of the British to take Louisbourg in 1757 , a second attempt was planned in 1758 and command given to General Jeffery Amherst . Although Louisbourg did not control entry to the Saint Lawrence River , it could not simply be bypassed , and the British decided it must be taken before they could proceed further . After a 44 - day siege , the city finally capitulated . One of the figures who benefited most from the campaign was a young British brigadier , James Wolfe , who so impressed Pitt that he was promoted and given command of future expeditions in Canada . Despite their victory at Louisbourg , the British decided to wait for the spring before heading further up the St Lawrence . In the meantime the river was extensively charted by a naval officer , James Cook , later to become famous as an explorer . Despatches carrying news of the victory sparked euphoria in Britain , and were celebrated by numerous bonfires . Quebec ( edit ) Main articles : Battle of the Plains of Abraham and Battle of Sainte - Foy Map of the Quebec City area showing disposition of French and British forces . The Plains of Abraham are located to the left . The key to British strategy in North America involved taking Quebec City -- the capital and largest city of New France . This was to be achieved by the deployment of a massive force up the Saint Lawrence River . Simultaneously an Anglo - American force would march from New York to capture Fort Carillon and possibly Fort Niagara as well . While many , particularly Pitt and the American inhabitants , hoped that Canada could be annexed , others saw it as a bargaining chip to offset potential British losses in Europe . By the time the French realised the scale of the British intentions in Canada , it was too late to send assistance to Quebec . The French government hoped that Louis - Joseph de Montcalm , New France 's military commander , would be able to resist for the next year , after which they would send troops to his aid . Wolfe arrived outside Quebec on 28 June . For much of the rest of the summer , he probed the defences of the city , trying to find a way through . Montcalm constantly frustrated him , shifting his own troops about in response . The cat - and - mouse game between the two generals reached a climax towards the end of the summer . If Wolfe could not capture the city he would likely be forced to withdraw in the face of the hostile Canadian winter . An attempt to land on the Montmorency was beaten back at the Battle of Beauport , and almost proved disastrous . Wolfe now searched for another place to land and make his attack . On 12 September the British learned of a convenient landing spot , and Wolfe moved his army there at night . The following day the Battle of the Plains of Abraham took place . It proved to be a decisive British victory , though one in which both Wolfe and Montcalm were killed . The British then took over the city . The French attempted to retake Quebec in 1760 . The British were further cheered by the news that Amherst had taken Fort Carillon ( after which it was renamed Fort Ticonderoga , as it is known today ) and a second expedition had captured Fort Niagara . The French and their native allies were now under increasing pressure , compounded by guerrilla activities spearheaded by Britain 's Mohawk allies and Rogers ' Rangers . Despite the celebrated victory at Quebec , the campaign was not over -- the French still had significant forces at large in North America swelled by refugees from the surrounding countryside . The following spring the French regrouped and launched an attempt to retake Quebec . The Battle of Sainte - Foy took place on 28 April 1760 and proved even bloodier than the previous battle . Though the French prevailed , the British were able to retreat into Quebec and hold it against a siege that lasted for a fortnight . Montreal ( edit ) The arrival of British ships and reinforcements ended the French offensive and forced them to retreat in the direction of Montreal . The British pursued , capturing parts of the city on 1 September 1760 after encountering only light resistance . The last French army under Lévis was finally forced to surrender on 6 September 1760 when a second British army under Amherst arrived from the south following the Battle of the Thousand Islands , and an attempt at French reinforcement was stopped in the naval Battle of Restigouche . The British had responded to the French challenge in North America by striking at the heart of New France . Though it had been a long and costly series of campaigns , it proved to be one of the most successful of Pitt 's policies . While a modest French presence remained in Illinois and Louisiana the fighting served to end any significant French military threats in North America for good . Victory in India ( 1760 -- 61 ) ( edit ) Following the British victory at Madras , their forces took the offensive . A force under Francis Forde captured the port of Masulipatam . Although he still had significant forces in India , the French commander Lally had expected greater support from his own navy , but he was constantly frustrated by the cautious Aché . Fresh British reinforcements arrived , tilting the balance in their favour . The failure of the French navy to secure command of the Indian Ocean opened their own territory to capture . Wandiwash ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Wandiwash Pondicherry ( edit ) Main article : Siege of Pondicherry ( 1760 ) Pondicherry 's capture proved to be a decisive moment in the long - term battle for control in India . After this point , French India was confined to a handful of trading posts stretched along the coast , while the East India Company moved into the interior , extending its conquests to create the wide - reaching territories of British India , and by subsidiary alliances setting up the even wider British Indian Empire . By the end of 1761 , the French were fearful that the British forces in India were preparing to strike at the island of Mauritius , and made no effort to reverse their losses in India . War in Europe ( 1760 -- 62 ) ( edit ) Lord Bute 's rise to power between 1760 and 1762 dramatically influenced the emphasis of Britain 's war effort . Like the new king , Bute favoured an end to British involvement on the continent . 1760 marked a major milestone in British strategy , caused by the death of George II . His grandson George III was much less committed to a British role in Germany which he saw as unnecessary . He also disliked Newcastle and Pitt , describing them as `` knave '' and a `` snake in the grass '' , and elevated his former tutor Earl of Bute into a senior role in the cabinet . The dovish Bute soon clashed with Pitt over various aspects of British policy . Bute did give his assent to Pitt 's plan for a British expedition to capture the island of Belle Île in 1761 . West German campaign ( edit ) After his victory at Minden the Duke of Brunswick continued to lead the Anglo - German army which received increasing resources and reinforcements from Britain . Brunswick was now facing several large French armies under the overall command of Victor - François , 2nd duc de Broglie which tried to envelop the west German frontier . The French still hoped to offset their losses to the British in other parts of the globe by capturing Hanover -- - which could be used as a bargaining chip in any peace negotiations . The French continued to invest large numbers of troops -- which were badly needed elsewhere . In 1761 Brunswick won another major victory over Broglie at the Battle of Villinghausen . The French made a final attempt to invade Hanover in 1762 which was defeated at the Battle of Wilhelmsthal . Brunswick then went on the attack , driving the French southwards and capturing Cassel before the war was halted by an armistice . End of the Prussian alliance ( edit ) Bute began to champion the idea that Britain should disentangle itself from the German war , and suggested to Frederick the Great that he might make peace with Austria by giving them back Silesia . Frederick rejected the proposal , although Prussian fortunes were at a low ebb by 1761 following defeats on several fronts . Debates began in London about cancelling all British subsidies to Frederick entirely . By early 1762 -- despite the success of Brunswick 's army in Western Europe -- Russian troops were poised to capture Berlin and a partition of Prussia was actively planned . Frederick was spared by the sudden death of Empress Elizabeth of Russia , who was succeeded by the pro-Prussian Peter III . He was an ardent admirer of Frederick and immediately switched Russia from an enemy of Prussia to an ally -- withdrawing the threat from Berlin and sending his troops against the Austrians . This dramatically shifted the balance of power in Europe -- suddenly handing Frederick the initiative . He recaptured southern Silesia and forced Austria to the negotiating table . War with Spain ( 1762 ) ( edit ) Main article : Anglo - Spanish War ( 1762 -- 1763 ) Ricardo Wall managed to keep Spain out of the war , but lost power when Charles III became king . Through careful diplomacy and the influence of a pro-British Spanish prime minister Ricardo Wall , Spain had remained neutral through most of the war . However , with the accession of Charles III to the throne Spanish foreign policy began to change . Charles was alarmed by the British conquest of the French Empire in North America , and feared his own empire would be Pitt 's next target . He concluded the Bourbon Family Compact with France , offering them practical support . With evidence of growing Franco - Spanish co-operation , Pitt suggested it was only a matter of time before Spain entered the war . The prospect of war with Spain shattered the cabinet unity which had existed up to that point . Pitt strongly advocated a pre-emptive strike which would allow them to capture the annual plate fleet , denying Spain of its vital resources of wealth which were shipped in . The rest of the cabinet refused , and Pitt resigned . In spite of this war with Spain swiftly became unavoidable , and on 4 January 1762 Britain duly declared war on Spain . Almost immediately , British ships under Admiral Charles Saunders moved to blockade Cadiz one of the most important Spanish naval bases . Portugal ( edit ) Main article : Spanish invasion of Portugal ( 1762 ) The most pressing issue in the war with Spain was a threatened invasion of Portugal . Portugal , although a historic British ally , had remained neutral through most of the conflict . By early 1762 they were drawn into the war with the First Cevallos expedition and became a likely target of Spain . Portugal 's long border with Spain was considered vulnerable and easy to overrun , rather than the more complex efforts a siege of the British fortress of Gibraltar would require . Spanish forces began massing on the Portuguese border , ready to strike . Britain moved swiftly to support their Portuguese allies , shipping in supplies and officers to help co-ordinate the defence . The original Spanish plan was to take Almeida and then to advance towards the Alentejo and Lisbon , but they switched their target to Porto as it would strike more directly at British commerce . Under the direction of the Marquis of Sarria Spanish troops crossed from Galicia into northern Portugal capturing several towns . However , the thrust against Porto stalled in difficult terrain and due to the flooding of the River Esla . British troops began arriving that summer with 6,000 coming from Belle Île under Lord Loudoun and a further 2,000 from Ireland . Spain invested and captured the border fortress of Almeida . A British - Portuguese counter-attack led by John Burgoyne captured the Spanish town Valencia de Alcántara . French forces began to arrive to support the Spaniards , but like their allies they began to suffer high levels of attrition through disease and desertion . In November with problems with their lines of supply and communication the Bourbon allies withdrew and sued for peace . Despite the large numbers of forces involved , there had been no major battles . Cuba ( edit ) Main article : Capture of Havana ( 1762 ) El Morro fortress in Havana , stormed by the British in July 1762 In June 1762 British forces from the West Indies landed on the island of Cuba and laid siege to Havana . Although they arrived at the height of the fever season , and previous expeditions against tropical Spanish fortresses failed due , in no small part , to tropical disease , the British government was optimistic of victory -- if the troops could catch the Spanish off - guard before they had time to respond . The British commander Albermale ordered a tunnel to be dug by his sappers so a mine could be planted under the walls of the city 's fortress . British troops began to fall from disease at an alarming rate , but they were boosted by the arrival of 4,000 reinforcements from America . On 30 July Albermale ordered the mine to be detonated , and his troops stormed the fortress . The bombardment of Havana With Havana now in their hands , the British lay poised to strike at other targets in the Spanish Main should the war continue for another year . However , they had suffered 1,800 deaths and more than 4,000 casualties during the siege -- almost entirely from disease -- and for the moment set about consolidating their hold on the countryside around Havana . During the year of British occupation , commerce in Havana boomed , as the port was opened up to trade with the British Empire rather than the restricted monopoly with Cadiz that had existed before . Philippines ( edit ) Main articles : Battle of Manila ( 1762 ) and British occupation of Manila Almost as soon as war had been declared with Spain , orders had been despatched for a British force at Madras to proceed to the Philippines and invade Manila . A combined force of 10,700 men under William Draper set off from India in late July , arriving in Manila Bay in September 1762 . They had to move swiftly before the monsoon season hit . On 6 October the British stormed the city , capturing it . A large amount of plunder was taken from the city after the Battle of Manila . Spanish forces regrouped under Simon Anda , who had escaped from Manila during the siege . Rebellions fomented by the British were sabotaged by Spanish agents and crushed by Spanish forces . The British were prevented from extending their authority beyond Manila and the nearby port of Cavite . All agreements made between the British commander and Archbishop Rojo were dismissed as illegal . Eventually the British forces started to suffer troop desertions and dissensions within the command . Because news of the city 's capture did n't reach Europe until after the Treaty of Paris , no provision was made regarding its status . During the siege , the Spanish lieutenant governor had agreed to a four million payment in silver dollars to the British known as the Manila Ransom in exchange for sparing the city but the full amount was never paid when word of what had happened in the Philippines reached Europe . The Spanish government demanded compensation for crimes committed against the residents of Manila during the occupation and the controversy over the ransom demanded by the British and the compensation demanded by the Spanish lasted many years . The twenty month occupation of Manila ended in 1764 . Other campaigns ( edit ) Senegal ( edit ) Further information : Capture of Senegal One of the earliest schemes Pitt had for colonial expeditions was in West Africa where France had several lucrative but strategically unimportant bases . He was fighting against a great deal of scepticism in the British government , which saw Europe as the main venue of warfare and all other theatres as costly distractions . As an initial test of his strategy Pitt gained support for a British expedition proposed by a New York merchant Thomas Cumming to take the French trading station at Fort Louis on the Senegal River which they did with relative ease , carrying back a large amount of plunder to Britain . Subsequent expeditions also took out French posts at Gorée and on the River Gambia . Martinique ( edit ) Main article : British expedition against Martinique ( 1762 ) Despite taking Guadeloupe in 1759 , the British attempt to occupy Martinique that year had ended in failure . In 1761 a fresh scheme to attack the French West Indies was drawn up and Martinque was successfully taken by a British force in February 1762 . This was followed up by the capture of the islands of Saint Lucia , Grenada and Saint Vincent . In each case many of the local planters and merchants welcomed the invasion , as it ended Britain 's naval blockade and restored their access to international trade . Newfoundland ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Signal Hill In a final attempt to try to gain some advantage against the British , the French managed to slip an expedition through the British blockade and head towards Newfoundland , considered valuable because of its large fishery . The small British garrison was swiftly overwhelmed and the French believed they could use Newfoundland as a bargaining counter to extract the return of several of their own territories . General Amherst responded by despatching a force of men from New York under his younger brother William Amherst to recapture the island . They managed to defeat a French force at the Battle of Signal Hill on 15 September 1762 , forcing the total capitulation of the French expedition three days later . Britain during the war ( edit ) Demographics ( edit ) This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2011 ) Peace Treaty ( edit ) Main article : Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) Negotiations ( edit ) The participants of the Seven Years ' War by 1762 . Great Britain , Prussia , Portugal , with allies France , Spain , Austria , Russia , Sweden with allies By 1763 the British government had an extreme shortage of money , though not as severe as that facing the French government . The collapse of the alliance with the Prussians ended that costly involvement , and by late 1762 the war around the world was winding towards a close . In Britain the new Bute ministry had taken full control of government , following the departure of Newcastle in March 1762 after a power struggle . The government agreed to an armistice and began fresh negotiations with the French in Paris directed by the Duke of Bedford . In Britain the negotiations that proceeded to the peace agreement proved hugely controversial . Strong opposition , led principally by Newcastle and Pitt , was raised against the terms which were perceived to be exceedingly lenient towards France and Spain . A mob went so far as to attack a carriage carrying George III in protest at the alleged betrayal . Nonetheless Bute felt the war needed to be brought to an end , and the terms on offer were reasonable . Britain held a dominant position at the negotiations , as they had during the last seven years seized Canada , Guadeloupe , Martinique , Dominica , Pondicherry , Senegal , and Belle Île from the French and Havana and Manila from the Spanish . Only one British territory , Menorca , was in enemy hands . Despite suffering a year of defeats , Spain was prepared to fight on -- something which their French allies were opposed to . Bute proposed a suggestion that France cede her remaining North American territory of Louisiana to Spain to compensate Madrid for its losses during the war . This formula was acceptable to the Spanish government , and allowed Britain and France to negotiate with more legroom . Terms of the peace agreement ( edit ) Having severed their connection with the Prussians the previous year , the British negotiated a separate peace to the Prussians -- dealing with their two principal adversaries France and Spain . Britain received formal control of New France , while handing back Martinique and Guadeloupe . The British were handed all of mainland North America east of the Mississippi River . In the wake of Britain 's territorial expansion Sir George Macartney observed that Britain now controlled `` a vast Empire , on which the sun never sets '' . Despite France 's losses , Choiseul was satisfied not to have been forced to hand over more territory in the Caribbean and was delighted that he had been able to maintain a French presence in Newfoundland guaranteeing continued access to the valuable fishery there . A separate peace agreement between Austria and Prussia was concluded at the Treaty of Hubertusburg on 15 February returning Central Europe to the status quo ante bellum . Legacy and aftermath ( edit ) Statue of Wolfe in Greenwich Park The number of casualties suffered by British forces were comparatively light , compared to the more than a million fatalities that occurred worldwide . France and Spain both considered the treaty that ended the war as being closer to a temporary armistice rather than a genuine final settlement , and William Pitt described it as an `` armed truce '' . Britain had customarily massively reduced the size of its armed forces during peace time , but during the 1760s a large military establishment was maintained -- intended as a deterrent against France and Spain . The Bourbon powers both sent agents to examine Britain 's defenses believing that a successful invasion of Britain was an essential part of any war of revenge . The British victory in the war sowed some of the seeds of Britain 's later conflict in the American War of Independence . American colonists had been delighted by the huge swathes of North America that had now been brought under formal British control , but many were angered by the Proclamation of 1763 , which was an attempt to protect Native American territory -- and prevent European settlement . Similarly the issue of quartering the British regular troops became a thorny issue , with colonists objecting to their billeting in private homes . Events such as these contributed to a drift apart between the British government and many of its subjects in the Thirteen Colonies . The war had also brought to an end the `` Old System '' of alliances in Europe , In the years after the war , under the direction of Lord Sandwich , the British did try to re-establish this system but European states such as Austria and the Dutch Republic now saw Britain as a potentially greater threat than France and did not join them , while the Prussians were angered by what they considered a British betrayal in 1762 . Consequently , when the American War of Independence turned into a global war between 1778 -- 83 , Britain found itself opposed by a strong coalition of European powers , and lacking any substantial ally . See also ( edit ) France in the Seven Years ' War References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : I.e. , a structure of alliances with European powers , in which Britain had formed grand coalitions against Bourbon ambitions in Europe Jump up ^ Anderson p. 124 - 28 ^ Jump up to : McLynn p . Jump up ^ Anderson p. 62 - 65 Jump up ^ Anderson p. 67 - 71 Jump up ^ Anderson p. 98 - 109 Jump up ^ Anderson p. 111 - 14 Jump up ^ McLynn p. 35 - 36 Jump up ^ Anderson p. 208 - 09 Jump up ^ Browning p. 164 - 66 Jump up ^ Simms p. 403 - 04 Jump up ^ Anderson p. 125 - 29 Jump up ^ Carter p. 2 Jump up ^ Browning p. 232 - 235 Jump up ^ Rodger Command of the Ocean p. 264 - 66 Jump up ^ Browning p. 236 Jump up ^ Rodger Command of the Ocean p. 266 - 67 Jump up ^ Anderson p. 176 - 77 Jump up ^ Browning p. 242 Jump up ^ McLynn p. 256 Jump up ^ Anderson p. 211 - 22 Jump up ^ McLynn p. 259 Jump up ^ McLynn p. 259 - 60 Jump up ^ McLynn p. 240 Jump up ^ Rodger . Command of the Ocean p. 268 Jump up ^ Simms p. 446 Jump up ^ Keay p. 282 - 95 Jump up ^ McLynn p. 170 - 71 Jump up ^ McLynn p. 388 Jump up ^ McLynn p. 183 Jump up ^ McLynn p. 104 - 105 Jump up ^ McLynn p. 105 - 108 Jump up ^ McLynn p. 109 - 115 Jump up ^ Anderson p. 314 - 315 Jump up ^ McLynn p. 116 Jump up ^ Dull p. 122 - 123 Jump up ^ McLynn p. 264 Jump up ^ McLynn p. 265 Jump up ^ McLynn p. 266 - 67 Jump up ^ McLynn p. 279 - 81 Jump up ^ McLynn p. 238 Jump up ^ McLynn p. 233 Jump up ^ McLynn p. 236 - 37 Jump up ^ Longmate p. 180 - 81 Jump up ^ Simms p. 463 - 64 Jump up ^ West p. 250 - 54 Jump up ^ Anderson p. 377 Jump up ^ Simms p. 475 - 76 Jump up ^ McLynn p. 50 - 53 Jump up ^ Anderson p. 344 Jump up ^ McLynn p. 219 Jump up ^ McLynn p. 219 - 222 Jump up ^ Anderson p. 391 - 96 Jump up ^ Anderson p. 398 - 99 Jump up ^ Anderson p. 400 - 09 Jump up ^ Corbett . Volume II , p. 121 Jump up ^ Corbett . Volume II p. 121 - 26 Jump up ^ Dull pp. 172 - 73 Jump up ^ Hibbert p. 27 Jump up ^ Anderson p. 496 Jump up ^ Anderson p. 495 Jump up ^ Anderson p. 492 - 94 Jump up ^ Anderson & Cayton p. 124 - 25 Jump up ^ Browning p. 280 - 82 Jump up ^ Anderson p. 487 - 90 Jump up ^ Anderson p. 497 Jump up ^ Anderson p. 497 - 98 ^ Jump up to : Anderson p. 498 Jump up ^ Anderson p. 498 - 99 Jump up ^ Anderson p. 499 - 501 ^ Jump up to : Anderson p. 501 - 02 Jump up ^ Rodger Command of the Ocean p. 286 - 87 Jump up ^ Simms p. 555 Jump up ^ McLynn p. 99 Jump up ^ Anderson p. 306 Jump up ^ McLynn p. 100 - 121 Jump up ^ Anderson p. 490 Jump up ^ Anderson p. 483 - 84 Jump up ^ Simms p. 502 Jump up ^ Longmate p. 183 - 85 Bibliography ( edit ) Anderson , Fred . Crucible of War : The Seven Years ' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America , 1754 -- 1766 . Faber and Faber , 2001 Anderson , Fred and Cayton , Andrew . The Dominion of War : Empire and Liberty in North America 1500 -- 2000 . Penguin Books , 2005 . Anderson , Fred . The War that Made America : a Short History of the French and Indian War . Penguin Books , 2006 . Black , Jeremy . Pitt the Elder . Cambridge University Press , 1992 . Browning , Reed . The Duke of Newcastle . Yale University Press , 1975 . Brown , Peter Douglas . William Pitt , Earl of Chatham : The Great Commoner . George Allen & Unwin , 1978 . Carter , Alice Clare . The Dutch Republic in Europe in the Seven Years ' War . MacMillan , 1971 . Dull , Jonathan R . The French Navy and the Seven Years ' War . University of Nebraska , 2005 . Gipson , Lawrence H. The Great War for the Empire : The Years of Defeat , 1754 -- 1757 ( 1948 ) ; The Great War for the Empire : The Victorious Years , 1758 -- 1760 ( 1950 ) highly detailed narrative of the British war in North America and Europe . Hibbert , Christopher . George III : A Personal History . Penguin Books , 1999 Hough , Richard . Captain James Cook : a biography . Hodder & Stoughton , 1995 Keay , John . The Honourable Company : A History of the English East India Company . Harper Collins , 1993 Kelch , Ray . Newcastle : A Duke Without Money . Routledge and Kegan Paul , 1974 . Longmate , Norman . Island Fortress : The Defence of Great Britain , 1603 -- 1945 . Harper Collins , 1993 McLynn , Frank . 1759 : The Year Britain Became Master of the World . Pimlico , 2005 . O'Toole , Fintan . White Savage : William Johnson and the Invention of America . Faber and Faber , 2005 . Rodger NAM . Command of the Ocean : A Naval History of Britain , 1649 -- 1815 . Penguin Books , 2006 . N.A.M. Rodger , The Insatiable Earl : A Life of John Montagu , Fourth Earl of Sandwich ( London : Harper Collins , 1993 ) Simms , Brendan . Three Victories and a Defeat : The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire . Penguin Books ( 2008 ) Kingdom of Great Britain History Union of 1707 Great Britain in the Seven Years ' War Jacobitism Jacobite risings War of Jenkins ' Ear French and Indian War Boston Massacre American Revolutionary War Anglo - Dutch War ( 1780 -- 1784 ) French Revolutionary Wars Union of 1801 Royal Houses Stuart Anne Hanover George I George II George III Politics Parliament House of Lords House of Commons List of Parliaments Acts of Parliament : 1707 -- 1719 1720 -- 1739 1740 -- 1759 1760 -- 1779 1780 -- 1800 Elections : 1708 1710 1713 1715 1722 1727 1734 1741 1747 1754 1761 1768 1774 1780 1784 1790 1796 Monarchy Peers Privy Council Prime Minister List Whigs Tories Whig Junto Patriot Whigs Kit - Cat Club Geography Great Britain Architecture Queen Anne Georgian Other East India Company British Empire Longitude prize Window tax Proclamation of Rebellion South Sea Company Speenhamland system Symbols Flag Coat of arms History of Great Britain category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Britain_in_the_Seven_Years%27_War&oldid=842662818 '' Categories : Seven Years ' War Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012 Articles to be expanded from January 2011 All articles to be expanded Articles with empty sections from January 2011 All articles with empty sections Articles using small message boxes Use dmy dates from January 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 21 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what advantage did the british have over the patriots at the beginning of the war | [] | [] |
-8198728824683734438 | Rest (physics) | Rest ( physics ) - Wikipedia Rest ( physics ) Jump to : navigation , search This article 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Rest , in physics , refers to an object being stationary relative to a particular frame of reference or another object . When the position of a body with respect to its surroundings does not change with time it is said to be `` at rest '' . According to the theory of relativity , it is said that an object is `` at rest relative to '' another . For example , a train decelerates approaching a station and eventually comes to rest alongside the platform . The train can be said to be `` at rest with respect to the station '' , or , as the correct frame of reference is usually implicit and / or provided by context , simply `` at rest '' . Given an inertial frame of reference , Newton 's first law of motion states that an object at rest will remain at rest , while the motion of a moving object will remain unchanged until acted upon by an external force . An object at rest , therefore , can be described as without velocity and acceleration -- although , according to relativity , an object is either at rest or in motion relative to other moving objects . The concept of `` relative rest '' is closely linked to that of inertial observers and the statement that nothing is at absolute rest is loosely equivalent to stating that there are no frames of reference which are truly inertial . So - called non-inertial observers are addressed by the theory of general relativity . In reality , there is nothing at absolute rest . For example , Earth 's gravitation constantly pulls objects toward its surface , while Earth is one of the objects the Sun constantly pulls towards itself , causing it to orbit the Sun ; the Sun , in turn , orbits the center of the Milky Way ; and so on. Two or more than two objects are said to be at rest , if its position with respect to each other is not changing or moving with uniform velocity with respect to each other. Rest and motion are relative term . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Newton 's first law '' . The Physics classroom . 2014 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Newton 's First Law of Motion '' . www.grc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 09 . This classical mechanics - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rest_(physics)&oldid=784890798 '' Categories : Concepts in physics Classical mechanics stubs Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing style editing from January 2013 All articles needing style editing All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Español Français हिन्दी Bahasa Melayu नेपाल भाषा Português Sicilianu Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 June 2017 , at 15 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when can we say that an object is at rest | [
"Rest, in physics, refers to an object being stationary relative to a particular frame of reference or another object. When the position of a body with respect to its surroundings does not change with time it is said to be \"at rest\". According to the theory of relativity, it is said that an object is \"at rest relative to\" another. For example, a train decelerates approaching a station and eventually comes to rest alongside the platform. The train can be said to be \"at rest with respect to the station\", or, as the correct frame of reference is usually implicit and/or provided by context, simply \"at rest\"."
] | [
"When the position of a body with respect to its surroundings does not change with time"
] |
-2572022695106569368 | Denis Diderot | Denis Diderot - wikipedia Denis Diderot Jump to : navigation , search `` Diderot '' redirects here . For the lunar impact crater , see Diderot ( crater ) . Denis Diderot Diderot , by Louis - Michel van Loo , 1767 ( 1713 - 10 - 05 ) 5 October 1713 Langres , Champagne , France 31 July 1784 ( 1784 - 07 - 31 ) ( aged 70 ) Paris , France Alma mater University of Paris Era 18th - century philosophy Region Western philosophy School Encyclopédistes Main interests Science , literature , philosophy , art Influences ( show ) Aristotle Baruch Spinoza John Locke Voltaire Miguel de Cervantes Laurence Sterne Niccolò Machiavelli Samuel Richardson Isaac Newton Lucretius Rene Descartes Influenced ( show ) Étienne Bonnot de Condillac Baron d'Holbach Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Auguste Comte Milan Kundera Günter Grass Jacques Barzun Karl Marx Signature Denis Diderot ( French : ( dəni did ( ə ) ʁo ) ; 5 October 1713 -- 31 July 1784 ) was a French philosopher , art critic , and writer . He was a prominent figure during the Enlightenment and is best known for serving as co-founder , chief editor , and contributor to the Encyclopédie along with Jean le Rond d'Alembert . Diderot 's literary reputation during his lifetime rested primarily on his plays and his contributions to the Encyclopédie ; many of his most important works , including Jacques the Fatalist , Rameau 's Nephew , Paradox of the Actor , and D'Alembert's Dream , were published only after his death . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 2 Early works 2.1 Philosophical Thoughts 2.2 The Skeptic 's Walk 2.3 The Indiscreet Jewels 2.4 Scientific work 2.5 Letter on the Blind 3 Incarceration and release 4 Encyclopédie 4.1 Genesis 4.2 Controversies 4.3 Diderot 's contribution 5 Mature works 5.1 Rameau 's Nephew 6 Visual arts 7 Theatre 8 Diderot and Catherine the Great 8.1 Journey to Russia 8.2 Back in France 9 Philosophy 10 Appreciation and influence 11 Contemporary tributes 12 Bibliography 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 Further reading 16.1 Primary sources 17 External links Biography ( edit ) Denis Diderot was born in Langres , Champagne , and began his formal education at a Jesuit collège in Langres . N ° 9 de la place dans le centre ville de Langres : in the background on the right side the birthplace of Denis Diderot His parents were Didier Diderot ( 1685 -- 1759 ) a cutler , maître coutelier , and his wife Angélique Vigneron ( 1677 -- 1748 ) . Three of five siblings survived to adulthood , Denise Diderot ( 1715 -- 1797 ) and their youngest brother Pierre - Didier Diderot ( 1722 -- 1787 ) , and finally their sister Angélique Diderot ( 1720 -- 1749 ) . According to Arthur McCandless Wilson , Denis Diderot greatly admired his sister Denise , sometimes referring to her as `` a female Socrates '' . In 1732 , Denis Diderot earned the Master of Arts degree in philosophy . Then he entered the Collège d'Harcourt of the University of Paris . He abandoned the idea of entering the clergy and decided instead to study at the Paris Law Faculty . His study of law was short - lived however and , in 1734 , Diderot decided to become a writer . Because of his refusal to enter one of the learned professions , he was disowned by his father , and for the next ten years he lived a bohemian existence . In 1742 , he befriended Jean - Jacques Rousseau . In 1743 , he further alienated his father by marrying Antoinette Champion ( 1710 -- 1796 ) , a devout Roman Catholic . The match was considered inappropriate due to Champion 's low social standing , poor education , fatherless status , and lack of a dowry . She was about three years older than Diderot . The marriage , in October 1743 , produced one surviving child , a girl . Her name was Angélique , named after both Diderot 's dead mother and sister . The death of his sister , a nun , from overwork in the convent may have affected Diderot 's opinion of religion . She is assumed to have been the inspiration for his novel about a nun , La Religieuse , in which he depicts a woman who is forced to enter a convent where she suffers at the hands of the other nuns in the community . Diderot had affairs with Mlle . Babuti ( who would marry Greuze ) , Madeleine de Puisieux , Sophie Volland and Mme de Maux . His letters to Sophie Volland are known for their candor and are regarded to be `` among the literary treasures of the eighteenth century '' . Though his work was broad as well as rigorous , it did not bring Diderot riches . He secured none of the posts that were occasionally given to needy men of letters ; he could not even obtain the bare official recognition of merit which was implied by being chosen a member of the Académie française . When the time came for him to provide a dowry for his daughter , he saw no alternative than to sell his library . When Empress Catherine II of Russia heard of his financial troubles she commissioned an agent in Paris to buy the library . She then requested that the philosopher retain the books in Paris until she required them , and act as her librarian with a yearly salary . Between October 1773 and March 1774 , the sick Diderot spent a few months at the empress 's court in Saint Petersburg . Diderot died of pulmonary thrombosis in Paris on 31 July 1784 , and was buried in the city 's Église Saint - Roch . His heirs sent his vast library to Catherine II , who had it deposited at the National Library of Russia . He has several times been denied burial in the Panthéon with other French notables , but the French government did recently announce the possibility of memorializing him in this fashion , on the 300th anniversary of his birth ( October 2013 ) . This idea seems to have been shelved . Early works ( edit ) Diderot 's earliest works included a translation of Temple Stanyan 's History of Greece ( 1743 ) ; with two colleagues , François - Vincent Toussaint and Marc - Antoine Eidous , he produced a translation of Robert James 's Medicinal Dictionary ( 1746 -- 1748 ) . In 1745 , he published a translation of Shaftesbury 's Inquiry Concerning Virtue and Merit , to which he had added his own `` reflections '' . Philosophical Thoughts ( edit ) Main article : Philosophical Thoughts In 1746 , Diderot wrote his first original work : the Philosophical Thoughts ( French : Pensées philosophiques ) . In this book , Diderot argued for a reconciliation of reason with feeling so as to establish harmony . According to Diderot , without feeling there is a detrimental effect on virtue , and no possibility of creating sublime work . However , since feeling without discipline can be destructive , reason was necessary to control feeling . At the time Diderot wrote this book he was a deist . Hence there is a defense of deism in this book , and some arguments against atheism . The book also contains criticism of Christianity . The Skeptic 's Walk ( edit ) Main article : The Skeptic 's Walk In 1747 , Diderot wrote The Skeptic 's Walk ( French : Promenade du sceptique ) in which a deist , an atheist , and a pantheist have a dialogue on the nature of divinity . The deist gives the argument from design . The atheist says that the universe is better explained by physics , chemistry , matter , and motion . The pantheist says that the cosmic unity of mind and matter , which are co-eternal and comprise the universe , is God . This work remained unpublished till 1830 . The local police -- warned by the priests of another attack on Christianity -- either seized the manuscript , or authorities forced Diderot give an undertaking that he would not publish this work , according to different versions of what happened . The Indiscreet jewels ( edit ) Main article : The Indiscreet Jewels In 1748 , Diderot needed to raise money on short notice . He had become a father through his wife , and his mistress Mme . de Puisieux was making financial demands from him . At this time , Diderot had stated to Mme . de Puisieux that writing a novel was a trivial task , whereupon she challenged him to write a novel . In response , Diderot wrote his novel The Indiscreet Jewels ( French : Les bijoux indiscrets ) . The book is about the magical ring of a Sultan which induces any woman 's `` discreet jewels '' to confess their sexual experiences when the ring is pointed at them . In all , the ring is pointed at thirty different women in the book -- usually at a dinner or a social meeting -- with the Sultan typically being visible to the woman . However , since the ring has the additional property of making its owner invisible when required , a few of the sexual experiences recounted are through direct observation with the Sultan making himself invisible and placing his person in the unsuspecting woman 's boudoir . Besides the bawdiness there are several digressions into philosophy , music , and literature in the book . In one such philosophical digression , the Sultan has a dream in which he sees a child named `` Experiment '' growing bigger and stronger till it demolishes an ancient temple named `` Hypothesis '' . The book proved to be lucrative for Diderot even though it could only be sold clandestinely . It is Diderot 's most published work . The book is believed to be an imitation of Le Sopha . Scientific work ( edit ) Diderot would keep writing on science in a desultory way all his life . The scientific work of which he was most proud was Memoires sur differents sujets de mathematique ( 1748 ) . This work contains original ideas on acoustics , tension , air resistance , and `` a project for a new organ '' which could be played by all . Some of Diderot 's scientific works were applauded by contemporary publications of his time like The Gentleman 's Magazine , the Journal des savants ; and the Jesuit publication Journal de Trevoux , which invited more such work : `` on the part of a man as clever and able as M. Diderot seems to be , of whom we should also observe that his style is as elegant , trenchant , and unaffected as it is lively and ingenious . '' Letter on the blind ( edit ) Diderot 's celebrated Letter on the Blind ( Lettre sur les aveugles à l'usage de ceux qui voient ) ( 1749 ) introduced him to the world as an original thinker . The subject is a discussion of the interrelation between man 's reason and the knowledge acquired through perception ( the five senses ) . The title of his book also evoked some ironic doubt about who exactly were `` the blind '' under discussion . In the essay , blind English mathematician Nicholas Saunderson argues that , since knowledge derives from the senses , mathematics is the only form of knowledge that both he and a sighted person can agree on . It is suggested that the blind could be taught to read through their sense of touch . ( A later essay , Lettre sur les sourds et muets , considered the case of a similar deprivation in the deaf and mute . ) According to Jonathan Israel , what makes the Lettre sur les aveugles so remarkable , however , is its distinct , if undeveloped , presentation of the theory of variation and natural selection . This powerful essay , for which La Mettrie expressed warm appreciation in 1751 , revolves around a remarkable deathbed scene in which a dying blind philosopher , Saunderson , rejects the arguments of a deist clergyman who endeavours to win him round to a belief in a providential God during his last hours . Saunderson 's arguments are those of a neo-Spinozist Naturalist and fatalist , using a sophisticated notion of the self - generation and natural evolution of species without Creation or supernatural intervention . The notion of `` thinking matter '' is upheld and the `` argument from design '' discarded ( following La Mettrie ) as hollow and unconvincing . The work appeared anonymously in Paris in June 1749 , and was vigorously suppressed by the authorities . Diderot , who had been under police surveillance since 1747 , was swiftly identified as the author , had his manuscripts confiscated , and was imprisoned for some months , under a lettre de cachet , on the outskirts of Paris , in the dungeons at Vincennes where he was visited almost daily by Rousseau , at the time his closest and most assiduous ally . Voltaire wrote an enthusiastic letter to Diderot commending the Lettre and stating that he had held Diderot in high regard for a long time to which Diderot had sent a warm response . Soon after this , Diderot was arrested . Science historian Conway Zirkle has written that Diderot was an early evolutionary thinker and noted that his passage that described natural selection was `` so clear and accurate that it almost seems that we would be forced to accept his conclusions as a logical necessity even in the absence of the evidence collected since his time . '' Incarceration and release ( edit ) Angered by public resentment of the Peace of Aix - la - Chapelle , the government started incarcerating many of its critics . It was decided at this time to rein in Diderot . On 23 July 1749 , the governor of the Vincennes fortress instructed the police to incarcerate Diderot in the Vincennes . The next day he was arrested and placed in solitary confinement in the Vincennes . He had been permitted to retain one book which he had in his possession at the time of his arrest . This was Paradise Lost ; he read this book during his incarceration , and wrote notes and annotations on the book , using a toothpick as a pen , and ink that he made by scraping slate from the walls and mixing it with wine . In August 1749 , Mme du Chatelet , presumably at Voltaire 's behest , wrote to the governor of Vincennes , who was her kinsman , pleading that Diderot be lodged more comfortably while jailed . The governor then offered Diderot access to the great halls of the Vincennes castle and the freedom to receive books and visitors providing he would write a document of submission . On 13 August 1749 , Diderot wrote to the governor : I admit to you ... that the Pensees , the Bijoux , and the Lettre sur les aveugles are debaucheries of the mind that escaped from me ; but I can ... promise you on my honor ( and I do have honor ) that they will be the last , and that they are the only ones ... As for those who have taken part in the publication of these works , nothing will be hidden from you . I shall depose verbally , in the depths ( secrecy ) of your heart , the names both of the publishers and the printers . On 20 August , Diderot was lodged in a comfortable room in the Vincennes , and allowed to meet visitors , and walk in the gardens of the Vincennes . On 23 August , Diderot signed another letter promising to never leave the Vincennes without permission . On 3 November 1749 , Diderot was released from the Vincennes . Subsequently , in 1750 , he released the prospectus for the Encyclopédie . Encyclopédie ( edit ) Title page of the Encyclopédie Main article : Encyclopédie Genesis ( edit ) André le Breton , a bookseller and printer , approached Diderot with a project for the publication of a translation of Ephraim Chambers ' Cyclopaedia , or Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences into French , first undertaken by the Englishman John Mills , and followed by the German Gottfried Sellius . Diderot accepted the proposal , and transformed it . He persuaded Le Breton to publish a new work , which would consolidate ideas and knowledge from the Republic of Letters . The publishers found capital for a larger enterprise than they had first planned . Jean le Rond d'Alembert was persuaded to become Diderot 's colleague ; and permission was procured from the government . In 1750 an elaborate prospectus announced the project , and in 1751 the first volume was published . This work was unorthodox and advanced for the time . Diderot stated that `` An encyclopedia ought to make good the failure to execute such a project hitherto , and should encompass not only the fields already covered by the academies , but each and every branch of human knowledge . '' Comprehensive knowledge will give `` the power to change men 's common way of thinking . '' The work combined scholarship with information on trades . Diderot emphasized the abundance of knowledge within each subject area . Everyone would benefit from these insights . Controversies ( edit ) Diderot 's work , however , was mired in controversy from the beginning ; the project was suspended by the courts in 1752 . Just as the second volume was completed accusations arose , regarding seditious content , concerning the editor 's entries on religion and natural law . Diderot was detained and his house was searched for manuscripts for subsequent articles . But the search proved fruitless as no manuscripts could be found . They were hidden in the house of an unlikely confederate -- Chretien de Lamoignon Malesherbes , the very official who ordered the search . Although Malesherbes was a staunch absolutist -- loyal to the monarchy -- he was sympathetic to the literary project . Along with his support , and that of other well - placed influential confederates , the project resumed . Diderot returned to his efforts only to be constantly embroiled in controversy . These twenty years were to Diderot not merely a time of incessant drudgery , but harassing persecution and desertion of friends . The ecclesiastical party detested the Encyclopédie , in which they saw a rising stronghold for their philosophic enemies . By 1757 they could endure it no longer . The subscribers had grown from 2,000 to 4,000 , a measure of the growth of the work in popular influence and power . The Encyclopédie threatened the governing social classes of France ( aristocracy ) because it took for granted the justice of religious tolerance , freedom of thought , and the value of science and industry . It asserted the doctrine that the main concern of the nation 's government ought to be the nation 's common people . It was believed that the Encyclopédie was the work of an organized band of conspirators against society , and that the dangerous ideas they held were made truly formidable by their open publication . In 1759 , the Encyclopédie was formally suppressed . The decree did not stop the work , which went on , but its difficulties increased by the necessity of being clandestine . Jean le Rond d'Alembert withdrew from the enterprise and other powerful colleagues , including Anne Robert Jacques Turgot , Baron de Laune , declined to contribute further to a book which had acquired a bad reputation . Diderot 's contribution ( edit ) Diderot was left to finish the task as best he could . He wrote several hundred articles , some very slight , but many of them laborious , comprehensive , and long . He damaged his eyesight correcting proofs and editing the manuscripts of less competent contributors . He spent his days at workshops , mastering manufacturing processes , and his nights writing what he had learned during the day . He was incessantly harassed by threats of police raids . The last copies of the first volume were issued in 1765 . In 1764 , when his immense work was drawing to an end , he encountered a crowning mortification : he discovered that the bookseller , Le Breton , fearing the government 's displeasure , had struck out from the proof sheets , after they had left Diderot 's hands , all passages that he considered too dangerous . `` He and his printing - house overseer , '' writes Furbank , `` had worked in complete secrecy , and had moreover deliberately destroyed the author 's original manuscript so that the damage could not be repaired . '' The monument to which Diderot had given the labor of twenty long and oppressive years was irreparably mutilated and defaced . It was 12 years , in 1772 , before the subscribers received the final 28 folio volumes of the Encyclopédie , ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences , des arts et des métiers since the first volume had been published . Mature works ( edit ) Statue of Denis Diderot in the city of Langres , his birthplace Although the Encyclopédie was Diderot 's most monumental product , he was the author of many other works that sowed nearly every intellectual field with new and creative ideas . Diderot 's writing ranges from a graceful trifle like the Regrets sur ma vieille robe de chambre ( Regrets for my Old Dressing Gown ) up to the heady D'Alembert's Dream ( Le Rêve de d'Alembert ) ( composed 1769 ) , a philosophical dialogue in which he plunges into the depths of the controversy as to the ultimate constitution of matter and the meaning of life . Jacques le fataliste ( written in 1773 , but not published until 1792 in German and 1796 in French ) is similar to Tristram Shandy and The Sentimental Journey in its challenge to the conventional novel 's structure and content . Rameau 's Nephew ( edit ) The dialogue Rameau 's Nephew ( French : Le Neveu de Rameau ) is a `` farce - tragedy '' reminiscent of the Satires of Horace , a favorite classical author of Diderot 's whose lines `` Vertumnis , quotquot sunt , natus iniquis '' ( `` A man born when every single Vertumnus was out of sorts '' ) appear as epigraph . According to Nicholas Cronk , Rameau 's Nephew is `` arguably the greatest work of the French Enlightenment 's greatest writer . '' Diderot 's intention in writing the dialogue -- whether as a satire on contemporary manners , a reduction of the theory of self - interest to an absurdity , the application of irony to the ethics of ordinary convention , a mere setting for a discussion about music , or a vigorous dramatic sketch of a parasite and a human original -- is disputed . In political terms it explores `` the bipolarisation of the social classes under absolute monarchy , '' and insofar as its protagonist demonstrates how the servant often manipulates the master , Le Neveu de Rameau can be seen to anticipate Hegel 's master -- slave dialectic . The narrator in the book recounts a conversation with Jean - François Rameau , nephew of the famous Jean - Philippe Rameau . The nephew composes and teaches music with some success but feels disadvantaged by his name and is jealous of his uncle . Eventually he sinks into an indolent and debauched state . After his wife 's death , he loses all self - esteem and his brusque manners result in him being ostracized by former friends . A character profile of the nephew is now sketched by Diderot : a man who was once wealthy and comfortable with a pretty wife , who is now living in poverty and decadence , shunned by his friends . And yet this man retains enough of his past to analyze his despondency philosophically and maintains his sense of humor . Essentially he believes in nothing -- not in religion , nor in morality ; nor in the Roussean view about nature being better than civilization since in his opinion every species in nature consumes one another . He views the same process at work in the economic world where men consume each other through the legal system . The wise man , according to the nephew , will consequently practice hedonism : Hurrah for wisdom and philosophy ! -- the wisdom of Solomon : to drink good wines , gorge on choice foods , tumble pretty women , sleep on downy beds ; outside of that , all is vanity . The dialogue ends with Diderot calling the nephew a wastrel , a coward , and a glutton devoid of spiritual values to which the nephew replies : `` I believe you are right . '' Un dîner de philosophes painted by Jean Huber . Denis Diderot is the second from the right ( seated ) . The publication history of the Nephew is circuitous . Written in 1761 , Diderot never saw the work through to publication during his lifetime , and apparently did not even share it with his friends . After Diderot 's death , a copy of the text reached Schiller , who gave it to Goethe , who , in 1805 , translated the work into German . Goethe 's translation entered France , and was retranslated into French in 1821 . Another copy of the text was published in 1823 , but it had been expurgated by Diderot 's daughter prior to publication . The original manuscript was only found in 1891 . Visual Arts ( edit ) Diderot 's most intimate friend was the philologist Friedrich Melchior Grimm . They were brought together by their friend in common at that time , Jean - Jacques Rousseau . In 1753 , Grimm began writing a newsletter , the La Correspondance littéraire , philosophique et critique , which he would send to various high personages in Europe . In 1759 , Grimm asked Diderot to report on the biennial art exhibitions in the Louvre for the Correspondance . Diderot reported on the Salons between 1759 and 1771 and again in 1775 and 1781 . Diderot 's reports would become `` the most celebrated contributions to La Correspondance . '' According to Charles Augustin Sainte - Beuve , Diderot 's reports initiated the French into a new way of laughing , and introduced people to the mystery and purport of colour by ideas . `` Before Diderot '' , Anne Louise Germaine de Staël wrote , `` I had never seen anything in pictures except dull and lifeless colours ; it was his imagination that gave them relief and life , and it is almost a new sense for which I am indebted to his genius '' . Diderot had appended an Essai sur la peinture to his report on the 1765 Salon in which he expressed his views on artistic beauty . Goethe described the Essai sur la peinture as `` a magnificent work ; it speaks even more usefully to the poet than to the painter , though for the painter too it is a torch of blazing illumination '' . Jean - Baptiste Greuze ( 1725 -- 1805 ) was Diderot 's favorite contemporary artist . Diderot appreciated Greuze 's sentimentality , and more particularly Greuze 's portrayals of his wife who had once been Diderot 's mistress . Theatre ( edit ) Diderot wrote sentimental plays , Le Fils naturel ( 1757 ) and Le Père de famille ( 1758 ) , accompanying them with essays on theatrical theory and practice , including `` Les Entretiens sur Le Fils Naturel '' ( Conversations on The Natural Son ) , in which he announced the principles of a new drama : the ' serious genre ' , a realistic midpoint between comedy and tragedy that stood in opposition to the stilted conventions of the classical French stage . Diderot introduced the concept of the fourth wall , the imaginary `` wall '' at the front of the stage in a traditional three - walled box set in a proscenium theatre , through which the audience sees the action in the world of the play . Diderot and Catherine the great ( edit ) Diderot 's travel from Paris to Saint Petersburg in 1773 -- 1774 . The blue line marks the outward from 3 June 1773 until 9 October 1773 , and the red line marks the return journey 5 March 1774 to 21 October 1774 . Journey to Russia ( edit ) When the Russian Empress Catherine the Great heard that Diderot was in need of money , she arranged to buy his library and appoint him caretaker of it until his death , at a salary of 1,000 livres per year . She even paid him 25 years salary in advance . Although Diderot hated traveling , he was obliged to visit her . On 9 October 1773 , he reached St. Petersburg , met Catherine the next day and they had several discussions on various subjects . During his five - month stay at her court , he met her almost every day . During these conversations , he would later state , they spoke ' man to man ' . He would occasionally make his point by slapping her thighs . In a letter to Madame Geoffrin , Catherine wrote : Your Diderot is an extraordinary man . I emerge from interviews with him with my thighs bruised and quite black . I have been obliged to put a table between us to protect myself and my members . One of the topics discussed was Diderot 's ideas about how to transform Russia into a utopia . In a letter to Comte de Ségur , the Empress wrote that if she followed Diderot 's advice , chaos would ensue in her kingdom . Back in France ( edit ) When returning , Diderot asked the Empress for 1,500 rubles as reimbursement for his trip . She gave him 3,000 rubles , an expensive ring , and an officer to escort him back to Paris . He would write a eulogy in her honor on reaching Paris . In July 1784 , upon hearing that Diderot was in poor health , Catherine arranged for him to move into a luxurious suite in the Rue de Richelieu . Diderot died two weeks after moving there -- on 31 July 1784 . Among Diderot 's last works were notes `` On the Instructions of her Imperial Majesty ... for the Drawing up of Laws '' . This commentary on Russia included replies to some arguments Catherine had made in the Nakaz . Diderot wrote that Catherine was certainly despotic , due to circumstances and training , but was not inherently tyrannical . Thus , if she wished to destroy despotism in Russia , she should abdicate her throne and destroy anyone who tries to revive the monarchy . She should publicly declare that `` there is no true sovereign other than the nation , and there can be no true legislator other than the people . '' She should create a new Russian legal code establishing an independent legal framework and starting with the text : `` We the people , and we the sovereign of this people , swear conjointly these laws , by which we are judged equally . '' In the Nakaz , Catherine had written : `` It is for legislation to follow the spirit of the nation . '' Diderot 's rebuttal stated that it is for legislation to make the spirit of the nation . For instance , he argued , it is not appropriate to make public executions unnecessarily horrific . Ultimately , Diderot decided not to send these notes to Catherine ; however , they were delivered to her with his other papers after he died . When she read them , she was furious and commented that they were an incoherent gibberish devoid of prudence , insight , and verisimilitude . Philosophy ( edit ) In his youth , Diderot was originally a follower of Voltaire and his deist Anglomanie , but gradually moved away from this line of thought towards materialism and atheism , a move which was finally realised in 1747 in the philosophical debate in the second part of his The Skeptic 's Walk ( 1747 ) . He was `` a philosopher in whom all the contradictions of the time struggle with one another '' ( Rosenkranz ) . In his 1754 book On the interpretation of Nature , Diderot expounded on his views about Nature , evolution , materialism , mathematics , and experimental science . It is speculated that Diderot may have contributed to his friend Baron d'Holbach 's 1770 book The System of Nature . Diderot had enthusiastically endorsed the book stating that : What I like is a philosophy clear , definite , and frank , such as you have in the System of Nature . The author is not an atheist on one page and a deist on another . His philosophy is all of one piece . In conceiving the Encyclopedie , Diderot had thought of the work as a fight on behalf of posterity and had expressed confidence that posterity would be grateful for his effort . According to Diderot , `` posterity is for the philosopher what the ' other world ' is for the man of religion . '' Appreciation and influence ( edit ) Marmontel and Henri Meister commented on the great pleasure of having intellectual conversations with Diderot . Morellet , a regular attendee at D'Holbach's salon , wrote : `` It is there that I heard ... Diderot treat questions of philosophy , art , or literature , and by his wealth of expression , fluency , and inspired appearance , hold our attention for a long stretch of time . '' Diderot 's contemporary , and rival , Jean Jacques Rousseau wrote in his Confessions that after a few centuries Diderot would be accorded as much respect by posterity as was given to Plato and Aristotle . In Germany , Goethe , Schiller , and Lessing expressed admiration for Diderot 's writings , Goethe pronouncing Diderot 's Rameau 's Nephew to be `` the classical work of an outstanding man . '' In the next century , Diderot was admired by Balzac , Delacroix , Stendhal , Zola , and Schopenhauer . According to Comte , Diderot was the foremost intellectual in an exciting age . Historian Michelet described him as `` the true Prometheus '' and stated that Diderot 's ideas would continue to remain influential long into the future . Marx chose Diderot as his `` favourite prose - writer . '' Contemporary tributes ( edit ) Otis Fellows and Norman Torrey have described Diderot as `` the most interesting and provocative figure of the French eighteenth century . '' Jean - Simon Berthélemy , Young man admiring Denis Diderot 's bust In 1993 , American writer Cathleen Schine published Rameau 's Niece , a satire of academic life in New York that took as its premise a woman 's research into an ( imagined ) 18th - century pornographic parody of Diderot 's Rameau 's Nephew . The book was praised by Michiko Kakutani in the New York Times as `` a nimble philosophical satire of the academic mind '' and `` an enchanting comedy of modern manners . '' French author Eric - Emmanuel Schmitt wrote a play titled Le Libertin ( The Libertine ) which imagines a day in Diderot 's life including a fictional sitting for a woman painter which becomes sexually charged but is interrupted by the demands of editing the Encyclopédie . It was first staged at Paris ' Théâtre Montparnasse in 1997 starring Bernard Giraudeau as Diderot and Christiane Cohendy as Madame Therbouche and was well received by critics . In 2013 , the tricentennial of Diderot 's birth , his hometown of Langres held a series of events in his honor and produced an audio tour of the town highlighting places that were part of Diderot 's past , including the remains of the convent where his sister Angélique took her vows . On 6 October 2013 , a museum of the Enlightenment focusing on Diderot 's contributions to the movement , the Maison des Lumières Denis Diderot , was inaugurated in Langres . Bibliography ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Monument to Denis Diderot in Paris , 6th arrondissement , by Jean Gautherin Essai sur le mérite et la vertu , written by Shaftesbury French translation and annotation by Diderot ( 1745 ) Philosophical Thoughts , essay ( 1746 ) La Promenade du sceptique ( 1747 ) The Indiscreet Jewels , novel ( 1748 ) Lettre sur les aveugles à l'usage de ceux qui voient ( 1749 ) Encyclopédie , ( 1750 -- 1765 ) Lettre sur les sourds et muets ( 1751 ) Pensées sur l'interprétation de la nature , essai ( 1751 ) `` Systeme de la Nature , '' ( 1754 ) Le Fils naturel ( 1757 ) Entretiens sur le Fils naturel ( 1757 ) Le père de famille ( 1758 ) Discours sur la poesie dramatique ( 1758 ) Salons , critique d'art ( 1759 -- 1781 ) La Religieuse , Roman ( 1760 ; revised in 1770 and in the early 1780s ; the novel was first published as a volume posthumously in 1796 ) . Le neveu de Rameau , dialogue ( 1763 ) . Lettre sur le commerce de la librairie ( 1763 ) Mystification ou l'histoire des portraits ( 1768 ) Entretien entre D'Alembert et Diderot ( 1769 ) Le rêve de D'Alembert , dialogue ( 1769 ) Suite de l'entretien entre D'Alembert et Diderot ( 1769 ) Paradoxe sur le comédien ( written between 1770 and 1778 ; first published posthumously in 1830 ) Apologie de l'abbé Galiani ( 1770 ) Principes philosophiques sur la matière et le mouvement , essai ( 1770 ) Entretien d'un père avec ses enfants ( 1771 ) Jacques le fataliste et son maître , novel ( 1771 -- 1778 ) Ceci n'est pas un conte , story ( 1772 ) Madame de La Carlière , short story and moral fable , ( 1772 ) Supplément au voyage de Bougainville ( 1772 ) Histoire philosophique et politique des deux Indes , in collaboration with Raynal ( 1772 -- 1781 ) Voyage en Hollande ( 1773 ) Éléments de physiologie ( 1773 -- 1774 ) Réfutation d'Helvétius ( 1774 ) Observations sur le Nakaz ( 1774 ) Essai sur les règnes de Claude et de Néron ( 1778 ) Est - il Bon ? Est - il méchant ? ( 1781 ) Lettre apologétique de l'abbé Raynal à Monsieur Grimm ( 1781 ) Aux insurgents d'Amérique ( 1782 ) See also ( edit ) Novels portal French literature portal Biography portal Contributions to liberal theory Diderot effect Encyclopedist Encyclopédistes Euler , Leonhard Liberalism Society of the Friends of Truth Paris Diderot University Denis Diderot House of Enlightenment Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bijou is a slang word meaning the vagina . Jump up ^ Diderot later narrated the following conversation as having taken place : Catherine : `` You have a hot head , and I have one too . We interrupt each other , we do not hear what the other one says , and so we say stupid things . '' Diderot : `` With this difference , that when I interrupt your Majesty , I commit a great impertinence . '' Catherine : `` No , between men there is no such thing as impertinence . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Will Durant ( 1965 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 9 : The Age of Voltaire . Simon&Schuster . p. 650 . Jump up ^ Pickering , Mary ( 2009 ) . Auguste Comte : Volume 3 : An Intellectual Biography . Cambridge University Press . pp. 216 , 304 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 11914 - 6 . Jump up ^ Norman Hampson . The Enlightenment. 1968 . Harmondsworth : Penguin , 1982 . p. 128 Jump up ^ Will Durant ( 1965 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 9 : The Age of Voltaire . Simon&Schuster . pp. 678 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Arthur M. Wilson . Diderot : The Testing Years , 1713 -- 1759 . New York : Oxford University Press , 1957 , p. 14 ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Arthur Wilson , Diderot ( New York : Oxford , 1972 ) . Jump up ^ Will Durant ( 1965 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 9 : The Age of Voltaire . Simon&Schuster . pp. 675 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Will Durant ( 1965 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 9 : The Age of Voltaire . Simon&Schuster . p. 675 . ^ Jump up to : One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Morley , John ( 1911 ) . `` Diderot , Denis '' . In Chisholm , Hugh . Encyclopædia Britannica. 8 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 204 -- 06 . Jump up ^ Verzaal , Elly ( 25 October 2013 ) . `` Diderot op de Kneuterdijk ( 1 ) '' ( Diderot on Kneuterdijk ( 1 ) ) ( in Dutch ) . National Library of the Netherlands . Archived from the original on 21 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Blom , Philipp . `` In the Panthéon '' . Lapham 's Quarterly . Archived from the original on 13 November 2012 . Retrieved 27 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Curran , Andrew S. ( 24 January 2013 ) . `` Diderot , an American Exemplar ? Bien Sûr ! '' . New York Times . Retrieved 27 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Mark Twain , `` A Majestic Literary Fossil '' , originally from Harper 's New Monthly Magazine , vol. 80 , issue 477 , pp. 439 -- 44 , February 1890 . Online at Harper 's site . Accessed 24 September 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Will Durant ( 1965 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 9 : The Age of Voltaire . Simon&Schuster . p. 625 . Jump up ^ P.N. Furbank ( 1992 ) . Diderot : A Critical Biography . Alfred A. Knopf . p. 27 . Jump up ^ Bryan Magee . The Story of Philosophy . DK Publishing , Inc. , New York : 1998 . p. 124 ^ Jump up to : Will Durant ( 1965 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 9 : The Age of Voltaire . Simon&Schuster . p. 626 . Jump up ^ Otis Fellows ( 1977 ) . Diderot . Alfred A. Knopf . p. 41 . ^ Jump up to : P.N. Furbank ( 1992 ) . Diderot : A Critical Biography . Alfred A. Knopf . p. 44 . Jump up ^ Will Durant ( 1965 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 9 : The Age of Voltaire . Simon&Schuster . pp. 626 -- 27 . ^ Jump up to : Rodin Pucci , Suzanne ( 1990 ) . `` The discreet charms of the exotic : fictions of the harem in eighteenth - century France '' . In George Sebastian Rousseau ; Roy Porter . Exoticism in the Enlightenment . Manchester University Press . p. 156 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 2677 - 5 . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Will Durant ( 1965 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 9 : The Age of Voltaire . Simon&Schuster . p. 627 . ^ Jump up to : Morley 1911 . Jump up ^ Stephens , Mitchell ( 2014 ) . Imagine there 's no heaven : how atheism helped create the modern world . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 123 -- 24 . ISBN 9781137002600 . OCLC 852658386 . Retrieved 21 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Diderot 's contemporary , also a Frenchman , Pierre Louis Maupertuis -- who in 1745 was named Head of the Prussian Academy of Science under Frederic the Great -- was developing similar ideas . These proto - evolutionary theories were by no means as thought out and systematic as those of Charles Darwin a hundred years later . Jump up ^ Jonathan I. Israel , Radical Enlightenment : Philosophy and the Making of Modernity 1650 -- 1750 . ( Oxford University Press . 2001 , 2002 ) , p. 710 Jump up ^ Will Durant ( 1965 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 9 : The Age of Voltaire . Simon&Schuster . pp. 629 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Zirkle , Conway ( April 25 , 1941 ) . `` Natural Selection before the ' Origin of Species ' '' . Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society . Philadelphia , PA : American Philosophical Society . 84 ( 1 ) : 71 -- 123 . ISSN 0003 - 049X . JSTOR 984852 . ^ Jump up to : Will Durant ( 1965 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 9 : The Age of Voltaire . Simon&Schuster . p. 630 . ^ Jump up to : Will Durant ( 1965 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 9 : The Age of Voltaire . Simon&Schuster . p. 631 . ^ Jump up to : Will Durant ( 1965 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 9 : The Age of Voltaire . Simon&Schuster . p. 632 . Jump up ^ Will Durant ( 1965 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 9 : The Age of Voltaire . Simon&Schuster . p. 633 . Jump up ^ Examples are Diderot 's articles on Asian philosophy and religion ; see Urs App . The Birth of Orientalism . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press , 2010 ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 4261 - 4 ) , pp. 133 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Martyn . `` Books : A Living History '' . Getty Publishing , 2011 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ P.N. Furbank . Diderot : A Critical Biography . New York : Knopf , 1992 , p. 273 . Jump up ^ Jacques Smietanski , Le Réalisme dans Jacques le Fataliste ( Paris : Nizet , 1965 ) ; Will McMorran , The Inn and the Traveller : Digressive Topographies in the Early Modern European Novel ( Oxford : Legenda , 2002 ) . Jump up ^ Nicholas Cronk , `` Introduction '' , in Rameau 's Nephew and First Satire , Oxford : Oxford UP , 2006 ( pp. vii -- xxv ) , p. vii . Jump up ^ Jean Varloot , `` Préface '' , in : Jean Varloot , ed . Le Neveu de Rameau et autres dialogues philosophiques , Paris : Gallimard , 1972 pp. 9 -- 28 , pp. 25 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Will Durant ( 1965 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 9 : The Age of Voltaire . Simon&Schuster . p. 660 . Jump up ^ Will Durant ( 1965 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 9 : The Age of Voltaire . Simon&Schuster . pp. 660 -- 01 . ^ Jump up to : Will Durant ( 1965 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 9 : The Age of Voltaire . Simon&Schuster . p. 661 . ^ Jump up to : Will Durant ( 1965 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 9 : The Age of Voltaire . Simon&Schuster . p. 659 . Jump up ^ Will Durant ( 1965 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 9 : The Age of Voltaire . Simon&Schuster . p. 677 . ^ Jump up to : Jacobs , Alan ( 11 February 2014 ) . `` Grimm 's Heirs '' . The New Atlantis : A Journal of Technology and Society . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ Will Durant ( 1965 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 9 : The Age of Voltaire . Simon&Schuster . pp. 666 -- 87 . ^ Jump up to : Will Durant ( 1965 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 9 : The Age of Voltaire . Simon&Schuster . p. 668 . Jump up ^ Edmond and Jules de Goncourt , French Eighteenth - Century Painters . Cornell Paperbacks , 1981 , pp. 222 -- 25 . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 9218 - 1 Jump up ^ Bell , Elizabeth S. ( 2008 ) . Theories of Performance . Los Angeles : Sage . p. 203 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 2637 - 9 ... Jump up ^ Wallis , Mick ; Shepherd , Simon ( 1998 ) . Studying plays . London : Arnold . p. 214 . ISBN 0 - 340 - 73156 - 7 ... Jump up ^ Abelman , Robert ( 1998 ) . Reaching a critical mass : a critical analysis of television entertainment . Mahwah , N.J. : L. Erlbaum Associates . pp. 8 -- 11 . ISBN 0 - 8058 - 2199 - 6 ... ^ Jump up to : Will Durant ( 1967 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 10 : Rousseau and Revolution . Simon&Schuster . p. 448 . Jump up ^ Will Durant ( 1965 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 9 : The Age of Voltaire . Simon&Schuster . p. 674 . Jump up ^ Will Durant ( 1967 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 10 : Rousseau and Revolution . Simon&Schuster . pp. 448 -- 49 . Jump up ^ P.N. Furbank ( 1992 ) . Diderot : A Critical Biography . Alfred A. Knopf . p. 379 . ^ Jump up to : Will Durant ( 1967 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 10 : Rousseau and Revolution . Simon&Schuster . p. 449 . Jump up ^ Will Durant ( 1967 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 10 : Rousseau and Revolution . Simon&Schuster . p. 893 . ^ Jump up to : P.N. Furbank ( 1992 ) . Diderot : A Critical Biography . Alfred A. Knopf . p. 393 . ^ Jump up to : P.N. Furbank ( 1992 ) . Diderot : A Critical Biography . Alfred A. Knopf . p. 394 . Jump up ^ P.N. Furbank ( 1992 ) . Diderot : A Critical Biography . Alfred A. Knopf . pp. 394 -- 95 . Jump up ^ P.N. Furbank ( 1992 ) . Diderot : A Critical Biography . Alfred A. Knopf . p. 395 . Jump up ^ Jonathan I. Israel , Enlightenment Contested , Oxford University Press , 2006 , pp. 791 , 818 . Jump up ^ Will Durant ( 1965 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 9 : The Age of Voltaire . Simon&Schuster . pp. 651 -- 52 . Jump up ^ P.N. Furbank ( 1992 ) . Diderot : A Critical Biography . Alfred A. Knopf . pp. 109 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Will Durant ( 1965 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 9 : The Age of Voltaire . Simon&Schuster . p. 700 . Jump up ^ Will Durant ( 1965 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 9 : The Age of Voltaire . Simon&Schuster . p. 641 . ^ Jump up to : Will Durant ( 1965 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 9 : The Age of Voltaire . Simon&Schuster . p. 678 . Jump up ^ Arthur M. Wilson ( 1972 ) . Diderot . Oxford University Press . p. 175 . Jump up ^ name = `` Age of Voltaire 679 '' > Will Durant ( 1965 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 9 : The Age of Voltaire . Simon&Schuster . p. 679 . Jump up ^ P.N. Furbank . Diderot : A Critical Biography . New York : Knopf , 1992 . p. 446 Jump up ^ Will Durant ( 1965 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 9 : The Age of Voltaire . Simon&Schuster . p. 679 . Jump up ^ David McClellan . Karl Marx : His Life and Thought . New York : Harper & Row , 1973 . p. 457 Jump up ^ Ottis Fellows and Norman Torrey ( 1949 ) . Diderot Studies . 1 : vii . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/books/98/10/11/specials/schine-niece.html Jump up ^ http://www.eric-emmanuel-schmitt.com/theatre.cfm?nomenclatureId=1796&catalogid=801&&lang=EN Jump up ^ http://www.theatreonline.com/Artiste/Eric-Emmanuel-Schmitt/9756 Jump up ^ http://diderot2013-langres.fr/ Jump up ^ http://champagne-ardenne.france3.fr/diderot-2013-langres-en-fete Jump up ^ Diderot `` Le Neveu de Rameau '' , Les Trésors de la littérature Française , p. 109 . Collection dirigée par Edmond Jaloux ; http://www.denis-diderot.com/publications.html Jump up ^ `` A Philosophical and Political History of the Settlements and Trade of the Europeans in the East and West Indies '' . World Digital Library . 1798 . Retrieved 30 August 2013 . Further Reading ( edit ) French literature by category French literary history Medieval Renaissance 17th 18th 19th 20th century Contemporary French writers Chronological list Writers by category Essayists Novelists Playwrights Poets Short story writers Children 's writers Portals France French language Literature French / Francophone literature Anderson , Wilda C. Diderot 's Dream . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press , 1990 . App , Urs ( 2010 ) . The Birth of Orientalism . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 4261 - 4 , pp. 133 -- 87 on Diderot 's role in the European discovery of Hinduism and Buddhism . Azurmendi , Joxe ( 1984 ) . Entretien d'un philosophe : Diderot ( 1713 - 1784 ) , Jakin , 32 : 111 - 121 . Ballstadt , Kurt P.A. Diderot : Natural Philosopher . Oxford : Voltaire Foundation , 2008 . Blom , Philipp ( 2010 ) . The Wicked Company . New York : Basic Books Blum , Carol ( 1974 ) . Diderot : The Virtue of a Philosopher Brewer , Daniel . Using the Encyclopédie : Ways of Knowing , Ways of Reading . Oxford : Voltaire Foundation , 2002 . Clark , Andrew Herrick . Diderot 's Part . Aldershot , Hampshire , England : Ashgate , 2008 . Caplan , Jay . Framed Narratives : Diderot 's Genealogy of the Beholder . Manchester : Manchester UP , 1986 . Crocker , Lester G. ( 1974 ) . Diderot 's Chaotic Order : Approach to a Synthesis De la Carrera , Rosalina . Success in Circuit Lies : Diderot 's Communicational Practice . Stanford , Calif. : Stanford UP , 1991 . Fellows , Otis E. ( 1989 ) . Diderot France , Peter ( 1983 ) . Diderot Fontenay , Elisabeth de , and Jacques Proust . Interpréter Diderot Aujourd'hui . Paris : Le Sycomore , 1984 . Furbank , P.N. ( 1992 ) . Diderot : A Critical Biography . New York : A.A. Knopf , . ISBN 0 - 679 - 41421 - 5 . Gregory Efrosini , Mary ( 2006 ) . Diderot and the Metamorphosis of Species ( Studies in Philosophy ) . New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 95551 - 3 . Havens , George R. ( 1955 ) The Age of Ideas . New York : Holt ISBN 0 - 89197 - 651 - 5 . Hayes , Julia Candler . The Representation of the Self in the Theater of La Chaussée , Diderot , and Sade . Ann Arbor , Mich. : University Microfilms International , 1982 . Kavanagh , Thomas . `` The Vacant Mirror : A Study of Mimesis through Diderot 's Jacques le Fataliste , '' in Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century 104 ( 1973 ) . Korolev , Serguei V. La Bibliothèque de Diderot : Vers une reconstitution . Ferney - Voltaire : Centre international d'etude du XVIIIe siecle , 2014 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 84559 - 093 - 9 Kuzincki , Jason ( 2008 ) . `` Diderot , Denis ( 1713 -- 1784 ) '' . In Hamowy , Ronald . The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism . Thousand Oaks , CA : SAGE ; Cato Institute . pp. 124 -- 25 . doi : 10.4135 / 9781412965811. n78 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 6580 - 4 . LCCN 2008009151 . OCLC 750831024 . Mason , John H. ( 1982 ) . The Irresistible Diderot Peretz , Eyal ( 2013 ) . `` Dramatic Experiments : Life according to Diderot '' State University of New York Press Rex , Walter E. Diderot 's Counterpoints : The Dynamics of Contrariety in His Major Works . Oxford : Voltaire Foundation , 1998 . Saint - Amand , Pierre . Diderot . Saratoga , Calif. : Anma Libri , 1984 . Simon , Julia ( 1995 ) . Mass Enlightenment . Albany : State University of New York Press , . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 2638 - 6 . Tunstall , Kate E. ( 2011 ) . Blindness and Enlightenment . An Essay . With a new translation of Diderot 's Letter on the Blind . Continuum Wilson , Arthur McCandless ( 1972 ) . Diderot , the standard biography Vasco , Gerhard M. ( 1978 ) . `` Diderot and Goethe , A Study in Science and Humanism '' , Librairei Slatkine , Libraire Champion . Primary sources ( edit ) Diderot , Denis , ed . A Diderot Pictorial Encyclopedia of Trades and Industry , Vol. 1 ( 1993 reprint ) excerpt and text search Diderot , Denis . Diderot : Political Writings ed. by John Hope Mason and Robert Wokler ( 1992 ) excerpt and text search , with introduction Diderot , Denis . Thoughts on Religion ( 2002 edition ) Translated and edited by Nicolas Walter . G.W. Foote & Co. Ltd . Freethinker 's Classics # 4 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 911578 - 02 - 4 . Main works of Diderot in English translation Hoyt , Nellie and Cassirer , Thomas . Encyclopedia , Selections : Diderot , D'Alembert , and a Society of Men of Letters . New York : Bobbs - Merrill Company , 1965 . LCCN 65 -- 26535 . ISBN 0 - 672 - 60479 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original works written by or about : Denis Diderot Wikiquote has quotations related to : Denis Diderot Wikimedia Commons has media related to Denis Diderot . Works by Denis Diderot at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Denis Diderot at Internet Archive Works by Denis Diderot at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) Diderot Search engine in French for human sciences in tribute to Diderot Denis Diderot : Rêve d'Alembert ( d'Alembert's Dream ) ( French and English texts ) Conversation between D'Alembert and Diderot ( alternate translation of the first part of the above ) Denis Diderot Archive ( in English ) Denis Diderot Website ( in French ) ( in French ) On line version of the Encyclopédie . The articles are classified in alphabetical order ( 26 files ) . The ARTFL Encyclopédie , provided by the ARTFL Project of the University of Chicago ( articles in French , scans of 18th century print copies provided ) The Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert Collaborative Translation Project , product of the Scholarly Publishing Office of the University of Michigan Library ( an effort to translate the Encyclopédie into English ) Short biography Denis Diderot Bibliography Le Neveu de Rameau -- Diderot et Goethe Works by Denis Diderot Author Philosophical Thoughts The Skeptic 's Walk The Indiscreet Jewels Letter on the Blind Letter on the Deaf and Dumb On the interpretation of Nature Le Fils naturel Le Père de famille Conversation with the Marèchale de * * * Sur les femmes Refutation of Helvetius La Religieuse Rameau 's Nephew D'Alembert's Dream Jacques the Fatalist Madame de La Carlière Paradox of the Actor Supplément au voyage de Bougainville This is not a story Essay on the Life of Seneca Mystification Editor Encyclopédie The Age of Enlightenment Topics Atheism Capitalism Civil liberties Counter-Enlightenment Critical thinking Deism Democracy Empiricism Encyclopédistes Enlightened absolutism Free markets Haskalah Humanism Human rights Liberalism Liberté , égalité , fraternité Methodological skepticism Nationalism Natural philosophy Objectivity Rationality Rationalism Reason Reductionism Sapere aude Science Scientific method Socialism Universality Weimar Classicism Thinkers France Jean le Rond d'Alembert Étienne Bonnot de Condillac Marquis de Condorcet Denis Diderot Claude Adrien Helvétius Baron d'Holbach Georges - Louis Leclerc Montesquieu François Quesnay Jean - Jacques Rousseau Marquis de Sade Voltaire Germany Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Johann Georg Hamann Johann Gottfried von Herder Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi Immanuel Kant Gotthold Ephraim Lessing Moses Mendelssohn Friedrich Schiller Thomas Wizenmann Greece Neophytos Doukas Theoklitos Farmakidis Rigas Feraios Theophilos Kairis Adamantios Korais Ireland Robert Boyle Edmund Burke Italy Cesare Beccaria Gaetano Filangieri Antonio Genovesi Pietro Verri Poland Tadeusz Czacki Hugo Kołłątaj Stanisław Konarski Ignacy Krasicki Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz Stanisław August Poniatowski Jędrzej Śniadecki Stanisław Staszic Józef Wybicki Andrzej Stanisław Załuski Józef Andrzej Załuski Portugal Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo Russia Catherine II Spain Charles III Benito Jerónimo Feijóo y Montenegro United Kingdom ( Scotland ) Francis Bacon Jeremy Bentham Joseph Black James Boswell Adam Ferguson Edward Gibbon Robert Hooke David Hume Francis Hutcheson Samuel Johnson John Locke Isaac Newton Thomas Reid Adam Smith Mary Wollstonecraft United States Benjamin Franklin Thomas Jefferson James Madison George Mason Thomas Paine D'Holbach's Coterie Paul - Henri Thiry , Baron d'Holbach Denis Diderot Baron von Grimm Jean - François Marmontel Charles - Georges Le Roy Guillaume Thomas François Raynal Jean - François de Saint - Lambert Jean - Baptiste - Antoine Suard François - Jean de Chastellux Augustin Roux André Morellet Jacques - André Naigeon Ferdinando Galiani Claude Adrien Helvétius Jean Darcet French Revolution Causes Timeline Ancien Régime Revolution Constitutional monarchy Republic Directory Consulate Glossary Significant civil and political events by year 1788 Day of the Tiles ( 7 Jun 1788 ) Assembly of Vizille ( 21 Jul 1788 ) 1789 What Is the Third Estate ? ( Jan 1789 ) Réveillon riots ( 28 Apr 1789 ) Convocation of the Estates - General ( 5 May 1789 ) National Assembly ( 17 Jun -- 9 Jul 1790 ) Tennis Court Oath ( 20 Jun 1789 ) National Constituent Assembly ( 9 Jul -- 30 Sep 1791 ) Storming of the Bastille ( 14 Jul 1789 ) Great Fear ( 20 Jul -- 5 Aug 1789 ) Abolition of Feudalism ( 4 - 11 Aug 1789 ) Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( 27 Aug 1789 ) Women 's March on Versailles ( 5 Oct 1789 ) 1790 Abolition of the Parlements ( Feb -- Jul 1790 ) Abolition of the Nobility ( 19 Jun 1790 ) Civil Constitution of the Clergy ( 12 Jul 1790 ) 1791 Flight to Varennes ( 20 -- 21 Jun 1791 ) Champ de Mars Massacre ( 17 Jul 1791 ) Declaration of Pillnitz ( 27 Aug 1791 ) The Constitution of 1791 ( 3 Sep 1791 ) Legislative Assembly ( 1 Oct 1791 -- Sep 1792 ) 1792 France declares war ( 20 Apr 1792 ) Brunswick Manifesto ( 25 Jul 1792 ) Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary ( Jun 1792 ) 10th of August ( 10 Aug 1792 ) September Massacres ( Sep 1792 ) National Convention ( 20 Sep 1792 -- 26 Oct 1795 ) First republic declared ( 22 Sep 1792 ) 1793 Execution of Louis XVI ( 21 Jan 1793 ) Revolutionary Tribunal ( 9 Mar 1793 -- 31 May 1795 ) Reign of Terror ( 27 Jun 1793 -- 27 Jul 1794 ) Committee of Public Safety Committee of General Security Fall of the Girondists ( 2 Jun 1793 ) Assassination of Marat ( 13 Jul 1793 ) Levée en masse ( 23 Aug 1793 ) The Death of Marat ( painting ) Law of Suspects ( 17 Sep 1793 ) Marie Antoinette is guillotined ( 16 Oct 1793 ) Anti-clerical laws ( throughout the year ) 1794 Danton and Desmoulins guillotined ( 5 Apr 1794 ) Law of 22 Prairial ( 10 Jun 1794 ) Thermidorian Reaction ( 27 Jul 1794 ) Robespierre guillotined ( 28 Jul 1794 ) White Terror ( Fall 1794 ) Closing of the Jacobin Club ( 11 Nov 1794 ) 1795 Constitution of the Year III ( 22 Aug 1795 ) Conspiracy of the Equals ( Nov 1795 ) Directoire ( 1795 -- 99 ) Council of Five Hundred Council of Ancients 1797 Coup of 18 Fructidor ( 4 Sep 1797 ) Second Congress of Rastatt ( Dec 1797 ) 1799 Coup of 30 Prairial VII ( 18 Jun 1799 ) Coup of 18 Brumaire ( 9 Nov 1799 ) Constitution of the Year VIII ( 24 Dec 1799 ) Consulate Revolutionary campaigns 1792 Verdun Thionville Valmy Royalist Revolts Chouannerie Vendée Dauphiné Lille Siege of Mainz Jemappes Namur ( fr ) 1793 First Coalition Siege of Toulon ( 18 Sep -- 18 Dec 1793 ) War in the Vendée Battle of Neerwinden ) Battle of Famars ( 23 May 1793 ) Expédition de Sardaigne ( 21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793 ) Battle of Kaiserslautern Siege of Mainz Battle of Wattignies Battle of Hondschoote Siege of Bellegarde Battle of Peyrestortes ( Pyrenees ) First Battle of Wissembourg ( 13 Oct 1793 ) Battle of Truillas ( Pyrenees ) Second Battle of Wissembourg ( 26 -- 27 Dec 1793 ) 1794 Battle of Villers - en - Cauchies ( 24 Apr 1794 ) Battle of Boulou ( Pyrenees ) ( 30 Apr -- 1 May 1794 ) Battle of Tournay ( 22 May 1794 ) Battle of Fleurus ( 26 Jun 1794 ) Chouannerie Battle of Tourcoing ( 18 May 1794 ) Battle of Aldenhoven ( 2 Oct 1794 ) 1795 Peace of Basel 1796 Battle of Lonato ( 3 -- 4 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Castiglione ( 5 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Theiningen Battle of Neresheim ( 11 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Amberg ( 24 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Würzburg ( 3 Sep 1796 ) Battle of Rovereto ( 4 Sep 1796 ) First Battle of Bassano ( 8 Sep 1796 ) Battle of Emmendingen ( 19 Oct 1796 ) Battle of Schliengen ( 26 Oct 1796 ) Second Battle of Bassano ( 6 Nov 1796 ) Battle of Calliano ( 6 -- 7 Nov 1796 ) Battle of the Bridge of Arcole ( 15 -- 17 Nov 1796 ) The Ireland Expedition ( Dec 1796 ) 1797 Naval Engagement off Brittany ( 13 Jan 1797 ) Battle of Rivoli ( 14 -- 15 Jan 1797 ) Battle of the Bay of Cádiz ( 25 Jan 1797 ) Treaty of Leoben ( 17 Apr 1797 ) Battle of Neuwied ( 18 Apr 1797 ) Treaty of Campo Formio ( 17 Oct 1797 ) 1798 French invasion of Switzerland ( 28 January -- 17 May 1798 ) French Invasion of Egypt ( 1798 -- 1801 ) Irish Rebellion of 1798 ( 23 May -- 23 Sep 1798 ) Quasi-War ( 1798 -- 1800 ) Peasants ' War ( 12 Oct -- 5 Dec 1798 ) 1799 Second Coalition ( 1798 -- 1802 ) Siege of Acre ( 20 Mar -- 21 May 1799 ) Battle of Ostrach ( 20 -- 21 Mar 1799 ) Battle of Stockach ( 25 Mar 1799 ) Battle of Magnano ( 5 Apr 1799 ) Battle of Cassano ( 27 Apr 1799 ) First Battle of Zurich ( 4 -- 7 Jun 1799 ) Battle of Trebbia ( 19 Jun 1799 ) Battle of Novi ( 15 Aug 1799 ) Second Battle of Zurich ( 25 -- 26 Sep 1799 ) 1800 Battle of Marengo ( 14 Jun 1800 ) Battle of Hohenlinden ( 3 Dec 1800 ) League of Armed Neutrality ( 1800 -- 02 ) 1801 Treaty of Lunéville ( 9 Feb 1801 ) Treaty of Florence ( 18 Mar 1801 ) Algeciras Campaign ( 8 Jul 1801 ) 1802 Treaty of Amiens ( 25 Mar 1802 ) Military leaders French Army Eustache Charles d'Aoust Pierre Augereau Alexandre de Beauharnais Jean - Baptiste Bernadotte Louis - Alexandre Berthier Jean - Baptiste Bessières Guillaume - Marie - Anne Brune Jean François Carteaux Jean Étienne Championnet Chapuis de Tourville Adam Philippe , Comte de Custine Louis - Nicolas Davout Louis Desaix Jacques François Dugommier Thomas - Alexandre Dumas Charles François Dumouriez Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino Louis - Charles de Flers Paul Grenier Emmanuel de Grouchy Jacques Maurice Hatry Lazare Hoche Jean - Baptiste Jourdan François Christophe de Kellermann Jean - Baptiste Kléber Pierre Choderlos de Laclos Jean Lannes Charles Leclerc Claude Lecourbe François Joseph Lefebvre Jacques MacDonald Jean - Antoine Marbot Jean Baptiste de Marbot François Séverin Marceau - Desgraviers Auguste de Marmont André Masséna Bon - Adrien Jeannot de Moncey Jean Victor Marie Moreau Édouard Mortier , duc de Trévise Joachim Murat Michel Ney Pierre - Jacques Osten ( fr ) Nicolas Oudinot Catherine - Dominique de Pérignon Jean - Charles Pichegru Józef Poniatowski Laurent de Gouvion Saint - Cyr Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer Jean - Mathieu - Philibert Sérurier Joseph Souham Jean - de-Dieu Soult Louis - Gabriel Suchet Belgrand de Vaubois Claude Victor - Perrin , Duc de Belluno French Navy Charles - Alexandre Linois Opposition Austria József Alvinczi Archduke Charles , Duke of Teschen Count of Clerfayt ( Walloon ) Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze ( Swiss ) Friedrich Adolf , Count von Kalckreuth Pál Kray ( Hungarian ) Charles Eugene , Prince of Lambesc ( French ) Maximilian Baillet de Latour ( Walloon ) Karl Mack von Leiberich Rudolf Ritter von Otto ( Saxon ) Prince Josias of Saxe - Coburg - Saalfeld Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss - Plauen Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló ( Hungarian ) Karl Philipp Sebottendorf Dagobert von Wurmser Britain Sir Ralph Abercromby Admiral Sir James Saumarez Admiral Sir Edward Pellew Prince Frederick , Duke of York and Albany Dutch Republic William V , Prince of Orange Prussia Charles William Ferdinand , Duke of Brunswick - Wolfenbüttel Frederick Louis , Prince of Hohenlohe - Ingelfingen Russia Alexander Korsakov Alexander Suvorov Spain Luis Firmin de Carvajal Antonio Ricardos Other significant figures and factions Society of 1789 Jean Sylvain Bailly Gilbert du Motier , Marquis de Lafayette François Alexandre Frédéric , duc de la Rochefoucauld - Liancourt Isaac René Guy le Chapelier Honoré Gabriel Riqueti , comte de Mirabeau Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès Charles - Maurice de Talleyrand - Périgord Nicolas de Condorcet Feuillants and monarchiens Madame de Lamballe Madame du Barry Louis de Breteuil Loménie de Brienne Charles Alexandre de Calonne de Chateaubriand Jean Chouan Grace Elliott Arnaud de La Porte Jean - Sifrein Maury Jacques Necker François - Marie , marquis de Barthélemy Guillaume - Mathieu Dumas Antoine Barnave Lafayette Alexandre - Théodore - Victor , comte de Lameth Charles Malo François Lameth André Chénier Jean - François Rewbell Camille Jordan Madame de Staël Boissy d'Anglas Jean - Charles Pichegru Pierre Paul Royer - Collard Girondists Jacques Pierre Brissot Roland de La Platière Madame Roland Father Henri Grégoire Étienne Clavière Marquis de Condorcet Charlotte Corday Marie Jean Hérault Jean Baptiste Treilhard Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve Jean Debry Jean - Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil Olympe de Gouges Jean - Baptiste Robert Lindet Louis Marie de La Révellière - Lépeaux The Plain Abbé Sieyès de Cambacérès Charles François Lebrun Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot Philippe Égalité Louis Philippe I Mirabeau Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville Jean Joseph Mounier Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours François de Neufchâteau Montagnards Maximilien Robespierre Georges Danton Jean - Paul Marat Camille Desmoulins Louis Antoine de Saint - Just Paul Nicolas , vicomte de Barras Louis Philippe I Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint - Fargeau Jacques - Louis David Marquis de Sade Jacques - Louis David Georges Couthon Roger Ducos Jean - Marie Collot d'Herbois Jean - Henri Voulland Philippe - Antoine Merlin de Douai Antoine Quentin Fouquier - Tinville Philippe - François - Joseph Le Bas Marc - Guillaume Alexis Vadier Jean - Pierre - André Amar Prieur de la Côte - d'Or Prieur de la Marne Gilbert Romme Jean Bon Saint - André Jean - Lambert Tallien Pierre Louis Prieur Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Antoine Christophe Saliceti Hébertists and Enragés Jacques Hébert Jacques Nicolas Billaud - Varenne Pierre Gaspard Chaumette Charles - Philippe Ronsin Antoine - François Momoro François - Nicolas Vincent François Chabot Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte Jean - Baptiste - Joseph Gobel François Hanriot Jacques Roux Stanislas - Marie Maillard Charles - Philippe Ronsin Jean - François Varlet Theophile Leclerc Claire Lacombe Pauline Léon Gracchus Babeuf Sylvain Maréchal Others Charles X Louis XVI Louis XVII Louis XVIII Louis Antoine , Duke of Enghien Louis Henri , Prince of Condé Louis Joseph , Prince of Condé Marie Antoinette Napoléon Bonaparte Lucien Bonaparte Joseph Bonaparte Joseph Fesch Joséphine de Beauharnais Joachim Murat Jean Sylvain Bailly Jacques - Donatien Le Ray Guillaume - Chrétien de Malesherbes Talleyrand Thérésa Tallien Gui - Jean - Baptiste Target Catherine Théot List of people associated with the French Revolution Influential thinkers Les Lumières Beaumarchais Edmund Burke Anacharsis Cloots Charles - Augustin de Coulomb Pierre Claude François Daunou Diderot Benjamin Franklin Thomas Jefferson Antoine Lavoisier Montesquieu Thomas Paine Jean - Jacques Rousseau Abbé Sieyès Voltaire Mary Wollstonecraft Cultural impact La Marseillaise French Tricolour Liberté , égalité , fraternité Marianne Bastille Day Panthéon French Republican Calendar Cult of the Supreme Being Cult of Reason Temple of Reason Sans - culottes Metric system Phrygian cap Women in the French Revolution Symbolism in the French Revolution Historiography of the French Revolution Influence of the French Revolution Criticism of religion By religion Buddhism Christianity Catholic Opus Dei Jehovah 's Witnesses Latter Day Saint movement Protestantism Seventh - day Adventist Unification Church Westboro Baptist Church Hinduism Islam Islamism Twelver Shia Islam Wahhabism Jainism Judaism Monotheism New religious movement Scientology Sikhism Yazdânism Zoroastrianism Religious texts Bible Quran Hadiths Mormon sacred texts Book of Mormon Talmud Religious figures Aisha Charles Taze Russell Ellen White Jesus Moses Muhammad Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Saul Religious violence Buddhism Christianity Mormonism Judaism Islam Terrorism Christian Hindu Islamic Jewish Persecution Christian thought on persecution and tolerance War In Islam In Judaism Sectarian violence By country India Anti-Christian violence In Odisha Nigeria Pakistan Books Atheist Manifesto Breaking the Spell : Religion as a Natural Phenomenon Christianity Unveiled God in the Age of Science ? God Is Not Great God : The Failed Hypothesis Letter to a Christian Nation The Age of Reason The Blind Watchmaker The Caged Virgin The End of Faith The God Delusion The Rage Against God Why I Am Not a Christian Why I Am Not a Muslim Movements Agnosticism Antitheism Atheism Criticism of atheism Cārvāka New Atheism Nontheistic religions Parody religion VIAF : 54146831 LCCN : n79081610 ISNI : 0000 0001 2133 370X GND : 118525263 SELIBR : 183785 SUDOC : 026831406 BNF : cb11900134f ( data ) ULAN : 500220298 MusicBrainz : 8fcecba4 - e277 - 49dd - bf7d - 2cdd670c3ae1 NLA : 35035585 NDL : 00437879 NKC : jn19990001750 ICCU : IT \ ICCU \ CFIV \ 006225 BNE : XX880448 RKD : 361348 IATH : w6t72k82 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Denis_Diderot&oldid=810577246 '' Categories : Denis Diderot 1713 births 1784 deaths 18th - century atheists 18th - century essayists 18th - century French dramatists and playwrights 18th - century French writers 18th - century French novelists 18th - century philosophers Anti-Catholicism in France Atheist philosophers Burials at Église Saint - Roch Contributors to the Encyclopédie ( 1751 -- 72 ) Critics of the Catholic Church Encyclopedists Enlightenment philosophers French art critics French atheists French erotica writers French essayists French literary critics French male novelists French materialists French philosophers Lycée Louis - le - Grand alumni Lycée Saint - Louis alumni Male essayists Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences People of the Age of Enlightenment People from Langres Writers from Champagne - Ardenne Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Pages with citations lacking titles Use dmy dates from September 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Biography with signature Articles with hCards Articles needing additional references from July 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with LibriVox links Articles with French - language external links Articles containing French - language text Articles containing Hebrew - language text Articles containing Latin - language text Interlanguage link template link number AC with 16 elements Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SBN identifiers Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Aymar aru Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 贛 語 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски მარგალური مصرى Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Sardu Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 November 2017 , at 03 : 45 . 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4742582764330033560 | Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen | Declaration of the rights of Man and of the Citizen - Wikipedia Declaration of the rights of Man and of the Citizen Jump to : navigation , search The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen Painting of the Declaration , painted by Jean - Jacques - François Le Barbier Author General Lafayette , ( sometimes with Thomas Jefferson ) and Honoré Mirabeau . Country Kingdom of France Language French Genre Human rights , declaration and document . Publisher National Constituent Assembly Publication date 27 August 1789 The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( French : Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen ) , set by France 's National Constituent Assembly in 1789 , is a document of the French Revolution and in the history of human civil rights . The Declaration was drafted by General Lafayette ( sometimes with Thomas Jefferson ) and Honoré Mirabeau . Influenced by the doctrine of `` natural right '' , the rights of males are held to be universal : valid at all times and in every place , pertaining to human nature itself . It became the basis for a nation of free individuals protected equally by the law . It is included in the beginning of the constitutions of both the Fourth French Republic ( 1946 ) and Fifth Republic ( 1958 ) and is still current . Inspired by the Enlightenment philosophers , the Declaration was a core statement of the values of the French Revolution and had a major impact on the development of freedom and democracy in Europe and worldwide . The Declaration , together with Magna Carta , the English Bill of Rights , and the United States Bill of Rights , inspired in large part the 1948 United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Philosophical and theoretical context 3 Substance 3.1 Articles 3.2 Active and passive citizenship 3.3 Women 's rights 3.4 Slavery 4 Legacy 4.1 Constitution of the French Fifth Republic 5 See also 5.1 Other early declarations of rights 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History ( edit ) The content of the document emerged largely from the ideals of the Enlightenment . The key drafts were prepared by Lafayette , working at times with his close friend Thomas Jefferson . In August 1789 , Honoré Mirabeau played a central role in conceptualizing and drafting the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen . The last article of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen was adopted on 27 August 1789 by the National Constituent Assembly , during the period of the French Revolution , as the first step toward writing a constitution for France . Inspired by the Enlightenment , the original version of the Declaration was discussed by the representatives on the basis of a 24 article draft proposed by the sixth bureau , led by Jérôme Champion de Cicé . The draft was later modified during the debates . A second and lengthier declaration , known as the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen of 1793 , was written in 1793 but never formally adopted . Philosophical and theoretical context ( edit ) The concepts in the Declaration come from the philosophical and political duties of the Enlightenment , such as individualism , the social contract as theorized by the Genevan philosopher Rousseau , and the separation of powers espoused by the Baron de Montesquieu . As can be seen in the texts , the French declaration was heavily influenced by the political philosophy of the Enlightenment and principles of human rights as was the U.S. Declaration of Independence which preceded it ( 4 July 1776 ) . The declaration is in the spirit of `` secular natural law '' , which does not base itself on religious doctrine or authority , in contrast with traditional natural law theory , which does . The declaration defines a single set of individual and collective rights for all men . Influenced by the doctrine of natural rights , these rights are held to be universal and valid in all times and places . For example , `` Men are born and remain free and equal in rights . Social distinctions may be founded only upon the general good . '' They have certain natural rights to property , to liberty , and to life . According to this theory , the role of government is to recognize and secure these rights . Furthermore , government should be carried on by elected representatives . At the time of writing , the rights contained in the declaration were only awarded to men . Furthermore , the declaration was a statement of vision rather than reality . The declaration was not deeply rooted in either the practice of the West or even France at the time . The declaration emerged in the late 18th century out of war and revolution . It encountered opposition as democracy and individual rights were frequently regarded as synonymous with anarchy and subversion . The declaration embodies ideals and aspirations towards which France pledged to struggle in the future . Substance ( edit ) The Declaration is introduced by a preamble describing the fundamental characteristics of the rights which are qualified as being `` natural , unalienable and sacred '' and consisting of `` simple and incontestable principles '' on which citizens could base their demands . In the second article , `` the natural and imprescriptible rights of man '' are defined as `` liberty , property , security and resistance to oppression '' . It called for the destruction of aristocratic privileges by proclaiming an end to feudalism and to exemptions from taxation , freedom and equal rights for all `` Men '' , and access to public office based on talent . The monarchy was restricted , and all citizens were to have the right to take part in the legislative process . Freedom of speech and press were declared , and arbitrary arrests outlawed . The Declaration also asserted the principles of popular sovereignty , in contrast to the divine right of kings that characterized the French monarchy , and social equality among citizens , `` All the citizens , being equal in the eyes of the law , are equally admissible to all public dignities , places , and employments , according to their capacity and without distinction other than that of their virtues and of their talents , '' eliminating the special rights of the nobility and clergy . Articles ( edit ) Man / men referred specifically to male citizens only . Article I -- Men are born and remain free and equal in rights . Social distinctions can be founded only on the common good . Article II -- The goal of any political association is the conservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man . These rights are liberty , property , safety and resistance against oppression . Article III -- The principle of any sovereignty resides essentially in the Nation . No body , no individual can exert authority which does not emanate expressly from it . Article IV -- Liberty consists of doing anything which does not harm others : thus , the exercise of the natural rights of each man has only those borders which assure other members of the society the fruition of these same rights . These borders can be determined only by the law . Article V -- The law has the right to forbid only actions harmful to society . Anything which is not forbidden by the law can not be impeded , and no one can be constrained to do what it does not order . Article VI -- The law is the expression of the general will . All the citizens have the right of contributing personally or through their representatives to its formation . It must be the same for all , either that it protects , or that it punishes . All the citizens , being equal in its eyes , are equally admissible to all public dignities , places , and employments , according to their capacity and without distinction other than that of their virtues and of their talents . Article VII -- No man can be accused , arrested nor detained but in the cases determined by the law , and according to the forms which it has prescribed . Those who solicit , dispatch , carry out or cause to be carried out arbitrary orders , must be punished ; but any citizen called or seized under the terms of the law must obey at once ; he renders himself culpable by resistance . Article VIII -- The law should establish only penalties that are strictly and evidently necessary , and no one can be punished but under a law established and promulgated before the offense and legally applied . Article IX -- Any man being presumed innocent until he is declared culpable if it is judged indispensable to arrest him , any rigor which would not be necessary for the securing of his person must be severely reprimanded by the law . Article X -- No one may be disturbed for his opinions , even religious ones , provided that their manifestation does not trouble the public order established by the law . Article XI -- The free communication of thoughts and of opinions is one of the most precious rights of man : any citizen thus may speak , write , print freely , except to respond to the abuse of this liberty , in the cases determined by the law . Article XII -- The guarantee of the rights of man and of the citizen necessitates a public force : this force is thus instituted for the advantage of all and not for the particular utility of those in whom it is trusted . Article XIII -- For the maintenance of the public force and for the expenditures of administration , a common contribution is indispensable ; it must be equally distributed to all the citizens , according to their ability to pay . Article XIV -- Each citizen has the right to ascertain , by himself or through his representatives , the need for a public tax , to consent to it freely , to know the uses to which it is put , and of determining the proportion , basis , collection , and duration . Article XV -- The society has the right of requesting an account from any public agent of its administration . Article XVI -- Any society in which the guarantee of rights is not assured , nor the separation of powers determined , has no Constitution . Article XVII -- Property being an inviolable and sacred right , no one can be deprived of private usage , if it is not when the public necessity , legally noted , evidently requires it , and under the condition of a just and prior indemnity . Active and passive citizenship ( edit ) While the French Revolution provided rights to a larger portion of the population , there remained a distinction between those who obtained the political rights in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen and those who did not . Those who were deemed to hold these political rights were called active citizens . Active citizenship was granted to men who were French , at least 25 years old , paid taxes equal to three days work , and could not be defined as servants ( Thouret ) . This meant that at the time of the Declaration only male property owners held these rights . The deputies in the National Assembly believed that only those who held tangible interests in the nation could make informed political decisions . This distinction directly affects articles 6 , 12 , 14 , and 15 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen as each of these rights is related to the right to vote and to participate actively in the government . With the decree of 29 October 1789 , the term active citizen became embedded in French politics . The concept of passive citizens was created to encompass those populations that had been excluded from political rights in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen . Because of the requirements set down for active citizens , the vote was granted to approximately 4.3 million Frenchmen out of a population of around 29 million . These omitted groups included women , slaves , children , and foreigners . As these measures were voted upon by the General Assembly , they limited the rights of certain groups of citizens while implementing the democratic process of the new French Republic ( 1792 -- 1804 ) . This legislation , passed in 1789 , was amended by the creators of the Constitution of the Year III in order to eliminate the label of active citizen . The power to vote was then , however , to be granted solely to substantial property owners . Tensions arose between active and passive citizens throughout the Revolution . This happened when passive citizens started to call for more rights , or when they openly refused to listen to the ideals set forth by active citizens . This cartoon clearly demonstrates the difference that existed between the active and passive citizens along with the tensions associated with such differences . In the cartoon , a passive citizen is holding a spade and a wealthy landowning active citizen is ordering the passive citizens to go to work . The act appears condescending to the passive citizen and it revisits the reasons why the French Revolution began in the first place . Women , in particular , were strong passive citizens who played a significant role in the Revolution . Olympe de Gouges penned her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen in 1791 and drew attention to the need for gender equality . By supporting the ideals of the French Revolution and wishing to expand them to women , she represented herself as a revolutionary citizen . Madame Roland also established herself as an influential figure throughout the Revolution . She saw women of the French Revolution as holding three roles ; `` inciting revolutionary action , formulating policy , and informing others of revolutionary events . '' By working with men , as opposed to working separate from men , she may have been able to further the fight of revolutionary women . As players in the French Revolution , women occupied a significant role in the civic sphere by forming social movements and participating in popular clubs , allowing them societal influence , despite their lack of direct political influence . Women 's rights ( edit ) The Declaration recognized many rights as belonging to citizens ( who could only be male ) . This was despite the fact that after The March on Versailles on 5 October 1789 , women presented the Women 's Petition to the National Assembly in which they proposed a decree giving women equal rights . In 1790 , Nicolas de Condorcet and Etta Palm d'Aelders unsuccessfully called on the National Assembly to extend civil and political rights to women . Condorcet declared that `` he who votes against the right of another , whatever the religion , color , or sex of that other , has henceforth abjured his own '' . The French Revolution did not lead to a recognition of women 's rights and this prompted Olympe de Gouges to publish the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen in September 1791 . The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen is modeled on the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and is ironic in formulation and exposes the failure of the French Revolution , which had been devoted to equality . It states that : `` This revolution will only take effect when all women become fully aware of their deplorable condition , and of the rights , they have lost in society '' . The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen follows the seventeen articles of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen point for point and has been described by Camille Naish as `` almost a parody ... of the original document '' . The first article of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen proclaims that `` Men are born and remain free and equal in rights . Social distinctions may be based only on common utility . '' The first article of Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen replied : `` Woman is born free and remains equal to man in rights . Social distinctions may only be based on common utility '' . De Gouges also draws attention to the fact that under French law women were fully punishable , yet denied equal rights , declaring `` Women have the right to mount the scaffold , they must also have the right to mount the speaker 's rostrum '' . Slavery ( edit ) The declaration did not revoke the institution of slavery , as lobbied for by Jacques - Pierre Brissot 's Les Amis des Noirs and defended by the group of colonial planters called the Club Massiac because they met at the Hôtel Massiac . Despite the lack of explicit mention of slavery in the Declaration , slave uprisings in Saint - Domingue in the Haitian Revolution took inspiration from its words , as discussed in C.L.R. James ' history of the Haitian Revolution , The Black Jacobins . Deplorable conditions for the thousands of slaves in Saint - Domingue , the most profitable slave colony in the world , led to the uprisings which would be known as the first successful slave revolt in the New World . Slavery in the French colonies was abolished by the Convention dominated by the Jacobins in 1794 . However , Napoleon reinstated it in 1802 . In 1804 , the colony of Saint - Domingue became an independent state , the Republic of Haiti . Legacy ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Declaration has also influenced and inspired rights - based liberal democracy throughout the world . It was translated as soon as 1793 -- 1794 by Colombian Antonio Nariño , who published it despite the Inquisition and was sentenced to be imprisoned for ten years for doing so . In 2003 , the document was listed on UNESCO 's Memory of the World register . Constitution of the French Fifth Republic ( edit ) Main article : Constitution of the French Fifth Republic According to the preamble of the Constitution of the French Fifth Republic ( adopted on 4 October 1958 , and the current constitution ) , the principles set forth in the Declaration have constitutional value . Many laws and regulations have been canceled because they did not comply with those principles as interpreted by the Conseil Constitutionnel ( `` Constitutional Council of France '' ) or by the Conseil d'État ( `` Council of State '' ) . Taxation legislation or practices that seem to make some unwarranted difference between citizens are struck down as unconstitutional . Suggestions of positive discrimination on ethnic grounds are rejected because they infringe on the principle of equality since they would establish categories of people that would , by birth , enjoy greater rights . See also ( edit ) Human rights in France Universality Other early declarations of rights ( edit ) The decreta of León ( Modern - day Spain 1188 ) Magna Carta ( England , 1215 ) Statute of Kalisz ( Poland , 1264 ) Henrician Articles and Pacta Conventa ( Poland , 1573 ) Petition of Right ( England , 1628 ) Bill of Rights ( England , 1689 ) Claim of Right ( Scotland , 1689 ) Virginia Declaration of Rights ( United States , 1776 ) Bill of Rights ( United States , 1789 ) Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen of Franchimont ( modern - day Belgium , 1789 ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The French title can be also translated in the modern era as `` Declaration of Human and Civic Rights '' . Jump up ^ Gregory Fremont - Barnes ( 2007 ) . Encyclopedia of the Age of Political Revolutions and New Ideologies , 1760 - 1815 . Greenwood . p. 190 . Jump up ^ Kopstein Kopstein ( 2000 ) . Comparative Politics : Interests , Identities , and Institutions in a Changing Global Order . Cambridge UP . p. 72 . Jump up ^ Douglas K. Stevenson ( 1987 ) , American Life and Institutions , Stuttgart ( Germany ) , p. 34 Jump up ^ Georges Lefebvre ( 2005 ) . The Coming of the French Revolution . Princeton UP . p. 212 . Jump up ^ George Athan Billias , ed. ( 2009 ) . American Constitutionalism Heard Round the World , 1776 - 1989 : A Global Perspective . NYU Press . p. 92 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Susan Dunn , Sister Revolutions : French Lightning , American Light ( 1999 ) pp 143 - 45 Jump up ^ Keith Baker , `` The Idea of a Declaration of Rights '' in Dale Van Kley , ed . The French Idea of Freedom : The Old Regime and the Declaration of Rights of 1789 ( 1997 ) pp 154 - 96 . Jump up ^ The original draft is an annex to the 12 August report ( Archives parlementaires , 1 , série , tome VIII , débats du 12 août 1789 , p. 431 ) . Jump up ^ Archives parlementaires , 1 série , tome VIII , débats du 19 août 1789 , p. 459 . Jump up ^ Gregory Fremont - Barnes , ed. ( 2007 ) . Encyclopedia of the Age of Political Revolutions and New Ideologies , 1760 - 1815 . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 159 vol 1 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Merryman , John Henry ; Rogelierdomo ( 2007 ) . The civil law tradition : an introduction to the legal system of Europe and Latin America . Stanford University Press . p. 16 . ISBN 9780804755696 . Jump up ^ First Article , Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen . Jump up ^ Lauren , Paul Gordon ( 2003 ) . The evolution of international human rights : visions seen . University of Pennsylvania Press . p. 32 . ISBN 9780812218541 . Jump up ^ Spielvogel , Jackson J. ( 2008 ) . Western Civilization : 1300 to 1815 . Wadsworth Publishing . p. 580 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 50289 - 0 . Jump up ^ von Guttner , Darius ( 2015 ) . The French Revolution . Nelson Cengage . pp. 85 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Thouret 1789 , http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/282/ Jump up ^ Censer and Hunt 2001 , p. 55 . ^ Jump up to : Popkin 2006 , p. 46 . ^ Jump up to : Doyle 1989 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ `` Social Causes of the Revolution '' ^ Jump up to : Doyle 1989 , p. 420 . Jump up ^ `` Active / Passive Citizen '' , http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/75/ . Jump up ^ De Gouges , `` Declaration of the Rights of Women '' , 1791 . Jump up ^ Dalton 2001 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Levy and Applewhite 2002 , pp. 319 -- 20 , 324 . Jump up ^ Women 's Petition to the National Assembly Jump up ^ Williams , Helen Maria ; Neil Fraistat ; Susan Sniader Lanser ; David Brookshire ( 2001 ) . Letters written in France . Broadview Press Ltd. p. 246 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55111 - 255 - 8 . Jump up ^ Lauren , Paul Gordon ( 2003 ) . The evolution of international human rights . University of Pennsylvania Press . pp. 18 -- 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 1854 - 1 . Jump up ^ Naish , Camille ( 1991 ) . Death comes to the maiden : Sex and Execution , 1431 -- 1933 . Routledge . p. 136 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 05585 - 7 . Jump up ^ Naish , Camille ( 1991 ) . Death comes to the maiden : Sex and Execution , 1431 -- 1933 . Routledge . p. 137 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 05585 - 7 . Jump up ^ The club of reactionary colonial proprietors meeting since July 1789 were opposed to representation in the Assemblée of France 's overseas dominions , for fear `` that this would expose delicate colonial issues to the hazards of debate in the Assembly '' , as Robin Blackburn expressed it ( Blackburn , The Overthrow of Colonial Slavery , 1776 -- 1848 ( 1988 : 174f ) ) ; see also the speech of Jean - Baptiste Belley Jump up ^ Cf . Heinrich August Winkler ( 2012 ) , Geschichte des Westens . Von den Anfängen in der Antike bis zum 20 . Jahrhundert , Third Edition , Munich ( Germany ) , p. 386 Jump up ^ `` The Decreta of León of 1188 - The oldest documentary manifestation of the European parliamentary system United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization '' . www.unesco.org . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Versión española de los Decreta de León de 1188 '' ( PDF ) . www.mecd.gob.es . Spanish MINISTERIO DE EDUCACIÓN , CULTURA Y DEPORTE . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . References ( edit ) Jack Censer and Lynn Hunt , Liberty , Equality , Fraternity : Exploring the French Revolution , University Park : Pennsylvania State University Press , 2001 . Susan Dalton , Gender and the Shifting Ground of Revolutionary Politics : The Case of Madame Roland , Canadian Journal of History , 36 , no . 2 ( 2001 ) : 259 -- 83 . William Doyle , The Oxford History of the French Revolution , Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1989 . Darline Levy and Harriet Applewhite , A Political Revolution for Women ? The Case of Paris , In The French Revolution : conflicting interpretations . 5th ed . Malabar , Fla. : Krieger Pub. Co. , 2002 . 317 -- 46 . Jeremy Popkin , A History of Modern France , Upper Saddle River : Pearson Education , Inc. , 2006 . `` Active Citizen / Passive Citizen '' , Liberty , Equality , Fraternity : Exploring the French Revolution ( accessed 30 October 2011 ) . Further reading ( edit ) Gérard Conac , Marc Debene , Gérard Teboul , eds , La Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen de 1789 ; histoire , analyse et commentaires , Economica , Paris , 1993 , ISBN 978 - 2 - 7178 - 2483 - 4. ( in French ) McLean , Iain . `` Thomas Jefferson , John Adams , and the Déclaration des Droits de l'Homme et du Citoyen '' in The Future of Liberal Democracy : Thomas Jefferson and the Contemporary World ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2004 ) online External links ( edit ) Find more aboutDeclaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizenat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Works related to Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen at Wikisource `` Déclaration des Droits de l'Homme et du Citoyen de 1789 '' . Conseil constitutionnel ( in French ) . Retrieved 14 May 2012 . `` Declaration of human and civic rights of 26 August 1789 '' ( PDF ) . Conseil constitutionnel . Retrieved 14 May 2012 . French Revolution Causes Timeline Ancien Régime Revolution Constitutional monarchy Republic Directory Consulate Glossary Significant civil and political events by year 1788 Day of the Tiles ( 7 Jun 1788 ) Assembly of Vizille ( 21 Jul 1788 ) 1789 What Is the Third Estate ? ( Jan 1789 ) Réveillon riots ( 28 Apr 1789 ) Convocation of the Estates - General ( 5 May 1789 ) National Assembly ( 17 Jun -- 9 Jul 1790 ) Tennis Court Oath ( 20 Jun 1789 ) National Constituent Assembly ( 9 Jul -- 30 Sep 1791 ) Storming of the Bastille ( 14 Jul 1789 ) Great Fear ( 20 Jul -- 5 Aug 1789 ) Abolition of Feudalism ( 4 - 11 Aug 1789 ) Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( 27 Aug 1789 ) Women 's March on Versailles ( 5 Oct 1789 ) 1790 Abolition of the Parlements ( Feb -- Jul 1790 ) Abolition of the Nobility ( 19 Jun 1790 ) Civil Constitution of the Clergy ( 12 Jul 1790 ) 1791 Flight to Varennes ( 20 -- 21 Jun 1791 ) Champ de Mars Massacre ( 17 Jul 1791 ) Declaration of Pillnitz ( 27 Aug 1791 ) The Constitution of 1791 ( 3 Sep 1791 ) Legislative Assembly ( 1 Oct 1791 -- Sep 1792 ) 1792 France declares war ( 20 Apr 1792 ) Brunswick Manifesto ( 25 Jul 1792 ) Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary ( Jun 1792 ) 10th of August ( 10 Aug 1792 ) September Massacres ( Sep 1792 ) National Convention ( 20 Sep 1792 -- 26 Oct 1795 ) First republic declared ( 22 Sep 1792 ) 1793 Execution of Louis XVI ( 21 Jan 1793 ) Revolutionary Tribunal ( 9 Mar 1793 -- 31 May 1795 ) Reign of Terror ( 27 Jun 1793 -- 27 Jul 1794 ) Committee of Public Safety Committee of General Security Fall of the Girondists ( 2 Jun 1793 ) Assassination of Marat ( 13 Jul 1793 ) Levée en masse ( 23 Aug 1793 ) The Death of Marat ( painting ) Law of Suspects ( 17 Sep 1793 ) Marie Antoinette is guillotined ( 16 Oct 1793 ) Anti-clerical laws ( throughout the year ) 1794 Danton and Desmoulins guillotined ( 5 Apr 1794 ) Law of 22 Prairial ( 10 Jun 1794 ) Thermidorian Reaction ( 27 Jul 1794 ) Robespierre guillotined ( 28 Jul 1794 ) White Terror ( Fall 1794 ) Closing of the Jacobin Club ( 11 Nov 1794 ) 1795 Constitution of the Year III ( 22 Aug 1795 ) Conspiracy of the Equals ( Nov 1795 ) Directoire ( 1795 -- 99 ) Council of Five Hundred Council of Ancients 13 Vendémiaire 5 Oct 1795 1797 Coup of 18 Fructidor ( 4 Sep 1797 ) Second Congress of Rastatt ( Dec 1797 ) 1799 Coup of 30 Prairial VII ( 18 Jun 1799 ) Coup of 18 Brumaire ( 9 Nov 1799 ) Constitution of the Year VIII ( 24 Dec 1799 ) Consulate Revolutionary campaigns 1792 Verdun Thionville Valmy Royalist Revolts Chouannerie Vendée Dauphiné Lille Siege of Mainz Jemappes Namur ( fr ) 1793 First Coalition Siege of Toulon ( 18 Sep -- 18 Dec 1793 ) War in the Vendée Battle of Neerwinden ) Battle of Famars ( 23 May 1793 ) Expédition de Sardaigne ( 21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793 ) Battle of Kaiserslautern Siege of Mainz Battle of Wattignies Battle of Hondschoote Siege of Bellegarde Battle of Peyrestortes ( Pyrenees ) First Battle of Wissembourg ( 13 Oct 1793 ) Battle of Truillas ( Pyrenees ) Second Battle of Wissembourg ( 26 -- 27 Dec 1793 ) 1794 Battle of Villers - en - Cauchies ( 24 Apr 1794 ) Battle of Boulou ( Pyrenees ) ( 30 Apr -- 1 May 1794 ) Battle of Tournay ( 22 May 1794 ) Battle of Fleurus ( 26 Jun 1794 ) Chouannerie Battle of Tourcoing ( 18 May 1794 ) Battle of Aldenhoven ( 2 Oct 1794 ) 1795 Peace of Basel 1796 Battle of Lonato ( 3 -- 4 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Castiglione ( 5 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Theiningen Battle of Neresheim ( 11 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Amberg ( 24 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Würzburg ( 3 Sep 1796 ) Battle of Rovereto ( 4 Sep 1796 ) First Battle of Bassano ( 8 Sep 1796 ) Battle of Emmendingen ( 19 Oct 1796 ) Battle of Schliengen ( 26 Oct 1796 ) Second Battle of Bassano ( 6 Nov 1796 ) Battle of Calliano ( 6 -- 7 Nov 1796 ) Battle of the Bridge of Arcole ( 15 -- 17 Nov 1796 ) The Ireland Expedition ( Dec 1796 ) 1797 Naval Engagement off Brittany ( 13 Jan 1797 ) Battle of Rivoli ( 14 -- 15 Jan 1797 ) Battle of the Bay of Cádiz ( 25 Jan 1797 ) Treaty of Leoben ( 17 Apr 1797 ) Battle of Neuwied ( 18 Apr 1797 ) Treaty of Campo Formio ( 17 Oct 1797 ) 1798 French invasion of Switzerland ( 28 January -- 17 May 1798 ) French Invasion of Egypt ( 1798 -- 1801 ) Irish Rebellion of 1798 ( 23 May -- 23 Sep 1798 ) Quasi-War ( 1798 -- 1800 ) Peasants ' War ( 12 Oct -- 5 Dec 1798 ) 1799 Second Coalition ( 1798 -- 1802 ) Siege of Acre ( 20 Mar -- 21 May 1799 ) Battle of Ostrach ( 20 -- 21 Mar 1799 ) Battle of Stockach ( 25 Mar 1799 ) Battle of Magnano ( 5 Apr 1799 ) Battle of Cassano ( 27 Apr 1799 ) First Battle of Zurich ( 4 -- 7 Jun 1799 ) Battle of Trebbia ( 19 Jun 1799 ) Battle of Novi ( 15 Aug 1799 ) Second Battle of Zurich ( 25 -- 26 Sep 1799 ) 1800 Battle of Marengo ( 14 Jun 1800 ) Battle of Hohenlinden ( 3 Dec 1800 ) League of Armed Neutrality ( 1800 -- 02 ) 1801 Treaty of Lunéville ( 9 Feb 1801 ) Treaty of Florence ( 18 Mar 1801 ) Algeciras Campaign ( 8 Jul 1801 ) 1802 Treaty of Amiens ( 25 Mar 1802 ) Military leaders French Army Eustache Charles d'Aoust Pierre Augereau Alexandre de Beauharnais Jean - Baptiste Bernadotte Louis - Alexandre Berthier Jean - Baptiste Bessières Guillaume - Marie - Anne Brune Jean François Carteaux Jean Étienne Championnet Chapuis de Tourville Adam Philippe , Comte de Custine Louis - Nicolas Davout Louis Desaix Jacques François Dugommier Thomas - Alexandre Dumas Charles François Dumouriez Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino Louis - Charles de Flers Paul Grenier Emmanuel de Grouchy Jacques Maurice Hatry Lazare Hoche Jean - Baptiste Jourdan François Christophe de Kellermann Jean - Baptiste Kléber Pierre Choderlos de Laclos Jean Lannes Charles Leclerc Claude Lecourbe François Joseph Lefebvre Jacques MacDonald Jean - Antoine Marbot Jean Baptiste de Marbot François Séverin Marceau - Desgraviers Auguste de Marmont André Masséna Bon - Adrien Jeannot de Moncey Jean Victor Marie Moreau Édouard Mortier , duc de Trévise Joachim Murat Michel Ney Pierre - Jacques Osten ( fr ) Nicolas Oudinot Catherine - Dominique de Pérignon Jean - Charles Pichegru Józef Poniatowski Laurent de Gouvion Saint - Cyr Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer Jean - Mathieu - Philibert Sérurier Joseph Souham Jean - de-Dieu Soult Louis - Gabriel Suchet Belgrand de Vaubois Claude Victor - Perrin , Duc de Belluno French Navy Charles - Alexandre Linois Opposition Austria József Alvinczi Archduke Charles , Duke of Teschen Count of Clerfayt ( Walloon ) Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze ( Swiss ) Friedrich Adolf , Count von Kalckreuth Pál Kray ( Hungarian ) Charles Eugene , Prince of Lambesc ( French ) Maximilian Baillet de Latour ( Walloon ) Karl Mack von Leiberich Rudolf Ritter von Otto ( Saxon ) Prince Josias of Saxe - Coburg - Saalfeld Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss - Plauen Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló ( Hungarian ) Karl Philipp Sebottendorf Dagobert von Wurmser Britain Sir Ralph Abercromby Admiral Sir James Saumarez Admiral Sir Edward Pellew Prince Frederick , Duke of York and Albany Dutch Republic William V , Prince of Orange Prussia Charles William Ferdinand , Duke of Brunswick - Wolfenbüttel Frederick Louis , Prince of Hohenlohe - Ingelfingen Russia Alexander Korsakov Alexander Suvorov Spain Luis Firmin de Carvajal Antonio Ricardos Other significant figures and factions Society of 1789 Jean Sylvain Bailly Gilbert du Motier , Marquis de Lafayette François Alexandre Frédéric , duc de la Rochefoucauld - Liancourt Isaac René Guy le Chapelier Honoré Gabriel Riqueti , comte de Mirabeau Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès Charles - Maurice de Talleyrand - Périgord Nicolas de Condorcet Feuillants and monarchiens Madame de Lamballe Madame du Barry Louis de Breteuil Loménie de Brienne Charles Alexandre de Calonne de Chateaubriand Jean Chouan Grace Elliott Arnaud de La Porte Jean - Sifrein Maury Jacques Necker François - Marie , marquis de Barthélemy Guillaume - Mathieu Dumas Antoine Barnave Lafayette Alexandre - Théodore - Victor , comte de Lameth Charles Malo François Lameth André Chénier Jean - François Rewbell Camille Jordan Madame de Staël Boissy d'Anglas Jean - Charles Pichegru Pierre Paul Royer - Collard Girondists Jacques Pierre Brissot Roland de La Platière Madame Roland Father Henri Grégoire Étienne Clavière Marquis de Condorcet Charlotte Corday Marie Jean Hérault Jean Baptiste Treilhard Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve Jean Debry Jean - Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil Olympe de Gouges Jean - Baptiste Robert Lindet Louis Marie de La Révellière - Lépeaux The Plain Abbé Sieyès de Cambacérès Charles François Lebrun Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot Philippe Égalité Louis Philippe I Mirabeau Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville Jean Joseph Mounier Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours François de Neufchâteau Montagnards Maximilien Robespierre Georges Danton Jean - Paul Marat Camille Desmoulins Louis Antoine de Saint - Just Paul Nicolas , vicomte de Barras Louis Philippe I Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint - Fargeau Jacques - Louis David Marquis de Sade Jacques - Louis David Georges Couthon Roger Ducos Jean - Marie Collot d'Herbois Jean - Henri Voulland Philippe - Antoine Merlin de Douai Antoine Quentin Fouquier - Tinville Philippe - François - Joseph Le Bas Marc - Guillaume Alexis Vadier Jean - Pierre - André Amar Prieur de la Côte - d'Or Prieur de la Marne Gilbert Romme Jean Bon Saint - André Jean - Lambert Tallien Pierre Louis Prieur Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Antoine Christophe Saliceti Hébertists and Enragés Jacques Hébert Jacques Nicolas Billaud - Varenne Pierre Gaspard Chaumette Charles - Philippe Ronsin Antoine - François Momoro François - Nicolas Vincent François Chabot Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte Jean - Baptiste - Joseph Gobel François Hanriot Jacques Roux Stanislas - Marie Maillard Charles - Philippe Ronsin Jean - François Varlet Theophile Leclerc Claire Lacombe Pauline Léon Gracchus Babeuf Sylvain Maréchal Others Charles X Louis XVI Louis XVII Louis XVIII Louis Antoine , Duke of Enghien Louis Henri , Prince of Condé Louis Joseph , Prince of Condé Marie Antoinette Napoléon Bonaparte Lucien Bonaparte Joseph Bonaparte Joseph Fesch Joséphine de Beauharnais Joachim Murat Jean Sylvain Bailly Jacques - Donatien Le Ray Guillaume - Chrétien de Malesherbes Talleyrand Thérésa Tallien Gui - Jean - Baptiste Target Catherine Théot List of people associated with the French Revolution Influential thinkers Les Lumières Beaumarchais Edmund Burke Anacharsis Cloots Charles - Augustin de Coulomb Pierre Claude François Daunou Diderot Benjamin Franklin Thomas Jefferson Antoine Lavoisier Montesquieu Thomas Paine Jean - Jacques Rousseau Abbé Sieyès Voltaire Mary Wollstonecraft Cultural impact La Marseillaise French Tricolour Liberté , égalité , fraternité Marianne Bastille Day Panthéon French Republican Calendar Cult of the Supreme Being Cult of Reason Temple of Reason Sans - culottes Metric system Phrygian cap Women in the French Revolution Symbolism in the French Revolution Historiography of the French Revolution Influence of the French Revolution Human rights Children 's Intersex Men 's Women 's Fundamental concepts and philosophies Natural law Positive law Sovereignty Universal jurisdiction Distinctions Claim rights and liberty rights Individual and group rights Natural and legal rights Negative and positive rights Aspects Corporal punishment Organizations List of human rights organisations of national human rights institutions By continent Africa Asia Europe North America Oceania South America Category : Rights Portal : Human rights Thomas Jefferson 3rd President of the United States ( 1801 -- 1809 ) 2nd U.S. Vice President ( 1797 -- 1801 ) 1st U.S. Secretary of State ( 1790 -- 1793 ) U.S. Minister to France ( 1785 -- 1789 ) 2nd Governor of Virginia ( 1779 -- 1781 ) Delegate , Second Continental Congress ( 1775 -- 1776 ) Founding documents of the United States A Summary View of the Rights of British America ( 1774 ) Initial draft , Olive Branch Petition ( 1775 ) Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms ( 1775 ) 1776 Declaration of Independence Committee of Five authored physical history `` All men are created equal '' `` Life , Liberty , and the pursuit of Happiness '' `` Consent of the governed '' 1786 Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom freedom of religion French Revolution Co-author , Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( 1789 ) Presidency Inaugural Address ( 1801 1805 ) Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves Louisiana Purchase Lewis and Clark Expedition Corps of Discovery timeline Empire of Liberty Red River Expedition Pike Expedition Cumberland Road Embargo Act of 1807 Chesapeake -- Leopard Affair Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 First Barbary War Native American policy Marbury v. 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( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Jefferson 's Garden ( 2015 play ) Hamilton ( 2015 musical ) Jefferson -- Eppes Trophy Wine bottles controversy Family Peter Jefferson ( father ) Jane Randolph Jefferson ( mother ) Lucy Jefferson Lewis ( sister ) Randolph Jefferson ( brother ) Isham Randolph ( grandfather ) William Randolph ( great - grandfather ) Martha Jefferson ( wife ) Martha Jefferson Randolph ( daughter ) Mary Jefferson Eppes ( daughter ) Harriet Hemings ( daughter ) Madison Hemings ( son ) Eston Hemings ( son ) Thomas J. Randolph ( grandson ) Francis Eppes ( grandson ) George W. 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-3270426599810347967 | Italian city-states | Italian city - states - wikipedia Italian city - states Part of a series on the History of Italy Ancient ( show ) Prehistoric Italy Etruscan civilization ( 12th -- 6th c. BC ) Magna Graecia ( 8th -- 7th c. BC ) Ancient Rome ( Roman Italy ) ( 753 BC -- 476 AD ) Medieval ( show ) Italy in the Middle Ages Kingdom ( 476 - 774 ) Odoacer 's Ostrogothic Vandal Lombard Byzantine reconquest of Italy ( 6th -- 8th c . ) Italy in the Carolingian Empire and HRE Islam and Normans in southern Italy Maritime republics and Italian city - states Guelphs and Ghibellines Early modern ( show ) Italian Renaissance ( 14th -- 16th c . ) Italian Wars ( 1494 -- 1559 ) Foreign domination ( 1559 -- 1814 ) Italian unification ( 1815 -- 1861 ) Modern ( show ) Monarchy ( 1861 -- 1945 ) Italy in World War I ( 1914 -- 1918 ) Fascism and Colonial Empire ( 1918 -- 1945 ) Italy in World War II ( 1940 -- 1945 ) Social Republic ( 1943 -- 1945 ) Republic ( 1945 -- present ) Years of Lead ( 1970s -- 1980s ) By topic ( show ) List of historic states Citizenship Currency Economy Fashion Genetic Military Music Postage Railway Timeline Italy portal The Italian city - states were a political phenomenon of small independent states mostly in the central and northern Italian Peninsula between the 9th and the 15th centuries . After the fall of the Western Roman Empire , urban settlements in Italy generally enjoyed a greater continuity than in the rest of western Europe . Many of these towns were survivors of earlier Etruscan , Umbrian and Roman towns which had existed within the Roman Empire . The republican institutions of Rome had also survived . Some feudal lords existed with a servile labour force and huge tracts of land , but by the 11th century , many cities , including Venice , Milan , Florence , Genoa , Pisa , Lucca , Cremona , Siena , Città di Castello , Perugia , and many others , had become large trading metropoles , able to obtain independence from their formal sovereigns . Florence was one of the most important city - states in Italy Contents 1 Early Italian city - states 2 Difference from northern Europe 3 Income 4 Literacy and numeracy 5 Communes 6 Princely states 7 Regional states 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References and sources Early Italian city - states ( edit ) The very first Italian city - state can be considered the Republic of Venice , which de facto broke apart from the Byzantine Empire since 742 ( when the Doge title was finally subtracted from the appointment of the Byzantine emperor ) , becoming also de jure independent in the following centuries . The other first Italian city - states appeared in northern Italy as a result of a struggle to gain greater autonomy when not independent from the German Holy Roman Empire . The Lombard League was an alliance formed around at its apex included most of the cities of northern Italy including Milan , Piacenza , Cremona , Mantua , Crema , Bergamo , Brescia , Bologna , Padua , Treviso , Vicenza , Verona , Lodi , Reggio Emilia and Parma , though its membership changed through time . Other city - states were associated to these `` commune '' cities , like Genoa , Turin and , in the Adriatic , Ragusa . Venice was never subjected to the Holy Roman Empire , but chose anyway to patronize the Lombard League , to oppose strong imperial control of the mainland . In central Italy there were the city - states of Florence , Pisa , Lucca , Siena , Città di Castello , Perugia , Ancona and other ones . South of Rome and the Papal States were the city - states of Salerno , Amalfi , Bari , Naples and Trani which in 1130 were united in the newly created Norman Kingdom of Sicily . Around 1100 , Genoa and Venice emerged as independent maritime republics . For Genoa -- nominally -- the Holy Roman Emperor was sovereign and the Bishop of Genoa was head of state ; however , actual power was wielded by a number of consuls annually elected by popular assembly . Pisa and Amalfi also emerged as maritime republics : trade , shipbuilding and banking helped support their powerful navies in the Mediterranean in those medieval centuries . Difference from northern Europe ( edit ) Between the 12th and 13th centuries , Italy was vastly different from feudal Europe north of the Alps . The Peninsula was a melange of political and cultural elements , not a unified state . Marc Bloch and Fernand Braudel have argued that geography determined the history of the region ; other scholars emphasize the absence of central political structures . The very mountainous nature of Italy 's landscape was a barrier to effective inter-city communication . The Po plain , however , was an exception : it was the only large contiguous area , and most city states that fell to invasion were located there . Those that survived the longest were in the more rugged regions , such as Florence or Venice , which was protected by its lagoon . The rugged terrain of the Alps prevented the Holy Roman Emperors or various German princes and lords from attacking the northern part of Italy , safeguarding the country from permanent German political control . Largely for these reasons , no strong monarchies emerged as they did in the rest of Europe : authority of the Holy Roman Empire over northern Italian territory , especially after the year 1177 , was de facto only nominal ; instead there emerged the autonomous ( sometime de facto independent ) city - states . The Most Serene Republic of Venice used to be a city - state , but then expanded and conquered several territories in mainland Italy ( Domini di Terraferma ) and abroad ( Stato da Màr ) While those Roman , urban , republican sensibilities persisted , there were many movements and changes afoot . Italy first felt the changes in Europe from the 11th to the 13th centuries . Typically there was : a rise in population ― the population doubled in this period ( the demographic explosion ) an emergence of huge cities ( Venice , Florence and Milan had over 100,000 inhabitants by the 13th century in addition to many others such as Genoa , Bologna and Verona , which had over 50,000 inhabitants ) the rebuilding of the great cathedrals substantial migration from country to city ( in Italy the rate of urbanization reached 20 % , making it the most urbanized society in the world at that time ) an agrarian revolution the development of commerce In recent writing on the city states , American scholar Rodney Stark emphasizes that they married responsive government , Christianity and the birth of capitalism . He argues that these states were mostly republics , unlike the great European monarchies of France and Spain , where absolute power was vested in rulers who could and did stifle commerce . Keeping both direct Church control and imperial power at arm 's length , the independent city republics prospered through commerce based on early capitalist principles , ultimately creating the conditions for the artistic and intellectual changes produced by the Renaissance . Cambridge University historian and political philosopher Quentin Skinner has pointed out how Otto of Freising , a German bishop who visited central Italy during the 12th century , commented that Italian towns had appeared to have exited from feudalism , so that their society was based on merchants and commerce . Even northern cities and states were also notable for their merchant republics , especially the Republic of Venice . Compared to absolutist monarchies or other more centrally controlled states , the Italian communes and commercial republics enjoyed relative political freedom conducive to academic and artistic advancement . Geographically , and because of trade , Italian cities such as Venice became international trading and banking hubs and intellectual crossroads . Harvard historian Niall Ferguson points out that Florence and Venice , as well as several other Italian city - states , played a crucial innovative role in world financial developments , devising the main instruments and practices of banking and the emergence of new forms of social and economic organization . Income ( edit ) It is estimated that the per capita income of northern Italy nearly tripled from the 11th century to the 15th century . This was a highly mobile , demographically expanding society , fueled by the rapidly expanding Renaissance commerce . In the 14th century , just as the Italian Renaissance was beginning , Italy was the economic capital of Western Europe : the Italian States were the top manufacturers of finished woolen products . However , with the Bubonic Plague in 1348 , the birth of the English woolen industry and general warfare , Italy temporarily lost its economic advantage . However , by the late 15th century Italy was again in control of trade along the Mediterranean Sea . It found a new niche in luxury items like ceramics , glassware , lace and silk as well an experiencing a temporary rebirth in the woolen industry . However , Italy would never regain its strong hold on textiles . And though it was the birthplace of banking , by the 16th century German and Dutch banks began taking away business . Discovery of the Americas as well as new trade routes to Africa and India by the Portuguese ( which made Portugal the leading trading power ) brought about the shift of economic power from Italy to Portugal in the 16th century ; from Portugal to Netherlands in the 17th century and from Netherlands to the United Kingdom in the 18th century . Literacy and numeracy ( edit ) By the 13th century , northern and central Italy had become the most literate society in the world . More than one - third of the male population could read in the vernacular ( an unprecedented rate since the decline of the Western Roman Empire ) , as could a small but significant proportion of women . The Italian city states were also highly numerate , given the importance of the new forms of bookkeeping that were essential to the trading and mercantile basis of society . Some of the most widely circulating books , such as the Liber Abaci by Leonardo Fibonacci of Pisa , included applications of mathematics and arithmetic to business practice or were business manuals based on sophisticated numeracy . Indeed , Luca Pacioli helped create the banking system of the Italian city - states with double - entry bookkeeping . His 27 - page treatise on bookkeeping contained the first known published work on that topic , and is said to have laid the foundation for double - entry bookkeeping ( of Genoese merchants ) as it is practiced today . Communes ( edit ) During the 11th century in northern Italy a new political and social structure emerged : the city - state or commune . The civic culture which arose from this urbs was remarkable . In some places where communes arose ( e.g. Britain and France ) , they were absorbed by the monarchical state as it emerged . They survived in northern and central Italy as in a handful of other regions throughout Europe to become independent and powerful city - states . In Italy the breakaway from their feudal overlords occurred in the late 12th century and 13th century , during the Investiture Controversy between the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor : Milan led the Lombard cities against the Holy Roman Emperors and defeated them , gaining independence ( battles of Legnano , 1176 , and Parma , 1248 ; see Lombard League ) . Similar town revolts led to the foundation of city - states throughout medieval Europe , such as in Russia ( Novgorod Republic , 12th century ) , in Flanders ( Battle of Golden Spurs , 14th century ) in Switzerland ( the towns of the Old Swiss Confederacy , 14th century ) , in Germany ( the Hanseatic League , 14th -- 15th century ) , and in Prussia ( Thirteen Years ' War , 15th century ) . Some Italian city - states became great military powers very early on . Venice and Genoa acquired vast naval empires in the Mediterranean and Black Seas , some of which threatened those of the growing Ottoman Empire . During the Fourth Crusade ( 1204 ) , Venice conquered a quarter of the Byzantine Empire . Italy in 1494 , after the Peace of Lodi The Maritime Republics were one of the main products of this new civic and social culture based on commerce and exchange of knowledge with other areas of the world outside western Europe . The Republic of Ragusa and the Republic of Venice , for example , had important trade communications with the Muslim and Hindu world and this helped the initial development of the Italian Renaissance . By the late 12th century , a new and remarkable society had emerged in Northern Italy ; rich , mobile , expanding , with a mixed aristocracy and urban borghese ( burgher ) class , interested in urban institutions and republican government . But many of the new city - states also housed violent factions based on family , confraternity and brotherhood , which undermined their cohesion ( for instance the Guelphs and Ghibellines ) . Princely states ( edit ) By 1300 , most of these republics had become princely states dominated by a Signore . The exceptions were Venice , Florence , Lucca , and a few others , which remained republics in the face of an increasingly monarchic Europe . In many cases by 1400 the Signori were able to found a stable dynasty over their dominated city ( or group of regional cities ) , obtaining also a nobility title of sovereignty by their formal superior , for example in 1395 Gian Galeazzo Visconti bought for 100,000 gold florins the title of Duke of Milan from the emperor Wenceslaus . Regional states ( edit ) In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries , Milan , Venice , and Florence were able to conquer other city - states , creating regional states . The 1454 Peace of Lodi ended their struggle for hegemony in Italy , attaining a balance of power ( see Italian Renaissance ) . At the beginning of the 16th century , apart from some minor city - states like Lucca or San Marino , only the republican Venice was able to preserve her independence and to match the European monarchies of France and Spain and the Ottoman Empire ( see Italian Wars ) . See also ( edit ) History of Italy Medieval commune Repubbliche Marinare Guelphs and Ghibellines Italian Renaissance San Marino Vatican City Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( in Italian ) Italian `` Comuni '' Jump up ^ Franco Cardini & Marina Montesano . Storia Medievale . Le Monnier Università . Florence , 2006 Jump up ^ G. Benvenuti Le Repubbliche Marinare . Amalfi , Pisa , Genova , Venezia . Newton & Compton editori , Roma 1989 . Jump up ^ Stark , Rodney , The Victory of Reason , New York , Random House , 2005 Jump up ^ Skinner , Quentin , The Foundations of Modern Political Thought , vol I : The Renaissance ; vol II : The Age of Reformation , Cambridge University Press , p. 69 Jump up ^ Martin , J. and Romano , D. , Venice Reconsidered , Baltimore , Johns Hopkins University , 2000 Jump up ^ Ferguson , Niall , The Ascent of Money : The Financial History of the World . Penguin , 2008 Jump up ^ Matthews and Platt . The Western Humanities . Volume I : `` Beginnings through the Renaissance '' . Mountain View : Mayfield Publishing Co. , 1992 Jump up ^ Stark , Rodney , The Victory of Reason . Random House , New York : 2005 Jump up ^ Carruthers , Bruce G. , & Espeland , Wendy Nelson , `` Accounting for Rationality : Double - Entry Bookkeeping and the Rhetoric of Economic Rationality '' , American Journal of Sociology , Vol. 97 , No. 1 , July 1991 , pp. 37 Jump up ^ Sangster , Alan : `` The printing of Pacioli 's Summa in 1494 : How Many Copies Were Printed ? '' Accounting Historians Journal , John Carroll University , Cleveland , Ohio , June 2007 . References and sources ( edit ) `` Background to the Italian Renaissance '' , Washington State University `` The Rise of the Italian City - States '' `` Italy 's City - States '' , End of Europe 's Middle Ages , University of Calgary `` City - states in Italy '' , Web Gallery of Art Italy articles History Chronology Prehistory Italic peoples Ancient Italian peoples Pre-Nuragic Sardinia Nuragic peoples Etruscan civilization Nuragic civilization Phoenician / Carthaginian colonies Magna Graecia Ancient Rome Kingdom Republic Empire Middle Ages Italy under Odoacer Ostrogoths Byzantium Lombards the Holy Roman Empire the Sardinian Judgedoms Arabs Normans Guelphs and Ghibellines Italian city - states Maritime republics Renaissance Italian Wars Early Modern period Unification Revolutions of 1820 Revolutions of 1830 Revolutions of 1848 Sicilian revolution of 1848 First War of Independence Crimean War Second War of Independence Expedition of the Thousand Third War of Independence Capture of Rome Monarchy and the World Wars Kingdom of Italy Colonial Empire World War I Fascist Italy World War II Resistance Civil War Republic Economic Boom Years of Lead Years of Mud Mani pulite By topic Citizenship Currency Economy Fashion Flags Genetic Historic states Military Music Postal Railways Geography Peninsula Northern Northwest Northeast Central Southern South Insular Climate Fauna Flora Mountains Prealps Alps Apennines Volcanology Volcanoes Beaches Canals Caves Earthquakes Islands Lakes National parks Rivers Valleys Politics Constitution Elections Referendums Foreign relations Missions Judiciary Law enforcement Military Parliament Chamber of Deputies Senate Political parties President Prime Minister Council of Ministers Regions Provinces Metropolitan cities Comune Municipalities Cities Economy Economic history Milan Naples Rome Turin Regions by GDP Automotive industry Banking Central Bank Companies Energy Government debt Science and technology Stock exchange Taxation Telecommunications Internet Tourism Trade unions Transportation Welfare Society Abortion Adoption Billionaires Capital punishment Corruption Crime Demographics Education Secondary Higher Universities Emigration Fathers ' rights movement Feminism Gambling Health Healthcare Immigration LGBT rights Nobility Prostitution Racism Religion Smoking Social class Terrorism Women Culture Duecento Trecento Quattrocento Cinquecento Seicento Settecento Architecture Art Castles Cinema Cuisine Beer Wine Cultural icons Decorations Design Fashion Festivals Folklore Italian language Regional Italian Italian literature Italophilia Italophobia Languages Media Newspapers Radio TV Monuments Music Classical Folk Opera Popular Mythology National symbols Anthem Emblem Flag Regions National monument Personification People Philosophy Public holidays Festa della Repubblica Sculpture Sport Traditions World Heritage Sites Italy portal Commons News Quotes Travel WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italian_city-states&oldid=853740248 '' Categories : Italian city - states Hidden categories : Articles with Italian - language external links Italy articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Беларуская Español Italiano Norsk Русский Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 18 : 22 ( UTC ) . 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-5222427017974426440 | Omega-3 fatty acid | Omega - 3 fatty acid - wikipedia Omega - 3 fatty acid Jump to : navigation , search Types of fats in food Unsaturated fat Monounsaturated fat ω − 7 ω − 9 Polyunsaturated fat ω − 3 ω − 6 Trans fat Saturated fat Interesterified fat See also Fatty acid Essential fatty acid Conditionally essential fatty acid Cholesterol Omega − 3 fatty acids -- also called ω − 3 fatty acids or n − 3 fatty acids -- are polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFAs ) with a double bond ( C = C ) at the third carbon atom from the end of the carbon chain . The fatty acids have two ends , the carboxylic acid ( - COOH ) end , which is considered the beginning of the chain , thus `` alpha '' , and the methyl ( - CH ) end , which is considered the `` tail '' of the chain , thus `` omega '' ; the double bond is at omega minus 3 ( not dash 3 ) . One way in which a fatty acid is named is determined by the location of the first double bond , counted from the methyl end , that is , the omega ( ω - ) or the n - end . However , the standard ( IUPAC ) chemical nomenclature system starts from the carboxyl end . The three types of omega − 3 fatty acids involved in human physiology are α - linolenic acid ( ALA ) ( found in plant oils ) , eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) , and docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) ( both commonly found in marine oils ) . Marine algae and phytoplankton are primary sources of omega − 3 fatty acids . Common sources of plant oils containing the omega − 3 ALA fatty acid include walnut , edible seeds , clary sage seed oil , algal oil , flaxseed oil , Sacha Inchi oil , Echium oil , and hemp oil , while sources of animal omega − 3 EPA and DHA fatty acids include fish , fish oils , eggs from chickens fed EPA and DHA , squid oils , and krill oil . Dietary supplementation with omega − 3 fatty acids does not appear to affect the risk of death , cancer or heart disease . Furthermore , fish oil supplement studies have failed to support claims of preventing heart attacks or strokes . Omega − 3 fatty acids are important for normal metabolism . Mammals are unable to synthesize omega − 3 fatty acids , but can obtain the shorter - chain omega − 3 fatty acid ALA ( 18 carbons and 3 double bonds ) through diet and use it to form the more important long - chain omega − 3 fatty acids , EPA ( 20 carbons and 5 double bonds ) and then from EPA , the most crucial , DHA ( 22 carbons and 6 double bonds ) . The ability to make the longer - chain omega − 3 fatty acids from ALA may be impaired in aging . In foods exposed to air , unsaturated fatty acids are vulnerable to oxidation and rancidity . Contents ( hide ) 1 Health effects 1.1 Cancer 1.2 Cardiovascular disease 1.3 Inflammation 1.4 Developmental disabilities 1.5 Mental health 1.6 Cognitive aging 1.7 Brain and visual functions 1.8 Atopic diseases 1.9 Risk of deficiency 1.10 Asthma 2 Chemistry 2.1 List of omega − 3 fatty acids 3 Forms 4 Biochemistry 4.1 Transporters 5 Mechanism of action 5.1 Interconversion 5.1. 1 Conversion efficiency of ALA to EPA and DHA 5.1. 2 Omega − 6 to omega − 3 ratio 6 History 7 Dietary sources 7.1 Dietary recommendations 7.2 Contamination 7.3 Fish 7.3. 1 Fish oil 7.4 Krill 7.5 Plant sources 7.6 Eggs 7.7 Meat 7.8 Seal oil 7.9 Other sources 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Health effects ( edit ) Supplementation does not appear to be associated with a lower risk of all - cause mortality . Cancer ( edit ) The evidence linking the consumption of marine omega − 3 fats to a lower risk of cancer is poor . With the possible exception of breast cancer , there is insufficient evidence that supplementation with omega − 3 fatty acids has an effect on different cancers . In people with advanced cancer and cachexia , omega − 3 fatty acids supplements may be of benefit , improving appetite , weight , and quality of life . The effect of consumption on prostate cancer is not conclusive . There is a decreased risk with higher blood levels of DPA , but an increased risk of more aggressive prostate cancer was shown with higher blood levels of combined EPA and DHA . Cardiovascular disease ( edit ) Evidence in the population generally does not support a beneficial role for omega − 3 fatty acid supplementation in preventing cardiovascular disease ( including myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death ) or stroke . However , omega − 3 fatty acid supplementation greater than one gram daily for at least a year may be protective against cardiac death , sudden death , and myocardial infarction in people who have a history of cardiovascular disease . No protective effect against the development of stroke or all - cause mortality was seen in this population . Eating a diet high in fish that contain long chain omega − 3 fatty acids does appear to decrease the risk of stroke . Fish oil supplementation has not been shown to benefit revascularization or abnormal heart rhythms and has no effect on heart failure hospital admission rates . Furthermore , fish oil supplement studies have failed to support claims of preventing heart attacks or strokes . Evidence suggests that omega − 3 fatty acids modestly lower blood pressure ( systolic and diastolic ) in people with hypertension and in people with normal blood pressure . Some evidence suggests that people with certain circulatory problems , such as varicose veins , may benefit from the consumption of EPA and DHA , which may stimulate blood circulation and increase the breakdown of fibrin , a protein involved in blood clotting and scar formation . Omega − 3 fatty acids reduce blood triglyceride levels but do not significantly change the level of LDL cholesterol or HDL cholesterol in the blood . The American Heart Association position ( 2011 ) is that borderline elevated triglycerides , defined as 150 -- 199 mg / dL , can be lowered by 0.5 - 1.0 grams of EPA and DHA per day ; high triglycerides 200 -- 499 mg / dL benefit from 1 - 2 g / day ; and > 500 mg / dL be treated under a physician 's supervision with 2 - 4 g / day using a prescription product . ALA does not confer the cardiovascular health benefits of EPA and DHAs . The effect of omega − 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on stroke is unclear , with a possible benefit in women . Inflammation ( edit ) A 2013 systematic review found tentative evidence of benefit for lowering inflammation levels in healthy adults and in people with one or more biomarkers of metabolic syndrome . Consumption of omega − 3 fatty acids from marine sources lowers blood markers of inflammation such as C - reactive protein , interleukin 6 , and TNF alpha . For rheumatoid arthritis , one systematic review found consistent , but modest , evidence for the effect of marine n − 3 PUFAs on symptoms such as `` joint swelling and pain , duration of morning stiffness , global assessments of pain and disease activity '' as well as the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs . The American College of Rheumatology has stated that there may be modest benefit from the use of fish oils , but that it may take months for effects to be seen , and cautions for possible gastrointestinal side effects and the possibility of the supplements containing mercury or vitamin A at toxic levels . The National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health has concluded that `` ( n ) o dietary supplement has shown clear benefits for rheumatoid arthritis '' , but that there is preliminary evidence that fish oil may be beneficial , but needs further study . Developmental disabilities ( edit ) Although not supported by current scientific evidence as a primary treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) , autism , and other developmental disabilities , omega − 3 fatty acid supplements are being given to children with these conditions . One meta - analysis concluded that omega − 3 fatty acid supplementation demonstrated a modest effect for improving ADHD symptoms . A Cochrane review of PUFA ( not necessarily omega − 3 ) supplementation found `` there is little evidence that PUFA supplementation provides any benefit for the symptoms of ADHD in children and adolescents '' , while a different review found `` insufficient evidence to draw any conclusion about the use of PUFAs for children with specific learning disorders '' . Another review concluded that the evidence is inconclusive for the use of omega − 3 fatty acids in behavior and non-neurodegenerative neuropsychiatric disorders such as ADHD and depression . Fish oil has only a small benefit on the risk of premature birth . A 2015 meta - analysis of the effect of omega − 3 supplementation during pregnancy did not demonstrate a decrease in the rate of preterm birth or improve outcomes in women with singleton pregnancies with no prior preterm births . A systematic review and meta - analysis published the same year reached the opposite conclusion , specifically , that omega − 3 fatty acids were effective in `` preventing early and any preterm delivery '' . Mental Health ( edit ) There is some evidence that omega − 3 fatty acids are related to mental health , including that they may tentatively be useful as an add - on for the treatment of depression associated with bipolar disorder . Significant benefits due to EPA supplementation were only seen , however , when treating depressive symptoms and not manic symptoms suggesting a link between omega − 3 and depressive mood . There is also preliminary evidence that EPA supplementation is helpful in cases of depression . The link between omega − 3 and depression has been attributed to the fact that many of the products of the omega − 3 synthesis pathway play key roles in regulating inflammation such as prostaglandin E3 which have been linked to depression . This link to inflammation regulation has been supported in both in vitro and in vivo studies as well as in meta - analysis studies . The exact mechanism in which omega − 3 acts upon the inflammatory system is still controversial as it was commonly believed to have anti-inflammatory effects . There is , however , significant difficulty in interpreting the literature due to participant recall and systematic differences in diets . There is also controversy as to the efficacy of omega − 3 , with many meta - analysis papers finding heterogeneity among results which can be explained mostly by publication bias . A significant correlation between shorter treatment trials was associated with increased omega − 3 efficacy for treating depressed symptoms further implicating bias in publication . A study in 2013 , ( Stafford , Jackson , Mayo - Wilson , Morrison , Kendall ) , stated the following in its conclusion : `` Although evidence of benefits for any specific intervention is not conclusive , these findings suggest that it might be possible to delay or prevent transition to psychosis . Further research should be undertaken to establish conclusively the potential for benefit of psychological interventions in the treatment of people at high risk of psychosis . '' ` Cognitive aging ( edit ) Epidemiological studies are inconclusive about an effect of omega − 3 fatty acids on the mechanisms of Alzheimer 's disease . There is preliminary evidence of effect on mild cognitive problems , but none supporting an effect in healthy people or those with dementia . Brain and visual functions ( edit ) Brain function and vision rely on dietary intake of DHA to support a broad range of cell membrane properties , particularly in grey matter , which is rich in membranes . A major structural component of the mammalian brain , DHA is the most abundant omega − 3 fatty acid in the brain . It is under study as a candidate essential nutrient with roles in neurodevelopment , cognition , and neurodegenerative disorders . Atopic diseases ( edit ) Results of studies investigating the role of LCPUFA supplementation and LCPUFA status in the prevention and therapy of atopic diseases ( allergic rhinoconjunctivitis , atopic dermatitis and allergic asthma ) are controversial ; therefore , at the present stage of our knowledge ( as of 2013 ) we can not state either that the nutritional intake of n − 3 fatty acids has a clear preventive or therapeutic role , or that the intake of n - 6 fatty acids has a promoting role in context of atopic diseases . Risk of deficiency ( edit ) People with PKU often have low intake of omega − 3 fatty acids , because nutrients rich in omega − 3 fatty acids are excluded from their diet due to high protein content . Asthma ( edit ) As of 2015 there was no evidence that taking omega 3 supplements can prevent asthma attacks in children . Chemistry ( edit ) Chemical structure of alpha - linolenic acid ( ALA ) , an essential omega − 3 fatty acid , ( 18 : 3Δ9c , 12c , 15c , which means a chain of 18 carbons with 3 double bonds on carbons numbered 9 , 12 , and 15 ) . Although chemists count from the carbonyl carbon ( blue numbering ) , biologists count from the n ( ω ) carbon ( red numbering ) . Note that , from the n end ( diagram right ) , the first double bond appears as the third carbon - carbon bond ( line segment ) , hence the name `` n - 3 '' . This is explained by the fact that the n end is almost never changed during physiological transformations in the human body , as it is more energy - stable , and other compounds can be synthesized from the other carbonyl end , for example in glycerides , or from double bonds in the middle of the chain . Chemical structure of eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) Chemical structure of docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) An omega − 3 fatty acid is a fatty acid with multiple double bonds , where the first double bond is between the third and fourth carbon atoms from the end of the carbon atom chain . `` Short chain '' omega − 3 fatty acids have a chain of 18 carbon atoms or less , while `` long chain '' omega − 3 fatty acids have a chain of 20 or more . Three omega − 3 fatty acids are important in human physiology , α - linolenic acid ( 18 : 3 , n - 3 ; ALA ) , eicosapentaenoic acid ( 20 : 5 , n - 3 ; EPA ) , and docosahexaenoic acid ( 22 : 6 , n - 3 ; DHA ) . These three polyunsaturates have either 3 , 5 , or 6 double bonds in a carbon chain of 18 , 20 , or 22 carbon atoms , respectively . As with most naturally - produced fatty acids , all double bonds are in the cis - configuration , in other words , the two hydrogen atoms are on the same side of the double bond ; and the double bonds are interrupted by methylene bridges ( - CH - ) , so that there are two single bonds between each pair of adjacent double bonds . List of omega − 3 fatty acids ( edit ) This table lists several different names for the most common omega − 3 fatty acids found in nature . Common name Lipid name Chemical name Hexadecatrienoic acid ( HTA ) 16 : 3 ( n - 3 ) all - cis - 7 , 10 , 13 - hexadecatrienoic acid α - Linolenic acid ( ALA ) 18 : 3 ( n - 3 ) all - cis - 9 , 12 , 15 - octadecatrienoic acid Stearidonic acid ( SDA ) 18 : 4 ( n - 3 ) all - cis - 6 , 9 , 12 , 15 - octadecatetraenoic acid Eicosatrienoic acid ( ETE ) 20 : 3 ( n - 3 ) all - cis - 11 , 14 , 17 - eicosatrienoic acid Eicosatetraenoic acid ( ETA ) 20 : 4 ( n - 3 ) all - cis - 8 , 11 , 14 , 17 - eicosatetraenoic acid Eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) 20 : 5 ( n - 3 ) all - cis - 5 , 8 , 11 , 14 , 17 - eicosapentaenoic acid Heneicosapentaenoic acid ( HPA ) 21 : 5 ( n - 3 ) all - cis - 6 , 9 , 12 , 15 , 18 - heneicosapentaenoic acid Docosapentaenoic acid ( DPA ) , Clupanodonic acid 22 : 5 ( n - 3 ) all - cis - 7 , 10 , 13 , 16 , 19 - docosapentaenoic acid Docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) 22 : 6 ( n - 3 ) all - cis - 4 , 7 , 10 , 13 , 16 , 19 - docosahexaenoic acid Tetracosapentaenoic acid 24 : 5 ( n - 3 ) all - cis - 9 , 12 , 15 , 18 , 21 - tetracosapentaenoic acid Tetracosahexaenoic acid ( Nisinic acid ) 24 : 6 ( n - 3 ) all - cis - 6 , 9 , 12 , 15 , 18 , 21 - tetracosahexaenoic acid Forms ( edit ) Omega − 3 fatty acids occur naturally in two forms , triglycerides and phospholipids . In the triglycerides , they , together with other fatty acids , are bonded to glycerol . Phospholipid omega − 3 is composed of two fatty acids attached to a phosphate and choline , versus the three fatty acids attached to glycerol in triglycerides . The triglycerides can be converted to the free fatty acid or to methyl or ethyl esters , and the individual esters of omega − 3 fatty acids are available . Biochemistry ( edit ) Transporters ( edit ) DHA in the form of lysophosphatidylcholine is transported into the brain by a membrane transport protein , MFSD2A , which is exclusively expressed in the endothelium of the blood -- brain barrier . Mechanism of action ( edit ) The ' essential ' fatty acids were given their name when researchers found that they are essential to normal growth in young children and animals . The omega − 3 fatty acid DHA , also known as docosahexaenoic acid , is found in high abundance in the human brain . It is produced by a desaturation process , but humans lack the desaturase enzyme , which acts to insert double bonds at the ω and ω position . Therefore , the ω and ω polyunsaturated fatty acids can not be synthesized and are appropriately called essential fatty acids . In 1964 it was discovered that enzymes found in sheep tissues convert omega − 6 arachidonic acid into the inflammatory agent called prostaglandin E which both causes the sensation of pain and expedites healing and immune response in traumatized and infected tissues . By 1979 more of what are now known as eicosanoids were discovered : thromboxanes , prostacyclins , and the leukotrienes . The eicosanoids , which have important biological functions , typically have a short active lifetime in the body , starting with synthesis from fatty acids and ending with metabolism by enzymes . If the rate of synthesis exceeds the rate of metabolism , the excess eicosanoids may , however , have deleterious effects . Researchers found that certain omega − 3 fatty acids are also converted into eicosanoids , but at a much slower rate . Eicosanoids made from omega − 3 fatty acids are often referred to as anti-inflammatory , but in fact they are just less inflammatory than those made from omega − 6 fats . If both omega − 3 and omega − 6 fatty acids are present , they will `` compete '' to be transformed , so the ratio of long - chain omega − 3 : omega − 6 fatty acids directly affects the type of eicosanoids that are produced . Interconversion ( edit ) Conversion efficiency of ALA to EPA and DHA ( edit ) Humans can convert short - chain omega − 3 fatty acids to long - chain forms ( EPA , DHA ) with an efficiency below 5 % . The omega − 3 conversion efficiency is greater in women than in men , but less studied . Higher ALA and DHA values found in plasma phospholipids of women may be due to the higher activity of desaturases , especially that of delta - 6 - desaturase . These conversions occur competitively with omega − 6 fatty acids , which are essential closely related chemical analogues that are derived from linoleic acid . They both utilize the same desaturase and elongase proteins in order to synthesize inflammatory regulatory proteins . The products of both pathways are vital for growth making a balanced diet of omega − 3 and omega − 6 important to an individual 's health . A balanced intake ratio of 1 : 1 was believed to be ideal in order for proteins to be able to synthesize both pathways sufficiently , but this has been controversial as of recent research . The conversion of ALA to EPA and further to DHA in humans has been reported to be limited , but varies with individuals . Women have higher ALA - to - DHA conversion efficiency than men , which is presumed to be due to the lower rate of use of dietary ALA for beta - oxidation . One preliminary study showed that EPA can be increased by lowering the amount of dietary LA , and DHA can be increased by elevating intake of dietary ALA . Omega − 6 to omega − 3 ratio ( edit ) Main article : Essential fatty acid interactions Human diet has changed rapidly in recent centuries resulting in a reported increased diet of omega − 6 in comparison to omega − 3 . The rapid evolution of human diet away from a 1 : 1 omega − 3 and omega − 6 ratio , such as during the Neolithic Agricultural Revolution , has presumably been too fast for humans to have adapted to biological profiles adept at balancing omega − 3 and omega − 6 ratios of 1 : 1 . This is commonly believed to be the reason why modern diets are correlated with many inflammatory disorders . While omega − 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids may be beneficial in preventing heart disease in humans , the level of omega − 6 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( and , therefore , the ratio ) does not matter . Both omega − 6 and omega − 3 fatty acids are essential : humans must consume them in their diet . Omega − 6 and omega − 3 eighteen - carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids compete for the same metabolic enzymes , thus the omega − 6 : omega − 3 ratio of ingested fatty acids has significant influence on the ratio and rate of production of eicosanoids , a group of hormones intimately involved in the body 's inflammatory and homeostatic processes , which include the prostaglandins , leukotrienes , and thromboxanes , among others . Altering this ratio can change the body 's metabolic and inflammatory state . In general , grass - fed animals accumulate more omega − 3 than do grain - fed animals , which accumulate relatively more omega − 6 . Metabolites of omega − 6 are more inflammatory ( esp . arachidonic acid ) than those of omega − 3 . This necessitates that omega − 6 and omega − 3 be consumed in a balanced proportion ; healthy ratios of omega − 6 : omega − 3 , according to some authors , range from 1 : 1 to 1 : 4 . Other authors believe that a ratio of 4 : 1 ( 4 times as much omega − 6 as omega − 3 ) is already healthy . Studies suggest the evolutionary human diet , rich in game animals , seafood , and other sources of omega − 3 , may have provided such a ratio . Typical Western diets provide ratios of between 10 : 1 and 30 : 1 ( i.e. , dramatically higher levels of omega − 6 than omega − 3 ) . The ratios of omega − 6 to omega − 3 fatty acids in some common vegetable oils are : canola 2 : 1 , hemp 2 -- 3 : 1 , soybean 7 : 1 , olive 3 -- 13 : 1 , sunflower ( no omega − 3 ) , flax 1 : 3 , cottonseed ( almost no omega − 3 ) , peanut ( no omega − 3 ) , grapeseed oil ( almost no omega − 3 ) and corn oil 46 : 1 . History ( edit ) Although omega − 3 fatty acids have been known as essential to normal growth and health since the 1930s , awareness of their health benefits has dramatically increased since the 1980s . On September 8 , 2004 , the U.S. Food and Drug Administration gave `` qualified health claim '' status to EPA and DHA omega − 3 fatty acids , stating , `` supportive but not conclusive research shows that consumption of EPA and DHA ( omega − 3 ) fatty acids may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease '' . This updated and modified their health risk advice letter of 2001 ( see below ) . The Canadian Food Inspection Agency has recognized the importance of DHA omega − 3 and permits the following claim for DHA : `` DHA , an omega − 3 fatty acid , supports the normal physical development of the brain , eyes and nerves primarily in children under two years of age . '' Historically , whole food diets contained sufficient amounts of omega − 3 , but because omega − 3 is readily oxidized , the trend to shelf - stable , processed foods has led to a deficiency in omega − 3 in manufactured foods . Dietary sources ( edit ) Grams of omega − 3 per 3oz ( 85g ) serving Common name grams omega − 3 Flax 11.4 Hemp 11.0 Herring , sardines 1.3 -- 2 Mackerel : Spanish / Atlantic / Pacific 1.1 -- 1.7 Salmon 1.1 -- 1.9 Halibut 0.60 -- 1.12 Tuna 0.21 -- 1.1 Swordfish 0.97 Greenshell / lipped mussels 0.95 Tilefish 0.9 Tuna ( canned , light ) 0.17 -- 0.24 Pollock 0.45 Cod 0.15 -- 0.24 Catfish 0.22 -- 0.3 Flounder 0.48 Grouper 0.23 Mahi mahi 0.13 Red snapper 0.29 Shark 0.83 King mackerel 0.36 Hoki ( blue grenadier ) 0.41 Gemfish 0.40 Blue eye cod 0.31 Sydney rock oysters 0.30 Tuna , canned 0.23 Snapper 0.22 Mutton 0.12 Eggs , large regular 0.109 Strawberry or Kiwifruit 0.10 - 0.20 Broccoli 0.10 - 0.20 Barramundi , saltwater 0.100 Giant tiger prawn 0.100 Lean red meat 0.031 Turkey 0.030 Milk , regular 0.00 Dietary recommendations ( edit ) In the United States , the Institute of Medicine publishes a system of Dietary Reference Intakes , which includes Recommended Dietary Allowances ( RDAs ) for individual nutrients , and Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges ( AMDRs ) for certain groups of nutrients , such as fats . When there is insufficient evidence to determine an RDA , the institute may publish an Adequate Intake ( AI ) instead , which has a similar meaning , but is less certain . The AI for α - linolenic acid is 1.6 grams / day for men and 1.1 grams / day for women , while the AMDR is 0.6 % to 1.2 % of total energy . Because the physiological potency of EPA and DHA is much greater than that of ALA , it is not possible to estimate one AMDR for all omega − 3 fatty acids . Approximately 10 percent of the AMDR can be consumed as EPA and / or DHA . The Institute of Medicine has not established a RDA or AI for EPA , DHA or the combination , so there is no Daily Value ( DVs are derived from RDAs ) , no labeling of foods or supplements as providing a DV percentage of these fatty acids per serving , and no labeling a food or supplement as an excellent source , or `` High in ... '' As for safety , there was insufficient evidence as of 2005 to set an upper tolerable limit for omega − 3 fatty acids , although the FDA has advised that adults can safely consume up to a total of 3 grams per day of combined DHA and EPA , with no more than 2 g from dietary supplements . The American Heart Association ( AHA ) has made recommendations for EPA and DHA due to their cardiovascular benefits : individuals with no history of coronary heart disease or myocardial infarction should consume oily fish two times per week ; and `` Treatment is reasonable '' for those having been diagnosed with coronary heart disease . For the latter the AHA does not recommend a specific amount of EPA + DHA , although it notes that most trials were at or close to 1000 mg / day . The benefit appears to be on the order of a 9 % decrease in relative risk . The European Food Safety Authority ( EFSA ) approved a claim `` EPA and DHA contributes to the normal function of the heart '' for products that contain at least 250 mg EPA + DHA . The report did not address the issue of people with pre-existing heart disease . The World Health Organization recommends regular fish consumption ( 1 - 2 servings per week , equivalent to 200 to 500 mg / day EPA + DHA ) as protective against coronary heart disease and ischaemic stroke . Contamination ( edit ) Heavy metal poisoning by the body 's accumulation of traces of heavy metals , in particular mercury , lead , nickel , arsenic , and cadmium , is a possible risk from consuming fish oil supplements . Also , other contaminants ( PCBs , furans , dioxins , and PBDEs ) might be found , especially in less - refined fish oil supplements . However , heavy metal toxicity from consuming fish oil supplements is highly unlikely , because heavy metals selectively bind with protein in the fish flesh rather than accumulate in the oil . An independent test in 2005 of 44 fish oils on the US market found all of the products passed safety standards for potential contaminants . Throughout their history , the Council for Responsible Nutrition and the World Health Organization have published acceptability standards regarding contaminants in fish oil . The most stringent current standard is the International Fish Oils Standard . Fish oils that are molecularly distilled under vacuum typically make this highest - grade ; levels of contaminants are stated in parts per billion per trillion . Fish ( edit ) The most widely available dietary source of EPA and DHA is oily fish , such as salmon , herring , mackerel , anchovies , menhaden , and sardines . Oils from these fish have a profile of around seven times as much omega − 3 as omega − 6 . Other oily fish , such as tuna , also contain n - 3 in somewhat lesser amounts . Consumers of oily fish should be aware of the potential presence of heavy metals and fat - soluble pollutants like PCBs and dioxins , which are known to accumulate up the food chain . After extensive review , researchers from Harvard 's School of Public Health in the Journal of the American Medical Association ( 2006 ) reported that the benefits of fish intake generally far outweigh the potential risks . Although fish are a dietary source of omega − 3 fatty acids , fish do not synthesize them ; they obtain them from the algae ( microalgae in particular ) or plankton in their diets . Fish oil ( edit ) See also : Fish oil and Cod liver oil Fish oil capsules Marine and freshwater fish oil vary in content of arachidonic acid , EPA and DHA . They also differ in their effects on organ lipids . Not all forms of fish oil may be equally digestible . Of four studies that compare bioavailability of the glyceryl ester form of fish oil vs. the ethyl ester form , two have concluded the natural glyceryl ester form is better , and the other two studies did not find a significant difference . No studies have shown the ethyl ester form to be superior , although it is cheaper to manufacture . Krill ( edit ) Krill oil is a source of omega − 3 fatty acids . The effect of krill oil , at a lower dose of EPA + DHA ( 62.8 % ) , was demonstrated to be similar to that of fish oil on blood lipid levels and markers of inflammation in healthy humans . While not an endangered species , krill are a mainstay of the diets of many ocean - based species including whales , causing environmental and scientific concerns about their sustainability . Plant sources ( edit ) Chia is grown commercially for its seeds rich in ALA . Flax seeds contain linseed oil which has high ALA content Table 1 . ALA content as the percentage of the seed oil . Common name Alternative name Linnaean name % ALA Kiwifruit seed oil Chinese gooseberry Actinidia deliciosa 63 Perilla shiso Perilla frutescens 61 Chia seed chia sage Salvia hispanica 58 Flax linseed Linum usitatissimum 53 -- 59 Lingonberry Cowberry Vaccinium vitis - idaea 49 Fig seed oil Common Fig Ficus carica 47.7 Camelina Gold - of - pleasure Camelina sativa 36 Purslane Portulaca Portulaca oleracea 35 Black raspberry Rubus occidentalis 33 Hemp Cannabis sativa 19 Canola Rapeseed oil mostly Brassica napus 9 -- 11 Table 2 . ALA content as the percentage of the whole food . Common name Linnaean name % ALA Flaxseed Linum usitatissimum 18.1 Hempseed Cannabis sativa 8.7 Butternuts Juglans cinerea 8.7 Persian walnuts Juglans regia 6.3 Pecan nuts Carya illinoinensis 0.6 Hazel nuts Corylus avellana 0.1 Flaxseed ( or linseed ) ( Linum usitatissimum ) and its oil are perhaps the most widely available botanical source of the omega − 3 fatty acid ALA . Flaxseed oil consists of approximately 55 % ALA , which makes it six times richer than most fish oils in omega − 3 fatty acids . A portion of this is converted by the body to EPA and DHA , though the actual converted percentage may differ between men and women . In 2013 Rothamsted Research in the UK reported they had developed a genetically modified form of the plant Camelina that produced EPA and DHA . Oil from the seeds of this plant contained on average 11 % EPA and 8 % DHA in one development and 24 % EPA in another . Eggs ( edit ) Eggs produced by hens fed a diet of greens and insects contain higher levels of omega − 3 fatty acids than those produced by chickens fed corn or soybeans . In addition to feeding chickens insects and greens , fish oils may be added to their diets to increase the omega − 3 fatty acid concentrations in eggs . The addition of flax and canola seeds to the diets of chickens , both good sources of alpha - linolenic acid , increases the omega − 3 content of the eggs , predominantly DHA . The addition of green algae or seaweed to the diets boosts the content of DHA and EPA , which are the forms of omega − 3 approved by the FDA for medical claims . A common consumer complaint is `` Omega − 3 eggs can sometimes have a fishy taste if the hens are fed marine oils '' . Meat ( edit ) Omega − 3 fatty acids are formed in the chloroplasts of green leaves and algae . While seaweeds and algae are the source of omega − 3 fatty acids present in fish , grass is the source of omega − 3 fatty acids present in grass fed animals . When cattle are taken off omega − 3 fatty acid rich grass and shipped to a feedlot to be fattened on omega − 3 fatty acid deficient grain , they begin losing their store of this beneficial fat . Each day that an animal spends in the feedlot , the amount of omega − 3 fatty acids in its meat is diminished . The omega − 6 : omega − 3 ratio of grass - fed beef is about 2 : 1 , making it a more useful source of omega − 3 than grain - fed beef , which usually has a ratio of 4 : 1 . In a 2009 joint study by the USDA and researchers at Clemson University in South Carolina , grass - fed beef was compared with grain - finished beef . The researchers found that grass - finished beef is higher in moisture content , 42.5 % lower total lipid content , 54 % lower in total fatty acids , 54 % higher in beta - carotene , 288 % higher in vitamin E ( alpha - tocopherol ) , higher in the B - vitamins thiamin and riboflavin , higher in the minerals calcium , magnesium , and potassium , 193 % higher in total omega − 3s , 117 % higher in CLA ( cis - 9 trans - 11 , which is a potential cancer fighter ) , 90 % higher in vaccenic acid ( which can be transformed into CLA ) , lower in the saturated fats linked with heart disease , and has a healthier ratio of omega − 6 to omega − 3 fatty acids ( 1.65 vs 4.84 ) . Protein and cholesterol content were equal . In most countries , commercially available lamb is typically grass - fed , and thus higher in omega − 3 than other grain - fed or grain - finished meat sources . In the United States , lamb is often finished ( i.e. , fattened before slaughter ) with grain , resulting in lower omega − 3 . The omega − 3 content of chicken meat may be enhanced by increasing the animals ' dietary intake of grains high in omega − 3 , such as flax , chia , and canola . Kangaroo meat is also a source of omega − 3 , with fillet and steak containing 74 mg per 100 g of raw meat . Seal oil ( edit ) Seal oil is a source of EPA , DPA , and DHA . According to Health Canada , it helps to support the development of the brain , eyes , and nerves in children up to 12 years of age . Like all seal products , it is not allowed to be imported into the European Union . Other sources ( edit ) A recent trend has been to fortify food with omega − 3 fatty acid supplements . Global food companies have launched omega − 3 fatty acid fortified bread , mayonnaise , pizza , yogurt , orange juice , children 's pasta , milk , eggs , popcorn , confections , and infant formula . The microalgae Crypthecodinium cohnii and Schizochytrium are rich sources of DHA but not EPA , and can be produced commercially in bioreactors . Oil from brown algae ( kelp ) is a source of EPA . The alga Nannochloropsis also has high levels of EPA . In 2006 the Journal of Dairy Science published a study which found that butter made from the milk of grass - fed cows contains substantially more α - linolenic acid than butter made from the milk of cows that have limited access to pasture . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Omega − 3 fatty acids , fish oil , alpha - linolenic acid : Related terms '' . Omega − 3 fatty acids , fish oil , alpha - linolenic acid . Mayo Clinic . Retrieved June 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Essential Fatty Acids '' . Micronutrient Information Center , Oregon State University , Corvallis , OR . May 2014 . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . 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( Mar 2016 ) . `` An Increase in the Omega − 6 / Omega − 3 Fatty Acid Ratio Increases the Risk for Obesity '' . Nutrients. 8 ( 3 ) : 8 . doi : 10.3390 / nu8030128 . PMC 4808858 . PMID 26950145 . Jump up ^ `` Fish , Levels of Mercury and Omega − 3 Fatty Acids '' . American Heart Association . Retrieved October 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kris - Etherton , PM ; Harris , WS ; Appel , LJ ( 2002 ) . `` Fish Consumption , Fish Oil , Omega − 3 Fatty Acids , and Cardiovascular Disease '' . Circulation. 106 ( 21 ) : 2747 -- 57 . doi : 10.1161 / 01. CIR. 0000038493.65177. 94 . PMID 12438303 . ^ Jump up to : `` Omega − 3 Centre '' . Omega − 3 sources . Omega − 3 Centre . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=foodspice&dbid=117 ^ Jump up to : Food and Nutrition Board ( 2005 ) . Dietary Reference Intakes For Energy , Carbohydrate , Fiber , Fat , Fatty Acids , Cholesterol , Protein , and Amino Acids ( PDF ) . Washington , D.C. : Institute of Medicine of the National Academies . pp. 423 , 770 . ISBN 0 - 309 - 08537 - 3 . Jump up ^ Siscovick DS , Barringer TA , Fretts AM , Wu JH , Lichtenstein AH , Costello RB , Kris - Etherton PM , Jacobson TA , Engler MB , Alger HM , Appel LJ , Mozaffarian D ( 2017 ) . `` Omega − 3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid ( Fish Oil ) Supplementation and the Prevention of Clinical Cardiovascular Disease : A Science Advisory From the American Heart Association '' . Circulation. 135 : e867 -- e884 . doi : 10.1161 / CIR. 0000000000000482 . PMID 28289069 . Jump up ^ `` Product Review : Omega − 3 Fatty Acids ( EPA and DHA ) from Fish / Marine Oils '' . ConsumerLab.com. 2005 - 03 - 15 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` IFOS Home -- The International Fish Oil Standards Program '' . Jump up ^ Shahidi , Fereidoon ; Wanasundara , Udaya N ( 1998 - 06 - 01 ) . `` Omega − 3 fatty acid concentrates : nutritional aspects and production technologies '' . Trends in Food Science & Technology . 9 ( 6 ) : 230 -- 240 . doi : 10.1016 / S0924 - 2244 ( 98 ) 00044 - 2 . Jump up ^ Falk - Petersen , S. ; et al. ( 1998 ) . `` Lipids and fatty acids in ice algae and phytoplankton from the Marginal Ice Zone in the Barents Sea '' . Polar Biology . 20 ( 1 ) : 41 -- 47 . doi : 10.1007 / s003000050274 . ISSN 0722 - 4060 . INIST : 2356641 . ^ Jump up to : Innis SM , Rioux FM , Auestad N , Ackman RG ( September 1995 ) . `` Marine and freshwater fish oil varying in arachidonic , eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids differ in their effects on organ lipids and fatty acids in growing rats '' . The Journal of Nutrition. 125 ( 9 ) : 2286 -- 93 . PMID 7666244 . Jump up ^ Lawson LD , Hughes BG ( 1988 ) . `` Absorption of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid from fish oil triacylglycerols or fish oil ethyl esters co-ingested with a high - fat meal '' . Biochem. Biophys . Res . Commun. 156 ( 2 ) : 960 -- 63 . doi : 10.1016 / S0006 - 291X ( 88 ) 80937 - 9 . PMID 2847723 . Jump up ^ Beckermann B , Beneke M , Seitz I ( 1990 ) . `` Comparative bioavailability of eicosapentaenoic acid and docasahexaenoic acid from triglycerides , free fatty acids and ethyl esters in volunteers '' . Arzneimittel - Forschung ( in German ) . 40 ( 6 ) : 700 -- 04 . PMID 2144420 . Jump up ^ Tur JA , Bibiloni MM , Sureda A , Pons A ( 2012 ) . `` Dietary sources of omega − 3 fatty acids : public health risks and benefits '' . Br J Nutr. 107 ( Suppl 2 ) : S23 -- 52 . doi : 10.1017 / S0007114512001456 . PMID 22591897 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Ulven SM , Kirkhus B , Lamglait A , Basu S , Elind E , Haider T , Berge K , Vik H , Pedersen JI ( January 2011 ) . `` Metabolic Effects of Krill Oil are Essentially Similar to Those of Fish Oil but at Lower Dose of EPA and DHA , in Healthy Volunteers '' . Lipids. 46 ( 1 ) : 37 -- 46 . doi : 10.1007 / s11745 - 010 - 3490 - 4 . PMC 3024511 . PMID 21042875 . Jump up ^ Atkinson A , Siegel V , Pakhomov E , Rothery P ( 2004 ) . `` Long - term decline in krill stock and increase in salps within the Southern Ocean '' . Nature . 432 ( 4 November 2004 ) : 100 -- 03 . Bibcode : 2004Natur. 432 ... 100A . doi : 10.1038 / nature02996 . PMID 15525989 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Orr A ( 2014 ) . `` Malnutrition behind whale strandings '' . Stuff , Fairfax New Zealand Limited . Retrieved 8 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Krill fisheries and sustainability '' . Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources , Tasmania , Australia . 2015 . Retrieved 8 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seed Oil Fatty Acids -- SOFA Database Retrieval '' . In German . Google translation Jump up ^ http://www.osel.co.nz/content/Product_Flyers/Kiwifruit.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.osel.co.nz/content/Product_Flyers/FlaxSeedOil.pdf Jump up ^ Soltana , H ; Tekaya , M ; Amri , Z ; El - Gharbi , S ; Nakbi , A ; Harzallah , A ; Mechri , B ; Hammami , M ( 2016 ) . `` Characterization of fig achenes ' oil of Ficus carica grown in Tunisia '' . Food Chemistry . 196 : 1125 -- 30 . doi : 10.1016 / j. foodchem. 2015.10. 053 . PMID 26593597 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Jennifer . `` Nut Grower 's Guide : The Complete Handbook for Producers and Hobbyists '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 21 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Thomas Bartram ( September 2002 ) . Bartram 's Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine : The Definitive Guide to the Herbal Treatments of Diseases . Da Capo Press . p. 271 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56924 - 550 - 7 . Jump up ^ Decsi T , Kennedy K ( 2011 ) . `` Sex - specific differences in essential fatty acid metabolism '' . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 94 ( 6_Suppl ) : 1914S -- 19S . doi : 10.3945 / ajcn. 110.000893 . PMID 22089435 . Jump up ^ Ruiz - Lopez N , Haslam RP , Napier JA , Sayanova O ( January 2014 ) . `` Successful high - level accumulation of fish oil omega − 3 long - chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in a transgenic oilseed crop '' . The Plant Journal . 77 ( 2 ) : 198 -- 208 . doi : 10.1111 / tpj. 12378 . PMC 4253037 . PMID 24308505 . Jump up ^ Coghlan , Andy ( 4 January 2014 ) `` Designed plant oozes vital fish oils '' New Scientist , volume 221 , issue 2950 , page 12 Jump up ^ `` How Omega − 6s Usurped Omega − 3s In US Diet '' . Jump up ^ Trebunová A , Vasko L , Svedová M , Kastel ' R , Tucková M , Mach P ( July 2007 ) . `` The influence of omega − 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids feeding on composition of fatty acids in fatty tissues and eggs of laying hens '' . Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift. 114 ( 7 ) : 275 -- 79 . PMID 17724936 . Jump up ^ Cherian , G. Effect of feeding full fat flax and canola seeds to laying hens on the fatty acids composition of eggs , embryos , and newly hatched chicks . http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search/display.do?f=1991%2FUS%2FUS91146.xml%3BUS9138554 Jump up ^ Sterling , Colin ( 2010 - 06 - 03 ) . `` Washington Post 's Egg Taste Test Says Homegrown And Factory Eggs Taste The Same ( UPDATED , POLL ) '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ Garton , G.A. ( 1960 ) . `` Fatty Acid Composition of the Lipids of Pasture Grasses '' . Nature . 187 ( 4736 ) : 511 -- 12 . Bibcode : 1960Natur. 187 ... 511G . doi : 10.1038 / 187511b0 . Jump up ^ Duckett SK , Wagner DG , Yates LD , Dolezal HG , May SG ( 1993 ) . `` Effects of time on feed on beef nutrient composition '' . J Anim Sci. 71 ( 8 ) : 2079 -- 88 . PMID 8376232 . Jump up ^ `` Specially Labeled Lamb '' . Jump up ^ Azcona , J.O. , Schang , M.J. , Garcia , P.T. , Gallinger , C. , R. Ayerza ( h ) , and Coates , W. ( 2008 ) . `` Omega − 3 enriched broiler meat : The influence of dietary alpha - linolenic omega − 3 fatty acid sources on growth , performance and meat fatty acid composition '' . Canadian Journal of Animal Science . 88 ( 2 ) : 257 -- 69 . doi : 10.4141 / CJAS07081 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Gourment Game -- Amazing Nutrition Facts '' . Jump up ^ `` Natural Health Product Monograph -- Seal Oil '' . Health Canada . June 22 , 2009 . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ European Parliament ( 9 November 2009 ) . `` MEPs adopt strict conditions for the placing on the market of seal products in the European Union '' . Hearings . European Parliament . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ van Ginneken VJ , Helsper JP , de Visser W , van Keulen H , Brandenburg WA ( 2011 ) . `` Polyunsaturated fatty acids in various macroalgal species from north Atlantic and tropical seas '' . Lipids in Health and Disease . 10 ( 104 ) : 104 . doi : 10.1186 / 1476 - 511X - 10 - 104 . PMC 3131239 . PMID 21696609 . Jump up ^ Collins ML , Lynch B , Barfield W , Bull A , Ryan AS , Astwood JD ( 2014 ) . `` Genetic and acute toxicological evaluation of an algal oil containing eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) and palmitoleic acid '' . Food and Chemical Toxicology. 72 : 162 -- 68 . doi : 10.1016 / j. fct. 2014.07. 021 . PMID 25057807 . Jump up ^ Couvreur S , Hurtaud C , Lopez C , Delaby L , Peyraud JL ( June 2006 ) . `` The linear relationship between the proportion of fresh grass in the cow diet , milk fatty acid composition , and butter properties '' . Journal of Dairy Science . 89 ( 6 ) : 1956 -- 69 . doi : 10.3168 / jds. S0022 - 0302 ( 06 ) 72263 - 9 . PMID 16702259 . Retrieved 16 March 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Allport , Susan . The Queen of Fats : Why Omega − 3s Were Removed from the Western Diet and What We Can Do to Replace Them . University of California Press , September 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 24282 - 1 . Chow , Ching Kuang . Fatty Acids in Foods and Their Health Implications . Routledge Publishing . New York . 2001 . Clover , Charles . The End of the Line : How overfishing is changing the world and what we eat . Ebury Press , London 2004 . ISBN 0 - 09 - 189780 - 7 Stoll , Andrew L. The Omega − 3 Connection : how you can restore your body 's natural balance and treat depression . Simon & Schuster 2001 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 87138 - 6 . External links ( edit ) University of Maryland Medical Center , Omega − 3 Fatty Acids ( hide ) Types of lipids General Saturation : Saturated fat Unsaturated fat Monounsaturated fat Polyunsaturated fat Essential fatty acid Other : Fat Oil Geometry Trans fat Omega - 3 fatty acid Omega - 6 fatty acid Omega - 9 fatty acid Eicosanoids Arachidonic acid Prostaglandins Prostacyclin Thromboxane Leukotrienes Fatty acids Caprylic acid Capric acid Lauric acid Myristic acid Palmitic acid Stearic acid Arachidic acid Behenic acid Lignoceric acid Glycerides Monoglyceride Diglyceride Triglyceride Triheptanoin Trimyristin Tripalmitin Tristearin Trilinolein Triolein Phospholipids Phosphatidylserine Phosphatidylinositol Phosphatidyl ethanolamine Cardiolipin Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine Sphingolipids Ceramide Steroids Cholesterol Corticosteroids Sex steroids Secosteroids Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Omega-3_fatty_acid&oldid=826179000 '' Categories : Fatty acids Biologically - based therapies Alkenoic acids Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2012 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from September 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių Magyar မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots සිංහල Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Walon 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 February 2018 , at 18 : 04 . 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5986933546120471841 | Below Deck | Below Deck - wikipedia Below Deck Jump to : navigation , search Below Deck Genre Reality television Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 55 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Mark Cronin Courtland Cox Nadine Rajabi ( season 3 -- ) Rebecca Henning ( co-executive , season 3 -- ) James Bruce ( co-executive , season 1 ) Elise Duran ( season 2 ) Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) 51 Minds Entertainment Release Original network Bravo Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release July 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 01 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Below Deck Mediterranean External links Website www.bravotv.com/below-deck Below Deck is an American reality television series on Bravo that debuted on July 1 , 2013 . Announced in April 2012 , Below Deck chronicles the lives of the crew members who work and reside aboard a mega-yacht during charter season . It shows the crew as they deal with their personal issues in order to make their professional careers work . Each episode features a different group of guests . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Episodes 3 Cast 3.1 Season 1 3.2 Season 2 3.3 Season 3 3.4 Season 4 3.5 Season 5 4 Reception 5 Broadcast 6 References 7 External links Production ( edit ) Producers booked a five - week Caribbean charter on the 50 meter ( 164 foot ) yacht Cuor di Leone . The yacht was renamed Honor for the series , and is captained by Lee Rosbach . The original crew used for the vessel were given the time off , to be replaced by the cast of the series for the duration of filming . Rosbach and his first officer and engineer stayed on board the vessel to ensure everything went as planned . Chief Stew Adrienne Gang , Chef Ben Robinson and Stew Kat Held had worked on yachts prior to the series . The series was shot over a six - week period in September and October 2011 . On August 27 , 2013 , Bravo announced that the series ' first season averaged 1.4 million total viewers per episode , which led the network to renew Below Deck for a second season . The season premiered on August 12 , 2014 , and featured four returning cast members from the previous season , including Captain Lee Rosbach , Ben Robinson , Kat Held , and Eddie Lucas . New cast additions included Kate Chastain , Kelley and Amy Johnson , Jennice Ontiveros , Andrew Sturby , and Logan Reese . The second season had the crew working on Ohana , a 153 ' mega-yacht during the charter season in the British Virgin Islands . The season concluded on November 4 , 2014 . Bravo renewed Below Deck for a third season after the second - season finale , which was the highest rated episode of the season . In March 2015 , Bravo announced a Below Deck spin - off show entitled Below Deck Mediterranean , which will feature a crew heading to `` the world 's oldest cruising grounds , the Mediterranean Sea , for its next super-yacht charter season . '' The third season premiered on August 25 , 2015 . The show followed crew members living and working in The Bahamas on a 161 ' mega-yacht called Eros . A sneak peek of the season was released on July 21 , with a half - hour preview special which aired on August 10 , 2015 . The season featured Lee Rosbach , Kate Chastain , Amy Johnson and Eddie Lucas who all returned from the previous season , along with another five new crew members . In April 2016 , the network renewed Below Deck for a fourth season . On February 21 , 2017 it was announced production filming for season 5 had begun . On February 22 , 2017 it was announced that the production boat had sunk after its propeller hit something while arriving in the marina in the Caribbean while filming for season 5 . On July 17 , 2017 , it was announced that the fifth season would premiere on September 5 , 2017 , with Lee Rosbach , Kate Chastain and Nico Scholly returning . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Below Deck episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Season premiere Season finale 11 July 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 01 ) September 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 09 ) 13 August 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 12 ) November 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 04 ) 15 August 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 25 ) December 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) 14 September 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 06 ) December 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 06 ) 5 TBA September 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 05 ) TBA ( TBA ) Cast ( edit ) The cast of the first season : Ben Robinson , Aleks Taldykin , Kat Held , Adrienne Gang , David Bradberry , CJ Lebeau , Samantha Orme and Eddie Lucas ( from left ) Season 1 ( edit ) Lee Rosbach -- Captain Aleks Taldykin -- First Officer Adrienne Gang -- Chief Stewardess C.J. LeBeau -- Second Engineer Samantha Orme -- Stewardess David Bradberry -- Deckhand Ben Robinson -- Chef Eddie Lucas -- Deckhand Kat Held -- Second Stewardess Season 2 ( edit ) Lee Rosbach -- Captain Kate Chastain -- Chief Stewardess Andrew Sturby -- Deckhand ( ep 1 - 4 , 12 - 13 ) Logan Reese - Deckhand ( ep 8 - 13 ) Kelley Johnson -- Deckhand Jennice Ontiveros -- Deckhand Ben Robinson -- Chef Eddie Lucas -- Bosun Kat Held -- Stewardess Amy Johnson -- Stewardess Season 3 ( edit ) Lee Rosbach -- Captain Kate Chastain -- Chief Stewardess Amy Johnson -- Second Stewardess Eddie Lucas -- Bosun Don Abenante ( ep 1 - 4 , 14 ) -- Second Engineer / Deckhand Connie Arias -- Deckhand Raquel `` Rocky '' Dakota -- Third Stewardess Emile Kotze -- Deckhand Leon Walker - Chef ( ep 1 - 10 ) Ben Robinson - Chef ( ep 10 - 13 , 15 ) Dane - Deckhand ( ep 5 - 8 ) David Bradberry - Deckhand ( ep 11 - 13 , 15 ) Season 4 ( edit ) Lee Rosbach - Captain Kate Chastain - Chief Stewardess Kelley Johnson - Bosun Emily Warburton - Adams - Second Stewardess Sierra Storm - Third Stewardess Lauren Burchell - Deckhand Trevor Walker - `` Senior '' Deckhand ( ep 1 - 4 ) Nico Scholly - Senior Deckhand Ben Robinson - Chef Kyle Dixon - Deckhand ( ep 5 - 14 ) Season 5 ( edit ) Lee Rosbach - Captain Kate Chastain - Chief Stewardess Nico Scholly - Lead Deckhand Brianna Adekeye - Stewardess Jennifer Howell - Stewardess Chris Brown - Deckhand ( ep 1 - 6 ) Bruno Duarte - Deckhand Baker Manning - Deckhand Matt Burns - Chef EJ Jansen - Bosun ( ep 5 - ) Reception ( edit ) `` I 'm calling it Saved by the Bell , the Summer Edition : Lost at Sea . ( Imagine a very special episode in which one of the Bayside crew finds a baggie of coke on the volleyball court at Malibu Sands and then hands it over to Stacy Carosi . Well , anyone except Jessie Spano , because we all know she 'd be so excited that she 'd keep it . ) But there 's plenty of time to get all royal about it . For now , I 'm hooked , at the bottom of the sea . '' -- Annie Barrett from Entertainment Weekly The reality show has received mixed reviews from television critics . David Hinckley from New York Daily News was rather negative towards the show by saying that Bravo `` make waves with reality series set on a luxury yacht , but viewers are n't well served by a show that 's anchored in tedium . '' Reviewing the first episode of the show , he was not impressed because of the lack of storylines and called the premiere `` pretty mundane '' . Emily Yahr , a critic from The Washington Post , questioned the show 's truthfulness and added that the series `` seem ( s ) so scripted -- the stereotypical spoiled crew members , the neatly wrapped - up `` plotlines '' -- that it 's hard to take seriously , even in the dubious cable reality show genre . '' Rob Owen of Pittsburgh Post-Gazette was more positive by describing the show as a `` fairly entertaining , voyeuristic look at a made - for - reality - TV crew . '' David Wiegand , writing for San Francisco Chronicle , noted the show 's idea by saying that Below Deck `` takes the idea of disparate types thrown together in a controlled environment and capitalizes on two seemingly inevitable results : friction and sexual tension '' . Neil Genzlinger from The New York Times criticized the casting choices by saying that `` the real issue with this series is that the crew members are n't all that interesting . '' He also felt that `` it 's not actually the crew members -- the stars of this series -- who are unbearable , '' but the guests for whom `` the word `` insufferable '' was invented . '' Sandy Malone , writing for The Huffington Post , questioned whether the show is hurting the yachting industry . Malone said , `` My conclusion , if this show is going to do positive things for the yachting industry , instead of destroying its reputation for stellar service , a big change had better come with ( the upcoming season ) . '' Broadcast ( edit ) Below Deck premiered on the Bravo cable network in the United States ; the first episode debuted on Monday at 10 : 00 / 9 : 00 ET / PT on July 1 , 2013 . The preview special of the series aired on June 10 , 2013 . The first season ran for eleven episodes and concluded on September 9 , 2013 . The second season of the reality series debuted on August 12 , 2014 and ended on November 4 , 2014 , after airing thirteen episodes . Both seasons featured a `` Reunion '' episode that reunited all the crew members to discuss the events of the season , as well as a special episode `` The Crew Tells All '' with unseen footage of the season . The third season premiered on August 25 , 2015 and concluded on December 1 , 2015 with a two - part `` Reunion '' episode . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2013 ) . `` Bravo Media Sets Sail With New Docu - Series ' Below Deck ' Premiering Monday Junly 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hertzfeld , Laura ( May 8 , 2012 ) . `` ' Below Deck ' : Check out the mega yacht that 's home to new Bravo series -- VIDEO EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 4 , 2012 ) . `` Bravo Greenlights 11 New and 8 Returning Unscripted Series and Plans First Scripted Premiere for 2013 '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lucy Chabot Reed ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` The reality of Below Deck on Bravo '' . The Triton . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2013 . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Captain L ( July 26 , 2011 ) . `` Below Deck -- Reality TV hits Yachting '' . Blue Ocean Yachting . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 27 , 2013 ) . `` Bravo Media Renews ' Below Deck ' as Season Finale Earns Highest - Rated Episode of the Series With 1.8 Million Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Below Deck - Episode Guide for Season 2 '' . Zap2it . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( June 26 , 2014 ) . `` ' Below Deck ' Season Two to Premiere Tuesday , August 12 on Bravo '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick ( October 22 , 2014 ) . `` Bravo Renews ' Below Deck ' on Heels of Season - High Ratings '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gerard , Jeremy ( March 30 , 2015 ) . `` Bravo Media Slates 10 New Series , Including ' Recipe For Deception ' -- Upfronts '' . Deadline Hollywood ( Press release ) . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` ' Below Deck ' Season 3 to Premiere Tuesday , August 25 on Bravo '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ge , Linda ( April 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Real Housewives of Beverly Hills , ' ' Vanderpump Rules ' Among Bravo Renewals '' . The Wrap . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Below Deck ' Is Back ! Find Out Who 's Aboard & Who Got The Axe '' . Radar Online . 2017 - 02 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Below Deck 's boat sinks in the Caribbean while filming season five '' . Mail Online . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ http://www.bravotv.com/below-deck/season-5/videos/your-first-look-at-belowdeck-season-5 Jump up ^ `` Aleks Taldykin -- Biography '' . Bravo . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Adrienne Gang -- Biography '' . Bravo . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` C.J. Lebeau -- Biography '' . Bravo . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Samantha Orme -- Biography '' . Bravo . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` David Bradberry -- Biography '' . Bravo . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Robinson -- Biography '' . Bravo . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Eddie Lucas -- Biography '' . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kat Held -- Biography '' . Bravo . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` '' Watch Captain Lee Rosbach Fires Dane `` '' . Bravo . September 9 , 2010 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Captain Lee Rosbach '' . Bravo TV . Bravo . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kate Chastain '' . Bravo TV . Bravo . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kelley Johnson '' . Bravo TV . Bravo . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Emily Warburton - Adams '' . Bravo TV . Bravo . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sierra Storm '' . Bravo TV . Bravo . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lauren Burchell '' . Bravo TV . Bravo . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trevor Walker '' . Bravo . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nico Scholly '' . Bravo TV . Bravo . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Robinson '' . Bravo TV . Bravo . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.bravotv.com/people/captain-lee-rosbach Jump up ^ http://www.bravotv.com/people/kate-chastain Jump up ^ http://www.bravotv.com/people/nico-scholly Jump up ^ http://www.bravotv.com/people/brianna-adekeye Jump up ^ http://www.bravotv.com/people/jennifer-howell Jump up ^ http://www.bravotv.com/people/chris-brown Jump up ^ http://www.bravotv.com/people/bruno-duarte Jump up ^ http://www.bravotv.com/people/baker-manning Jump up ^ http://www.bravotv.com/people/matt-burns Jump up ^ http://www.bravotv.com/people/ej-jansen Jump up ^ Barrett , Annie ( July 1 , 2013 ) . `` Bravo 's ' Below Deck ' : ' Are there any sausages ? ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Below Deck -- Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hinckley , David ( June 29 , 2013 ) . `` ' Below Deck ' : TV review '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Yahr , Emily ( June 30 , 2013 ) . `` Bravo 's ' Below Deck ' : Do n't go aboard '' . The Washington Post . Nash Holdings LLC . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Owen , Rob ( June 30 , 2013 ) . `` TV review : Drunken and dumb ' Below Deck ' '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Block Communications . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wiegand , David ( June 30 , 2013 ) . `` ' Below Deck ' review : Friction and sexual tension '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Hearst Corporation . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Genzlinger , Neil ( June 30 , 2013 ) . `` Who Wants to Sail With This Ship of Trolls ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Malone , Sandy ( September 10 , 2014 ) . `` Is Bravo 's ' Below Deck ' Hurting the Yachting Industry ? 10 Examples of How Kate Chastain Makes Them Look Bad '' . The Huffington Post . AOL Inc . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bon Voyage ! Bravo Media Sets Sail with New Docu - Series `` Below Deck '' Premiering Monday , July 1 at 10PM ET / PT `` . The Futon Critic ( Press release ) . May 8 , 2013 . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . 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7598855063257892118 | The Dragon (Beowulf) | The dragon ( Beowulf ) - wikipedia The dragon ( Beowulf ) Jump to : navigation , search Beowulf battles his nemesis , the dragon , shown in an 1908 illustration by J.R. Skelton . The final act of the Anglo - Saxon poem Beowulf is about the hero Beowulf 's fight with a dragon , the third monster he encounters in the epic . On his return from Heorot , where he killed Grendel and Grendel 's mother , Beowulf becomes king of the Geats and rules peacefully for fifty winters until a slave awakens and angers a dragon by stealing a jewelled cup from its lair in order to gain freedom from killing his brother . When the angry dragon mercilessly burns the Geats ' homes and lands , Beowulf decides to fight and kill the monster personally . He and his thanes climb to the dragon 's lair where , upon seeing the beast , the thanes flee in terror , leaving only Wiglaf to battle at Beowulf 's side . When the dragon wounds Beowulf fatally , Wiglaf slays it . This depiction indicates the growing importance and stabilization of the modern concept of the dragon within European mythology . Beowulf is the first piece of English literature to present a dragonslayer . Although many motifs common to the Beowulf dragon existed in the Scandinavian and Germanic literature , the Beowulf poet was the first to combine features and present a distinctive fire - breathing dragon . The Beowulf dragon was later copied in literature with similar themes such as J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Hobbit ( 1937 ) , one of the forerunners of modern high fantasy . The dragon fight , occurring at the end of the poem , is foreshadowed in earlier scenes . The dragon fight symbolizes Beowulf 's stand against evil and destruction , and , as the hero , he knows that failure will bring destruction to his people after many years of peace . The dragon himself acts a mock `` gold - king , '' one who sees attacking Beowulf 's kingdom as suitable retribution for the theft of just a single cup . The scene is structured in thirds , ending with the deaths of the dragon and Beowulf . Contents ( hide ) 1 Story 2 Background 3 Characterization 4 Importance 5 Critical reception 5.1 Before Tolkien 5.2 Tolkien , 1936 : The Monsters and the Critics 5.3 After Tolkien 5.3. 1 Scholarly opinion 5.4 General opinion 6 Legacy 7 References 8 Sources Story ( edit ) After his battles against Grendel 's mother and Grendel , Beowulf returns to homeland and becomes king of the Geats . Fifty years pass with Beowulf leading as a wise king , when a local dragon is angered when a slave enters its lair and takes a cup from its treasure . The creature attacks the neighboring towns in revenge . Beowulf and a troop of men ( `` the Geats '' ) leave to find the dragon 's lair . The Geats run away in fear , leaving only Beowulf and his young companion Wiglaf to slay the dragon . Beowulf receives a fatal wound from the dragon , but Wiglaf impales the dragon 's belly to reduce the flames , and Beowulf deals the fatal blow . In his death - speech , Beowulf nominates Wiglaf as his heir , and that of the treasure . Background ( edit ) Sigurd and Fafnir by Arthur Rackham , from his 1911 illustrations for Richard Wagner 's Siegfried and The Twilight of the Gods Beowulf is the oldest extant heroic poem in English literature and the first to present a dragon slayer . The legend of the dragonslayer already existed in Norse sagas such as the tale of Sigurd and Fafnir , and the Beowulf poet incorporates motifs and themes common to dragon - lore in the poem . Beowulf is the earliest surviving piece of Anglo - Saxon literature to feature a dragon , and it is possible that the poet had access to similar stories from Germanic legend . Secular Germanic literature and the literature of Christian hagiography featured dragons and dragon fights . Although the dragons of hagiography were less fierce than the dragon in Beowulf , similarities exist in the stories such as presenting the journey to the dragon 's lair , cowering spectators , and the sending of messages relaying the outcome of the fight . The dragon with his hoard is a common motif in early Germanic literature with the story existing to varying extents in the Norse sagas , but it is most notable in the Völsunga saga and in Beowulf . Beowulf preserves existing medieval dragon - lore , most notably in the extended digression recounting the Sigurd / Fafnir tale . Nonetheless , comparative contemporary narratives did not have the complexity and distinctive elements written into Beowulf 's dragon scene . Beowulf is a hero who previously killed two monsters . The scene includes extended flashbacks to the Geatish - Swedish wars , a detailed description of the dragon and the dragon - hoard , and ends with intricate funerary imagery . Beowulf scholar J.R.R. Tolkien considered the dragon in Beowulf to be one of only two real dragons in northern European literature , writing of it , `` dragons , real dragons , essential both to the machinery and the ideas of a poem or tale , are actually rare . In northern literature there are only two that are significant ... we have but the dragon of the Völsungs , Fáfnir , and Beowulf 's bane . '' Furthermore , Tolkien believes the Beowulf poet emphasizes the monsters Beowulf fights in the poem and claims the dragon is as much of a plot device as anything . Tolkien expands on Beowulf 's dragon in his own fiction , which indicates the lasting impact of the Beowulf poem . Within the plot structure , however , the dragon functions differently in Beowulf than in Tolkien 's fiction . The dragon fight ends Beowulf , while Tolkien uses the dragon motif ( and the dragon 's love for treasure ) to trigger a chain of events in The Hobbit . Characterization ( edit ) See also : European dragon The Beowulf dragon is the earliest example in literature of the typical European dragon and first incidence of a fire - breathing dragon . The Beowulf dragon is described with Old English terms such as draca ( dragon ) , and wyrm ( reptile , or serpent ) , and as a creature with a venomous bite . Also , the Beowulf poet created a dragon with specific traits : a nocturnal , treasure - hoarding , inquisitive , vengeful , fire - breathing creature . The fire is likely symbolic of the hellfire of the devil , reminiscent of the monster in the Book of Job . In the Septuagint Bible , Job 's monster is characterized as a draco , and identified with the devil . Job 's dragon would have been accessible to the author of Beowulf , as a Christian symbol of evil , the `` great monstrous adversary of God , man and beast alike . '' A study of German and Norse texts reveals three typical narratives for the dragonslayer : a fight for the treasure , a battle to save the slayer 's people , or a fight to free a woman . The characteristics of Beowulf 's dragon appear to be specific to the poem , and the poet may have melded together dragon motifs to create a dragon with specific traits that weave together the complicated plot of the narrative . Importance ( edit ) The third act of the poem differs from the first two . In Beowulf 's two earlier battles , Grendel and Grendel 's mother are characterised as descendants of Cain : `` ( Grendel ) had long lived in the land of monsters / since the creator cast them out / as the kindred of Cain '' and seem to be humanoid : in the poet 's rendition they can be seen as giants , trolls , or monsters . The dragon , therefore , is a stark contrast to the other two antagonists . Moreover , the dragon is more overtly destructive . He burns vast amounts of territory and the homes of the Geats : `` the dragon began to belch out flames / and burn bright homesteads '' . Beowulf 's fight with the dragon has been described variously as an act of either altruism or recklessness . In contrast with the previous battles , the fight with the dragon occurs in Beowulf 's kingdom and ends in defeat , whereas Beowulf fought the other monsters victoriously in a land distant from his home . The dragon fight is foreshadowed with earlier events : Scyld Shefing 's funeral and Sigmund 's death by dragon , as recounted by a bard in Hrothgar 's hall . Beowulf scholar Alexander writes that the dragon fight likely signifies Beowulf 's ( and by extension , society 's ) battle against evil . The people 's fate depend on the outcome of the fight between the hero and the dragon , and , as a hero , Beowulf must knowingly face death . Wiglaf is the single warrior to stay and witness the death of the hero . Illustration by J.R. Skelton . Beowulf 's eventual death from the dragon presages `` warfare , death , and darkness '' for his Geats . The dragon 's hoard symbolizes the vestige of an older society , now lost to wars and famine , left behind by a survivor of that period . His imagined elegy foreshadows Beowulf 's death and elegy to come . Before he faces the dragon , Beowulf thinks of his past : his childhood and wars the Geats endured during that period , foreshadowing the future . At his death , peace in his lands will end , and his people will again suffer a period of war and hardship . An embattled society without `` social cohesion '' is represented by the avarice of the `` dragon jealously guarding its gold hoard '' , and the elegy for Beowulf becomes an elegy for the entire culture . The dragon 's hoard is representative of a people lost and antique , which is juxtaposed against the Geatish people , whose history is new and fleeting . As king of his people , Beowulf defends them against the dragon , and when his thanes desert him , the poem shows the disintegration of a `` heroic society '' which `` depends upon the honouring of mutual obligations between lord and thane '' . Wiglaf remains loyal to his king and stays to confront the dragon . The parallel in the story lies with the similarity to Beowulf 's hero Sigemund and his companion : Wiglaf is a younger companion to Beowulf and , in his courage , shows himself to be Beowulf 's successor . The presence of a companion is seen as a motif in other dragon stories , but the Beowulf poet breaks hagiographic tradition with the hero 's suffering ( hacking , burning , stabbing ) and subsequent death . Moreover , the dragon is vanquished through Wiglaf 's actions : although Beowulf dies fighting the dragon , the dragon dies at the hand of the companion . The dragon battle is structured in thirds : the preparation for the battle , the events prior to the battle , and the battle itself . Wiglaf kills the dragon halfway through the scene , Beowulf 's death occurs `` after two - thirds '' of the scene , and the dragon attacks Beowulf three times . Ultimately , as Tolkien writes in Beowulf : The Monsters and the Critics ( 1936 ) , the death by dragon `` is the right end for Beowulf , '' for he claims , `` a man can but die upon his death - day '' . Critical reception ( edit ) Before Tolkien ( edit ) In 1918 , William Witherle Lawrence argued in his article `` The Dragon and His Lair in Beowulf '' that the fight between Beowulf and the dragon tends to receive less critical attention than other portions of the poem , commenting that `` Grendel and his dam have , as it were , become more beloved of the commentators '' . Conversely , Kemp Malone writes in `` The Kenning in Beowulf '' that Beowulf 's fight with the dragon receives much critical attention , but that commentators fail to note that `` the dragon was no fighter . Not that it refused to fight when challenged , but that it did not seek out Beowulf or anyone else . It left Beowulf to do the seeking out '' . In his 1935 work Beowulf and the Seventh Century , Ritchie Girvan writes that Beowulf should be seen as having some degree of historical accuracy despite the presence of a dragon in it ; he argues that `` Tales of dragons as well as a belief in dragons survived till recent times , and the popular mind is apt to accept with credulity stories of water - monsters . The stories , moreover , are often attached to real persons and localized precisely in time and place . The habit is so well known that examples are superfluous '' . Raymond Wilson Chambers , in his Beowulf : An Introduction to the Study of the Poem with a Discussion of the Stories of Offa and Finn , says that Beowulf 's dragon acts like `` the typical dragon of Old English proverbial lore '' because he guards treasure . W.P. Ker criticized the inclusion of Beowulf 's fight with the dragon and his subsequent death in the poem , writing `` It is as if to the end of the Odyssey there had been added some later books telling in full of the old age of Odysseus , far from the sea , and his death at the hands of Telegonus '' . Tolkien , 1936 : the monsters and the Critics ( edit ) Main article : Beowulf : The Monsters and the Critics In Beowulf : The Monsters and the Critics , J.R.R. Tolkien noted that the dragon and Grendel are `` constantly referred to in language which is meant to recall the powers of darkness which Christian men felt themselves to be encompassed . They are ' inmates of hell ' , ' adversaries of God ' , ' offspring of Cain ' , ' enemies of mankind ' ... And so Beowulf , for all that he moves in the world of the primitive Heroic Age of the Germans , nevertheless is almost a Christian knight '' . After Tolkien ( edit ) Scholarly opinion ( edit ) Peter Gainsford noted in the article `` The Deaths of Beowulf and Odysseus : Narrative Time and Mythological Tale Types '' that `` In the twenty - first century Beowulf does not lack for commentators to defend the literary merit of the dragon episode '' . Adrien Bonjour opined in 1953 that the dragon 's `` ultimate significance in the poem '' remains a `` mystery '' . General opinion ( edit ) The New Yorker 's Joan Acocella wrote that `` unlike Grendel and his mother , ( the dragon ) is less a monster than a symbol . He is not sad or weird . Indeed , he is rather glamorous '' . According to Seamus Heaney , the dragon `` could be read as a projection of Beowulf 's own chthonic wisdom refined in the crucible of experience '' . James Parker of The Atlantic argues that because Beowulf dies even though he killed the dragon , `` There is no transcendence in Beowulf , and no redemption ... kill the dragon -- but the dragon will get you anyway '' . Legacy ( edit ) In From Homer to Harry Potter : A Handbook on Myth and Fantasy , Matthew Dickerson and David O'Hara argue that the Beowulf poet added the figure of the dragon to `` the pot ... that is ladeled out of by most modern fantasy writers '' ; they argued that both numerous works with villainous dragons , as well as literature with benign dragons like the My Father 's Dragon books and the Pern series by Anne McCaffrey , were influenced by Beowulf 's dragon . Dickerson and O'Hara further elaborated that through its dragon , Beowulf turned the `` notion of having a monstrous evil ( and not mere human foes ) as the enemy '' into `` a hallmark of modern fantasy '' present in C.S. Lewis ' Narnia books , Ursula K. Le Guin 's Earthsea books , and the Thomas Covenant series by Stephen Donaldson . J.R.R. Tolkien used the dragon story of Beowulf as a template for Smaug of The Hobbit ; in each case , the dragon awakens upon the hoard being disturbed by one stealing a chalice and goes into a wrathful rampage until slain by another person . Aia Hussein of the National Endowment for the Humanities has written that the fight between Harry Potter and the Hungarian Horntail in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) by J.K. Rowling was influenced by the confrontation between the dragon and the title character in Beowulf . James Parker of The Atlantic saw similarities between the dragon in Beowulf and the dragons in Game of Thrones ( 2011 - present ) . The tale of Beowulf was translated and rewritten in prose as a children 's story by Rosemary Sutcliff in 1961 , titled Dragon Slayer . References ( edit ) Footnotes Jump up ^ Nitzsche , Jane C. `` The Structural Unity of Beowulf : The Problem of Grendel 's Mother . '' Poetry Criticism , vol. 22 . 1999 . pp. 290 ^ Jump up to : Evans , pp. 25 -- 26 Jump up ^ Rauer , p. 135 Jump up ^ Rauer , p. 4 Jump up ^ Rauer , p. 74 Jump up ^ Evans , pp. 29 Jump up ^ Rauer , p. 32 Jump up ^ Tolkien , p. 4 Jump up ^ Evans , p. 30 ^ Jump up to : Brown , Alan K. ( 1980 ) . `` The firedrake in Beowulf '' . Abstract from Neophilologus . Springer Netherlands . 64 ( 3 ) : 439 -- 460 . doi : 10.1007 / BF01513838 . Retrieved 19 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Rauer , p. 32 , p . 63 ^ Jump up to : Rauer , p. 35 Jump up ^ Rauer , p. 52 Jump up ^ Evans , p. 28 Jump up ^ Alexander , p. 6 Jump up ^ Mellinkoff , Ruth . Cain 's monstrous progeny in Beowulf : part I , Noachic tradition Anglo - Saxon England ( 1979 ) , 8 : 143 -- 162 Cambridge University Press . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 18 Jump up ^ Heaney , p. 157 Jump up ^ Rauer , p. 74 -- 75 Jump up ^ Clark , 43 Jump up ^ Crossley - Holland , p. xiv Jump up ^ Alexander , pp. xxiv -- xxv Jump up ^ Alexander , pp. xxx -- xxxv Jump up ^ Crossley - Holland , p. vii Jump up ^ Crossley - Holland , p. xvi Jump up ^ Crossley - Holland , p. xvii Jump up ^ Crossley - Holland , p. xix Jump up ^ Crossley - Holland , p. xxvi Jump up ^ Clark , Handbook , p. 289 ^ Jump up to : Alexander , p. xxxvi Jump up ^ Crossley - Holland , p. xviii Jump up ^ Beowulf and some fictions of the Geatish succession by Frederick M. Biggs . Jump up ^ Raurer , p. 74 Jump up ^ Rauer , p. 31 Jump up ^ Alexander , p. xxv Jump up ^ Tolkien , p. 14 Jump up ^ Lawrence , William Witherle ( 1918 ) . `` The Dragon and His Lair in Beowulf '' . jSTOR . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Malone , Kemp ( July 1928 ) . `` The Kenning in Beowulf '' . jSTOR . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ George , Jodi - Ann ( 2010 ) . `` Beowulf '' . Macmillan Publishers Limited . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chambers , Raymond Wilson ( 1921 ) . `` Beowulf '' . Cambridge University Press . p. 349 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hinge , George ( 1921 ) . `` Classica et Mediaevalia vol. 63 '' . Museum Tusculanum Press . p. 247 - 248 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fulk , Robert Dennis ( 1991 ) . `` Interpretations of Beowulf : A Critical Anthology '' . Indiana University Press . p. 25 . Jump up ^ Bonjour , Adrien ( March 1953 ) . `` Monsters Crouching and Critics Rampant : Or the Beowulf Dragon Debated '' . jSTOR . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Acocella , Joan ( June 2 , 2014 ) . `` Slaying Monsters '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Heaney , Seamus ( November 4 , 1999 ) . `` A New ' Beowulf ' '' . The New York Review of Books . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Parker , James ( April 2017 ) . `` Beowulf Is Back ! '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dickerson , Matthew ; O'Hara , David ( 2006 ) . `` From Homer to Harry Potter : A Handbook on Myth and Fantasy '' . Brazos Press . p. 124 - 125 . Jump up ^ Clark , p. 31 Jump up ^ Hussein , Aia ( June 14 , 2011 ) . `` Old English , New Influences '' . National Endowment for the Humanities . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexander , p. xxiv Sources ( edit ) Alexander , Michael ( 2003 - 02 - 27 ) ( 1973 ) . Beowulf : a verse translation ( 2003 ed . ) . London : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 044931 - 0 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 18 . Clark , George ( 2003 ) ( 1998 ) . `` The Hero and the Theme '' . In Bjork , Robert E. ; Niles , John D. A Beowulf Handbook . University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 6150 - 1 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 18 . Crossley - Holland , Kevin ( 1999 ) . O'Donohue , Heather , ed . Beowulf : The fight at Finnsburh . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 283320 - 4 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 18 . Evans , Jonathan ( 2003 ) ( 2000 ) . `` The Dragon - Lore of Middle - earth : Tolkien and Old English and Old Norse Tradition '' . In Clark , George ; Timmons , Daniel . J.R.R. Tolkien and his literary resonances : views of Middle - earth . Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 30845 - 4 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 18 . Heaney , Seamus ( 2001 ) . Beowulf : A New Verse Translation . Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 32097 - 8 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 19 . Rauer , Christine ( 2003 ) . Beowulf and the Dragon : Parallels and Analogues . Cambridge : Brewer . ISBN 0 - 85991 - 592 - 1 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 18 . Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 25 November 1936 ) . `` Beowulf : The Monsters and the Critics '' . Sir Israel Gollancz Lecture 1936 . Archived from the original on 3 November 2009 . Retrieved 19 May 2010 . Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Dragon ( Beowulf ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Dragon ( Beowulf ) ( hide ) Beowulf Characters Beowulf Grendel Grendel 's mother Hroðgar Ecgþeow Hygelac Heardred Æschere Onela Wealhþeow Wiglaf Unferð Hygd The Dragon List of Beowulf characters Scholars and translators Michael J. Alexander Nora K. Chadwick P.J. Cosijn Kevin Crossley - Holland Michael D.C. Drout Francis Barton Gummere Seamus Heaney Roy Liuzza William Morris Frederick Klaeber Laurence Nowell Burton Raffel Grímur Jónsson Thorkelin J.R.R. Tolkien Beowulf : A Translation and Commentary `` Beowulf : The Monsters and the Critics '' Beowulf and the Critics `` On Translating Beowulf '' `` Sellic Spell '' Finn and Hengest Charles Leslie Wrenn Depictions Books Grendel Eaters of the Dead Film Grendel Grendel Grendel Beowulf ( 1999 ) The 13th Warrior No Such Thing Outlander Beowulf & Grendel ( Wrath of Gods ) Grendel Beowulf ( 2007 ) Beowulf : Prince of the Geats Beowulf : Return to the Shieldlands See also Anglo - Saxon paganism Battle of Finnsburg Heorot Hrunting Nægling Nowell Codex Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Dragon_(Beowulf)&oldid=816226164 '' Categories : Characters in Beowulf Anglo - Saxon paganism English folklore English heroic legends Fictional dragons Geats Literary villains Medieval legends Scandinavian legendary creatures Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 Latina Edit links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 02 : 02 . 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"The final act of the Anglo-Saxon poem Beowulf is about the hero Beowulf's fight with a dragon, the third monster he encounters in the epic. On his return from Heorot, where he killed Grendel and Grendel's mother, Beowulf becomes king of the Geats and rules peacefully for fifty winters until a slave awakens and angers a dragon by stealing a jewelled cup from its lair in order to gain freedom from killing his brother. When the angry dragon mercilessly burns the Geats' homes and lands, Beowulf decides to fight and kill the monster personally. He and his thanes climb to the dragon's lair where, upon seeing the beast, the thanes flee in terror, leaving only Wiglaf to battle at Beowulf's side. When the dragon wounds Beowulf fatally, Wiglaf slays it.",
"The final act of the Anglo-Saxon poem Beowulf is about the hero Beowulf's fight with a dragon, the third monster he encounters in the epic. On his return from Heorot, where he killed Grendel and Grendel's mother, Beowulf becomes king of the Geats and rules peacefully for fifty winters until a slave awakens and angers a dragon by stealing a jewelled cup from its lair in order to gain freedom from killing his brother. When the angry dragon mercilessly burns the Geats' homes and lands, Beowulf decides to fight and kill the monster personally. He and his thanes climb to the dragon's lair where, upon seeing the beast, the thanes flee in terror, leaving only Wiglaf to battle at Beowulf's side. When the dragon wounds Beowulf fatally, Wiglaf slays it."
] | [
"the dragon wounds Beowulf fatally",
"Wiglaf slays it"
] |
-634585954403844210 | National consciousness | National consciousness - wikipedia National consciousness A national consciousness is a shared sense of national identity ; that is , a shared understanding that a people group shares a common ethnic / linguistic / cultural background . Historically , a rise in national consciousness has been the first step towards the creation of a nation . National consciousness , at a glance , is one 's level of awareness , of the collective , and one 's understanding that without `` them '' there is no `` us '' . It is the mere awareness of the many shared attitudes and beliefs towards things like family , customs , societal and gender roles , etc . This awareness allows one to have a `` collective identity '' which allows them to be knowledgeable of not only where they are , but how those places and people around them are so significant in that they ultimately make the collective , a nation . In short , national consciousness can be defined as a specific core of attitudes that provide habitual modes for regarding life 's phenomena . Nationalism requires first a national consciousness , the awareness of national communality of a group of people , or nation . National identities in Europe and the Americas developed along with the idea of political sovereignty invested in the people of the state . In Eastern Europe , it was also often linked to ethnicity and culture . An awakening of national consciousness is frequently ascribed to national heroes and is associated with national symbols , and was part of the dissolution of Yugoslavia , Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union . Contents 1 National Consciousness - According to Benedict Anderson 2 National Identity & National Consciousness 3 Ernest Gellner : Nations and Nationalism 4 Paul Gilbert : The Philosophy of Nationalism 5 See also 6 References National consciousness - according to Benedict Anderson ( edit ) Nations , to Benedict Anderson , are imagined. The idea of the `` imagined community '' is that a nation is socially constructed , and the nation is made up of individuals who see themselves as part of a particular group . Anderson referred to nations as `` imagined communities '' . He thought nations , or imagined communities , were delimited because of its boundaries as far as who is in and who is out . Anderson believed that the nation operates through exclusion . Though , nations do not only exclude those who are outside of it , but they exclude their members who are not immediately considered in the collective idea of their national identity . Not only did Anderson think nations were delimited , he thought they were : Limited : Because of the mental boundaries , or concepts , we set pertaining to others are by culture , ethnicity , etc . We do not imagine everyone in one society or under one nationalism , we mentally separate . Sovereign : Nations were sovereign because sovereignty is a symbol of freedom from traditional religious practices . Sovereignty provides the organization needed for a nation while keeping the nation free of traditional religious pressures . National identity & national consciousness ( edit ) National identity and national consciousness are closely related and can often be mistaken for each other . There is , in fact , a thin line between the definitions of the two , however , national identity can be defined as the feelings someone shares with a group of people about a nation . National consciousness is a specific core of attitudes that provide the minutia of the day - to - day phenomena of life in one 's country . National identity , like national consciousness , is a feeling of recognition of `` we '' and `` they '' . One important distinction between the pair is that the national identity spectrum embodies Patriotism and Chauvinism . National identity is more tangible than mental in comparison to national consciousness . The elements of national identity include the nation 's symbols , traditions , and memories . National consciousness is more sensual and personal ; it 's different for each single person . It ca n't necessarily be seen since it is more mental than national identity . Ernest Gellner : nations and Nationalism ( edit ) Unlike Benedict Anderson , Gellner did n't think nations were `` imagined communities '' . In his book , Ernest Gellner explains how he thinks nations originated . In his eyes , nations are entirely modern constructs and products of nationalism . Gellner believed nations were a result of the Industrial Revolution . Since large numbers of people from different backgrounds were coming together in cities , it was necessary to make a common identity among them . The spread of capitalism bought the demand for constant retraining and Gellner thought that as a result , this demand was met by creating a common past , common culture , and language , which lead to the birth of nations . Gellner thought that nations were contingencies and not universal necessities . He said that our idea of the nation was as such : Two men were only of the same only if they were from the same culture . In this case , culture is `` a system of ideas , signs , associations , and ways of communicating . Two men are of the same nation only if they recognize each other as being a part of the same nation . It was men 's recognition of each other as people of the same kind that made them a nation and not their common attributes . Paul Gilbert : The Philosophy of Nationalism ( edit ) In `` The Philosophy of Nationalism '' , Paul Gibert breaks down what he thinks a nation is and his ideas contrast those of both Anderson and Gellner . In the book , Gilbert acknowledges that nations are many things . Gilbert says nations are : Nominalist : Whatever a group of people who consider themselves a nation say a nation is Voluntarist : `` Group of people bound by a commonly - willed nation '' Territorial : Group of people located in the same proximity , or territory Linguistic : People who share the same language . Axiological : Group of people who have the same distinctive values Destinarian : Group of people who have a common history , and a common mission See also ( edit ) Albanian National Awakening Indonesian National Awakening References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : PDF Jump up ^ `` National Consciousness '' . Peace Review . Jump up ^ The National Question in Yugoslavia : Origins , History , Politics Ivo Banac Google Books Jump up ^ As formal end nears some lament passing of the Yugoslavia they knew nytimes.com 1992 / 01 / 15 Jump up ^ Anderson , Benedict ( 1983 ) . Imagined Communities . London : Verso . ^ Jump up to : `` Imagined Communities and Nationalism '' . Postcolonial Studies at Emory . ^ Jump up to : `` The Nationalism Project '' . NationalismProject.org . NationalismProject.org . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ Gellner , Ernest ( 1983 ) . Nations and Nationalism . Ithaca , New York : The Cornell University Press . pp. 6 -- 7 . a system of ideas and signs and associations and ways of behaving and communicating Jump up ^ Gellner , Ernest ( 1983 ) . Nations and Nationalism . Ithaca , New York : The Cornell University Press . pp. 6 -- 7 . ^ Jump up to : Gilbert , Paul . `` The Nationalism Project '' . NationalismProject.org . The Westview Press . Retrieved 11 / 23 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_consciousness&oldid=848440368 '' Categories : Nationalism Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Татарча / tatarça Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 1 July 2018 , at 22 : 22 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | ways to promote national consciousness integrity and unity | [] | [] |
-7545010991399056404 | Jackass Number Two | Jackass Number Two - wikipedia Jackass Number Two 2006 film by Jeff Tremaine Jackass Number Two Theatrical release poster Directed by Jeff Tremaine Produced by Jeff Tremaine Spike Jonze Johnny Knoxville Written by Jeff Tremaine Johnny Knoxville Bam Margera Steve - O Chris Pontius Ryan Dunn Wee - Man Preston Lacy Dave England Ehren McGhehey Mark Lewman Dimitry Elyashkevich Al Walker Brandon DiCamillo Darrin Prescott David Weathers Gary Leffew Jeffrey Ross Juicy J Loomis Fall Scott Rogers Sean Cliver Spike Jonze Thor Drake Rob `` Whity '' McConnaughy Based on Jackass by Johnny Knoxville Spike Jonze Jeff Tremaine Starring Johnny Knoxville Bam Margera Chris Pontius Steve - O Ryan Dunn Dave England Wee Man Ehren McGhehey Preston Lacy Music by Sam Spiegel Cinematography Dimitry Elyashkevich Edited by Seth Casriel Matthew Probst Scott Simmons Production company Dickhouse Productions Lynch Siderow Productions Distributed by Paramount Pictures MTV Films Release date September 22 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 22 ) Running time 92 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $11.5 million Box office $84.6 million Jackass Number Two is a 2006 American reality comedy film . It is the sequel to Jackass : The Movie ( 2002 ) , both based upon the MTV series Jackass . Like its predecessor and the original TV show , the film is a compilation of stunts , pranks and skits . The film stars the regular Jackass cast of Johnny Knoxville , Bam Margera , Chris Pontius , Steve - O , Ryan Dunn , Dave England , Jason `` Wee Man '' Acuña , Ehren McGhehey , and Preston Lacy . Everyone depicted in the film plays as themselves . All nine main cast members from the first film returned for the sequel . The film was directed by Jeff Tremaine , who also directed Jackass : The Movie and produced Jackass . The film was produced by Dickhouse Productions and Lynch Siderow Productions and distributed by MTV Films and Paramount Pictures . The film premiered in theatres on September 22 , 2006 . The DVD was later released on December 26 , 2006 . Jackass 2.5 , a direct - to - video feature , was made available online on December 19 , 2007 and on DVD on December 26 , 2007 . It contains most of the deleted and unused scenes that were originally shot for Jackass Number Two . The film grossed nearly $85 million worldwide against a production budget of $11.5 million . Contents 1 Summary 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Screenings and release 4.1 Box office 5 Critical reception 6 Soundtrack 7 DVD release 7.1 Jackass 2.5 8 Sequel 9 References 10 External links Summary ( edit ) Jackass Number Two is a compilation of various stunts , pranks and skits . The film opens with an introduction of the primary cast members as they are being chased by bulls in a suburban neighborhood . List of stunts : Puppet Show -- Chris Pontius 's penis is placed in a puppet in order to entice a snake to bite it . The Valentine -- Members of the team are lured over to a valentine note on a hotel wall supposedly left by a fan , which hides a spring - loaded boxing glove . Firehose Rodeo -- Dave England rides a spraying fire hose in a mud pit . Bicentennial Bmxing -- Johnny Knoxville and Ryan Dunn attempt to use Penny - farthing bicycles to perform modern bike stunts . The Strongman -- Johnny Knoxville and Bam Margera try to put a dildo up Margera 's butt using a barbell Spike Jonze dresses as an old lady pranking strangers in public . The Mini-Loop -- Danger Ehren McGhehey attempts to use a Minibike on a miniature loop - the - loop . The Brand -- Johnny Knoxville , Bam Margera , and Ryan Dunn brand the outline of a penis on Margera 's ass . Later , Margera shows the results of the brand to his parents . Lake Jump -- Johnny Knoxville and Chris Pontius attempt to ride a rocket - powered bicycle over a lake . Mark Zupan and Mat Hoffman also attempt the stunt , Zupan in a modified wheelchair . The Fish Hook -- Steve - O pierces his cheek with a fish hook and dives in shark - infested waters . The Electric Stool -- Bam Margera , Steve - O , and Chris Pontius have Wee - Man sit on an electrified stool while Jim Karol attempts to throw cards into Wee - Man 's butt crack . Dramatic Re-Enactment - Bam Margera recreates the results of a stunt gone wrong with a drawing . The Bungee Jump -- Wee Man and Preston Lacy are linked together for a bungee jump off a bridge . Bad Grandpa -- Johnny Knoxville plays a grandpa named Irving Zisman , visiting a food truck with his `` grandson , '' intentionally provoking customers to fight him over his offensive comments and irresponsible behavior . The Beehive Limo -- Ryan Dunn , Steve - O , Wee Man , Dave England get inside a limo , then Johnny Knoxville and Bam Margera dump bees inside of it . The Rake Jump -- Steve - O Jumps on the end of a rake , hitting himself in the face with the handle . Riot Control Test -- Johnny Knoxville , Bam Margera , and Ryan Dunn get shot with riot control rubber balls . Medicine Ball Dodgeball -- Bam Margera and the team play dodgeball in the dark with medicine balls . The Magic Trick -- John Waters and Wee - Man perform a sketch in which Wee - Man `` disappears . '' The Gauntlet -- Johnny Knoxville , Dave England , and Bam Margera attempt to ride across a skate ramp lined with swinging sandbags thrown by Mat Hoffman and Tony Hawk The Toro Totter -- Johnny Knoxville , Chris Pontius , Bam Margera , and Ryan Dunn sit on seesaws in the center of a rodeo ring while a bull attempts to gore them . Butt Chug -- Steve - O attempts to chug beer using a tube up his butt . The Rocket Cart -- Ryan Dunn rides a rocket - powered shopping cart off a ramp into the water . The Anaconda Ball Pit -- Johnny Knoxville , Wee Man , and Ryan Dunn get in a ball pit with an anaconda . The Ice Horse -- Ryan Dunn sits on a horse figurine made out of ice with no underwear on , in the hopes that his balls will stick to the ice . The Swamp Chute -- In a swamp area , Wee - Man deploys a parachute in front of a high - powered fan . How to Milk a Horse -- Johnny Knoxville and Chris Pontius masturbate a horse , and Pontius drinks the ejaculate . The Big Tire Race -- The guys ride down a hill inside giant tires . The Leech Healer -- In India , Dave England and Steve - O apply leeches to themselves . Wind Tunnel -- Bam Margera is tricked into doing a stunt that is actually a prank involving his fear of snakes . The Fart Mask -- Steve - O puts on a helmet connected to a tube that Preston Lacy farts into . Big Green Ball -- Dave England attempts to ride a big green ball . Old Man Balls -- Johnny Knoxville , as Irving Zisman , dangles a fake pair of testicles down the leg of his shorts and approaches pedestrians . The Switcheroo -- Bam Margera pranks his mother , April , by having his father , Phil , slip out of bed in the middle of the night , and sends Preston Lacy dressed as Phil in as a replacement . Big Red Rocket -- Johnny Knoxville prepares to ride a gigantic rocket . Terror Taxi -- Danger Ehren is lured into a prank where he thinks he is pranking a random cab driver by posing as a terrorist , but the rest of the gang is pranking him by having Jay Chandrasekhar play a driver who retaliates against the `` terrorists . '' The gang also convinces Ehren to wear a fake beard made out of the group 's pubic hair . The Bear Trap -- Johnny Knoxville puts his hand into a bear trap The movie finishes with a Busby Berkeley - style movie musical production number set to the La Cage aux Folles song `` The Best of Times '' , where the guys sing and dance while performing more stunts . Cast ( edit ) The entire main cast from Jackass : The Movie returned for the sequel . Johnny Knoxville Bam Margera Chris Pontius Steve - O Ryan Dunn Dave England Jason `` Wee - Man '' Acuña Danger Ehren Preston Lacy The film also includes guest appearances by Brandon Novak , Mark Zupan , Brandon DiCamillo , Roger Alan Wade , Dimitry Elyashkevich , Loomis Fall , Lance Bangs , animal experts David Weathers and Manny Puig , Rick Kosick , Spike Jonze and cult film directors John Waters , Jay Chandrasekhar . Professional BMX rider Mat Hoffman and professional skater Tony Hawk participated in stunts . Rap group Three 6 Mafia also appears , as well as HIM singer Ville Valo and NFL star Jason Taylor . Mike Judge , Luke Wilson and Willie Garson are featured in the credits and in deleted scenes . Stunts including Jackass and Viva La Bam regular Don Vito were also filmed and shown in previews . However , due to the scandal surrounding his arrest just prior to the film 's release and the nature of the charges against him , all the scenes involving Don Vito were cut . Production ( edit ) Shooting began on January 30 , 2006 , and ended on June 23 , 2006 . The Jackass cast refused to divulge where they were filming , out of fear of fans interfering with the filming process . However , they have filmed in India , Australia , England , Moscow and Argentina . A few insights were leaked prior to the movie 's release by Steve - O and Bam Margera via Radio Bam and Loveline . Other shootings were Bull Shoals , Arkansas ; Key West , Florida ; Los Angeles , California ; Miami , Florida ; New Orleans , Louisiana ; New York City , New York ; and West Chester , Pennsylvania . The stunt `` How to Milk a Horse '' was originally shot for Wildboyz , but was saved for future use . `` The idea to drink the horse semen was not actually planned but was `` in the back of everyone 's mind . '' To agree to do the stunt , Chris Pontius asked director Jeff Tremaine for a full day off of work , but discouraged doing so since Pontius had missed work the day before . Additionally on screen Chris Pontius stated to Jeff Tremaine `` This is going to make up for something bad I 'm going to do in the future . '' This deal was verbally agreed upon and sealed with a handshake ; it was also noted that said deal was videotaped for the camera . Screenings and release ( edit ) The film had 4 different screenings for fans of Jackass and MySpace users , which was a part of MySpace 's `` Black Carpet '' screening . The screenings took place a few days before the movie was released ( possibly August ) . Some of the screenings also had surprise visits by cast and crew . For example , the Pennsylvania screening had director Jeff Tremaine and cast members Johnny Knoxville and Bam Margera . On June 15 , 2006 , Yahoo ! released the first official teaser for the movie . The stunts in the trailer included Knoxville riding a `` rocket bike '' off a ramp and a blindfolded Knoxville being rammed by a yak . The film was released on DVD on October 10 , 2006 in its R - rated version in full and widescreen , and in widescreen in the unrated version . Box office ( edit ) Jackass Number Two opened on September 22 , 2006 , in 3,900 screens at 3,059 theaters . It debuted at number one on its opening weekend with a total gross of $29 million , making $5 or 6 million more than expected by Paramount executives . On its first day in theaters Jackass Number Two matched its $11.5 million production budget . The film grossed an additional $14 million in its second week . Overall the film made $84.2 million worldwide , nearly $10 million more than the original . Critical reception ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a 63 % approval rating from 102 listed critics ; the average rating is 5.8 / 10 . The general consensus reads : `` Better than any sequel to the movie of a television show has a right to be , Jackass Number Two dares you not to laugh . '' On Metacritic , the film has a rating of 66 out of 100 based on 23 reviews , which indicates `` generally favorable reviews '' . The New York Times awarded Jackass Number Two a Critic 's Pick , writing , `` Debased , infantile and reckless in the extreme , this compendium of body bravado and malfunction makes for some of the most fearless , liberated and cathartic comedy in modern movies . '' On Ebert & Roeper , Richard Roeper and guest critic Fred Willard gave Jackass Number Two a `` Two Thumbs Up '' rating . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Jackass Number Two : Music from the Motion Picture The soundtrack was released on September 26 , 2006 by Bulletproof Records . The soundtrack features songs that were featured in the movie , and various audio clips from the movie . Among the new songs included in the soundtrack are `` Gettin ' Fucked Up '' -- a collaboration between rap group Three Six Mafia and Josey Scott , lead singer of heavy metal band Saliva -- and `` Backass '' -- a collaboration between electroclash musician Peaches and Karen O , lead singer of the indie rock trio Yeah Yeah Yeahs . DVD release ( edit ) The Rated and Unrated DVD versions of the movie were released on December 26 , 2006 . The rated version includes the 96 minute theatrical release , with bonus features , and the unrated includes extended scenes that were shortened in the original movie . Both DVDs feature commentary by the cast ( except Bam Margera ) , director Jeff Tremaine and cinematographer Dimitry Elyashkevich . The DVD also included 16 deleted scenes removed from the theatrical release , more than 20 additional scenes , 9 TV spots , 8 promotional spots including trailer , gag reel , the uncensored version of Karazy by Chris Pontius and a promotional commercial for the 2006 VMAs . The Making of Jackass featurette is also featured on the DVD . Jackass 2.5 ( edit ) Jackass 2.5 was a home media version with additional footage . It was released to the Internet at Blockbuster.com and Hulu as a free screening on December 19 -- 31 , 2007 , and to DVD on December 26 , 2007 . It includes special features such as : the making of Jackass 2.5 , the making of Jackass : The Game , deleted scenes , photo gallery , and additional Terror Taxi footage . Added stunts include : Beauty and the Beast -- Preston Lacy and Wee Man recreate the King Kong movie where Lacy painted as King Kong and Wee Man dressed as the damsel in distress and the guys are controlling a toy airplane afterwards Lacy falls off of the port o potty and rolls down a hill . The next day Lacy and Wee - Man retry the stunt again but this time Lacy crushes the planes but soon afterwards Lacy falls of the port o potty and rolls down a hill . Phil Margera is trying to eat a meatball but with help from Bam Margera he slingshots the meatball in his father 's eye . Dizzy Boxing -- Dave England and Ehren McGhehey try to box while kneeling of chairs but after they get dizzy England and McGhehey start boxing with Preston Lacy as the Referee and Chris Pontius as England 's manager after three rounds of the match McGhehey wins by knockout . Butt bead ass Kite -- Bam Margera puts anal beads tied to a kite up his anus and attempts to fly the kite with the anal beads at the beach . El Matador -- Wee Man becomes a matador and attempts to lure a baby bull towards a red kite . Bam Margera and Ryan Dunn scare April with a fake bazooka . Preston Lacy knocks over a Porta Potty with Bam Margera inside . Johnny Knoxville pranks the guys by putting a clamp with a fake crab on their arms . Wee - Man scares Ryan Dunn by squiring urine on him with a water gun . Human Golf Tee -- Johnny Knoxville and Bam Margera attempt to hit a golf ball golf off of Ryan Dunn 's anus . Later , a man attempts to hit a golf ball off of Bam Margera 's zipper . Wee - Man and Chris Pontius stand at the golf course getting hit by golf balls . Johnny Knoxville sees a doctor to check his prostate . Afterwards , Knoxville urinates in a cup and throws it at Rick Kosick . Rattlesnack Salad Toss -- Steve - O gets a rattlesnack to bite a balloon taped to his anus . Chris Pontius gets bit on the nose by an Alligator Snapping Turtle . Shridhar Chillal pours beer on his long fingernails while Steve - O drinks the runoff underneath ; afterwards , Steve - O throws up and disgusts some women who watched the act . Danger Ehren attempts to sit on a bed of nails with a cobra on top of him while the snake charmers play the flute . Preston Lacy gets shot with an ALS on his ass ; three hours later , Lacy gets a bruise . Cajun Obstacle Course -- The guys , dressed as prison inmates , ride skateboards into mud , crawl under barbed wire in mud with crocodiles , run with a high power fan , run through a chute with pigs , get shot with paintballs by professional paint ballers , and attempt to take shots of tobacco spit cups . Bam wins the obstacle course . The Test Drive -- Irving Zisman is at a car dealership getting a test drive while Clyde Singleton tries to screw up the test drive and argues with the dealer while Zisman runs away afterwards . The Deconstruction Site -- Zisman is a at construction site and tries to fight with the workers . Bam Margera attempts to urinate in a cup and gets it thrown onto his face in front of his mother . Mini Motorcyle Mayham -- The guys along with Mat Hoffman attempts to ride mini motorcycles at a supermarket and destroy stocks of food riding around the whole store . The Poof -- Johnny Knoxville puts baby powder on Wee - Man 's anus while he tries to fart . The Butt Bellows -- The guys along with Mike Judge pull blades of grass to see who has the shortest . The loser , Lacy , has the guys use bellows up his anus to try and make him fart . Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Jackass 3D Paramount Pictures and MTV Films greenlit a third Jackass , which was shot in 3D . Filming began in January 2010 and it was released on October 15 , 2010 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Jackass : Number Two ( 2006 ) '' . AFI Catalog of Feature Films . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jackass 2.5 's biggest stunt : skipping the box office '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 10 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Wolfie Diaries '' . Paramount Pictures . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ Dunn , Ryan ( 2006 ) . Jackass Number Two DVD , The Making of Jackass Number Two ( DVD ) . Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Knoxville , Johnny ( 2006 ) . Jackass Number Two DVD commentary ( DVD ) . Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Tremaine , Jeff ( 2006 ) . Jackass Number Two DVD commentary ( DVD ) . Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Hot 30 Countdown interview . Knoxville , Johnny . 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Yahoo.com '' . Trailer release . Retrieved on 2008 - 04 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amazon.com -- Jackass Number Two ( Full Screen Edition ) '' . DVD Release info . ^ Jump up to : `` Jackass Number Two '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Jackass : Number Two ( 2006 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jackass Number Two ( 2006 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla . `` nytimes.com '' . Jackass Number Two movie review . Retrieved May 5 , 2010 . Retrieved on 2008 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com '' . DVD the Moon Johnny Knoxville . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.foxnews.com/story/2007/12/13/jackass-25-to-be-released-to-internet.html Jump up ^ `` TMZ.com '' . New DVD release . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ( December 1 , 2009 ) . `` Bloody 3D sequels planned '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Jackass 3 To Start in January And Be In 3D ? '' . cinemablend.com . Retrieved 10 July 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Jackass Number Two Jackass Number Two on IMDb Jackass Number Two at AllMovie Jackass Number Two at Box Office Mojo Jackass Number Two at Rotten Tomatoes Jackass Number Two at Metacritic 2007 SuicideGirls interview with Jackass Number Two director Jeff Tremaine by Daniel Robert Epstein Jackass Jackass films Jackass : The Movie Jackass Number Two Jackass 3D Jackass Presents Mat Hoffman 's Tribute to Evel Knievel Bad Grandpa Direct - to - video Jackass 2.5 Jackass 3.5 Soundtracks Jackass : The Music , Vol. 1 Jackass Number Two Jackass 3D Related shows Wildboyz episodes Viva La Bam episodes Homewrecker Bam 's Unholy Union Dr. Steve - O Miscellaneous Jackass episodes Big Brother `` Corona '' Jackass : The Game CKY Crew CKY Videos Haggard : The Movie Do n't Try This at Home : The Steve - O Video 24 Hour Takeover Action Point Full cast list MTV Films Joe 's Apartment ( 1996 ) Beavis and Butt - Head Do America ( 1996 ) Dead Man on Campus ( 1998 ) Varsity Blues ( 1999 ) 200 Cigarettes ( 1999 ) Election ( 1999 ) The Wood ( 1999 ) The Original Kings of Comedy ( 2000 ) Save the Last Dance ( 2001 ) Pootie Tang ( 2001 ) Orange County ( 2002 ) Better Luck Tomorrow ( 2002 ) Crossroads ( 2002 ) Martin Lawrence Live : Runteldat ( 2002 ) Jackass : The Movie ( 2002 ) The Fighting Temptations ( 2003 ) Tupac : Resurrection ( 2003 ) The Perfect Score ( 2004 ) Napoleon Dynamite ( 2004 ) Hustle & Flow ( 2005 ) Coach Carter ( 2005 ) Murderball ( 2005 ) The Longest Yard ( 2005 ) Get Rich or Die Tryin ' ( 2005 ) Æon Flux ( 2005 ) Jackass Number Two ( 2006 ) Freedom Writers ( 2007 ) Blades of Glory ( 2007 ) Beneath ( 2007 ) How She Move ( 2008 ) The Foot Fist Way ( 2008 ) Stop - Loss ( 2008 ) Dance Flick ( 2009 ) Jackass 3D ( 2010 ) Justin Bieber : Never Say Never ( 2011 ) Footloose ( 2011 ) Katy Perry : Part of Me ( 2012 ) Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters ( 2013 ) Jackass Presents : Bad Grandpa ( 2013 ) Project Almanac ( 2015 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jackass_Number_Two&oldid=852570179 '' Categories : 2006 films English - language films 2000s comedy films 2000s sequel films American films American comedy films Films based on television series Films shot in New York City Films shot in Los Angeles Films shot in India Paramount Pictures films MTV Films films Jackass ( TV series ) Films directed by Jeff Tremaine Dickhouse Productions films Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Articles with short description All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 July 2018 , at 22 : 26 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays the old lady in jackass 2 | [
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-926326699377132384 | Freddie and the Dreamers | Freddie and the Dreamers - wikipedia Freddie and the Dreamers Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Freddie and the Dreamers Freddie and the Dreamers in 1964 . From left to right , Bernie Dwyer , Pete Birrell , Freddie Garrity , Derek Quinn , Roy Crewdson Background information Origin Manchester , England Genres Beat pop rock and roll Years active 1963 -- 2000 Labels Columbia ( EMI ) ( UK ) ; Capitol , Tower , Mercury ( US ) Past members Founding members Freddie Garrity Roy Crewdson Derek Quinn Peter Birrell Bernie Dwyer Later members Alan Rose Kev Ryan Trev Bullock Giorgio Uccellini Alan Mosca Brian Byng Steve Smith John D.D. Williams Denis Smith Tony Brooke Stuart Simpson Ritchie Madden Colin Pryce Jones Dave Lawes Brad Dallaston John Tuck Spencer Montgomery Paul Atack Andy Wells Gary Smith Gary Rudd John Denny jnr Paul Maddern Hugh Whitaker Noel Walsh Keith Roberts Ray Barlow Eamonn Carr Nick Foti Alan Edmundson Simon Clarke Freddie and the Dreamers were a British band that had a number of hit records between May 1963 and November 1965 . The band 's stage act was enlivened by the comic antics of the 5 - foot - 3 - inch - tall ( 1.60 m ) Freddie Garrity , who would bounce around the stage with arms and legs flying . Freddie officially retired from all work in February 2001 . He died in Bangor , North Wales , on 19 May 2006 , aged 69 . Contents ( hide ) 1 UK history 2 US fame 3 Legacy 4 Discography 4.1 Singles 4.2 EPs ( UK ) 4.3 Albums ( UK ) 4.4 Albums ( US ) 5 See also 6 References 7 External links UK History ( edit ) The band consisted of Freddie Garrity ( 14 November 1936 , Crumpsall , Manchester -- 19 May 2006 , Bangor , Gwynedd , North Wales ) , vocals ; Roy Crewdson ( born 29 May 1941 , Manchester ) , guitar ; Derek Quinn ( born 24 May 1942 , Didsbury , Manchester ) , guitar and harmonica ; Peter Birrell ( born 9 May 1941 , Manchester ) , bass ; and Bernie Dwyer ( 11 September 1940 , Manchester -- 4 December 2002 , Cheadle , Cheshire ) , drums . Although the band was grouped as a part of the Merseybeat sound phenomenon that the Beatles exploded around the world in the wake of Beatlemania , they came from Manchester . Prior to becoming a singer , Garrity had worked as a milkman in Manchester . They had four Top 10 UK hits : a cover of James Ray 's hit `` If You Gotta Make a Fool of Somebody '' , which reached number 3 in the UK Singles Chart in mid-1963 , `` I 'm Telling You Now '' ( number 2 in August ) , `` You Were Made For Me '' ( number 3 in November ) and a cover of The G - Clefs `` I Understand '' , which hit the number 5 spot in November 1964 . Session guitarist Big Jim Sullivan played on a couple of the records , `` I Understand '' , `` A Little You '' , `` Thou Shalt Not Steal '' and `` Just For You '' `` . On stage the group performed pre-rehearsed , synchronised wacky dance routines . They appeared in four British films : What a Crazy World with Joe Brown , Just for You , The Cuckoo Patrol and Every Day 's A Holiday ( US title Seaside Swingers ) with Mike Sarne , Ron Moody and John Leyton . Between 1970 and 1973 Garrity and Birrell appeared in the UK ITV children 's show Little Big Time , a zany music / talent / adventure show with audience participation . The group made a guest appearance in the BBC sitcom Dear John . US fame ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) As the group 's popularity declined in the UK , Freddie and the Dreamers enjoyed a brief spell of fame in the US , riding the wave of the British Invasion when the American teen public was hungry for any British pop music . Unlike many British EMI groups at that time , two singles ( `` I 'm Telling You Now '' and `` You Were Made for Me '' ) were released by EMI 's American arm Capitol Records , but neither sold well and Capitol dropped the group ; therefore , the Dreamers ' 1965 releases and re-releases appeared on assorted labels . There were also recordings on Capitol 's new subsidiary Tower , and Philips ' Mercury label . `` I 'm Telling You Now '' , which had been co-written by Garrity and Mitch Murray , reached number 1 on the US Billboard Hot 100 in spring 1965 . They were the first of three consecutive groups from Manchester to have number 1 hits that spring , the others being Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders and Herman 's Hermits . Their next biggest US hit was `` Do the Freddie '' at number 18 , intended to inspire ' The Freddie ' as a dance craze . The band 's late 1965 album , Do the Freddie , included diagrams from dance instructor Arthur Murray on how to perform the routines . At their US peak , a television series featuring the band and British actor Terry - Thomas was proposed , but never happened . Legacy ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the 1980 Rolling Stone History of Rock & Roll , writer Lester Bangs paid tribute ( of a kind ) to the group : Freddie and the Dreamers ( had ) no masterpiece but a plentitude ( sic ) of talentless idiocy and enough persistence to get four albums and one film soundtrack released ... the Dreamers looked as thuggish as Freddie looked dippy ... Freddie and the Dreamers represented a triumph of rock as cretinous swill , and as such should be not only respected , but given their place in history . In an interview , Paul McCartney said that the Freddie and the Dreamers version of `` If You Gotta Make A Fool of Somebody '' was copied from an arrangement performed by the Beatles at a show in the Cavern . The Dreamers released their copied version of the song as a single , leaving the Beatles uncredited . Because of this incident , the Beatles decided to concentrate on their own compositions , rather than cover versions . The Beatles later forgave the Dreamers , and invited them to do a guest appearance in their 1964 Christmas Special . Freddie and the Dreamers remained a touring band into the 2000s ; with a few different line - ups of newer Dreamers which included : Paul Atack , Ray Barlow , Brian Byng , Trev Bullock , Tony Brooke , Eamonn Carr , John Denny jr. , Spencer Montgomery , Alan Mosca , Alan Rose , Gary Rudd , Kev Ryan , Stuart Simpson , Gary Smith , Giorgio Uccellini , Paul Madden , Ritchie Madden , Hugh Whitaker , Noel Walsh , and Andy Wells . They appeared with other artists from the same era , such as Gerry and the Pacemakers , the Troggs and Peter Noone of Herman 's Hermits and the Rockin ' Berries . Ritchie Madden , Spencer Montgomery and Ray Barlow and Stuart Simpson also toured as Herman 's Hermits backing group . Garrity retired in February 2001 , along with his last Dreamers ( Nick Foti , Simon Clarke and Alan Edmundson ) , due to pulmonary hypertension , and died on 19 May 2006 . Drummer Dwyer died on 4 December 2002 from lung cancer ; Birrell became a taxicab driver . Crewdson now runs Dreamers ' Bar in Tenerife , while Quinn lives in Cheshire and is in the distribution business . Eamonn Carr heads the New Dreamers touring band . Nick Foti is to be seen playing all Freddie 's hits and other sixties hits as Nico . Simon Clarke is also a solo act and emigrated to Canada in 2003 . Alan Edmondson is a music teacher . Discography ( edit ) Singles ( edit ) Single ( A-Side , B - Side ) Both sides from same album except where indicated U.K. U.S. Year Label & number UK Singles Chart Album Year Label & number U.S. Hot 100 Album `` If You Gotta Make a Fool of Somebody '' b / w `` Feel So Blue '' ( Non-album track ) 1963 Columbia DB 7032 Freddie and The Dreamers N / A A : Non-album track B : Do The Freddie `` I 'm Telling You Now '' b / w `` What Have I Done To You '' 1963 Columbia DB 7086 A : Sing - Along Party B : Non-album track 1963 1964 Capitol 5053 Tower 125 -- I 'm Telling You Now `` You Were Made for Me '' b / w `` Send A Letter To Me '' ( Non-album track ) 1963 Columbia DB 7147 A : Sing - Along Party B : Non-album track 1963 Capitol 5137 -- Three At The Top `` Over You '' b / w `` Come Back When You 're Ready '' 1964 Columbia DB 7214 13 Non-album tracks N / A `` You Were Made for Me '' b / w `` So Fine '' ( By The Beat Merchants ) N / A A : Sing - Along Party B : Non-album track 1964 Tower 127 21 A : Three At The Top B : Non-album track `` I Love You Baby '' b / w `` Do n't Make Me Cry '' 1964 Columbia DB 7286 16 Non-album tracks 1964 Mercury 72285 -- Non-album tracks `` Just for You '' b / w `` Do n't Do That To Me '' 1964 Columbia DB 7322 41 Non-album tracks 1964 Mercury 72327 -- Do The Freddie `` I Understand ( Just How You Feel ) '' b / w `` I Will '' 1964 Columbia DB 7381 5 Non-album tracks 1965 Mercury 72377 36 A : Freddie & The Dreamers B : Non-album track `` A Little You '' b / w `` Things I 'd Like To Say '' 1965 Columbia DB 7526 26 Non-album tracks 1965 Mercury 72462 48 Do The Freddie `` Do The Freddie '' b / w `` Tell Me When '' N / A A : Non-album track B : You Were Mad For Me 1965 Mercury 72428 18 A : Do The Freddie B : Freddie & The Dreamers `` Send a Letter to Me '' b / w `` There 's Not One Thing '' ( By Just Four Men ) N / A 1965 Tower 163 123 A : Three At The Top B : Non-album track `` Thou Shalt Not Steal '' b / w `` I Do n't Know '' 1965 Columbia DB 7720 44 Non-album tracks N / A A : Fun Lovin ' Freddie B : Non-album track `` I Do n't Know '' b / w `` Windmill In Old Amsterdam '' N / A 1965 Mercury 72487 -- A : Non-album track B : Frantic Freddie `` If You 've Gotta Minute Baby '' b / w `` When I 'm Home With You '' 1966 Columbia DB 7857 -- Non-album tracks 1966 Mercury 72548 -- Non-album tracks `` Playboy '' b / w `` Some Day '' 1966 Columbia DB 7929 -- Non-album tracks N / A `` Some Day '' b / w `` Short Shorts '' N / A 1966 Mercury 72604 -- A : Non-album track B : Frantic Freddie `` Turn Around '' b / w `` Funny Over You '' 1966 Columbia DB 8033 -- Non-album tracks N / A A : Non-album track B : Fun Lovin ' Freddie `` Hello , Hello '' b / w `` All I Ever Want Is You '' 1967 Columbia DB 8137 -- N / A `` Brown & Porter 's ( Meat Exporters ) Lorry '' b / w `` Little Brown Eyes '' 1967 Columbia DB 8200 -- `` Little Big Time '' b / w `` You Belong To Me '' ( Freddy Garrity solo track ) 1968 Columbia DB 8496 -- `` It 's Great '' b / w `` Gabardine Mac '' 1968 Columbia DB 8517 -- `` Get Around Downtown Girl '' b / w `` What To Do '' 1969 Columbia DB 8606 -- `` Susan 's Tuba '' b / w `` You Hurt Me Girl '' 1971 Philips 6006 098 -- `` Susan 's Tuba '' b / w `` She Needs Me '' N / A 1970 Super K 146 -- Non-album tracks `` Here We Go '' b / w `` I Saw You '' 1978 Polydor 2059 041 -- Breaking Out N / A Albums featuring Freddie & The Dreamers and other Tower Records artists Tracks from the Sing Along Party album are featured in medleys . `` Susan 's Tuba '' features only Freddie Garrity with instrumentation augmented by members who would form 10cc , including co-writer Graham Gouldman . EPs ( UK ) ( edit ) If You Gotta Make A Fool of Somebody ( Columbia Seg 8275 , 1963 ) Songs From `` What A Crazy World '' ( Columbia Seg 8287 , 1964 ) You Were Made For Me ( Columbia Seg 8302 , 1964 ) Over You ( Columbia Seg 8323 , 1964 ) Just For You ( Columbia Seg 8349 , 1964 ) Ready Freddie Go ( Columbia Seg 8403 , 1965 ) Freddie and the Dreamers ( Columbia Seg 8457 , 1965 ) Albums ( UK ) ( edit ) Freddie and the Dreamers ( Columbia 33sx 1577 , 1963 ) You Were Mad for Me ( Columbia 33sx 1663 , 1964 ) Sing Along Party ( Columbia Sx1785 , 1965 ) In Disneyland ( Columbia Scx 6069 , 1966 ) King Freddie and his Dreaming Knights ( Columbia Sx 6177 , 1967 ) Oliver in the Overworld ( Starline Srs 5019 , 1970 ) The New Freddie and the Dreamers ( Arny 's Shack AS 007 , 1976 ) Breaking Out ( Arny 's Shack Records , AS 025 , 1978 ) Greatest Hits & Latest Bits ( Arny 's Shack AS 055 , 1979 ) Albums ( US ) ( edit ) I 'm Telling You Now ( Tower T 5003 ( Mono ) / DT 5003 ( Stereo ) , 1965 ) Featuring Freddie & The Dreamers and other Tower Records artists Three At The Top ( Tower T 5007 / DT 5007 , 1965 ) Featuring Freddie & The Dreamers , Tom Jones and Johnny Rivers Freddie & The Dreamers ( Mercury MG 21017 ( Mono ) / SR 61017 ( Stereo ) , 1965 ) Do The `` Freddie '' ( Mercury MG 21026 / SR 61026 , 1965 ) Frantic Freddie ( Mercury MG 21053 / SR 61053 , 1965 ) Seaside Swingers ( Soundtrack , Mercury MG 21031 / SR 61031 , 1965 ) Featuring two tracks by Freddie & The Dreamers Fun Lovin ' Freddie ( Mercury MG 21061 / SR 61061 , 1965 ) See also ( edit ) Book : Freddie and the Dreamers Beat music References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Matthew Bannister ( 26 May 2006 ) . `` Freddie Garrity '' . News & Current Affairs : Last Word . BBC . Retrieved 6 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Daily Telegraph ' Dreamers ' star Freddie Garrity dies . 20 May 2006 Accessed August 2007 Jump up ^ Nostalgia Central Little Big Time and Oliver in the Overworld Jump up ^ Anthony ed DeCurtis ; James Henke ; Holly George - Warren ( 1992 ) . The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll : The Definitive History of the Most Important Artists and Their Music . Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 73728 - 5 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . External links ( edit ) http://www.thenewdreamers.co.uk http://www.thedreamers.co.uk http://www.freddieandthedreamers.com https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xlKPmYisCKk http://www.angelfire.com/music4/freddie/ ( hide ) Freddie and the Dreamers Freddie Garrity Pete Birrell Studio albums Freddie and the Dreamers You Were Mad for Me Singles `` I 'm Telling You Now '' `` I Understand '' `` Do the Freddie '' Related articles Mitch Murray Big Jim Sullivan Book : Freddie and the Dreamers MusicBrainz : 5c0d53a1 - daa6 - 4afe - bf2d - b324f0602e26 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freddie_and_the_Dreamers&oldid=835188711 '' Categories : English pop music groups Musical groups from Manchester Beat groups British Invasion artists Musical groups established in 1963 1963 establishments in England Musical groups disestablished in 2000 Hidden categories : Use British English from January 2014 Use dmy dates from January 2014 Articles needing additional references from April 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards Articles needing additional references from August 2012 Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Hrvatski עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Português Suomi Svenska 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 April 2018 , at 03 : 07 . 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-5393380404265115695 | When the River Meets the Sea | When the River Meets the Sea - Wikipedia When the River Meets the Sea Jump to : navigation , search `` When the River Meets the Sea '' is a song written by composer and lyricist Paul Williams for Jim Henson 's 1977 HBO special Emmet Otter 's Jug - Band Christmas . Emmet Otter , the title character , and his mother , Alice Otter sang this song together . The song was later sung by John Denver and Robin the Frog in the 1979 television special John Denver and the Muppets : A Christmas Together . Though written for one Christmas story and featured in another , the lyrics are not holiday - related , but symbolic of death as a peaceful transition to an afterlife . The song was performed by Jerry Nelson ( the puppeteer of both Emmet Otter and Robin the Frog ) and Louise Gold at Henson 's memorial service in New York on May 21 , 1990 . Robin , over 21 years later , ( this time , being performed by Matt Vogel ) sang this song with Jimmy Fallon and his Uncle Kermit ( Steve Whitmire ) on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon . External links ( edit ) When the River Meets the Sea on Muppet Wiki , an external wiki The Muppets The Muppets Studio Characters Kermit the Frog Miss Piggy Fozzie Bear Gonzo Rowlf the Dog Scooter Pepe the King Prawn Rizzo the Rat Animal Walter Sam Eagle Dr. Bunsen Honeydew Beaker Swedish Chef Statler and Waldorf Dr. Teeth and The Electric Mayhem Muppet performers Pam Arciero Bill Barretta Fran Brill Julianne Buescher Tyler Bunch Kevin Carlson Leslie Carrara - Rudolph Kevin Clash Stephanie D'Abruzzo Alice Dinnean - Vernon Dave Goelz Louise Gold Brian Henson Jane Henson Jim Henson John Henson Richard Hunt Eric Jacobson Jerry Juhl John Kennedy Tim Lagasse Peter Linz Noel MacNeal Drew Massey Joey Mazzarino Brian Muehl Kathryn Mullen James Murray Jerry Nelson Frank Oz Eren Ozker Bob Payne Karen Prell Mike Quinn David Rudman Martin P. Robinson Michelan Sisti Caroll Spinney John Tartaglia Allan Trautman Matt Vogel Steve Whitmire Victor Yerrid Television Series Sam and Friends ( 1955 -- 1961 ) The Muppet Show ( 1976 -- 1981 ) Muppet Babies ( 1984 -- 1991 ) Little Muppet Monsters ( 1985 ) The Jim Henson Hour ( 1989 ) Muppets Tonight ( 1996 -- 1998 ) The Muppets ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Muppet Babies ( TBA 2018 ) Segments The Jimmy Dean Show ( `` Rowlf the Dog '' , 1963 -- 65 ) The Mike Douglas Show ( 1966 -- 79 ) The Ed Sullivan Show ( including The Great Santa Claus Switch , 1966 -- 71 ) Saturday Night Live ( The Land of Gorch , 1975 -- 76 ) Specials Hey , Cinderella ! ( 1969 ) The Muppets on Puppets ( 1970 ) The Frog Prince ( 1971 ) The Muppet Musicians of Bremen ( 1972 ) The Muppets Valentine Show ( 1974 ) The Muppet Show : Sex and Violence ( 1975 ) John Denver and the Muppets : A Christmas Together ( 1979 ) The Muppets Go Hollywood ( 1979 ) The Muppets Go to the Movies ( 1981 ) The Fantastic Miss Piggy Show ( 1982 ) Rocky Mountain Holiday ( 1983 ) The Muppets : A Celebration of 30 Years ( 1986 ) A Muppet Family Christmas ( 1987 ) Cartoon All - Stars to the Rescue ( 1990 ) The Earth Day Special ( 1990 ) The Muppets at Walt Disney World ( 1990 ) The Muppets Celebrate Jim Henson ( 1990 ) Studio DC : Almost Live ( 2008 ) A Muppets Christmas : Letters to Santa ( 2008 ) Lady Gaga and the Muppets Holiday Spectacular ( 2013 ) Films Feature The Muppet Movie ( 1979 ) The Great Muppet Caper ( 1981 ) The Muppets Take Manhattan ( 1984 ) The Muppet Christmas Carol ( 1992 ) Muppet Treasure Island ( 1996 ) Muppets from Space ( 1999 ) The Muppets ( 2011 ) Muppets Most Wanted ( 2014 ) TV It 's a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie ( 2002 ) The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz ( 2005 ) Direct - to - video Muppet Classic Theater ( 1994 ) Kermit 's Swamp Years ( 2002 ) Music Albums The Muppet Show ( 1977 ) The Muppet Show 2 ( 1978 ) The Muppet Movie : Original Soundtrack Recording ( 1979 ) John Denver and the Muppets : A Christmas Together ( 1979 ) The Great Muppet Caper : The Original Soundtrack ( 1981 ) The Muppets Take Manhattan : The Original Soundtrack ( 1984 ) The Muppet Christmas Carol : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ( 1992 ) Ol ' Brown Ears is Back ( 1993 ) Muppet Beach Party ( 1993 ) Muppet Hits ( 1993 ) Muppet Hits Take 2 ( 1994 ) Kermit Unpigged ( 1994 ) The Muppet Treasure Island : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ( 1996 ) The Muppet Show : Music , Mayhem , and More ( 2002 ) Best of the Muppets featuring The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz ( 2005 ) The Muppets : A Green and Red Christmas ( 2006 ) A Muppets Christmas : Letters to Santa ( 2008 ) Muppets : The Green Album ( 2011 ) The Muppets ( 2011 ) Muppets Most Wanted ( 2014 ) Songs `` The Muppet Show Theme '' `` Rainbow Connection '' `` Bein ' Green '' `` Mahna Mahna '' `` When the River Meets the Sea '' `` Never Before , Never Again '' `` I Hope That Somethin ' Better Comes Along '' `` I 'm Going to Go Back There Someday '' `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' `` Man or Muppet '' Web series Statler and Waldorf : From the Balcony ( 2005 -- 06 ) The Muppets Kitchen with Cat Cora ( 2010 ) Video games Muppet Adventure : Chaos at the Carnival ( 1989 ) Muppets Inside ( 1996 ) Muppet RaceMania ( 2000 ) Muppet Monster Adventure ( 2000 ) Spy Muppets : License to Croak ( 2003 ) Muppets Party Cruise ( 2003 ) Disney Universe ( 2011 ) The Muppets Movie Adventures ( 2014 ) Other media Muppet * Vision 3D ( 1991 -- present ) Muppet Mobile Lab ( 2007 -- present ) The Muppets Present ... Great Moments in American History ( 2016 -- present ) Comics series Before You Leap Puppet Heap The Jim Henson Company Creature Shop Fraggle Rock characters Sesame Workshop Sesame Street Muppets Muppets portal This 1970s song -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=When_the_River_Meets_the_Sea&oldid=698248322 '' Categories : 1977 songs The Muppets songs Songs written by Paul Williams ( songwriter ) 1970s song stubs Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2014 All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 January 2016 , at 22 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | john denver when the river meets the sea | [] | [] |
8921008713637280199 | Jordan Spieth | Jordan Spieth - Wikipedia Jordan Spieth Jump to : navigation , search Jordan Spieth Spieth in February 2015 Full name Jordan Alexander Spieth ( 1993 - 07 - 27 ) July 27 , 1993 ( age 24 ) Dallas , Texas , U.S. Height 6 ft 1 in ( 1.85 m ) Weight 185 lb ( 84 kg ; 13.2 st ) Nationality United States Residence Dallas , Texas , U.S. Career College University of Texas Turned professional 2012 Current tour ( s ) PGA Tour Professional wins 14 Number of wins by tour PGA Tour 11 PGA Tour of Australasia Other Best results in major championships ( wins : 3 ) Masters Tournament Won : 2015 U.S. Open Won : 2015 The Open Championship Won : 2017 PGA Championship 2nd : 2015 Achievements and awards PGA Tour Rookie of the Year 2013 PGA Player of the Year 2015 PGA Tour Player of the Year 2015 PGA Tour leading money winner 2015 FedEx Cup Champion 2015 Vardon Trophy 2015 , 2017 Byron Nelson Award 2015 , 2017 Jordan Alexander Spieth ( born July 27 , 1993 ) is an American professional golfer on the PGA Tour and former world number one in the Official World Golf Ranking . He is a three - time major winner and the 2015 FedEx Cup champion . In April 2016 , Time magazine named Spieth to its list of the `` 100 Most Influential People '' , noting that he `` exemplifies everything that 's great about sports . '' Spieth 's first major win came in the 2015 Masters Tournament , when he shot a 270 ( − 18 ) and pocketed $1.8 million . He tied the 72 - hole record set by Tiger Woods in 1997 and became the second youngest golfer ( behind Woods ) to win the Masters . He then won the 2015 U.S. Open with a score of 5 - under - par . He was the youngest U.S. Open champion since amateur Bobby Jones in 1923 . He followed up with a win in the 2015 Tour Championship , which clinched the 2015 FedEx Cup . Two years later , Spieth won his third major at the 2017 Open Championship , by three shots at 12 under - par . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Amateur career 3 Professional career 3.1 2013 : First PGA Tour win 3.2 2014 : Masters runner - up , Ryder Cup debut 3.3 2015 : Masters , U.S. Open and FedEx Cup champion , World No . 1 3.3. 1 2015 Masters 3.3. 2 2015 U.S. Open 3.3. 3 Rest of 2015 3.4 2016 : Augusta collapse 3.5 2017 : Open champion 3.5. 1 2017 Open Championship 3.5. 2 Rest of 2017 3.6 2018 4 Personal life 5 Charity 6 Professional wins ( 14 ) 6.1 PGA Tour wins ( 11 ) 6.2 PGA Tour of Australasia wins ( 2 ) 6.3 Other wins ( 1 ) 7 Major championships 7.1 Wins ( 3 ) 7.2 Results timeline 7.3 Summary 8 Results in World Golf Championships 9 PGA Tour career summary 10 U.S. national team appearances 11 Equipment 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 External links Early life ( edit ) Spieth was born in 1993 in Dallas , Texas , to Shawn Spieth and Mary Christine ( née Julius ) Spieth . He attended St. Monica Catholic School and graduated from Jesuit College Preparatory School in 2011 . He learned to play golf at Brookhaven Country Club . Amateur career ( edit ) In 2009 and 2011 , Spieth won the U.S. Junior Amateur and joined Tiger Woods as the tournament 's only two - time winners . Before turning 18 in July 2011 , he was No. 1 in the AJGA Golf Rankings , which promotes the best junior golfers in the world . He finished second in the 2008 and 2009 Junior PGA Championship . The American Junior Golf Association named him the Rolex Junior Player of the Year in 2009 . Spieth accepted an exemption to play in the PGA Tour 's HP Byron Nelson Championship in 2010 . It was the event 's first amateur exemption since 1995 . The tournament 's previous exemptions had included Trip Kuehne in 1995 , Justin Leonard , and Woods in 1993 . He made the cut , becoming the sixth - youngest player to make the cut at a PGA Tour event . Spieth was tied for seventh place after the third round , and finished the tournament in a tie for 16th place . He was offered another exemption into the tournament in 2011 , when he again made the cut and finished in a tie for 32nd . Spieth played college golf at the University of Texas . Spieth was a member of the 2011 Walker Cup team and played in three of the four rounds ; he halved his foursomes match and won both singles matches . In his freshman year at Texas , Spieth won three events and led the team in scoring average . He helped his team win the NCAA championship , was named to the All - Big 12 Team , Big 12 Freshman of the Year and Player of the Year , and was a first - team All - American . In 2012 , Spieth earned a spot as an alternate in the U.S. Open after Brandt Snedeker withdrew from the tournament ; he tied for 21st and was the low amateur . He became the number one amateur in the World Amateur Golf Ranking after his performance in the U.S. Open and Patrick Cantlay 's decision to turn professional . Professional career ( edit ) In 2012 , after failing to advance to the Final Stage of PGA Tour qualifying school , 19 - year - old Spieth turned professional midway through his sophomore year at Texas . He partnered with Under Armour for sponsorship in January 2013 and with BioSteel Sports Supplements in March . 2013 : first PGA Tour win ( edit ) In the 2013 season , Spieth played in his first tournament in January , where he missed the cut by two strokes at the Farmers Insurance Open at Torrey Pines . In March , Spieth made three cuts , finishing tied for second at the Puerto Rico Open and tied for seventh at the Tampa Bay Championship . He earned Special Temporary Member status in March , which allowed him unlimited sponsor exemptions ; non-members are limited to seven exemptions per season . He notched another top - 10 finish in April at the RBC Heritage , a tie for ninth . On July 14 ( about two weeks before his 20th birthday ) Spieth won the John Deere Classic on the fifth hole of a three - way , sudden - death playoff against defending champion Zach Johnson and David Hearn . He became the fourth youngest PGA Tour winner and the first teenager to do so since Ralph Guldahl won the Santa Monica Open in 1931 . Spieth holed out from a greenside bunker on the 72nd hole to make the playoff . With the victory , Spieth was granted full status as a PGA Tour member and became eligible for the FedEx Cup , entering in 11th place in the standings . It also earned him entry into the next three majors : the 2013 Open Championship , PGA Championship , and 2014 Masters . Five weeks after his first victory , Spieth played the Wyndham Championship , where he lost in a playoff to Patrick Reed . Spieth shot a final round 62 in the Deutsche Bank Championship , vaulting him into a tie for fourth . Just two days later , captain Fred Couples selected Spieth for the United States squad in the 2013 Presidents Cup . On September 27 , 2013 , he was named PGA Tour Rookie of the Year . At the end of the 2013 season , he was ranked 10th on the PGA Tour money list and 22nd in the Official World Golf Ranking . 2014 : Masters runner - up , Ryder Cup debut ( edit ) Spieth made his Masters debut in April and shared the 54 - hole lead with Bubba Watson . During the final round , Spieth at one point was the stand - alone leader by two strokes and in position to become the youngest Masters champion in history ; Tiger Woods holds the record at age 21 . But Watson retook the lead heading into the back nine and never relinquished it . Spieth finished in a tie for second with Jonas Blixt , becoming the youngest runner - up in Masters history . Spieth ended the tournament with no scores above even - par ( 72 ) in any of his rounds . His finish moved him into the top 10 in the world rankings for the first time . Following the PGA Championship , Spieth earned selection to the 2014 Ryder Cup team , becoming the youngest American to play in the matches for 85 years since Horton Smith in 1929 . In November , Spieth won his second tournament as a professional at the Emirates Australian Open on the PGA Tour of Australasia ; in the final round he shot a course - record 63 to win the title by six strokes . A week later , he completed consecutive victories , winning the Hero World Challenge in Florida . He won the tournament wire - to - wire and in doing so set a new tournament scoring record of 26 - under - par . 2015 : Masters , U.S. Open and FedEx Cup champion , world no . 1 ( edit ) On March 15 , Spieth won the Valspar Championship in a three - way playoff with Patrick Reed and Sean O'Hair . He secured his victory on the third extra hole by sinking a 30 - foot birdie putt . The win moved him to 6th in the Official World Golf Ranking . A runner - up finish at the Valero Texas Open moved him to a career - high ranking of fourth in the world . The following week , Spieth lost in a sudden - death playoff at the Shell Houston Open , having held the 54 - hole lead . He shot a final round 70 , but had to hole an 8 - footer on the last to force the playoff following low rounds by J.B. Holmes and Johnson Wagner that had pushed them to the top of the leaderboard . On the first playoff hole , Spieth put his drive nearly into the water , and then followed up with a poor shot into the green - side bunker , causing his elimination from the playoff , which was won by Holmes . 2015 Masters ( edit ) On April 9 , Spieth shot an opening round 64 to finish the day eight strokes under par with a three - shot lead in the Masters Tournament at Augusta , Georgia ; Spieth set a record as the youngest player to lead the Masters after the first round . His score was only one shot behind the course record of 63 shared by Nick Price and Greg Norman , with their rounds coming in 1986 and 1996 respectively . Spieth shot 66 the following day to break the 36 - hole Masters scoring record by posting 14 - under 130 through two rounds . The previous record , set by Raymond Floyd in 1976 , was 13 - under 131 . He broke the 54 - hole record at the Masters shooting a 16 - under 200 through three rounds . During the final round Spieth briefly held a score of − 19 but bogeyed the final hole resulting in him tying Tiger Woods ' 1997 score record at 18 - under . Spieth set the record for the most birdies during the Masters by making 28 and became the second - youngest person to win the Masters . His victory was the first wire - to - wire Masters win since Raymond Floyd 's in 1976 . The victory moved Spieth to # 2 in the Official World Golf Ranking . 2015 U.S. Open ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) On June 21 , Spieth won the U.S. Open to claim his second major championship . He carded a one - under 69 in the final round to finish with a total of 275 ( - 5 ) and win the tournament by one stroke over Dustin Johnson and Louis Oosthuizen . Spieth had begun the day in a four - way tie for the lead and played in the penultimate group alongside Branden Grace . He opened his final round with a bogey to fall behind , but then a run 12 pars and two birdies in his next 14 holes moved him into a tie for the lead with Grace at five under par . On the 16th hole , Grace hit his tee shot out of bounds that led to a double bogey and Spieth capitalized by rolling in a lengthy birdie putt to create a three shot swing , which gave Spieth a three shot lead with two to play . However , on the 17th tee , Spieth pushed his tee shot well right into the thick rough , which led to a double bogey and coupled with Johnson 's birdie on the 16th , the two were tied for the lead briefly . Spieth made birdie on the 18th to become the leader in the clubhouse . Johnson then had an eagle putt to win the tournament outright on the 72nd hole , but three - putted from 12 feet to finish one stroke behind . Spieth became only the sixth player ever to win the Masters and the U.S. Open in the same year , and the first since Tiger Woods in 2002 . The other four golfers to accomplish this feat are Hall of Fame members Craig Wood , Ben Hogan , Arnold Palmer , and Jack Nicklaus . He became the fourth - youngest player to win multiple major championships and the youngest winner of the U.S. Open since Bobby Jones in 1923 . Rest of 2015 ( edit ) The week before The Open Championship , Spieth chose to play at the John Deere Classic rather than the Aberdeen Asset Management Scottish Open , where many other top - ranked players were competing to prepare for the links style courses . Spieth shot the lowest round of his professional career to date , with a 61 in the 3rd round . He eventually won the tournament in a playoff with Tom Gillis after Gillis hit the ball in the pond on the 2nd playoff hole . Spieth earned his fourth victory of the year . His quest for the grand slam ended when he finished tied for 4th in The Open Championship with a final score of -- 14 , one stroke out of a playoff . He had been tied for the lead but bogeyed the 17th hole to drop one stroke behind and could not make his birdie on the 18th to join the playoff . After finishing second behind Jason Day at the 2015 PGA Championship , he became the world number one in the Official World Golf Ranking . He was the 18th different golfer to earn the honor . He was number one for two weeks in August 2015 and one week in September . Spieth missed the cut in The Barclays and the Deutsche Bank Championship , the first two events of the FedEx Cup playoffs . However , his tied for 13th finish at the BMW Championship kept him second overall in the standings . Only needing a victory to clinch the championship , Spieth won the 2015 Tour Championship at East Lake Golf Club by four strokes . With the win , his fifth of the year , Spieth became the ninth FedEx Cup champion and earned a $10 million bonus for winning the Cup . Spieth won $12,030,485 ( not including the $10 million bonus ) in 2015 , a PGA Tour record for a single year . He regained the world number one ranking . Spieth swept all the major awards for the season : PGA Player of the Year and PGA Tour Player of the Year ( Jack Nicklaus Trophy ) , Vardon Trophy and Byron Nelson Award for leading the tour in scoring average , and Arnold Palmer Award for leading the tour 's money list . 2016 : Augusta collapse ( edit ) Spieth started the year when he won the Hyundai Tournament of Champions with a dominant display that saw him race to an eight stroke victory over Patrick Reed . His score of − 30 was not only a personal best , it was also only the second time a player reached − 30 in a 72 - hole PGA Tour event , after Ernie Els achieved the feat in 2003 at the same event . Spieth also matched Tiger Woods , by winning his seventh PGA Tour event before the age of 23 . In April 2016 , Spieth shot a bogey - free 66 during the first round of the Masters to open up a two shot lead over the field . He carded a two - over-par 74 during the second round , leading by one over Rory McIlroy entering the weekend . He led by one stroke after a third round 73 . In the final round , after leading by five strokes heading into the back - nine , Spieth suffered one of the biggest collapses in Masters history , with many comparing it to the meltdown of Greg Norman at the 1996 Masters . After bogeys at the 10th and 11th holes , Spieth hit two balls into the water at the par - 3 12th hole , carding a quadruple - bogey and dropping him to a tie for fourth , three shots back . He finished second in the tournament , losing to Danny Willett by three strokes . Three - time Masters winner Nick Faldo , who won the 1996 tournament , said that Spieth 's collapse `` made Norman 's feel like a joyful stroll down Magnolia Lane '' . On May 29 , 2016 , Spieth returned to the winner 's circle for the first time since his Masters collapse when he won the Dean & DeLuca Invitational . He birdied six holes on the back nine on Sunday to see off the challenge of Harris English by three strokes . Spieth declined to be a member of the U.S. golf team at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro . Following a strong showing in the 2016 FedEx Cup Playoffs , Spieth played a prominent role on a victorious U.S. Ryder Cup Team . As the worlds # 3 ranked player , behind Jason Day and Rory McIlroy , Spieth was looked upon as a leader within the American 's locker room , illustrating both his maturity as a 23 - year - old as well as the respect his peers have for him . In November , Spieth won the Emirates Australian Open on the PGA Tour of Australasia for the second time in three years , shooting a final round 69 to finish at − 12 , level with Australians Cameron Smith and Ashley Hall . Spieth claimed the title on the first playoff hole with a birdie , while Hall missed his birdie opportunity . The win was Spieth 's 11th of his professional career and his third of 2016 . 2017 : Open champion ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Spieth began the year as defending champion at the SBS Tournament of Champions , but had to settle for a tie for third , six shots behind eventual winner Justin Thomas . The following week , at the Sony Open in Hawaii , Spieth again finished in third . Another top ten finish followed at the Waste Management Phoenix Open , to maintain Spieth 's solid start to the year . On February 12 , in his 100th PGA Tour tournament as a professional , Spieth picked up his first victory of the year at the AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am , finishing at − 19 . With this win , Spieth became just the second man , along with Tiger Woods , to win nine times on the PGA Tour before the age of 24 , post-World War II . His next start saw him tied for 22nd at the Genesis Open , before finishing tied for 12th at the WGC - Mexico Championship . His next event was also a World Golf Championship event ; the WGC - Dell Technologies Match Play . Spieth was seeded 5th , but failed to progress out of the pool stage ; a surprise loss to Japan 's 54th seed Hideto Tanihara ( who would go on to reach the semi-finals ) in his opening match , ultimately costing him . Spieth 's first missed cut of the year came a week later at the Shell Houston Open . In his fourth appearance at the Masters , Spieth finished tied for 11th . This was the first time that he had failed to finish either first or second in the opening major of the year . Spieth entered the final round just two shots off the lead , but a 3 - over-par 75 on Sunday put pay to his hopes of a second Green Jacket . After finishing 4th alongside Ryan Palmer at the Zurich Classic , Spieth missed consecutive cuts at the Players Championship ( his third successive missed cut at golf 's unofficial `` Fifth Major '' ) and the AT&T Byron Nelson . A return to form came at the Dean & DeLuca Invitational , where Spieth just missed out on successfully defending his title , finishing a shot behind eventual winner Kevin Kisner . A solid if unspectacular tie for 13th followed at The Memorial Tournament , his final start before the U.S. Open . Spieth arrived at Erin Hills for the U.S. Open looking for a second victory at golf 's second major in three years and a third major title overall . With big names , including the world 's top - three ( defending champion and world no . 1 Dustin Johnson , world no . 2 Rory McIlroy and world no . 3 Jason Day ) all failing to make the cut , Spieth did manage to do so and with just eight shots covering all the players who made the weekend , it was anyone 's title to win . For Spieth however , a 4 - over-par 76 on Saturday put pay to any chances and he eventually finished at one - over-par for the tournament and in a tie for 35th . The following week , Spieth made his debut at the Travelers Championship and began with a 7 - under - par 63 to lead after the first round and kept his advantage heading into the final round . He ended the tournament at − 12 , along with Daniel Berger , who was seeking his second victory in three weeks . Spieth holed out from a greenside bunker for birdie on the first playoff hole to take his 10th PGA Tour title , just over a month shy of his 24th birthday . 2017 Open Championship ( edit ) On July 23 , Spieth won the Open Championship at Royal Birkdale , giving him his third major title . Spieth tied for the lead after a first - round 65 and held the lead outright after the second and third rounds , leaving him three shots clear of Matt Kuchar heading into the final day . However , that lead was lost after three bogeys in his opening four holes of the final round . Kuchar took the lead with five holes remaining after Spieth drove his ball 100 yards to the right of the fairway on the par - 4 13th , leaving him with an unplayable lie and needing to take a drop for a one stroke penalty ; Spieth limited the damage by striping a 3 - iron from the practice range area and making bogey , leaving him just a shot behind Kuchar . In a show of good sportsmanship , Spieth apologized to Kuchar for the 21 - minute delay to sort out his wayward tee shot . Spieth 's response to that wobble saw him nearly holing his tee shot at 14 ( where he would make birdie ) , draining a 35 - foot putt for an eagle at 15 , and carding birdies at 16 and 17 . Spieth finished with a final round 69 -- three strokes clear of Kuchar , who also carded a 69 -- and became just the second player in history after Jack Nicklaus to win three of the four men 's golf majors before his 24th birthday . Spieth later gifted the 3 - iron from that shot on the 13th hole back to Royal Birkdale . Rest of 2017 ( edit ) After finishing in a tie for 13th at the WGC - Bridgestone Invitational , Spieth headed to the final major of the year , the PGA Championship , with the opportunity to become just the sixth man in history , to win the career grand slam . However , he would only finish in a tie for 28th ; this was his one and only opportunity to be the youngest to complete this feat . Spieth finished second in the first FedEx Cup Playoff event at The Northern Trust , losing to world no . 1 Dustin Johnson in a playoff . Spieth had been leading by three strokes heading into the final round , and was five shots clear after five holes on Sunday . However , his tee shot found the water at the par - 3 6th ( where he made double bogey ) and Johnson pulled level at the 10th . A clutch par putt at the 17th meant the two men were level heading to the 72nd and final hole of regular play . Spieth appeared to have the advantage after he lagged a 70 foot putt to within a few feet , while Johnson needed to make a 20 - footer for par ( after pulling his tee shot into the rough ) to force a playoff . Johnson made the putt , and then on the first playoff hole ( also at 18 ) , Johnson carried the lake and wedged to within a few feet . Spieth found the fringe on the back of the green , but could not make the birdie he needed , missing out on his fourth win of the year , and in the process , seeing Johnson take his fourth title of the season . Another runner - up finish would follow the next week at the Dell Technologies Championship , finishing three shots behind Justin Thomas , who took his fifth victory of the season . Spieth would then finish in a tie for 7th at the BMW Championship . Spieth headed into the season - ending Tour Championship at East Lake knowing victory would guarantee him his second FedEx Cup title in three years . He would finish for the second consecutive week in a tie for 7th , which proved not to be enough , as Thomas finished runner - up to Xander Schauffele , to take the season - long title and the $10 m prize , as well as the 2017 PGA Tour Player of the Year . Spieth did take the Vardon Trophy and Byron Nelson Award for the second time in his career for leading the tour in scoring average . A third Presidents Cup victory would follow , as Spieth was part of the United States team which comfortably defended their title . Following a near two - month break , Spieth headed to Australia looking for a third Australian Open title in four years , but was never really in contention to defend his title , although a final round 67 ( his best round of the tournament ) meant he finished in 8th . 2018 ( edit ) For the second consecutive year , Spieth began his season by competing in both tournaments during the Hawaii swing , finishing 9th at the Sentry Tournament of Champions and in a tie for 18th at the Sony Open in Hawaii ( he would make the longest putt of his career ( 90'8 `` ) during the second round ) , before missing the cut at the Phoenix Open and finishing in a tie for 20th as the defending champion at the AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am . In February , Spieth was announced as the PGA Tour 's Chairman of the Player Advisory Council , succeeding Davis Love III . The 16 member panel consults with the PGA Tour 's Policy Board and commissioner Jay Monahan on issues affecting the tour ; Spieth will serve a three - year term ( 2019 -- 2021 ) . On the course , Spieth had been having struggles with his trusty putter at the beginning of the year , but a tie for 9th at the Genesis Open left him feeling optimistic about his game : ' I putted extremely well this week , which is awesome . I feel great about the state of my game going forward . I feel like I 'm in a great place at this time of the year as we 're starting to head into major season . ' A tie for 14th would follow at the WGC - Mexico Championship . A month away from the Masters Tournament , Spieth was hoping to kick - start his season at the Valspar Championship , where he was victorious in 2015 , which led on to his magnificent year with his win at Augusta , as well as the U.S. Open . However , Spieth 's difficult campaign continued , missing the cut at + 5 . His next start at the WGC Match Play saw him seeded 4th . He was victorious over Charl Schwartzel and Li Haotong , but was defeated by Ryder Cup playing partner Patrick Reed in their winner - takes - all final match , which meant Spieth failed to progress out of the group stage . In his final event before Augusta , Spieth finished in a tie for 3rd at the Houston Open . Spieth began the Masters with a six - under par round of 66 ( including five consecutive birdies through holes 13 -- 17 ) , giving him a two - shot lead , meaning for the third time in four years , he would lead the opening major of the year after the first round . Entering the final round at − 5 , he was nine strokes behind leader Patrick Reed . He tied the best final round score in Masters history , shooting an 8 - under 64 . He missed a par putt on the 18th hole to tie the tournament record score ( 63 , − 9 ) . He finished at − 13 , in third place , two strokes behind the champion Reed . In his first start after Augusta , Spieth , playing alongside Ryan Palmer at the Zurich Classic of New Orleans , missed the cut . For the first time since his debut at the event in 2014 , Spieth made the cut at The Players Championship and shot a personal best round of 65 during the third round , leaving him on course for a possible top - 10 finish . However , a 2 - over-par final round of 74 ( including a quadruple bogey on the 72nd hole ) left him at − 6 for the tournament and in a tie for 41st . A tie for 21st would follow at the AT&T Byron Nelson . Personal life ( edit ) Spieth is the son of Shawn and Christine Spieth , both natives of Pennsylvania . His grandfather , Donald Spieth , is a music teacher at Moravian College and Northampton Community College in Bethlehem , Pennsylvania , where he was a long - time conductor of the former Lehigh Valley Chamber Orchestra . Jordan has two younger siblings , Steven and Ellie . Steven played college basketball and played for the Dallas Mavericks 2017 NBA Summer League team . Ellie has grown up with disabilities , and Jordan has credited her with `` keeping him grounded and focused as well as keeping the game of golf in perspective . '' A committed Christian , Spieth attends PGA Tour Bible study meetings with other players . On January 2 , 2018 , Spieth confirmed his engagement to long - time girlfriend , Annie Verret . Charity ( edit ) After earning a spot on the 2013 Presidents Cup team , Spieth began to plan the Jordan Spieth Family Foundation . Spieth has used his younger sister Ellie as an inspiration , and through his work , his foundation provides awareness and financial assistance to special needs children , military families and youth golf . Professional wins ( 14 ) ( edit ) PGA Tour wins ( 11 ) ( edit ) Legend Major championships ( 3 ) FedEx Cup playoff event ( 1 ) Other PGA Tour events ( 7 ) No . Date Tournament Winning score To par Margin of victory Runner ( s ) - up Jul 14 , 2013 John Deere Classic 70 - 65 - 65 - 65 = 265 − 19 Playoff David Hearn , Zach Johnson Mar 15 , 2015 Valspar Championship 70 - 67 - 68 - 69 = 274 − 10 Playoff Sean O'Hair , Patrick Reed Apr 12 , 2015 Masters Tournament 64 - 66 - 70 - 70 = 270 − 18 4 strokes Phil Mickelson , Justin Rose Jun 21 , 2015 U.S. Open 68 - 67 - 71 - 69 = 275 − 5 1 stroke Dustin Johnson , Louis Oosthuizen 5 Jul 12 , 2015 John Deere Classic ( 2 ) 71 - 64 - 61 - 68 = 264 − 20 Playoff Tom Gillis 6 Sep 27 , 2015 The Tour Championship 68 - 66 - 68 - 69 = 271 − 9 4 strokes Danny Lee , Justin Rose , Henrik Stenson 7 Jan 10 , 2016 Hyundai Tournament of Champions 66 - 64 - 65 - 67 = 262 − 30 8 strokes Patrick Reed 8 May 29 , 2016 Dean & DeLuca Invitational 67 - 66 - 65 - 65 = 263 − 17 3 strokes Harris English 9 Feb 12 , 2017 AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am 68 - 65 - 65 - 70 = 268 − 19 4 strokes Kelly Kraft 10 Jun 25 , 2017 Travelers Championship 63 - 69 - 66 - 70 = 268 − 12 Playoff Daniel Berger 11 Jul 23 , 2017 The Open Championship 65 - 69 - 65 - 69 = 268 − 12 3 strokes Matt Kuchar PGA Tour playoff record ( 4 -- 3 ) No . Year Tournament Opponent ( s ) Result 2013 John Deere Classic David Hearn , Zach Johnson Won with par on fifth extra hole 2013 Wyndham Championship Patrick Reed Lost to birdie on second extra hole 2015 Valspar Championship Sean O'Hair , Patrick Reed Won with birdie on third extra hole 2015 Shell Houston Open J.B. Holmes , Johnson Wagner Holmes won with par on second extra hole Spieth eliminated with par on first hole 5 2015 John Deere Classic Tom Gillis Won with par on second extra hole 6 2017 Travelers Championship Daniel Berger Won with birdie on first extra hole 7 2017 The Northern Trust Dustin Johnson Lost to birdie on first extra hole PGA Tour of Australasia wins ( 2 ) ( edit ) No . Date Tournament Winning score To par Margin of victory Runner ( s ) - up Nov 30 , 2014 Emirates Australian Open 67 - 72 - 69 - 63 = 271 − 13 6 strokes Rod Pampling , 2 Nov 20 , 2016 Emirates Australian Open ( 2 ) 69 - 70 - 68 - 69 = 276 − 12 Playoff Ashley Hall , Cameron Smith PGA Tour of Australasia playoff record ( 1 -- 0 ) No . Year Tournament Opponents Result 2016 Emirates Australian Open Ashley Hall , Cameron Smith Won with birdie on first extra hole Other wins ( 1 ) ( edit ) 2014 Hero World Challenge Major championships ( edit ) Wins ( 3 ) ( edit ) Year Championship 54 holes Winning score Margin Runner ( s ) - up 2015 Masters Tournament 4 shot lead − 18 ( 64 - 66 - 70 - 70 = 270 ) 4 strokes Phil Mickelson , Justin Rose 2015 U.S. Open Tied for lead − 5 ( 68 - 67 - 71 - 69 = 275 ) 1 stroke Dustin Johnson , Louis Oosthuizen 2017 The Open Championship 3 shot lead − 12 ( 65 - 69 - 65 - 69 = 268 ) 3 strokes Matt Kuchar Results timeline ( edit ) Tournament 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Masters Tournament T2 T2 T11 U.S. Open T21 LA CUT T17 T37 T35 The Open Championship T44 T36 T4 T30 PGA Championship CUT CUT T13 T28 Win Top 10 Did not play LA = Low amateur CUT = missed the half - way cut `` T '' indicates a tie for a place Summary ( edit ) Tournament Wins 2nd 3rd Top - 5 Top - 10 Top - 25 Events Cuts made Masters Tournament 5 5 5 U.S. Open 0 0 6 5 The Open Championship 0 0 5 5 PGA Championship 0 0 5 Totals 8 8 12 21 18 Most consecutive cuts made -- 13 ( 2015 Masters -- 2018 Masters , current ) Longest streak of top - 10s -- 5 ( 2015 Masters -- 2016 Masters ) Results in world Golf championships ( edit ) Results not in chronological order prior to 2015 . Tournament 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Mexico Championship T34 T17 T17 T12 T14 Dell Technologies Match Play QF R64 R16 T30 T17 Bridgestone Invitational 49 T10 T3 T13 HSBC Champions 17 T35 T7 Top 10 Did not play QF , R16 , R32 , R64 = Round in which player lost in match play `` T '' = Tied PGA Tour career summary ( edit ) Season Starts Cuts made Wins ( majors ) 2nd 3rd Top - 10 Top - 25 Best finish Earnings ( $ ) Money list rank Scoring avg ( adj ) Scoring rank 0 0 0 0 T16 0 -- -- -- 2011 0 0 0 0 0 T32 0 -- -- -- 2012 5 0 0 0 0 T21 0 -- -- -- 2013 23 18 0 9 13 3,879,820 10 69.67 9 2014 27 24 0 0 8 18 4,342,748 11 69.95 14 2015 25 21 5 ( 2 ) 15 19 12,030,465 68.94 2016 21 19 8 16 5,538,470 6 69.52 2017 23 20 3 ( 1 ) 12 17 9,433,033 68.85 2018 13 10 0 0 9 2,019,826 29 69.91 8 Career * 140 117 11 ( 3 ) 13 6 56 94 37,244,362 18 * As of May 25 , 2018 U.S. national team appearances ( edit ) Amateur Junior Ryder Cup : 2008 ( winners ) , 2010 ( winners ) Walker Cup : 2011 Professional Presidents Cup : 2013 ( winners ) , 2015 ( winners ) , 2017 ( winners ) Ryder Cup : 2014 , 2016 ( winners ) Equipment ( edit ) As of April 9 , 2015 : Driver : Titleist 917D2 ( 9.5 degrees ; Aldila Rogue 60X shaft ) 3 Wood : Titleist 915F ( 15 degrees ; Graphite Design Tour AD - DI 7X shaft ) Hybrid : Titleist 915 H.d ( 20.5 degrees ; Graphite Design Tour AD - DI 95X shaft ) Irons : Titleist 716 AP2 ( 4 - 9 ; True Temper Project X 6.0 shafts ) Wedges : Titleist Vokey Design SM6 ( 46 - 08 , 52 - 08 , 56 - 10 , and 60 - 04 degrees ; True Temper Project X 6.0 shafts ) Putter : Scotty Cameron 009 Prototype Ball : Titleist Pro V1X See also ( edit ) List of golfers with most PGA Tour wins List of men 's major championships winning golfers Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ See . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Jordan Spieth closes with 1 - under 69 to capture FedEx Cup , $10 M bonus '' . ESPN . Associated Press . September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Romo , Tony ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` The 100 Most Influential People : Ace of Clubs , Jordan Spieth '' . Time . Jump up ^ Gittings , Paul ( June 22 , 2015 ) . `` U.S. Open 2015 : Jordan Spieth claims back - to - back majors in dramatic finale '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Corrigan , James ; Bagchi , Rob ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` Jordan Spieth turns potential Open meltdown into extraordinary victory at Royal Birkdale '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan Spieth biography '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan Spieth profile '' . PGA Tour . Retrieved April 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Whicker : Jordan Spieth is still the kid next door '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . April 24 , 2015 . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kerr - Dineen , Luke ( April 13 , 2014 ) . `` 5 things you can learn about Jordan Spieth from this Golf World profile '' . Golf Digest . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Doyle , Justin . `` Jordan Spieth -- Biography & Facts '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Polo Boys Golf Rankings '' . Polo Golf Rankings . Polo Golf . July 20 , 2011 . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 34th Junior PGA Championship '' . PGA of America . July 31 , 2009 . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` All - Time Rolex Junior Players of the Year '' . American Junior Golf Association . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Durrett , Richard ( January 25 , 2010 ) . `` Spieth , 16 , to play in HP Byron Nelson '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Townsend , Brad ( May 22 , 2010 ) . `` Dallas teen Jordan Spieth becomes sixth - youngest golfer to make cut in PGA Tour event '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` What will Spieth do for an encore ? '' . PGA Tour . May 25 , 2011 . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2012 . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jordan Spieth - Seasons '' . PGA Tour . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Longhorns player bio for Spieth '' . University of Texas at Austin . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2012 . Retrieved January 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Walker Cup - 2011 '' . USGA.org . September 11 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2012 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 -- 12 University of Texas Men 's Golf Statistics '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved June 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Men 's Golf freshman All - American Jordan Spieth to appear in first major at U.S. Open '' . June 12 , 2012 . Retrieved June 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Division I PING First - Team All - Americans Announced '' . May 31 , 2012 . Retrieved June 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Evans , Farrell ( June 17 , 2012 ) . `` Jordan Spieth low amateur '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan Spieth moves to world number one on WAGR '' . World Amateur Golf Ranking . June 2012 . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Spieth fails to advance to Q - School finals '' . Golf Week . November 17 , 2012 . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nichols , Bill ( December 14 , 2012 ) . `` Dallas golfer Jordan Spieth to leave Longhorns to turn pro '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved December 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Scott , Trey ( January 14 , 2013 ) . `` Under Armour signs former Longhorn golfer Jordan Spieth '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harig , Bob ( March 18 , 2013 ) . `` Jordan Spieth exempt after T - 7 '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan Spieth , 19 , takes John Deere '' . ESPN . July 14 , 2013 . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brown , Rick ( July 14 , 2013 ) . `` 19 - year - old Jordan Spieth wins John Deere Classic '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Week 28 : Mickelson Takes World No. 5 and 19 Year Old Jordan Spieth Bags Himself A Ticket Into The Open Championship '' . OWGR . July 15 , 2013 . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SuperStroke signs Jordan Spieth as global ambassador for brand '' . WorldGolf.com . January 31 , 2014 . Retrieved April 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hodgetts , Rob ( April 13 , 2014 ) . `` Masters 2014 : Bubba Watson wins second Green Jacket at Augusta '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ Shemilt , Stephan ; Henson , Mike ( April 13 , 2014 ) . `` The Masters day four as it happened '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ `` After runner - up finish at the Masters , Jordan Spieth becomes youngest American to crack the Top 10 in the world rankings '' . Golf.com . Associated Press . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brown , Oliver ( September 20 , 2014 ) . `` Ryder Cup 2014 : Jordan Spieth can be Team USA captain Tom Watson 's ace against Europe at Gleneagles '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan Spieth upstages Rory McIlroy and Adam Scott to win Australian Open '' . The Guardian . London , UK . Reuters . November 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan Spieth : Tiger Woods tied last as youngster wins in Florida '' . BBC Sport . December 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spieth wins Valspar Championship in playoff '' . PGA Tour . Associated Press . March 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Week 11 : Spieth Reaches Career High Of World No. 6 '' . OWGR . March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ LaFontaine , Cameron ( April 5 , 2015 ) . `` PGA Tour : J.B. Holmes wins Shell Houston Open over Jordan Spieth , Johnson Wagner '' . Fansided.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spieth youngest to lead Masters after Round 1 '' . PGA Tour . Associated Press . April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Corrigan , James ( April 9 , 2015 ) . `` Jordan Spieth 's first - round charge puts Rory McIlroy and Tiger Woods in the shade '' . The Daily Telegraph . London , UK . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Kyle . `` Jordan Spieth shoots 66 in round 2 ; is dominating 2015 Masters '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , Doug ( April 12 , 2015 ) . `` Jordan Spieth , 21 , captures Masters victory for the ages '' . MSN . Associated Press . Retrieved April 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Kyle . `` Jordan Spieth ( - 18 ) ties Tiger 's scoring record , wins 2015 Masters '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Corrigan , James ( April 12 , 2015 ) . `` Jordan Spieth marches to first Masters title with imperious display '' . The Daily Telegraph . London , UK . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Week 15 : Spieth Claims His First Major Title '' . OWGR.com. April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ DiMeglio , Steve ( June 22 , 2015 ) . `` Jordan Spieth cool under pressure , wins U.S. Open by one '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan Spieth wins historic title for second major '' . BBC Sport . June 22 , 2015 . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Crouse , Karen ( June 22 , 2015 ) . `` U.S. Open 2015 : Jordan Spieth , Not Yet 22 , Is 2 for 2 in This Year 's Majors '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Borden , Sam ( July 14 , 2015 ) . `` For Rickie Fowler and Jordan Spieth , Opposite Approaches to British Open '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` John Deere Classic : Jordan Spieth takes lead in Open warm - up '' . BBC Sport . July 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Johnson 's win makes him unique ; Spieth misses history test '' . ESPN . July 20 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spieth named PGA Tour Player of the Year : Daniel Berger is selected as the Tour 's top rookie '' . PGA Tour . October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan Spieth wins Tournament of Champions '' . BBC Sport . January 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Greenstein , Teddy ( April 10 , 2016 ) . `` A Norman-esque collapse leaves Jordan Spieth reeling '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Christine ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Brennan : Jordan Spieth 's collapse is one we wo n't soon forget '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Strege , John ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Jordan Spieth 's 12th - hole collapse : ' Nothing ... harder on the eyes ' in golf history '' . Golf Digest . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Plaschke , Bill ( April 10 , 2016 ) . `` Trying to play it safe , Jordan Spieth plays his way into a historic collapse at the Masters '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Weinreb , Michael ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` The Agony of Jordan Spieth : Can He Recover From His Masters Collapse ? '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bort , Ryan ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Where Does Jordan Spieth 's Masters Collapse Rank ? '' . Newsweek . USA Today Sports via Reuters . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Latest : Willett wins the Masters after Spieth collapses '' . USA Today . Associated Press . April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Ian ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Jordan Spieth 's collapse at the Masters the most shocking in golf history '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Inglis , Martin ( May 30 , 2016 ) . `` Jordan Spieth silences doubters at Colonial '' . bunkered . Jump up ^ Harig , Bob ( July 11 , 2016 ) . `` Jordan Spieth says he wo n't compete in Rio Olympics '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ `` Pebble Beach Pro-Am : Jordan Spieth wins his ninth PGA Tour title '' . BBC Sport . February 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Travelers Championship : Jordan Spieth wins after play - off '' . BBC Sport . June 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McAllister , Mike ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` Spieth exorcises major demon , inches closer to history '' . PGA Tour . Jump up ^ Davis , Matt ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` The Open 2017 : Jordan Spieth holds off Matt Kuchar to win third major '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Inglis , Martin ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` Jordan Spieth gifts Open 3 - iron to Royal Birkdale '' . bunkered . Jump up ^ Gray , Will ( February 18 , 2018 ) . `` Spieth : ' I feel great about the state of my game ' '' . Golf Channel . Jump up ^ Crouse , Karen ( November 26 , 2015 ) . `` A Spieth Who Does n't Live in His Brother 's Shadow , at Least at Home '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan Spieth 's biggest fan : His grandfather , from Bethlehem '' . Lehigh Valley Live . April 14 , 2014 . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nichols , Beth Ann ( April 12 , 2014 ) . `` Spieth , 20 , strives for normalcy as star status rises '' . Golfweek . Jump up ^ `` Newsmakers of the Year - No. 9 : Jordan Spieth '' . Golf World . December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Golf 's Golden Dropout '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan Spieth is kept grounded by the struggles of his younger sister '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bubba and Jordan at Augusta '' . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Speros , Bill ( January 2 , 2018 ) . `` It 's official : Jordan Spieth confirms engagement to Annie Verret '' . Golfweek . Jump up ^ `` Jordan Spieth Family Foundation '' . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Money Leaders '' . PGA Tour . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Scoring Average '' . PGA Tour . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Money Leaders '' . PGA Tour . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Scoring Average '' . PGA Tour . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Money Leaders '' . PGA Tour . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Scoring Average '' . PGA Tour . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Money Leaders '' . PGA Tour . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Scoring Average '' . PGA Tour . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Money Leaders '' . PGA Tour . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Scoring Average '' . PGA Tour . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Money Leaders '' . PGA Tour . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Scoring Average '' . PGA Tour . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Career Money Leaders '' . PGA Tour . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan Spieth Profile '' . PGA Tour . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Winner 's Bag : Jordan Spieth '' . PGA Tour . April 9 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jordan Spieth . Official website Jordan Spieth at the PGA Tour official site Jordan Spieth at the Official World Golf Ranking official site Jordan Spieth in the major championships Masters Tournament champions 1934 Horton Smith 1935 Gene Sarazen † 1936 Horton Smith 1937 Byron Nelson 1938 Henry Picard 1939 Ralph Guldahl 1940 Jimmy Demaret 1941 ‡ Craig Wood 1942 Byron Nelson † 1943 -- 45 cancelled due to World War II 1946 Herman Keiser 1947 Jimmy Demaret 1948 Claude Harmon 1949 Sam Snead 1950 Jimmy Demaret 1951 Ben Hogan 1952 Sam Snead 1953 Ben Hogan 1954 Sam Snead † 1955 Cary Middlecoff 1956 Jack Burke Jr . 1957 Doug Ford 1958 Arnold Palmer 1959 Art Wall Jr . 1960 ‡ Arnold Palmer 1961 Gary Player 1962 Arnold Palmer † 1963 Jack Nicklaus 1964 Arnold Palmer 1965 Jack Nicklaus 1966 Jack Nicklaus † 1967 Gay Brewer 1968 Bob Goalby 1969 George Archer 1970 Billy Casper † 1971 Charles Coody 1972 ‡ Jack Nicklaus 1973 Tommy Aaron 1974 Gary Player 1975 Jack Nicklaus 1976 ‡ Raymond Floyd 1977 Tom Watson 1978 Gary Player 1979 Fuzzy Zoeller † 1980 Seve Ballesteros 1981 Tom Watson 1982 Craig Stadler † 1983 Seve Ballesteros 1984 Ben Crenshaw 1985 Bernhard Langer 1986 Jack Nicklaus 1987 Larry Mize † 1988 Sandy Lyle 1989 Nick Faldo † 1990 Nick Faldo † 1991 Ian Woosnam 1992 Fred Couples 1993 Bernhard Langer 1994 José María Olazábal 1995 Ben Crenshaw 1996 Nick Faldo 1997 Tiger Woods 1998 Mark O'Meara 1999 José María Olazábal 2000 Vijay Singh 2001 Tiger Woods 2002 Tiger Woods 2003 Mike Weir † 2004 Phil Mickelson 2005 Tiger Woods † 2006 Phil Mickelson 2007 Zach Johnson 2008 Trevor Immelman 2009 Ángel Cabrera † 2010 Phil Mickelson 2011 Charl Schwartzel 2012 Bubba Watson † 2013 Adam Scott † 2014 Bubba Watson 2015 ‡ Jordan Spieth 2016 Danny Willett 2017 Sergio García † 2018 Patrick Reed † indicates the event was won in a playoff ; ‡ indicates the event was won wire - to - wire U.S. Open champions 1895 Horace Rawlins 1896 James Foulis 1897 Joe Lloyd 1898 Fred Herd 1899 Willie Smith 1900 Harry Vardon 1901 Willie Anderson † 1902 Laurie Auchterlonie 1903 Willie Anderson † 1904 Willie Anderson 1905 Willie Anderson 1906 Alex Smith 1907 Alec Ross 1908 Fred McLeod † 1909 George Sargent 1910 Alex Smith † 1911 John McDermott † 1912 John McDermott 1913 Francis Ouimet # † 1914 ‡ Walter Hagen 1915 Jerome Travers # 1916 Chick Evans # 1917 -- 18 Cancelled due to World War I 1919 Walter Hagen † 1920 Ted Ray 1921 ‡ Jim Barnes 1922 Gene Sarazen 1923 Bobby Jones # † 1924 Cyril Walker 1925 Willie Macfarlane † 1926 Bobby Jones # 1927 Tommy Armour † 1928 Johnny Farrell † 1929 Bobby Jones # † 1930 Bobby Jones # 1931 Billy Burke † 1932 Gene Sarazen 1933 Johnny Goodman # 1934 Olin Dutra 1935 Sam Parks , Jr . 1936 Tony Manero 1937 Ralph Guldahl 1938 Ralph Guldahl 1939 Byron Nelson † 1940 Lawson Little † 1941 Craig Wood 1942 -- 45 Cancelled due to World War II 1946 Lloyd Mangrum † 1947 Lew Worsham † 1948 Ben Hogan 1949 Cary Middlecoff 1950 Ben Hogan † 1951 Ben Hogan 1952 Julius Boros 1953 ‡ Ben Hogan 1954 Ed Furgol 1955 Jack Fleck † 1956 Cary Middlecoff 1957 Dick Mayer † 1958 Tommy Bolt 1959 Billy Casper 1960 Arnold Palmer 1961 Gene Littler 1962 Jack Nicklaus † 1963 Julius Boros † 1964 Ken Venturi 1965 Gary Player † 1966 Billy Casper † 1967 Jack Nicklaus 1968 Lee Trevino 1969 Orville Moody 1970 ‡ Tony Jacklin 1971 Lee Trevino † 1972 Jack Nicklaus 1973 Johnny Miller 1974 Hale Irwin 1975 Lou Graham † 1976 Jerry Pate 1977 Hubert Green 1978 Andy North 1979 Hale Irwin 1980 Jack Nicklaus 1981 David Graham 1982 Tom Watson 1983 Larry Nelson 1984 Fuzzy Zoeller † 1985 Andy North 1986 Raymond Floyd 1987 Scott Simpson 1988 Curtis Strange † 1989 Curtis Strange 1990 Hale Irwin † 1991 Payne Stewart † 1992 Tom Kite 1993 Lee Janzen 1994 Ernie Els † 1995 Corey Pavin 1996 Steve Jones 1997 Ernie Els 1998 Lee Janzen 1999 Payne Stewart 2000 ‡ Tiger Woods 2001 Retief Goosen † 2002 ‡ Tiger Woods 2003 Jim Furyk 2004 Retief Goosen 2005 Michael Campbell 2006 Geoff Ogilvy 2007 Ángel Cabrera 2008 Tiger Woods † 2009 Lucas Glover 2010 Graeme McDowell 2011 ‡ Rory McIlroy 2012 Webb Simpson 2013 Justin Rose 2014 ‡ Martin Kaymer 2015 Jordan Spieth 2016 Dustin Johnson 2017 Brooks Koepka † indicates the event was won in a playoff ; ‡ indicates the event was won wire - to - wire ; # indicates the event was won by an amateur The Open Championship champions 1860 Willie Park Sr . 1861 Tom Morris Sr . 1862 Tom Morris Sr . 1863 Willie Park Sr . 1864 Tom Morris Sr . 1865 Andrew Strath 1866 Willie Park Sr . 1867 Tom Morris Sr . 1868 Tom Morris Jr . 1869 Tom Morris Jr . 1870 Tom Morris Jr . 1871 No championship 1872 Tom Morris Jr . 1873 Tom Kidd 1874 Mungo Park 1875 Willie Park Sr . 1876 Bob Martin † 1877 Jamie Anderson 1878 Jamie Anderson 1879 Jamie Anderson 1880 Bob Ferguson 1881 Bob Ferguson 1882 Bob Ferguson 1883 Willie Fernie † 1884 Jack Simpson 1885 Bob Martin 1886 David Brown 1887 Willie Park Jr . 1888 Jack Burns 1889 Willie Park Jr. † 1890 John Ball # 1891 Hugh Kirkaldy 1892 Harold Hilton # 1893 William Auchterlonie 1894 John Henry Taylor 1895 John Henry Taylor 1896 Harry Vardon † 1897 Harold Hilton # 1898 Harry Vardon 1899 Harry Vardon 1900 John Henry Taylor 1901 James Braid 1902 Sandy Herd 1903 Harry Vardon 1904 Jack White 1905 James Braid 1906 James Braid 1907 Arnaud Massy 1908 James Braid 1909 John Henry Taylor 1910 James Braid 1911 Harry Vardon † 1912 ‡ Edward Ray 1913 John Henry Taylor 1914 Harry Vardon 1915 -- 19 No Championships due to World War I 1920 George Duncan 1921 Jock Hutchison † 1922 Walter Hagen 1923 Arthur Havers 1924 Walter Hagen 1925 Jim Barnes 1926 Bobby Jones # 1927 ‡ Bobby Jones # 1928 Walter Hagen 1929 Walter Hagen 1930 Bobby Jones # 1931 Tommy Armour 1932 ‡ Gene Sarazen 1933 Denny Shute † 1934 ‡ Henry Cotton 1935 Alf Perry 1936 Alf Padgham 1937 Henry Cotton 1938 Reg Whitcombe 1939 Dick Burton 1940 -- 45 No Championships due to World War II 1946 Sam Snead 1947 Fred Daly 1948 Henry Cotton 1949 Bobby Locke † 1950 Bobby Locke 1951 Max Faulkner 1952 Bobby Locke 1953 Ben Hogan 1954 Peter Thomson 1955 Peter Thomson 1956 Peter Thomson 1957 Bobby Locke 1958 Peter Thomson † 1959 Gary Player 1960 Kel Nagle 1961 Arnold Palmer 1962 Arnold Palmer 1963 Bob Charles † 1964 Tony Lema 1965 Peter Thomson 1966 Jack Nicklaus 1967 Roberto De Vicenzo 1968 Gary Player 1969 Tony Jacklin 1970 Jack Nicklaus † 1971 Lee Trevino 1972 Lee Trevino 1973 ‡ Tom Weiskopf 1974 Gary Player 1975 Tom Watson † 1976 Johnny Miller 1977 Tom Watson 1978 Jack Nicklaus 1979 Seve Ballesteros 1980 Tom Watson 1981 Bill Rogers 1982 Tom Watson 1983 Tom Watson 1984 Seve Ballesteros 1985 Sandy Lyle 1986 Greg Norman 1987 Nick Faldo 1988 Seve Ballesteros 1989 Mark Calcavecchia † 1990 Nick Faldo 1991 Ian Baker - Finch 1992 Nick Faldo 1993 Greg Norman 1994 Nick Price 1995 John Daly † 1996 Tom Lehman 1997 Justin Leonard 1998 Mark O'Meara † 1999 Paul Lawrie † 2000 Tiger Woods 2001 David Duval 2002 Ernie Els † 2003 Ben Curtis 2004 Todd Hamilton † 2005 ‡ Tiger Woods 2006 Tiger Woods 2007 Pádraig Harrington † 2008 Pádraig Harrington 2009 Stewart Cink † 2010 Louis Oosthuizen 2011 Darren Clarke 2012 Ernie Els 2013 Phil Mickelson 2014 ‡ Rory McIlroy 2015 Zach Johnson † 2016 Henrik Stenson 2017 Jordan Spieth † indicates the event was won in a playoff ; ‡ indicates the event was won wire - to - wire in 72 - holes ; # indicates the event was won by an amateur World rankings -- Top ten golf players as of week of 28 January 2018 Male Female Dustin Johnson Jon Rahm Jordan Spieth Justin Thomas Hideki Matsuyama Justin Rose Rickie Fowler Rory McIlroy Brooks Koepka Jason Day Shanshan Feng Park Sung - hyun Ryu So - yeon Lexi Thompson Anna Nordqvist Chun In - gee Ariya Jutanugarn In - Kyung Kim Cristie Kerr Lydia Ko World Number One golfers since 1986 Seve Ballesteros Fred Couples Jason Day Luke Donald David Duval Ernie Els Nick Faldo Dustin Johnson Martin Kaymer Bernhard Langer Tom Lehman Rory McIlroy Greg Norman Nick Price Adam Scott Vijay Singh Jordan Spieth Justin Thomas Lee Westwood Tiger Woods Ian Woosnam Player in bold denotes current number one Official World Golf Ranking Jordan Spieth in the Presidents Cup United States Presidents Cup team -- 2013 Keegan Bradley Jason Dufner Bill Haas Zach Johnson Matt Kuchar Hunter Mahan Phil Mickelson Webb Simpson Brandt Snedeker Jordan Spieth Steve Stricker Tiger Woods Fred Couples ( non-playing captain ) Won : 18.5 -- 15.5 United States Presidents Cup team -- 2015 Rickie Fowler Bill Haas J.B. Holmes Dustin Johnson Zach Johnson Chris Kirk Matt Kuchar Phil Mickelson Patrick Reed Jordan Spieth Jimmy Walker Bubba Watson Jay Haas ( non-playing captain ) Won : 15.5 -- 14.5 United States Presidents Cup team -- 2017 Daniel Berger Kevin Chappell Rickie Fowler Charley Hoffman Dustin Johnson Kevin Kisner Brooks Koepka Matt Kuchar Phil Mickelson Patrick Reed Jordan Spieth Justin Thomas Steve Stricker ( non-playing captain ) Won : 19 -- 11 Jordan Spieth in the Ryder Cup United States Ryder Cup team -- 2014 Keegan Bradley Rickie Fowler Jim Furyk Zach Johnson Matt Kuchar Hunter Mahan Phil Mickelson Patrick Reed Webb Simpson Jordan Spieth Jimmy Walker Bubba Watson Tom Watson ( non-playing captain ) Lost : 11.5 -- 16.5 United States Ryder Cup team -- 2016 Rickie Fowler J.B. Holmes Dustin Johnson Zach Johnson Brooks Koepka Matt Kuchar Phil Mickelson Ryan Moore Patrick Reed Brandt Snedeker Jordan Spieth Jimmy Walker Davis Love III ( non-playing captain ) Won : 17 -- 11 PGA Tour Rookies of the Year 1990 Robert Gamez 1991 John Daly 1992 Mark Carnevale 1993 Vijay Singh 1994 Ernie Els 1995 Woody Austin 1996 Tiger Woods 1997 Stewart Cink 1998 Steve Flesch 1999 Carlos Franco 2000 Michael Clark II 2001 Charles Howell III 2002 Jonathan Byrd 2003 Ben Curtis 2004 Todd Hamilton 2005 Sean O'Hair 2006 Trevor Immelman 2007 Brandt Snedeker 2008 Andrés Romero 2009 Marc Leishman 2010 Rickie Fowler 2011 Keegan Bradley 2012 John Huh 2013 Jordan Spieth 2014 Chesson Hadley 2015 Daniel Berger 2016 Emiliano Grillo 2017 Xander Schauffele PGA and PGA Tour Players of the Year PGA Players of the Year 1948 Ben Hogan 1949 Sam Snead 1950 Ben Hogan 1951 Ben Hogan 1952 Julius Boros 1953 Ben Hogan 1954 Ed Furgol 1955 Doug Ford 1956 Jack Burke Jr . 1957 Dick Mayer 1958 Dow Finsterwald 1959 Art Wall Jr . 1960 Arnold Palmer 1961 Jerry Barber 1962 Arnold Palmer 1963 Julius Boros 1964 Ken Venturi 1965 Dave Marr 1966 Billy Casper 1967 Jack Nicklaus 1968 No award 1969 Orville Moody 1970 Billy Casper 1971 Lee Trevino 1972 Jack Nicklaus 1973 Jack Nicklaus 1974 Johnny Miller 1975 Jack Nicklaus 1976 Jack Nicklaus 1977 Tom Watson 1978 Tom Watson 1979 Tom Watson 1980 Tom Watson 1981 Bill Rogers 1982 Tom Watson 1983 Hal Sutton 1984 Tom Watson 1985 Lanny Wadkins 1986 Bob Tway 1987 Paul Azinger 1988 Curtis Strange 1989 Tom Kite 1990 Nick Faldo 1991 Corey Pavin 1992 Fred Couples 1993 Nick Price 1994 Nick Price 1995 Greg Norman 1996 Tom Lehman 1997 Tiger Woods 1998 Mark O'Meara 1999 Tiger Woods 2000 Tiger Woods 2001 Tiger Woods 2002 Tiger Woods 2003 Tiger Woods 2004 Vijay Singh 2005 Tiger Woods 2006 Tiger Woods 2007 Tiger Woods 2008 Pádraig Harrington 2009 Tiger Woods 2010 Jim Furyk 2011 Luke Donald 2012 Rory McIlroy 2013 Tiger Woods 2014 Rory McIlroy 2015 Jordan Spieth 2016 Dustin Johnson 2017 Justin Thomas PGA Tour Players of the Year 1990 Wayne Levi 1991 Fred Couples 1992 Fred Couples 1993 Nick Price 1994 Nick Price 1995 Greg Norman 1996 Tom Lehman 1997 Tiger Woods 1998 Mark O'Meara 1999 Tiger Woods 2000 Tiger Woods 2001 Tiger Woods 2002 Tiger Woods 2003 Tiger Woods 2004 Vijay Singh 2005 Tiger Woods 2006 Tiger Woods 2007 Tiger Woods 2008 Pádraig Harrington 2009 Tiger Woods 2010 Jim Furyk 2011 Luke Donald 2012 Rory McIlroy 2013 Tiger Woods 2014 Rory McIlroy 2015 Jordan Spieth 2016 Dustin Johnson 2017 Justin Thomas Laureus World Sports Award for Breakthrough of the Year 2000 Sergio García 2001 Marat Safin 2002 Juan Pablo Montoya 2003 Yao Ming 2004 Michelle Wie 2005 Liu Xiang 2006 Rafael Nadal 2007 Amélie Mauresmo 2008 Lewis Hamilton 2009 Rebecca Adlington 2010 Jenson Button 2011 Martin Kaymer 2012 Rory McIlroy 2013 Andy Murray 2014 Marc Márquez 2015 Daniel Ricciardo 2016 Jordan Spieth 2017 Nico Rosberg 2018 Sergio García Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jordan_Spieth&oldid=843432723 '' Categories : American male golfers Texas Longhorns men 's golfers PGA Tour golfers Winners of men 's major golf championships Ryder Cup competitors for the United States Golfers from Texas Laureus World Sports Awards winners Sportspeople from Dallas 1993 births Living people Christians from Texas Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Articles needing additional references from January 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Cymraeg Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Íslenska Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 03 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did jordan spieth place in the masters | [] | [] |
4795251533996187572 | The Mother (How I Met Your Mother) | The Mother ( How I Met Your Mother ) - wikipedia The Mother ( How I Met Your Mother ) Jump to : navigation , search Tracy McConnell How I Met Your Mother character The Mother appearing in `` The Locket '' First appearance `` Lucky Penny ( unseen ) '' `` Something New '' ( seen ) Last appearance `` Last Forever '' Created by Carter Bays Craig Thomas Portrayed by Cristin Milioti Information Aliases The Mother , Tracy Mcconnell Gender Female Spouse ( s ) Ted Mosby Significant other ( s ) Max ( deceased former boyfriend ) Louis ( ex-boyfriend ) Children Penny Mosby ( daughter , born in 2015 , played by Lyndsy Fonseca ) Luke Mosby ( son , born in 2017 , played by David Henrie ) Nationality American Tracy McConnell ( colloquial : `` The Mother '' ) is the title character from the CBS television sitcom How I Met Your Mother . The show , narrated by Future Ted , tells the story of how Ted Mosby met The Mother . Tracy McConnell appears in 8 episodes from `` Lucky Penny '' to `` The Time Travelers '' as an unseen character ; she was first seen fully in `` Something New '' and was promoted to a main character in season 9 . The Mother is played by Cristin Milioti . The story of how Ted met The Mother is the framing device behind the series ; many facts about her are revealed throughout the series , including the fact that Ted once unwittingly owned her umbrella before accidentally leaving it behind in her apartment . Ted and The Mother meet at the Farhampton train station following Barney Stinson and Robin Scherbatsky 's wedding ; this scene is shown in `` Last Forever '' , the series finale . The Mother 's death from an unspecified terminal illness in 2024 , also revealed in the series finale , received a mixed reaction from fans . An alternate ending was released in the ninth season DVD . In the alternate ending , Tracy Mosby is still living when Ted is telling the story in 2030 . In the video , future Ted is heard saying , `` ... When I think how lucky I am to wake up next to your mom every morning , I ca n't help but be amazed how easy it all really was ... '' , indirectly stating that The Mother is alive . The video ends right after the train passes at Farhampton station and credits start rolling , implying that Ted never went back to Robin as he lived a successful married life with Tracy Mosby . Contents ( hide ) 1 Casting 2 Character history 2.1 Name 3 Death 4 Notes 5 References Casting ( edit ) During its first eight seasons , the successful sitcom How I Met Your Mother often hinted at the unseen character of The Mother . Well - known actresses often made guest appearances on the show . Many fans expected that another would play one of the most - wanted roles in Hollywood , but creators Carter Bays and Craig Thomas wanted an unknown . Using Anne Hathaway and Amy Adams as examples , Thomas said that `` We did n't want it to be a big famous star because we did n't want the wider audience to have associations with whatever actress this would be ... The whole idea is that Ted 's never seen this woman before , so it better feel that way to the audience '' , similar to how Cobie Smulders being cast as Robin Scherbatsky had `` kept the show alive '' when it began . Bays and Thomas also did not want a large casting call . They chose Cristin Milioti after seeing her on 30 Rock and Once ; her musical ability was also helpful , as The Mother had been described as a band member . After competing for the role against at least two others , Milioti filmed her first scene -- for the last episode of season 8 -- having never watched How I Met Your Mother ; she recalled , `` I had ignorance on my side . So I did n't know what it meant . '' Milioti learned of the character 's importance only after binge watching the show during the summer . Character history ( edit ) The Mother was born on September 19 , 1984 . The Mother , joined by her roommate Kelly awaits the arrival of her boyfriend Max only to receive a call informing her of his death . After the funeral service , she returns to the apartment to open Max 's last gift to her -- a ukulele . The Mother spends the next few years grieving the passing of the man she believes was her one true love . In `` Wait for It '' , it is revealed that the short story of how they met involved her yellow umbrella . In `` No Tomorrow '' , Ted finds the umbrella at a club and takes it home after attending a St. Patrick 's Day party which she also attended , as it had been two and a half years since the death of Max , her late boyfriend . She is still grieving , but her roommate Kelly encourages her to go out and date again , bringing her to the same bar where Ted and Barney are celebrating . The two women run into Mitch , her old orchestra instructor ; The Mother offers to give Mitch her cello for his work at a school and they head to her apartment . After they start talking , Mitch encourages her to pursue her dreams . The Mother expresses her desire to end poverty by taking up economics in college . On his first day of teaching as Professor Mosby , as seen in the season 4 finale `` The Leap '' , he is seen in front of the classroom of students , one of which Future Ted says is the titular mother . But in the first episode of season 5 , `` Definitions '' , it is revealed that he was actually in the wrong classroom -- Economics instead of Architecture . At the same time in `` How Your Mother Met Me '' , the Mother sits her first session in Economics 305 and meets another graduate student named Cindy ( Rachel Bilson ) , whom she offers to move in with her as her roommate . They see Ted enter the room , but when he announces the subject , The Mother thinks she is in the wrong room and runs off . She heads back to the room after seeing Ted scramble to his actual classroom . Later , in `` Girls Versus Suits '' , Ted dates Cindy , not knowing that her roommate is his future wife . Throughout the episode , Ted notes that Cindy had spent most of their first date talking jealously about her roommate . When in Cindy and the mother 's apartment he picks up many of The Mother 's belongings , attempting to show how compatible he and Cindy are ( thinking the items are Cindy 's ) and glimpses the mother 's foot as she disappears into her room after taking a shower . Ted finds out at this time that she plays bass guitar in a band . Ted forgets to take the yellow umbrella with him when he goes out and Future Ted mentions , `` this is how your mother got her yellow umbrella back . '' In `` How Your Mother Met Me '' , it is revealed that , after Ted left the apartment , the Mother had discovered the umbrella and , upon going to question Cindy , finds her in a state . As she tried to console her , Cindy said that she was a much better match for Ted , and began to lovingly list all of the reasons that Ted would find the mother attractive , before spontaneously kissing her , revealing that her jealousy towards her roommate was actually a crush . While this incident made Cindy realise that she is a lesbian , it also made the Mother decide to go back into dating , as the kiss was her first in a long time . Some time after this , a man named Darren approaches The Mother and is welcomed into her band named Superfreakonomics . Darren gradually takes over the band . In the season 6 opener `` Big Days '' it is revealed Ted meets his future wife `` the day of '' the wedding at which he is the best man . In the episode `` False Positive '' Robin asks Ted to be her future best man , should she ever get married . In the episode `` Challenge Accepted '' , it is revealed that Ted meets the mother of his children the day of Barney 's wedding . In the last episode of season 7 , `` The Magician 's Code '' it is shown that Barney will marry Robin , and Ted will meet the mother `` the day of '' their wedding . On the premiere of season 8 , Ted 's wife appears after Barney and Robin 's wedding , outside at the `` Farhampton '' station while holding a yellow umbrella and her bass guitar . In the season 8 episode `` Band or DJ ? , '' Ted runs into Cindy on the subway and tells her that the band Barney and Robin hired to play at their wedding cancelled at the last minute . The end result of the encounter is that Cindy 's ( now ex - ) roommate 's band plays at Barney and Robin 's wedding . The Mother is first shown meeting Louis in `` How Your Mother Met Me '' as she is left to carry the band equipment while the now - lead band member Darren talks to his fans . Later at MacLaren 's Pub , she tells him she 's not yet ready to date . Louis asks her to give him a call if she changes her mind and they begin dating not long after . The Mother meets all of Ted 's best friends ( Barney , Lily , Marshall and Robin ) before she meets him . The Mother is responsible for convincing Barney to pursue Robin , as revealed through a flashback in `` Platonish '' . In `` The Locket '' , Tracy meets Lily on a train journey . In `` Bass Player Wanted '' , the Mother picks up a hitchhiking Marshall , carrying his son Marvin , on her way to Farhampton Inn . On their way , it is revealed that the Mother is a bass player in the band , that is scheduled to play at the wedding reception . But the band 's leader , Darren , forced her to quit . The Mother ultimately decides to confront Darren and retake the band . She ends up alone at the bar , and while practicing a speech to give Darren , Darren walks up to her furious the groom 's best man punched him for `` no reason . '' Amused by this , the Mother laughs , and Darren quits the band in anger . In `` How Your Mother Met Me '' , it is shown that after this incident , the Mother returns to Louis ' summer cottage not far from the Farhampton Inn where she has been staying for the duration of the wedding weekend . As she walks in the door , Louis proposes to her , but she goes outside to think about it for a few minutes . She declines Louis ' proposal and leaves his cottage , going to check in at Farhampton Inn . On her room 's balcony , she plays the ukulele and sings `` La Vie en Rose '' . Ted hears her singing from his room next door . In `` Gary Blauman '' , Ted and the Mother are on their first date . Ted picks her up at her New York City apartment and they proceed to walk to a Scottish - Mexican fusion restaurant for dinner . On the way there , Ted is telling her a story when they nearly have a run - in with Louis . She says that she is in the `` weirdest place on earth '' right now and that it is too soon for her to be dating . Ted walks her back to her apartment . They say goodnight and Ted begins to walk away . The Mother then stops him and asks him to finish the story he was telling her . When the story is over , they say goodnight again . The Mother takes a step towards Ted and they kiss for the first time , before deciding to carry on their date . In a flashforward in `` The Lighthouse '' , Ted proposes to the Mother at the top of the lighthouse near Farhampton Inn . She immediately accepts . In another flashfoward in `` Unpause '' , the Mother is revealed to be pregnant with their second child , Luke , in the year 2017 . She goes into labor while she and Ted are staying at Farhampton . Name ( edit ) The Mother 's real name is not revealed until the series finale , `` Last Forever '' . When Ted meets her at the Farhampton train station , she reveals that her name is Tracy McConnell . In the season 1 episode `` Belly Full of Turkey '' , Ted meets a stripper named Tracy and says `` ... that , kids , is the true story of how I met your mother '' . The children react encouraged and appear to believe Ted before he admits he is joking , which led some fans to correctly guess that The Mother 's name is Tracy . Death ( edit ) See also : Last Forever In the series finale , it is revealed that six years prior to Ted telling the story to his children , Tracy died in 2024 from an undisclosed illness . In the finale the characters do not directly state that the mother is dead . Ted says that she `` became sick '' and his children saying that she has been `` gone '' for six years . Many fans expressed considerable disappointment to The Mother 's death . Milioti cried when she learned her character was supposed to die , but came to accept the ending was what the writers had planned from the beginning . Bill Kuchman from Popculturology said that The Mother was `` an amazing character '' and that `` over the course of this final season HIMYM made us care about Tracy . Kuchman said that `` asking fans to drop all of that with a simple line about The Mother getting sick and passing away was a very difficult request '' , that the finale `` advanced too quickly '' and that `` HIMYM was a victim of its own success on this issue '' . A petition was started , aiming to rewrite and reshoot the finale . The petition has over 20,000 signatures and considerable online news coverage . On April 5 , 2014 , Carter Bays announced on Twitter that an alternate ending would be included on the Season 9 DVD . No new material was shot for this scene . In the alternate ending , the mother is still living when Ted is telling the story in 2030 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Mother celebrates her 21st birthday on the day that `` Pilot '' is set . The pilot is set on September 19 , 2005 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Debnath , Neela ( 7 September 2014 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother alternative finale leaks online ahead of DVD release '' . The Independent . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( September 6 , 2014 ) . `` Watch the Happier ' How I Met Your Mother ' Alternate Ending '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ MacGregor , Rachel ( September 23 , 2014 ) . `` 8 reasons why How I Met Your Mother should 've used its alternative ending '' . Metro UK . Jump up ^ Stransky , Tanner ( 2013 - 05 - 13 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' : Burning questions about the mother '' . Entertainment Weekly . ^ Jump up to : Fallon , Kevin ( 2013 - 05 - 14 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Mother Revealed : Meet Cristin Milioti '' . The Daily Beast . Jump up ^ Fallon , Kevin ( 2015 - 11 - 03 ) . `` How Cristin Milioti Met ' Fargo ' -- And Left ' How I Met Your Mother ' Behind '' . The Daily Beast . ^ Jump up to : `` How Your Mother Met Me '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 9 . Episode 16 . January 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pilot '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 1 . Episode 1 . September 19 , 2005 . CBS . ^ Jump up to : Kuchman , Bill ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' ' Last Forever ' Recap : A Divisive Finale and What It Means for ' HIMYM ' '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rullo , Samantha ( 10 March 2014 ) . `` What is The Mother 's Name on ' How I Met Your Mother ' ? Episode Title Might Hold the Secret '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` HIMYM Tomatometer Watch : Series Finale Currently Rotten - Majority of critics disappointed by ' Last Forever ' '' . Rotten Tomatoes. April 2 , 2014 . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/cristin-milioti-sobbed-found-characters-fate-met-mother/story?id=25947923 Jump up ^ Kuchman , Bill ( March 31 , 2014 ) . `` ' HIMYM ' Finale Instant Reaction '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Guerrero , Danger ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` Now There 's A Petition To ' Rewrite And Reshoot ' The ' How I Met Your Mother ' Ending '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Maresca , Rachel ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' series finale sparks online petition from fans who want ending changed '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Update for those who 've been asking : Alt # himym ending will be on s9 DVD and also in the series box set . https://twitter.com/CarterBays/status/452299544995184640 Jump up ^ James , Lauren ( April 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' May Get Alternate Ending After Petition , Says Carter Bays '' . Contact Music . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( September 6 , 2014 ) . `` Watch the Happier ' How I Met Your Mother ' Alternate Ending '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . 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-1740683319257159706 | National Football League Draft | National Football league draft - wikipedia National Football league draft Jump to : navigation , search The current logo for the NFL Draft The National Football League Draft , also called the Player Selection Meeting , is an annual event in which it serves as the league 's most common source of player recruitment . The basic design of the draft is that each team is given a position in the drafting order in reverse order relative to its record in the previous year , which means that the last place team is positioned first . From this position , the team can either select a player or trade their position to another team for other draft positions , a player or players , or any combination thereof . The round is complete when each team has either selected a player or traded its draft position . Certain aspects of the draft , including team positioning and the number of rounds in the draft , have seen revisions since its first creation in 1936 , but the fundamental methodology has remained the same . Currently the draft consists of seven rounds . The original rationale in creating the draft was to increase the competitive parity between the teams as the worst team would , ideally , have chosen the best player available . In the early years of the draft , players were chosen based on hearsay , print media , or other rudimentary evidence of a player 's ability . In the 1940s , some franchises began employing full - time scouts . The ensuing success of their corresponding teams eventually forced the other franchises to also hire scouts . Colloquially , the name of the draft each year takes on the form of the NFL season in which players picked could begin playing . For example , the 2010 NFL draft was for the 2010 NFL season . However , the NFL - defined name of the process has changed since its inception . The location of the draft has continually changed over the years to accommodate more fans , as the event has gained popularity . The draft 's popularity now garners prime - time television coverage . In the league 's early years the draft was held in various cities with NFL franchises until the league settled on New York City starting in 1965 , where it remained until 2015 . The 2015 and 2016 NFL drafts were held in Chicago , while the 2017 version was held in Philadelphia and 2018 in Dallas . In recent years , the NFL draft has occurred in late April or early May . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Precursor and rationale 1.2 The first draft ( 1936 ) 1.3 Early drafts ( 1937 -- 1946 ) 1.4 Scouting era begins ( 1946 -- 1959 ) 1.5 Technology ( 1960 -- 1979 ) 1.6 ESPN and the digital age ( 1980 -- 2017 ) 1.7 Fox , NFL Network and ESPN ( 2018 -- ) 2 Current format 2.1 Rules for determining draft order 2.1. 1 Timing 2.2 Pick trades 2.3 Compensatory picks 2.4 Salaries 2.5 Forfeiture 2.6 Team policies 3 Events leading up to the draft 3.1 NFL Draft Advisory Board decisions 3.2 NFL Scouting Combine 3.3 Pro Day 3.4 Pre-draft visits 4 Tickets 5 Venue 5.1 American Football League draft 6 Supplemental draft 6.1 List of NFL supplemental draft picks 7 See also 8 References 9 Sources 10 Further reading 11 External links History ( edit ) Precursor and rationale ( edit ) Commissioner Roger Goodell announcing a pick at the 2010 NFL Draft As background , Stan Kostka had a huge college career as a University of Minnesota running back , leading the Minnesota Gophers to an undefeated season in 1934 . Every NFL team wanted to sign him . Since there was no draft back then , savvy Stan did the smart thing - he held out for the highest offer . While a free agent , Stan kept busy , even running for Mayor of Inver Grove Heights , Minnesota . Although his political career did not take off , Stan 's nine - month NFL holdout succeeded and he became the league 's highest - paid player , signing a $5,000 contract with the NFL 's team in Brooklyn , New York on August 25 , 1935 . As a response to the bidding war for Stan Kostka , the NFL instituted the draft in 1936 . In late 1934 , Art Rooney , owner of the Pittsburgh Steelers , gave the right of usage of two players to the New York Giants because Rooney 's team had no chance to participate in the post-season . After the owner of the Boston Redskins , George Preston Marshall , protested the transaction , the president of the NFL , Joe F. Carr , disallowed the Giants the ability to employ the players . At a league meeting in December 1934 , the NFL introduced a waiver rule to prevent such transactions . Any player released by a team during the season would be able to be claimed by other teams . The selection order to claim the player would be in inverse order to the teams ' standings at the time . Throughout this time , Bert Bell , co-owner of the Philadelphia Eagles , felt his team 's lack of competitiveness on the field made it difficult for the Eagles to sell tickets and to be profitable . Compounding the Eagles ' problems were players signed with teams that offered the most money , or if the money being equal , players chose to sign with the most prestigious teams at the time , who had established a winning tradition . As a result , the NFL was dominated by the Chicago Bears , Green Bay Packers , Giants , and Redskins . Bell 's inability to sign a desired prospect , Stan Kostka , in 1935 , eventually led Bell to believe the only way for the NFL to have enduring success was for all teams to have an equal opportunity to sign eligible players . At a league meeting on May 18 , 1935 , Bell proposed a draft be instituted to enhance the possibility of competitive parity on the field in order to ensure the financial viability of all franchises . His proposal was adopted unanimously that day , although the first draft would not occur until the next off - season . The rules for the selection of the players in the first draft were , first , that a list of college seniors would be assembled by each franchise and submitted into a pool . From this pool , each franchise would select , in inverse order to their team 's record in the previous year , a player . With this selection , the franchise had the unilateral right to negotiate a contract with that player , or the ability to trade that player to another team for a player , or players . If , for any reason , the franchise was unsuccessful in negotiating a contract with the player and was unable to trade the player , the president of the NFL could attempt to arbitrate a settlement between the player and the franchise . If the president was unable to settle the dispute , then the player would be placed in the reserve list of the franchise and would be unavailable to play for any team in the NFL that year . In the 1935 NFL season , the Eagles finished in last place at 2 -- 9 , thus securing themselves the first pick in the draft . The first draft ( 1936 ) ( edit ) The first NFL draft began at the Ritz - Carlton Hotel in Philadelphia on February 8 , 1936 . Ninety names were written on a blackboard in the meeting room from which the teams would choose . As no team had a scouting department , the list was created from either print media sources , visits to local colleges by team executives , or by recommendations to team executives . The draft would last for nine rounds , and it had no media coverage . The first player ever selected in the draft was Jay Berwanger . Bell , prior to the draft , was not successfully able to negotiate a contract with Berwanger so Bell traded him to the Bears . George Halas , owner of the Bears , was also unsuccessful in signing Berwanger . Berwanger 's decision to not play in the NFL was not unusual , as only twenty - four of the eighty - one players selected chose to play in the NFL that year . The draft was recessed on the first day and it was continued and finished on the next day . This draft saw the emergence of Wellington Mara as a savant , as he had been subscribing to magazines and local and out - of - town papers to build up dossiers of college players across the country , which resulted in the Giants ' drafting of Tuffy Leemans . As a result of the institution of the draft , Tim Mara , owner of the Giants , reduced Ken Strong 's salary offer to $3,200 from $6,000 a year for 1936 because Mara felt the draft would alter the salary structure of the NFL . Generally , the franchises ' exclusivity in negotiating with draft picks produced the immediate effect of , depending on sources , stopping the escalating salaries of new players , or reducing their salaries . Consequently , contemporary critics charged it was anti-labor . Early drafts ( 1937 -- 1946 ) ( edit ) Art Rooney , owner of the Pittsburgh Steelers , chose Byron `` Whizzer '' White in the first round of the 1938 draft despite White 's known public declaration that he would not play professional football and would instead begin work on his Rhodes scholarship . White did , however , agree to play for the 1938 season after Rooney publicly gave him a guaranteed contract of $15,000 , double what any other player had ever made in the NFL . The size of the dollar amount brought condemnation from other owners because it altered the pay expectations of college draftees . For the 1939 draft Wellington , for the first time , was put in charge of drafting players for the Giants . He submitted the list of players into the pool that the Giants -- or other franchises -- could choose players from . However , in the first round he selected a player , Walt Nielsen , not on the list of players that the Giants or any other franchise had submitted . With a grin Wellington stated , `` ' I did n't think I said I put every name on that list . ' '' An African - American had not played in the NFL since prior to the draft 's institution . In 1939 , Kenny Washington was , to no small extent , viewed as one of the greatest college football players of all time . After information was made available to at least one owner of a franchise , Washington was not drafted by any team for the 1940 NFL Draft . The draft would be eventually codified into the NFL Constitution , although no information is available on when that originally occurred . `` Bullet Bill '' Dudley was the first overall pick in the 1942 draft and he would eventually become the first player picked first overall in the draft to enter the Pro Football Hall of Fame . Scouting era begins ( 1946 -- 1959 ) ( edit ) Eddie Kotal became the first player scout in 1946 when he was hired by Dan Reeves of the Los Angeles Rams . The NFL 's competition with the AAFC in 1947 resulted in a temporary institution of a bonus pick . Competitive parity did not , however , quickly arrive in the NFL as perennial losers , such as the Eagles and Chicago Cardinals , standings ' did not improve until 1947 . In the thirteenth round , George Taliaferro became the first African - American selected when he was chosen in the 1949 NFL draft . He however , chose to sign with an AAFC team . Wally Triplett was chosen in the nineteenth and he would be the first African - American to be selected in the draft and make an NFL team . After the draft and prior to the start of the season , Paul `` Tank '' Younger was signed by the Los Angeles Rams as a free agent and became the first NFL player from an historically black college . Eddie Robinson , Younger 's coach at Grambling , promptly and unequivocally , impressed upon him that the future of the recruitment and drafting of his colleagues at other black colleges lay in the balance based on his success with the Rams . Technology ( 1960 -- 1979 ) ( edit ) The 1960 NFL Draft marked a turning point in the draft 's history because of the pending arrival of the American Football League ( AFL ) , as it became a `` high - stakes , competitive affair . '' In 1976 , former NFL wide receiver Paul Salata first coined the moniker `` Mr. Irrelevant '' to refer to the last overall player selected in the draft . ESPN and the digital age ( 1980 -- 2017 ) ( edit ) In 1980 , Chet Simmons , president of the year - old ESPN , asked Pete Rozelle if the fledgling network could broadcast coverage of the draft live on ESPN . Although Rozelle did not believe it would be entertaining television , he agreed . In 1988 , the NFL moved the draft from weekdays to the weekend and ESPN 's ratings of the coverage improved dramatically . In 2006 , ESPN received competition when the NFL Network , which had launched in October 2003 , began to produce its own draft coverage . ESPN pays the NFL a rights fee for the non-exclusive rights to draft coverage , a fee that is included in its overall contract to televise games ( ESPN Sunday Night NFL from 1987 to 2005 , and Monday Night Football from 2006 to the present ) . In 2010 , the NFL moved to a three - day draft with the first day encompassing the first round beginning at 8 : 00 pm EDT , the second day encompassing the second and third rounds beginning at 7 : 00 pm EDT , and third day concluding the process with the final four rounds beginning at 11 : 00 am EDT Saturday . Fox , NFL Network and ESPN ( 2018 -- ) ( edit ) Starting with the 2018 NFL Draft , the first two evenings will air on broadcast television , with Fox and NFL Network carrying a simulcast featuring personnel from both the NFL Network and Fox Sports . ESPN continues to produce its own coverage of the draft , with ESPN2 simulcasting Days 1 and 2 , while ABC simulcasts Day 3 . Current format ( edit ) Players who have been out of high school for at least three years are eligible for the NFL draft . The rules do not state that a player must attend college , but virtually all of the players selected in the NFL draft have played college football , usually in the United States but occasionally from Canadian universities as well . A few players are occasionally selected from other football leagues like the Arena Football League ( AFL ) , the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) , and the German Football League ( GFL ) . A small handful of players have also been drafted from colleges who played other sports than football . Rules only state that a player must be three years removed from high school graduation , regardless of what the prospective draftee did during that time . A year as a redshirt player in college counts toward eligibility even though the player was not allowed to participate in games during that year , therefore players who have completed their redshirt sophomore year can enter the NFL draft . Rules for determining draft order ( edit ) The selection order is based on each team 's win - loss record in the previous season and whether the team reached the playoffs . Teams that did not reach the playoffs the previous season are ranked in reverse order of their records ( thus the team with the fewest wins is awarded the first selection ) . Ties between teams with identical records are determined by the following tiebreakers ( in order ) : Strength of schedule , which is the combined win - loss record for all 16 of the team 's opponents in the previous season ( ties count as a half win and half loss ) . The team with the lower strength of schedule ( i.e. their opponents compiled fewer wins ) is granted the earlier pick in round one . Record in common games against division opponents ( if the teams are in the same division ) . Record in common games against conference opponents ( if the teams are in the same conference ) . Coin flip ( s ) , which occur ( s ) at the pre-draft NFL Combine . Teams that reached the playoffs the previous season are then slotted in the order in which they were eliminated as indicated in the table below . Within each tier , the slotting is determined as above ( i.e. worst record picks first and the same tiebreakers apply ) . Status Draft picks Non-playoff teams 1 -- 20 Eliminated in Wild Card round 21 -- 24 Eliminated in Divisional round 25 -- 28 Conference runners - up 29 -- 30 Super Bowl runner - up 31 Super Bowl champion 32 Once the order for the first round is determined as described above , the selection order remains the same for subsequent rounds with the exception of teams with identical records within their tier . These tied teams `` cycle '' picks in each subsequent round . For example , in the 2014 draft , the Jacksonville Jaguars , Cleveland Browns , Oakland Raiders , Atlanta Falcons , and Tampa Bay Buccaneers all finished 4 -- 12 , and selected in that order in the first round ( based on the tiebreakers described above ) . In the second round , Jacksonville cycled to the back of the line with the order becoming Cleveland , Oakland , Atlanta , Tampa Bay , and Jacksonville . That cycling continued in each round . An exception to this ordering strategy occurs when new `` expansion teams '' are added to the league . An expansion team is automatically granted the first selection . If there are two or more expansion teams added , a coin toss ( for two expansion teams ) or a drawing of lots ( for three expansion teams or more ) determines which team is awarded the first selection in the regular draft . The loser of the coin toss ( or the winner of the drawing of lots in the event there are three or more expansion teams ) is awarded the first selection in the expansion draft . The 2010 NFL draft was the first draft to take place over three days . Its first round was on Thursday , April 22 at 7 : 30 p.m. ET , with the second and third rounds on Friday , April 23 at 6 p.m. ET , followed by the remaining rounds on Saturday , April 24 at 10 a.m. ET . The first overall pick generally gets the richest contract , but other contracts rely on a number of variables . While they generally are based on the previous year 's second overall pick , third overall , etc. , each player 's position also is taken into account . Quarterbacks , for example , usually command more money than defensive linemen , which can skew those dollar figures slightly . Timing ( edit ) Each team has its representatives attend the draft . During the draft , one team is always `` on the clock . '' In Round 1 , teams have 10 minutes to make their choice ( previously 15 ) . The decision time drops to 7 minutes ( previously 10 ) in the second round and 5 minutes in Rounds 3 -- 6 . In round 7 , and for compensatory picks , teams only have 4 minutes to make their choice . If a team does not make a decision within its allotted time , the team still can submit its selection at any time after its time is up , but the next team can pick before it , thus possibly ' stealing ' a player the team with the earlier pick may have been considering . This occurred in the 2003 draft , when the Minnesota Vikings , with the 7th overall pick , were late with their selection . The Jacksonville Jaguars drafted quarterback Byron Leftwich and the Carolina Panthers drafted offensive tackle Jordan Gross before the Vikings were able to submit their selection of defensive tackle Kevin Williams . This also happened in 2011 ; as the Baltimore Ravens were negotiating a trade with the Chicago Bears , their time expired and allowed the Kansas City Chiefs to pick ahead of Baltimore , who was unable to finalize the trade with Chicago . Pick trades ( edit ) Teams may negotiate with one another both before and during the draft for the right to pick an additional player in a given round . For example , a team may include draft picks in future drafts in order to acquire a player during a trading period . Teams may also make negotiations during the draft relinquishing the right to pick in a given round for the right to have an additional pick in a later round . Thus teams may have no picks or multiple picks in a given round . Compensatory picks ( edit ) In addition to the 32 selections in each of the seven rounds , a total of 32 compensatory picks are awarded to teams based on the players they lost and gained in free agency . Using a proprietary formula , the league defines a class of unrestricted free agents as `` compensatory free agents ( '' CFA `` ) . Teams that have lost more or better compensatory free agents than they signed in the previous year receive picks somewhere in the third through seventh rounds . Teams that gain and lose the same number of players but lose higher - valued players also can be awarded a pick , but only in the seventh round , after the others . Compensatory picks are awarded each year at the NFL annual meeting which is held at the end of March ; typically , about three or four weeks before the draft . Compensatory picks can be traded beginning with the 2017 NFL draft . The placement of the picks is determined by a proprietary formula based on the player 's salary , playing time , and postseason honors with his new team , with salary being the primary factor . So , for example , a team that lost a linebacker who signed for $2.5 million per year in free agency might get a sixth - round compensatory pick , while a team that lost a wide receiver who signed for $5 million per year might receive a fourth - round pick . However , the NFL has never revealed the exact formula used to determine allotment of compensatory picks , though observers from outside the NFL have been able to reverse engineer it to some degree of certainty . All compensatory picks are awarded at the ends of Rounds 3 through 7 . If fewer than 32 such picks are awarded , the remaining picks are awarded after the final Round 7 compensatory picks in the order in which teams would pick in a hypothetical eighth round of the draft ; these picks are known as `` supplemental compensatory selections '' . More than 32 compensatory picks have been awarded only on one occasion : the 2016 NFL Draft , where 33 picks were awarded ; the additional pick was awarded ( under an agreement between the NFL Management Council and the NFLPA ) to the Buffalo Bills for losing Da'Norris Searcy to free agency and signing Charles Clay as a transition tagged player from the Miami Dolphins , who had not qualified as a CFA . In 2018 , the NFL released the compensatory picks on February 23 ( nineteen days after the Super Bowl ) . Salaries ( edit ) The NFL allows each team a certain amount of money from its salary cap to sign its drafted rookies for their first season . That amount is based on an undisclosed formula that assigns a certain value to each pick in the draft ; thus , having more picks , or earlier picks , will increase the allotment . In 2008 the highest allotment was about $8.22 million for the Kansas City Chiefs , who had 12 picks , including two first - rounders , while the lowest was the $1.79 million for the Cleveland Browns who had only five picks , and none in the first three rounds . The exact mechanism for the rookie salary cap is set out in the NFL 's collective bargaining agreement ( CBA ) with the National Football League Players Association ( NFLPA ) . ( Those numbers represent the cap hits that each rookie 's salary may contribute , not the total amount of money paid out . ) The drafted players are paid salaries commensurate with the position in which they were drafted . High first - round picks get paid the most , and low - round picks get paid the least . There is a de facto pay scale for drafted rookies . After the draft , non-drafted rookies may sign a contract with any team in the league . These rookie free - agents are not usually paid as well as drafted players , nearly all of them signing for the predetermined rookie minimum and a small signing bonus . Two other facets of the rookie salary cap impact the makeup of rosters . First , the base salaries of rookie free agents do not count towards the rookie salary cap , though certain bonuses do . Second , if a rookie is traded , his cap allotment remains with the team that originally drafted him , which make trades involving rookie players relatively rare . ( This rule does not apply , however , to rookies that are waived by the teams that drafted them . ) Teams can also agree to a contract with a draft - eligible player before the draft itself starts . They can only do this if they have the first overall pick , as by agreeing to terms with a player the team has already `` selected '' which player they will draft . A recent example of this would be quarterback Matthew Stafford and the Detroit Lions in the 2009 NFL Draft . The Lions , with the first overall selection in the draft , agreed to a 6 - year , $78 million deal with $41.7 million guaranteed with Stafford a day before the draft officially started . By agreeing to the deal , Stafford had already been chosen as the first overall pick in the draft . Forfeiture ( edit ) The commissioner has the ability to forfeit picks the team is allotted in a draft . For example , in the 2007 NFL season , the New England Patriots were penalized for videotaping the Jets ' defensive signals outside of a designated area . As a result , the Patriots forfeited their first - round pick in the 2008 NFL Draft . Similarly , the San Francisco 49ers were forced to forfeit a fifth - round pick in the same draft for tampering with a player under contract to the Chicago Bears , and were also forced to swap third - round selections with the Bears ( moving the 49ers down and the Bears up six spots ) . Also , NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell penalized the New Orleans Saints by taking away their 2nd round picks in the 2012 and 2013 NFL drafts in the wake of the New Orleans Saints bounty scandal . Another time this has happened was in the 2016 NFL Draft where the Patriots ' 1st round pick was taken away for Deflategate . Team policies ( edit ) Teams vary greatly in their selection methodologies . Owners , general managers , coaches , and others may or may not participate . For the 1983 draft , for example , the Pittsburgh Steelers ' head coach Chuck Noll had what team executive Art Rooney , Jr. later described as `` the final say '' over picks , even over his father , team owner Art Rooney . New England Patriots head coach Ron Meyer , by contrast , later stated that the team , led by owner Billy Sullivan , excluded the coaching staff from any personnel - related decisions , even prohibiting him from reading scouting reports . Had he had the decision - making authority , Meyer said , he would not have chosen Tony Eason in the first round of the 1983 draft . Events leading up to the draft ( edit ) NFL draft Advisory Board decisions ( edit ) Main article : NFL Draft Advisory Board College football players who are considering entering the NFL draft but who still have eligibility to play football can request an expert opinion from the NFL - created Draft Advisory Board . The Board , composed of scouting experts and team executives , makes a prediction as to the likely round in which a player would be drafted . This information , which has proven to be fairly accurate , can help college players determine whether to enter the draft or to continue playing and improving at the college level . There are also many famous reporting scouts , such as Mel Kiper Jr . NFL scouting Combine ( edit ) Main article : NFL Scouting Combine The NFL Scouting Combine is a six - day assessment of skills occurring every year in late February or early March in Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis , Indiana . College football players perform physical and mental tests in front of NFL coaches , general managers , and scouts . With increasing interest in the NFL draft , the scouting combine has grown in scope and significance , allowing personnel directors to evaluate upcoming prospects in a standardized setting . Its origins have evolved from the National , BLESTO , and Quadra Scouting services in 1977 to the media frenzy it has become today . Athletes attend by invitation only . Implications of one 's performance during the Combine can affect perception , draft status , salary , and ultimately his career . The draft has popularized the term `` Workout Warrior '' ( sometimes known as a `` Workout Wonder '' ) , describing an athlete who , based on superior measurables such as size , speed , and strength , has increased his `` draft stock '' despite having a possibly average or subpar college career . Pro day ( edit ) Each university has a Pro Day , during which the NCAA allows NFL scouts to visit the school and watch players participate in NFL Combine events together . ( Some smaller universities join with nearby schools . ) Essentially job fairs for prospective NFL players , Pro Days are held under the belief that players feel more comfortable at their own campus than they do at the Combine , which in turn leads to better performances . College teams which produce a large quantity of NFL prospects generally generate huge interest from scouts and coaches at their Pro Days . Pre-draft visits ( edit ) Each NFL team is allowed to transport a maximum of 30 draft - eligible players for the purposes of physical examinations , interviews , and written tests . If a player attends a school or grew up in the same `` metropolitan area '' as the team that is inviting the player , that visit is not counted towards the 30 - player limit . Tickets ( edit ) Tickets to the NFL draft are free and made available to fans on a first - come first - served basis . The tickets are distributed at the box office the morning of the draft , one ticket per person . Venue ( edit ) The NFL Draft is bid on each year by NFL cities and is held in the city of the winning bid in a process that began in 2015 . The 2006 draft was held at New York City 's Radio City Music Hall , the first time this venue had hosted the gala , and it was held there until 2015 , when the draft was held in Chicago 's Auditorium Theater . The move marked the first time that the Draft had been in Chicago since 1964 . The Theater at Madison Square Garden had hosted the event for a ten - year period , but the NFL moved it to the Javits Convention Center in 2005 following a dispute with the Cablevision - owned arena , who were opposing the West Side Stadium , which would have served as home of the New York Jets and the centerpiece of the New York City bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics , because the new stadium would have competed with the Garden for concerts and other events . `` Selection Square '' for the 2016 NFL Draft at Grant Park 's Buckingham Fountain in Chicago . Chicago : 1938 , 1942 -- 1943 , 1951 , 1962 -- 1964 , 2015 -- 2016 ( 9 ) Auditorium Theatre and Grant Park : 2015 , 2016 ( 2 ) Blackstone Hotel : 1951 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 ( 4 ) Palmer House Hotel : 1942 , 1943 ( 2 ) Sherman House Hotel : 1938 ( 1 ) Dallas : 2018 ( 1 ) AT&T Stadium : 2018 Los Angeles : 1956 ( 1 ) Ambassador Hotel : 1956 * ( 1 ) Milwaukee : 1940 ( 1 ) Schroeder Hotel : 1940 ( 1 ) The set for the 2010 NFL Draft at Radio City Music Hall in New York City New York City : 1937 , 1939 , 1944 -- 1945 , 1947 , 1952 , 1955 , 1965 -- 2014 ( 57 ) Americana Hotel : 1973 , 1974 ( 2 ) Belmont Plaza Hotel : 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 ( 4 ) Essex House : 1972 ( 1 ) Gotham Hotel : 1967 ( 1 ) Hilton at Rockefeller Center : 1975 ( 1 ) Commodore Hotel : 1944 , 1945 , 1947 ( 3 ) Hotel Lincoln : 1937 ( 1 ) Hotel Statler : 1952 ( 1 ) Javits Convention Center : 2005 ( 1 ) New York Marriott Marquis 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 ( 9 ) New York Sheraton Hotel / Omni Park Central Hotel : 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 ( 6 ) New Yorker Hotel : 1939 ( 1 ) Radio City Music Hall : 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 ( 9 ) Roosevelt Hotel 1976 , 1977 , 1978 ( 3 ) Summit Hotel : 1965 , 1966 ( 2 ) Theater at Madison Square Garden : 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 . 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 ( 10 ) Waldorf - Astoria Hotel : 1979 ( 1 ) Warwick Hotel : 1955 ( 1 ) The stage for the 2017 NFL Draft on Eakins Oval in front of the Philadelphia Museum of Art Philadelphia : 1936 , 1944 , 1949 -- 1961 , 2017 ( 15 ) Bellevue - Stratford Hotel : 1949 * , 1950 , 1953 , 1954 , 1955 , 1956 * , 1957 * ( 8 ) Eakins Oval : 2017 ( 1 ) Racquet Club of Philadelphia : 1950 * ( 1 ) Ritz - Carlton Hotel : 1936 ( 1 ) Warwick Hotel : 1944 , 1957 * , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 ( 6 ) Pittsburgh : 1948 -- 1949 ( 2 ) Fort Pitt Hotel : 1948 ( 1 ) Schenley Hotel : 1949 * ( 1 ) Washington , D.C. : 1941 ( 1 ) Willard Hotel : 1941 ( 1 ) * : Year with more than one Draft venue Source : NFL Draft Locations American Football League draft ( edit ) Dallas : 1961 -- 1963 Dallas Statler Hilton ( 1961 -- 1963 ) Minneapolis : 1960 Nicollet Hotel ( 1960 ) New York : 1964 -- 1966 Waldorf Astoria ( 1964 -- 1966 * ) No location ( by telephone ) : 1965 * * : Year with more than one draft venue Source : NFL Draft Locations Supplemental draft ( edit ) Since 1977 , the NFL has also held a supplemental draft to accommodate players who did not enter the regular draft . Players generally enter the supplementary draft because they missed the filing deadline for the NFL draft or because issues developed which affected their eligibility ( such as academic or disciplinary matters ) . The supplemental draft is scheduled to occur at some point after the regular draft and before the start of the next season . In 1984 the NFL held an additional draft for players who were under contract with either USFL or CFL teams . Draft order is determined by a weighted system that is divided into three groupings . First come the teams that had six or fewer wins last season , followed by non-playoff teams that had more than six wins , followed by the 12 playoff teams . In the supplemental draft , a team is not required to use any picks . Instead , if a team wants a player in the supplemental draft , they submit a `` bid '' to the Commissioner with the round they would pick that player . If no other team places a bid on that player at an earlier spot , the team is awarded the player and has to give up an equivalent pick in the following year 's draft . ( For example , FS Paul Oliver was taken by the San Diego Chargers in the fourth round of the supplemental draft in 2007 ; thus , in the 2008 NFL draft , the Chargers forfeited a fourth - round pick . ) The 1985 supplemental draft was particularly controversial . Quarterback Bernie Kosar who had led the University of Miami to its first National Championship in 1984 was earning his academic degree as a junior . Rather than finish his eligibility at Miami he wanted to turn pro . At this time college players had to wait for their class unless they themselves graduated early . A plan was devised by football agent AJ Faigin that was to get him to Kosar 's preferred team , the Cleveland Browns . Faigin was representing former University of Miami QB Jim Kelly , then in the USFL , but whose NFL rights were held by the Buffalo Bills . The USFL was in its last days and Kelly would soon be available to the Bills . Faigin 's first step was to ask Bill Polian , the GM of Buffalo , if he would be willing to trade the number one supplemental pick ( worth next to nothing at that time ) to Cleveland . Polian agreed and Faigin told the Cleveland Browns a trade was available . He next notified Kosar 's father he should not formally submit his son 's application for the standard NFL draft that was weeks away and declare only afterward ; which would put him into the supplemental draft . The result of Kosar 's withdrawal resulted in rare , open warfare among NFL teams played out in the newspapers with threats of lawsuits between them , notably the Minnesota Vikings and New York Giants , who had expressed interest in choosing him in that season 's regular draft . But as no rules were broken the Giants and eventually Minnesota had to back down . Following that season , the NFL instituted the current semi-random supplemental draft order . The strategy devised by A.J. Faigin , to not declare for the NFL until after the regular draft , was subsequently used by other top players for various reasons . In some cases , it was because they did not want to play for the team that would have drafted them in the regular draft . For example , Brian Bosworth did not declare because he did not want to play for the Indianapolis Colts or the Buffalo Bills , the teams who drafted second and third that year . The Colts had offered him a 4 - year , $2.2 million deal before the draft . The Seattle Seahawks won the right to draft first in the supplemental draft , and later signed him to a 10 - year , $11 million contract . At the time that was the largest rookie contract in NFL history . As of the 1990 season , only players who had graduated or exhausted their college eligibility were made available for the supplemental draft . Since 1993 , only players who had planned to attend college but for various reasons could not , have been included in the supplemental draft . List of NFL supplemental draft picks ( edit ) Main article : List of NFL supplemental draft picks See also ( edit ) Draftnik Drafts in sports List of NFL drafts List of professional American football drafts List of NFL draft broadcasters List of final selections of NFL drafts List of NFL Draft first overall picks References ( edit ) Jump up ^ HipsterGopher ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` The NFL Draft exists because of a Minnesota Football star '' . The Daily Gopher . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Coenen , 2005 , pp. 92 -- 93 . Jump up ^ `` Pros Make Five Changes in Rules To Improve Game '' . Milwaukee Sentinel . December 11 , 1934 . p. 13 . Retrieved October 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lyons , 2010 , p. 54 . ^ Jump up to : MacCambridge , 2005 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ The three most prestigious teams at the time were the Bears , Giants , and the Packers . Maule , 1964 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ The players had an auxiliary financial incentive to play with the best teams because 60 % of the profit for the NFL championship game went to the players on the winning team and 40 % went to the players on the losing team . Dunscomb , George ( December 12 , 1936 ) . `` $6,000 for a Touchdown : George Halas of the Chicago Bears Tells of Costs of Running a Pro Team '' . Saturday Evening Post . pp. 16 , 40 , 42 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Lyons , 2010 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Ruck ; Patterson and Weber , 2010 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Lyons writes Bell tried to sign Kostka in 1933. Lyons , 2010 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Willis , 2010 , p. 338 . ^ Jump up to : Peterson , 1997 , p. 119 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , 2006 , pp. 41 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Didinger writes the proposal was accepted the next day , on May 19 , 1935 . Didinger ; Lyons , 2005 , p. 256 . Jump up ^ Lyons , 2010 , p. 57 -- 58 . Jump up ^ Willis , 2010 , p. 341 -- 343 . Jump up ^ DeVito , 2006 , p. 84 . ^ Jump up to : Baldwin , 2000 , p. 192 . Jump up ^ Barnett , Bob . `` 1936 : The First Draft '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved October 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Lyons , 2010 , pp. 58 -- 59 ^ Jump up to : Willis , 2010 , p. 342 . Jump up ^ `` Pro Rules on Signing Up of College Players '' . Milwaukee Sentinel . February 10 , 1936 . p. 10 . Retrieved October 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ MacCambridge , 2005 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Didinger ; Lyons , 2005 , p. 256 . Jump up ^ Willis , 2010 , p. 337 . ^ Jump up to : Lyons , 2010 , p. 60 . ^ Jump up to : Willis , 2010 , p. 350 . Jump up ^ Davis , 2005 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Lyons and Willis write the draft was originally set up to have only five rounds , but it was changed to nine rounds during the selection meeting . Lyons , 2010 , p. 350 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bears Granted Option on Jay Berwanger '' . Milwaukee Journal . February 10 , 1936 . p . D4 . Retrieved October 2 , 2011 . The Milwaukee Journal implies the Eagles never attempted to negotiate with Berwanger . Jump up ^ Lyons writes Bell offer of $150 per game was declined by Berwanger . Lyons , 2010 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Willis , 2010 , p. 351 . Jump up ^ Davis writes Berwanger requested a two - year no cut contract for $12,500 per year which George Halas declined to meet . Davis , 2005 , pp. 131 -- 132 . Jump up ^ Willis writes four players chosen in the draft eventually changed their minds and entered into the NFL in 1937 . Willis , 2010 , p. 351 . Jump up ^ Lyons , 2010 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Devito , 2006 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Coenen , 2005 , pp. 96 -- 97 . ^ Jump up to : Coenen , 2005 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ `` The players coming out of college were not happy , as salaries dropped by almost half . '' Devito , 2006 , pp. 84 . Jump up ^ Peterson , 1997 , pp. 119 -- 120 . Jump up ^ Ruck ; Patterson and Weber , 2010 , pp. 138 -- 140 . Jump up ^ Ruck ; Patterson and Weber , 2010 , pp. 143 , 148 . Jump up ^ Devito , 2006 , pp. 95 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Pervin writes that `` Some NFL owners , including Tim Mara , were encouraged to draft Washington but none chose to break the racial barrier . '' Pervin , 2009 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ `` Organized Professional Team Sports , Part 3 ( password protected except at participating U.S. Library ) '' , Hearings Before the Antitrust Subcommittee ( Subcommittee No. 5 ) of the Committee on the Judiciary ( PDF ) format = requires url = ( help ) , Washington : United States Government Printing Office , 1957 , pp. 2580a -- 2580at , retrieved October 9 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` 1936 : All Time # 1 '' . Retrieved October 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dougherty , Pete ( October 14 , 2011 ) . `` Rams ushered in modern era of with help from former Packers player , coach Eddie Kotal '' . Green Bay Press - Gazette . Retrieved October 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : MacCambridge , 2005 , pp. 55 -- 57 . Jump up ^ MacCambridge , 2005 , p. 41 . ^ Jump up to : `` African - Americans in Pro Football : Pioneers , Milestones and Firsts '' . Retrieved October 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Levy incorrectly writes Younger was drafted by the Rams . Levy 2003 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Williams , 2006 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Jacobs , Melissa ( April 30 , 2011 ) . `` Irrelevant can be a good thing '' . Retrieved October 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , 2006 , pp. 52 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard `` Chet Simmons , a Founding Force of ESPN , Dies at 81 '' The New York Times , Saturday , March 27 , 2010 Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( April 22 , 1991 ) . `` TV SPORTS ; ESPN Show Was a Draftnik 's Nirvana '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2017/04/27/espns-layoffs-will-not-even-come-close-to-solving-the-networks-issues/ Jump up ^ Draper , Kevin ( 14 February 2018 ) . `` Fox to Broadcast N.F.L. Draft for First Time '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Rule of the Draft '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Carolina Panthers history '' . Panthers.com . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2015 . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` News -- Around the NFL -- NFL.com '' . NFL.com . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' NFL Announces 32 Compensatory Draft Choices to 15 Clubs `` , National Football League press release , Monday , March 26 , 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Owners OK trading of compensatory picks , shorten legal tampering window '' . ESPN.com . December 2 , 2015 . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Basics and Methodology of Projecting the NFL 's Compensatory Draft Picks -- Over the Cap '' . Over the Cap . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Evaluating OTC 's 2016 Compensatory Draft Picks Projection -- Over the Cap '' . Over the Cap . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Overthecap.com . `` A Comment On Compensatory Picks And The Transition Tag - Over the Cap '' . Jump up ^ `` Nfl Rookie Contracts '' . Nfl Rookie Contracts . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs get largest rookie pool to pay draft picks '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Elway to Marino '' . 30 for 30 . Season 2 . 2013 - 04 - 23 . ESPN . Jump up ^ Isaac Cheifetz , Hiring Secrets of the NFL : How Your Company Can Select Talent Like a Champion ( 2007 ) , 68 , available at Google Books Jump up ^ Rich Eisen , Total Access : A Journey to the Center of the NFL Universe ( 2007 ) , 128 , available at Google Books Jump up ^ David Schoenfield , Page 2 : The 100 worst draft picks ever , ESPN.com , April 26 , 2006 ( see No. 45 , Mike Mamula , a `` workout wonder '' ) Jump up ^ Earley , Steve ( 2013 - 03 - 22 ) . `` A ' job fair ' of sorts at ODU for local football players '' . The Virginian - Pilot . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://profootballtalk.nbcsports.com/2011/04/05/breaking-down-the-rules-regarding-pre-draft-rookie-visits/ Jump up ^ https://www.behindthesteelcurtain.com/nfl-pittsburgh-steelers-news/2017/4/5/15181218/how-the-nfl-permits-some-pre-draft-visits-to-not-count-towards-a-teams-total-steelers-pittsburgh Jump up ^ `` NFL Draft Basics : Fan Tickets '' . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2008 . Retrieved January 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Wilner , Barry . `` Majority of NFL teams interested in hosting the draft '' . chicagotribune.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Hack , Damon ( February 11 , 2005 ) . `` N.F.L. Is Seeking New Home for Draft '' . New York Times . Retrieved January 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Bryan . `` New , fan - friendly events planned for 2015 NFL Draft in Chicago '' . NFL.com . NFL Productions LLC . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Trimble , Megan ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` 2017 NFL DRAFT TO BE HELD IN PHILADELPHIA ALONG BEN FRANKLIN PARKWAY '' . 6.abc.com . WPVI - TV . Retrieved January 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Draft Locations '' . www.footballgeography.com . October 2 , 2014 . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Supplemental Draft -- How does it work ? '' . How does the supplemental draft work ? . Jump up ^ Miami Herald , `` Sports Weekend '' Feb 8 , 1985 Jump up ^ `` Colts Insist : Not Trade For Rights to No. 1 Pick '' . Retrieved October 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sports Digest '' . The Telegraph . August 15 , 1987 . p. 9 . Retrieved October 11 , 2011 . He brings to the Seahawks ... the potential to be a dominating force inside . Sources ( edit ) Organized Professional Team Sports : Part 3 . ( password protected except at participating U.S. library ) by United States House Committee on the Judiciary III , Subcommittee on Antitrust ( 1957 ) . Baldwin , Douglas Owen ( 2000 ) . Football -- The NFL in Sports in North America : A Documentary History , Volume 8 , Sports in the Depression , 1930 -- 1940 . Gulf Breeze , Florida : Academic International Press . ISBN 0 - 87569 - 224 - 9 pp. 191 -- 207 . Coenen , Craig R. ( 2005 ) . From Sandlots to the Super Bowl : The National Football League , 1920 -- 1967 . Knoxville , Tennessee : University of Tennessee Press . ISBN 1 - 57233 - 447 - 9 Davis , Jeff ( 2005 ) . Papa Bear , The Life and Legacy of George Halas . New York : McGraw - Hill ISBN 0 - 07 - 146054 - 3 DeVito , Carlo ( 2006 ) . Wellington : the Maras , the Giants , and the City of New York . Chicago : Triumph Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57243 - 872 - 9 Didinger , Ray ; with Lyons , Robert S. ( 2005 ) . The Eagles Encyclopedia . Philadelphia : Temple University Press . ISBN 1 - 59213 - 449 - 1 Levy , Alan H. ( 2003 ) . Tackling Jim Crow , Racial Segregation in Professional Football . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland and Co. , Inc . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1597 - 5 Lyons , Robert S. ( 2010 ) . On Any Given Sunday , A Life of Bert Bell . Philadelphia : Temple University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59213 - 731 - 2 MacCambridge , Michael ( 2004 , 2005 ) , America 's Game . New York : Anchor Books ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 48143 - 6 Maule , Tex ( 1964 ) . The Game ; The Official Picture History of the National Football League . New York : Random House Pervin , Lawrence A. ( 2009 ) . Football 's New York Giants . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland and Company , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 4268 - 3 Ruck , Rob ; with Paterson , Maggie Jones and Weber , Michael P. ( 2010 ) Rooney : a Sporting Life . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 2283 - 0 Peterson , Robert W. ( 1997 ) . Pigskin New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 507607 - 9 Williams , Pete ( 2006 ) . The Draft : a year inside the NFL 's search for talent . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 35438 - 1 Willis , Chris ( 2010 ) . The Man Who Built the National Football League : Joe F. Carr . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow Press , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 7669 - 9 Further reading ( edit ) N.F.L. Draft Travels Far for a Two - Night Stay What Does Fitzpatrick 's Wonderlic Mean ? The Year Greasy Neale was Fired 1936 -- 37 NFL Draft by Jim Campbell Draft Productivity : A Study by Gary Keller The Scout Is A Lonely Hunter by George Plimpton Is the supplemental draft important ? Oh , for another ' 58 Packer draft Yazoo Smith v. NFL Brown , Paul ; with Clary , Jack ( 1979 ) . PB , the Paul Brown Story . New York : Atheneum . Carroll , John M. ( 1999 ) . Red Grange and the Rise of Modern Football . Urbana , Illinois : University of Illinois Press . ISBN 0 - 252 - 02384 - 6 Durham , Meenakshi G. ; Oates , Thomas P. ( 2004 ) . `` The mismeasure of masculinity : the male body , ' race ' and power in the enumerative discourses of the NFL Draft '' . Patterns of Prejudice . Taylor & Francis Online . 38 ( 3 ) : 301 -- 320 . doi : 10.1080 / 0031322042000250475 . Gottehrer , Barry ( 1963 ) , The Giants of New York . New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons Hession , Joseph ( 1987 ) . The Rams : Five Decades of Football . San Francisco : Foghorn Press . Knight , Jonathan ( 2006 ) . `` Bernie Comes Home '' in Sundays in the Pound : The Heroics and Heartbreak of the 1985 -- 89 Cleveland Browns . Kent , Ohio : The Kent State University Press ISBN 978 - 0 - 87338 - 866 - 5 pp. 15 -- 25 . Maule , Tex ( 1964 ) . The Game ; The Official Picture History of the National Football League . New York : Random House Staudohar , Paul D. ( 1986 ) . The Sports Industry and Collective Bargaining . Ithaca , New York : ILR Press . ISBN 0 - 87546 - 117 - 4 Yost , Mark ( 2006 ) . Tailgating , Sacks and Salary Caps . Chicago : Kaplan Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4195 - 2600 - 8 External links ( edit ) Official website NFL Drafts Early era ( 1936 -- 1959 ) 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 AFL and NFL era ( 1960 -- 1966 ) AFL 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 NFL 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 Common draft ( 1967 -- 1969 ) 1967 1968 1969 Modern era ( 1970 -- present ) 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Expansion drafts 1960 1961 1966 1967 1976 1995 1999 2002 Others 1950 AAFC dispersal draft 1984 NFL Supplemental Draft of USFL and CFL players See also List of first overall National Football League draft picks Mr. Irrelevant List of NFL supplemental draft picks Lists of NFL first - round draft picks by team American Football Conference AFC East AFC North AFC South AFC West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Oakland Raiders Los Angeles Chargers National Football Conference NFC East NFC North NFC South NFC West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Defunct Teams National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network NFL RedZone Radio NFL Films Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - Pro Hall of Fame Foreign players NFL Europe Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Culture Cheerleading Color Rush Mascots Lore Nicknames Numbers Retired Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Football_League_Draft&oldid=839140189 '' Categories : National Football League Draft Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages using citations with format and no URL Use mdy dates from April 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2007 Wikipedia articles needing time reference citations from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Simple English Suomi 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 May 2018 , at 14 : 49 . 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6708232876099358103 | Rail Wheel Factory | Rail wheel Factory - Wikipedia Rail wheel Factory Jump to : navigation , search This article relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( January 2015 ) Rail Wheel Factory रेल व्हील फैक्टरी Type Government - owned corporation Industry Wheels , Coaches and Locomotives Founded 1984 Headquarters Yelahanka , Bangalore , India Area served India Products Wheels for All railway wagons of Indian Railways Owner Government of India ( 100 % ) Rail Wheel Factory ( RWF ) ( Hindi : रेल व्हील फैक्टरी ) ( also known as Wheel and Axle Plant ) is a manufacturing unit of Indian Railways , producing wheels , axles and wheel sets of railroad wagons , coaches and locomotives for the use of Indian Railways and overseas customers is situated at Yelahanka , Bangalore in the Indian state of Karnataka . The unit was started by C.K. Jaffer Sharief , the then Railway Minister , who got this project to Bangalore . It was commissioned in 1984 to manufacture wheels and axles for the Indian Railways . This factory uses cast steel technology in the manufacturing of wheels which utilizes scrap steel collected from Railways ' own workshops as raw material . The products ( Wheels , Axles and wheel sets ) are engineered with little scrap for human errors . It has a planned capacity to manufacture of about 70,000 wheels of different sizes , 23,000 axles and to assemble 23,000 wheel sets . It employs over 2000 personnel and has an annual turnover of about 82 crores . It is an ISO 9001 : 2000 and ISO 14001 certified unit for its business processes . It was the first unit of Indian Railways to receive ISO 9001 : 2008 accreditation . See also ( edit ) Rail Wheel Plant , Bela References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Introduction to Wheel Plant Factory '' . Indian Railways . Coordinates : 13 ° 06 ′ 05 '' N 77 ° 35 ′ 15 '' E / 13.10149 ° N 77.58755 ° E / 13.10149 ; 77.58755 Indian Railways Authority Ministry of Railways Railway Board Related Organisations BWE BSC Braithwaite & Co . 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Mumbai line Howrah -- Chennai main line Howrah -- Delhi main line Howrah -- Gaya -- Delhi line Howrah -- Nagpur -- Mumbai line Hyderabad MMTS Kolkata Suburban Railway Mumbai -- Chennai line Mumbai Suburban Railway New Delhi -- Chennai main line New Delhi -- Mumbai main line Pune Suburban Railway Passenger trains Slow Trains DEMU Fast Passenger MEMU Slow Passenger Suburban trains Express Speed Express / Mail trains Intercity Express Jan Sadharan Express ( Unreserved ) Kavi Guru Express Superfast Express Speed Antyodaya Express ( Unreserved ) AC Express ( Premium AC sleeper ) Double Decker Express ( For prime routes ) Garib Rath Express ( Low fare AC sleeper ) Intercity Express Jan Shatabdi Express Mahamana Express ( Luxury ) Premium Express ( Suvidha Express ) Rajya Rani Express ( Connecting state capital to important cities in state ) Sampark Kranti Express Superfast Express / Mail Trains Swatantra Sainani Vivek Express Yuva Express ( Youth service ) Semi-High Speed Duronto ( Overnight Connecting important cities ) Gatimaan Express ( First semi-high speed train ) Humsafar Express Rajdhani Express ( Connecting Delhi to state capitals ) Shatabdi Express ( Day time connecting important cities ) Tejas Express Uday Express Train Sets Train 18 ( replace Shatabdi ) Train 20 ( replace Rajdhani ) Luxury trains Fairy Queen Deccan Odyssey Maharajas ' Express Palace on Wheels Royal Orient Train Royal Rajasthan on Wheels Golden Chariot Mahaparinirvan Express Special trains Lifeline Express Red Ribbon Express Sanskriti Express Science Express Training institutes Indian Railway Institute of Civil Engineering Indian Railway Institute of Electrical Engineering Indian Railways Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Indian Railway Institute of Signal Engineering and Telecommunications Indian Railway Institute of Transportation Management Railway Protection Force Academy Railway Staff College Trade unions All India Station Masters ' Association ( AISMA ) All India Railwaymen 's Federation ( AIRF ) All India Railway Employees ' Confederation ( AIREC ) Related articles Railway Budget Railway Schools Last vehicle board RailRadar Indian Railways Fan Club Templates Portal WikiProject Railways in Southern India National network / trunk lines Howrah -- Chennai main line New Delhi -- Chennai main line Mumbai -- Chennai line Other lines / sections Active Chennai Central -- Bangalore City line Chennai Egmore -- Thanjavur main line Chord Line Coimbatore -- Shoranur line Gudivada -- Bhimavaram section Gudivada -- Machilipatnam branch line Guntakal -- Chennai Egmore section Guntur -- Macherla section Guntur -- Repalle section Jolarpettai -- Shoranur line Kazipet -- Vijayawada section Kollam -- Sengottai branch line Kollam -- Thiruvananthapuram trunk line Khurda Road -- Visakhapatnam section Kothavalasa -- Kirandul line Manamadurai -- Virudhunagar line Mysore -- Bangalore line Mysore -- Chamarajanagar branch line Nagpur -- Hyderabad line Nilambur -- Shoranur line 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divisions Bangalore Chennai Hubli Madurai Mysore Palakkad Salem Thiruvananthapuram Tiruchirappalli Manufacturing units / workshops / sheds Diesel Loco Shed , Ernakulam Diesel Loco Shed , Golden Rock Golden Rock Railway Workshop Integral Coach Factory Kollam MEMU Shed Rail Wheel Factory Railway zones South Central Railway Southern Railway South Western Railway Railway companies Konkan Railway Corporation Kerala Monorail Corporation East Coast State Railway Nizam 's Guaranteed State Railway Hyderabad -- Godavari Valley Railways Madras Railway Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway Agitations and accidents 1928 South Indian railway strike 1932 Madras and Southern Mahratta railway strike 1974 railway strike in India 1988 Kollam Peruman train accident Nellore train fire See also Timeline of Southern Railway zone Kerala Rail Development Corporation Limited Bholu ( mascot ) Madras Time Thiruvananthapuram -- Kannur high - speed rail corridor Annual passenger earnings details of railway stations in Kerala Railways in India portal This Indian rail transport related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rail_Wheel_Factory&oldid=730107701 '' Categories : Rolling stock manufacturers of India India rail transport stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2015 All articles needing additional references Pages using infobox company with unsupported parameters Coordinates not on Wikidata All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia मराठी Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2016 , at 18 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the wheel and axle plant of indian railway situated | [
"Rail Wheel Factory (RWF) (Hindi: रेल व्हील फैक्टरी) (also known as Wheel and Axle Plant) is a manufacturing unit of Indian Railways, producing wheels, axles and wheel sets of railroad wagons, coaches and locomotives for the use of Indian Railways and overseas customers is situated at Yelahanka, Bangalore in the Indian state of Karnataka."
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"Yelahanka, Bangalore in the Indian state of Karnataka"
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-6912552847579078268 | Public Accounts Committee (India) | Public Accounts committee ( India ) - wikipedia Public Accounts committee ( India ) Jump to : navigation , search The Public Accounts Committee ( PAC ) is a committee of selected members of Parliament , constituted by the Parliament of India , for the auditing of the revenue and the expenditure of the Government of India . The PAC is formed every year with a strength of not more than 22 members of which 15 are from Lok Sabha , the lower house of the Parliament , and 7 from Rajya Sabha , the upper house of the Parliament . The term of office of the members is one year . The Chairman is appointed by the Speaker of Lok Sabha . Since 1967 , the chairman of the committee is selected from the opposition . Earlier , it was headed by a member of the ruling party . Its chief function is to examine the audit report of Comptroller and Auditor General ( CAG ) after it is laid in the Parliament . CAG assists the committee during the course of investigation . None of the 22 members shall be a minister in the government . The present PAC is headed by Mapanna Mallikarjun Kharge Senior Congress MP of Gulbarga , Karnataka . The term of office of members of the committee does not exceed one year at a time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Probes 1.1 2G spectrum case 1.2 Demonetization of November 8 , 2016 2 Chairpersons 2.1 Pre-independence 2.2 After independence 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Probes ( edit ) 2G spectrum case ( edit ) In 2011 , the Public Accounts Committee probed the 2G spectrum case which brought the committee to public attention . The committee , on 4 April 2011 , summoned Ratan Tata , chairman of the Tata group , and Niira Radia , corporate lobbyist regarding the scam . The PAC asked Congress members to apologise to Comptroller and Auditor General of India for making allegations against it . Demonetization of November 8 , 2016 ( edit ) On the eve of November 8 , 2016 , Prime Minister of Republic of India Shri Narendra Modi announced `` Notes of Rs500 and Rs 1000 will not remain a legal tender by midnight '' . Being an unprecedented step it was much highlighted in the national and international news with a number of people criticizing the move and government acclaiming it as a surgical strike against black money . But public account committee headed by senior Congress leader KV Thomas took a serious note of the move and started probing the move wherein it decided to call RBI Governor Urjit Patel , Finance Secretary Ashok Lavasa and Economic Affairs Secretary Shaktikanta Das and a decision was taken unanimously by all the members of the committee . Chairpersons ( edit ) Pre-independence ( edit ) Sr. No . Name Term of office W.M. Hailey 1922 Sir Basil P. Blackett 1922 - 27 Sir Bhupendra Nath Mitra 1928 Sir George Schuster 1929 - 31 5 Sir Alan Parson 1932 6 A.H. Lloyd 1933 7 Sir James Grigg 1934 - 36 8 J.C. Nixon 1937 9 Sir James Grigg 1938 10 Sir Jeremy Raisman 1939 - 41 11 C.E. Jones 1942 12 Sir Jeremy Raisman 1943 12 Sir Cyril Jones 1944 13 Sir Archibald Rowlands 1945 14 Sir Eric Coates 1946 15 John Mathai 16 Liaquat Ali Khan After independence ( edit ) Sr. No . Name Term of office Political party ( Alliance ) R.K. Shanmukham Chetty 1947 - 48 Congress John Mathai 1948 - 49 B. Das 1950 - 55 V.B. Gandhi 1955 - 57 5 T.N. Singh 1957 - 59 6 N.G. Ranga 1959 7 P. Subbarayan 1959 - 60 8 Upendranath Barman 1960 - 61 9 C.R. Pattabhiraman 1961 - 62 10 Mahavir Tyagi 1962 - 64 11 R.K. Khadilkar 1963 - 64 12 R.R. Morarka 1964 - 67 13 Minoo Masani 1967 - 69 Swatantra 14 Atal Bihari Vajpayee 1969 - 71 BJS 15 Era Sezhiyan 1971 - 73 DMK 16 Jyotirmoy Basu 1973 - 75 CPI ( M ) 17 Hirendranath Mukherjee 1975 - 77 CPI 18 C.M. Stephen 1977 - 78 Congress 19 P.V. Narasimha Rao 1978 - 79 20 T.A. Pai 1979 ( up to July 30 , 1979 ) 21 R. Venkataraman August 2 , 1979 - 1980 22 Chandrajit Yadav 1980 - 81 JNP ( S ) 23 Satish Chandra Agarwal 1981 - 83 BJP 24 Sunil Maitra 1983 - 84 CPI ( M ) 25 E. Ayyapu Reddy 1985 - 87 TDP 26 Amal Dutta 1987 - 89 CPI ( M ) 27 P. Kolandaivelu ADMK 28 Santosh Mohan Dev 1990 - 91 Congress 29 Atal Bihari Vajpayee 1991 - 93 BJP 30 Bhagwan Shankar Rawat 1993 - 95 31 Ram Naik 1995 - 96 32 Murli Manohar Joshi 1996 - 98 33 Manoranjan Bhakta 1998 - 99 Congress 34 N.D. Tiwari 1999 - March 1 , 2002 34 N. Janardhana Reddy March 15 , 2002 - April 30 , 2002 35 Buta Singh 2002 - 2004 up to 6 / 2 / 2004 36 Prof. Vijay Kumar Malhotra 2004 - 2008 BJP 36 52 . Prof. Kuruppassery Varkey Thomas 2013 - 2015 Source : 53 . Mallikarjun Kharge 2017 - See also ( edit ) Parliament of India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Public Accounts Committee Jump up ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/KV-Thomas-takes-over-as-PAC-chairman/articleshow/40491640.cms . Retrieved 21 August 2014 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) ; Missing or empty title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Archive News - The Hindu '' . Hindu.com . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tata was candid , Radia evasive on 2G , says PAC chief Joshi - Indian Express '' . IndianExpress.com . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Reporter , B.S. ( 23 November 2011 ) . `` Cong members should apologise to CAG : PAC '' . Retrieved 27 February 2017 -- via Business Standard . Jump up ^ `` Demonetisation : Public Accounts Committee to call RBI Governor in January to review economic impact - The Economic Times on Mobile '' . EconomicTimes.com . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : 11. pdf External links ( edit ) business - News - msn Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_Accounts_Committee_(India)&oldid=821270726 '' Categories : Committees of the Parliament of India Hidden categories : CS1 errors : missing author or editor Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 19 January 2018 , at 12 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | present chairman of public accounts committee of lok sabha | [
"The present PAC is headed by Mapanna Mallikarjun Kharge Senior Congress MP of Gulbarga, Karnataka. The term of office of members of the committee does not exceed one year at a time.[2]"
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"Mapanna Mallikarjun Kharge"
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6665249699648844068 | Erikson's stages of psychosocial development | Erikson 's stages of psychosocial development - wikipedia Erikson 's stages of psychosocial development Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series of articles on Psychoanalysis Concepts ( hide ) Psychosexual development Psychosocial development ( Erikson ) Unconscious Preconscious Consciousness Psychic apparatus Id , ego and super-ego Libido Drive Transference Countertransference Ego defenses Resistance Projection Denial Dreamwork Important figures ( show ) Alfred Adler Michael Balint Wilfred Bion Josef Breuer Nancy Chodorow Max Eitingon Erik Erikson Ronald Fairbairn Paul Federn Otto Fenichel Sándor Ferenczi Anna Freud Sigmund Freud Erich Fromm Harry Guntrip Karen Horney Edith Jacobson Ernest Jones Carl Jung Abram Kardiner Heinz Kohut Melanie Klein Jacques Lacan Ronald Laing Margaret Mahler Jacques - Alain Miller Sandor Rado Otto Rank Wilhelm Reich Joan Riviere Isidor Sadger Ernst Simmel Sabina Spielrein James Strachey Harry Stack Sullivan Susan Sutherland Isaacs Donald Winnicott Important works ( show ) The Interpretation of Dreams ( 1899 ) The Psychopathology of Everyday Life ( 1901 ) Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality ( 1905 ) Beyond the Pleasure Principle ( 1920 ) The Ego and the Id ( 1923 ) Schools of thought ( show ) Self psychology Lacanian Jungian Object relations Interpersonal Reichian Relational Ego psychology Training ( show ) Boston Graduate School of Psychoanalysis British Psychoanalytic Council British Psychoanalytical Society Columbia University Center for Psychoanalytic Training and Research International Psychoanalytical Association World Association of Psychoanalysis Psychology portal Erikson 's stages of psychosocial development , as articulated by Erik Erikson , in collaboration with Joan Erikson , is a comprehensive psychoanalytic theory that identifies a series of eight stages , in which a healthy developing individual should pass through from infancy to late adulthood . All stages are present at birth but only begin to unfold according to both a natural scheme and one 's ecological and cultural upbringing . In each stage , the person confronts , and hopefully masters , new challenges . Each stage builds upon the successful completion of earlier stages . The challenges of stages not successfully completed may be expected to reappear as problems in the future . However , mastery of a stage is not required to advance to the next stage . The outcome of one stage is not permanent and can be modified by later experiences . Erikson 's stage theory characterizes an individual advancing through the eight life stages as a function of negotiating his or her biological forces and sociocultural forces . Each stage is characterized by a psychosocial crisis of these two conflicting forces ( as shown in the table below ) . If an individual does indeed successfully reconcile these forces ( favoring the first mentioned attribute in the crisis ) , he or she emerges from the stage with the corresponding virtue . For example , if an infant enters into the toddler stage ( autonomy vs. shame and doubt ) with more trust than mistrust , he or she carries the virtue of hope into the remaining life stages . Contents ( hide ) 1 Stages 1.1 Hope : trust vs. mistrust ( oral - sensory , infancy , 0 -- 2 years ) 1.2 Will : autonomy vs. shame and doubt ( early childhood , 2 -- 4 years ) 1.3 Purpose : initiative vs. guilt ( locomotor - genital , preschool , 4 -- 5 years ) 1.4 Competence : industry vs. inferiority ( latency , school age , 5 -- 12 years ) 1.5 Fidelity : identity vs. role confusion ( adolescence , 13 -- 19 years ) 1.6 Love : intimacy vs. isolation ( early adulthood , 20 - 39 years ) 1.7 Care : generativity vs. stagnation ( adulthood , 40 -- 64 years ) 1.8 Wisdom : ego integrity vs. despair ( maturity , 65 -- death ) 1.9 Ninth stage 2 Development of post-Freudian theory 3 Critique 4 See also 5 References 6 Publications Stages ( edit ) Approximate Age Virtues Psychosocial crisis Significant relationship Existential question Examples Infancy 0 - 18 months Hope Basic trust vs. mistrust Mother Can I trust the world ? Feeding , abandonment Early childhood 2 -- 4 years Will Autonomy vs. shame and doubt Parents Is it okay to be me ? Toilet training , clothing themselves Preschool age 4 -- 5 years Purpose Initiative vs. guilt Family Is it okay for me to do , move , and act ? Exploring , using tools or making art School age 5 -- 12 years Competence Industry vs. inferiority Neighbors , school Can I make it in the world of people and things ? School , sports Adolescence 13 -- 19 years Fidelity Identity vs. role confusion Peers , role model Who am I ? Who can I be ? Social relationships Early adulthood 20 -- 39 years Love Intimacy vs. isolation Friends , partners Can I love ? Romantic relationships Adulthood 40 -- 64 years Care Generativity vs. stagnation Household , workmates Can I make my life count ? Work , parenthood Maturity 65 - death Wisdom Ego integrity vs. despair Mankind , my kind Is it okay to have been me ? Reflection on life Hope : trust vs. mistrust ( oral - sensory , infancy , 0 -- 2 years ) ( edit ) Existential Question : Can I Trust the World ? The first stage of Erik Erikson 's theory centers around the infant 's basic needs being met by the parents and this interaction leading to trust or mistrust . Trust as defined by Erikson is `` an essential trustfulness of others as well as a fundamental sense of one 's own trustworthiness . '' The infant depends on the parents , especially the mother , for sustenance and comfort . The child 's relative understanding of world and society come from the parents and their interaction with the child . A child 's first trust is always with the parent or caregiver ; whomever that might be ; however , even the caregiver is secondary whereas the parents are primary in the eyes of the child . If the parents expose the child to warmth , regularity , and dependable affection , the infant 's view of the world will be one of trust . Should the parents fail to provide a secure environment and to meet the child 's basic needs ; a sense of mistrust will result . Development of mistrust can lead to feelings of frustration , suspicion , withdrawal , and a lack of confidence . According to Erik Erikson , the major developmental task in infancy is to learn whether or not other people , especially primary caregivers , regularly satisfy basic needs . If caregivers are consistent sources of food , comfort , and affection , an infant learns trust -- that others are dependable and reliable . If they are neglectful , or perhaps even abusive , the infant instead learns mistrust -- that the world is an undependable , unpredictable , and possibly a dangerous place . While negative , having some experience with mistrust allows the infant to gain an understanding of what constitutes dangerous situations later in life ; yet being at the stage of infant or toddler , it is a good idea not to put them in situations of mistrust : the child 's number one needs are to feel safe , comforted , and well cared for . Will : autonomy vs. shame and doubt ( early childhood , 2 -- 4 years ) ( edit ) Existential Question : Is It Okay to Be Me ? As the child gains control over eliminative functions and motor abilities , they begin to explore their surroundings . The parents still provide a strong base of security from which the child can venture out to assert their will . The parents ' patience and encouragement helps foster autonomy in the child . Children at this age like to explore the world around them and they are constantly learning about their environment . Caution must be taken at this age while children may explore things that are dangerous to their health and safety . At this age children develop their first interests . For example , a child who enjoys music may like to play with the radio . Children who enjoy the outdoors may be interested in animals and plants . Highly restrictive parents , however , are more likely to instill in the child a sense of doubt , and reluctance to attempt new challenges . As they gain increased muscular coordination and mobility , toddlers become capable of satisfying some of their own needs . They begin to feed themselves , wash and dress themselves , and use the bathroom . If caregivers encourage self - sufficient behavior , toddlers develop a sense of autonomy -- a sense of being able to handle many problems on their own . But if caregivers demand too much too soon , refuse to let children perform tasks of which they are capable , or ridicule early attempts at self - sufficiency , children may instead develop shame and doubt about their ability to handle problems . Purpose : initiative vs. guilt ( locomotor - genital , preschool , 4 -- 5 years ) ( edit ) Existential Question : Is it Okay for Me to Do , Move , and Act ? Initiative adds to autonomy the quality of undertaking , planning and attacking a task for the sake of just being active and on the move . The child is learning to master the world around them , learning basic skills and principles of physics . Things fall down , not up . Round things roll . They learn how to zip and tie , count and speak with ease . At this stage , the child wants to begin and complete their own actions for a purpose . Guilt is a confusing new emotion . They may feel guilty over things that logically should not cause guilt . They may feel guilt when this initiative does not produce desired results . The development of courage and independence are what set preschoolers , ages three to six years of age , apart from other age groups . Young children in this category face the challenge of initiative versus guilt . As described in Bee and Boyd ( 2004 ) , the child during this stage faces the complexities of planning and developing a sense of judgment . During this stage , the child learns to take initiative and prepare for leadership and goal achievement roles . Activities sought out by a child in this stage may include risk - taking behaviors , such as crossing a street alone or riding a bike without a helmet ; both these examples involve self - limits . Within instances requiring initiative , the child may also develop negative behaviors . These behaviors are a result of the child developing a sense of frustration for not being able to achieve a goal as planned and may engage in behaviors that seem aggressive , ruthless , and overly assertive to parents . Aggressive behaviors , such as throwing objects , hitting , or yelling , are examples of observable behaviors during this stage . Preschoolers are increasingly able to accomplish tasks on their own , and can start new things . With this growing independence comes many choices about activities to be pursued . Sometimes children take on projects they can readily accomplish , but at other times they undertake projects that are beyond their capabilities or that interfere with other people 's plans and activities . If parents and preschool teachers encourage and support children 's efforts , while also helping them make realistic and appropriate choices , children develop initiative -- independence in planning and undertaking activities . But if , instead , adults discourage the pursuit of independent activities or dismiss them as silly and bothersome , children develop guilt about their needs and desires . Competence : industry vs. inferiority ( latency , school age , 5 -- 12 years ) ( edit ) Existential Question : Can I Make it in the World of People and Things ? The aim to bring a productive situation to completion gradually supersedes the whims and wishes of play . The fundamentals of technology are developed . The failure to master trust , autonomy , and industrious skills may cause the child to doubt his or her future , leading to shame , guilt , and the experience of defeat and inferiority . The child must deal with demands to learn new skills or risk a sense of inferiority , failure , and incompetence . `` Children at this age are becoming more aware of themselves as individuals . '' They work hard at `` being responsible , being good and doing it right . '' They are now more reasonable to share and cooperate . Allen and Marotz ( 2003 ) also list some perceptual cognitive developmental traits specific for this age group . Children grasp the concepts of space and time in more logical , practical ways . They gain a better understanding of cause and effect , and of calendar time . At this stage , children are eager to learn and accomplish more complex skills : reading , writing , telling time . They also get to form moral values , recognize cultural and individual differences and are able to manage most of their personal needs and grooming with minimal assistance . At this stage , children might express their independence by talking back and being disobedient and rebellious . Erikson viewed the elementary school years as critical for the development of self - confidence . Ideally , elementary school provides many opportunities to achieve the recognition of teachers , parents and peers by producing things -- drawing pictures , solving addition problems , writing sentences , and so on . If children are encouraged to make and do things and are then praised for their accomplishments , they begin to demonstrate industry by being diligent , persevering at tasks until completed , and putting work before pleasure . If children are instead ridiculed or punished for their efforts or if they find they are incapable of meeting their teachers ' and parents ' expectations , they develop feelings of inferiority about their capabilities . At this age , children start recognizing their special talents and continue to discover interests as their education improves . They may begin to choose to do more activities to pursue that interest , such as joining a sport if they know they have athletic ability , or joining the band if they are good at music . If not allowed to discover their own talents in their own time , they will develop a sense of lack of motivation , low self - esteem , and lethargy . They may become `` couch potatoes '' if they are not allowed to develop interests . Fidelity : identity vs. role confusion ( adolescence , 13 -- 19 years ) ( edit ) Existential Question : Who Am I and What Can I Be ? The adolescent is newly concerned with how they appear to others . Superego identity is the accrued confidence that the outer sameness and continuity prepared in the future are matched by the sameness and continuity of one 's meaning for oneself , as evidenced in the promise of a career . The ability to settle on a school or occupational identity is pleasant . In later stages of adolescence , the child develops a sense of sexual identity . As they make the transition from childhood to adulthood , adolescents ponder the roles they will play in the adult world . Initially , they are apt to experience some role confusion -- mixed ideas and feelings about the specific ways in which they will fit into society -- and may experiment with a variety of behaviors and activities ( e.g. tinkering with cars , baby - sitting for neighbors , affiliating with certain political or religious groups ) . Eventually , Erikson proposed , most adolescents achieve a sense of identity regarding who they are and where their lives are headed . The teenager must achieve identity in occupation , gender roles , politics , and , in some cultures , religion . Erikson is credited with coining the term `` identity crisis '' . Each stage that came before and that follows has its own ' crisis ' , but even more so now , for this marks the transition from childhood to adulthood . This passage is necessary because `` Throughout infancy and childhood , a person forms many identifications . But the need for identity in youth is not met by these . '' This turning point in human development seems to be the reconciliation between ' the person one has come to be ' and ' the person society expects one to become ' . This emerging sense of self will be established by ' forging ' past experiences with anticipations of the future . In relation to the eight life stages as a whole , the fifth stage corresponds to the crossroads : What is unique about the stage of Identity is that it is a special sort of synthesis of earlier stages and a special sort of anticipation of later ones . Youth has a certain unique quality in a person 's life ; it is a bridge between childhood and adulthood . Youth is a time of radical change -- the great body changes accompanying puberty , the ability of the mind to search one 's own intentions and the intentions of others , the suddenly sharpened awareness of the roles society has offered for later life . Adolescents `` are confronted by the need to re-establish ( boundaries ) for themselves and to do this in the face of an often potentially hostile world '' . This is often challenging since commitments are being asked for before particular identity roles have formed . At this point , one is in a state of ' identity confusion ' , but society normally makes allowances for youth to `` find themselves '' , and this state is called ' the moratorium ' : The problem of adolescence is one of role confusion -- a reluctance to commit which may haunt a person into his mature years . Given the right conditions -- and Erikson believes these are essentially having enough space and time , a psychosocial moratorium , when a person can freely experiment and explore -- what may emerge is a firm sense of identity , an emotional and deep awareness of who he or she is . As in other stages , bio-psycho - social forces are at work . No matter how one has been raised , one 's personal ideologies are now chosen for oneself . Often , this leads to conflict with adults over religious and political orientations . Another area where teenagers are deciding for themselves is their career choice , and often parents want to have a decisive say in that role . If society is too insistent , the teenager will acquiesce to external wishes , effectively forcing him or her to ' foreclose ' on experimentation and , therefore , true self - discovery . Once someone settles on a worldview and vocation , will he or she be able to integrate this aspect of self - definition into a diverse society ? According to Erikson , when an adolescent has balanced both perspectives of `` What have I got ? '' and `` What am I going to do with it ? '' he or she has established their identity : Dependent on this stage is the ego quality of fidelity -- the ability to sustain loyalties freely pledged in spite of the inevitable contradictions and confusions of value systems . ( Italics in original ) Given that the next stage ( Intimacy ) is often characterized by marriage , many are tempted to cap off the fifth stage at 20 years of age . However , these age ranges are actually quite fluid , especially for the achievement of identity , since it may take many years to become grounded , to identify the object of one 's fidelity , to feel that one has `` come of age '' . In the biographies Young Man Luther and Gandhi 's Truth , Erikson determined that their crises ended at ages 25 and 30 , respectively : Erikson does note that the time of Identity crisis for persons of genius is frequently prolonged . He further notes that in our industrial society , identity formation tends to be long , because it takes us so long to gain the skills needed for adulthood 's tasks in our technological world . So ... we do not have an exact time span in which to find ourselves . It does n't happen automatically at eighteen or at twenty - one . A very approximate rule of thumb for our society would put the end somewhere in one 's twenties . Love : Intimacy vs. isolation ( early adulthood , 20 - 39 years ) ( edit ) Existential Question : Can I Love ? The Intimacy vs. Isolation conflict is emphasized around the age of 30 . At the start of this stage , identity vs. role confusion is coming to an end , though it still lingers at the foundation of the stage ( Erikson , 1950 ) . Young adults are still eager to blend their identities with friends . They want to fit in . Erikson believes we are sometimes isolated due to intimacy . We are afraid of rejections such as being turned down or our partners breaking up with us . We are familiar with pain and to some of us rejection is so painful that our egos can not bear it . Erikson also argues that `` Intimacy has a counterpart : Distantiation : the readiness to isolate and if necessary , to destroy those forces and people whose essence seems dangerous to our own , and whose territory seems to encroach on the extent of one 's intimate relations '' ( 1950 ) . Once people have established their identities , they are ready to make long - term commitments to others . They become capable of forming intimate , reciprocal relationships ( e.g. through close friendships or marriage ) and willingly make the sacrifices and compromises that such relationships require . If people can not form these intimate relationships -- perhaps because of their own needs -- a sense of isolation may result ; arousing feelings of darkness and angst . Care : generativity vs. stagnation ( adulthood , 40 -- 64 years ) ( edit ) Existential Question : Can I Make My Life Count ? Generativity is the concern of guiding the next generation . Socially - valued work and disciplines are expressions of generativity . The adult stage of generativity has broad application to family , relationships , work , and society . `` Generativity , then is primarily the concern in establishing and guiding the next generation ... the concept is meant to include ... productivity and creativity . '' During middle age the primary developmental task is one of contributing to society and helping to guide future generations . When a person makes a contribution during this period , perhaps by raising a family or working toward the betterment of society , a sense of generativity -- a sense of productivity and accomplishment -- results . In contrast , a person who is self - centered and unable or unwilling to help society move forward develops a feeling of stagnation -- a dissatisfaction with the relative lack of productivity . Central tasks of middle adulthood Express love through more than sexual contacts . Maintain healthy life patterns . Develop a sense of unity with mate . Help growing and grown children to be responsible adults . Relinquish central role in lives of grown children . Accept children 's mates and friends . Create a comfortable home . Be proud of accomplishments of self and mate / spouse . Reverse roles with aging parents . Achieve mature , civic and social responsibility . Adjust to physical changes of middle age . Use leisure time creatively . Wisdom : ego integrity vs. despair ( maturity , 65 -- death ) ( edit ) Existential Question : Is it Okay to Have Been Me ? As we grow older and become senior citizens we tend to slow down our productivity and explore life as a retired person . It is during this time that we contemplate our accomplishments and are able to develop integrity if we see ourselves as leading a successful life . If we see our life as unproductive , or feel that we did not accomplish our life goals , we become dissatisfied with life and develop despair , often leading to depression and hopelessness . The final developmental task is retrospection : people look back on their lives and accomplishments . They develop feelings of contentment and integrity if they believe that they have led a happy , productive life . They may instead develop a sense of despair if they look back on a life of disappointments and unachieved goals . This stage can occur out of the sequence when an individual feels they are near the end of their life ( such as when receiving a terminal disease diagnosis ) . Ninth stage ( edit ) Psychosocial Crises : All first eight stages in reverse quotient order Joan M. Erikson , who married and collaborated with Erik Erikson , added a ninth stage in The Life Cycle Completed : Extended Version . Living in the ninth stage , she wrote , `` old age in one 's eighties and nineties brings with it new demands , reevaluations , and daily difficulties '' . Addressing these new challenges requires `` designating a new ninth stage '' . Erikson was ninety - three years old when she wrote about the ninth stage . Joan Erikson showed that all the eight stages `` are relevant and recurring in the ninth stage '' . In the ninth stage , the psychosocial crises of the eight stages are faced again , but with the quotient order reversed . For example , in the first stage ( infancy ) , the psychosocial crisis was `` Trust vs. Mistrust '' with Trust being the `` syntonic quotient '' and Mistrust being the `` diatonic '' . Joan Erikson applies the earlier psychosocial crises to the ninth stage as follows . `` Basic Mistrust vs. Trust : Hope '' In the ninth stage , `` elders are forced to mistrust their own capabilities '' because one 's `` body inevitably weakens '' . Yet , Joan Erikson asserts that `` while there is light , there is hope '' for a `` bright light and revelation '' . `` Shame and Doubt vs. Autonomy : Will '' Ninth stage elders face the `` shame of lost control '' and doubt `` their autonomy over their own bodies '' . So it is that `` shame and doubt challenge cherished autonomy '' . `` Inferiority vs. Industry : Competence '' Industry as a `` driving force '' that elders once had is gone in the ninth stage . Being incompetent `` because of aging is belittling '' and makes elders `` like unhappy small children of great age '' . `` Identity confusion vs. Identity : Fidelity '' Elders experience confusion about their `` existential identity '' in the ninth stage and `` a real uncertainty about status and role '' . `` Isolation vs. Intimacy : Love '' In the ninth stage , the `` years of intimacy and love '' are often replaced by `` isolation and deprivation '' . Relationships become `` overshadowed by new incapacities and dependencies '' . `` Stagnation vs. Generativity : Care '' The generativity in the seventh stage of `` work and family relationships '' , if it goes satisfactorily , is `` a wonderful time to be alive '' . In one 's eighties and nineties , there is less energy for generativity or caretaking . Thus , `` a sense of stagnation may well take over '' . `` Despair and Disgust vs. Integrity : Wisdom '' Integrity imposes `` a serious demand on the senses of elders '' . Wisdom requires capacities that ninth stage elders `` do not usually have '' . The eighth stage includes retrospection that can evoke a `` degree of disgust and despair '' . In the ninth stage , introspection is replaced by the attention demanded to one 's `` loss of capacities and disintegration '' . Living in the ninth stage , Joan Erikson expressed confidence that the psychosocial crisis of the ninth stage can be met as in the first stage with the `` basic trust '' with which `` we are blessed '' . Development of post-freudian theory ( edit ) Erikson was a student of Anna Freud , the daughter of Sigmund Freud , whose psychoanalytic theory and psychosexual stages contributed to the basic outline of the eight stages , at least those concerned with childhood . Namely , the first four of Erikson 's life stages correspond to Freud 's oral , anal , phallic , and latency phases , respectively . Also , the fifth stage of adolescence is said to parallel the genital stage in psychosexual development : Although the first three phases are linked to those of the Freudian theory , it can be seen that they are conceived along very different lines . Emphasis is not so much on sexual modes and their consequences as on the ego qualities which emerge from each stages . There is an attempt also to link the sequence of individual development to the broader context of society . Erikson saw a dynamic at work throughout life , one that did not stop at adolescence . He also viewed the life stages as a cycle : the end of one generation was the beginning of the next . Seen in its social context , the life stages were linear for an individual but circular for societal development : In Freud 's view , development is largely complete by adolescence . In contrast , one of Freud 's students , Erik Erikson ( 1902 -- 1994 ) believed that development continues throughout life . Erikson took the foundation laid by Freud and extended it through adulthood and into late life . Critique ( edit ) This section may stray from the topic of the article . Please help improve this section or discuss this issue on the talk page . ( November 2015 ) Erikson 's theory may be questioned as to whether his stages must be regarded as sequential , and only occurring within the age ranges he suggests . There is debate as to whether people only search for identity during the adolescent years or if one stage needs to happen before other stages can be completed . However , Erikson states that each of these processes occur throughout the lifetime in one form or another , and he emphasizes these `` phases '' only because it is at these times that the conflicts become most prominent . Most empirical research into Erikson has related to his views on adolescence and attempts to establish identity . His theoretical approach was studied and supported , particularly regarding adolescence , by James E. Marcia . Marcia 's work has distinguished different forms of identity , and there is some empirical evidence that those people who form the most coherent self - concept in adolescence are those who are most able to make intimate attachments in early adulthood . This supports Eriksonian theory , in that it suggests that those best equipped to resolve the crisis of early adulthood are those who have most successfully resolved the crisis of adolescence . See also ( edit ) Psychology portal Child development Developmental psychology Ethnic identity development Kohlberg 's stages of moral development Neo-Freudianism Positive disintegration References ( edit ) `` The template below ( Library resources box ) is being considered for deletion . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' Library resources about Erikson 's stages of psychosocial development Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Jump up ^ Robert Mcg . Thomas Jr. , `` Joan Erikson Is Dead at 95 ; Shaped Thought on Life Cycles , '' New York Times obituary , August 8 , 1997 . Online at https://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/08/us/joan-erikson-is-dead-at-95-shaped-thought-on-life-cycles.html . ^ Jump up to : Crain , William ( 2011 ) . Theories of Development : Concepts and Applications ( 6th ed . ) . Upper Saddle River , NJ : Pearson Education , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 205 - 81046 - 8 . Jump up ^ http://web.cortland.edu/andersmd/ERIK/welcome.HTML ^ Jump up to : Macnow , Alexander Stone , ed. ( 2014 ) . MCAT Behavioral Science Review . New York City : Kaplan Publishing . p. 220 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61865 - 485 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/erikson.htm ^ Jump up to : Bee , Helen ; Boyd , Denise ( March 2009 ) . The Developing Child ( 12th ed . ) . Boston , MA : Pearson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 205 - 68593 - 6 . Jump up ^ Axia College Materials ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ `` Stages of Social - Emotional Development -- Erik Erikson '' . childdevelopmentinfo.com . Child Development Institute . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Allen , Eileen ; Marotz , Lynn ( 2003 ) . Developmental Profiles Pre-Birth Through Twelve ( 4th ed . ) . Albany , NY : Thomson Delmar Learning . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7668 - 3765 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Gross , Francis L. ( 1987 ) . Introducing Erik Erikson : An Invitation to his Thinking . Lanham , MD : University Press of America . p. 47 . ISBN 0 - 8191 - 5788 - 0 . Jump up ^ Wright , Jr , J. Eugene ( 1982 ) . Erikson : Identity and Religion . New York , NY : Seabury Press . p. 73 . ISBN 0 - 8164 - 2362 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Stevens , Richard ( 1983 ) . Erik Erikson : An Introduction . New York , NY : St. Martin 's Press . pp. 48 -- 50 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 25812 - 2 . Jump up ^ Slater , Charles L. ( 2003 ) , `` Generativity versus stagnation : An elaboration of erikson 's adult stage of human development '' , Journal of Adult Development , 10 ( 1 ) : 53 -- 65 Jump up ^ Erik H. Erikson , Joan M. Erikson , The Life Cycle Completed : Extended Version ( W.W. Norton , 1998 ) . Jump up ^ Erik H. Erikson , Joan M. Erikson , The Life Cycle Completed : Extended Version ( W.W. Norton , 1998 ) , 4 , 105 . Jump up ^ James Mooney , `` Erik Erikson '' in Joe L. Kincheloe , Raymond A. Horn , editors , The Praeger Handbook of Education and Psychology , Volume 1 ( Praeger , 2007 ) , 78 . Jump up ^ Erik H. Erikson , Joan M. Erikson , The Life Cycle Completed : Extended Version ( W.W. Norton , 1998 ) , 106 . Jump up ^ Erik H. Erikson , Joan M. Erikson , The Life Cycle Completed : Extended Version ( W.W. Norton , 1998 ) , 106 - 107 . Jump up ^ Erik H. Erikson , Joan M. Erikson , The Life Cycle Completed : Extended Version ( W.W. Norton , 1998 ) , 107 - 108 . Jump up ^ Erik H. Erikson , Joan M. Erikson , The Life Cycle Completed : Extended Version ( W.W. Norton , 1998 ) , 109 . Jump up ^ Erik H. Erikson , Joan M. Erikson , The Life Cycle Completed : Extended Version ( W.W. Norton , 1998 ) , 109 - 110 . Jump up ^ Erik H. Erikson , Joan M. Erikson , The Life Cycle Completed : Extended Version ( W.W. Norton , 1998 ) , 110 - 111 . Jump up ^ Erik H. Erikson , Joan M. Erikson , The Life Cycle Completed : Extended Version ( W.W. Norton , 1998 ) , 111 - 112 . Jump up ^ Erik H. Erikson , Joan M. Erikson , The Life Cycle Completed : Extended Version ( W.W. Norton , 1998 ) , 112 - 113 . Jump up ^ Erik H. Erikson , Joan M. Erikson , The Life Cycle Completed : Extended Version ( W.W. Norton , 1998 ) , 112 - 113 . Jump up ^ Wrightsman , Lawrence S. ( 1994 ) . Adult Personality Development . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage Publications , Inc. p. 61 . ISBN 0 - 8039 - 4400 - 4 . Jump up ^ Erikson , Erik H. ( 1993 ) ( 1950 ) . Childhood and Society . New York , NY : W.W. Norton & Company . p. 242 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 31068 - 9 . Jump up ^ Kail , Robert V. & Cavanaugh , John C. ( 2004 ) . Human development : A life - span view ( 3rd ed . ) . Belmont , CA : Thomson / Wadsworth . p. 16 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 534 - 59751 - 1 . Jump up ^ Erikson , Erik ( 1956 ) . `` The problem of ego identity '' ( pdf ) . Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association . 4 : 56 -- 121 . doi : 10.1177 / 000306515600400104 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Marcia , James E. ( 1966 ) . `` Development and validation of ego identity status '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 3 : 551 -- 558 . PMID 5939604 . doi : 10.1037 / h0023281 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 28 . By : Leta Gurmessa Tafa July30 , 2016 Publications ( edit ) Erikson , E. ( 1950 ) . Childhood and society ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Norton Erikson , Erik H. ( 1959 ) Identity and the Life Cycle . New York : International Universities Press . Erikson , Erik H. ( 1968 ) Identity , Youth and Crisis . New York : Norton . Erikson . Erik H. and Joan M. ( 1997 ) The Life Cycle Completed : Extended Version . New York : W.W. Norton Sheehy , Gail ( 1976 ) Passages : Predictable Crises of Adult Life . New York : E.P. Dutton . Stevens , Richard ( 1983 ) Erik Erikson : An Introduction . New York : St. Martin 's . ( hide ) Human biological and psychological development Before birth Embryo Fetus After birth Infant Toddler Early childhood Childhood Child Preadolescence Adolescence Adulthood Middle age Old age Definitions Minor Age of majority Events and phases Gestational age Prenatal development Birth Child development stages Cognitive development of infants Human development Adult development Puberty Ageing Senescence Death Developmental psychology Antenatal Positive youth development Young adult Positive adult development Maturity Theorists and theories Freud ( 1856 -- 1939 ) ( Psychosexual development ) Piaget ( 1896 -- 1980 ) ( Theory of cognitive development ) Vygotsky ( 1896 -- 1934 ) ( Cultural - historical psychology ) Erikson ( 1902 -- 1994 ) ( Psychosocial development ) Bowlby ( 1907 -- 1990 ) ( Attachment theory ) Bronfenbrenner ( 1917 -- 2005 ) ( Ecological systems theory ) Kohlberg ( 1927 -- 1987 ) ( Stages of moral development ) Commons ( b . 1939 ) , Fischer ( b . 1943 ) , Kegan ( b . 1946 ) , Demetriou ( b . 1950 ) , and others ( Neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development ) Evolutionary developmental psychology Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erikson%27s_stages_of_psychosocial_development&oldid=806574200 '' Categories : Developmental psychology Psychological concepts Stage theories Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles that may have off - topic sections Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Euskara Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी עברית ქართული Magyar Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina தமிழ் 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2017 , at 22 : 10 . 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8078020242638604386 | ICC World Twenty20 | ICC World Twenty20 - wikipedia ICC World Twenty20 Jump to : navigation , search For the equivalent women 's tournament , see ICC Women 's World Twenty20 . For the ICC Twenty20 ranking scheme , see ICC T20I Championship . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ICC World Twenty20 Administrator International Cricket Council Format Twenty20 International First tournament 2007 Last tournament 2016 Next tournament 2020 Tournament format Preliminary round Super 10 Play - offs Number of teams 16 Current champion West Indies ( 2nd title ) Most successful West Indies ( 2 titles ) Most runs Mahela Jayawardene ( 1016 ) Most wickets Shahid Afridi ( 39 ) Tournaments 2007 2009 2012 2014 2016 2020 The ICC World Twenty20 ( also referred to as the World T20 , and colloquially as the T20 World Cup ) is the international championship of Twenty20 cricket . Organised by cricket 's governing body , the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) , the tournament currently consists of 16 teams , comprising all ten ICC full members and six other associate or affiliate members chosen through the World Twenty20 Qualifier . All matches played are accorded Twenty20 International status . The event has generally been held every two years . However , the next edition of the tournament is scheduled to take place in 2020 in Australia , four years after the conclusion of the 2016 edition . In May 2016 , the ICC put forward the idea of having a tournament in 2018 , with South Africa being the possible host . But at the conclusion of the 2017 ICC Champions Trophy , the ICC announced that the next edition of the World T20 would take place in 2020 in Australia , as originally scheduled . Six tournaments have so far been played , and only the West Indies , who currently hold the title , has won the tournament on multiple occasions . The inaugural event , the 2007 World Twenty20 , was staged in South Africa , and won by India , who defeated Pakistan in the final at the Wanderers Stadium in Johannesburg . The 2009 tournament took place in England , and was won by the previous runner - up , Pakistan , who defeated Sri Lanka in the final at Lord 's . The third tournament was held in 2010 , hosted by the countries making up the West Indies cricket team . England defeated Australia in the final in Barbados , which was played at Kensington Oval . The fourth tournament , the 2012 World Twenty20 , was held in Asia for the first time , with all matches played in Sri Lanka . The West Indies won the tournament by defeating Sri Lanka in the final , winning its first international tournament since the 2004 Champions Trophy . The fifth tournament , the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 , was hosted by Bangladesh , and was won by Sri Lanka , who became the first team to play in three finals . West Indies are the current World T20I holders , beating England in the 2016 final , winning their second title . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Background 1.2 Inaugural tournaments 1.3 Expansion to 16 teams 2 Format 2.1 Qualification 2.2 Final tournament 3 Hosts 4 Results 5 Performance of teams 6 Team results by tournament 7 Debut of teams 8 Statistics and records 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the ICC World Twenty20 Background ( edit ) When the Benson & Hedges Cup ended in 2002 , the ECB needed another one day competition to fill its place . Cricketing authorities were looking to boost the game 's popularity with the younger generation in response to dwindling crowds and reduced sponsorship . It was intended to deliver fast - paced , exciting cricket accessible to thousands of fans who were put off by the longer versions of the game . Stuart Robertson , the marketing manager of the ECB , proposed a 20 over per innings game to county chairmen in 2001 and they voted 11 -- 7 in favour of adopting the new format . Regional tournaments Bangladesh V South Africa at the 2007 tournament The first official Twenty20 matches were played on 13 June 2003 between the English counties in the Twenty20 Cup . The first season of Twenty20 in England was a relative success , with the Surrey Lions defeating the Warwickshire Bears by 9 wickets in the final to claim the title . The first Twenty20 match held at Lord 's , on 15 July 2004 between Middlesex and Surrey , attracted a crowd of 27,509 , the largest attendance for any county cricket game at the ground other than a one - day final since 1953 . Soon after with the adoption of Twenty20 matches by other cricket boards , the popularity of the format grew with unexpected crowd attendance , new regional tournaments such as Pakistan 's Faysal Bank T20 Cup and Stanford 20 / 20 tournament and the financial incentive in the format . The West Indies regional teams competed in what was named the Stanford 20 / 20 tournament . The event was financially backed by convicted fraudster Allen Stanford , who gave at least US $28,000,000 funding money , the fruit of his massive Ponzi scheme . It was intended that the tournament would be an annual event . Guyana won the inaugural event , defeating Trinidad and Tobago by 5 wickets , securing US $1,000,000 in prize money . A spin - off tournament , the Stanford Super Series , was held in October 2008 between Middlesex and Trinidad and Tobago , the respective winners of the English and Caribbean Twenty20 competitions , and a Stanford Superstars team formed from West Indies domestic players ; Trinidad and Tobago won the competition , securing US $280,000 prize money . On 1 November , the Stanford Superstars played England in what was expected to be the first of five fixtures in as many years with the winner claiming a US $20,000,000 in each match . Twenty20 Internationals Main article : Twenty20 International On 17 February 2005 Australia defeated New Zealand in the first men 's full international Twenty20 match , played at Eden Park in Auckland . The game was played in a light - hearted manner -- both sides turned out in kit similar to that worn in the 1980s , the New Zealand team 's a direct copy of that worn by the Beige Brigade . Some of the players also sported moustaches / beards and hair styles popular in the 1980s taking part in a competition amongst themselves for best retro look , at the request of the Beige Brigade . Australia won the game comprehensively , and as the result became obvious towards the end of the NZ innings , the players and umpires took things less seriously -- Glenn McGrath jokingly replayed the Trevor Chappell underarm incident from a 1981 ODI between the two sides , and Billy Bowden showed him a mock red card ( red cards are not normally used in cricket ) in response . Inaugural tournaments ( edit ) Lasith Malinga bowling to Shahid Afridi in the 2009 Final at Lord 's . It was first decided that every two years an ICC World Twenty20 tournament is to take place , except in the event of an Cricket World Cup being scheduled in the same year , in which case it will be held the year before . The first tournament was in 2007 in South Africa where India defeated Pakistan in the final . Two Associate teams had played in the first tournament , selected through the 2007 ICC World Cricket League Division One , a 50 - over competition . In December 2007 it was decided to hold a qualifying tournament with a 20 - over format to better prepare the teams . With six participants , two would qualify for the 2009 World Twenty20 and would each receive $250,000 in prize money . The second tournament was won by Pakistan who beat Sri Lanka by 8 wickets in England on 21 June 2009 . The 2010 ICC World Twenty20 tournament was held in West Indies in May 2010 , where England defeated Australia by 7 wickets . The 2012 ICC World Twenty20 was won by the West - Indies , by defeating Sri Lanka at the finals . For the first time , a host nation competed in the final of the ICC World Twenty20 . There were 12 participants for the title including Ireland and Afghanistan as 2012 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier . It was the first time the T20 World Cup tournament took place in an Asian country . Expansion to 16 teams ( edit ) The 2012 edition was to be expanded into a 16 team format however this was reverted to 12 . The 2014 tournament , held in Bangladesh was the first to feature 16 teams including all ten full members and six associate members who qualified through the 2013 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier . However the top eight full member teams in the ICC T20I Championship rankings on 8 October 2012 were given a place in the Super 10 stage . The remaining eight teams competed in the group stage , from which two teams advance to the Super 10 stage . Three new teams ( Nepal , Hong Kong and UAE ) made their debut in this tournament . Format ( edit ) Qualification ( edit ) See also : ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier All ICC full members qualify automatically for the tournament , with the remaining places filled by other ICC members through a qualification tournament , known as the World Twenty20 Qualifier . Qualification for the inaugural 2007 World Twenty20 came from the results of the first cycle of the World Cricket League , a 50 - over league for ICC associate and affiliate members . The two finalists of the 2007 WCL Division One tournament , Kenya and Scotland , qualified for the World Twenty20 later in the year . A separate qualification tournament was implemented for the 2009 World Twenty20 , and has been retained since then . The number of teams qualifying through the World Twenty20 Qualifier has varied , however , ranging from two ( in 2010 and 2012 ) to six ( in 2014 and 2016 ) . Final tournament ( edit ) In each group stage ( both the preliminary round and the Super 10 round ) , teams are ranked against each other based on the following criteria : Higher number of points If equal , higher number of wins If still equal , higher net run rate If still equal , lower bowling strike rate If still equal , result of head to head meeting . In case of a tie ( that is , both teams scoring the same number of runs at the end of their respective innings ) , a Super Over would decide the winner . In the case of a tie occurring again in the Super Over , the match is won by the team that has scored the most sixes in their innings . This is applicable in all stages of the tournament , having been implemented during the 2009 tournament . During the 2007 tournament , a bowl - out was used to decide the loser of tied matches . Hosts ( edit ) The International Cricket Council 's executive committee votes for the hosts of the tournament after examining bids from the nations which have expressed an interest in holding the event . After South Africa in 2007 , England , West Indies and Sri Lanka hosted the tournament in 2009 , 2010 and 2012 respectively . Bangladesh hosted the tournament in 2014 . India hosted the last edition of the tournament in 2016 . In December 2015 , Tim Anderson , the ICC 's head of global development , suggested that a future tournament be hosted by the United States . He believed that hosting the event could help spur growth of the game in the country , where it is relatively obscure and faces competition by other sports such as baseball . Results ( edit ) Year Host ( s ) Final venue Final Winner Result Runner - up 2007 Details South Africa Johannesburg India 157 / 5 ( 20 overs ) India won by 5 runs Scorecard Pakistan 152 all out ( 19.4 overs ) 2009 Details England London Pakistan 139 / 2 ( 18.4 overs ) Pakistan won by 8 wickets Scorecard Sri Lanka 138 / 6 ( 20 overs ) Details West Indies Bridgetown England 148 / 3 ( 17 overs ) England won by 7 wickets Scorecard Australia 147 / 6 ( 20 overs ) 2012 Details Sri Lanka Colombo West Indies 137 / 6 ( 20 overs ) West Indies won by 36 runs Scorecard Sri Lanka 101 all out ( 18.4 overs ) 2014 Details Bangladesh Dhaka Sri Lanka 134 / 4 ( 17.5 overs ) Sri Lanka won by 6 wickets Scorecard India 130 / 4 ( 20 overs ) 2016 Details India Kolkata West Indies 161 / 6 ( 19.4 overs ) West Indies won by 4 wickets Scorecard England 155 / 9 ( 20 overs ) 2020 Details Australia Performance of teams ( edit ) Team Appearances Best result Statistics Total First Latest Played Won Lost Tie NR Win % West Indies 6 2007 2016 1 ! Champions ( 2012 , 2016 ) 31 17 12 1 ( 1 ) 58.33 Sri Lanka 6 2007 2016 1 ! Champions ( 2014 ) 35 22 12 1 ( 1 ) 0 64.28 India 6 2007 2016 1 ! Champions ( 2007 ) 33 20 11 1 ( 1 ) 64.06 Pakistan 6 2007 2016 1 ! Champions ( 2009 ) 34 19 14 1 ( 0 ) 0 57.35 England 6 2007 2016 1 ! Champions ( 2010 ) 32 15 16 0 48.38 Australia 6 2007 2016 2 ! Runner - up ( 2010 ) 29 16 13 0 0 55.17 South Africa 6 2007 2016 3 ! Semi-final ( 2009 , 2014 ) 30 18 12 0 0 60.00 New Zealand 6 2007 2016 3 ! Semi-final ( 2007 , 2016 ) 30 15 13 2 ( 0 ) 0 53.33 Netherlands 2007 2016 4 ! 2nd round ( 2014 ) 12 5 6 0 45.45 Afghanistan 2016 4 ! 2nd round ( 2016 ) 14 5 9 0 0 35.71 Ireland 5 2009 2016 4 ! 2nd round ( 2009 ) 15 9 0 25.00 Bangladesh 6 2007 2016 4 ! 2nd round ( 2007 , 2014 , 2016 ) 25 5 19 0 20.83 Nepal 2014 2014 5 ! 1st round ( 2014 ) 0 0 66.66 Oman 2016 2016 5 ! 1st round ( 2016 ) 0 50.00 Zimbabwe 5 2007 2016 5 ! 1st round ( 2007 , 2010 , 2012 , 2014 , 2016 ) 12 5 7 0 0 41.66 Hong Kong 2014 2016 5 ! 1st round ( 2014 , 2016 ) 6 5 0 0 16.66 Scotland 2007 2016 5 ! 1st round ( 2007 , 2009 , 2016 ) 7 5 0 16.66 Kenya 2007 2007 5 ! 1st round ( 2007 ) 0 0 0 0.00 United Arab Emirates 2014 2014 5 ! 1st round ( 2014 ) 0 0 0 0.00 Note : The number in bracket indicates number of wins in tied matches by Super Overs and bowl outs , however these are considered half a win regardless of the result . The win percentage excludes no results and counts ties ( irrespective of a tiebreaker ) as half a win . Teams are sorted by best performance , then winning percentage , then ( if equal ) by alphabetical order Team results by tournament ( edit ) The ICC does not adjudicate rankings but only rounds a team achieves e.g. Semis , round one etc . The table below provides an overview of the performances of teams in the ICC World Twenty20 . Legend C -- Champions RU -- Runners - up SF -- Semi-finalist R2 -- Round 2 ( Super 8s , Super 10s ) R1 -- Round 1 ( Group stage ) -- Qualified but withdrew -- Did not qualify × -- Did not enter / Withdrew The team ranking in each tournament is according to ICC . For each tournament , the number of teams in each finals tournament ( in brackets ) are shown . Team 2007 ( 12 ) 2009 ( 12 ) ( 12 ) 2012 ( 12 ) 2014 ( 16 ) 2016 ( 16 ) 2020 ( TBD ) Total Afghanistan × × R1 R1 R1 R2 Australia SF R1 RU SF R2 R2 6 Bangladesh R2 R1 R1 R1 R2 R2 6 England R2 R2 R2 R2 RU 6 Hong Kong × × × R1 R1 India R2 R2 R2 RU SF 6 Ireland R2 R1 R1 R1 R1 5 Kenya R1 Nepal × × × R1 Netherlands R1 R2 R1 New Zealand SF R2 R2 R2 R2 SF 6 Oman × × × R1 Pakistan RU SF SF R2 R2 6 Scotland R1 R1 R1 South Africa R2 SF R2 R2 SF R2 6 Sri Lanka R2 RU SF RU R2 6 United Arab Emirates × × R1 West Indies R1 SF R2 SF 6 Zimbabwe R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 5 Debut of teams ( edit ) Team appearing for the first time , in alphabetical order per year . Year Debutants Total 2007 Australia , Bangladesh , England , India , Kenya , New Zealand , Pakistan , Scotland , South Africa , Sri Lanka , West Indies , Zimbabwe 12 2009 Ireland , Netherlands Afghanistan 2012 none 0 2014 Hong Kong , Nepal , United Arab Emirates 2016 Oman 2020 TBD TBD Total 19 Statistics and records ( edit ) Main article : ICC World Twenty20 statistics and records See also ( edit ) Cricket portal List of Twenty20 International records References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Records -- ICC World Twenty20 -- Most Runs Cricinfo Jump up ^ Records -- ICC World Twenty20 -- Most Wickets in a career Cricinfo Jump up ^ `` ICC hopeful of World T20 return in 2018 '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 26 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Mukesh Bhatt ( 18 June 2017 ) . `` Champions Trophy to take place in 2021 , No World T20 in 2018 '' . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Samuels special the spur for epic West Indies win '' . Wisden India . 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Newman , Paul ; Meet the man who invented Twenty20 cricket -- the man missing out on millions ; Daily Mail ; 11 June 2008 . Retrieved 6 January 2009 Jump up ^ Matches played 13 June 2003 ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 9 June 2008 Jump up ^ Twenty20 Cup , 2003 , Final -- Surrey v Warwickshire ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 9 June 2008 Jump up ^ Weaver , Paul ( 25 May 2009 ) . `` Usman Afzaal gives Surrey winning start but absent fans fuel concerns '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 17 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Guyana crowned Stanford 20 / 20 champions '' . ESPNcricinfo. 14 August 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Dates for Stanford Twenty20 announced '' . The Jamaica Observer. 9 February 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Udal leads Middlesex for Stanford '' . ESPNcricinfo. 3 October 2008 . Retrieved 17 May 2012 . Jump up ^ McGlashan , Andrew ( 27 October 2008 ) . `` Ramdin leads T&T to big - money glory '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 17 May 2012 . Jump up ^ McGlashan , Andrew ( 1 November 2008 ) . `` Gayle leads Superstars to millions '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 17 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` US tycoon charged over $8 bn fraud '' . BBC News . 17 February 2009 . Retrieved 17 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier to be held in Ireland '' . ESPNcricinfo. 13 December 2007 . Retrieved 17 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ICC approves Test championship '' . Espncricinfo . Retrieved 22 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies to start World T20 title defence against India '' . ICC. 27 October 2013 . Retrieved 27 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BCB promises stellar T20 WC '' . The Daily Star . 7 April 2013 . Retrieved 9 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Final WorldTwenty20 Playing conditions Archived 11 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , ICC World Twenty20 , retrieved 12 September 2007 Jump up ^ Playing conditions Archived 20 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , ICC World Twenty20 , retrieved 12 September 2008 Jump up ^ Bangladesh to host World Twenty20 2014 Cricinfo , retrieved 1 July 2010 Jump up ^ `` For next five years , all T20 action in subcontinent '' . The Times of India . 18 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` International Cricket Council Targets World Twenty20 on United States Soil : Report '' . NDTV Sports . Retrieved 14 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Records / ICC World T20 / Result Summary '' . ESPNCricinfo. 16 March 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to ICC World Twenty20 . Official Twenty20 ICC World Cup website International cricket International Cricket Council ( ICC ) ICC Awards ICC members Forms Test ( women 's ) One Day International ( women 's ) Twenty20 International ( women 's ) Global events World Cup ( qualifier ) World Twenty20 ( qualifier ) Women 's World Cup ( qualifier ) Women 's World Twenty20 ( qualifier ) Under - 19 World Cup Champions Trophy Intercontinental Cup World Cricket League Olympics Asia ACC -- Asia Cup ACC Trophy ( List A ) ACC Premier League ACC Twenty20 Cup Africa ACA -- WCL Africa Americas ICC Americas -- Americas Championship South American Championship East Asia and Pacific EAP -- ICC EAP Cricket Trophy ( One day ) ICC EAP Cricket Trophy ( Twenty20 ) Europe ECC -- European Championship Women 's European Championship ICC World Twenty20 Tournaments South Africa 2007 England 2009 West Indies 2010 Sri Lanka 2012 Bangladesh 2014 India 2016 TBA 2018 Australia 2020 Qualifying 2007 2009 2012 2014 2016 Finals 2007 2009 2012 2014 2016 Squads 2007 2009 2012 2014 2016 Statistics 2007 2009 2012 2014 2016 Awards Format History Hosts Qualification Records Centuries Teams Officials Trophy World cup competitions List of world cups Team American football men women flag football Association football men men 's club women women 's club Athletics Australian rules football Badminton men women mixed Baseball men women Basketball men women wheelchair Beach soccer Boxing Bull riding Cricket men test men ODI men Twenty20 women ODI women Twenty20 indoor Darts Field hockey men women Fistball men women Futsal FIFA men AMF men AMF women Golf men women Handball men women Ice hockey Korfball Lacrosse men women Nine - ball Pitch and putt Racquetball Rowing Motorsport enduro Roller derby men women Rugby league men women Rugby union men women sevens Sepaktakraw Snooker Softball Squash Sailing Dinghy Teams Yacht Fleet Racing Tennis men women mixed Touch football Volleyball men women Water polo men women Wrestling Mixed Archery Biathlon Diving Paralympic summer winter Road bicycle racing men women Speedway motorcycle Track cycling Individual Bobsleigh Canoe slalom Chess Cyclo - cross Equestrian dressage Gymnastics artistic rhythmic Luge Mountain bike racing Orienteering Sailing Show jumping Skeleton Speed skating long track short track Skiing alpine cross-country freestyle Nordic combined Ski jumping ski flying Ski orienteering Snowboard Sport shooting Swimming Ten - pin bowling Triathlon Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ICC_World_Twenty20&oldid=804716916 '' Categories : ICC World Twenty20 World championships International Cricket Council events Twenty20 International cricket competitions Recurring sporting events established in 2007 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from May 2017 All articles needing additional references Use British English from June 2017 Use dmy dates from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা Deutsch Español Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ मराठी Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk پښتو Português සිංහල தமிழ் Türkçe اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 18 : 19 . 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"Six tournaments have so far been played, and only the West Indies, who currently hold the title, has won the tournament on multiple occasions. The inaugural event, the 2007 World Twenty20, was staged in South Africa, and won by India, who defeated Pakistan in the final at the Wanderers Stadium in Johannesburg. The 2009 tournament took place in England, and was won by the previous runner-up, Pakistan, who defeated Sri Lanka in the final at Lord's. The third tournament was held in 2010, hosted by the countries making up the West Indies cricket team. England defeated Australia in the final in Barbados, which was played at Kensington Oval. The fourth tournament, the 2012 World Twenty20, was held in Asia for the first time, with all matches played in Sri Lanka. The West Indies won the tournament by defeating Sri Lanka in the final, winning its first international tournament since the 2004 Champions Trophy.[5] The fifth tournament, the 2014 ICC World Twenty20, was hosted by Bangladesh, and was won by Sri Lanka, who became the first team to play in three finals. West Indies are the current World T20I holders, beating England in the 2016 final, winning their second title."
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"2007"
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8915838356399617712 | List of largest sports contracts | List of largest sports contracts - wikipedia List of largest sports contracts Jump to : navigation , search The following is a list of the largest sports contracts . These figures include signing bonuses but exclude options , buyouts , and endorsement deals . This list does not reflect the highest annual salaries or career earnings , only the largest contracts and thus is limited to athletes in team sports and auto racing . Athletes in individual sports , such as golf , tennis , and boxing are not employed by a team and usually earn money primarily through event winnings . This list also does not necessarily reflect actual money collected by the athletes , since some contracts are eventually terminated ( usually due to an athlete either retiring or invoking their opt - out clause ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Largest sports contracts 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References Largest sports contracts ( edit ) Rank Player Team Sport Length of contract Contract value ( USD ) Average per year ( USD ) Average per game ( USD ) Ref 01 Giancarlo Stanton New York Yankees , Miami Marlins Baseball 13 years ( 2014 - 2027 ) $325,000,000 $25,000,000 $154,320.99 02 Rodriguez , Alex Alex Rodriguez New York Yankees * Baseball 10 years ( 2008 -- 2017 ) $275,000,000 $27,500,000 $169,753.09 03 Neymar Paris Saint Germain Association football 5 years ( 2017 - 2022 ) $270,000,000 $54,000,000 $1,080,000 04 Rodriguez , Alex Alex Rodriguez Texas Rangers * Baseball 10 years ( 2001 -- 2010 ) $252,000,000 $25,200,000 $155,555.56 05 Cabrera , Miguel Miguel Cabrera Detroit Tigers Baseball 08 ! 8 years ( 2016 -- 2023 ) $248,000,000 $31,000,000 $191,358.02 005 ! 06 ( tie ) Cano , Robinson Robinson Cano Seattle Mariners Baseball 10 years ( 2014 -- 2023 ) $240,000,000 $24,000,000 $148,148.15 005 ! 06 ( tie ) Pujols , Albert Albert Pujols Los Angeles Angels Baseball 10 years ( 2012 -- 2021 ) $240,000,000 $24,000,000 $148,148.15 007 ! 07 Harden , James James Harden Houston Rockets Basketball 6 years ( 2017 - 2023 ) $228,000,000 $38,000,000 $463,414.64 007 ! 08 Votto , Joey Joey Votto Cincinnati Reds Baseball 10 years ( 2014 - 2024 ) $225,000,000 $22,500,000 $138,889 008 ! 08 Price , David David Price Boston Red Sox Baseball 07 ! 7 years ( 2016 -- 2022 ) $217,000,000 $31,000,000 $191,358.02 009 ! 09 Kershaw , Clayton Clayton Kershaw Los Angeles Dodgers Baseball 07 ! 7 years ( 2014 -- 2020 ) $215,000,000 $30,714,285 $186,120.37 010 ! 10 Fielder , Prince Prince Fielder Detroit Tigers * Baseball 09 ! 9 years ( 2012 -- 2020 ) $214,000,000 $23,777,777 $146,776.40 011 ! 11 Scherzer , Max Max Scherzer Washington Nationals Baseball 07 ! 7 years ( 2015 -- 2021 ) $210,000,000 $30,000,000 $185,185.19 012 ! 12 Greinke , Zack Zack Greinke Arizona Diamondbacks Baseball 06 ! 6 years ( 2016 -- 2021 ) $206,500,000 $34,416,667 $212,448.56 014 ! 14 Westbrook , Russell Russell Westbrook Oklahoma City Thunder Basketball 05 ! 5 years ( 2018 -- 2023 ) $205,000,000 $41,000,000 $491,000.00 015 ! 15 Curry , Stephen Stephen Curry Golden State Warriors Basketball 05 ! 5 years ( 2017 -- 2022 ) $201,200,000 $40,200,000 $490,243.90 016 ! 16 Jeter , Derek Derek Jeter New York Yankees * Baseball 10 years ( 2001 -- 2010 ) $189,000,000 $18,900,000 $116,666.67 017 ! 17 ( tie ) Mauer , Joe Joe Mauer Minnesota Twins Baseball 08 ! 8 years ( 2011 -- 2018 ) $184,000,000 $23,000,000 $141,975.31 017 ! 17 ( tie ) Heyward , Jason Jason Heyward Chicago Cubs Baseball 08 ! 8 years ( 2016 -- 2023 ) $184,000,000 $23,000,000 $141,975.31 018 ! 18 Mayweather , Floyd Floyd Mayweather Showtime * Boxing 02 ! 2 years ( 2013 -- 2015 ) $180,000,000 + $72,000,000 + $30,000,000 + 018 ! 18 ( tie ) Teixeira , Mark Mark Teixeira New York Yankees * Baseball 08 ! 8 years ( 2009 -- 2016 ) $180,000,000 $22,500,000 $138,888.89 018 ! 18 ( tie ) Verlander , Justin Justin Verlander Detroit Tigers Baseball 07 ! 7 years ( 2013 -- 2019 ) $180,000,000 $25,714,286 $158,730.16 019 ! 19 ( tie ) Hernández , Félix Félix Hernández Seattle Mariners Baseball 07 ! 7 years ( 2013 -- 2019 ) $175,000,000 $25,000,000 $154,320.99 020 ! 20 ( tie ) Strasburg , Stephen Stephen Strasburg Washington Nationals Baseball 07 ! 7 years ( 2017 -- 2023 ) $175,000,000 $25,000,000 $154,320.99 022 ! 22 Griffin , Blake Blake Griffin Los Angeles Clippers Basketball 05 ! 5 years ( 2017 -- 2022 ) $172,260,000 $34,452,000 $420,146.34 023 ! 23 Posey , Buster Buster Posey San Francisco Giants Baseball 09 ! 9 years ( 2013 -- 2021 ) $167,000,000 $18,555,556 $114,540.47 024 ! 24 ( tie ) Sabathia , CC CC Sabathia New York Yankees Baseball 07 ! 7 years ( 2009 -- 2015 ) $161,000,000 $23,000,000 $141,975.31 024 ! 24 ( tie ) Davis , Chris Chris Davis Baltimore Orioles Baseball 07 ! 7 years ( 2016 -- 2022 ) $161,000,000 $23,000,000 $141,975.31 026 ! 26 ( tie ) Kemp , Matt Matt Kemp Los Angeles Dodgers * Baseball 08 ! 8 years ( 2012 -- 2019 ) $160,000,000 $20,000,000 $123,456.79 026 ! 26 ( tie ) Ramírez , Manny Manny Ramírez Boston Red Sox * Baseball 08 ! 8 years ( 2001 -- 2008 ) $160,000,000 $20,000,000 $123,456.79 028 ! 28 Tulowitzki , Troy Troy Tulowitzki Colorado Rockies * Baseball 10 years ( 2011 -- 2020 ) $157,750,000 $15,775,000 $97,376.54 029 ! 29 ( tie ) Tanaka , Masahiro Masahiro Tanaka New York Yankees Baseball 07 ! 7 years ( 2014 -- 2020 ) $155,000,000 $22,141,857 $136,684.30 029 ! 29 ( tie ) Lester , Jon Jon Lester Chicago Cubs Baseball 06 ! 6 years ( 2015 -- 2020 ) $155,000,000 $25,833,333 $159,465.02 031 ! 31 González , Adrián Adrián González Boston Red Sox * Baseball 07 ! 7 years ( 2012 -- 2018 ) $154,000,000 $22,000,000 $135,802.67 032 ! 32 ( tie ) Räikkönen , Kimi Kimi Räikkönen Ferrari Auto racing 03 ! 3 years ( 2007 -- 2009 ) $153,000,000 $51,000,000 $2,942,307.69 032 ! 32 ( tie ) Ellsbury , Jacoby Jacoby Ellsbury New York Yankees Baseball 07 ! 7 years ( 2014 -- 2020 ) $153,000,000 $21,857,142 $134,920.64 034 ! 34 Conley Jr. , Mike Mike Conley Jr . Memphis Grizzlies Basketball 5 years ( 2016 -- 2020 ) $152,605,576 $30,521,115 $372,208.72 035 ! 35 Cabrera , Miguel Miguel Cabrera Detroit Tigers Baseball 08 ! 8 years ( 2008 -- 2015 ) $152,300,000 $19,037,500 $117,515.43 036 ! 36 Helton , Todd Todd Helton Colorado Rockies * Baseball 11 years ( 2001 -- 2011 ) $151,500,000 $13,772,727 $85,016.83 037 ! 37 Greinke , Zack Zack Greinke Los Angeles Dodgers * Baseball 06 ! 6 years ( 2013 -- 2019 ) $147,000,000 $24,500,000 $151,234.57 038 ! 38 Bale , Gareth Gareth Bale Real Madrid C.F. Association football 06 ! 6 years ( 2013 -- 2019 ) $146,280,000 $24,380,000 $406,333.33 039 ! 39 Trout , Mike Mike Trout Los Angeles Angels Baseball 06 ! 6 years ( 2015 -- 2020 ) $144,500,000 $24,083,333 $148,662.55 040 ! 40 Hamels , Cole Cole Hamels Philadelphia Phillies * Baseball 06 ! 6 years ( 2013 -- 2018 ) $144,000,000 $24,000,000 $148,148.15 041 ! 41 Crawford , Carl Carl Crawford Boston Red Sox * Baseball 07 ! 7 years ( 2011 -- 2017 ) $142,000,000 $20,285,714 $125,220.46 042 ! 42 Lillard , Damian Damian Lillard Portland Trail Blazers Basketball 05 ! 5 years ( 2016 -- 2021 ) $139,888,445 $27,977,689 $341,191.33 043 ! 43 Luck , Andrew Andrew Luck Indianapolis Colts American football 06 ! 6 years ( 2016 -- 2021 ) $139,125,000 $23,187,500 $1,449,218.75 044 ! 44 DeRozan , DeMar DeMar DeRozan Toronto Raptors Basketball 05 ! 5 years ( 2016 -- 2021 ) $139,000,000 $27,800,000 $339,024.39 045 ! 45 Wright , David David Wright New York Mets Baseball 08 ! 8 years ( 2013 -- 2020 ) $138,000,000 $17,250,000 $106,481.48 046 ! 46 Santana , Johan Johan Santana New York Mets * Baseball 06 ! 6 years ( 2008 -- 2013 ) $137,500,000 $22,916,667 $141,460.91 047 ! 47 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant Los Angeles Lakers * Basketball 07 ! 7 years ( 2004 -- 2011 ) $136,400,000 $19,485,714 $237,630.66 048 ! 48 Soriano , Alfonso Alfonso Soriano Chicago Cubs * Baseball 08 ! 8 years ( 2007 -- 2014 ) $136,000,000 $17,000,000 $104,938.27 049 ! 49 ( tie ) Freeman , Freddie Freddie Freeman Atlanta Braves Baseball 08 ! 8 years ( 2014 -- 2021 ) $135,000,000 $16,875,000 $104,166.67 049 ! 49 ( tie ) Stafford , Matthew Matthew Stafford Detroit Lions American football 05 ! 5 years ( 2018 -- 2022 ) $135,000,000 $27,000,000 $1,687,500.00 050 ! 50 Upton , Justin Justin Upton Detroit Tigers Baseball 06 ! 6 years ( 2016 -- 2021 ) $132,750,000 $22,125,000 $136,574.07 051 ! 51 Johnson , Calvin Calvin Johnson Detroit Lions * American football 08 ! 8 years ( 2007 -- 2015 ) $132,000,000 $16,500,000 $1,031,250.00 052 ! 52 ( tie ) Choo , Shin - Soo Shin - Soo Choo Texas Rangers Baseball 07 ! 7 years ( 2014 -- 2020 ) $130,000,000 $18,571,428 $114,638.45 052 ! 52 ( tie ) Vick , Michael Michael Vick Atlanta Falcons * American football 10 years ( 2005 -- 2014 ) $130,000,000 $13,000,000 $812,500.00 052 ! 52 ( tie ) Cueto , Johnny Johnny Cueto San Francisco Giants Baseball 06 ! 6 years ( 2016 -- 2021 ) $130,000,000 $21,666,667 $133,744.86 055 ! 55 ( tie ) Davis , Anthony Anthony Davis New Orleans Pelicans Basketball 05 ! 5 years ( 2016 -- 2021 ) $127,171,313 $25,434,262 $310,173.93 055 ! 55 ( tie ) Drummond , Andre Andre Drummond Detroit Pistons Basketball 05 ! 5 years ( 2016 -- 2021 ) $127,171,313 $25,434,262 $310,173.93 055 ! 55 ( tie ) Beal , Bradley Bradley Beal Washington Wizards Basketball 05 ! 5 years ( 2016 -- 2021 ) $127,171,313 $25,434,262 $310,173.93 058 ! 58 Cutler , Jay Jay Cutler Chicago Bears * American football 07 ! 7 years ( 2014 -- 2020 ) $126,700,000 $18,100,000 $1,131,250.00 059 ! 59 O'Neal , Jermaine Jermaine O'Neal Indiana Pacers * Basketball 07 ! 7 years ( 2003 -- 2010 ) $126,558,000 $18,079,714 $220,484.32 060 ! 60 ( tie ) Garnett , Kevin Kevin Garnett Minnesota Timberwolves * Basketball 06 ! 6 years ( 1999 -- 2005 ) $126,000,000 $21,000,000 $256,097.56 060 ! 60 ( tie ) Lewis , Rashard Rashard Lewis Orlando Magic * Basketball 06 ! 6 years ( 2007 -- 2013 ) $126,000,000 $21,000,000 $256,097.56 060 ! 60 ( tie ) Wells , Vernon Vernon Wells Toronto Blue Jays * Baseball 07 ! 7 years ( 2008 -- 2014 ) $126,000,000 $18,000,000 $111,111.11 060 ! 60 ( tie ) Zito , Barry Barry Zito San Francisco Giants * Baseball 07 ! 7 years ( 2007 -- 2013 ) $126,000,000 $18,000,000 $111,111.11 060 ! 60 ( tie ) Werth , Jayson Jayson Werth Washington Nationals Baseball 07 ! 7 years ( 2011 -- 2017 ) $126,000,000 $18,000,000 $111,111.11 060 ! 60 ( tie ) Kaepernick , Colin Colin Kaepernick San Francisco 49ers * American football 06 ! 6 years ( 2015 -- 2020 ) $126,000,000 $21,000,000 $1,312,500.00 . 060 ! 60 ( tie ) Holiday , Jrue Jrue Holiday New Orleans Pelicans Basketball 05 ! 5 years ( 2017 -- 2022 ) $126,000,000 $25,200,000 $307,317.07 067 ! 67 ( tie ) Howard , Ryan Ryan Howard Philadelphia Phillies * Baseball 05 ! 5 years ( 2012 -- 2016 ) $125,000,000 $25,000,000 $154,320.99 067 ! 67 ( tie ) Hamilton , Josh Josh Hamilton Los Angeles Angels * Baseball 05 ! 5 years ( 2013 -- 2017 ) $125,000,000 $25,000,000 $154,320.99 067 ! 67 ( tie ) Carr , Derek Derek Carr Oakland Raiders American football 05 ! 5 years ( 2018 -- 2022 ) $125,000,000 $25,000,000 $1,562,500.00 070 ! 70 Anthony , Carmelo Carmelo Anthony New York Knicks Basketball 05 ! 5 years ( 2014 -- 2019 ) $124,064,280 $24,812,856 $302,595.81 071 ! 71 ( tie ) Schumacher , Michael Michael Schumacher Ferrari * Auto racing 04 ! 4 years ( 1996 -- 1999 ) $124,000,000 $31,000,000 $1,907,692.30 071 ! 71 ( tie ) Ovechkin , Alexander Alexander Ovechkin Washington Capitals Hockey 13 years ( 2008 -- 2021 ) $124,000,000 $9,538,461 $116,322.70 073 ! 73 Johnson , Joe Joe Johnson Atlanta Hawks * Basketball 06 ! 6 years ( 2010 -- 2017 ) $123,658,089 $20,609,681 $251,337.58 074 ! 74 Webber , Chris Chris Webber Sacramento Kings * Basketball 07 ! 7 years ( 2001 -- 2007 ) $122,718,750 $17,531,250 $213,795.73 075 ! 75 Duncan , Tim Tim Duncan San Antonio Spurs * Basketball 07 ! 7 years ( 2003 -- 2010 ) $122,007,704 $17,429,672 $212,556.98 076 ! 76 Hampton , Mike Mike Hampton Colorado Rockies * Baseball 08 ! 8 years ( 2001 -- 2008 ) $121,000,000 $15,125,000 $93,364.20 077 ! 77 Flacco , Joe Joe Flacco Baltimore Ravens American football 06 ! 6 years ( 2013 -- 2018 ) $120,600,000 $20,100,000 $1,256,250.00 078 ! 78 ( tie ) Giambi , Jason Jason Giambi New York Yankees * Baseball 07 ! 7 years ( 2002 -- 2008 ) $120,000,000 $17,142,857 $105,820.10 078 ! 78 ( tie ) Andrus , Elvis Elvis Andrus Texas Rangers Baseball 08 ! 8 years ( 2015 -- 2022 ) $120,000,000 $15,000,000 $92,592.59 078 ! 78 ( tie ) Lee , Cliff Cliff Lee Philadelphia Phillies * Baseball 05 ! 5 years ( 2011 -- 2015 ) $120,000,000 $24,000,000 $148,148.15 078 ! 78 ( tie ) O'Neal , Shaquille Shaquille O'Neal Los Angeles Lakers * Basketball 07 ! 7 years ( 1996 -- 2003 ) $120,000,000 $17,142,857 $209,059.23 078 ! 78 ( tie ) Holliday , Matt Matt Holliday St. Louis Cardinals * Baseball 07 ! 7 years ( 2010 -- 2016 ) $120,000,000 $17,142,857 $105,820.10 078 ! 78 ( tie ) Fitzgerald , Larry Larry Fitzgerald Arizona Cardinals American football 08 ! 8 years ( 2011 -- 2018 ) $120,000,000 $15,000,000 $937,500.00 078 ! 78 ( tie ) Batum , Nicolas Nicolas Batum Charlotte Hornets Basketball 05 ! 5 years ( 2016 -- 2021 ) $120,000,000 $24,000,000 $292,682.93 085 ! 85 Palmer , Carson Carson Palmer Cincinnati Bengals * American football 09 ! 9 years ( 2006 -- 2014 ) $119,750,000 $13,305,555 $831,597.19 086 ! 86 Beltrán , Carlos Carlos Beltrán New York Mets * Baseball 07 ! 7 years ( 2005 -- 2011 ) $119,000,000 $17,000,000 $104,938.27 087 ! 87 Harden , James James Harden Houston Rockets Basketball 04 ! 4 years ( 2016 -- 2020 ) $118,103,446 $29,525,861 $360,071.48 088 ! 88 Bosh , Chris Chris Bosh Miami Heat Basketball 05 ! 5 years ( 2014 -- 2019 ) $118,000,000 $23,600,000 $287,804.88 089 ! 89 Griffey , Jr. , Ken Ken Griffey , Jr . Cincinnati Reds * Baseball 09 ! 9 years ( 2000 -- 2008 ) $116,500,000 $12,944,444 $79,903.98 090 ! 90 ( tie ) McNabb , Donovan Donovan McNabb Philadelphia Eagles * American football 12 ! 12 years ( 2002 -- 2013 ) $115,000,000 $9,583,333 $598,958.31 090 ! 90 ( tie ) Dalton , Andy Andy Dalton Cincinnati Bengals American football 06 ! 6 years ( 2015 -- 2020 ) $115,000,000 $19,166,667 $1,197,916.67 092 ! 92 Miller , Von Von Miller Denver Broncos American football 06 ! 6 years ( 2016 -- 2021 ) $114,500,000 $19,083,333 $1,192,708.33 093 ! 93 Suh , Ndamukong Ndamukong Suh Miami Dolphins American football 06 ! 6 years ( 2015 -- 2020 ) $114,000,000 $19,000,000 $1,187,500.00 094 ! 94 Horford , Al Al Horford Boston Celtics Basketball 04 ! 4 years ( 2016 -- 2020 ) $113,326,228 $28,331,557 $345,506.79 095 ! 95 ( tie ) Love , Kevin Kevin Love Cleveland Cavaliers Basketball 05 ! 5 years ( 2015 -- 2020 ) $113,211,750 $22,642,350 $276,126.22 095 ! 95 ( tie ) Gasol , Marc Marc Gasol Memphis Grizzlies Basketball 05 ! 5 years ( 2015 -- 2020 ) $113,211,750 $22,642,350 $276,126.22 097 ! 97 Cain , Matt Matt Cain San Francisco Giants Baseball 06 ! 6 years ( 2012 -- 2017 ) $112,500,000 $18,666,667 $115,226.34 098 ! 98 Arenas , Gilbert Gilbert Arenas Washington Wizards * Basketball 06 ! 6 years ( 2008 -- 2013 ) $111,000,000 $18,500,000 $225,609.76 099 ! 99 ( tie ) Weber , Shea Shea Weber Nashville Predators * Hockey 14 ! 14 years ( 2012 -- 2026 ) $110,000,000 $7,857,143 $95,818.82 099 ! 99 ( tie ) Rodgers , Aaron Aaron Rodgers Green Bay Packers American football 05 ! 5 years ( 2015 -- 2019 ) $110,000,000 $22,000,000 $1,375,000.00 099 ! 99 ( tie ) Zimmermann , Jordan Jordan Zimmermann Detroit Tigers Baseball 05 ! 5 years ( 2016 -- 2020 ) $110,000,000 $22,000,000 $135,802.47 099 ! 99 ( tie ) Cespedes , Yoenis Yoenis Cespedes New York Mets Baseball 04 ! 4 years ( 2017 -- 2020 ) $110,000,000 $27,500,000 $169,753.09 099 ! 99 ( tie ) Vettel , Sebastian Sebastian Vettel Ferrari Auto racing 03 ! 3 years ( 2015 -- 2017 ) $110,000,000 $36,666,667 $1,833,333.33 104 ! 104 ( tie ) James , LeBron LeBron James Miami Heat * Basketball 06 ! 6 years ( 2010 -- 2016 ) $109,837,500 $18,306,250 $223,246.95 104 ! 104 ( tie ) Bosh , Chris Chris Bosh Miami Heat Basketball 06 ! 6 years ( 2010 -- 2016 ) $109,837,500 $18,306,250 $223,246.95 106 ! 106 Romo , Tony Tony Romo Dallas Cowboys * American football 06 ! 6 years ( 2014 -- 2019 ) $108,000,000 $18,000,000 $1,125,000.00 107 ! 107 Paul , Chris Chris Paul Los Angeles Clippers * Basketball 05 ! 5 years ( 2013 -- 2018 ) $107,343,478 $21,468,696 $261,813.36 108 ! 108 Wade , Dwyane Dwyane Wade Miami Heat * Basketball 06 ! 6 years ( 2010 -- 2016 ) $107,186,000 $17,864,333 $217,857.72 109 ! 109 Kemp , Shawn Shawn Kemp Cleveland Cavaliers * Basketball 07 ! 7 years ( 1997 -- 2004 ) $107,000,000 $15,285,714 $186,411.15 110 ! 110 McCollum , C.J. C.J. McCollum Portland Trail Blazers Basketball 04 ! 4 years ( 2017 -- 2021 ) $106,663,450 $26,665,862 $325,193.45 111 Porter , Otto Otto Porter Washington Wizards Basketball 4 years ( 2017 - 2021 ) $106,524,975 $26,631,244 $324,771.27 112 Reyes , José José Reyes Miami Marlins * Baseball 06 ! 6 years ( 2012 -- 2017 ) $106,000,000 $17,666,666 $109,053.50 113 Howard , Juwan Juwan Howard Washington Bullets * Basketball 07 ! 7 years ( 1996 -- 2003 ) $105,375,000 $15,053,571 $183,580.14 114 ( tie ) Brown , Kevin Kevin Brown Los Angeles Dodgers * Baseball 07 ! 7 years ( 1999 -- 2005 ) $105,000,000 $15,000,000 $92,592.59 114 ! 114 ( tie ) Bailey , Homer Homer Bailey Cincinnati Reds Baseball 06 ! 6 years ( 2014 -- 2019 ) $105,000,000 $17,500,000 $108,024.61 114 ! 114 ( tie ) Braun , Ryan Ryan Braun Milwaukee Brewers Baseball 05 ! 5 years ( 2016 -- 2020 ) $105,000,000 $21,000,000 $129,629.63 114 ! 114 ( tie ) Mourning , Alonzo Alonzo Mourning Miami Heat * Basketball 07 ! 7 years ( 1996 -- 2003 ) $105,000,000 $15,000,000 $182,926.83 118 ! 118 Crosby , Sidney Sidney Crosby Pittsburgh Penguins Hockey 12 ! 12 years ( 2013 -- 2025 ) $104,400,000 $8,700,000 $106,097.56 119 ! 119 Rooney , Wayne Wayne Rooney Manchester United Association football 04 ! 4 years ( 2015 -- 2019 ) $104,000,000 $26,000,000 $498,000.00 120 ! 120 Newton , Cam Cam Newton Carolina Panthers American football 05 ! 5 years ( 2015 -- 2020 ) $103,800,000 $20,760,000 $1,297,500.00 121 ! 121 Ryan , Matt Matt Ryan Atlanta Falcons American football 05 ! 5 years ( 2014 -- 2018 ) $103,750,000 $20,750,000 $1,296,875.00 122 ! 122 Kidd , Jason Jason Kidd New Jersey Nets * Basketball 06 ! 6 years ( 2003 -- 2009 ) $103,572,000 $17,262,000 $210,512.20 123 ! 123 Bledsoe , Drew Drew Bledsoe New England Patriots * American football 10 ! 10 years ( 2001 -- 2010 ) $103,000,000 $10,300,000 $643,750.00 124 ! 124 Cox , Fletcher Fletcher Cox Philadelphia Eagles American football 06 ! 6 years ( 2017 -- 2022 ) $102,600,000 $17,100,000 $1,068,750.00 125 ! 125 Finley , Michael Michael Finley Dallas Mavericks * Basketball 07 ! 7 years ( 2001 -- 2008 ) $102,265,625 $14,609,375 $178,163.11 126 ! 126 ( tie ) Roethlisberger , Ben Ben Roethlisberger Pittsburgh Steelers American football 08 ! 8 years ( 2008 -- 2015 ) $102,000,000 $12,750,000 $796,875.00 126 ! 126 ( tie ) Ronaldo , Cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid C.F. Association football 06 ! 6 years ( 2009 -- 2015 ) $102,000,000 $17,000,000 $400,000.00 -- Rodriguez 's 2014 salary was reduced to $2,868,853 due to his season - long suspension related to the Biogenesis baseball scandal -- Rodriguez opted out of this contract after the 2007 season -- Vick 's contract was terminated by the Atlanta Falcons after the 2006 season -- Arenas was suspended without pay for the majority of the 2009 - 10 season -- Based on regular season games only ( excludes any playoff games ) , also in baseball , starting pitchers usually pitch every five games , resting during the interval between starts - Exact contract figures will be available once the 2017 -- 18 salary cap is set and contracts are officially signed -- retired - While still technically under contract , injury has ended his career * -- no longer on team ‡ -- entirety of contract salary not guaranteed See also ( edit ) Gaius Appuleius Diocles List of highest paid baseball players List of most expensive association football transfers Notes ( edit ) Contracts in the NFL are often not guaranteed , meaning that players who retire , or who are cut , do not receive their contracted salaries after their release from the team . NBA and NHL seasons span two calendar years . Michael Vick was suspended by the NFL in 2007 . The Atlanta Falcons were unsuccessful in a civil legal process to attempt to recoup $20 million of the $100 million in bonuses paid to Vick under terms of his contract extension . During his contract years , Michael Schumacher had significantly higher annual earnings than the athletes on this list with larger total contracts . On top of his $31 million per year paid by the Ferrari team , which alone ranked as the highest annual earnings at the time , he also earned a significant amount more per year from race winnings . David Beckham signed a five - year deal with MLS soccer team Los Angeles Galaxy that was worth a reported $251 million , but that figure included commercial endorsements ; only $5 million a year of that figure is salary from the club , while the rest will come via existing endorsements and profit sharing with the club . Lewis Hamilton signed a contract with McLaren Mercedes worth at least ₤ 70 million ( $138 million USD ) over 5 seasons ( 2008 -- 2012 ) . However , no official contract details have been released by the team . In 2010 , the NHL rejected a 17 - year , $102 million contract between the New Jersey Devils and Ilya Kovalchuk , saying that the contract was `` a circumvention of the collective bargaining agreement . '' The later years of the contract would have paid Kovalchuk only $550,000 per year , which lowered the average value per year of the contract . ( The NHL 's salary cap is based on the average value per year . ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Brown , Tim ( 2014 - 11 - 17 ) . `` Marlins slugger Giancarlo Stanton agrees to 13 year , $325 million contract extension '' . yahoo.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Rodriguez finalizes $275 M deal with Yankees - MLB - ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2007 - 12 - 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Neymar Jr signs with Paris Saint - Germain ! - PSG.fr '' . en.psg.fr . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona communiqué on Neymar Jr FC Barcelona '' . FC Barcelona . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Neymar : Paris St - Germain sign Barcelona forward for world record 222m euros '' . BBC Sport. 2017 - 08 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN.com : MLB - Rangers go for broke : A-Rod deal worth $252 M '' . Static.espn.go.com. 2003 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Miggy , Tigers agree on record extension '' . MLB.com. 2014 - 03 - 28 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Robinson Cano Agrees to deal with seattle mariners '' . Espn.go.com. 2013 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Albert Pujols ' deal completed with Los Angeles Angels ; worth $240 M over 10 years - ESPN Los Angeles '' . Espn.go.com. 2012 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Supermax extension to pay James Harden record $228 M through 2022 - 23 ; ESPN.com : News '' . ESPN.com. 2017 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ ESPN.com news services ( 2014 - 04 - 04 ) . `` Joey Votto agrees to biggest contract in Cincinnati Reds history '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Red Sox To Sign David Price '' . MLB Trade Rumors . 2015 - 12 - 01 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ . 2014 - 01 - 15 http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1913911-clayton-kershaw-and-dodgers-agree-on-7-year-contract-extension . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 15 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Source - Detroit Tigers land Prince Fielder with nine - year , $214 million deal - ESPN '' . Espn.go.com. 2012 - 01 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Nationals deal with Max Scherzer for $210 M , half deferred '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Wilmoth , Charles ( 2015 - 12 - 04 ) . `` Diamondbacks To Sign Zack Greinke '' . MLB Trade Rumors . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ http://www.sportingnews.com/nba/news/russell-westbrook-contract-extension-details-thunder-news-roster-paul-george-carmelo-anthony-trade/1snpa0u01qeor17m7c2evrqc03 ) . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Wojnarowski , Adrian ( 2017 - 06 - 30 ) . `` Stephen Curry 's supermax deal becomes richest in NBA history '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN Classic - Jeter drives the Yankees '' . Static.espn.go.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20100326195732/http://wcco.com/local/mauer.contract.extension.2.1579043.html . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2010 . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Cubs add to offseason haul by adding Jason Heyward on 8 - year , $184 M deal '' . ESPN.com news service . 11 Dec 2015 . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt ( 2013 - 02 - 20 ) . `` Floyd Mayweather Hits Jackpot With New Showtime PPV Deal - Forbes '' . Forbes.com . Jump up ^ Buster OlneyESPN InsiderFollowArchive ( 2008 - 12 - 23 ) . `` Sources : Mark Teixeira , New York Yankees agree to 8 - year deal - ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Verlander gets record deal '' . ESPN.com news service . 2013 - 03 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Nightengale , Bob ( 2013 - 02 - 07 ) . `` Mariners , Felix Hernandez agree to $175 million deal '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ Matz , Eddie ( 2016 - 05 - 09 ) . `` Sources : Stephen Strasburg , Nats agree to 7 - year , $175 M extension '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ Kent , Austin ( 2016 - 06 - 30 ) . `` Blake Griffin To Sign 5 - Year Deal With Clippers '' . Hoops Rumors . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Links , Zack ( 2013 - 03 - 29 ) . `` Giants Extend Buster Posey '' . MLB Trade Rumors . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` CC revels no longer being the big fish MLB.com : News '' . Mlb.mlb.com. 2012 - 06 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Davis , Orioles agree to 7 - year , $161 million deal '' . Baltimore Sun . 2016 - 01 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/19991007144746/http://www.usatoday.com/sports/baseball/mlbfs02.htm . Archived from the original on 1999 - 10 - 07 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Colorado Rockies agree to seven - year megadeal with shortstop Troy Tulowitzki - ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2010 - 12 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball - Tanaka chooses Yankees in $155 million deal '' . sports.yahoo.com. 2014 - 01 - 22 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Cubs get their man in Jon Lester , now ready to be serious contenders '' . CBSSports.com. 2014 - 12 - 10 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Adrian Gonzalez , Boston Red Sox agree to seven - year , $154 million contract - ESPN Boston '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2011 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ forumula1.com ( 2006 - 12 - 05 ) . `` Raikkonen is F1 's highest paid driver '' . forumula1.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ CBSSports.com ( 2013 - 12 - 03 ) . `` Jacoby Ellsbury , Yankees agree to seven - year , $153 M deal `` . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Conley , Memphis Grizzlies agree in principle on 5 - year , $153 million deal '' . ESPN.com. 2016 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) ^ Jump up to : `` ESPN.com - Major League Baseball - Rockies sign Helton to nine - year contract extension '' . Static.espn.go.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Dodgers sign Zack Greinke '' . ESPN.com news service . 2012 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Gareth Bale Joins Real Madrid From Spurs on 6 - Year Contract '' . bloomberg.com. 2013 - 09 - 02 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Sources : Trout gets 6 years , $144.5 M '' . ESPN . 28 March 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Cole Hamels Deal : Phillies Agree To 6 - Year , $144 M Contract With Star Pitcher '' . The Huffington Post . 27 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 11 April 2013 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Ben ( 2010 - 12 - 10 ) . `` Red Sox Sign Carl Crawford : MLB Rumors '' . MLBTradeRumors.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Damian Lillard '' . Spotrac . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Links , Zack ( 2016 - 06 - 29 ) . `` Colts Extend Andrew Luck Through 2021 '' . Pro Football Rumors . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Adams , Luke ( 2016 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Raptors To Re-Sign Demar DeRozan '' . Hoops Rumors . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NY Mets third baseman David Wright to accept 8 - year , $138 million contract extension that will keep All - Star in Queens '' . New York : NY Daily News . 2012 - 12 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ Jun 8 , 8 : 02 pm EDT . `` Santana 's bid for consecutive no - hitters ends - MLB - Yahoo ! Sports '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe remains with Lakers - NBA - ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2004 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Cubs agree to $136 M deal with Soriano - MLB - ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2006 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Braves extend Freddie Freeman '' . ESPN.com news service . 2014 - 05 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Shook , Nick ( 2017 - 08 - 28 ) . `` Lions , Matthew Stafford agree to $135 M extension '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Source : Justin Upton , Tigers agree to 6 - year , $132.75 M contract '' . ESPN.com. 2016 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Farrar , Doug ( 2012 - 03 - 14 ) . `` Megabucks ! Calvin Johnson becomes the NFL 's highest - paid receiver Shutdown Corner - Yahoo ! Sports '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Rangers to sign Shin - Soo Choo to 7 - year deal - ESPN Dallas '' . Espn.go.com. 2013 - 12 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Falcons quarterback Michael Vick signs richest NFL deal in history Jet '' . Find Articles. 2005 - 01 - 17 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Pavlovic , Alex ( 2015 - 12 - 14 ) . `` Giants agree to six - year deal with Johnny Cueto '' . CSN Bay Area . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Anthony Davis '' . Spotrac . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Adams , Luke ( 2016 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Pistons To Re-Sign Andre Drummond '' . Hoops Rumors . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Adams , Luke ( 2016 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Wizards , Bradley Beal Agree To Five - Year Deal '' . Hoops Rumors . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Farrar , Doug ( 2014 - 01 - 02 ) . `` Jay Cutler , Bears agree to seven - year contract extension '' . Sportsillustrated.cnn.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Jermaine O'Neal - Stats , Bio - Boston Celtics - NBA - Pro Basketball - SI.com '' . Sportsillustrated.cnn.com. 1978 - 10 - 13 . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2006 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Player Profiles - Kevin Garnett '' . RealGM. 2006 - 01 - 26 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 11 - 30 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Salaries - Orlando Magic '' . HoopsHype . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jays sign Wells to $126 million , seven - year extension - MLB - ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2006 - 12 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Jayson Werth agrees to $126 million , 7 - year deal with Nationals - ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2010 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Colin Kaepernick signs six - year , $126 million extension with 49ers '' . CBS Sports . 2014 - 06 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ Adams , Luke ( 2017 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Pelicans , Jrue Holiday Agree To Five - Year Deal '' . Hoops Rumors . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Phillies sign Howard to $125 M extension - ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2010 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Josh Hamilton begins Angels career '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2012 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders , Derek Carr finalize 5 - year , $125 M extension '' . NFL.com. 2017 - 06 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Begley , Ian ( July 16 , 2014 ) . `` Carmelo Anthony deal less than max '' . ESPN New York . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Davide Dukcevich , 09.02. 02 , 1 : 10 PM ET . `` The Incredible Michael Schumacher '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Ovechkin , Capitals signs 13 - year , $124 million contract extension - NHL - ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2008 - 01 - 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Agent : Johnson to stay in Atlanta '' . ESPN.com news services . 2010 - 07 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Player Profiles - Chris Webber '' . RealGM. 1973 - 03 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Internet Archive Wayback Machine '' . 2007 - 05 - 27 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ JAMISON HENSLEY ( 2013 - 02 - 28 ) . `` Sources : Joe Flacco Earned His History Making Deal - ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN.com : MLB - Striking gold : Giambi , Yanks agree to $120 M deal '' . Static.espn.go.com. 2001 - 12 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Elvis Andrus signs 8 - year extension '' . ESPNDallas.com. 2013 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ Crasnick , Jerry ( 2010 - 12 - 14 ) . `` Sources : Cliff Lee to return to Phillies '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Maximum Contract Jet '' . Find Articles. 2000 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Holliday party : Cards introduce slugger MLB.com : News '' . Mlb.mlb.com. 2012 - 06 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Arizona Cardinals to re-sign Larry Fitzgerald for eight years , $120 million - ESPN '' . Espn.go.com. 2011 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Adams , Luke ( 2016 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Hornets To Re-Sign Nicolas Batum '' . Hoops Rumors . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Bengals QB Palmer signs extension through 2014 - NFL - ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2005 - 12 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Beltran tries to lure Delgado to Shea , too - MLB - ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2005 - 01 - 10 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Rockets , Harden Agree To New Contract '' . Hoops Rumors . 2016 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Amick , Sam ( 2014 - 07 - 11 ) . `` Chris Bosh lands max contract to stay with Miami Heat '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Donovan McNabb '' . AskMen. 1976 - 11 - 25 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Dalton , Bengals agree to six - year , $115 million contract '' . CBSSports.com. 2014 - 08 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ Links , Zach ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) . `` Broncos , Von Miller Agree To Extension '' . Pro Football Rumors . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Ndamukong Suh signs record deal '' . espn.go.com. 2015 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Will ( 2016 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Celtics To Sign Al Horford '' . Hoops Rumors . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian ( 2015 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Kevin Love agrees to five - year , $110 million contract to stay with Cavs '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ Stein , Marc ( 2015 - 07 - 06 ) . `` Marc Gasol , Grizzlies agree to 5 - year max contract '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ `` Giants To Extend Matt Cain '' . mlbtraderumors. 2012 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Carter , Ivan ( 2008 - 07 - 04 ) . `` Arenas Agrees to Stay With Wizards '' . Washingtonpost.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Shea Weber contract magnifies disparity in NHL markets '' . The Hockey news . 2012 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Packers extend QB Aaron Rodgers '' . ESPN.com news service . 2013 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Tigers To Sign Jordan Zimmermann '' . MLB Trade Rumors . 2015 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Mets To Re-Sign Yoenis Céspedes '' . MLB Trade Rumors . 2016 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` SEBASTIAN VETTEL 'S FERRARI F1 CONTRACT WORTH $240 MILLION '' . www.totalsportek.com. 2014 - 11 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Accountability Sporting News , The '' . Find Articles. 1996 - 11 - 04 . Archived from the original on 2005 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Adam Schefter , Todd Archer and ( March 29 , 2013 ) . `` Tony Romo gets blockbuster deal '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Golliver , Ben ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` Clippers officially re-sign Chris Paul to five - year contract '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Heat stars sign six - year deals '' . ESPN.com . July 10 , 2010 . Retrieved March 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kemp ` Close ' To Signing Deal With Cavs Worth $107 Million '' . Chicago Tribune . October 16 , 1997 . Retrieved June 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Adams , Luke ( 2016 - 07 - 27 ) . `` Blazers Sign C.J. McCollum To Extension '' . Hoops Rumors . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Zillgitt , Jeff ( 2017 - 07 - 08 ) . `` Wizards retain Otto Porter Jr. after matching Nets ' $106 M offer sheet '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ Mar 15 , 10 : 28 am EDT ( 2012 - 03 - 15 ) . `` SS Reyes in lineup against former Mets team - MLB - Yahoo ! Sports '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Cardboard Bullets : Juwan Howard , the original $100 million man '' . Truth about it.net. April 28 , 2010 . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Homer Bailey agrees to $105 M deal '' . ESPN.com news service . February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan Braun extended through 2020 '' . ESPN.com news service . April 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Asher , Mark ( 1996 - 07 - 14 ) . `` Deal for Mourning said $105 million '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ The Canadian Press ( 2012 - 06 - 28 ) . `` Sidney Crosby signs 12 - year , $104.4 M US extension '' . Cbc.ca . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Forbes ( 2014 - 02 - 22 ) . `` Wayne Rooney Signs $104 Million Contract With Manchester United '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Newton , David ( 2 June 2015 ) . `` Cam Newton , Panthers Agree to 5 - year , $103.8 M Extension '' . ESPN Internet Ventures . ESPN . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Arthur , Kenneth ( 2013 - 07 - 25 ) . `` Matt Ryan contract : Falcons QB agrees to extension worth over $100 million '' . SB Nation . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Player Profiles - Jason Kidd '' . RealGM. 2001 - 07 - 18 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Alan ( 2001 - 03 - 08 ) . `` Bledsoe 's Record Deal : 10 Years , $103 Million '' . The Courant . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Fletcher Cox gets six - year extension with Eagles '' . ESPN.com. 2016 - 06 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Mavericks Contracts and future salary commitments '' . eskimo.com . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Roethlisberger agrees to $102 million deal - Pittsburgh Post-Gazette '' . Postgazette.com. 2012 - 03 - 16 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 02 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The 2010 Celebrity 100 : # 48 Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Forbes.com. 2010 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Hoch , Bryan ( 2014 - 02 - 07 ) . `` A-Rod ends litigation against MLB , MLBPA '' . Yankees.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ ABC News . Beckham Looking Forward to U.S. Challenge . January 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment value '' . Article on si.com. 2007 - 01 - 11 . Archived from the original on 25 January 2007 . Retrieved 11 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Chang , Jen . `` Debunking the myths behind Beckham 's contract '' . ESPN Soccernet . Retrieved 12 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Edward ( 11 March 2008 ) . `` Lewis Hamilton saving for a rainy day '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 10 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Dave ( 2010 - 07 - 21 ) . `` N.H.L. Rejects Long - Term Contract for Devils ' Ilya Kovalchuk '' . The New York Times . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_largest_sports_contracts&oldid=815329073 '' Categories : Household income Lists of sports superlatives Sports business Sports records and statistics Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with dead external links from July 2012 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Português Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 05 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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"\n\nRank\nPlayer\nTeam\nSport\nLength of contract\nContract value (USD)\nAverage per year (USD)\nAverage per game5 (USD)\nRef[1]\n\n\n01\nGiancarlo Stanton\nNew York Yankees, Miami Marlins\nBaseball\n13 years (2014-2027)\n$325,000,000\n$25,000,000\n$154,320.99\n[1]\n\n\n02\nRodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez1R\nNew York Yankees*\nBaseball\n10 years (2008–2017)\n$275,000,000\n$27,500,000\n$169,753.09\n[2]\n\n\n03\nNeymar\nParis Saint Germain\nAssociation football\n5 years (2017-2022)\n$270,000,000\n$54,000,000\n$1,080,000\n[3][4][5]\n\n\n04\nRodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez2R\nTexas Rangers*\nBaseball\n10 years (2001–2010)\n$252,000,000\n$25,200,000\n$155,555.56\n[6]\n\n\n05\nCabrera, MiguelMiguel Cabrera\nDetroit Tigers\nBaseball\n08 !8 years (2016–2023)\n$248,000,000\n$31,000,000\n$191,358.02\n[7]\n\n\n005 !06 (tie)\nCano, RobinsonRobinson Cano\nSeattle Mariners\nBaseball\n10 years (2014–2023)\n$240,000,000\n$24,000,000\n$148,148.15\n[8]\n\n\n005 !06 (tie)\nPujols, AlbertAlbert Pujols\nLos Angeles Angels\nBaseball\n10 years (2012–2021)\n$240,000,000\n$24,000,000\n$148,148.15\n[9]\n\n\n007 !07\nHarden, JamesJames Harden\nHouston Rockets\nBasketball\n6 years (2017-2023)\n$228,000,000\n$38,000,000\n$463,414.64\n[10]\n\n\n007 !08\nVotto, JoeyJoey Votto\nCincinnati Reds\nBaseball\n10 years (2014-2024)\n$225,000,000\n$22,500,000\n$138,889\n[11]\n\n\n008 !08\nPrice, DavidDavid Price\nBoston Red Sox\nBaseball\n07 !7 years (2016–2022)\n$217,000,000\n$31,000,000\n$191,358.02\n[12]\n\n\n009 !09\nKershaw, ClaytonClayton Kershaw\nLos Angeles Dodgers\nBaseball\n07 !7 years (2014–2020)\n$215,000,000\n$30,714,285\n$186,120.37\n[13]\n\n\n010 !10\nFielder, PrincePrince FielderInjury\nDetroit Tigers*\nBaseball\n09 !9 years (2012–2020)\n$214,000,000\n$23,777,777\n$146,776.40\n[14]\n\n\n011 !11\nScherzer, MaxMax Scherzer\nWashington Nationals\nBaseball\n07 !7 years (2015–2021)\n$210,000,000\n$30,000,000\n$185,185.19\n[15]\n\n\n012 !12\nGreinke, ZackZack Greinke\nArizona Diamondbacks\nBaseball\n06 !6 years (2016–2021)\n$206,500,000\n$34,416,667\n$212,448.56\n[16]\n\n\n014 !14\nWestbrook , RussellRussell Westbrook 6\nOklahoma City Thunder\nBasketball\n05 !5 years (2018–2023)\n$205,000,000\n$41,000,000\n$491,000.00\n[17]\n\n\n015 !15\nCurry, StephenStephen Curry6\nGolden State Warriors\nBasketball\n05 !5 years (2017–2022)\n$201,200,000\n$40,200,000\n$490,243.90\n[18]\n\n\n016 !16\nJeter, DerekDerek JeterR\nNew York Yankees*\nBaseball\n10 years (2001–2010)\n$189,000,000\n$18,900,000\n$116,666.67\n[19]\n\n\n017 !17 (tie)\nMauer, JoeJoe Mauer\nMinnesota Twins\nBaseball\n08 !8 years (2011–2018)\n$184,000,000\n$23,000,000\n$141,975.31\n[20]\n\n\n017 !17 (tie)\nHeyward, JasonJason Heyward\nChicago Cubs\nBaseball\n08 !8 years (2016–2023)\n$184,000,000\n$23,000,000\n$141,975.31\n[21]\n\n\n018 !18\nMayweather, FloydFloyd MayweatherR\nShowtime*\nBoxing\n02 !2 years (2013–2015)\n$180,000,000+\n$72,000,000+\n$30,000,000+\n[22]\n\n\n018 !18 (tie)\nTeixeira, MarkMark TeixeiraR\nNew York Yankees*\nBaseball\n08 !8 years (2009–2016)\n$180,000,000\n$22,500,000\n$138,888.89\n[23]\n\n\n018 !18 (tie)\nVerlander, JustinJustin Verlander\nDetroit Tigers\nBaseball\n07 !7 years (2013–2019)\n$180,000,000\n$25,714,286\n$158,730.16\n[24]\n\n\n019 !19 (tie)\nHernández, FélixFélix Hernández\nSeattle Mariners\nBaseball\n07 !7 years (2013–2019)\n$175,000,000\n$25,000,000\n$154,320.99\n[25]\n\n\n020 !20 (tie)\nStrasburg, StephenStephen Strasburg\nWashington Nationals\nBaseball\n07 !7 years (2017–2023)\n$175,000,000\n$25,000,000\n$154,320.99\n[26]\n\n\n022 !22\nGriffin, BlakeBlake Griffin6\nLos Angeles Clippers\nBasketball\n05 !5 years (2017–2022)\n$172,260,000\n$34,452,000\n$420,146.34\n[27]\n\n\n023 !23\nPosey, BusterBuster Posey\nSan Francisco Giants\nBaseball\n09 !9 years (2013–2021)\n$167,000,000\n$18,555,556\n$114,540.47\n[28]\n\n\n024 !24 (tie)\nSabathia, CCCC Sabathia\nNew York Yankees\nBaseball\n07 !7 years (2009–2015)\n$161,000,000\n$23,000,000\n$141,975.31\n[29]\n\n\n024 !24 (tie)\nDavis, ChrisChris Davis\nBaltimore Orioles\nBaseball\n07 !7 years (2016–2022)\n$161,000,000\n$23,000,000\n$141,975.31\n[30]\n\n\n026 !26 (tie)\nKemp, MattMatt Kemp\nLos Angeles Dodgers*\nBaseball\n08 !8 years (2012–2019)\n$160,000,000\n$20,000,000\n$123,456.79\n[31]\n\n\n026 !26 (tie)\nRamírez, MannyManny RamírezR\nBoston Red Sox*\nBaseball\n08 !8 years (2001–2008)\n$160,000,000\n$20,000,000\n$123,456.79\n[32]\n\n\n028 !28\nTulowitzki, TroyTroy Tulowitzki\nColorado Rockies*\nBaseball\n10 years (2011–2020)\n$157,750,000\n$15,775,000\n$97,376.54\n[33]\n\n\n029 !29 (tie)\nTanaka, MasahiroMasahiro Tanaka\nNew York Yankees\nBaseball\n07 !7 years (2014–2020)\n$155,000,000\n$22,141,857\n$136,684.30\n[34]\n\n\n029 !29 (tie)\nLester, JonJon Lester\nChicago Cubs\nBaseball\n06 !6 years (2015–2020)\n$155,000,000\n$25,833,333\n$159,465.02\n[35]\n\n\n031 !31\nGonzález, AdriánAdrián González\nBoston Red Sox*\nBaseball\n07 !7 years (2012–2018)\n$154,000,000\n$22,000,000\n$135,802.67\n[36]\n\n\n032 !32 (tie)\nRäikkönen, KimiKimi Räikkönen\nFerrari\nAuto racing\n03 !3 years (2007–2009)\n$153,000,000\n$51,000,000\n$2,942,307.69\n\n[37]\n\n\n\n032 !32 (tie)\nEllsbury, JacobyJacoby Ellsbury\nNew York Yankees\nBaseball\n07 !7 years (2014–2020)\n$153,000,000\n$21,857,142\n$134,920.64\n[38]\n\n\n034 !34\nConley Jr., MikeMike Conley Jr.\nMemphis Grizzlies\nBasketball\n5 years (2016–2020)\n$152,605,576\n$30,521,115\n$372,208.72\n[39]\n\n\n035 !35\nCabrera, MiguelMiguel Cabrera\nDetroit Tigers\nBaseball\n08 !8 years (2008–2015)\n$152,300,000\n$19,037,500\n$117,515.43\n[40]\n\n\n036 !36\nHelton, ToddTodd HeltonR\nColorado Rockies*\nBaseball\n11 years (2001–2011)\n$151,500,000\n$13,772,727\n$85,016.83\n[41]\n\n\n037 !37\nGreinke, ZackZack Greinke\nLos Angeles Dodgers*\nBaseball\n06 !6 years (2013–2019)\n$147,000,000\n$24,500,000\n$151,234.57\n[42]\n\n\n038 !38\nBale, GarethGareth Bale\nReal Madrid C.F.\nAssociation football\n06 !6 years (2013–2019)\n$146,280,000\n$24,380,000\n$406,333.33\n[43]\n\n\n039 !39\nTrout, MikeMike Trout\nLos Angeles Angels\nBaseball\n06 !6 years (2015–2020)\n$144,500,000\n$24,083,333\n$148,662.55\n[44]\n\n\n040 !40\nHamels, ColeCole Hamels\nPhiladelphia Phillies*\nBaseball\n06 !6 years (2013–2018)\n$144,000,000\n$24,000,000\n$148,148.15\n[45]\n\n\n041 !41\nCrawford, CarlCarl CrawfordR\nBoston Red Sox*\nBaseball\n07 !7 years (2011–2017)\n$142,000,000\n$20,285,714\n$125,220.46\n[46]\n\n\n042 !42\nLillard, DamianDamian Lillard\nPortland Trail Blazers\nBasketball\n05 !5 years (2016–2021)\n$139,888,445\n$27,977,689\n$341,191.33\n[47]\n\n\n043 !43\nLuck, AndrewAndrew Luck\nIndianapolis Colts\nAmerican football\n06 !6 years (2016–2021)\n$139,125,000\n$23,187,500\n$1,449,218.75\n[48]\n\n\n044 !44\nDeRozan, DeMarDeMar DeRozan\nToronto Raptors\nBasketball\n05 !5 years (2016–2021)\n$139,000,000\n$27,800,000\n$339,024.39\n[49]\n\n\n045 !45\nWright, DavidDavid Wright\nNew York Mets\nBaseball\n08 !8 years (2013–2020)\n$138,000,000\n$17,250,000\n$106,481.48\n[50]\n\n\n046 !46\nSantana, JohanJohan Santana\nNew York Mets*\nBaseball\n06 !6 years (2008–2013)\n$137,500,000\n$22,916,667\n$141,460.91\n[51]\n\n\n047 !47\nBryant, KobeKobe BryantR\nLos Angeles Lakers*\nBasketball\n07 !7 years (2004–2011)\n$136,400,000\n$19,485,714\n$237,630.66\n[52]\n\n\n048 !48\nSoriano, AlfonsoAlfonso SorianoR\nChicago Cubs*\nBaseball\n08 !8 years (2007–2014)\n$136,000,000\n$17,000,000\n$104,938.27\n[53]\n\n\n049 !49 (tie)\nFreeman, FreddieFreddie Freeman\nAtlanta Braves\nBaseball\n08 !8 years (2014–2021)\n$135,000,000\n$16,875,000\n$104,166.67\n[54]\n\n\n049 !49 (tie)\nStafford, MatthewMatthew Stafford\nDetroit Lions\nAmerican football\n05 !5 years (2018–2022)\n$135,000,000\n$27,000,000\n$1,687,500.00\n[55]\n\n\n050 !50\nUpton, JustinJustin Upton\nDetroit Tigers\nBaseball\n06 !6 years (2016–2021)\n$132,750,000\n$22,125,000\n$136,574.07\n[56]\n\n\n051 !51\nJohnson, CalvinCalvin JohnsonR\nDetroit Lions*\nAmerican football\n08 !8 years (2007–2015)\n$132,000,000\n$16,500,000\n$1,031,250.00\n[57]\n\n\n052 !52 (tie)\nChoo, Shin-SooShin-Soo Choo\nTexas Rangers\nBaseball\n07 !7 years (2014–2020)\n$130,000,000\n$18,571,428\n$114,638.45\n[58]\n\n\n052 !52 (tie)\nVick, MichaelMichael Vick3 R\nAtlanta Falcons*\nAmerican football\n10 years (2005–2014)\n$130,000,000\n$13,000,000\n$812,500.00\n[59]\n\n\n052 !52 (tie)\nCueto, JohnnyJohnny Cueto\nSan Francisco Giants\nBaseball\n06 !6 years (2016–2021)\n$130,000,000\n$21,666,667\n$133,744.86\n[60]\n\n\n055 !55 (tie)\nDavis, AnthonyAnthony Davis\nNew Orleans Pelicans\nBasketball\n05 !5 years (2016–2021)\n$127,171,313\n$25,434,262\n$310,173.93\n[61]\n\n\n055 !55 (tie)\nDrummond, AndreAndre Drummond\nDetroit Pistons\nBasketball\n05 !5 years (2016–2021)\n$127,171,313\n$25,434,262\n$310,173.93\n[62]\n\n\n055 !55 (tie)\nBeal, BradleyBradley Beal\nWashington Wizards\nBasketball\n05 !5 years (2016–2021)\n$127,171,313\n$25,434,262\n$310,173.93\n[63]\n\n\n058 !58\nCutler, JayJay CutlerR\nChicago Bears*\nAmerican football\n07 !7 years (2014–2020)\n$126,700,000\n$18,100,000\n$1,131,250.00\n[64]\n\n\n059 !59\nO'Neal, JermaineJermaine O'NealR\nIndiana Pacers*\nBasketball\n07 !7 years (2003–2010)\n$126,558,000\n$18,079,714\n$220,484.32\n[65]\n\n\n060 !60 (tie)\nGarnett, KevinKevin GarnettR\nMinnesota Timberwolves*\nBasketball\n06 !6 years (1999–2005)\n$126,000,000\n$21,000,000\n$256,097.56\n[66]\n\n\n060 !60 (tie)\nLewis, RashardRashard LewisR\nOrlando Magic*\nBasketball\n06 !6 years (2007–2013)\n$126,000,000\n$21,000,000\n$256,097.56\n[67]\n\n\n060 !60 (tie)\nWells, VernonVernon WellsR\nToronto Blue Jays*\nBaseball\n07 !7 years (2008–2014)\n$126,000,000\n$18,000,000\n$111,111.11\n[68]\n\n\n060 !60 (tie)\nZito, BarryBarry ZitoR\nSan Francisco Giants*\nBaseball\n07 !7 years (2007–2013)\n$126,000,000\n$18,000,000\n$111,111.11\n[68]\n\n\n060 !60 (tie)\nWerth, JaysonJayson Werth\nWashington Nationals\nBaseball\n07 !7 years (2011–2017)\n$126,000,000\n$18,000,000\n$111,111.11\n[69]\n\n\n060 !60 (tie)\nKaepernick, ColinColin Kaepernick\nSan Francisco 49ers*\nAmerican football\n06 !6 years (2015–2020)\n$126,000,000\n$21,000,000\n$1,312,500.00\n.[70]\n\n\n060 !60 (tie)\nHoliday, JrueJrue Holiday6\nNew Orleans Pelicans\nBasketball\n05 !5 years (2017–2022)\n$126,000,000\n$25,200,000\n$307,317.07\n[71]\n\n\n067 !67 (tie)\nHoward, RyanRyan Howard\nPhiladelphia Phillies*\nBaseball\n05 !5 years (2012–2016)\n$125,000,000\n$25,000,000\n$154,320.99\n[72]\n\n\n067 !67 (tie)\nHamilton, JoshJosh Hamilton\nLos Angeles Angels*\nBaseball\n05 !5 years (2013–2017)\n$125,000,000\n$25,000,000\n$154,320.99\n[73]\n\n\n067 !67 (tie)\nCarr, DerekDerek Carr\nOakland Raiders\nAmerican football\n05 !5 years (2018–2022)\n$125,000,000\n$25,000,000\n$1,562,500.00\n[74]\n\n\n070 !70\nAnthony, CarmeloCarmelo Anthony\nNew York Knicks\nBasketball\n05 !5 years (2014–2019)\n$124,064,280\n$24,812,856\n$302,595.81\n[75]\n\n\n071 !71 (tie)\nSchumacher, MichaelMichael SchumacherR\nFerrari*\nAuto racing\n04 !4 years (1996–1999)\n$124,000,000\n$31,000,000\n$1,907,692.30\n[76]\n\n\n071 !71 (tie)\nOvechkin, AlexanderAlexander Ovechkin\nWashington Capitals\nHockey\n13 years (2008–2021)\n$124,000,000\n$9,538,461\n$116,322.70\n[77]\n\n\n073 !73\nJohnson, JoeJoe Johnson\nAtlanta Hawks*\nBasketball\n06 !6 years (2010–2017)\n$123,658,089\n$20,609,681\n$251,337.58\n[78]\n\n\n074 !74\nWebber, ChrisChris WebberR\nSacramento Kings*\nBasketball\n07 !7 years (2001–2007)\n$122,718,750\n$17,531,250\n$213,795.73\n[79]\n\n\n075 !75\nDuncan, TimTim DuncanR\nSan Antonio Spurs*\nBasketball\n07 !7 years (2003–2010)\n$122,007,704\n$17,429,672\n$212,556.98\n[80]\n\n\n076 !76\nHampton, MikeMike HamptonR\nColorado Rockies*\nBaseball\n08 !8 years (2001–2008)\n$121,000,000\n$15,125,000\n$93,364.20\n[41]\n\n\n077 !77\nFlacco, JoeJoe Flacco\nBaltimore Ravens\nAmerican football\n06 !6 years (2013–2018)\n$120,600,000\n$20,100,000\n$1,256,250.00\n[81]\n\n\n078 !78 (tie)\nGiambi, JasonJason GiambiR\nNew York Yankees*\nBaseball\n07 !7 years (2002–2008)\n$120,000,000\n$17,142,857\n$105,820.10\n[82]\n\n\n078 !78 (tie)\nAndrus, ElvisElvis Andrus\nTexas Rangers\nBaseball\n08 !8 years (2015–2022)\n$120,000,000\n$15,000,000\n$92,592.59\n[83]\n\n\n078 !78 (tie)\nLee, CliffCliff LeeR\nPhiladelphia Phillies*\nBaseball\n05 !5 years (2011–2015)\n$120,000,000\n$24,000,000\n$148,148.15\n[84]\n\n\n078 !78 (tie)\nO'Neal, ShaquilleShaquille O'NealR\nLos Angeles Lakers*\nBasketball\n07 !7 years (1996–2003)\n$120,000,000\n$17,142,857\n$209,059.23\n[85]\n\n\n078 !78 (tie)\nHolliday, MattMatt Holliday\nSt. Louis Cardinals*\nBaseball\n07 !7 years (2010–2016)\n$120,000,000\n$17,142,857\n$105,820.10\n[86]\n\n\n078 !78 (tie)\nFitzgerald, LarryLarry Fitzgerald\nArizona Cardinals\nAmerican football\n08 !8 years (2011–2018)\n$120,000,000\n$15,000,000\n$937,500.00\n[87]\n\n\n078 !78 (tie)\nBatum, NicolasNicolas Batum\nCharlotte Hornets\nBasketball\n05 !5 years (2016–2021)\n$120,000,000\n$24,000,000\n$292,682.93\n[88]\n\n\n085 !85\nPalmer, CarsonCarson Palmer\nCincinnati Bengals*\nAmerican football\n09 !9 years (2006–2014)\n$119,750,000‡\n$13,305,555\n$831,597.19\n[89]\n\n\n086 !86\nBeltrán, CarlosCarlos Beltrán\nNew York Mets*\nBaseball\n07 !7 years (2005–2011)\n$119,000,000\n$17,000,000\n$104,938.27\n[90]\n\n\n087 !87\nHarden, JamesJames Harden\nHouston Rockets\nBasketball\n04 !4 years (2016–2020)\n$118,103,446\n$29,525,861\n$360,071.48\n[91]\n\n\n088 !88\nBosh, ChrisChris Bosh\nMiami Heat\nBasketball\n05 !5 years (2014–2019)\n$118,000,000\n$23,600,000\n$287,804.88\n[92]\n\n\n089 !89\nGriffey, Jr., KenKen Griffey, Jr.R\nCincinnati Reds*\nBaseball\n09 !9 years (2000–2008)\n$116,500,000\n$12,944,444\n$79,903.98\n[41]\n\n\n090 !90 (tie)\nMcNabb, DonovanDonovan McNabbR\nPhiladelphia Eagles*\nAmerican football\n12 !12 years (2002–2013)\n$115,000,000‡\n$9,583,333\n$598,958.31\n[93]\n\n\n090 !90 (tie)\nDalton, AndyAndy Dalton\nCincinnati Bengals\nAmerican football\n06 !6 years (2015–2020)\n$115,000,000‡\n$19,166,667\n$1,197,916.67\n[94]\n\n\n092 !92\nMiller, VonVon Miller\nDenver Broncos\nAmerican football\n06 !6 years (2016–2021)\n$114,500,000\n$19,083,333\n$1,192,708.33\n[95]\n\n\n093 !93\nSuh, NdamukongNdamukong Suh\nMiami Dolphins\nAmerican football\n06 !6 years (2015–2020)\n$114,000,000\n$19,000,000\n$1,187,500.00\n[96]\n\n\n094 !94\nHorford, AlAl Horford\nBoston Celtics\nBasketball\n04 !4 years (2016–2020)\n$113,326,228\n$28,331,557\n$345,506.79\n[97]\n\n\n095 !95 (tie)\nLove, KevinKevin Love\nCleveland Cavaliers\nBasketball\n05 !5 years (2015–2020)\n$113,211,750\n$22,642,350\n$276,126.22\n[98]\n\n\n095 !95 (tie)\nGasol, MarcMarc Gasol\nMemphis Grizzlies\nBasketball\n05 !5 years (2015–2020)\n$113,211,750\n$22,642,350\n$276,126.22\n[99]\n\n\n097 !97\nCain, MattMatt Cain\nSan Francisco Giants\nBaseball\n06 !6 years (2012–2017)\n$112,500,000\n$18,666,667\n$115,226.34\n[100]\n\n\n098 !98\nArenas, GilbertGilbert Arenas4 R\nWashington Wizards*\nBasketball\n06 !6 years (2008–2013)\n$111,000,000\n$18,500,000\n$225,609.76\n[101]\n\n\n099 !99 (tie)\nWeber, SheaShea Weber\nNashville Predators*\nHockey\n14 !14 years (2012–2026)\n$110,000,000\n$7,857,143\n$95,818.82\n[102]\n\n\n099 !99 (tie)\nRodgers, AaronAaron Rodgers\nGreen Bay Packers\nAmerican football\n05 !5 years (2015–2019)\n$110,000,000\n$22,000,000\n$1,375,000.00\n[103]\n\n\n099 !99 (tie)\nZimmermann, JordanJordan Zimmermann\nDetroit Tigers\nBaseball\n05 !5 years (2016–2020)\n$110,000,000\n$22,000,000\n$135,802.47\n[104]\n\n\n099 !99 (tie)\nCespedes, YoenisYoenis Cespedes\nNew York Mets\nBaseball\n04 !4 years (2017–2020)\n$110,000,000\n$27,500,000\n$169,753.09\n[105]\n\n\n099 !99 (tie)\nVettel, SebastianSebastian Vettel\nFerrari\nAuto racing\n03 !3 years (2015–2017)\n$110,000,000\n$36,666,667\n$1,833,333.33\n[106]\n\n\n104 !104 (tie)\nJames, LeBronLeBron James\nMiami Heat*\nBasketball\n06 !6 years (2010–2016)\n$109,837,500\n$18,306,250\n$223,246.95\n[107]\n\n\n104 !104 (tie)\nBosh, ChrisChris Bosh\nMiami Heat\nBasketball\n06 !6 years (2010–2016)\n$109,837,500\n$18,306,250\n$223,246.95\n[107]\n\n\n106 !106\nRomo, TonyTony RomoR\nDallas Cowboys*\nAmerican football\n06 !6 years (2014–2019)\n$108,000,000\n$18,000,000\n$1,125,000.00\n[108]\n\n\n107 !107\nPaul, ChrisChris Paul\nLos Angeles Clippers*\nBasketball\n05 !5 years (2013–2018)\n$107,343,478\n$21,468,696\n$261,813.36\n[109]\n\n\n108 !108\nWade, DwyaneDwyane Wade\nMiami Heat*\nBasketball\n06 !6 years (2010–2016)\n$107,186,000\n$17,864,333\n$217,857.72\n[110]\n\n\n109 !109\nKemp, ShawnShawn KempR\nCleveland Cavaliers*\nBasketball\n07 !7 years (1997–2004)\n$107,000,000\n$15,285,714\n$186,411.15\n[111]\n\n\n110 !110\nMcCollum, C.J.C.J. McCollum\nPortland Trail Blazers\nBasketball\n04 !4 years (2017–2021)\n$106,663,450\n$26,665,862\n$325,193.45\n[112]\n\n\n111\nPorter, OttoOtto Porter\nWashington Wizards\nBasketball\n4 years (2017-2021)\n$106,524,975\n$26,631,244\n$324,771.27\n[113]\n\n\n112\nReyes, JoséJosé Reyes\nMiami Marlins*\nBaseball\n06 !6 years (2012–2017)\n$106,000,000\n$17,666,666\n$109,053.50\n[114]\n\n\n113\nHoward, JuwanJuwan HowardR\nWashington Bullets*\nBasketball\n07 !7 years (1996–2003)\n$105,375,000\n$15,053,571\n$183,580.14\n[115]\n\n\n114 (tie)\nBrown, KevinKevin BrownR\nLos Angeles Dodgers*\nBaseball\n07 !7 years (1999–2005)\n$105,000,000\n$15,000,000\n$92,592.59\n[41]\n\n\n114 !114 (tie)\nBailey, HomerHomer Bailey\nCincinnati Reds\nBaseball\n06 !6 years (2014–2019)\n$105,000,000\n$17,500,000\n$108,024.61\n[116]\n\n\n114 !114 (tie)\nBraun, RyanRyan Braun\nMilwaukee Brewers\nBaseball\n05 !5 years (2016–2020)\n$105,000,000\n$21,000,000\n$129,629.63\n[117]\n\n\n114 !114 (tie)\nMourning, AlonzoAlonzo MourningR\nMiami Heat*\nBasketball\n07 !7 years (1996–2003)\n$105,000,000\n$15,000,000\n$182,926.83\n[118]\n\n\n118 !118\nCrosby, SidneySidney Crosby\nPittsburgh Penguins\nHockey\n12 !12 years (2013–2025)\n$104,400,000\n$8,700,000\n$106,097.56\n[119]\n\n\n119 !119\nRooney, WayneWayne Rooney\nManchester United\nAssociation football\n04 !4 years (2015–2019)\n$104,000,000\n$26,000,000\n$498,000.00\n[120]\n\n\n120 !120\nNewton, CamCam Newton\nCarolina Panthers\nAmerican football\n05 !5 years (2015–2020)\n$103,800,000\n$20,760,000\n$1,297,500.00\n[121]\n\n\n121 !121\nRyan, MattMatt Ryan\nAtlanta Falcons\nAmerican football\n05 !5 years (2014–2018)\n$103,750,000\n$20,750,000\n$1,296,875.00\n[122]\n\n\n122 !122\nKidd, JasonJason KiddR\nNew Jersey Nets*\nBasketball\n06 !6 years (2003–2009)\n$103,572,000\n$17,262,000\n$210,512.20\n[123]\n\n\n123 !123\nBledsoe, DrewDrew BledsoeR\nNew England Patriots*\nAmerican football\n10 !10 years (2001–2010)\n$103,000,000\n$10,300,000\n$643,750.00\n[124]\n\n\n124 !124\nCox, FletcherFletcher Cox\nPhiladelphia Eagles\nAmerican football\n06 !6 years (2017–2022)\n$102,600,000\n$17,100,000\n$1,068,750.00\n[125]\n\n\n125 !125\nFinley, MichaelMichael FinleyR\nDallas Mavericks*\nBasketball\n07 !7 years (2001–2008)\n$102,265,625\n$14,609,375\n$178,163.11\n[126]\n\n\n126 !126 (tie)\nRoethlisberger, BenBen Roethlisberger\nPittsburgh Steelers\nAmerican football\n08 !8 years (2008–2015)\n$102,000,000‡\n$12,750,000\n$796,875.00\n[127]\n\n\n126 !126 (tie)\nRonaldo, CristianoCristiano Ronaldo\nReal Madrid C.F.\nAssociation football\n06 !6 years (2009–2015)\n$102,000,000\n$17,000,000\n$400,000.00\n[128]\n\n"
] | [
"Johnson, Calvin"
] |
-4834670530447519561 | The Salvation Army in Australia | The Salvation Army in Australia - Wikipedia The Salvation Army in Australia Jump to : navigation , search Main articles : The Salvation Army , Australia Eastern Territory and The Salvation Army , Australia Southern Territory Part of a series on The Salvation Army Background Christianity Protestantism Pietism Arminianism Methodism Holiness Movement Evangelicalism Organization General Chief of the Staff High Council Commissioners Officer Soldier Corps Prominent Salvationists William Booth Catherine Booth Bramwell Booth Florence Booth Evangeline Booth Ballington Booth Catherine Bramwell - Booth Frederick Booth - Tucker Arthur Booth - Clibborn Elijah Cadman John Lawley George Scott Railton T. Henry Howard Charles Jeffries Theodore Kitching Darkie Hutton William Ridsdel Ray Steadman - Allen Eva Burrows Other topics Brass Bands Promoted to Glory Order of the Founder Limelight Department Christmas Kettle The War Cry Articles of War Reliance Bank Related organisations American Rescue Workers Volunteers of America Skeleton Army The Blind Beggar Christianity portal The Salvation Army in Australia ( nicknamed `` Salvos '' in Australian English ) is an evangelical Christian church known for its charity work . It began operating in Australia since the late 19th Century . Administratively it is now divided between The Salvation Army , Australia Eastern Territory and The Salvation Army , Australia Southern Territory . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Salvation Army Growth 19th Century 2 Australian sex abuse cases 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The first Salvation Army meeting in Australia was held in 1880 . Edward Saunders and John Gore led the meeting from the back of a greengrocer 's cart in Adelaide Botanic Park with an offer of food for those who had not eaten . In 1883 , Major James Barker led the way to establish the first Salvation Army social institution anywhere in the world on a permanent basis , known as the `` Prison Gate '' program . Barker saw that prisoners being released from the Melbourne Gaol had nowhere to go and no work , so they inevitably re-offended and returned to gaol . Barker leased a small house in Lygon Street , Carlton , to provide accommodation for prisoners discharged from Melbourne 's gaols . This led to the formation of the Prison-Gate Brigade , the members of which met discharged prisoners upon their release and offered them a home and the prospect of a job . The Salvos also involved themselves in finding work for the unemployed and in re-uniting families . In Melbourne from 1897 to 1910 , The Army 's Limelight Department was established as Australia 's first film production company . Eighty - four cents in every dollar donated to The Salvation Army goes directly to those in need . This is one of the most efficient rates of any charity in Australia . It is thought that the name of the popular biscuit by Arnotts , SAO , stands for ' Salvation Army Officer ' . The Salvation Army helps more than one million Australians every year . In an average week , the Salvation Army provides an estimated : 100,000 meals for the hungry 2,000 beds for the homeless 5,000 to 8,000 food vouchers 1,000 people with assistance in finding employment Refuge to 500 victims of abuse Assistance to 500 people addicted to drugs , alcohol or gambling Several thousand people with counselling 3,000 elderly people with aged care services 1,000 people in the court system with chaplaincy services Family tracing services which locate 40 missing family members From these diverse activities , The Salvos have grown to be one of Australia 's most respected charitable organisations , with a 2009 survey by Sweeney Research and the advertising group Grey Global finding the Salvation Army and the nation 's Ambulance Service to be Australia 's most trusted entities . Australia 's George Carpenter was General of the Salvation Army ( worldwide leader ) from 1939 -- 1946 and Eva Burrows during the 1980s and 1990s . Salvation Army growth 19th Century ( edit ) The Salvation Army grew quickly within Australia , but it was a growth fraught with difficulty . In its early days The Salvation Army often met with suspicion , derision and violence . Salvationists simply walking down the streets would often suffer abuse and sustain injury from thrown objects . Several local councils even passed by - laws forbidding Salvation Army street processions , and the Police were liable to arrest them . From 1881 to 1907 , across the country , more than 100 Salvationists were fined or jailed for holding street - meetings and marches . `` Almost every night some of our soldiers are getting hurt . One night during the week , as we were all having our usual open - air meeting , a crowd of 200 roughs gathered around , and threw lumps of road metal . One piece struck the Captain on the mouth and split one of his teeth , and loosened two others ; yet , with all , we were able to sing , ' Hallelujah ! ' `` Another night a sister got struck on the head , almost forcing her to the ground . In the face of all , there are certain officials of the law who stand by and enjoy the brutal sport . '' -- War Cry magazine Brisbane circa 1900 Despite persecution and prosecution the number of Salvation Army Corps grew at an amazing rate , so much so that by 1900 there were over 1,300 Corps and outposts across Australia and New Zealand and The Salvation Army in Australasia could boast the following statistics : Officers & Cadets & Employees : 1929 Soldiers ( Members ) estimated at 50,000 Corps ( Churches ) : 512 Outposts : 858 Training Homes : 2 Women 's Industrial Homes : 4 Rescue Homes : 16 Maternity Homes : 7 Slum Posts & Women 's Shelters : 5 Prison-Gate Brigade Homes : 7 Men 's Shelters & Labour Yards : 6 Men 's Industrial Homes & Farms : 7 League of Mercy : 4 Military Home : 1 Australian sex abuse cases ( edit ) See also : Forgotten Australians and Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse From the 1940s to the 1980s the Salvation Army in Australia sheltered approximately 30,000 children . In 2006 the Australian Salvation Army acknowledged that sexual abuse may have occurred during this time and issued an apology . In it , the Army explicitly rejected a claim , made by a party unnamed in the apology , that there were as many as 500 potential claimants . In 2013 it was reported that private settlements totalling A $ 15.5 million had been made in Victoria relating to 474 abuse cases ; a Salvation Army spokesman said that `` This should not have happened and this was a breach of the trust placed in us '' and that they were `` deeply sorry '' whilst claiming that the abuse was `` the result of individuals and not a culture within the organisation . '' On 28 January 2014 , the Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse , a royal commission of inquiry initiated in 2013 by the Australian Government and supported by all of its state governments , began an investigation into abuse cases at the Alkira Salvation Army Home for Boys at Indooroopilly ; the Riverview Training Farm ( also known as Endeavour Training Farm ) at Riverview -- both in Queensland ; the Bexley Boys ' Home at Bexley ; and the Gill Memorial Home at Goulburn -- both in New South Wales . The investigation also examined The Salvation Army 's processes in investigating , disciplining , removing and / or transferring anyone accused of , or found to have engaged in , child sexual abuse in these homes . On 27 March 2014 , the Royal Commission began an investigation into the handling by The Salvation Army ( Eastern Territory ) of claims of child sexual abuse between 1993 and 2014 . Many questions were raised during the course of the investigation as to whether high - ranking members of the organisation knew about these cases of child sexual abuse and failed to investigate , discipline , sack and prosecute sex offenders while boys and girls were beaten , bashed and raped . The Royal Commission published a case study report on the findings and recommendations for one of the abovementioned case studies . See also ( edit ) Christianity in Australia Religion in Australia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 125 Years in Australia '' Our History '' About Us `` . salvos.org.au . Retrieved 10 July 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.salvationarmy.org.au/en/Who-We-Are/History-and-heritage/Foundation-of-Salvation-Army-social-services/ Jump up ^ `` Did You Know ? '' Overview '' About Us `` . salvos.org.au. 14 January 2005 . Retrieved 10 July 2011 . Jump up ^ http://superbrands.com.au/index.php/salvation-army Jump up ^ `` Banks and telcos biggest losers of the public 's trust '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 20 November 2009 . Retrieved 10 July 2011 . Jump up ^ http://adbonline.anu.edu.au/biogs/AS10081b.htm Jump up ^ `` Eva Burrows - Biographical Information '' . Dictionary of Australian Biography . Retrieved 10 July 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.salvationarmy.org.au/en/Who-We-Are/History-and-heritage/Church-Growth-in-Australia/ Jump up ^ http://www.salvationarmy.org.au/en/Who-We-Are/History-and-heritage/Opposition-and-acceptance-of-The-Salvation-Army/ Jump up ^ http://www.salvationarmy.org.au/en/Who-We-Are/History-and-heritage/20th-Century-overview/ Jump up ^ `` The Salvation Army 's response to child abuse allegations '' . The Salvation Army . 1 August 2006 . Archived from the original on 19 August 2006 . Retrieved 30 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Gannon , Genevieve ( 11 April 2013 ) . `` Salvo abuse claims dealt with privately '' . The Age . Retrieved 30 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Rintoul , Stuart ( 11 April 2013 ) . `` ' Ashamed ' Salvation Army paid $15 m to child sex abuse victims , inquiry told '' . The Australian . Retrieved 30 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Salvation Army appearance before the Victorian Parliamentary Committee 's Inquiry into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse '' ( PDF ) . The Salvation Army . Retrieved 31 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Letters Patent '' . Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse . Retrieved 12 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Thrower , Louise ( 5 February 2014 ) . `` Royal Commission : Torture and rape at Gill Memorial '' . Goulburn Post . Retrieved 5 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Oriti , Thomas ( 31 January 2014 ) . `` Salvation Army suspends officer John McIver over child sexual abuse royal commission '' . ABC News . Australia . Retrieved 5 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Oriti , Thomas ( 6 February 2014 ) . `` Boys ' rented out ' for abuse at Salvation Army boys ' home at Bexley in Sydney 's south '' . ABC News . Australia . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Case Study 5 , January 2014 , Sydney '' . Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse. 2014 . Retrieved 16 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Oriti , Thomas ; Bourke , Emily ( 3 February 2014 ) . `` Salvation Army whistleblowers dismissed from Indooroopilly , Qld , home for reporting alleged abuse , royal commission hears '' . PM . Australia : ABC News . Retrieved 4 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Oriti , Thomas ( 4 February 2014 ) . `` Salvation Army officers allegedly moved interstate if accused of child sex abuse '' . ABC News . Australia . Retrieved 5 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Case Study 10 , March 2014 , Sydney '' . Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse. 2014 . Retrieved 16 May 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/nsw/shining-the-spotlight-on-salvation-army-abuse/story-fni0cx12-1226810825660 Jump up ^ `` Report of Case Study No. 5 : Response of The Salvation Army to child sexual abuse at its boys homes in New South Wales and Queensland '' . Sydney : Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse . January 2015 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 925289 - 06 - 0 . Retrieved 24 December 2015 . External links ( edit ) David Woodbury - Salvation Army ( 2011 ) . `` Foundation of the Salvation Army in Sydney 1882 - 83 '' . Dictionary of Sydney . Retrieved 4 October 2015 . ( hide ) Homelessness in Australia Service providers Anglicare Barnardo 's Caretakers Cottage Coast Shelter Detour House FareShare ( Australia ) HomeGround Services Jewish House Launch Housing Mission Australia Najidah Orange Sky Laundry Salvos Samaritans Foundation Southern Youth and Family Services Taldumande Youth Services Toora Women UnitingCare Australia Vinnies Wayside Chapel Wesley Mission Wintringham Specialist Aged Care Youth Off The Streets Youthcare Hervey Bay Peak body organisations Homelessness Council to Homeless Persons Homelessness Australia Homelessness NSW Homelessness SA NT Shelter Queensland Shelter Shelter Tasmania Shelter WA Youth Homelessness National Youth Coalition for Housing Queensland Youth Housing Coalition Yfoundations Events Homeless Persons ' Week Youth Homelessness Matters Day Youth Refuge Week Government programs Supported Accommodation Assistance Program Misc . The Choir of Hard Knocks The Big Issue ( Australia ) The Oasis ( 2008 film ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Salvation_Army_in_Australia&oldid=791140152 '' Categories : Salvationism in Australia Christianity in Australia Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2014 Use Australian English from June 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Articles needing additional references from May 2015 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 All articles with peacock terms Articles with peacock terms from May 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 July 2017 , at 11 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where was the salvation army founded in australia | [
"The first Salvation Army meeting in Australia was held in 1880. Edward Saunders and John Gore led the meeting from the back of a greengrocer's cart in Adelaide Botanic Park with an offer of food for those who had not eaten.[1] In 1883, Major James Barker led the way to establish the first Salvation Army social institution anywhere in the world on a permanent basis, known as the \"Prison Gate\" program. Barker saw that prisoners being released from the Melbourne Gaol had nowhere to go and no work, so they inevitably re-offended and returned to gaol. Barker leased a small house in Lygon Street, Carlton, to provide accommodation for prisoners discharged from Melbourne's gaols. This led to the formation of the Prison-Gate Brigade, the members of which met discharged prisoners upon their release and offered them a home and the prospect of a job.[2] The Salvos also involved themselves in finding work for the unemployed and in re-uniting families. In Melbourne from 1897 to 1910, The Army's Limelight Department was established as Australia's first film production company.[3]"
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"a small house in Lygon Street, Carlton"
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-1480364380985582823 | Solar cooker | Solar cooker - wikipedia Solar cooker Hot dogs being cooked with a solar funnel cooker A solar cooker is a device which uses the energy of direct sunlight to heat , cook or pasteurise drink and other food materials . Many solar cookers currently in use are relatively inexpensive , low - tech devices , although some are as powerful or as expensive as traditional stoves , and advanced , large - scale solar cookers can cook for hundreds of people . Because they use no fuel and cost nothing to operate , many nonprofit organizations are promoting their use worldwide in order to help reduce fuel costs ( especially where monetary reciprocity is low ) and air pollution , and to slow down the deforestation and desertification caused by gathering firewood for cooking . Contents 1 Principles 2 Operation 3 Box and panel designs 4 Parabolic reflectors 4.1 Paraboloidal reflectors 4.2 Parabolic troughs 4.3 Spherical reflectors 4.4 Vacuum tube technology 5 Advantages and disadvantages 6 Projects 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Principles ( edit ) 1 ) Concentrating sunlight : A mirrored surface with high specular reflectivity is used to concentrate light from the sun on to a small cooking area . Depending on the geometry of the surface , sunlight can be concentrated by several orders of magnitude producing temperatures high enough to melt salt and smelt metal . For most household solar cooking applications , such high temperatures are not really required . Solar cooking products , thus , are typically designed to achieve temperatures of 65 ° C ( 150 ° F ) ( baking temperatures ) to 400 ° C ( 750 ° F ) ( grilling / searing temperatures ) on a sunny day . 2 ) Converting light energy to heat energy : Solar cookers concentrate sunlight onto a receiver such as a cooking pan . The interaction between the light energy and the receiver material converts light to heat . This conversion is maximized by using materials that conduct and retain heat . Pots and pans used on solar cookers should be matte black in color to maximize the absorption . 3 ) Trapping heat energy : It is important to reduce convection by isolating the air inside the cooker from the air outside the cooker . Simply using a glass lid on your pot enhances light absorption from the top of the pan and provides a greenhouse effect that improves heat retention and minimizes convection loss . This `` glazing '' transmits incoming visible sunlight but is opaque to escaping infrared thermal radiation . In resource constrained settings , a high - temperature plastic bag can serve a similar function , trapping air inside and making it possible to reach temperatures on cold and windy days similar to those possible on hot days . Operation ( edit ) Solar oven in use Different kinds of solar cookers use somewhat different methods of cooking , but most follow the same basic principles . Food is prepared as if for an oven or stove top . However , because food cooks faster when it is in smaller pieces , food placed inside a solar cooker is usually cut into smaller pieces than it might otherwise be . For example , potatoes are usually cut into bite - sized pieces rather than roasted whole . For very simple cooking , such as melting butter or cheese , a lid may not be needed and the food may be placed on an uncovered tray or in a bowl . If several foods are to be cooked separately , then they are placed in different containers . The container of food is placed inside the solar cooker , which may be elevated on a brick , rock , metal trivet , or other heat sink , and the solar cooker is placed in direct sunlight . Foods that cook quickly may be added to the solar cooker later . Rice for a mid-day meal might be started early in the morning , with vegetables , cheese , or soup added to the solar cooker in the middle of the morning . Depending on the size of the solar cooker and the number and quantity of cooked foods , a family may use one or more solar cookers . A solar oven is turned towards the sun and left until the food is cooked . Unlike cooking on a stove or over a fire , which may require more than an hour of constant supervision , food in a solar oven is generally not stirred or turned over , both because it is unnecessary and because opening the solar oven allows the trapped heat to escape and thereby slows the cooking process . If wanted , the solar oven may be checked every one to two hours , to turn the oven to face the sun more precisely and to ensure that shadows from nearby buildings or plants have not blocked the sunlight . If the food is to be left untended for many hours during the day , then the solar oven is often turned to face the point where the sun will be when it is highest in the sky , instead of towards its current position . The cooking time depends primarily on the equipment being used , the amount of sunlight at the time , and the quantity of food that needs to be cooked . Air temperature , wind , and latitude also affect performance . Food cooks faster in the two hours before and after the local solar noon than it does in either the early morning or the late afternoon . Large quantities of food , and food in large pieces , take longer to cook . As a result , only general figures can be given for cooking time . With a small solar panel cooker , it might be possible to melt butter in 15 minutes , to bake cookies in 2 hours , and to cook rice for four people in 4 hours . With a high performing parabolic solar cooker , you may be able to grill a steak in minutes . However , depending on local conditions and the solar cooker type , these projects could take half as long , or twice as long . It is difficult to burn food in a solar cooker . Food that has been cooked even an hour longer than necessary is usually indistinguishable from minimally cooked food . The exception to this rule is some green vegetables , which quickly change from a perfectly cooked bright green to olive drab , while still retaining the desirable texture . For most foods , such as rice , the typical person would be unable to tell how it was cooked from looking at the final product . There are some differences , however : Bread and cakes brown on their tops instead of on the bottom . Compared to cooking over a fire , the food does not have a smoky flavor . Box and panel designs ( edit ) HotPot panel solar cooker A box cooker has a transparent glass or plastic top , and it may have additional reflectors to concentrate sunlight into the box . The top can usually be removed to allow dark pots containing food to be placed inside . One or more reflectors of shiny metal or foil - lined material may be positioned to bounce extra light into the interior of the oven chamber . Cooking containers and the inside bottom of the cooker should be dark - colored or black . Inside walls should be reflective to reduce radiative heat loss and bounce the light towards the pots and the dark bottom , which is in contact with the pots . The box should have insulated sides . Thermal insulation for the solar box cooker must be able to withstand temperatures up to 150 ° C ( 300 ° F ) without melting or out - gassing . Crumpled newspaper , wool , rags , dry grass , sheets of cardboard , etc. can be used to insulate the walls of the cooker . Metal pots and / or bottom trays can be darkened either with flat - black spray paint ( one that is non-toxic when warmed ) , black tempera paint , or soot from a fire . The solar box cooker typically reaches a temperature of 150 ° C ( 300 ° F ) . This is not as hot as a standard oven , but still hot enough to cook food over a somewhat longer period of time . A Solar Oven made of cardboard , newspapers , and reflective tape Panel solar cookers are inexpensive solar cookers that use reflective panels to direct sunlight to a cooking pot that is enclosed in a clear plastic bag . Solar Oven science experiments are regularly done as projects in high schools and colleges , such as the `` Solar Oven Throwdown '' at the University of Arizona . These projects prove that it is possible to both achieve high temperatures , as well as predict the high temperatures using mathematical models . Parabolic reflectors ( edit ) Main article : parabolic reflector Parabolic solar cookers concentrate sunlight to a single point . When this point is focused on the bottom of a pot , it can heat the pot quickly to very high temperatures which can often be comparable with the temperatures achieved in gas and charcoal grills . These types of solar cookers are widely used in several regions of the world , most notably in China and India where hundreds of thousands of families currently use parabolic solar cookers for preparing food and heating water . Some parabolic solar cooker projects in China abate between 1 - 4 tons of carbon dioxide per year and receive carbon credits through the Clean Development Mechanism ( CDM ) and Gold Standard . Solar tea kettle in Tibet Some parabolic solar cookers incorporate cutting edge materials and designs which lead to solar energy efficiencies > 90 % . Others are large enough to feed thousands of people each day , such as the solar bowl at Auroville in India , which makes 2 meals per day for 1,000 people . If a reflector is axially symmetrical and shaped so its cross-section is a parabola , it has the property of bringing parallel rays of light ( such as sunlight ) to a point focus . If the axis of symmetry is aimed at the sun , any object that is located at the focus receives highly concentrated sunlight , and therefore becomes very hot . This is the basis for the use of this kind of reflector for solar cooking . Paraboloidal reflectors ( edit ) A parabolic solar cooker with segmented construction . Paraboloids are compound curves , which are more difficult to make with simple equipment than single curves . Although paraboloidal solar cookers can cook as well as or better than a conventional stove , they are difficult to construct by hand . Frequently , these reflectors are made using many small segments that are all single curves which together approximate compound curves . Although paraboloids are difficult to make from flat sheets of solid material , they can be made quite simply by rotating open - topped containers which hold liquids . The top surface of a liquid which is being rotated at constant speed around a vertical axis naturally takes the form of a paraboloid . Centrifugal force causes material to move outward from the axis of rotation until a deep enough depression is formed in the surface for the force to be balanced by the levelling effect of gravity . It turns out that the depression is an exact paraboloid . ( See Liquid mirror telescope . ) If the material solidifies while it is rotating , the paraboloidal shape is maintained after the rotation stops , and can be used to make a reflector . This rotation technique is sometimes used to make paraboloidal mirrors for astronomical telescopes , and has also been used for solar cookers . Devices for constructing such paraboloids are known as rotating furnaces . Paraboloidal reflectors generate high temperatures and cook quickly , but require frequent adjustment and supervision for safe operation . Several hundred thousand exist , mainly in China . They are especially useful for individual household and large - scale institutional cooking . A Scheffler cooker . This reflector has an area of 16 m ( 170 sq ft ) , and concentrates 3 kW of heat A Scheffler cooker ( named after its inventor , Wolfgang Scheffler ) uses a large ideally paraboloidal reflector which is rotated around an axis that is parallel with the earth 's using a mechanical mechanism , turning at 15 degrees per hour to compensate for the earth 's rotation . The axis passes through the reflector 's centre of mass , allowing the reflector to be turned easily . The cooking vessel is located at the focus which is on the axis of rotation , so the mirror concentrates sunlight onto it all day . The mirror has to be occasionally tilted about a perpendicular axis to compensate for the seasonal variation in the sun 's declination . This perpendicular axis does not pass through the cooking vessel . Therefore , if the reflector were a rigid paraboloid , its focus would not remain stationary at the cooking vessel as the reflector tilts . To keep the focus stationary , the reflector 's shape has to vary . It remains paraboloidal , but its focal length and other parameters change as it tilts . The Scheffler reflector is therefore flexible , and can be bent to adjust its shape . It is often made up of a large number of small plane sections , such as glass mirrors , joined together by flexible plastic . A framework that supports the reflector includes a mechanism that can be used to tilt it and also bend it appropriately . The mirror is never exactly paraboloidal , but it is always close enough for cooking purposes . Sometimes the rotating reflector is located outdoors and the reflected sunlight passes through an opening in a wall into an indoor kitchen , often a large communal one , where the cooking is done . An oblique projection of a focus - balanced parabolic reflector Paraboloidal reflectors that have their centres of mass coincident with their focal points are useful . They can be easily turned to follow the sun 's motions in the sky , rotating about any axis that passes through the focus . Two perpendicular axes can be used , intersecting at the focus , to allow the paraboloid to follow both the sun 's daily motion and its seasonal one . The cooking pot stays stationary at the focus . If the paraboloidal reflector is axially symmetrical and is made of material of uniform thickness , its centre of mass coincides with its focus if the depth of the reflector , measured along its axis of symmetry from the vertex to the plane of the rim , is 1.8478 times its focal length . The radius of the rim of the reflector is 2.7187 times the focal length . The angular radius of the rim , as seen from the focal point , is 72.68 degrees . Parabolic troughs ( edit ) Parabolic troughs are used to concentrate sunlight for solar - energy purposes . Some solar cookers have been built that use them in the same way . Generally , the trough is aligned with its focal line horizontal and east - west . The food to be cooked is arranged along this line . The trough is pointed so its axis of symmetry aims at the sun at noon . This requires the trough to be tilted up and down as the seasons progress . At the equinoxes , no movement of the trough is needed during the day to track the sun . At other times of year , there is a period of several hours around noon each day when no tracking is needed . Usually , the cooker is used only during this period , so no automatic sun tracking is incorporated into it . This simplicity makes the design attractive , compared with using a paraboloid . Also , being a single curve , the trough reflector is simpler to construct . However , it suffers from lower efficiency . It is possible to use two parabolic troughs , curved in perpendicular directions , to bring sunlight to a point focus as does a paraboloidal reflector . The incoming light strikes one of the troughs , which sends it toward a line focus . The second trough intercepts the converging light and focuses it to a point . Compared with a single paraboloid , using two partial troughs has important advantages . Each trough is a single curve , which can be made simply by bending a flat sheet of metal . Also , the light that reaches the targeted cooking pot is directed approximately downward , which reduces the danger of damage to the eyes of anyone nearby . On the other hand , there are disadvantages . More mirror material is needed , increasing the cost , and the light is reflected by two surfaces instead of one , which inevitably increases the amount that is lost . The two troughs are held in a fixed orientation relative to each other by being both fixed to a frame . The whole assembly of frame and troughs has to be moved to track the sun as it moves in the sky . Commercially made cookers that use this method are available.In practical applications ( like in car - headlights ) , concave mirrors are of parabolic shape Spherical reflectors ( edit ) The Solar Bowl in Auroville Spherical reflectors operate much like paraboloidal reflectors , such that the axis of symmetry is pointed towards the sun so that light is concentrated to a focus . However , the focus of a spherical reflector will not be a point focus because it suffers from a phenomenon known as spherical aberration . Some concentrating dishes ( such as satellite dishes ) that do not require a precise focus opt for a spherical curvature over a paraboloid . If the radius of the rim of spherical reflector is small compared with the radius of curvature of its surface ( the radius of the sphere of which the reflector is a part ) , the reflector approximates a paraboloidal one with focal length equal to half of the radius of curvature . Vacuum tube technology ( edit ) Evacuated tube solar cookers are essentially a vacuum sealed between two layers of glass . The vacuum allows the tube to act both as a `` super '' greenhouse and an insulator . The central cooking tube is made from borosilicate glass , which is resistant to thermal shock , and has a vacuum beneath the surface to insulate the interior . The inside of the tube is lined with copper , stainless steel , and aluminum nitrile to better absorb and conduct heat from the sun 's rays . Some vacuum tube solar cookers incorporate lightweight designs which allow great portability ( such as the GoSun stove ) Portable vacuum tube cookers such as the GoSun allow users to cook freshly caught fish on the beach without needing to light a fire . Advantages and disadvantages ( edit ) Advantages High - performance parabolic solar cookers can attain temperatures above 290 ° C ( 550 ° F ) . They can be used to grill meats , stir - fry vegetables , make soup , bake bread , and boil water in minutes . Vacuum tube type cookers can heat up even in the clouds and freezing cold . Conventional solar box cookers attain temperatures up to 165 ° C ( 325 ° F ) . They can sterilize water or prepare most foods that can be made in a conventional oven or stove , including bread , vegetables and meat over a period of hours . Solar cookers use no fuel . This saves cost as well as reducing environmental damage caused by fuel use . Since 2.5 billion people cook on open fires using biomass fuels , solar cookers could have large economic and environmental benefits by reducing deforestation . When solar cookers are used outside , they do not contribute inside heat , potentially saving fuel costs for cooling as well . Any type of cooking may evaporate grease , oil , and other material into the air , hence there may be less cleanup . Reduces your carbon footprint by cooking without the use of carbon based fuels or grid electricity from traditional sources . Disadvantages Solar cookers are less useful in cloudy weather and near the poles ( where the sun is low in the sky or below the horizon ) , so an alternative cooking source is still required in these conditions . Solar cooking advocates suggest three devices for an integrated cooking solution : a ) a solar cooker ; b ) a fuel - efficient cookstove ; c ) an insulated storage container such as a basket filled with straw to store heated food . Very hot food may continue to cook for hours in a well - insulated container . With this three - part solution , fuel use is minimized while still providing hot meals at any hour , reliably . Some solar cookers , especially solar ovens , take longer to cook food than a conventional stove or oven . Using solar cookers may require food preparation start hours before the meal . However , it requires less hands - on time during the cooking , so this is often considered a reasonable trade - off . Cooks may need to learn special cooking techniques to fry common foods , such as fried eggs or flatbreads like chapatis and tortillas . It may not be possible to safely or completely cook some thick foods , such as large roasts , loaves of bread , or pots of soup , particularly in small panel cookers ; the cook may need to divide these into smaller portions before cooking . Some solar cooker designs are affected by strong winds , which can slow the cooking process , cool the food due to convective losses , and disturb the reflector . It may be necessary to anchor the reflector , such as with string and weighted objects like bricks . Projects ( edit ) Students perform an experiment using a solar cooker built out of an umbrella Cardboard , aluminium foil , and plastic bags for well over 10,000 solar cookers have been donated to the Iridimi refugee camp and Touloum refugee camps in Chad by the combined efforts of the Jewish World Watch , the Dutch foundation KoZon , and Solar Cookers International . The refugees construct the cookers themselves , using the donated supplies and locally purchased Arabic gum . It has also significantly reduced the amount of time women spend tending open fires each day , with the results that they are healthier and they have more time to grow vegetables for their families and make handicrafts for export . By 2007 , the Jewish World Watch had trained 4,500 women and had provided 10,000 solar cookers to refugees . The project has also reduced the number of foraging trips by as much as 70 percent , thus reducing the number of attacks . Some Gazans have started to make solar cookers made from cement bricks and mud mixed with straw and two sheets of glass . About 40 to 45 Palestinian households reportedly have started using these solar cookers , including some made with mirrors . See also ( edit ) Renewable energy portal Heliostat Kyoto box Liquid mirror telescope List of stoves Paraboloid # Dimensions of a paraboloidal dish Solar Cookers International Solar still Solar updraft tower Solar water disinfection References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Solar Cookers : Varieties and Styles '' . CantinaWest . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World 's Largest 38500 - meal Solar Kitchen in India '' . inhabitat . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Linda Frederick Yaffe ( 2007 ) . Solar Cooking for Home and Camp . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books . pp. 16 -- 20 . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 3402 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Halacy , D.S. ; Halacy , Beth ( 1992 ) . Cooking with the sun . La Fayette , CA : Morning Sun Press . pp. 46 -- 47 . ISBN 0 - 9629069 - 2 - 1 . Jump up ^ Halacy , D.S. ; Halacy , Beth ( 1992 ) . Cooking with the sun . La Fayette , CA : Morning Sun Press . p. 89 . ISBN 0 - 9629069 - 2 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Solar Oven Throwdown Heats Up UA Mall '' . UANews . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The solar bowl '' . archive.org. 22 December 2014 . Archived from the original on 22 December 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Solar cooker pictures Solar Cooking Atlas official website Jump up ^ Prinsloo , GJ & Dobson , RT ( 572 ) . `` Solar Tracking ( eBook ) '' : 1 . doi : 10.13140 / RG. 2.1. 4265.6329 / 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 620 - 61576 - 1 . Jump up ^ See Parabola # Focal length and radius of curvature at the vertex Jump up ^ Fincher , Johnathan . `` GoSun : Portable solar oven cooks food in as little as 10 minutes '' . Retrieved September 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Twmffat , Tecwyn . `` Solar cooked mackerel on the rocks '' . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WHO : Household Air Pollution and Health '' . World Health Organization . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Complete Solar Oven Guide : 6 Best Solar Oven Reviews The Tiny Life '' . The Tiny Life . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Solar lifeline saves Darfur women '' . CNN . 2007 - 09 - 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Solar Cooking Ovens : Another Eco-Solution from the Gaza Strip '' . Green Prophet . Retrieved 18 July 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Solar cookers . The Solar Cooking Wiki Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solar_cooker&oldid=854405534 '' Categories : Cooking appliances Solar thermal energy Solar - powered devices Renewable energy Stoves Ovens Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 03 : 24 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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-6714250643340069294 | Maximum life span | Maximum life span - wikipedia Maximum life span Maximum life span ( or , for humans , maximum reported age at death ) is a measure of the maximum amount of time one or more members of a population have been observed to survive between birth and death . The term can also denote an estimate of the maximum amount of time that a member of a given species could survive between birth and death , provided circumstances that are optimal to that member 's longevity . Most living species have at least one upper limit on the number of times the cells of a member can divide . This is called the Hayflick limit , although number of cell divisions does not strictly control lifespan . Contents 1 Definition 2 In humans 3 In other animals 3.1 Exceptions 4 In plants 5 Increasing maximum life span 6 Correlation with DNA repair capacity 7 Research data 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Definition ( edit ) In animal studies , maximum span is often taken to be the mean life span of the most long - lived 10 % of a given cohort . By another definition , however , maximum life span corresponds to the age at which the oldest known member of a species or experimental group has died . Calculation of the maximum life span in the latter sense depends upon initial sample size . Maximum life span contrasts with mean life span ( average life span , life expectancy ) , and longevity . Mean life span varies with susceptibility to disease , accident , suicide and homicide , whereas maximum life span is determined by `` rate of aging '' . Longevity refers only to the characteristics of the especially long lived members of a population , such as infirmities as they age or compression of morbidity , and not the specific life span of an individual . In humans ( edit ) Main articles : Oldest people and List of the verified oldest people The longest - living person whose dates of birth and death were verified to the modern norms of Guinness World Records and the Gerontology Research Group was Jeanne Calment ( 1875 - 1997 ) , a French woman who lived to 122 . Reduction of infant mortality has accounted for most of the increased average life span longevity , but since the 1960s mortality rates among those over 80 years have decreased by about 1.5 % per year . `` The progress being made in lengthening lifespans and postponing senescence is entirely due to medical and public - health efforts , rising standards of living , better education , healthier nutrition and more salubrious lifestyles . '' Animal studies suggest that further lengthening of human lifespan could be achieved through `` calorie restriction mimetic '' drugs or by directly reducing food consumption . Although calorie restriction has not been proven to extend the maximum human life span , as of 2014 , results in ongoing primate studies have demonstrated that the assumptions derived from rodents are valid in primates as well ( Reference : Nature 1 April 2014 ) . No fixed theoretical limit to human longevity is apparent today . `` A fundamental question in aging research is whether humans and other species possess an immutable life - span limit . '' `` The assumption that the maximum human life span is fixed has been justified , ( but ) is invalid in a number of animal models and ... may become invalid for humans as well . '' Studies in the biodemography of human longevity indicate a late - life mortality deceleration law : that death rates level off at advanced ages to a late - life mortality plateau . That is , there is no fixed upper limit to human longevity , or fixed maximal human lifespan . This law was first quantified in 1939 , when researchers found that the one - year probability of death at advanced age asymptotically approaches a limit of 44 % for women and 54 % for men . Scientists have observed that a person 's VO max value ( a measure of the volume of oxygen flow to the cardiac muscle ) decreases as a function of age . Therefore , the maximum lifespan of a person could be determined by calculating when the person 's VO max value drops below the basal metabolic rate necessary to sustain life , which is approximately 3 ml per kg per minute . On the basis of this hypothesis , athletes with a VO max value between 50 and 60 at age 20 would be expected `` to live for 100 to 125 years , provided they maintained their physical activity so that their rate of decline in VO max remained constant '' . Average and commonly accepted maximum lifespans correspond to the extremums of the body mass ( 1 , 2 ) and mass normalized to height ( 3 , 4 ) of men ( 1 , 3 ) and women ( 2 , 4 ) . A theoretical study suggested the maximum human lifespan to be around 125 years using a modified stretched exponential function for human survival curves . The analysis of dynamics of the body mass in human population indicates extremums , which correspond to mean ( 70 - 75 years ) , the commonly accepted maximum ( 100 -- 110 years ) and maximum known ( 140 -- 160 years ) lifespan . In another study , researchers claimed that there exists a maximum lifespan for humans , and that the human maximal lifespan has been declining since the 1990s . This study is now disputed on the basis of simple coding errors and biased sampling . This study also supports a continuing increase in both theoretical and observed upper human lifespan , based on observed data from 200 national populations . However , a theoretical study also suggested that the maximum human life expectancy at birth is limited by the human life characteristic value δ , which is around 104 years . The United Nations has undertaken an important Bayesian sensitivity analysis of global population burden based on life expectancy projection at birth in future decades . The 2017 95 % prediction interval of 2090 average life expectancy rises as high as + 6 ( 106 , in Century Representation Form ) by 2090 , with dramatic , ongoing , layered consequences on world population and demography should that happen . The prediction interval is extremely wide , and the United Nations can not be certain . Organizations like the Methuselah Foundation are working toward an end to senescence and practically unlimited human lifespan . If successful , the demographic implications for human population will be greater in effective multiplier terms than any experienced in the last five centuries if maximum lifespan remains unlimited by law . In other animals ( edit ) Main article : List of longest - living organisms Small animals such as birds and squirrels rarely live to their maximum life span , usually dying of accidents , disease or predation . The maximum life span of most species is documented in the Anage repository . Maximum life span is usually longer for species that are larger or have effective defenses against predation , such as bird flight , chemical defenses or living in social groups . The differences in life span between species demonstrate the role of genetics in determining maximum life span ( `` rate of aging '' ) . The records ( in years ) are these : for common house mouse , 4 for Brown rat , 3.8 for dogs , 29 ( See List of oldest dogs ) for cats , 38 for polar bears , 42 ( Debby ) for horses , 62 for Asian elephants , 86 The longest - lived vertebrates have been variously described as Large parrots ( Macaws and cockatoos can live up to 80 -- 100 years in captivity ) Koi ( A Japanese species of fish , allegedly living up to 200 years , though generally not exceeding 50 -- A specimen named Hanako was reportedly 226 years old upon her death ) Tortoises ( Galápagos tortoise ) ( 190 years ) Tuataras ( a New Zealand reptile species , 100 -- 200 + years ) Eels , the so - called Brantevik Eel ( Swedish : Branteviksålen ) is thought to have lived in a water well in southern Sweden since 1859 , which makes it over 150 years old . It was reported that it had died in August 2014 at an age of 155 . Whales ( Bowhead Whale ) ( Balaena mysticetus about 200 years ) Although this idea was unproven for a time , recent research has indicated that bowhead whales recently killed still had harpoons in their bodies from about 1890 , which , along with analysis of amino acids , has indicated a maximum life span , stated as `` the 211 year - old bowhead could have been from 177 to 245 years old '' . Greenland Sharks are currently the vertebrate species with the longest known lifespan . An examination of 28 specimens in one study published in 2016 determined by radiocarbon dating that the oldest of the animals that they sampled had lived for about 392 ± 120 years ( a minimum of 272 years and a maximum of 512 years ) . The authors further concluded that the species reaches sexual maturity at about 150 years of age . Invertebrate species which continue to grow as long as they live ( e.g. , certain clams , some coral species ) can on occasion live hundreds of years : A bivalve mollusc ( Arctica islandica ) ( aka `` Ming '' , lived 507 ± 2 years . ) Exceptions ( edit ) Some jellyfish species , including Turritopsis dohrnii , Laodicea undulata , and Aurelia sp. 1 , are able to revert to the polyp stage even after reproducing ( so called life cycle reversal ) , rather than dying as in other jellyfish . Consequently , these species are considered biologically immortal and have no maximum lifespan . There may be no natural limit to the Hydra 's life span , but it is not yet clear how to estimate the age of a specimen . Flatworms , or Platyhelminthes , are known to be `` almost immortal '' as they have a great regeneration capacity , continuous growth and binary fission type cellular division . Lobsters are sometimes said to be biologically immortal because they do n't seem to slow down , weaken , or lose fertility with age . However , due to the energy needed for moulting , they can not live indefinitely . Tardigrades can live indefinitely in a state of suspended animation , a state which they enter when they are not hydrated . In this state , they can withstand an extremely large number of environmental pressures , including intense radioactivity and heat , and being sent into space . Despite this , they can only live in a hydrated state for a few months . In plants ( edit ) Main article : List of oldest trees Plants are referred to as annuals which live only one year , biennials which live two years , and perennials which live longer than that . The longest - lived perennials , woody - stemmed plants such as trees and bushes , often live for hundreds and even thousands of years ( one may question whether or not they may die of old age ) . A giant sequoia , General Sherman is alive and well in its third millennium . A Great Basin Bristlecone Pine called Methuselah is 4,848 years old ( as of 2017 ) and the Bristlecone Pine called Prometheus was a little older still , at least 4,844 years ( and possibly as old as 5,000 years ) , when it was cut down in 1964 . The oldest known plant ( possibly oldest living thing ) is a clonal Quaking Aspen ( Populus tremuloides ) tree colony in the Fishlake National Forest in Utah called Pando at about 80,000 years . Lichen , a symbiotic algae and fungal proto - plant , such as Rhizocarpon geographicum can live upwards of 10,000 years . Increasing maximum life span ( edit ) Main article : Life extension `` Maximum life span '' here means the mean life span of the most long - lived 10 % of a given cohort . Caloric restriction has not yet been shown to break mammalian world records for longevity . Rats , mice , and hamsters experience maximum life - span extension from a diet that contains all of the nutrients but only 40 -- 60 % of the calories that the animals consume when they can eat as much as they want . Mean life span is increased 65 % and maximum life span is increased 50 % , when caloric restriction is begun just before puberty . For fruit flies the life extending benefits of calorie restriction are gained immediately at any age upon beginning calorie restriction and ended immediately at any age upon resuming full feeding . A few transgenic strains of mice have been created that have maximum life spans greater than that of wild - type or laboratory mice . The Ames and Snell mice , which have mutations in pituitary transcription factors and hence are deficient in Gh , LH , TSH , and secondarily IGF1 , have extensions in maximal lifespan of up to 65 % . To date , both in absolute and relative terms , these Ames and Snell mice have the maximum lifespan of any mouse not on caloric restriction ( see below on GhR ) . Mutations / knockout of other genes affecting the GH / IGF1 axis , such as Lit , Ghr and Irs1 have also shown extension in lifespan , but much more modest both in relative and absolute terms . The longest lived laboratory mouse ever was a Ghr knockout mouse , which lived to ≈ 1800 days in the lab of Andrzej Bartke at Southern Illinois University . The maximum for normal B6 mice under ideal conditions is 1200 days . Most biomedical gerontologists believe that biomedical molecular engineering will eventually extend maximum lifespan and even bring about rejuvenation . Anti-aging drugs are a potential tool for extending life . Aubrey de Grey , a theoretical gerontologist , has proposed that aging can be reversed by Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence . De Grey has established The Methuselah Mouse Prize to award money to researchers who can extend the maximum life span of mice . So far , three Mouse Prizes have been awarded : one for breaking longevity records to Dr. Andrzej Bartke of Southern Illinois University ( using GhR knockout mice ) ; one for late - onset rejuvenation strategies to Dr. Stephen Spindler of the University of California ( using caloric restriction initiated late in life ) ; and one to Dr. Z. Dave Sharp for his work with the pharmaceutical rapamycin . Correlation with DNA repair capacity ( edit ) The neutrality of this article is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( July 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : DNA damage theory of aging Accumulated DNA damage appears to be a limiting factor in the determination of maximum life span . The theory that DNA damage is the primary cause of aging , and thus a principal determinant of maximum life span , has attracted increased interest in recent years . This is based , in part , on evidence in human and mouse that inherited deficiencies in DNA repair genes often cause accelerated aging . There is also substantial evidence that DNA damage accumulates with age in mammalian tissues , such as those of the brain , muscle , liver and kidney ( reviewed by Bernstein et al. and see DNA damage theory of aging and DNA damage ( naturally occurring ) ) . One expectation of the theory ( that DNA damage is the primary cause of aging ) is that among species with differing maximum life spans , the capacity to repair DNA damage should correlate with lifespan . The first experimental test of this idea was by Hart and Setlow who measured the capacity of cells from seven different mammalian species to carry out DNA repair . They found that nucleotide excision repair capability increased systematically with species longevity . This correlation was striking and stimulated a series of 11 additional experiments in different laboratories over succeeding years on the relationship of nucleotide excision repair and life span in mammalian species ( reviewed by Bernstein and Bernstein ) . In general , the findings of these studies indicated a good correlation between nucleotide excision repair capacity and life span . The association between nucleotide excision repair capability and longevity is strengthened by the evidence that defects in nucleotide excision repair proteins in humans and rodents cause features of premature aging , as reviewed by Diderich . Further support for the theory that DNA damage is the primary cause of aging comes from study of Poly ADP ribose polymerases ( PARPs ) . PARPs are enzymes that are activated by DNA strand breaks and play a role in DNA base excision repair . Burkle et al. reviewed evidence that PARPs , and especially PARP - 1 , are involved in maintaining mammalian longevity . The life span of 13 mammalian species correlated with poly ( ADP ribosyl ) ation capability measured in mononuclear cells . Furthermore , lymphoblastoid cell lines from peripheral blood lymphocytes of humans over age 100 had a significantly higher poly ( ADP - ribosyl ) ation capability than control cell lines from younger individuals . Research data ( edit ) A comparison of the heart mitochondria in rats ( 7 - year maximum life span ) and pigeons ( 35 - year maximum life span ) showed that pigeon mitochondria leak fewer free - radicals than rat mitochondria , despite the fact that both animals have similar metabolic rate and cardiac output For mammals there is a direct relationship between mitochondrial membrane fatty acid saturation and maximum life span Studies of the liver lipids of mammals and a bird ( pigeon ) show an inverse relationship between maximum life span and number of double bonds Selected species of birds and mammals show an inverse relationship between telomere rate of change ( shortening ) and maximum life span Maximum life span correlates negatively with antioxidant enzyme levels and free - radicals production and positively with rate of DNA repair Female mammals express more Mn − SOD and glutathione peroxidase antioxidant enzymes than males . This has been hypothesized as the reason they live longer However , mice entirely lacking in glutathione peroxidase 1 do not show a reduction in lifespan . The maximum life span of transgenic mice has been extended about 20 % by overexpression of human catalase targeted to mitochondria A comparison of 7 non-primate mammals ( mouse , hamster , rat , guinea - pig , rabbit , pig and cow ) showed that the rate of mitochondrial superoxide and hydrogen peroxide production in heart and kidney were inversely correlated with maximum life span A study of 8 non-primate mammals showed an inverse correlation between maximum life span and oxidative damage to mtDNA ( mitochondrial DNA ) in heart & brain A study of several species of mammals and a bird ( pigeon ) indicated a linear relationship between oxidative damage to protein and maximum life span There is a direct correlation between DNA repair and maximum life span for mammalian species Drosophila ( fruit - flies ) bred for 15 generations by only using eggs that were laid toward the end of reproductive life achieved maximum life spans 30 % greater than that of controls Overexpression of the enzyme which synthesizes glutathione in long - lived transgenic Drosophila ( fruit - flies ) extended maximum lifespan by nearly 50 % A mutation in the age − 1 gene of the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans increased mean life span 65 % and maximum life span 110 % . However , the degree of lifespan extension in relative terms by both the age - 1 and daf - 2 mutations is strongly dependent on ambient temperature , with ≈ 10 % extension at 16 ° C and 65 % extension at 27 ° C . Fat - specific Insulin Receptor KnockOut ( FIRKO ) mice have reduced fat mass , normal calorie intake and an increased maximum life span of 18 % . The capacity of mammalian species to detoxify the carcinogenic chemical benzo ( a ) pyrene to a water - soluble form also correlates well with maximum life span . Short - term induction of oxidative stress due to calorie restriction increases life span in Caenorhabditis elegans by promoting stress defense , specifically by inducing an enzyme called catalase . As shown by Michael Ristow and co-workers nutritive antioxidants completely abolish this extension of life span by inhibiting a process called mitohormesis . See also ( edit ) Ageing Aging brain American Aging Association Aubrey de Grey Biodemography Biological immortality Calorie restriction Compression of morbidity DNA damage theory of aging Extreme longevity tracking Genetics of aging Gerontology Hayflick limit Indefinite lifespan Life expectancy Life extension List of long - living organisms Longevity Methuselah Mouse Prize Michael Ristow Mitohormesis Oldest people Senescence Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence ( SENS ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gavrilov , Leonid A. ; Gavrilova , Natalia S. ( 1991 ) . The Biology of Life Span : A Quantitative Approach . New York : Harwood Academic . ISBN 978 - 3 - 7186 - 4983 - 9 . Jump up ^ Brody , Jane E. ( 25 August 2008 ) . `` Living Longer , in Good Health to the End '' . The New York Times . p . D7 . Jump up ^ Vaupel , James W. ( 2010 ) . `` Biodemography of Human Ageing '' . Nature . 464 ( 7288 ) : 536 -- 42 . doi : 10.1038 / nature08984 . PMC 4010874 . PMID 20336136 . 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Mutation Research 728 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 12 -- 22 . Review . doi : 10.1016 / j. mrrev. 2011.05. 001 PMID 21600302 Jump up ^ Bernstein H , Payne CM , Bernstein C , Garewal H , Dvorak K ( 2008 ) . Cancer and aging as consequences of un-repaired DNA damage . In : New Research on DNA Damages ( Editors : Honoka Kimura and Aoi Suzuki ) Nova Science Publishers , Inc. , New York , Chapter 1 , pp. 1 - 47 . ISBN 1604565810 ISBN 978 - 1604565812 Jump up ^ Hart , RW ; Setlow , RB ( 1974 ) . `` Correlation between deoxyribonucleic acid excision - repair and life - span in a number of mammalian species '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 71 ( 6 ) : 2169 -- 2173 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 71.6. 2169 . PMC 388412 . PMID 4526202 . Jump up ^ Bernstein C , Bernstein H. ( 1991 ) Aging , Sex , and DNA Repair . Academic Press , San Diego . ISBN 0120928604 ISBN 978 - 0120928606 Jump up ^ Bürkle A , Brabeck C , Diefenbach J , Beneke S ( 2005 ) . The emerging role of poly ( ADP - ribose ) polymerase - 1 in longevity . International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology 37 ( 5 ) : 1043 -- 1053 . Review . doi : 10.1016 / j. biocel. 2004.10. 006 PMID 15743677 Jump up ^ Herrero A , Barja G ( 1997 ) . `` Sites and mechanisms responsible for the low rate of free radical production of heart mitochondria in the long - lived pigeon '' . Mechanisms of Aging and Development . 98 ( 2 ) : 95 -- 111 . doi : 10.1016 / S0047 - 6374 ( 97 ) 00076 - 6 . PMID 9379714 . Jump up ^ Pamplona R , Portero - Otin M , Riba D , Ruiz C , Prat J , Bellmunt MJ , Barja G ( 1 October 1998 ) . `` Mitochondrial membrane peroxidizability index is inversely related to maximum life span in mammals '' . Journal of Lipid Research . 39 ( 2 ) : 1989 -- 1994 . PMID 9788245 . Jump up ^ Pamplona R , Portero - Otin M , Riba D , Requena JR , Thorpe SR , Lopez - Torres M , Barja G ( 2000 ) . `` Low fatty acid unsaturation : a mechanism for lowered lipoperoxidative modification of tissue proteins in mammalian species with long life spans '' . Journals of Gerontology Series A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences . 55A ( 6 ) : B286 -- B291 . PMID 10843345 . Jump up ^ Haussmann MF , Winkler DW , O'Reilly KM , Huntington CE , Nisbet IC , Vleck CM ( 2003 ) . `` Telomeres shorten more slowly in long - lived birds and mammals than in short - lived ones '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences . 270 ( 1522 ) : 1387 -- 1392 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 2003.2385 . PMC 1691385 . PMID 12965030 . Jump up ^ Perez - Campo R , Lopez - Torres M , Cadenas S , Rojas C , Barja G ( 1998 ) . `` The rate of free radical production as a determinant of the rate of aging : evidence from the comparative approach '' . Journal of Comparative Physiology B. 168 ( 3 ) : 149 -- 158 . doi : 10.1007 / s003600050131 . PMID 9591361 . Jump up ^ Vina J , Borras C , Gambini J , Sastre J , Pallardo FV ( 2005 ) . `` Why females live longer than males ? Importance of the upregulation of longevity - associated genes by oestrogenic compounds '' . FEBS Letters. 579 ( 12 ) : 2541 -- 2545 . doi : 10.1016 / j. febslet. 2005.03. 090 . PMID 15862287 . Jump up ^ Schriner SE , Linford NJ , Martin GM , Treuting P , Ogburn CE , Emond M , Coskun PE , Ladiges W , Wolf N , Van Remmen H , Wallace DC , Rabinovitch PS ( 2005 ) . `` Extension of murine life span by overexpression of catalase targeted to mitochondria '' . Science . 308 ( 5730 ) : 1909 -- 1911 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1106653 . PMID 15879174 . Jump up ^ Ku HH , Brunk UT , Sohal RS ( 1993 ) . `` Relationship between mitochondrial superoxide and hydrogen peroxide production and longevity of mammalian species '' . Free Radical Biology & Medicine . 15 ( 6 ) : 621 -- 627 . doi : 10.1016 / 0891 - 5849 ( 93 ) 90165 - Q. PMID 8138188 . Jump up ^ Barja G , Herrero A ( 1 February 2000 ) . `` Oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA is inversely related to maximum life span in the heart and brain of mammals '' . FASEB Journal . 14 ( 2 ) : 312 -- 318 . PMID 10657987 . Jump up ^ Agarwal S , Sohal RS ( 1996 ) . `` Relationship between susceptibility to protein oxidation , aging , and maximum life span potential of different species '' . Experimental Gerontology. 31 ( 3 ) : 365 -- 372 . doi : 10.1016 / 0531 - 5565 ( 95 ) 02039 - X . PMID 9415119 . Jump up ^ Cortopassi GA , Wang E ( 1996 ) . `` There is substantial agreement among interspecies estimates of DNA repair activity '' . Mechanisms of Aging and Development . 91 ( 3 ) : 211 -- 218 . doi : 10.1016 / S0047 - 6374 ( 96 ) 01788 - 5 . PMID 9055244 . Jump up ^ Kurapati R , Passananti HB , Rose MR , Tower J ( 2000 ) . `` Increased hsp22 RNA levels in Drosophila lines genetically selected for increased longevity '' . Journals of Gerontology Series A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences . 55A ( 11 ) : B552 -- B559 . PMID 11078089 . Jump up ^ Orr WC , Radyuk SN , Prabhudesai L , Toroser D , Benes JJ , Luchak JM , Mockett RJ , Rebrin I , Hubbard JG , Sohal RS ( 2005 ) . `` Overexpression of glutamate - cysteine ligase extends life span in Drosophila melanogaster '' . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 280 ( 45 ) : 37331 -- 37338 . doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M508272200 . PMID 16148000 . Jump up ^ Friedman DB , Johnson TE ( 1 January 1988 ) . `` A mutation in the age - 1 gene in Caenorhabditis elegans lengthens life and reduces hermaphrodite fertility '' . Genetics . 118 ( 1 ) : 75 -- 86 . PMC 1203268 . PMID 8608934 . Jump up ^ Bluher M , Kahn BB , Kahn CR ( 2003 ) . `` Extended longevity in mice lacking the insulin receptor in adipose tissue '' . Science . 299 ( 5606 ) : 572 -- 574 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1078223 . PMID 12543978 . Jump up ^ Moore CJ , Schwartz AG ( 1978 ) . `` Inverse correlation between species lifespan and capacity of cultured fibroblasts to convert benzo ( a ) pyrene to water - soluble metabolites '' . Experimental Cell Research . 116 ( 2 ) : 359 -- 364 . doi : 10.1016 / 0014 - 4827 ( 78 ) 90459 - 7 . PMID 101383 . Jump up ^ `` Publication demonstrating that oxidative stress is promoting life span '' . Cellmetabolism.org . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 04 . External links ( edit ) Anage Database Informational website on the biology of aging Mechanisms of Aging Longevity Terminology Centenarian Super Cognitive epidemiology Elderly Life expectancy Life extension Maximum life span Old age Immortality Ageless Biological immortality Digital immortality Eternal youth Issues Anti-aging movement Longevity claims Longevity escape velocity Longevity insurance Longevity myths Longevity risk Living and notable centenarians ( over age 100 ) By career Activists , non-profit leaders , and philanthropists Actors , filmmakers , and entertainers Artists , painters and sculptors Authors , poets , and journalists Businesspeople Educators , school administrators , social scientists , and linguists Explorers Jurists and practitioners of law Medical professionals Military commanders and soldiers Musicians , composers , and music patrons Philosophers and theologians Politicians and civil servants Religious figures Royalty and nobility Scientists and mathematicians Sportspeople Miscellaneous Supercentenarians ( over age 110 ) By continent Africa Europe Oceania South America By country Australia Belgium Canada Denmark Finland France Germany Ireland Italy Japan Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Spain Sweden United Kingdom United States Oldest people List of oldest living people List of the verified oldest people men women Miscellaneous Last surviving veterans of military insurgencies and wars European American Canadian Last surviving World War I veterans by country Surviving veterans of the Spanish Civil War List of notable surviving veterans of World War II Last survivors of historic events Oldest twins Longest marriages List of longest - reigning monarchs Related Blue Zone See also Ageing Biodemography of human longevity Earliest known life forms FOXO3 longevity gene Gerontology Immortality in fiction Life extension - related topics Senescence Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maximum_life_span&oldid=854108490 '' Categories : Actuarial science Senescence Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2011 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from October 2011 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2018 Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from October 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010 NPOV disputes from July 2014 All NPOV disputes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 01 : 02 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the average length of life of members of a species is called | [
"Maximum life span contrasts with mean life span (average life span, life expectancy), and longevity. Mean life span varies with susceptibility to disease, accident, suicide and homicide, whereas maximum life span is determined by \"rate of aging\".[2] Longevity refers only to the characteristics of the especially long lived members of a population, such as infirmities as they age or compression of morbidity, and not the specific life span of an individual.\n",
"Maximum life span contrasts with mean life span (average life span, life expectancy), and longevity. Mean life span varies with susceptibility to disease, accident, suicide and homicide, whereas maximum life span is determined by \"rate of aging\".[2] Longevity refers only to the characteristics of the especially long lived members of a population, such as infirmities as they age or compression of morbidity, and not the specific life span of an individual.\n",
"Maximum life span contrasts with mean life span (average life span, life expectancy), and longevity. Mean life span varies with susceptibility to disease, accident, suicide and homicide, whereas maximum life span is determined by \"rate of aging\".[2] Longevity refers only to the characteristics of the especially long lived members of a population, such as infirmities as they age or compression of morbidity, and not the specific life span of an individual.\n"
] | [
"mean life span",
"average life span",
"life expectancy"
] |
310189747690233736 | Una Stubbs | Una Stubbs - wikipedia Una Stubbs This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Una Stubbs ( 1937 - 05 - 01 ) 1 May 1937 ( age 81 ) Welwyn Garden City , Hertfordshire , England Occupation Actress , dancer ( former ) Years active 1956 -- present Spouse ( s ) Peter Gilmore ( m . 1958 ; div. 1969 ) Nicky Henson ( m . 1969 ; div. 1975 ) Children Una Stubbs ( born 1 May 1937 ) is an English actress , television personality , and former dancer who has appeared on British television and in the theatre , and less frequently in films . She is particularly known for playing Rita Rawlins in the sitcoms Till Death Us Do Part and In Sickness and in Health . She is also known for her role as Miss Bat in the series The Worst Witch and has most recently appeared as Sherlock Holmes 's landlady Mrs Hudson in the BAFTA award - winning television series Sherlock . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Personal life 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 3.3 Audio dramas 3.4 Theatre 4 References 5 External links Career ( edit ) Stubbs pictured in February 2015 , in costume whilst filming Sherlock During 1958 -- 59 , Stubbs was the `` cover girl '' of Dairy Box chocolates , produced by Rowntree 's . She referred to herself as the ' Rowntrees Chocolate Girl ' , when describing a visit she made to the Rowntree 's factory in York ( where , unknown to her , her grandfather had worked ) . She first appeared on television as one of the Dougie Squires Dancers on the British television music show Cool for Cats in 1956 . She also worked in cabaret , clubs and revues in London during these years and was one of Lionel Blair 's dance ensemble . Her first major screen role was in Cliff Richard 's 1963 film , Summer Holiday . She also appeared in Richard 's next film , Wonderful Life ( 1964 ) . A few years later , she made her breakthrough in television comedy , playing Rita , the married daughter of Alf Garnett in the BBC sitcom Till Death Us Do Part ( 1966 -- 75 ) . She also appeared in the short - lived sitcom Till Death ... ( 1981 ) , again playing Rita . She played Rita a third time in a few episodes of the BBC sitcom In Sickness and in Health ( 1985 -- 92 ) . During 1970 -- 71 , Stubbs teamed again with Cliff Richard to appear each week on his BBC1 TV Series , It 's Cliff Richard ! When she did not take part in the next series as it was broadcast shortly after she had had a baby , her TV ' mother ' , Dandy Nichols from Till Death Us Do Part , took her place . Stubbs featured in the Fawlty Towers episode `` The Anniversary '' in 1979 . From 1979 to 1981 , she played Aunt Sally in the ITV children 's series Worzel Gummidge opposite Jon Pertwee and Barbara Windsor and was for several years a team captain in the weekly game show Give Us a Clue in the 1980s , reuniting her with Lionel Blair , the other team captain . She has appeared in shows such as Midsomer Murders , Heartbeat , Casualty , Keeping Up Appearances , Born and Bred and The Worst Witch . In recent years , Stubbs has also appeared in Victoria Wood 's We 'd Quite Like to Apologise , The Catherine Tate Show , Agatha Christie 's Marple , EastEnders , Benidorm since 2010 , Sherlock as Mrs. Hudson . She also appeared in an episode of Call the Midwife in 2015 . Stubbs appeared on the West End stage in Noël Coward 's Star Quality with Penelope Keith in 2001 and Friedrich Schiller 's Don Carlos with Derek Jacobi in 2005 . In recent years she has appeared in La Cage Aux Folles at the Menier Chocolate Factory , Pygmalion at the Theatre Royal , Bath and Old Vic and The Family Reunion at the Donmar Warehouse . She was in the original cast of The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time at the National Theatre in 2012 . In 2015 , she co-presented The Big Painting Challenge on BBC One alongside Richard Bacon . Personal Life ( edit ) Stubbs was born in Welwyn Garden City , Hertfordshire , the daughter of Angela K. Rawlinson and Clarence Reginald Stubbs . She grew up in Hinckley , Leicestershire . She was married to the actor Peter Gilmore from 1958 to 1969 : they adopted a son , Jason . After their divorce in 1969 , she married actor Nicky Henson . They divorced in 1975 but remain good friends . She and Henson had two children : composer Christian Henson ( born 25 December 1971 ) , and musician - composer Joe Henson ( born 18 September 1973 ) . For many years , Stubbs has sketched vignettes of characters around London , and has held exhibitions of these near her Mayfair home . Stubbs has known her Sherlock co-star Benedict Cumberbatch since he was four years old , as she had worked with his mother Wanda Ventham . Stubbs was the subject of an episode of the BBC series Who Do You Think You Are ? , broadcast on 24 July 2013 . It discussed several of her ancestors , including her great - grandfather Sir Ebenezer Howard , who was the founder of the garden city movement , and was the driving force in the design and creation of the first garden cities , Letchworth Garden City and Welwyn Garden City , situated in Hertfordshire . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role 1963 Summer Holiday Sandy 1964 The Bargee Bridesmaid Wonderful Life Barbara 1965 Three Hats for Lisa Flora 1967 Mister Ten Per Cent Lady Dorothea 1969 Till Death Us Do Part Rita 1973 Penny Gold Anna Bedtime with Rosie Rosie 2007 Angel Miss Dawson 2016 Golden Years Shirley Television ( edit ) The Strange World of Gurney Slade -- Vacuum Cleaner Girl / Girl in Park ( 2 episodes , 1960 ) Till Death Us Do Part -- Rita ( 28 episodes , 1966 -- 74 ) Fawlty Towers -- Alice ( in the episode `` The Anniversary '' , 1979 ) Worzel Gummidge -- Aunt Sally ( 21 episodes , 1979 -- 81 ) Give Us a Clue -- Herself ( 16 episodes , 1979 -- 1985 ) Till Death ... -- Rita ( 6 episodes , 1981 ) In Sickness and in Health -- Rita ( 9 episodes , 1985 -- 86 ) Worzel Gummidge Down Under -- Aunt Sally ( 11 episodes , 1987 -- 89 ) Keeping Up Appearances -- Mrs. Moody ( in the episode `` The Pageant '' , 1995 ) Heartbeat -- Anthea Cowley ( in the episode `` Vigilante '' , 1995 ) Delta Wave -- Gilly Pigeon ( 4 episodes , 1996 ) Heartbeat -- Anthea Cowley ( in the episode `` Pig in the Middle '' , 1997 ) Midsomer Murders -- episode 1.1 `` Written in Blood '' -- Selina Jennings ( 1998 ) The Worst Witch -- Miss Bat ( 25 episodes , 1998 -- 2000 ) The Catherine Tate Show -- Carole - Ann , Ursula & Vi ( 4 episodes , 2005 - 2007 ) EastEnders -- Caroline Bishop ( 6 episodes , 2006 ) Agatha Christie 's Marple : `` Sleeping Murder '' -- Edith Pagett ( 2006 ) Mist : The Tale of a Sheepdog Puppy -- Fern ( 23 episodes , 2007 -- 09 ) Benidorm -- guesting as Diana Weedon ( Season 3 Episode 5 , 2009 ) Ingenious -- Gransha ( 2009 ) Sherlock -- Mrs Hudson ( 13 episodes , 2010 -- ) Who Do You Think You Are ? -- Herself ( Series 10 , Episode 1 ) Starlings -- Molly ' ( Series 2 , 2013 ) Coming Up : `` Sink Or Swim '' -- Cynthia ( 2013 ) A Ghost Story for Christmas : The Tractate Middoth -- Miss Chambers ( 2013 ) Midsomer Murders -- episode 17.1 `` The Dagger Club '' -- Audrey Braylesford ( 2015 ) The Big Painting Challenge ( series 1 ) -- Co-presenter , alongside Richard Bacon ( 2015 ) Call the Midwife -- March 2015 The Durrells -- Mrs Haddock ( series 2 , Episode 4 , 2017 ) Murder on the Blackpool Express as Peggy ( 2017 ) Audio dramas ( edit ) Year Title Role 2007 Doctor Who : Horror of Glam Rock Flo Theatre ( edit ) Mrs Hardcastle in She Stoops to Conquer by Oliver Goldsmith . Directed by James Maxwell at the Royal Exchange , Manchester . ( 1990 ) Lady Markby in An Ideal Husband by Oscar Wilde . Directed by James Maxwell at the Royal Exchange , Manchester . ( 1992 ) Margaret Lord in The Philadelphia Story by Philip Barry . Directed by Josephine Abady at the Royal Exchange , Manchester . ( 1996 ) Hester Collyer in The Deep Blue Sea by Terence Rattigan . Directed by Michael Grandage at the Mercury Theatre , Colchester. ( 1997 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Nestlé archive shows the history of Rowntree 's chocolate '' . York Press . York . 30 September 2011 . Retrieved 3 January 2014 . Alex points out a photo of Una Stubbs , who was used as the cover girl for Dairy Box . Jump up ^ Who Do You Think You Are ? , `` Una Stubbs '' , Director Mary Cranitch , Producer Colette Flight , BBC , 2013 , approx 26 minutes Jump up ^ `` TreeView -- Start New Tree : TheGenealogist '' . Retrieved 27 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Una Stubbs : My family values '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 27 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Stubbs to join ex-husband in soap BBC News 23 May 2006 Jump up ^ Stubbs at Panter & Hall gallery Archived 9 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Margy Rochlin . `` Q & A With Una Stubbs : The Joy of Victoria Sponges + Getting Sherlock Holmes to Eat '' . L.A. Weekly . Retrieved 27 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Una Stubbs '' . Who Do You Think You Are ? . Series 10 . Episode 1 . 24 July 2013 . BBC Television . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1.3 . HORROR OF GLAM ROCK '' . Big Finish Productions . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 29 . External links ( edit ) Una Stubbs on IMDb ISNI : 0000 0000 5114 6860 MusicBrainz : 8005a82d - f408 - 4ab4 - b127 - 5b0e87975a12 SUDOC : 166525979 VIAF : 295455258 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Una_Stubbs&oldid=846368258 '' Categories : 1937 births Living people People from Welwyn Garden City English film actresses English stage actresses English television actresses Actresses from Hertfordshire 20th - century English actresses 21st - century English actresses Actors at the Royal Exchange , Manchester Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links BLP articles lacking sources from January 2016 All BLP articles lacking sources EngvarB from October 2015 Use dmy dates from March 2017 Articles with hCards No local image but image on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית მარგალური Nederlands 日本 語 Русский Svenska Українська 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 09 : 19 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | actress who played aunt sally in worzel gummidge | [] | [] |
2583524628912444534 | War for the Planet of the Apes | War for the Planet of the Apes - Wikipedia War for the Planet of the Apes Jump to : navigation , search War for the Planet of the Apes Theatrical release poster Directed by Matt Reeves Produced by Peter Chernin Dylan Clark Rick Jaffa Amanda Silver Written by Mark Bomback Matt Reeves Based on Characters created by Rick Jaffa Amanda Silver Premise suggested by Planet of the Apes by Pierre Boulle ( uncredited ) Starring Andy Serkis Woody Harrelson Steve Zahn Music by Michael Giacchino Cinematography Michael Seresin Edited by William Hoy Stan Salfas Production company Chernin Entertainment TSG Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date July 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 10 ) ( SVA Theatre ) July 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 14 ) ( United States ) Running time 140 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $150 million Box office $490.7 million War for the Planet of the Apes is a 2017 American science fiction film directed by Matt Reeves and written by Mark Bomback and Reeves . A sequel to Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) and Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) , it is the third installment in the Planet of the Apes reboot series . The film stars Andy Serkis , Woody Harrelson and Steve Zahn , and follows a confrontation between the apes , led by Caesar , and the humans for control of Earth . Like its predecessor , its premise shares several similarities to the fifth film in the original series , Battle for the Planet of the Apes , but it is not a direct remake . Principal photography began on October 14 , 2015 , in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . War for the Planet of the Apes premiered in New York City on July 10 , 2017 , and was theatrically released in the United States on July 14 , 2017 , by 20th Century Fox . The film has grossed over $490 million and received critical praise , with many reviewers highlighting the performances ( particularly Serkis ) , visual effects , story , direction , and musical score . The film received a nomination for Best Special Visual Effects at the 71st British Academy Film Awards , and was also nominated for Best Visual Effects at the 90th Academy Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Apes 2.2 Humans 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Visual effects 4 Influences 5 Soundtrack 5.1 Track listing 6 Release 6.1 Marketing 6.2 Home media 7 Reception 7.1 Box office 7.2 Critical response 7.3 Accolades 8 Possible fourth film 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Two years have passed since the human - hating bonobo Koba attacked the human survivors in San Francisco . Forcing Caesar and his tribe of intelligent apes against a rogue U.S. military faction known as Alpha - Omega . Led by a ruthless Colonel , Alpha - Omega employs many apes formerly loyal to Koba . These apes are derogatorily called `` donkeys '' . An attack by an Alpha - Omega platoon on an ape colony is rebuffed when Caesar rallies his apes in defense . Capturing alive a soldier named Preacher , three other soldiers and `` donkey '' gorilla named Red , Caesar explains that he executed Koba for causing the war and only desires peace . Caesar then releases the soldiers , hoping the display of mercy will show the Colonel that the apes are not savages . Meanwhile , Red escapes by injuring the albino gorilla Winter . While ceremonially disposing of the dead apes , Caesar welcomes back his eldest son Blue Eyes and his lieutenant Rocket from a long journey . Blue Eyes reports that they have found a place across the desert that is ideal for them . An uneasy Winter beseeches that the tribe leave immediately . Though agreeing to leave , Caesar feels they need to prepare first . That night , the Colonel leads a team of soldiers in infiltrating the ape 's home . Believing he had succeeded , the Colonel begins to leave only to be discovered by Caesar . Enraged upon seeing that the human killed his wife Cornelia and son , he attempts to prevent the Colonel 's escape but fails . After the attack the apes can not find Winter . In the morning , the tribe gathers to journey to safety . Leaving his youngest son , Cornelius , in the care of Blue Eyes ' wife Lake , Caesar departs to exact revenge while serving as the decoy for the other apes . Accompanied by his orangutan adviser Maurice , gorilla lieutenant Luca , and Rocket , the apes enter an abandoned village where they kill a deserted soldier in self - defense . Searching the village the apes discover a mute girl . Maurice befriends and adopts the girl , giving her a small rag doll . At a beach side military camp , the apes spot Winter inside and the group sneak in . Winter , who became a `` donkey '' , tells Caesar that the Colonel has departed for the border , to meet soldiers from the north . Winter attempts to call out for help but the apes restrain him and in the struggle Caesar accidentally kills him . In the morning the military breaks camp and the apes follow . Along the way , the apes discover some soldiers who have been shot and left for dead . Their examination of a surviving soldier reveals that he is mute like the girl . Dying from his wounds , Caesar kills him in an act of mercy . Climbing atop a radio tower , the apes search for direction the soldier 's traveled . During this , a hooded figure steals one of their horses and the apes give chase . Ending at a lodge , the apes corner the figure who is revealed to be a chimpanzee named Bad Ape . The group is surprised to discover he is an intelligent ape but from another zoo . While camping with Bad Ape they discover he knows where the border is and he hesitantly agrees to lead them there . The group reach the border where they see a quarantine facility . When attempting to get a closer look , Luca is killed protecting Caesar from some soldiers . An angered Caesar decides to proceed alone rather than endanger his allies further . At the facility , Caesar learns that Alpha - Omega captured his tribe and are forcing them to build a wall without food or water . Caesar is then captured by Red who brings him to the Colonel . The Colonel tells Caesar that he intended to kill him rather than his son and wife . With an act of defiance Caesar causes the other apes to stop working but the Colonel threatens to kill Caesar to get the apes to continue working . Caesar deduces that the Colonel is barricading the facility to fend off other military who are against him for killing his own soldiers . The Colonel commends Caesar 's intelligence and goes on to tell Caesar that the Simian Flu virus had mutated and the human carriers became mute and devolved into a primitive state . The mutation infecting his only son , The Colonel killed him and ordered his men to kill anyone that happens to be infected or defies his instruction . A survivor of this purge told the military in the north who sent men to relieve the Colonel of his command . The Colonel says he spared one person to give a message to the military to come after him at the facility . The Colonel knows that the facility used to be a weapons depot and plans on using it 's resources to fight off the military . Finally the Colonel declares that he is fighting a `` holy war '' for humanity 's survival and redemption . Caesar is tortured with starvation to force his clan to work . The mute girl sneaks into the facility to give Caesar food , water , and her rag doll . To prevent her from being discovered , Rocket allows himself to be captured as a diversion . The next day , the Colonel comes to see if Caesar is still alive , and confiscates the doll upon discovering it . Together , Caesar and Rocket are able to work out a means of escape via an underground tunnel leading out of the facility . Here Maurice names the girl Nova , and along with Bad Ape use the tunnel to rescue the apes , but Caesar remains behind to settle his affair with the Colonel as the facility comes under attack by the northern army . Caesar finds the Colonel has been infected by the virus from contact with Nova 's doll . Caesar chooses not to kill the Colonel , instead watching him commit suicide with his pistol . The escaping apes are caught in the crossfire between the two armies . Red watches the apes suffering and begins to doubt his allegiance to Alpha - Omega . Caesar attempts to blow up a large fuel tank to take out the Alpha - Omega forces from behind but he is shot with a crossbow by Preacher . Red uses a grenade launcher to kill Preacher and saves Caesar 's life but is shot dead by a soldier . Caesar succeeds in blowing up the fuel tank and escapes the facility as it is consumed in cascade of explosions . The victorious northern army notices Caesar but before they can kill him , an avalanche descends upon the base . The apes , carrying Nova , all survive by climbing nearby trees . The apes then cross the desert to find an oasis . While the other apes joyously celebrate their new home , Maurice discovers Caesar 's fatal arrow wound . Maurice promises to tell Cornelius who his father was and what he did for their tribe . Caesar then slowly and silently succumbs to his wounds , dying peacefully while Maurice and the other apes look on . Cast ( edit ) Apes ( edit ) Andy Serkis as Caesar , an intelligent common chimpanzee who is leader to a tribe of genetically enhanced apes . Steve Zahn as `` Bad Ape '' , a common chimpanzee who lived in a zoo before the Simian Flu outbreak , and was a hermit before joining Caesar 's group . Karin Konoval as Maurice , a Bornean orangutan who is Caesar 's adviser . Terry Notary as Rocket , a common chimpanzee who is Caesar 's brother - figure . Ty Olsson as Red , a Western lowland gorilla who was once a follower of Koba , now serving the Colonel to defeat Caesar . Olsson previously played Chief Hamill in Rise . Michael Adamthwaite as Luca , a Western lowland gorilla in Caesar 's tribe . Toby Kebbell as Koba , a bonobo who had previously waged war against the humans in Dawn of the Planet of the Apes , now appears in Caesar 's hallucinations . Judy Greer as Cornelia , Caesar 's wife . Sara Canning as Lake , a common chimpanzee in Caesar 's tribe , who is also Blue Eyes ' mate and later Cornelius 's caretaker . Max Lloyd - Jones as Blue Eyes , Caesar and Cornelia 's oldest son . Devyn Dalton as Cornelius , Caesar and Cornelia 's youngest son , and Blue Eyes ' younger brother . Dalton previously played Cornelia in Rise . Aleks Paunovic as Winter , an albino Western lowland gorilla in Caesar 's tribe who sided with the Colonel out of fear . Humans ( edit ) Woody Harrelson as Colonel J. Wesley McCollough , the leader of the paramilitary organization Alpha - Omega , who is obsessed with wiping out Caesar and his tribe to preserve humans as the dominant species . Amiah Miller as Nova , a mute orphan whom Maurice befriends and cares for . Gabriel Chavarria as Preacher , a human soldier working under the Colonel in Alpha - Omega . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Matt Reeves , Andy Serkis and Dylan Clark at New York Comic - Con 2016 for the War for the Planet of the Apes panel After seeing his cut of Dawn , 20th Century Fox and Chernin Entertainment signed Matt Reeves to return as director for a third installment of the reboot series . In January 2014 , the studio announced the third film , with Reeves returning to direct and co-write along with Bomback , and Peter Chernin , Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver serving as producers . During an interview in mid-November 2014 with MTV , Andy Serkis said they did not know the next film 's setting . `` ... It could be five years after the event . It could be the night after the events of where we left ' Dawn . ' '' In May 2015 , the title was first given as War of the Planet of the Apes . By October 2015 , it had been retitled as War for the Planet of the Apes . When director Reeves and screenwriter Bomback came on board to helm Dawn , the film already had a release date , which led to an accelerated production schedule . However , with the third installment , Fox wanted to give the duo plenty of time to write and make the film . Taking advantage of this , the two bonded with each other more than before . In interviews for Dawn , Reeves talked about the inevitable war Caesar would have with the humans : `` As this story continues , we know that war is not avoided by the end of Dawn . That is going to take us into the world of what he is grappling with . Where he is going to be thrust into circumstances that he never , ever wanted to deal with , and was hoping he could avoid . And now he is right in the middle of it . The things that happen in that story test him in huge ways , in the ways in which his relationship with Koba haunts him deeply . It 's going to be an epic story . I think you 've probably read that I sort of described it where in the first film was very much about his rise from humble beginnings to being a revolutionary . The second movie was about having to rise to the challenge of being a great leader in the most difficult of times . This is going to be the story that is going to cement his status as a seminal figure in ape history , and sort of leads to an almost biblical status . He is going to become like a mythic ape figure , like Moses . '' Toby Kebbell , who portrayed Koba in Dawn , had expressed interest in reprising his role or performing as other characters . Plans to include Koba in a larger role in the film were abandoned early , with Bomback saying , `` If you stayed until the very end of Dawn of the Planet of the Apes , you hear Koba 's breathing . We did that to give us a tiny crack of a possibility that we could revive Koba if we wanted to . Very early on in spitballing , we realized there was nothing more to do with Koba -- certainly nothing that would exceed what he had done in the last story . But we knew we wanted to keep him alive as an idea . In playing out the reality of what happened at the end of the last film , Caesar would be traumatized by having to kill his brother . That would have resonance , and we wanted to make sure that did not get lost . So the answer was that we could go inside Caesar 's mind at this point and revisit Koba that way . '' Casting ( edit ) In August 2015 , Deadline reported that Gabriel Chavarria had been cast as one of the humans in the film . In September 2015 , The Hollywood Reporter announced that Woody Harrelson had been cast as the film 's antagonist , and that Chavarria 's role was supporting . In October 2015 , TheWrap reported that Steve Zahn was cast as a new ape in the film . It was also announced that actress Amiah Miller was cast as one of the film 's humans , with Judy Greer and Karin Konoval reprising their roles as Cornelia and Maurice , while Aleks Paunovic and Sara Canning were cast as new apes . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began on October 14 , 2015 in the Lower Mainland in Vancouver , under the working title Hidden Fortress . Filming was expected to take place there until early March 2016 . Parts of the film were expected to shoot for up to five days in the Kananaskis in late January and early February . In March , Serkis confirmed that he had finished shooting his portions . Visual effects ( edit ) As with Rise and Dawn , the visual effects for War were created by Weta Digital ; the apes were created with a mixture of motion - capture and CGI key - frame animation , as they were performed in motion - capture technology and animated in CGI . Influences ( edit ) At New York Comic - Con 2016 , Reeves explained that he and Bomback were influenced by many films before writing . He said , `` One of the first things that Mark and I did because we had just finished Dawn was that we decided to watch a million movies . We decided to do what people fantasize what Hollywood screenwriters get to do but no one actually does . We got Fox to give us a theater and we watched movie after movie . We watched every Planet of the Apes movie , war movies , westerns , Empire Strikes Back ... We just thought , ' We have to pretend we have all the time in the world , ' even though we had limited time . We got really inspired . '' Additionally , during production , Reeves and Bomback sought broader inspirations from films like The Bridge on the River Kwai and The Great Escape . Feeling that there was a need to imbue Biblical themes and elements , they also watched Biblical epics like Ben - Hur and The Ten Commandments . The influences and inspirations were made evident in the relationship between Caesar and Woody Harrelson 's Colonel , a military leader with pretensions toward godhood . The parallels between Caesar as Moses and the Colonel as Pharaoh are quite evident . Caesar arranges for the escape of his oppressed and enslaved fellow apes . The oppressor army is totally destroyed by an overwhelming `` sea '' as in the Exodus story . Finally , when Caesar and his clan reach the mountain overlooking the `` promised land '' he dies -- just as Moses did on Mt . Nebo . Reeves indebtedness to the Exodus story is substantial . Reeves has compared their relationship to the dynamic between Alec Guinness 's British Commander and Sessue Hayakawa 's prison camp Colonel in Bridge on the River Kwai . Another comparison is in Caesar 's journey to find the Colonel , flanked by a posse of close friends -- a situation Reeves explicitly tied to Clint Eastwood 's war - weary soldier in The Outlaw Josey Wales . Influences from the film Apocalypse Now , notably Harrelson 's character and his Alpha - Omega faction being similar to Colonel Kurtz 's renegade army , were also noted by several journalists . Harrelson has also acknowledged the similarities and inspiration . Soundtrack ( edit ) War for the Planet of the Apes Soundtrack album by Michael Giacchino Released July 7 , 2017 ( Digital ) July 21 , 2017 ( Physical ) Recorded 2017 Genre Film score Label Sony Masterworks Michael Giacchino film scores chronology Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) Spider - Man : Homecoming 2017 War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Coco ( 2017 ) Coco 2017 On October 17 , 2015 , it was confirmed that Michael Giacchino , the composer and writer of the soundtrack for Dawn , would return to compose War 's score . The soundtrack was digitally released to iTunes and Amazon on July 7 , 2017 , and in its physical form by Sony Masterworks on July 21 , 2017 . Track listing ( edit ) All music composed by Michael Giacchino . No . Title Length 1 . `` Apes ' Past is Prologue '' 10 : 53 2 . `` Assault of the Earth '' 5 : 29 3 . `` Exodus Wounds '' 4 : 23 4 . `` The Posse Polonaise '' 1 : 39 5 . `` The Bad Ape Bagatelle '' 1 : 13 6 . `` Do n't Luca Now '' 3 : 53 7 . `` Koba Dependent '' 2 : 54 8 . `` The Ecstasy of the Bold '' 1 : 57 9 . `` Apes Together Strong '' 7 : 12 10 . `` A Tide in the Affairs of Apes '' 5 : 31 11 . `` Planet of the Escapes '' 2 : 42 12 . `` The Hating Game '' 2 : 04 13 . `` A Man Named Suicide '' 5 : 32 14 . `` More Red Than Alive '' 2 : 41 15 . `` Migration '' 2 : 03 16 . `` Paradise Found '' 5 : 35 17 . `` End Credits '' 9 : 30 Total length : 75 : 11 Release ( edit ) The film was initially set for a July 29 , 2016 , release . However , in January 2015 , Fox postponed the film 's release date to about a year later on July 14 , 2017 . Marketing ( edit ) Special behind - the - scenes footage for the film was aired on TV on November 22 , 2015 , as part of a contest announcement presented by director Matt Reeves and Andy Serkis . The footage aired during The Walking Dead on AMC . The announcement allowed winners to wear a performance - capture suit and appear in a scene as an ape . The announcement was released on 20th Century Fox 's official YouTube page later the same day . At a New York Comic Con special event on October 6 , Reeves , Serkis and producer Dylan Clark debuted an exclusive look at the film . Serkis has also mentioned that the film would be accompanied by a video game , for which he performed motion capture . Titled Planet of the Apes : Last Frontier , the game was released for the PlayStation 4 , Xbox One and PC in fall 2017 . Home media ( edit ) War for the Planet of the Apes was released on Digital HD on October 10 , 2017 , and on Blu - ray and DVD on October 24 , 2017 by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) War for the Planet of the Apes grossed $146.9 million in the United States and Canada and $343.8 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $490.7 million , against a production budget of $150 million . In North America , the film was projected to gross $50 -- 60 million in its opening weekend , however , given its acclaimed status and strong word - of - mouth , rival studios believed the film had the potential to debut as high as $70 -- 80 million . War was closely monitored by analysts while the summer was witnessing a decline in ticket sales , a situation that they blamed on franchise fatigue for an overabundance of sequels and reboots ( such as Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales , Transformers : The Last Knight and The Mummy ) . However , box office analysts noted that well - reviewed films have tended to perform in - line with estimates ( Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 , Wonder Woman and Spider - Man : Homecoming ) . The film grossed $5 million from Thursday night previews at 3,021 theaters , up 22 % from the $4.1 million earned by its predecessor , and $22.1 million on its first day . It went on to debut to $56.3 million , topping the box office , albeit with a 22 % drop from Dawn 's $72.6 million debut . In its second weekend , the film grossed $20.9 million ( a drop of 62.9 % , more than the 50.4 % fall Dawn saw ) , finishing 4th at the box office . In its third weekend , the film made $10.5 million ( dropping another 49.9 % ) , finishing 6th at the box office . It was lower than the third weeks of both Rise ( $16.1 million ) and Dawn ( $16.8 million ) . Outside North America , War for the Planet of the Apes received a scattered release in a span of three months ( July -- September ) . The film began its release in about a third of the marketplace on July 14 , albeit only in two major markets , and was projected to have an opening of $50 -- 60 million , with the potential to go higher if smaller Asian markets over-perform , as they have for recent tent poles . The film ended up having an international debut of $44.2 million , including $9.27 million in the United Kingdom . Critical response ( edit ) War for the Planet of the Apes received praise for the cast 's performances ( particularly Serkis ) , Reeves 's direction , visual effects , musical score , cinematography and its morally complex storyline . On review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 93 % based on 294 reviews , with a rating average of 8.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` War for the Planet of the Apes combines breathtaking special effects and a powerful , poignant narrative to conclude this rebooted trilogy on a powerful -- and truly blockbuster -- note . '' On review aggregator Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average rating to reviews , the film has a score of 82 out of 100 , based on 50 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale , the same score earned by its two immediate predecessors . Scott Collura of IGN awarded the film a score of 9.5 out of 10 , saying : `` War for the Planet of the Apes is an excellent closing act to this rebooted trilogy , but also one that does enough world - building that the series can potentially continue from here -- and it 's a rare case where , after three movies , we 're left wanting more . '' A.O. Scott of The New York Times said of the film , `` `` War for the Planet of the Apes , '' directed by Matt Reeves , is the grimmest episode so far , and also the strongest , a superb example -- rare in this era of sloppily constructed , commercially hedged cinematic universes -- of clear thinking wedded to inventive technique in popular filmmaking , '' and lauded Andy Serkis 's performance in the film , stating that `` Andy Serkis 's performance as Caesar is one of the marvels of modern screen acting . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars , and said that Serkis performed `` with a resonant power and depth of feeling that 's nearly Shakespearean . Oscar , get busy : Serkis deserves the gold , '' and went on to say that `` War for the Planet of the Apes -- No. 9 in the simian cinema canon -- is the best of the Apes films since the 1968 original . '' Eric Kohn of Indiewire gave the film a B+ rating , and praised Matt Reeves 's directing , saying `` It 's a given that an expensive 21st century sci - fi movie with talking animals , exploding tanks , and jarring machine guns would look and sound great , but Reeves applies these effects with such a measured strategy that they 're always working in service of a greater narrative agenda . '' Kohn went on to applaud the visuals and musical score , stating that `` The breathlessly paced montage of flying bullets and angry monkeys raining down on terrified men , aided by Michael Giacchino 's vibrant score , is a strong indicator of the next - level craftsmanship that distinguishes these movies from so many cacophonous Hollywood spectacles ; not only is the action easy to follow , but you care for the motion - captured characters at the center of it , while the humans cower in fear . '' Accolades ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . Golden Trailer Awards June 6 , 2017 Best Motion / Title Graphics War for the Planet of the Apes : 20th Century Fox , Wild Card Nominated Best Summer 2017 Blockbuster TV Spot Hollywood Film Awards November 5 , 2017 Hollywood Visual Effects Award Dan Barrett , Dan Lemmon , Joe Letteri , and Erik Winquist Won Hollywood Post Alliance November 16 , 2017 Outstanding Visual Effects - Feature Film Dan Barrett , Anders Langlands , Dan Lemmon , Joe Letteri , Luke Millar , Erik Winquist , and Weta Digital Won Teen Choice Awards August 13 , 2017 Choice Movie : Summer 20th Century Fox Nominated Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association December 8 , 2017 Best Motion Capture Performance Andy Serkis Won Best Motion Capture Performance Steve Zahn Nominated San Francisco Film Critics Circle December 10 , 2017 Best Actor Andy Serkis Won Best Original Score Michael Giacchino Nominated San Diego Film Critics Society December 11 , 2017 Best Visual Effects War for the Planet of the Apes Won Chicago Film Critics Association December 12 , 2017 Best Original Score Michael Giacchino Nominated Seattle Film Critics Society December 18 , 2017 Best Original Score Michael Giacchino Nominated Best Visual Effects Joe Letteri , Dan Lemmon , Dan Barrett , and Joel Whist Won Utah Film Critics Association Best Actor Andy Serkis Won Los Angeles Online Film Critics Society December 19 , 2017 Best Animated / Visual Effect Performance Andy Serkis Won Best Score Michael Giacchino Nominated Best Action / War War for the Planet of the Apes Nominated Best Blockbuster Nominated Best Visual Effects Won Phoenix Film Critics Society Best Visual Effects War for the Planet of the Apes Won North Carolina Film Critics Association December 29 , 2017 Best Special Effects War for the Planet of the Apes Won Columbus Film Critics Association January 4 , 2018 Actor of the Year ( for an exemplary body of work ) Woody Harrelson Runner - up Golden Tomato Awards January 3 , 2018 Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy Movie 2017 War for the Planet of the Apes 2nd Place Houston Film Critics Society January 6 , 2018 Best Actor Andy Serkis Nominated Best Original Score Michael Giacchino Best Visual Effects War for the Planet of the Apes Critics ' Choice Movie Awards January 11 , 2018 Best Action Movie War for the Planet of the Apes Nominated Best Visual Effects Won Georgia Film Critics Association January 12 , 2018 Best Actor Andy Serkis Nominated Best Original Score Michael Giacchino Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards January 21 , 2018 Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Motion Picture War for the Planet of the Apes Nominated Art Directors Guild January 27 , 2018 Excellence in Production Design for a Fantasy Film James Chinlund Nominated Annie Awards February 3 , 2018 Outstanding Achievement for Character Animation in a Live Action Production Daniel Barrett , Sidney Kombo - Kintombo , Emile Ghorayeb , Luisma Lavin Peredo , and Alessandro Bonora Won Satellite Awards February 10 , 2018 Best Film Editing William Hoy Won Best Original Score Michael Giacchino Nominated Best Sound War for the Planet of the Apes Nominated Best Visual Effects Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards February 13 , 2018 Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Feature Joe Letteri , Ryan Stafford , Daniel Barrett , Dan Lemmon , Joel Whist Won Outstanding Animated Character in a Photoreal Feature Eteuati Tema , Aidan Martin , Florian Fernandez , Mathias Larserud for `` Bad Ape '' Nominated Dennis Yoo , Ludovic Chailloleau , Douglas McHale , Tim Forbes for `` Caesar '' Won Outstanding Created Environment in a Photoreal Feature Chris McLaughlin , Ryan Salcombe , Seungjin Woo , Francesco Dell'Anna for `` Hidden Fortress '' Nominated Phillip Leonhardt , Paul Harris , Jeremy Fort , Thomas Lo for `` Prison Camp '' Nominated Outstanding Effects Simulations in a Photoreal Feature David Caeiro Cebrian , Johnathan Nixon , Chet Leavai , Gary Boyle Won Outstanding Compositing in a Photoreal Feature Christoph Salzmann , Robin Hollander , Ben Morgan , Ben Warner Won British Academy Film Awards February 18 , 2018 Best Special Visual Effects Daniel Barrett , Dan Lemmon , Joe Letteri , and Joel Whist Nominated Golden Reel Awards February 18 , 2018 Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing -- Dialogue / ADR Supervising Sound Editors : Douglas Murray , Will Files ; Supervising Dialogue Editor : R.J. Kizer ; Vocal Editors : Kim Foscato , P.K. Hooker , Doug Jackson , Lindsay Alvarez ; ADR Editors : Laura Graham , and Jim Brookshire Won Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing -- Effects / Foley Supervising Sound Editors : Douglas Murray , Will Files ; Sound Effects Editors : David Grimaldi , Jack Whittaker , Ken McGill , P.K. Hooker , Doug Jackson , Lindsay Alvarez ; Foley Editors : John Morris , Matthew Harrison , Thom Brennan , Willard Overstreet ; Foley Artists : Dan O'Connell , and John T. Cucci Nominated International Film Music Critics Association Awards February 22 , 2018 Score of the Year Michael Giacchino Nominated Best Original Score for a Fantasy / Science Fiction / Horror Film Michael Giacchino Won Film Music Composition of the Year `` End Credits '' from War for the Planet of the Apes by Michael Giacchino Won Academy Awards March 4 , 2018 Best Visual Effects Daniel Barrett , Dan Lemmon , Joe Letteri , and Joel Whist Pending Possible fourth film ( edit ) In October 2016 , it was reported that a fourth Planet of the Apes film was being discussed . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Margaret Sutherlin ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Cast on Trump Parallels : ' It 's Unbelievable ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` WAR OF THE PLANET OF THE APES ( 12A ) '' . 20th Century Fox . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( July 4 , 2017 ) . `` Can ' War For The Planet Of The Apes ' Conquer The Summertime Franchise Blues ? -- Advance B.O. Forecast '' . Deadline.com . ^ Jump up to : `` War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official website '' . 20th Century Fox . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Film - BAFTA Awards : ' Shape of Water , ' ' Three Billboards , ' ' Darkest Hour ' Lead Pack of Nominations '' . Jump up ^ Merry , Stephanie ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` Analysis - Oscar nominations 2018 : ' The Shape of Water ' leads with 13 ; ' Get Out ' nominated for best picture '' . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 -- via www.WashingtonPost.com . Jump up ^ https://heavy.com/movies/2017/07/war-for-the-planet-of-apes-how-many-years-before-original-timeline-is-set-year/ ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( October 20 , 2015 ) . `` Judy Greer Returning to ' Planet of the Apes ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sneider , Jeff ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` Steve Zahn to Play New Ape in Next ' Planet of the Apes ' Movie '' . TheWrap . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( December 26 , 2016 ) . `` War for the Planet of the Apes : Steve Zahn Interview '' . Slashfilm.com . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` First Look at ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Reveals Motion - Capture Mayhem '' . Collider . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Morrow , Brendan ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' : Meet the Actors Behind the Ape Characters '' . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` War for the Planet of the Apes : Luca Speaks ! '' . July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ross A. Lincoln ( October 26 , 2015 ) . `` Sara Canning To Monkey Around In ' War For The Planet Of The Apes ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ghosh , Subhro ( October 28 , 2015 ) . `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Commences Filming in Vancouver ; Sara Canning , Judy Greer and Aleks Paunovic Join the Cast '' . Movie News Guide . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ross A. Lincoln ( October 22 , 2015 ) . `` Aleks Paunovic To Make ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' ; Newcomer Zachary Haven Joins ' Bastards ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Woody Harrelson to Play Villain in New ' Planet of the Apes ' Movie ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brandon Davis ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Woody Harrelson Was Once In Talks For A Marvel Or DC Movie '' . ComicBook . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pedersen , Erik ( October 13 , 2015 ) . `` Eugene Cordero Heads To ' Kong : Skull Island ' ; Amiah Miller Joins ' War For The Planet Of The Apes ' '' . deadline.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Kevin P. ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` War for the Planet of the Apes brings back original series character '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ; Hipes , Patrick ( August 24 , 2015 ) . `` ' War Of The Planet Of The Apes ' Recruits Gabriel Chavarria For Lead Role '' . deadline.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( January 7 , 2014 ) . `` Matt Reeves To Direct ' Planet Of The Apes 3 ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / ERCboxoffice : The damn dirty apes will return yet again , as UNTITLED PLANET OF THE APES ( not the official title ) stakes out 7 / 29 / 16 '' . Twitter.com . January 14 , 2014 . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ P. Sullivan , Kevin ( November 20 , 2014 ) . `` Current ' Planet Of The Apes ' Series Might Not Be Just A Trilogy '' . MTV News . Retrieved November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Matt Goldberg . `` New Planet of the Apes Movie Title Revealed '' . Collider . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Darren Franich ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` War for the Planet of the Apes director reveals films that influenced the sequel '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Germain Lussier ( December 4 , 2014 ) . `` Matt Reeves Talks About New ' Apes ' Films Eventually Reaching the 1968 ' Planet of the Apes ' Story '' . Slashfilm . Retrieved October 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` Andy Serkis on Next ' Planet of the Apes ' : `` There 's Potential War '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Christopher McKittrick ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` War for the Planet of the Apes : a `` Biblical Epic Western War Movie '' `` . Creative Screenwriting . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr , Mike ; Hipes , Patrick ( August 24 , 2015 ) . `` ' War Of The Planet Of The Apes ' Recruits Gabriel Chavarria For Lead Role '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brown , Scott ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Bruce Lee biopic begins filming in Vancouver next month '' . calgaryherald.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` War for the Planet of the Apes Filming Starts '' . SuperHeroHype . Retrieved October 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Susan Gittins ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` Big Budget : War for the Planet of the Apes With Motion - Captured Andy Serkis & Steve Zahn And Woody Harrelson Starts Filming Mid-Week in Metro Vancouver '' . yvrshoots.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Volmers , Eric ( 12 November 2015 ) . `` Parts of Planet of the Apes sequel to be shot in Alberta in January '' . Calgary Herald . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Serkis unsure about Tin Tin sequel '' . TV 3 . March 29 , 2016 . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McKittrick , Christopher ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` Interview : ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Matt Reeves & Dylan Clark '' . ThoughtCo.com . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chang , Justin ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' War For The Planet Of The Apes ' Offers A Masterful Vision Of Humanity 's Many Forms '' . NPR . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Rick ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' review : The trilogy 's epic conclusion holds nothing back '' . NPR . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Edelstein , David ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` War for the Planet of the Apes Is n't the Apocalypse Now Remake It Wants to Be '' . Vulture . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ THR Staff ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` Woody Harrelson Says He 's Not Doing Brando in ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jayson , Jay ( October 17 , 2015 ) . `` First Official War For The Planet Of The Apes Set Photo Released '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Masterworks to Release ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Soundtrack '' . Filmmusicreporter.com . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pate , Rohan ( 24 June 2017 ) . `` WAR FOR THE PLANET OF THE APES Soundtrack Album Details Released '' . ComicBookMovie.com . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( January 5 , 2015 ) . `` Fox Pushes ' Apes ' Sequel By A Year ; ' X-Men ' Spinoff , ' Assassin 's Creed ' Set For 2016 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jayson , Jay ( November 22 , 2015 ) . `` First War For The Planet Of The Apes Footage ; Contest To Be An Ape In The Film Announced '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Logo Revealed ; Trailer Coming Sunday ? '' . Collider . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Jayson , Jay . `` War For The Planet Of The Apes Announcement Coming During The Walking Dead '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` # WarForTheApesContest '' . 20th Century Fox . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 20th Century Fox ( November 22 , 2015 ) . `` War for the Planet of the Apes Contest TV Commercial ( HD ) 20th Century FOX '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` War for the Planet of the Apes Footage Coming to NYCC '' . Comingsoon.net. 30 September 2016 . Retrieved 3 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Mat Paget . `` War for the Planet of the Apes Video Game Coming to Consoles '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 9 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes Video Game Announced for This Fall '' . ComingSoon.net. 17 August 2017 . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` War for the Planet of the Apes DVD Release Date October 24 , 2017 '' . DVDs Release Dates . Retrieved 16 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Will ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Top ' Spider - Man ' for # 1 at the Weekend Box Office ? '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelly . `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Eyes $65 Million Domestic Opening in Early Box Office Tracking '' . Variety . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jeremy Fuster ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' to Do Battle With ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' at Box Office '' . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan Faughnder ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Hollywood 's summer box - office lesson : ' The disconnect between critics and audiences is largely gone ' '' . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang , Seth Kelley ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` How Too Many Aging Franchises Wrecked the Summer Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Box - Office Preview : ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' to Battle ' Spider - Man ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' War For The Planet Of The Apes ' Loots $56.5 M In Box Office Spoils '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box office top 20 : The Apes unseat Spider - Man '' . Associated Press . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Review : New ' Planet of the Apes ' Makes You Root Against Your Species '' . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' : Series Ends With Best ' Apes ' Movie Yet '' . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kohn , Eric ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Review : Matt Reeves Concludes the Best Sci - Fi Trilogy Since the First ' Star Wars ' '' . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Trailer Awards ( 2017 ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.goldentrailer.com/gta-18-nominees/ Jump up ^ `` War for the Planet of the Apes '' . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 -- via www.imdb.com . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Honorees - Hollywood Film Awards '' . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ lidplussdesign . `` HPA Online , Hollywood Professional Association '' . www.hollywoodprofessionalassociation.com . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ `` '' Get Out '' Named Best Picture of 2017 By Seattle Film Critics Society - Seattle Film Critics Society `` . December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Surreal ' A Ghost Story ' is best movie of 2017 , says Utah Film Critics Association '' . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Online Film Critics Society Film Nominations -- LA Online Film Critics Society '' . laofcs.org . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Los Angeles Online Film Critics Society Nominations '' . December 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Los Angeles Online Film Critics Name ' The Shape Of Water ' Best Picture '' . Jump up ^ `` PFCS 2017 Award Winners '' . Phoenix Film Critics Society . Jump up ^ `` 2017 North Carolina Film Critics Association Awards - North Carolina Film Critics Association '' . ncfilmcritics.org . Jump up ^ `` Awards 2017 - COFCA '' . Jump up ^ `` Golden Tomato Awards - Best of 2017 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . January 3 , 2017 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Shape of Water ' inundates Houston critics ' film awards nominations '' . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` And the HFCS winner is : Lady Bird '' . www.movingpictureblog.com . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice Awards 2018 : Complete List of Movie and TV Nominations '' . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia Film Critics Association Announces 2017 Award Winners '' . GeorgiaEntertainmentNews.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ CNN , Sandra Gonzalez , . `` SAG Award nominations 2018 : The list '' . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 24th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards - Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . www.sagawards.org . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Contemporary Film - Art Directors Guild Awards : ' Dunkirk , ' ' Shape of Water , ' ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Among Nominees '' . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Annie Awards : Disney / Pixar 's ' Coco ' Tops Nominations '' . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Satellite Award Nominations '' . The Wrap . November 30 , 2017 . thewrap.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Visual Effects Society Awards : ' Apes , ' ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Lead Feature Nominees '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.mpse.org/outstanding-achievement-in-sound-editing---feature-motion-picture---dialogue-adr Jump up ^ http://www.mpse.org/outstanding-achievement-in-sound-editing---feature-motion-picture---effects-foley Jump up ^ http://filmmusiccritics.org/2018/02/ifmca-award-nominations-2017/ Jump up ^ http://filmmusiccritics.org/2018/02/ifmca-award-winners-2017/ Jump up ^ Merry , Stephanie ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` Analysis - Oscar nominations 2018 : ' The Shape of Water ' leads with 13 ; ' Get Out ' nominated for best picture '' . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 -- via www.WashingtonPost.com . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Director Matt Reeves `` Absolutely '' Has Ideas About Where the Story Goes Next `` . SlashFilm.com . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Owen , Luke ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` Planet of the Apes 4 already being developed '' . Flickering Myth . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website War for the Planet of the Apes on IMDb War for the Planet of the Apes at Rotten Tomatoes Planet of the Apes Films Original series Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) Beneath the Planet of the Apes ( 1970 ) Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) Remake Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Reboot series Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Television Planet of the Apes ( 1974 ) Return to the Planet of the Apes ( 1975 ) Behind the Planet of the Apes ( 1998 ) Video games Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Revenge of the Apes ( 2003 ) Planet of the Apes : Last Frontier ( 2017 ) Other La Planète des singes Characters Comics Star Trek / Planet of the Apes : The Primate Directive Tarzan on the Planet of the Apes Planet of the Apes / Green Lantern Films directed by Matt Reeves The Pallbearer ( 1996 ) Cloverfield ( 2008 ) Let Me In ( 2010 ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Films by Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver Written and produced Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) Written The Hand That Rocks the Cradle ( 1992 , Silver only ) Eye for an Eye ( 1996 ) The Relic ( 1997 ) Jurassic World ( 2015 ) In the Heart of the Sea ( 2015 ) Avatar 3 ( 2021 ) Produced Love Shack ( 2010 ) War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_for_the_Planet_of_the_Apes&oldid=827797740 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2017 3D films 2010s science fiction films 20th Century Fox films American films American prison films American science fiction films American sequel films American Sign Language films Apocalyptic films Dystopian films Films scored by Michael Giacchino Films about revenge Films directed by Matt Reeves Films produced by Peter Chernin Films set in California Films set in forests Films set in the future Films shot in Alberta Films shot in Vancouver Performance capture in film Planet of the Apes films Science fiction adventure films Science fiction drama films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 February 2018 , at 20 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did they film war for planet of the apes | [
"Principal photography on the film began on October 14, 2015 in the Lower Mainland in Vancouver, under the working title Hidden Fortress.[32][33] Filming was expected to take place there until early March 2016.[34] Parts of the film were expected to shoot for up to five days in the Kananaskis in late January and early February.[35] In March, Serkis confirmed that he had finished shooting his portions.[36]"
] | [
"in the Lower Mainland in Vancouver,"
] |
7458206829875345419 | Weston-super-Mare | Weston - super-Mare - wikipedia Weston - super-Mare `` Oldmixon '' redirects here . For the writer , see John Oldmixon . Weston - super-Mare Weston - super-Mare bay and piers Weston - super-Mare Weston - super-Mare shown within Somerset Population 76,143 ( 2011 Census ) OS grid reference ST320613 Civil parish Weston - super-Mare Unitary authority North Somerset Ceremonial county Somerset Region South West Country England Sovereign state United Kingdom Post town WESTON - SUPER-MARE Postcode district BS22 -- BS24 Dialling code 01934 Police Avon and Somerset Fire Avon Ambulance South Western EU Parliament South West England UK Parliament Weston - super-Mare List of places UK England Somerset 51 ° 20 ′ 46 '' N 2 ° 58 ′ 37 '' W / 51.346 ° N 2.977 ° W / 51.346 ; - 2.977 Coordinates : 51 ° 20 ′ 46 '' N 2 ° 58 ′ 37 '' W / 51.346 ° N 2.977 ° W / 51.346 ; - 2.977 Weston - super-Mare , also known as just Weston is a seaside town in Somerset , England , on the Bristol Channel 18 miles ( 29 km ) south west of Bristol between Worlebury Hill and Bleadon Hill . It includes the suburbs of Oldmixon , West Wick and Worle . Its population at the 2011 census was 76,143 . Since 1983 , Weston has been twinned with Hildesheim , Germany . Although there is evidence in the local area of occupation since the Iron Age , it was still a small village until the 19th century when it became a seaside resort , and was connected with local towns and cities by a railway , and two piers were built . The growth continued until the second half of the 20th century , when tourism declined and some local industries closed . A regeneration programme is being undertaken with attractions including the Helicopter Museum , Weston - super-Mare Museum , Grand Pier and an aquarium . The Paddle Steamer Waverley and MV Balmoral offer day sea trips from Knightstone Island to various destinations along the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary . Cultural venues include The Playhouse , the Winter Gardens and Blakehay Theatre . Partly owing to the large tidal range in the Bristol Channel , the low tide mark in Weston Bay is about 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) from the seafront . Although the beach itself is sandy , low tide uncovers areas of thick mud , hence the colloquial name , Weston - super-Mud . These mudflats are very dangerous to walk in and are crossed by the mouth of the River Axe . Just to the north of the town is Sand Point which marks the lower limit of the Severn Estuary and the start of the Bristol Channel . It is also the site of the Middle Hope biological and geological Site of Special Scientific Interest ( SSSI ) . In the centre of the town is Ellenborough Park , another SSSI due to the range of plant species found there . Contents 1 Toponymy 2 History 2.1 Early history 2.2 19th century 2.3 Architecture 2.4 20th century 2.5 21st century 3 Governance 4 Geography 5 Climate 6 Demography 7 Economy 7.1 Tourism 8 Transport 9 Education 10 Culture 11 Landmarks 12 Religious sites 13 Sport 14 Notable people 15 References 16 Further reading 17 External links Toponymy ( edit ) Weston comes from the Anglo - Saxon for the west tun or settlement ; super mare is Latin for `` above sea '' and was added to distinguish it from the many other settlements named Weston in the Diocese of Bath and Wells . Prior to 1348 it was known as Weston - juxta - Mare ( `` beside the sea '' ) . The name was changed by Ralph of Shrewsbury , who was the Bishop of Bath and Wells . Between the 14th and 17th centuries the `` super Mare '' part of the name disappeared and it was just known as Weston , although in 1610 it was recorded as Weston on the More ; môr being the Welsh word for sea . History ( edit ) Early History ( edit ) Plan of Worlebury Camp Weston 's oldest structure is Worlebury Camp , on Worlebury Hill , dating from the Iron Age . Castle Batch was a castle that once stood overlooking the town . The present site has an earthwork mound of 160 feet ( 50 m ) in diameter which is believed to be the remains of a motte . The parish was part of the Winterstoke Hundred . The medieval church of St John was demolished in 1824 and rebuilt on the same site , though a stump of the medieval preaching cross survives by the exterior south wall . The former rectory is a 17th - century structure with later additions . Though it remains adjacent to the church , it has not been a parsonage house since the end of the 19th century . Today it is known as Glebe House and is divided into flats . The Old Thatched Cottage restaurant on the seafront carries the date 1774 ; it is the surviving portion of a summer cottage built by the Revd . William Leeves of Wrington . 19th century ( edit ) Early in the 19th century , Weston was a small village of about 30 houses , located behind a line of sand dunes fronting the sea , which had been created as an early sea wall after the Bristol Channel floods of 1607 . The Pigott family of Brockley , who were the local Lords of the Manor , had a summer residence at Grove House . Weston owes its growth and prosperity to the Victorian era boom in seaside holidays . Construction of the first hotel in the village started in 1808 ; it was called `` Reeves '' ( now the Royal Hotel ) . Along with nearby Burnham - on - Sea , Weston benefited from proximity to Bristol , Bath and South Wales . The first attempt at an artificial harbour was made in the late 1820s at the islet of Knightstone and a slipway built from Anchor Head towards Birnbeck Island . Birnbeck Pier Isambard Kingdom Brunel and his family lived in Weston , at Swiss Villa ( towards the north end of Trevelyan road ) , while he was supervising the construction of the Bristol and Exeter Railway in the area . With the opening of the railway in 1841 , thousands of visitors came to the town from Bristol , the Midlands and further afield , on works outings and bank holidays . Mining families also came across the Bristol Channel from South Wales by paddle steamer . To cater for them , Birnbeck Pier was completed in 1867 , offering in its heyday amusement arcades , tea rooms , amusement rides and a photographic studio . It is now in a derelict state and has been added to English Heritage 's Buildings at Risk Register , but visitors can still admire its structure from behind barbed wire . It was designed by Eugenius Birch with ironwork by the Isca Foundry of Newport , Monmouthshire . It is a grade II * listed building . Large areas of land were released for development from the 1850s onwards . Large detached villas , for the middle classes , were built on the southern slopes of Worlebury Hill . Semi-detached and terraced housing was built on the low `` moorland '' behind the sea front in an area known as South Ward . Many of these houses have now been converted into bedsits . Most of the houses built in the Victorian era are built from stone and feature details made from Bath Stone , influenced by local architect Hans Price . In 1885 , the first transatlantic telegraph cable of the Commercial Cable Company was brought ashore and the company started a long association with the town , ending in 1962 . Guglielmo Marconi , the inventor of wireless telegraphy , successfully transmitted radio signals across the Bristol Channel in the spring of 1897 , from Penarth ( near Cardiff ) to Brean Down ( just south west of Weston , on the other side of the River Axe ) . A second railway , the Weston , Clevedon and Portishead Light Railway , opened on 1 December 1897 , connecting Weston to Clevedon . The terminus station was at Ashcombe Road . The railway was extended to Portishead on 7 August 1907 but was closed in 1940 . Architecture ( edit ) The Mercury Office in Waterloo Street by Hans Price Much of the character of the buildings in the town derives from the use of local stone , much of it from the Town Quarry . Notable among the architects working in the 19th century was Hans Price ( 1835 -- 1912 ) . Many examples of his work are still to be seen : the Town Hall , the Mercury Office , the Constitutional Club ( originally the Lodge of St Kew ) , villas and numerous other domestic dwellings . The Odeon Cinema by Thomas Cecil Howitt is notable for fully retaining many Art Deco features both internally and externally , and retaining its original theatre organ , a Compton from 1935 . It is believed to be the only cinema organ in the West Country left working in its original location and is still in regular use . Other organs by Compton in Weston - super-Mare can be found at Victoria Methodist Church and All Saints ' Church by George Bodley ( modelled on that in Downside Abbey ) . 20th century ( edit ) Local traders , unhappy that visitors were not coming as far as the centre of the town , built a new pier closer to the main streets . Opened in 1904 , and known as the Grand Pier , it was designed to be 1.5 miles ( 2.4 km ) long . Further development occurred after World War I , with the Winter Gardens Pavilion in 1927 , the open air pool , with its arched concrete diving board , and an airfield dating from the inter-war period . Art Deco influences can be seen in much of the town 's architecture from this period . During World War II over 10,000 official evacuees were accommodated in the town , however only 130 spent four or more years in the town . The area was also home to war industries , such as aircraft and pump manufacture , and a Royal Air Force station at RAF Locking . The town was also on the return route of bombers targeting Bristol and was itself bombed by the Luftwaffe . The first bombs fell in June 1940 , but the worst attacks were in January 1941 and in June 1942 . Large areas of the town were destroyed , particularly Orchard Street and the Boulevard . On 3 and 4 January 1941 , incendiary bombs fell on the town . The Air Ministry set up a `` Q - station '' decoy at Bleadon in an attempt to divert the bombers to an unpopulated area . In the later part of the war , United States Army troops were billeted in the area , but they were relocated in the run - up to D - Day . The Helicopter Museum RAF Weston - super-Mare was opened in 1936 by No. 24 Group , with a single tarmac runway . It served as a flying candidates selection and initial training facility , and as a relief airport during World War II , latterly as the Polish Air Force Staff College from April 1944 to April 1946 . After the war it served as a logistics supply station , with helicopter makers Westland Helicopters on site until closure in 1987 . Today there is an operational heliport on site used occasionally by the RAF Search and Rescue service . The former Westland site , which closed in 2002 , houses the Helicopter Museum featuring examples of Westland aircraft . Pride of place is given to an immaculate Westland Wessex HCC Mk. 4 , formerly of the Queen 's Flight . Residential areas outside the town centre include the Oldmixon , Coronation , and Bournville housing estates , built in the mid to late 20th century . Newer housing has since been built towards the east of the town in North Worle and Locking Castle , nearer to the M5 motorway . Weston - super-Mare has expanded to include the established villages of Milton , Worle , Uphill , Oldmixon , West Wick and Wick St. Lawrence , as well as new areas such as St. Georges and Locking Castle . In 1986 , Weston General Hospital was opened on the edge of Uphill village , replacing the Queen Alexandra Memorial Hospital on The Boulevard , which was opened in 1928 . 21st century ( edit ) Silica A structure known as Silica was installed at Big Lamp Corner during 2006 . It is a piece of public art , an advertising sign , a retail kiosk selling newspapers and hot food , as well as a bus shelter . It has been criticised by local residents who liken it to a carrot or a space ship , although it is meant to symbolise man 's harmony with the sea . This was part of North Somerset Council 's ongoing civic pride initiative that has sought to revitalise Weston - super-Mare's public spaces , which had suffered a period of decline . Other public space improvements have been made throughout the town such as improvements to the street scene in Grove Park Village . On 28 July 2008 , the pavilion at the end of the Grand Pier was completely destroyed by a fire . Eleven fire engines and 80 firefighters could not contain the blaze , which is believed to have started in the north - east tower of the Pavilion . A competition was held to design a new pavilion , and the project was awarded to the winning architect Angus Meek Architects of Bristol . Construction work began on the pier and new pavilion in 2009 , and it was scheduled to reopen in July 2010 , after a £ 39 million rebuilding programme . After continuing problems and setbacks , with the pier not opening until a formal opening ceremony on 23 October 2010 , the overall costs have reached £ 51 million . During the same period there was a £ 34 million redevelopment of the promenade , including refurbishment of the Marine Lake and pedestrianisation of Pier Square . As part of the work , a scour protection apron and splash wall were added as part of flood prevention measures . Around 2000 , the town saw a growth in residential drug and alcohol rehabilitation treatment centres , with attendant crime and social problems . These problems were highlighted by Weston 's councillors and newspapers , and by the MP , John Penrose during his maiden speech in the House of Commons in 2005 . By 2009 , Weston was home to around 11 % of drug rehabilitation places in the UK , and North Somerset council proposed an accreditation system examining the quality of counselling , staff training , transparency of referral arrangements , along with measures of the treatment 's effectiveness and site inspections . Governance ( edit ) Weston - super-Mare town hall Municipal history began in 1842 when a Local Act was obtained for `` paving , lighting , watching , cleansing and otherwise improving the Town of Weston - super-Mare in the County of Somerset and for establishing a Market therein '' under the jurisdiction of eighteen appointed Commissioners . Town Commissioners gave way to an Urban District Council in 1894 , and then in 1937 the town received its Royal Charter as a municipal borough . In 1974 , under the Local Government Act 1972 , it was merged into the Woodspring district of the Avon County Council , and became a Charter trustees town . Weston - super-Mare regained its town council in 2000 , becoming a civil parish . The island of Steep Holm is part of the civil parish of Weston - super-Mare . Before 1 April 1974 , Weston - super-Mare came under the administration of Somerset County Council . When Avon was split up in 1996 , it became the administrative headquarters of the unitary authority of North Somerset , one of the successor authorities , which remains part of the ceremonial county of Somerset . There are 11 electoral wards in Weston . The MP for the Weston - super-Mare parliamentary constituency is John Penrose of the Conservative Party , who won the seat from Liberal Democrat Brian Cotter ( now Lord Cotter ) in the 2005 General Election . Weston is within the South West England constituency of the European Parliament which elects six MEPs using the d'Hondt method of party - list proportional representation . Geography ( edit ) Low and high tides The mainly flat landscape of Weston is dominated by Worlebury Hill , 109 metres ( 357 ft ) , which borders the entire northern edge of the town , and Bleadon Hill , 176 metres ( 577 ft ) which together with the River Axe , and Brean Down at Uphill form its southern border . In the centre of the town is Ellenborough Park a Site of Special Scientific Interest due to the range of plant species found there . The beach of Weston Bay lies on the western edge of the town . The upper part is sandy , but the sea retreats a long way at low tide , exposing large areas of mud flats ( hence the colloquial name of Weston - super-Mud ) . The tidal range in this part of the Bristol Channel is great , and since beach and mud flats are on a gentle slope , it is inadvisable to try to reach the sea at low tide , as the sand gives way to deep mud which has often resulted in loss of life over the years . Driving on the beach is permitted in certain areas , but occasionally the drivers are caught unawares as they drive too close to the sea and break through the sand into the underlying mud , and are then stuck . The tidal rise and fall in the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel can be as great as 14.5 m ( 48 ft ) , second only to Bay of Fundy in Eastern Canada . This tidal movement contributes to the deposition of natural mud in bays such as Weston . There has been concern about pollution levels from industrial areas in Wales and at the eastern end of the Bristol Channel ; however this tends to be diluted by the Atlantic waters . There are measurable levels of chemical pollutants , and little is known about their effects . Of particular concern are the levels of cadmium and to a lesser degree residual pesticides and hydrocarbons . Just to the north of the town is Sand Point which marks the lower limit of the Severn Estuary and the start of the Bristol Channel . It is also the site of the Middle Hope 84.1 - hectare ( 208 - acre ) biological and geological Site of Special Scientific Interest . Climate ( edit ) Along with the rest of South West England , Weston has a temperate climate which is generally wetter and milder than the rest of the country . The annual mean temperature is approximately 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) . Seasonal temperature variation is less extreme than most of the United Kingdom because of the adjacent sea temperatures . The summer months of July and August are the warmest with mean daily maxima of approximately 21 ° C ( 70 ° F ) . In winter mean minimum temperatures of 1 -- 2 ° C ( 34 -- 36 ° F ) are common . In the summer the Azores high pressure affects the south - west of England , however convective cloud sometimes forms inland , reducing the number of hours of sunshine . Annual sunshine rates are slightly less than the regional average of 1,600 hours . In December 1998 there were 20 days without sun recorded at Yeovilton . Most the rainfall in the south - west is caused by Atlantic depressions or by convection . Most of the rainfall in autumn and winter is caused by the Atlantic depressions , which is when they are most active . In summer , a large proportion of the rainfall is caused by sun heating the ground leading to convection and to showers and thunderstorms . Average rainfall is around 700 mm ( 28 in ) . About 8 -- 15 days of snowfall is typical . November to March have the highest mean wind speeds , and June to August have the lightest winds . The predominant wind direction is from the south - west . hide Climate data for Weston - super-Mare , 5 m asl 1981 -- 2010 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 8.3 ( 46.9 ) 8.7 ( 47.7 ) 10.9 ( 51.6 ) 13.4 ( 56.1 ) 16.9 ( 62.4 ) 19.8 ( 67.6 ) 21.7 ( 71.1 ) 21.4 ( 70.5 ) 19.0 ( 66.2 ) 14.9 ( 58.8 ) 11.5 ( 52.7 ) 8.4 ( 47.1 ) 14.6 ( 58.3 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 2.6 ( 36.7 ) 2.2 ( 36 ) 3.8 ( 38.8 ) 4.7 ( 40.5 ) 7.8 ( 46 ) 11.1 ( 52 ) 13.2 ( 55.8 ) 12.8 ( 55 ) 10.6 ( 51.1 ) 7.9 ( 46.2 ) 4.8 ( 40.6 ) 2.4 ( 36.3 ) 7.0 ( 44.6 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 88.4 ( 3.48 ) 56.9 ( 2.24 ) 60.2 ( 2.37 ) 57.7 ( 2.272 ) 60.0 ( 2.362 ) 57.5 ( 2.264 ) 67.9 ( 2.673 ) 68.5 ( 2.697 ) 85.8 ( 3.378 ) 100.6 ( 3.961 ) 104.9 ( 4.13 ) 91.2 ( 3.591 ) 899.2 ( 35.402 ) Mean monthly sunshine hours 54.4 75.5 109.1 164.5 195.0 193.3 207.1 189.6 140.4 94.9 63.8 42.3 1,529.9 Source : Met Office Demography ( edit ) According to the United Kingdom Census 2001 , the population of Weston - super-Mare is 76,143 . This makes it the largest settlement in North Somerset , which has a total population of 188,564. 20.1 % of the town 's population are aged 65 or over , compared with the national average of 16.5 % . 96.5 % of the population are white , compared with 86 % nationally . In 1831 the town population was 1,310 , and in 1801 just 138 . In 2001 , the town comprised 34,441 households , while in 1829 it comprised just 250 . The vast majority ( 96.5 % ) of the population described themselves as white in the 2011 census . 58.2 % are Christian , with 32.4 % describing themselves as having no religion . No other religious groups achieved as much as 0.5 % . Economy ( edit ) Weston - super-Mare beach seen from the Grand Pier , showing the popularity of the town as a tourist destination on the Easter bank holiday weekend Since the 1970s , Weston has suffered a decline in popularity as a holiday destination , as have most British seaside resorts , due to the advent of cheap foreign holidays and the demise of the traditional `` works holidays '' of heavy and manufacturing industries elsewhere in UK . The town had become a centre of industries such as helicopter production , and maintenance at the GKN Westland factory until its closure in 2002 , however the company still retains a design office under the name GKN Aerospace Engineering Services at the Winterstoke Road site . Road transport links were improved with the M5 motorway running close by , and the town now supports light industries and distribution depots , including Lidl 's distribution centre for its southern based stores , and is also a dormitory town for Bristol . Vutrix , one of the largest semiconductor and video / audio distribution equipment companies in the television broadcasting industry , is based in the town . Two of the town 's largest employers are the local council and Weston College , which has recently begun to offer university degrees as a secondary campus of Bath Spa University . Tourism ( edit ) The SeaQuarium marine aquarium on the beach Weston - super-Mare is a tourist destination , with its long sandy beach , Helicopter Museum , Weston - super-Mare Museum , Grand Pier , SeaQuarium aquarium and seasonal Wheel of Weston . A 2009 survey by Visit England placed the Grand Pier in the top ten free attractions in England . However , as of 2014 , the pier charges for admission . On the Beach Lawns was a miniature railway operated by steam and diesel locomotives , which closed in 2012 . The Paddle Steamer Waverley and MV Balmoral offer day trips from Knightstone Island to various destinations along the Bristol Channel and Severn estuary . The Art Deco Tropicana , once a very popular lido on the beach , has suffered years of neglect . It closed to the public in 2000 , and despite a number of attempts to reopen it , permission was given to demolish it in 2012 . ' International HeliDays ' , in association with the Helicopter Museum , are staged at the beach lawns over a long weekend around the end of July , when up to 75 helicopters from Europe fly in for a static display . There are frequent Helicopter Air Experience flights from the Museum heliport . There is also an annual display by the Red Arrows . Since the 1970s the number of visitors staying for several nights in the town has decreased , but the numbers of day visitors has increased . In 1995 there were 4 million visitors but by 2005 this had risen to 5.3 million . In 2007 69 % of visitors to the resort were day visitors , compared to 58 % in 2005 . The 2005 survey showed that day visitors stay in Weston - super-Mare for an average of six hours whilst overnight visitors stay for an average of five nights . The largest percentage of visitors ( 22 % ) were from the West Midlands . Weston was found to attract two distinct groups : `` grey tourists '' over the age of 60 and families with young children . Weston Bike Nights are motorcycle meetings on the Promenade each Thursday during the summer . They are organised by The Royal British Legion Riders Branch to raise money for the Poppy Appeal . In July 2011 , North Somerset Council gave planning approval to the £ 50 million Leisure Dome , a 210 - metre ( 690 ft ) indoor ski slope to be built on the site of RAF Locking . In 2015 the future of the project was in doubt because of the need for additional funding , and no mention of the LeisureDome proposals appear on the information provided by St. Modwen Properties , the developers about their plans for Locking Parklands as the site is now known . It was planned to include a 40 - metre ( 130 ft ) climbing wall , a vertical wind tunnel for indoor skydiving , indoor surfing , a BMX track , a health and fitness club , and a number of shops and restaurants . The ski slope will be the longest in the United Kingdom . Transport ( edit ) A `` toast rack '' tram heading into town at Madeira Cove The 2.9 - mile - long ( 4.7 km ) 4 ft 8 ⁄ in ( 1,435 mm ) gauge Weston - super-Mare Tramways network opened on 12 May 1902 . The main route ran from Birnbeck Pier along the sea front to the Sanatorium ( now Royal Sands ) ; a branch line ran to the railway station and on to the tram depot in Locking Road . The fleet originally consisted of 12 double deck cars and 4 open - sided `` toast rack '' cars . The system was bought out by the competing bus company and closed on 18 April 1937 , by which time the fleet comprised 8 double deck and 6 `` toast racks '' . An earlier proposal for the Weston , Clevedon and Portishead Tramway to run along the streets of the town to the sea front had failed to materialise , leaving the line as an ordinary railway ( the Weston , Clevedon and Portishead Light Railway ) with a terminus in Ashcombe Road . Weston is close to junction 21 of the M5 motorway , to which it is linked by a dual - carriageway relief road built in the 1990s . This replaced Locking Road as the designated A370 route and avoided some of the traffic congestion along that narrower urban road . The Bristol and Exeter Railway arrived in Weston - super-Mare on 14 June 1841 . This was not the route that serves today 's Weston - super-Mare railway station , but rather a single - track branch line from Weston Junction , midway between the present day Worle and Uphill junctions , which terminated at a small station in Regent Street close to the High Street . A second larger station was constructed in 1866 to replace this , when planning permission was gained to create a loop station from the main line . After legal action was taken by residents along the proposed route new route through issues of planning blight , the station on the current site was constructed in 1881 . Weston - super-Mare railway station Today , the station , which is on a short loop off the Bristol to Exeter line , is situated close to the town centre and less than ten minutes walk from the sea front . It has direct services to London Paddington operated by First Great Western , and also trains to stations such as Bristol , Taunton and Cardiff Central . CrossCountry services run to Birmingham and the North . The station has two platforms . Other stations are located at Weston Milton and Worle . During the middle of the day they are served by the local trains between Taunton , Bristol and Cardiff , but during the peak periods London trains call at both stations . Weston Milton station is on the single track loop and therefore has only one platform , while Worle is on the main line and has two side platforms . The Weston loop diverges just to the southwest of Worle station , and the junction is therefore known as Worle Junction . Most local bus services are provided by First West of England . All services call at stops in the Regent Street and Big Lamp Corner area , including some stops in the adjacent High Street . Some town services and those to Sand Bay , Wells , Burnham - on - Sea and Bristol Airport start from or run via the main railway station . The service to Sand Bay is sometimes operated by an open top bus . National Express and Bakers Dolphin operate long distance coach services , mostly from the coach terminal in Locking Road Car Park which is close to the railway station . The nearest operational airport to Weston is Bristol Airport , located 15 miles ( 24 km ) away at Lulsgate . Education ( edit ) Weston College 's Knightstone Campus The Unitary authority of North Somerset , provides support for 78 schools , delivering education to approximately 28,000 pupils . Infant and primary schools in Weston include : Ashcombe Primary , Becket Primary , Bournville Primary School , Castle Batch Primary school , Christ Church C of E Primary , Corpus Christi Catholic Primary , Herons ' Moor Community Primary , Hutton C of E Primary , Kewstoke Primary , Mead Vale Primary , Milton Park Primary , St. Georges Church School , St Mark 's VA Church of England / Methodist Ecumenical Primary School , Walliscote Primary , Windwhistle Primary and Worlebury St. Pauls C.E.V.A. First School . Secondary education is provided by Broadoak Mathematics and Computing College , Churchill Academy , Priory Community School , Worle Community School and Hans Price Academy . The town 's main further education provider is Weston College , and the town 's expanding higher education provision is supplied by University Centre Weston . In September 2014 , the North Somerset Enterprise and Technology College ( NSETC ) opened . From September 2015 it has provided education to 14 - to 19 - year - olds and specialises in the STEM fields ; science , technology , engineering and maths . Nigel Leat , a teacher at Hillside First School , was jailed indefinitely in summer 2011 for Paedophile offences that happened over a 14 - year period . The school 's headmaster lost his job in December 2011 due to the incident . Culture ( edit ) The Winter Gardens The town contains several arts venues . The Playhouse serves both tourists and the local population . The Winter Gardens on the seafront hosts shows , exhibitions and conferences . The Blakehay Theatre & Community Arts Centre is a small venue housed in a former Baptist church . All Saints Church hosts regular concerts , some of high national standing . This church is also used for recording , especially by the Emerald Ensemble and has featured on BBC TV programme Songs of Praise . Odeon Cinema The Odeon Cinema was opened in 1935 and is a building in the modernist style designed by Thomas Cecil Howitt . It houses the only Compton theatre pipe organ in an Odeon cinema outside London and is one of only two working theatre organs left in the country still performing in their original location in commercially operating cinemas . This Compton organ was installed in 1935 and is the only one left in the West Country , the next nearest being the Odeon Leicester Square , London . All other models have been either restored and moved elsewhere , or destroyed . Occasional organ concerts continue to be held at the venue . The building has Grade II Listed status . An illuminated cart passes the Winter Gardens during the annual carnival Weston - super-Mare has a small number of live music venues of note . `` Scally 's '' hosts more established touring rock bands , while the `` Back Bar '' , `` The London '' , and `` The Imperial '' hold regular open mic nights which attract a wide array of local musicians , as well as artists from further afield . The T4 on the Beach concert had been hosted annually since 2006 , up until 2012 , by Channel 4 youth programme T4 . Well known bands and singers perform four or fewer of their hits . However , the vocals are mimed as the event is being produced for live TV broadcast . Each summer the beach is also used as the venue for the Weston - super-Mare Sand Sculpture Festival . The town was the subject of a song `` Sunny Weston - super-Mare '' performed by local band The Wurzels . The last scenes of The Remains of the Day , a James Ivory film of 1993 , were shot at locations in the town including the Grand Pier and the Winter Gardens . The Weston Arts Festival takes place each year during September and October using local venues including the Blakehay Theatre , Playhouse , All Saints , and galleries and offering a wide range of cultural events . Weston is also the final event on the November West Country Carnival circuit , when a large number of brightly illuminated floats parade through the streets . The town 's weekly newspaper is The Weston & Somerset Mercury , which has been serving the population since 1843 . It is now owned by publishing company Archant . There are also two online publications The Weston Echo , and Weston super Mare People . Weston Super Television is an on - line community television channel set up in 2011 . Its volunteers make and present studio programmes , including interviews with local councillers , musicians and community leaders , as well as filming local events in and around the town . The 2011 TV comedy drama series The Cafe was co-written by Michelle Terry who was born in the town and the series was filmed in Weston - super-Mare . In August 2015 the artist Banksy opened the temporary art installation ' Dismaland ' at the Tropicana , Weston - super-Mare venue . Landmarks ( edit ) The Grand Pier , new pavilion The Grand Pier is one of the most popular tourist attractions in the town . It previously housed funfair style attractions , a go - kart track , cafes , a fudge factory , and a host of arcade games , and underwent a £ 34 million re-development after a fire in 2008 destroyed the main pavilion . After a harsh winter which delayed progress , the new pier pavilion reopened on 23 October 2010 . Weston 's first pier , Birnbeck Pier , standing on a small island to the north of the bay is currently closed to the public . The current owners , Manchester - based company Urban Splash purchased the pier in 2006 . A competition was held as a means to encourage redevelopment of the site for commercial use . To date , no firm plans are in place , and the future of Birnbeck Pier is uncertain . The pier houses Weston - super-Mare Lifeboat Station . The Knightstone complex in 2010 Knightstone Island housed a theatre , swimming pool and sauna , after having been purchased by the physician Edward Long Fox in 1830 to create a therapeutic spa with range of hot , cold and chemical baths . After years of disrepair and dereliction , the area has been redeveloped by Redrow Homes . During 2006 / 2007 , luxury apartments and commercial outlets have been built on the site . Consideration has been taken due to the listed building status of much of the site . Boat trips from here include the Waverley and Balmoral and trips to Steep Holm and Flat Holm islands as well as short trips around Weston Bay . The Tropicana outdoor swimming pool that is located on the southern section of the sea front has not been occupied since 2000 . A private developer , Henry Boot , was selected to redevelop the site with a new Life Station leisure complex , which was planned to include a six lane , 25 - metre ( 27 yd ) swimming pool , water park , 96 - bed hotel , restaurant , eight - screen cinema , 14 retail units , and a 20 - lane bowling alley . The redevelopment was beset by delays and controversy . A group of local residents challenged the council over its decision to appoint Henry Boot , asking to put forward their own proposals for the site . In November 2009 , the plans were finally abandoned , leaving the future of the site uncertain . In 2010 the council invited submissions from developers for a new , less ambitious , scheme to redevelop the site with a swimming pool at its heart . A decision on a new scheme was expected towards the end of 2010 . The local authority announced on 23 August 2011 that it was giving developers six months to propose plans for a smaller development otherwise they will arrange to demolish the Tropicana . In February 2013 , North Somerset Council granted planning permission to a consortium of local businesses who intend to build a new swimming pool complex on the site . Grove Park War Memorial The First World War memorial in Grove Park , containing a sculpture by Alfred Drury , was unveiled in 1922 , with additions by Walter Cave for the Second World War . It contains the names of 402 men from the area who fell in the First World War . It consists of a winged allegorical figure of Victory holding an olive branch , which stands on an octagonal column . The memorial is a grade II listed building . Religious sites ( edit ) Most of the town 's churches and chapels are neo-Gothic 19th century structures . The Medieval village church of St John the Baptist was completely demolished in 1824 to make way for a new and larger place of worship . All Saints Church was built between 1898 and 1902 to a design by George Frederick Bodley and completed by his pupil F.C. Eden in the 14th century style so favoured by Bodley . It is a Grade II * listed building . Holy Trinity Church , designed by H Lloyd and opened in 1861 , is also Grade II * . There is a Greek Orthodox Church of St Andrew the Apostle in Grove Road , Milton . Sport ( edit ) Football team Weston - super-Mare A.F.C. play in the National League South at the purpose - built Woodspring Stadium , which opened in August 2004 . There are two rugby clubs in the town ; Weston - super-Mare RFC , formed in 1875 , owned by Jonson Coles and Hornets RFC , formed in 1962 . Hornets play in National League 3 ( South West ) , whilst Weston were relegated from the same league in 2014 / 15 and now play in South West One division . These are national level 5 and level 6 respectively in the English rugby union system . Somerset County Cricket Club played first class and one - day matches for one week a season on a pitch prepared at Clarence Park , near the sea front . This began in 1914 and continued until the last `` festival '' in 1996 . Weston - super-Mare Cricket Club play at Devonshire Park Ground . The town is well known amongst motocross enthusiasts for staging the Weston beach race every autumn . In addition , races are also held for youth riders , sidecarcross riders and quad bike competitors . The 2008 winner of the Weston Beach Race was ten time World Motocross Champion Stefan Everts of Belgium . Notable People ( edit ) See also : Category : People from Weston - super-Mare Notable current and former residents of the town include : Blue Plaque marking the birthplace of A.V. Alexander , 1st Earl Alexander of Hillsborough Aaron Allard - Morgan : Winner of Big Brother 2011 ( UK ) A.V. Alexander , 1st Earl Alexander of Hillsborough : Minister of Defence in the Attlee government , raised in Weston - super-Mare Jeffrey Archer : author , politician and convicted perjurer Jhonn Balance : musician , founding member of Psychic TV and founder of Coil ( band ) Ritchie Blackmore : guitarist and founding member of Deep Purple , Rainbow and Blackmore 's Night . Peter Christopherson : musician , founding member of Throbbing Gristle and Psychic TV John Cleese : actor and member of Monty Python Jill Dando : murdered broadcaster and journalist , after whom the sixth form centre at Weston College and a garden in Grove Park are named Arthur Stanley Eddington : one of the foremost astrophysicists of the early 20th century , grew up in the town Daphne Fowler : game show champion Baron Glanely ( William Tatem ) , ship - and racehorse - owner , died during an air raid at 16 Malvern Road in June 1942 . Rupert Graves : actor , born and educated in the town 30 June 1963 Bob Hope : comedian and actor , lived there as a child Sean Martin : writer and film director Con O'Neill : actor John Oldmixon ( 1673 -- 1742 ) : historian ; born in Oldmixon The Revd . Dr John Polkinghorne KBE FRS : particle physicist and theologian . Hans Price : ( 1835 -- 1912 ) architect ; responsible for much of the architecture of the built environment in Weston - super-Mare and the distinctive character of the town Paulo Radmilovic : Olympic gold medal athlete Gareth Taylor : footballer ; born 25 February 1972 in the town Michelle Terry : actress and writer Peter Trego : cricketer References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 Census Profile '' . North Somerset Council . Archived from the original ( Excel ) on 4 January 2014 . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/query/asv2htm.aspx Jump up ^ `` Special service on burnt - out pier '' . BBC News . 16 August 2008 . Retrieved 1 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weston Hildesheim Exchange '' . Weston - super-Mare People . 4 September 2009 . Archived from the original on 6 September 2009 . Retrieved 1 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weston super Mare '' . Vision of Britain . University of Portsmouth . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weston super Mare '' . 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Clarence Park Baptist Church . Archived from the original on 29 September 2007 . Retrieved 4 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Songs of Praise factsheet for Sunday 23 November 2008 '' . BBC . Retrieved 20 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Odeon Weston - super-Mare '' . Cinema Treasures . Retrieved 1 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Odeon Cinema '' . Images of England . English Heritage . Retrieved 23 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Scally 's '' . Scally 's . Archived from the original on 2 May 2010 . Retrieved 21 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Live Music Venues in Weston Super Mare , Somerset '' . The Knowhere Guide . Retrieved 21 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Gig Guide '' . This is Somerset . Retrieved 21 March 2010 . Jump up ^ T4 on the Beach # T4 on the Beach 2012 Jump up ^ `` Bands threaten to pull out of T4 event '' . digital spy . Retrieved 29 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weston super Mare sand sculpture festival '' . Weston super Mare sand sculpture festival . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wurzelmania '' . Somerset Made . Archived from the original on 10 September 2012 . Retrieved 20 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Remains of the Day film locations '' . The Worldwide Guide to Movie Locations . Retrieved 1 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weston super Mare Arts Festival '' . Weston super Mare Arts Festival . Retrieved 20 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weston super Mare Carnival '' . Weston super Mare Carnival . Retrieved 20 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weston & Somerset Mercury '' . British Newspapers Online . Retrieved 2 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Henzell , Beth ( 17 February 2011 ) . `` TV station for Town '' . Weston , Worle & Somerset Mercury . Retrieved 15 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Have you heard about Weston Super Television ? '' . Western and North Somerset Echo. 31 October 2011 . Archived from the original on 12 November 2011 . Retrieved 15 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Weston Super Television '' . Weston Super Television . Archived from the original on 15 November 2011 . Retrieved 15 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Somerset seafront sitcom The Cafe ready for airing on Sky One '' . This is Somerset . Retrieved 26 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Michelle is right at home for new Sky comedy show '' . Weston Mercury . Retrieved 26 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 22 August 2015 . Retrieved 20 August 2015 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Pier blaze ' probably electrical ' '' . BBC News . 22 October 2008 . Retrieved 23 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Weston - super-Mare pier reopens two years after fire '' . BBC News . 23 October 2010 . Retrieved 23 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` In the dark over pier future '' . The Weston Mercury . 3 September 2010 . Retrieved 6 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Heritage Matters '' ( PDF ) . Mendip District Council . 19 November 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 June 2011 . Retrieved 20 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Smith , Leonard ( June 2008 ) . `` A Gentleman 's mad - doctor in Georgian England : Edward Long Fox and Brislington House '' . History of Psychiatry . England . 19 ( 74 Pt 2 ) : 163 -- 84 . doi : 10.1177 / 0957154X07081136 . ISSN 0957 - 154X . PMID 19127837 . Jump up ^ `` Sauna and Solarium '' . Images of England . English Heritage . Retrieved 20 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weston - super-Mare Tropicana demolition '' . Bristol Evening Post . This is Bristol . 8 June 2012 . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Council seeks Tropicana partner '' . BBC News . 8 March 2005 . Retrieved 8 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Group wants to buy derelict pool '' . BBC News . 10 October 2006 . Retrieved 8 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Cash crisis ends Tropicana plans '' . BBC News . 13 November 2009 . Retrieved 19 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` New plans for Weston - super-Mare's Tropicana site '' . BBC . 31 August 2010 . Retrieved 7 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weston Tropicana could be demolished by spring '' . ITV The West Tonight . 23 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Plans for Tropicana in Weston - super-Mare given green light '' . BBC News . 21 February 2013 . Retrieved 23 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Plans for Tropicana in Weston recommended for approval '' . BBC News . 14 February 2013 . Retrieved 23 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Historic England . `` Gov Park War Memorial ( 1430882 ) '' . National Heritage List for England . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Church of All Saints '' . Images of England . English Heritage . Retrieved 20 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Holy Trinity Church '' . National Heritage List for England . Historic England . Retrieved 16 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Orthodox churches in the UK '' . The Hellenic Book Service . Archived from the original on 27 January 2010 . Retrieved 20 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . Weston super Mare AFC . Retrieved 4 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . Weston super Mare RFC . Retrieved 24 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hornets History '' . Hornets RFC . Retrieved 24 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Campaign to bring back cricket festival '' . Weston & Somerset Mercury . 19 March 2010 . Retrieved 20 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Devonshire Park Ground , Weston - super-Mare '' . CricketArchive . Retrieved 13 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weston Beach race cancelled after pile - up injures 21 riders '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 11 October 2009 . Retrieved 24 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Mullins , Bob . `` Weston Beach Race '' . Enduro News . Retrieved 20 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother winner 's new bar venture '' . Weston , Worle & Somerset Mercury . Retrieved 15 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Papers of AV Alexander '' . Cambridge University . Retrieved 24 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Hough , Andrew ( 7 December 2009 ) . `` Jeffrey Archer lands ' record £ 18 m deal for modern Forsyte Saga ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 24 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Obituary for Peter Christopherson '' . The Vinyl Factory . Retrieved 11 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ritchie Blackmore '' . Ritchie Blackmore.com . Archived from the original on 20 November 2008 . Retrieved 24 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Interview in ' The Wire ' '' . The Wire . Jump up ^ `` John Cleese Biography ( 1939 -- ) '' . Jump up ^ Barker , Dennis ( 27 April 1999 ) . `` Jill Dando Obituary '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved 23 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Mehra , Jagdish ; Rechenberg , Helmut ( 2000 ) . The Historical Development of Quantum Theory : Pt. 1 , the Fundamental Equations of Quantum Mechanics , 1925 -- 1926 , Jagdish Mehra . Springer . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 95178 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Daphne Fowler -- Quiz Players '' . Archived from the original on 17 April 2009 . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tatem , William James '' . Casualty Details . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Biography '' . Rupert Graves Online . Archived from the original on 2 August 2012 . Retrieved 24 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bob ( and Dolores ) Hope '' . adoption.com . Retrieved 1 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sean Martin '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 24 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 20 Questions With ... Con O'Neill '' . Whats on Stage. 19 March 2007 . Retrieved 1 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` John Oldmixon '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Volume XX ( 11th ed . ) . Encyclopædia Britannica. 1911 . p. 74 . Retrieved 24 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` John Polkinghorne '' . Gifford Lectures . Archived from the original on 28 April 2010 . Retrieved 24 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The History of the Blakehay '' . Weston super Mare Town Council . Archived from the original on 9 May 2004 . Retrieved 20 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Radmilovic '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gareth Taylor '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 24 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Gareth Taylor '' . Sky Sports . 7 May 2009 . Retrieved 24 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Cafe : Hoping for a big splash '' . The Stage. 18 November 2011 . Retrieved 11 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Trego '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 24 January 2010 . Further reading ( edit ) Austin , Brian . Tales of Old Weston Vol 1 . Woodspring Museum . Austin , Brian . Tales of Old Weston Vol 2 . Woodspring Museum . Bailey , John ( 1986 ) . Weston - super-Mare Look back with Laughter . Redcliffe Press . ISBN 0 - 948265 - 70 - 1 . Bailey , John . Weston - super-Mare The Good Old Days . Redcliffe Press . ISBN 0 - 905459 - 78 - 4 . Beisly , Philip ( 1996 ) . Northmarsh of Somerset . Weston - super-Mare : Weston Heritage Centre . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9510368 - 2 - 2 . Beisly , Philip ( 1988 ) . Weston - super-Mare : A History and Guide . Sutton Publishing Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86299 - 440 - 2 . Beisly , Philip ( 2001 ) . Weston - super-Mare Past . Phillimore & Co Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86077 - 174 - 3 . Bournville Past & Present Group ( 1995 ) . Bournville Memories . Harry Galloway . ISBN 1 - 873931 - 59 - X . Brown , Donald ( 1999 ) . Somerset v Hitler . Countryside Books . ISBN 1 - 85306 - 590 - 0 . Poole , Sharon ( 1995 ) . Weston - super-Mare a Pictorial History . Phillimore . ISBN 0 - 85033 - 969 - 3 . Poole , Sharon ( 2002 ) . Weston - super-Mare . Tempus History & Guide . The History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 2631 - 0 . Crockford - Hawley , John ( 2004 ) . Weston - super-Mare : a History and Celebration of the Town . Frith Book Company . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904938 - 54 - 5 . Crockford - Hawley , John ( 1990 ) . History of the Parish Church of All Saints , Weston - super-Mare . ISBN 978 - 1 - 872732 - 00 - 8 . Crockford - Hawley , John ( 1990 ) . A History of St Saviour 's Church Weston - super-Mare . Crockford - Hawley , John ( 2004 ) . Weston - super-Mare An Illustrated Miscellany . Francis Frith . ISBN 1 - 84567 - 008 - 6 . Crockford - Hawley , John ( 2005 ) . Walk Around Historic Weston - super-Mare . Francis Frith . ISBN 1 - 84567 - 675 - 0 . Crockford - Hawley , John ( 2009 ) . Weston - super-Mare Town Cemetery . Weston - s - Mare Town Council . Crockford - Hawley , John ( 2010 ) . Weston - super-Mare At War . Weston - s - Mare Town Council . Crockford - Hawley , John ( 2011 ) . Weston 's Heart - The Emmanuel Story . Crockford - Hawley , John ( 2012 ) . Royal Weston - super-Mare . Weston - s - Mare Museum . Crockford - Hawley , John ( 2015 ) . Weston - super-Mare Lifeboat Station . Poole : RNLI . Dudley & Johnson ( 2010 ) . Weston - super-Mare and the Aeroplane . Amberley . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84868 - 221 - 4 . Evans , Jane ( 1982 ) . Alfred Leete . Woodspring Museum . Keyes , Anthony ( 1995 ) . Weston - super-Mare The sands of Time . Sigma Leisure . ISBN 1 - 85058 - 470 - 2 . Maggs , Colin ( 1964 ) . The Weston Clevedon & Portishead Railway . Oakwood Press . Maggs , Colin ( 1974 ) . Weston - super-Mare Tramways . Oakwood Press . Moore , Gillian ( 1999 ) . The Good Earth A Study of Market Gardening in Worle and Milton Somerset . North Somerset Library & Museum . ISBN 0 - 901104 - 25 - 6 . Shorney , Jonathan ( 2015 ) . Knightstone : The Story of Weston - super-Mare's ' Island ' Theatre . Redcliffe Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 908326 - 72 - 0 . Smith , Rosie & Howard ( 2001 ) . Weston - super-Mare in Watercolours an alternative guide . Garret Press . ISBN 0 - 9541546 - 1 - 4 . Strange , Peter ( 1989 ) . The Weston - Clevedon & Portishead Railway . Twelveheads Press . ISBN 0 - 906294 - 19 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Somerset portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Weston - super-Mare . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Weston - super-Mare . Weston - super-Mare at Curlie Weston - super-Mare town council Official Tourist Website for Weston - super-Mare Ceremonial county of Somerset Somerset Portal Unitary authorities Bath and North East Somerset North Somerset Boroughs or districts Mendip Sedgemoor South Somerset Taunton Deane West Somerset Major settlements Axbridge Bath Bridgwater Bruton Burnham - on - Sea Castle Cary Chard Clevedon Crewkerne Dulverton Frome Glastonbury Highbridge Ilminster Keynsham Langport Midsomer Norton Minehead Nailsea North Petherton Portishead Radstock Shepton Mallet Somerton Taunton Watchet Wellington Wells Weston - super-Mare Wincanton Wiveliscombe Yeovil See also : List of civil parishes in Somerset Rivers Alham Aller Avill Avon Axe rivers Bristol Channel Lyme Bay Badgworthy Water Banwell Barle Brue Cam Brook Cary Chew East Lyn Exe Fivehead Frome Haddeo Hoar Oak Water Holford Horner Huntspill Isle Land Yeo Mells Midford Brook Oare Water Parret Severn Estuary Sheppey Somer Sowy Tone Washford Wellow Brook West Lyn Whitelake Yeo rivers Congresbury South Somerset Topics Country houses County Council Culture of Somerset Economy of Somerset Flag Geography of Somerset Geology of Somerset Grade I listed buildings Grade II * listed buildings High Sheriff of Somerset History of Somerset Local nature reserves Lord Lieutenant of Somerset Museums National nature reserves Parliamentary constituencies Places Population of major settlements Scheduled monuments Schools SSSIs Transport in Somerset Geographic areas : Blackdown Hills Brendon Hills Chew Valley Exmoor Mendip Hills Polden Hills Quantock Hills Somerset Levels South West Coast Path West Somerset Coast Path WorldCat Identities GND : 4225481 - 4 VIAF : 129041683 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Weston-super-Mare&oldid=865009068 '' Categories : Weston - super-Mare Civil parishes in Somerset Towns in North Somerset Ports and harbours of Somerset Seaside resorts in England Populated coastal places in Somerset Beaches of Somerset Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Use British English from January 2013 Use dmy dates from April 2018 Articles with OS grid coordinates Coordinates on Wikidata Articles with Curlie links Good articles Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage تۆرکجه Български Cebuano Cymraeg Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Italiano Latina Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt Volapük 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2018 , at 02 : 43 ( UTC ) . 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-4276169300998895309 | Neil Patrick Harris | Neil Patrick Harris - wikipedia Neil Patrick Harris Jump to : navigation , search Neil Patrick Harris Harris in September 2014 ( 1973 - 06 - 15 ) June 15 , 1973 ( age 44 ) Albuquerque , New Mexico , U.S. Residence Harlem , New York , U.S. Occupation Actor writer producer comedian magician singer Years active 1988 -- present Spouse ( s ) David Burtka ( m . 2014 ) Children Neil Patrick Harris ( born June 15 , 1973 ) is an American actor , writer , producer , comedian , magician , and singer . He is known primarily for his comedy roles on television and his dramatic and musical stage roles . On television , he is known for playing the title character on Doogie Howser , M.D. ( 1989 -- 1993 ) , Barney Stinson on How I Met Your Mother ( 2005 -- 2014 , for which he was nominated for four Emmy Awards ) , and Count Olaf on A Series of Unfortunate Events ( 2017 -- ) . Harris is also known for his role as the title character in Joss Whedon 's musical Dr. Horrible 's Sing - Along Blog ( 2008 ) and a fictional version of himself in the Harold & Kumar film series ( 2004 -- 2011 ) . His other films include Starship Troopers ( 1997 ) , Beastly ( 2011 ) , The Smurfs ( 2011 ) , The Smurfs 2 ( 2013 ) , A Million Ways to Die in the West ( 2014 ) , and Gone Girl ( 2014 ) . In 2014 , he starred in the title role in Hedwig and the Angry Inch on Broadway , for which he won the 2014 Tony Award for Best Leading Actor in a Musical . Harris has hosted the Tony Awards in 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , and 2013 , for which he won several special class Emmy Awards . He also hosted the Primetime Emmy Awards in 2009 and 2013 , and hosted the 87th Academy Awards in 2015 , thus making him the first openly gay man to host the Academy Awards . Harris was named one of Time magazine 's 100 Most Influential People in 2010 . He is married to David Burtka . In 2010 , they had twins using surrogacy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Film 2.2 Stage 2.3 Television 2.4 Magic 2.5 Other media 3 Personal life 4 Philanthropy 5 Discography 5.1 Cast recordings 5.2 Singles 6 Filmography 6.1 Film 6.2 Television 6.3 Theater 6.4 Web 6.5 Video games 7 Bibliography 8 Audiobooks 9 Awards and nominations 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Early life Neil Patrick Harris interviewed by Emily Expo at the Calgary Expo 2015 Harris was born in Albuquerque , New Mexico and grew up Ruidoso , New Mexico , with his elder brother and their parents , Sheila Gail ( née Scott ; born 1946 ) and Ronald Gene Harris ( born 1946 ) . His parents were lawyers and also ran a restaurant . He attended La Cueva High School in Albuquerque , graduating with high honors in 1991 . Career Harris at the 2008 Comic Con in San Diego , California Film Harris began his career as a child actor and was discovered by playwright Mark Medoff at a drama camp in Las Cruces , New Mexico . Medoff later cast him in the 1988 drama film Clara 's Heart , starring Whoopi Goldberg and based on the novel of the same name by Joseph Olshan . Clara 's Heart earned Harris a Golden Globe nomination . The same year , he starred in Purple People Eater , a children 's fantasy . Harris ' first film role as an adult was 1995 's Animal Room , although he portrayed a teenager . His subsequent film work has included supporting roles in The Next Best Thing , Undercover Brother , and Starship Troopers . Harris plays a fictionalized , hyper - womanising , lewd version of himself , in many ways a polar - opposite to his actual self , in the Harold and Kumar stoner comedy films Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle , Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay , and A Very Harold & Kumar 3D Christmas . In 2010 , Harris provided voice acting for the role of the adult Dick Grayson ( Nightwing ) in the animated film Batman : Under the Red Hood and the beagle Lou in the film Cats & Dogs : The Revenge of Kitty Galore . The same year , he played the lead in the indie comedy The Best and the Brightest . On March 7 , 2010 , he made a surprise appearance at the 82nd Academy Awards , delivering the opening musical number . He starred in the films The Smurfs ( 2011 ) and The Smurfs 2 ( 2013 ) . In 2014 , Harris showed a more serious side in Gone Girl , directed by David Fincher . Harris co-starred in the film as Desi Collings , the wealthy and obsessed ex-boyfriend of Amy Dunne , played by Rosamund Pike . Harris has said : `` I was pinching myself at the opportunity '' to work with Fincher , he received general praise from critics for his performance , as did the film . On February 22 , 2015 , Harris hosted the 87th Academy Awards ; it was his first time hosting the ceremony , and the first time an openly gay man hosted the Academy Awards . Stage Harris has worked on Broadway in both musical and dramatic roles . He played Tobias Ragg in the 2001 concert performances of Sweeney Todd . In 2002 , he performed beside Anne Heche in Proof . In 2003 , he took the role of the Emcee in Cabaret alongside Deborah Gibson and Tom Bosley . As a result of his critically acclaimed performance in Cabaret , Harris was named the top - drawing headliner in the role of the Emcee by GuestStarCasting.com , outranking fellow celebrity stars John Stamos and Alan Cumming . In 2004 , he performed the dual role of the Balladeer and Lee Harvey Oswald on Broadway in the musical revival of Stephen Sondheim 's Assassins . He also sang the role of Charles ( first played by Anthony Perkins ) on the Nonesuch recording of Sondheim 's Evening Primrose and portrayed Mark Cohen in the 1997 touring company of the musical Rent , a role he satirized on the January 10 , 2009 , episode of Saturday Night Live , which he hosted . In 2010 , Harris directed a production of the rock musical Rent at the Hollywood Bowl ; he cast his Beastly co-star Vanessa Hudgens as Mimi . In 2011 , Harris played the lead role of Bobby in Stephen Sondheim 's Company with the New York Philharmonic in concert , opposite Patti LuPone and others . The same year , he directed The Expert at the Card Table at Broad Stage 's Edye in Santa Monica , California . Harris has hosted the Tony Awards four times : the 63rd Tony Awards on June 7 , 2009 , 65th Tony Awards on June 12 , 2011 , the 66th Tony Awards on June 10 , 2012 , and the 67th Tony Awards on June 9 , 2013 . Only Dame Angela Lansbury , with five ceremonies , has hosted the Tony Awards more times . Hosting the Tony Awards has earned him three Emmy Awards ; in 2010 , 2012 , and 2013 for the 63rd , 65th , and 66th respectively . A week after hosting the Tonys , it was announced that Harris would portray the titular role in the first Broadway production of the rock musical Hedwig and the Angry Inch , which he did from March through August 2014 . Harris went on to win the 2014 Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical . Television Beginning in 1989 , Harris played the title role of a child prodigy doctor in Doogie Howser , M.D. , for which he was nominated for a Golden Globe . After the show 's four - season run ended in 1993 , Harris played a number of guest roles on television series , including Murder She Wrote . From 1999 to 2000 , he starred with Tony Shalhoub in the NBC sitcom Stark Raving Mad , which lasted 22 episodes . He has played lead roles in a number of made - for - television features including Snowbound : The Jim and Jennifer Stolpa Story in 1994 , My Ántonia in 1995 , The Christmas Wish in 1998 , Joan of Arc in 1999 , The Wedding Dress in 2001 , and The Christmas Blessing in 2005 . From 2005 to 2014 , Harris played Barney Stinson , a serial womanizer , in the CBS ensemble sitcom How I Met Your Mother . The role earned him Emmy nominations every year from 2007 to 2010 . In 2008 , Harris guest - starred on Sesame Street as the Sesame Street Fairy Shoe Person . In 2009 , he hosted the 7th Annual TV Land Awards and appeared as a guest judge on Season 9 of American Idol . Harris hosted the 61st Primetime Emmy Awards on September 20 , 2009 . On August 21 , 2010 , he won two Emmy Awards at the Creative Arts Emmy Awards ceremony , one of which was for his guest performance in the television series Glee . Harris hosted the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards on September 22 , 2013 , marking his second time hosting the event . After a preview at the San Diego Comic - Con , a musical episode of Batman : The Brave and the Bold featuring Harris as the villainous Music Meister premiered on October 23 , 2009 , on Cartoon Network . As a character who could make anyone do his bidding by singing , he spent most of the episode singing several original songs . In 2010 , Harris filmed a pilot episode for an American adaptation of the British game show The Cube as host , though it was not picked up to series . In 2014 , Harris turned down the chance to replace David Letterman as host of the Late Show on CBS , stating that he feared he would get bored of the repetition that hosting a nightly talk show would entail . He also rejected the suggestion of replacing Craig Ferguson as host of The Late Late Show on the same grounds . On September 15 , 2015 , Best Time Ever with Neil Patrick Harris , a live variety series hosted by Harris on NBC , made its debut but was cancelled after an eight - episode run . On January 15 , 2016 , Netflix cast Harris in the television adaptation of A Series of Unfortunate Events , in which he stars as Count Olaf , the main antagonist . On March 31 , 2017 , NBC picked up Harris ' game show titled Genius Junior , the format will test the smarts of the most brilliant children in the country . Harris will serve as host and executive producer . The series received a 10 - episode order and will debut sometime in the 2017 -- 2018 season . Magic Harris is a fan of magic , like his character on How I Met Your Mother . His character in American Horror Story : Freak Show was also a magician . Harris ' Glee character performed magic as well . He previously served as the President of the Board of Directors of Hollywood 's Magic Castle . Harris won the Tannen 's Magic Louis Award in 2006 and hosted the 2008 World Magic Awards on October 11 , 2008 . Additionally , Harris and partner David Burtka were guests of honor for a Top Chef Masters episode which took place at the Magic Castle . Other media In 2007 , Harris worked with Mike Nelson on an audio commentary for RiffTrax . The two `` riffed '' on the film Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory . Harris is a big fan of the cult TV series Nelson worked on , Mystery Science Theater 3000 . Harris was interviewed for a 1992 Comedy Central special This Is MST3K hosted by Penn Jillette about the series and its fans . In 2008 , Harris played the title role in Joss Whedon 's musical web series Dr. Horrible 's Sing - Along Blog alongside Nathan Fillion and Felicia Day . The first episode of the series debuted on July 15 , 2008 . He has also provided his voice for the Disney California Adventure Park attraction California Screamin ' . On December 11 , 2010 , Harris hosted the Spike Video Game Awards . In October 2014 , Harris released a memoir titled Neil Patrick Harris : Choose Your Own Autobiography , which is structured like a Choose Your Own Adventure book . His autobiography spent two weeks on The New York Times Best Seller List . His debut young adult novel , The Magic Misfits , was released in November 2017 and is the first in a four - book series of the same name . Personal life Harris with his husband David Burtka at his ceremony to receive a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on September 15 , 2011 Harris confirmed that he is gay on November 4 , 2006 , by saying , `` I am happy to dispel any rumors or misconceptions and am quite proud to say that I am a very content gay man living my life to the fullest and feel most fortunate to be working with wonderful people in the business I love . '' Harris attended the Emmy Awards in September 2007 with his fiancé David Burtka , later confirming the relationship . In an interview on The Ellen DeGeneres Show , Harris said his relationship with Burtka began in 2004 . On August 14 , 2010 , Harris announced that he and Burtka were expecting twins via a surrogate mother . Their son , Gideon Scott , and daughter , Harper Grace , were born in October 2010 . Following the passage of the Marriage Equality Act in New York on June 24 , 2011 , Harris and Burtka announced their engagement via Twitter , stating that they had proposed to each other five years earlier but kept the engagement secret until same - sex marriage became legal . On September 8 , 2014 , Harris announced on his Twitter page that David Burtka and he were married over the weekend in Italy . Pamela Fryman , the long - time director of How I Met Your Mother , officiated the wedding while Elton John performed at the reception . Harris lives in New York City in the Upper Manhattan neighborhood of Harlem . Philanthropy Alongside his acting career , Harris has supported and contributed to various charities , organization , and foundations . These include : AIDS Healthcare Foundation Alex 's Lemonade Stand Foundation American Cancer Society organization Broadway Cares / Equity Fights AIDS organization Children International organization Clothes Off Our Back Foundation Elton John AIDS Foundation Entertainment Industry Foundation Feeding America organization First Book organization Food on Foot charity Global Green organization Hope North organization International Myeloma Foundation LeBron James Family Foundation Live Out Loud organization Los Angeles Mission organization Motion Picture and Television Fund Foundation Noreen Fraser Foundation Project Angel Food organization Real Medicine Foundation Stand Up To Cancer organization Susan G. Komen for the Cure organization The Trevor Project organization . In October 2014 , Harris attended a dinner for the Elton John AIDS Foundation and in September 2016 , he and his husband were the honorary hosts of a culinary cookout to help raise money for the Alex 's Lemonade Stand Foundation . Discography Cast recordings Year Album title Notes 2001 Evening Primrose Studio Cast Assassins Revival Cast Recording 2006 Wall to Wall : Stephen Sondheim Concert Cast 2008 Dr. Horrible 's Sing - Along Blog Original Cast Recording 2009 Batman : The Brave and the Bold -- Mayhem of the Music Meister Original Cast Recording 2014 Hedwig and the Angry Inch Original Broadway Cast Recording Singles Year Single Peak chart positions Sales Album AUS CAN IRE UK US `` Nothing Suits Me Like a Suit '' 113 76 -- 50 -- -- How I Met Your Mother season 5 `` Dream On '' ( featuring Matthew Morrison ) 91 24 44 47 26 84,000 ( US ) Glee : The Music , Volume 3 Showstoppers Filmography Film Year Title Role Notes 1988 Clara 's Heart David Hart 1988 Purple People Eater Billy Johnson 1995 Animal Room Arnold Mosk 1997 Starship Troopers Carl Jenkins 1998 The Proposition Roger Martin 2000 Next Best Thing , The The Next Best Thing David 2002 The Mesmerist Benjamin 2002 Undercover Brother Lance Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle Neil Patrick Harris 2008 Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay Neil Patrick Harris 2008 Beyond All Boundaries 1st Lt. David Hettema ( voice ) Documentary 2008 Justice League : The New Frontier Barry Allen / The Flash ( voice ) Direct - to - DVD 2009 Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs Steve ( voice ) Cats & Dogs : The Revenge of Kitty Galore Lou the Beagle ( voice ) The Best and the Brightest Jeff Batman : Under the Red Hood Dick Grayson / Nightwing ( voice ) Direct - to - DVD 2011 Beastly Will Fratalli 2011 Smurfs , The The Smurfs Patrick Winslow 2011 Very Harold & Kumar 3D Christmas , AA Very Harold & Kumar 3D Christmas Neil Patrick Harris 2011 The Muppets Himself Cameo 2012 American Reunion Celebrity Dance - Off Host Cameo 2013 The Smurfs 2 Patrick Winslow 2013 Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2 Steve the Monkey ( voice ) 2014 A Million Ways to Die in the West Foy 2014 Gone Girl Desi Collings 2017 Downsizing Jeff Lonowski Television Year Title Role Notes 1988 Too Good to Be True Danny Harland Television film 1989 Hallmark Hall of Fame Lonnie Tibbetts Episode : `` Home Fires Burning '' 1989 B.L. Stryker Buder Campbell Episode : `` Blues for Buder '' 1989 Cold Sassy Tree Will Tweedy / Narrator Television film 1989 Home Fires Burning Lonnie Tibbits Television film 1989 ! 1989 -- 1993 Doogie Howser , M.D. Douglas `` Doogie '' Howser 97 episodes 1990 The Earth Day Special Doogie Howser Television film 1991 Stranger in the Family Steve Thompson Television film 1991 Blossom The `` Charming '' Derek Slade Episode : `` Blossom -- A Rockumentary '' 1991 Simpsons , The The Simpsons Himself as Bart Simpson ( voice ) Episode : `` Bart the Murderer '' 1992 Roseanne Dr. Doogie Howser Episode : `` Less Is More '' 1992 Captain Planet and the Planeteers Todd Andrews ( voice ) Episode : `` A Formula for Hate '' 1992 Capitol Critters Max ( voice ) 13 episodes 1993 Quantum Leap Mike Hammond Episode : `` Return of the Evil Leaper -- October 8 , 1956 '' 1993 Murder , She Wrote Tommy Remsen Episode : `` Lone Witness '' 1993 Family Torn Apart , AA Family Torn Apart Brian Hannigan Television film Snowbound : The Jim and Jennifer Stolpa Story Jim Stolpa Television film 1995 The Man in the Attic Edward Broder Television film 1995 Not Our Son Paul Kenneth Keller Television film 1995 My Antonia Jimmy Burden Television film 1995 Legacy of Sin : The William Coit Story William Coit Television film Outer Limits , The The Outer Limits Howie Morrison Episode : `` From Within '' 1997 Homicide : Life on the Street Alan Schack Episode : `` Valentine 's Day '' 1998 The Christmas Wish Will Martin Television film 1999 Joan of Arc The Dauphin 2 episodes 1999 ! 1999 -- 2000 Stark Raving Mad Henry McNeeley 22 episodes 2000 Will & Grace Bill Episode : `` Girls , Interrupted '' 2001 Static Shock Johnny Morrow / Replay ( voice ) Episode : `` Replay '' 2001 Son of the Beach Loverboy Episode : `` Queefer Madness '' 2001 Legend of Tarzan , The The Legend of Tarzan Moyo ( voice ) Episode : `` Tarzan and the Challenger '' 2001 Ed Joe Baxter Episode : `` Replacements '' 2001 The Wedding Dress Travis Cleveland Television film 2002 Touched by an Angel Jonas Episode : `` The Princeless Bride '' 2002 Justice League Ray Thompson ( voice ) 2 episodes 2003 Boomtown Peter Corman Episode : `` Monster 's Brawl '' 2003 Spider - Man : The New Animated Series Peter Parker / Spider - Man ( voice ) 13 episodes Law & Order : Criminal Intent John Tagman Episode : `` Want '' 2005 Numb3rs Ethan Burdick Episode : `` Prime Suspect '' 2005 Jack & Bobby Prof. Preston Phelps Episode : `` Querida Grace '' 2005 Christmas Blessing , The The Christmas Blessing Nathan Andrews Television film 2005 ! 2005 -- 2014 How I Met Your Mother Barney Stinson 208 episodes ; directed episode : `` Jenkins '' 2006 Me , Eloise ( voice ) Episode : `` Eloise Goes to School '' 2007 ! 2007 -- 2009 Family Guy Barney Stinson ( voice ) 2 episodes 2008 Sesame Street The Fairy Shoeperson Episode : `` Telly 's New Shoes '' 2009 Saturday Night Live Himself ( host ) Episode : `` Neil Patrick Harris / Taylor Swift '' 2009 Batman : The Brave and the Bold The Music Meister ( voice ) Episode : `` Mayhem of the Music Meister ! '' 2009 Carrie Underwood : An All - Star Holiday Special Ace ( voice ) Television film 2009 -- 2012 Robot Chicken Various roles ( voice ) 3 episodes 2009 7th Annual TV Land Awards Himself ( host ) Television special 2009 63rd Tony Awards Himself ( host ) Television special 2009 61st Primetime Emmy Awards Himself ( host ) Television special 2009 Yes , Virginia Dr. Philip O'Hanlon ( voice ) Television special Glee Bryan Ryan Episode : `` Dream On '' 2010 ! 2010 -- 2015 Penguins of Madagascar , The The Penguins of Madagascar Dr. Blowhole ( voice ) 3 episodes 2010 Spike Video Game Awards Himself ( host ) Television special 2011 Take Two with Phineas and Ferb Himself 2 episodes 2011 Brain Games Narrator ( voice ) 3 episodes 2011 ! 2011 -- 2013 Adventure Time Prince Gumball ( voice ) 2 episodes 2011 65th Tony Awards Himself ( host ) Television special 2012 66th Tony Awards Himself ( host ) Television special 2013 67th Tony Awards Himself ( host ) Television special 2013 65th Primetime Emmy Awards Himself ( host ) Television special 2013 Disney Parks Christmas Day Parade Himself ( host ) Television special 2014 Under the Gunn Himself ( guest judge ) Episode : `` Finale '' 2014 RuPaul 's Drag Race Himself ( guest judge ) Episode : `` Drag My Wedding '' 2015 American Horror Story : Freak Show Chester Creb 2 episodes 2015 87th Academy Awards Himself ( host ) Television special 2015 Ant & Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway Himself ( guest announcer ) Episode : `` 12.5 '' 2015 America 's Got Talent Himself ( guest judge ) Episode : `` Judge Cuts 1 '' 2015 Best Time Ever with Neil Patrick Harris Himself ( host ) 8 episodes ; also writer and executive producer 2017 -- present A Series of Unfortunate Events Count Olaf Also producer 2017 Mystery Science Theater 3000 Neville LaRoy Episode : `` Avalanche '' 2017 Jimmy Kimmel Live Himself ( host ) Episode : `` December 6 , 2017 '' 2018 Genius Junior Himself ( host ) Also executive producer Theater Year Title Role Notes 1997 Rent Mark Cohen National Tour 1998 Romeo and Juliet Romeo Montague Old Globe Theatre 2001 Sweeney Todd Tobias Ragg San Francisco Symphony Orchestra concert version 2002 Proof Hal Manhattan Theatre Club 2003 Cabaret Emcee Stephen Sondheim Theatre Paris Letter , The The Paris Letter Young Anton / Burt Sarris Roundabout Theatre Assassins Lee Harvey Oswald / The Balladeer Roundabout Theatre 2005 Tick , Tick ... BOOM ! Jon Menier Chocolate Factory 2006 All My Sons Chris Keller Geffen Playhouse 2006 Amadeus Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Hollywood Bowl Rent N / A Directed Hollywood Bowl 2011 Company Robert New York Philharmonic Concert Version 2011 A Snow White Christmas The Magic Mirror El Portal Theater 2014 Nothing to Hide N / A Director Romulus Linney Courtyard Theatre 2014 Hedwig and the Angry Inch Hedwig Belasco Theatre Web Year Title Role Notes 2008 Dr. Horrible 's Sing - Along Blog Dr. Horrible / Billy 3 episodes 2008 Prop 8 : The Musical A Very Smart Fellow Short film 2012 Neil 's Puppet Dreams Neil Patrick Harris 7 episodes ; also co-creator , writer and executive producer Video games Year Title Role 2008 Saints Row 2 Veteran Child ( voice ) 2009 Eat Lead : The Return of Matt Hazard Wallace `` Wally '' Wellesley ( voice ) Rock of the Dead Unnamed character ( voice ) Spider - Man : Shattered Dimensions Peter Parker / Spider - Man ( voice ) 2013 Saints Row IV Veteran Child ( voice ) Bibliography Harris , Neil Patrick ( 2014 ) . Neil Patrick Harris : Choose Your Own Autobiography . Crown Archetype . ISBN 978 - 0385346993 . Harris , Neil Patrick ( 2017 ) . The Magic Misfits . Little , Brown Books for Young Readers . ISBN 978 - 0316391825 . Audiobooks 2014 : Neil Patrick Harris : Choose Your Own Autobiography ( read by the author ) , Random House Audio , ISBN 9780385367943 Awards and nominations Year Award Title Result 1989 Young Artist Award Best Leading Young Actor in a Feature Film Clara 's Heart Nominated Golden Globe Award Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role -- Motion Picture Nominated 1990 Young Artist Award Best Young Actor Starring in a Television Series Doogie Howser , M.D. Won People 's Choice Award Favorite Male Performer in a New TV Series Won Favorite Male TV Performer Nominated Viewers for Quality Television Award Best Actor in a Quality Comedy Series Nominated 1991 Young Artist Award Best Young Actor Starring in a Television Series Won 1992 Won Golden Globe Award Best Actor -- Television Series Musical or Comedy Nominated 2007 Teen Choice Award Choice TV Actor : Comedy How I Met Your Mother Nominated Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Nominated 2008 People 's Choice Award Favorite Scene Stealing Star Nominated Teen Choice Award Choice TV Actor : Comedy Nominated Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Nominated 2009 Golden Globe Award Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Nominated TCA Award Individual Achievement in Comedy Nominated Teen Choice Award Choice TV Actor : Comedy Nominated Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Nominated Streamy Award Best Male Actor in a Comedy Web Series Dr. Horrible 's Sing - Along Blog Won Satellite Award Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film How I Met Your Mother Nominated Golden Globe Award Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Nominated Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Nominated Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series Glee Won Outstanding Special Class Program 63rd Tony Awards Won Spike Video Game Award Best Performance by a Human Male Spider - Man : Shattered Dimensions Won Satellite Award Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film How I Met Your Mother Nominated 2011 People 's Choice Award Favorite TV Comedy Actor Won Favorite TV Guest Star Glee Nominated Critics ' Choice Television Award Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series How I Met Your Mother Won Satellite Award Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film How I Met Your Mother Nominated 2012 People 's Choice Award Favorite TV Comedy Actor Won TV Guide Award Favorite Actor Nominated Teen Choice Award Choice TV Actor : Comedy Nominated Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Special Class Program 65th Tony Awards Won 2013 66th Tony Awards Won Webby Award Best Comedy : Long Form or Series Neil 's Puppet Dreams Nominated People 's Choice Award Favorite TV Comedy Actor How I Met Your Mother Nominated 2014 Nominated Favorite TV Bromance Nominated Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Award Favorite Movie Actor The Smurfs 2 Nominated Drama Desk Award Outstanding Actor in a Musical Hedwig and the Angry Inch Won Drama League Award Distinguished Performance Won Outer Critics Circle Award Outstanding Actor in a Musical Nominated Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding Special Class Special Disney Parks Christmas Day Parade Nominated Hasty Pudding Theatricals Hasty Pudding Man of the Year Won Tony Award Best Actor in a Musical Hedwig and the Angry Inch Won Dorian Award TV Musical Performance of the Year 67th Tony Awards Nominated Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Special Class Program Won 2015 Alliance of Women Film Journalists Award Best Depiction of Nudity , Sexuality , or Seduction Gone Girl Nominated Grammy Award Best Musical Theater Album Hedwig and the Angry Inch Nominated Saturn Award Best Guest Performance in a Television Series American Horror Story : Freak Show Nominated Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Special Class Program 87th Academy Awards Nominated 2017 Saturn Award Best New Media Television Series A Series of Unfortunate Events Nominated 2018 Satellite Award Best Actor -- Television Series Musical or Comedy Nominated See also LGBT culture in New York City References ^ Jump up to : `` Neil Patrick Harris profile '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mark Kennedy , AP Drama Writer ( June 10 , 2013 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris once again proves a Tony Awards host with ' fantastic instincts ' '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Staff . `` Neil Patrick Harris wows as Oscars host '' . Mobi.iafrica.com . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The 2010 Time 100 '' . Time . Retrieved October 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Patrick Harris : Choose Your Own Autobiography by Neil Patrick Harris - Excerpt '' . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Keveney , Bill ( September 13 , 2009 ) . `` Host Neil Patrick Harris gives Emmys a bit of awesomeness '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Alpha Chi Omega '' Greek Life , uagreeks.uark.edu ; accessed November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How Neil Patrick Harris Met Himself '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Finding Your Roots , February 23 , 2016 , PBS Jump up ^ Belcher , David ( April 18 , 2004 ) . `` Killer parts : Albuquerque 's Neil Patrick Harris is back on Broadway with two roles in controversial ' Assassins ' '' , Albuquerque Journal . pg . F1 . Jump up ^ `` Anytime with Bob Kushell feat . Neil Patrick Harris '' . Anytime with Bob Kushell . Season 1 . Episode 3 . January 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Patrick Harris Lands Two Film Roles '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Patrick Harris on Gone Girl : ' I was pinching myself ' '' . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gray , Tim ( October 15 , 2014 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris to Host the Oscars '' . Variety . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Preston Scott Reed ( September 2 , 2005 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris and John Stamos Lead Emcee Rankings '' . Dime - Co . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Wada , Karen ( April 9 , 2010 ) . `` Vanessa Hudgens to star in Rent at the Hollywood Bowl this summer '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rialto Chatter : Patti LuPone to Join Neil Patrick Harris in NY Philharmonic 's Company in April ? '' . January 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Charles ( July 17 , 2011 ) . `` Theater review : The Expert at the Card Table at the Broad Stage 's Edye '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( July 1 , 2009 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris Lands Hopping to Emmys '' . Variety . Retrieved July 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Patrick Harris Returning As Tony Awards Host '' . NY1 . Retrieved 9 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Keveney , Bill ( September 20 , 2013 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris is happy to host the Emmys '' . USA TODAY . Jump up ^ `` Neil Patrick Harris to Star in ' Hedwig and the Angry Inch ' on Broadway '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . June 17 , 2013 . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Broadway League . `` Hedwig and the Angry Inch - IBDB : The official source for Broadway Information '' . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Galuppo , Mia ( June 8 , 2014 ) . `` Tonys : Neil Patrick Harris Wins Best Lead Actor in a Musical '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Michael ( July 21 , 2008 ) . `` TCA Weekend Update : Neil Patrick Harris , `` The Starter Wife '' and more ! `` . Retrieved November 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sesame Street Enters 39th Season '' . Sesame Workshop . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Graham , Mark ( July 23 , 2008 ) . `` NPH Sweeps The Clouds Away As The Shoe Fairy On Sesame Street '' . Defamer . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Martin , Denise ( August 25 , 2009 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris signs on to guest judge American Idol '' . Los Angeles Times blogs . Retrieved September 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dream On '' . Glee . Series 1 . Episode 19 . May 18 , 2010 . Fox . Retrieved May 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 65th Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2013 ) '' . Archive of American Television . Jump up ^ `` Emmys : Neil Patrick Harris Explains In Memoriam Changes '' . Access Hollywood . September 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Staff ( October 23 , 2009 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris is on Batman tonight ( and he sings ! ) '' . TV Squad . Retrieved February 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Adalian , Josef ( 28 January 2010 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris Steps Into ' The Cube ' for CBS '' . The Wrap . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Randee Dawn ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris turned down ' Late Show ' job , fearing boredom '' . Today Show . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Best Time Ever With Neil Patrick Harris : Cancelled by NBC ; No Season Two '' . TV Series Finale . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Borys Kit , Lesley Goldberg ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris to Star in Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' as Showrunner Exits '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kate Stanhope , Lesley Goldberg ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` NBC Greenlights ' Genius Junior ' Game Show Hosted by Neil Patrick Harris '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Academy of Magical Arts Board of Directors and Board of Trustees '' . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory '' . RiffTrax . Retrieved July 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Joss Whedon Interview : The Web Has Been Wonderful For `` Horrible '' `` . Tubefilter . July 15 , 2008 . Retrieved July 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hey , That Sounds Like Neil Patrick Harris '' . Disney Parks blogsite . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Patrick Harris To Host Spike TV 's 2010 `` Video Game Awards '' `` . Spike Press Center . December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hardcover Nonfiction Books - Best Sellers - November 9 , 2014 - The New York Times '' . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ Shoffel , Jessica ( 2015 - 10 - 07 ) . `` Litlle , Brown Books for Young Readers to Publish Neil Patrick Harris 's Debut Middle Grade Series -- The Magic Misfits '' ( PDF ) . www.hachettebookgroup.com . Little , Brown and Company . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ Harris , Neil Patrick ( 2017 - 09 - 19 ) . The Magic Misfits . S.l. : Little , Brown Books for Young Readers . ISBN 9780316391825 . Jump up ^ Roberts , M.B. `` Neil Patrick Harris Talks Practical Magic for Kids , Holiday Traditions and More '' . Parade.com . AMG / Parade . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Neil Patrick Harris Tells PEOPLE He Is Gay '' . People . November 3 , 2006 . Retrieved March 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Thomson , Katherine ( September 13 , 2007 ) . `` Watch : Neil Patrick Harris Tells Ellen About Going To The Emmys Since Coming Out '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved March 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Neil Patrick Harris ( @ ActuallyNPH ) ( August 16 , 2010 ) . `` So , get this : David and I are expecting twins this fall . We 're super excited / nervous / thrilled . Hoping the press can respect our privacy ... '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Hartenstein , Meena ( August 15 , 2010 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris to be dad to twins with fiancé David Burtka , actor announces on Twitter '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved August 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Neil Patrick Harris ( @ ActuallyNPH ) ( October 15 , 2010 ) . `` Babies ! ! On 10 / 12 , Gideon Scott and Harper Grace entered the Burtka - Harris fold . All of us are happy , healthy , tired , and a little pukey '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Neil Patrick Harris Welcomes ' Happy , Healthy ' Twins '' . People . October 15 , 2010 . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ June 25 , 2011 ( @ ActuallyNPH ) ( March 4 , 2012 ) . `` David and I did propose to each other , but over five years ago ! We 've been wearing engagement rings for ages , waiting for an available date '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Neil Patrick Harris announces secret engagement '' . Digital Spy . June 25 , 2011 . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ September 8 , 2014 ( @ ActuallyNPH ) ( March 4 , 2012 ) . `` Guess what ? @ DavidBurtka and I got married over the weekend . In Italy . Yup , we put the ' n ' and ' d ' in ' husband '. pic.twitter.com/R09ibF41rt '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` They 're married ! Neil Patrick Harris weds partner of 10 years David Burtka during intimate ceremony in Italy '' . Dailymail . Jump up ^ `` Neil Patrick Harris dishes about his wedding day '' . CBS News . Jump up ^ `` Neil Patrick Harris Marries David Burtka '' . People . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Elizabeth ( September 8 , 2014 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris Marries David Burtka '' . People . Retrieved September 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Spero , Jesse ( September 8 , 2014 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris & David Burtka Wed In Italy '' . Access Hollywood . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bueno , Antoinette ( September 8 , 2014 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris Marries David Burtka '' . ET Online . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Gould Keil . `` Neil Patrick Harris and fiancé purchase stunning Fifth Ave . townhouse '' . New York Post . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charities & foundations supported '' . Look to the Stars . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yes , They Plan Some Halloween Fun '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Patrick Harris Hosts a Charity Picnic in L.A. '' People Magazine . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( May 26 , 2010 ) . `` ' Glee ' Stops the Show at No. 1 , Stones Come in Second On Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New Batman DVD to peek out from ' Under the Red Hood ' '' . Latimes . February 9 , 2010 . Retrieved May 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ A Matter of Time : The Unauthorized Back to the Future Lexicon Page 125 Jump up ^ Champion , Lindsay . `` Magic Extravaganza Nothing to Hide Headed Off - Broadway , Directed by Neil Patrick Harris '' . Broadway.com . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Saints Row '' . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Neil Patrick Harris . Neil Patrick Harris on IMDb Neil Patrick Harris at the Internet Broadway Database Neil Patrick Harris at Internet Off - Broadway Database Neil Patrick Harris on Twitter Neil Patrick Harris at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) 2011 interview with The Sondheim Review ( show ) Media offices Preceded by Ellen DeGeneres Host of Academy Awards 2015 Succeeded by Chris Rock Preceded by Whoopi Goldberg Host of Tonys 2009 Succeeded by Sean Hayes Preceded by Sean Hayes Host of Tonys 2011 , 2012 , 2013 Succeeded by Hugh Jackman Preceded by Vanessa L. Williams Host of TV Land Awards 2009 Succeeded by Tim Allen No single host Host of Spike Video Game Awards Succeeded by Zachary Levi Preceded by Rino Romano Voice or portrayal of Spider - Man 2003 Succeeded by Josh Keaton Awards for Neil Patrick Harris Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Neil Patrick Harris ( 2011 ) Ty Burrell ( 2012 ) Simon Helberg ( 2013 ) Andre Braugher ( 2014 ) T.J. Miller ( 2015 ) Andre Braugher ( 2016 ) Louie Anderson ( 2016 ) Walton Goggins ( 2017 ) Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actor in a Musical John Cullum ( 1975 ) Ian Richardson ( 1976 ) Lenny Baker ( 1977 ) Ken Page ( 1978 ) Len Cariou ( 1979 ) Jim Dale ( 1980 ) Kevin Kline ( 1981 ) George Hearn ( 1984 ) Ron Richardson ( 1985 ) George Rose ( 1986 ) Robert Lindsay ( 1987 ) Michael Crawford ( 1988 ) Jason Alexander ( 1989 ) James Naughton ( 1990 ) Jonathan Pryce ( 1991 ) Gregory Hines / Nathan Lane ( 1992 ) Brent Carver ( 1993 ) Boyd Gaines ( 1994 ) Vernel Bagneris ( 1995 ) Nathan Lane ( 1996 ) Robert Cuccioli ( 1997 ) Alan Cumming ( 1998 ) Brent Carver ( 1999 ) Brian Stokes Mitchell ( 2000 ) Nathan Lane ( 2001 ) John Lithgow ( 2002 ) Antonio Banderas / Harvey Fierstein ( 2003 ) Hugh Jackman ( 2004 ) Norbert Leo Butz ( 2005 ) John Lloyd Young ( 2006 ) Raúl Esparza ( 2007 ) Paulo Szot ( 2008 ) Brian d'Arcy James ( 2009 ) Douglas Hodge ( 2010 ) Norbert Leo Butz ( 2011 ) Danny Burstein ( 2012 ) Billy Porter ( 2013 ) Neil Patrick Harris / Jefferson Mays ( 2014 ) Robert Fairchild ( 2015 ) Danny Burstein ( 2016 ) Andy Karl ( 2017 ) Drama League 's Distinguished Performance Award Katharine Cornell ( 1935 ) Helen Hayes ( 1936 ) Maurice Evans ( 1937 ) Cedric Hardwicke ( 1938 ) Raymond Massey ( 1939 ) Paul Muni ( 1940 ) Paul Lukas ( 1941 ) Judith Evelyn ( 1942 ) Alfred Lunt ( 1943 ) Lynn Fontanne ( 1944 ) Mady Christians ( 1945 ) Louis Calhern ( 1946 ) Ingrid Bergman ( 1947 ) Judith Anderson ( 1948 ) Robert Morley ( 1949 ) Grace George ( 1950 ) Claude Rains ( 1951 ) Julie Harris ( 1952 ) Shirley Booth ( 1953 ) Josephine Hull ( 1954 ) Viveca Lindfors ( 1955 ) David Wayne ( 1956 ) Eli Wallach ( 1957 ) Ralph Bellamy ( 1958 ) Cyril Ritchard ( 1959 ) Jessica Tandy ( 1960 ) Hume Cronyn ( 1961 ) Paul Scofield ( 1962 ) Charles Boyer ( 1963 ) Alec Guinness ( 1964 ) John Gielgud ( 1965 ) Richard Kiley ( 1966 ) Rosemary Harris ( 1967 ) Zoe Caldwell ( 1968 ) Alec McCowen ( 1969 ) James Stewart ( 1970 ) Anthony Quayle ( 1971 ) Eileen Atkins / Claire Bloom ( 1972 ) Alan Bates ( 1973 ) Christopher Plummer ( 1974 ) John Wood ( 1975 ) Eva Le Gallienne ( 1976 ) Tom Courtenay ( 1977 ) Frank Langella ( 1978 ) Frances Sternhagen ( 1979 ) Roy Scheider ( 1980 ) Ian McKellen ( 1981 ) Milo O'Shea ( 1982 ) Edward Herrmann / Kate Nelligan ( 1983 ) Jeremy Irons ( 1984 ) Derek Jacobi ( 1985 ) Bernadette Peters ( 1986 ) James Earl Jones ( 1987 ) John Lithgow ( 1988 ) Pauline Collins ( 1989 ) Robert Morse ( 1990 ) Stockard Channing ( 1991 ) Glenn Close ( 1992 ) Stephen Rea ( 1993 ) Sam Waterston ( 1994 ) Cherry Jones ( 1995 ) Uta Hagen ( 1996 ) Charles Durning / Bebe Neuwirth ( 1997 ) Brian Stokes Mitchell ( 1998 ) Kathleen Chalfant ( 1999 ) Eileen Heckart ( 2000 ) Mary - Louise Parker / Gary Sinise ( 2001 ) Liam Neeson ( 2002 ) Harvey Fierstein ( 2003 ) Hugh Jackman ( 2004 ) Norbert Leo Butz ( 2005 ) Christine Ebersole ( 2006 ) Liev Schreiber ( 2007 ) Patti LuPone ( 2008 ) Geoffrey Rush ( 2009 ) Alfred Molina ( 2010 ) Mark Rylance ( 2011 ) Audra McDonald ( 2012 ) Nathan Lane ( 2013 ) Neil Patrick Harris ( 2014 ) Chita Rivera ( 2015 ) Lin - Manuel Miranda ( 2016 ) Ben Platt ( 2017 ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series Roscoe Lee Browne ( 1986 ) John Cleese ( 1987 ) Cleavon Little ( 1989 ) Jay Thomas ( 1990 ) Jay Thomas ( 1991 ) No Award ( 1992 ) David Clennon ( 1993 ) Martin Sheen ( 1994 ) Carl Reiner ( 1995 ) Tim Conway ( 1996 ) Mel Brooks ( 1997 ) Mel Brooks ( 1998 ) Mel Brooks ( 1999 ) Bruce Willis ( 2000 ) Derek Jacobi ( 2001 ) Anthony LaPaglia ( 2002 ) Gene Wilder ( 2003 ) John Turturro ( 2004 ) Bobby Cannavale ( 2005 ) Leslie Jordan ( 2006 ) Stanley Tucci ( 2007 ) Tim Conway ( 2008 ) Justin Timberlake ( 2009 ) Neil Patrick Harris ( 2010 ) Justin Timberlake ( 2011 ) Jimmy Fallon ( 2012 ) Bob Newhart ( 2013 ) Jimmy Fallon ( 2014 ) Bradley Whitford ( 2015 ) Peter Scolari ( 2016 ) Dave Chappelle ( 2017 ) Hasty Pudding Men of the Year Bob Hope ( 1967 ) Paul Newman ( 1968 ) Bill Cosby ( 1969 ) Robert Redford ( 1970 ) James Stewart ( 1971 ) Dustin Hoffman ( 1972 ) Jack Lemmon ( 1973 ) Peter Falk ( 1974 ) Warren Beatty ( 1975 ) Robert Blake ( 1976 ) Johnny Carson ( 1977 ) Richard Dreyfuss ( 1978 ) Robert De Niro ( 1979 ) Alan Alda ( 1980 ) John Travolta ( 1981 ) James Cagney ( 1982 ) Steven Spielberg ( 1983 ) Sean Connery ( 1984 ) Bill Murray ( 1985 ) Sylvester Stallone ( 1986 ) Mikhail Baryshnikov ( 1987 ) Steve Martin ( 1988 ) Robin Williams ( 1989 ) Kevin Costner ( 1990 ) Clint Eastwood ( 1991 ) Michael Douglas ( 1992 ) Chevy Chase ( 1993 ) Tom Cruise ( 1994 ) Tom Hanks ( 1995 ) Harrison Ford ( 1996 ) Mel Gibson ( 1997 ) Kevin Kline ( 1998 ) Samuel L. Jackson ( 1999 ) Billy Crystal ( 2000 ) Anthony Hopkins ( 2001 ) Bruce Willis ( 2002 ) Martin Scorsese ( 2003 ) Robert Downey Jr. ( 2004 ) Tim Robbins ( 2005 ) Richard Gere ( 2006 ) Ben Stiller ( 2007 ) Christopher Walken ( 2008 ) James Franco ( 2009 ) Justin Timberlake ( 2010 ) Jay Leno ( 2011 ) Jason Segel ( 2012 ) Kiefer Sutherland ( 2013 ) Neil Patrick Harris ( 2014 ) Chris Pratt ( 2015 ) Joseph Gordon - Levitt ( 2016 ) Ryan Reynolds ( 2017 ) Paul Rudd ( 2018 ) Streamy Awards Winners for Best Acting Performance Comedy Felicia Day / Neil Patrick Harris ( 2009 ) Felicia Day / Zach Galifianakis ( 2010 ) Hannah Hart / Ken Marino ( 2013 ) Mamrie Hart / David Milchard ( 2014 ) Mamrie Hart ( 2017 ) Drama Rosario Dawson / Alessandro Juliani ( 2009 ) Rachael Hip - Flores / Mark Gantt ( 2010 ) Missy Peregrym / Xander Berkeley ( 2013 ) Ashley Clements / Joey Graceffa ( 2014 ) DeStorm Power ( 2017 ) General Colleen Ballinger / James Van Der Beek ( 2015 ) Jenn McAllister / Chris Kendall ( 2016 ) Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical 1948 -- 1975 Paul Hartman ( 1948 ) Ray Bolger ( 1949 ) Ezio Pinza ( 1950 ) Robert Alda ( 1951 ) Phil Silvers ( 1952 ) Thomas Mitchell ( 1953 ) Alfred Drake ( 1954 ) Walter Slezak ( 1955 ) Ray Walston ( 1956 ) Rex Harrison ( 1957 ) Robert Preston ( 1958 ) Richard Kiley ( 1959 ) Jackie Gleason ( 1960 ) Richard Burton ( 1961 ) Robert Morse ( 1962 ) Zero Mostel ( 1963 ) Bert Lahr ( 1964 ) Zero Mostel ( 1965 ) Richard Kiley ( 1966 ) Robert Preston ( 1967 ) Robert Goulet ( 1968 ) Jerry Orbach ( 1969 ) Cleavon Little ( 1970 ) Hal Linden ( 1971 ) Phil Silvers ( 1972 ) Ben Vereen ( 1973 ) Christopher Plummer ( 1974 ) John Cullum ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 George Rose ( 1976 ) Barry Bostwick ( 1977 ) John Cullum ( 1978 ) Len Cariou ( 1979 ) Jim Dale ( 1980 ) Kevin Kline ( 1981 ) Ben Harney ( 1982 ) Tommy Tune ( 1983 ) George Hearn ( 1984 ) No award ( 1985 ) George Rose ( 1986 ) Robert Lindsay ( 1987 ) Michael Crawford ( 1988 ) Jason Alexander ( 1989 ) James Naughton ( 1990 ) Jonathan Pryce ( 1991 ) Gregory Hines ( 1992 ) Brent Carver ( 1993 ) Boyd Gaines ( 1994 ) Matthew Broderick ( 1995 ) Nathan Lane ( 1996 ) James Naughton ( 1997 ) Alan Cumming ( 1998 ) Martin Short ( 1999 ) Brian Stokes Mitchell ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Nathan Lane ( 2001 ) John Lithgow ( 2002 ) Harvey Fierstein ( 2003 ) Hugh Jackman ( 2004 ) Norbert Leo Butz ( 2005 ) John Lloyd Young ( 2006 ) David Hyde Pierce ( 2007 ) Paulo Szot ( 2008 ) David Alvarez , Trent Kowalik and Kiril Kulish ( 2009 ) Douglas Hodge ( 2010 ) Norbert Leo Butz ( 2011 ) Steve Kazee ( 2012 ) Billy Porter ( 2013 ) Neil Patrick Harris ( 2014 ) Michael Cerveris ( 2015 ) Leslie Odom Jr. ( 2016 ) Ben Platt ( 2017 ) VIAF : 160587267 LCCN : no92005724 ISNI : 0000 0001 1883 0158 GND : 135253276 SUDOC : 155823019 BNF : cb14185564c ( data ) BIBSYS : 15007182 MusicBrainz : 587fbf06 - 1cc0 - 4ae6 - 91ef - afe832385b13 NLA : 53522577 NKC : xx0129542 SNAC : w6hc1x52 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neil_Patrick_Harris&oldid=830931607 '' Categories : 1973 births 20th - century American comedians 20th - century American male actors 20th - century American singers 21st - century American comedians 21st - century American male actors 21st - century American singers 21st - century American writers American agnostics American autobiographers American comedy musicians American magicians American male child actors American male comedians American male film actors American male musical theatre actors American male singers American male stage actors American male television actors American male voice actors American male video game actors American male web series actors American television directors American television hosts American television producers American television writers American theatre directors Broadway theatre people Drama Desk Award winners Gay actors Gay writers La Cueva High School alumni LGBT comedians LGBT directors LGBT entertainers from the United States LGBT magicians LGBT memoirists LGBT people from New Mexico LGBT producers LGBT singers LGBT writers from the United States Living people Male actors from Albuquerque , New Mexico People from Lincoln County , New Mexico Primetime Emmy Award winners Streamy Award winners Tony Award winners Writers from Albuquerque , New Mexico Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from October 2012 Articles with hCards Articles with IBDb links Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - 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"Neil Patrick Harris (born June 15, 1973)[1] is an American actor, writer, producer, comedian, magician, and singer. He is known primarily for his comedy roles on television and his dramatic and musical stage roles. On television, he is known for playing the title character on Doogie Howser, M.D. (1989–1993), Barney Stinson on How I Met Your Mother (2005–2014, for which he was nominated for four Emmy Awards), and Count Olaf on A Series of Unfortunate Events (2017–)."
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"Neil Patrick Harris"
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4708993485640470955 | Uno (card game) | Uno ( card game ) - wikipedia Uno ( card game ) For the video game adaptation , see Uno ( video game ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Uno Type Shedding - type Players 2 -- 10 Skills required Keeping important cards for later , knowing when to put them down , concealing your hand . Age range 7 + Cards 108 Playing time Normally , up to an hour but can go longer Random chance easy Uno ( / ˈuːnoʊ / ; from Italian and Spanish for ' one ' ; stylized as UNO ) is an American shedding - type card game that is played with a specially printed deck . The game 's general principles put it into the Crazy Eights family of card games . The game was originally developed in 1971 by Merle Robbins in Reading , Ohio , a suburb of Cincinnati . It has been a Mattel brand since 1992 . When his family and friends began to play more and more , he spent $8,000 to have 5,000 copies of the game made . He sold it from his barbershop at first , and local businesses began to sell it as well . Robins later sold the rights to UNO to a group of friends headed by Robert Tezak , a funeral parlor owner in Joliet , Illinois , for $50,000 plus royalties of 10 cents per game . Tezak formed International Games , Inc. , to market UNO , with offices behind his funeral parlor . The games were produced by Lewis Saltzman of Saltzman Printers in Maywood , Illinois . In 1992 , International Games became part of the Mattel family of companies. There can be 2 - 10 players . Contents 1 Official rules 1.1 Penalties 1.2 Two - player game 1.3 House rules 2 Strategies 3 Card and deck styles 4 Theme packs 4.1 Themed My First Uno games 4.2 Themed video games 4.3 Themed sports teams 5 Special Uno games 6 Video games 7 Variations 8 UNO : Slots 9 UNO : The Game Show 10 Similar games 11 Notes 12 References 13 Bibliography Official rules ( edit ) Uno cards Uno cards UNO cards deck The aim of the game is to be the first player to score 500 points , achieved ( usually over several rounds of play ) by a player discarding all of their cards and earning points corresponding to the value of the remaining cards still held by the other players . Action cards ( Skip , Draw Two and Reverse ) are worth 20 Points while Wild and Wild Draw Four cards are worth 50 Points . The deck consists of 108 cards , of which there are 25 of each color ( red , green , blue , and yellow ) , each color having two of each rank except zero . The ranks in each color are zero to nine , `` Skip '' , `` Draw Two '' , and `` Reverse '' ( the last three being `` action cards '' ) . In addition , the deck contains four each of `` Wild '' and `` Wild Draw Four '' cards . To start a hand , seven cards are dealt to each player , with the top card of the deck flipped over and set aside to begin the discard pile . The player to the dealer 's left plays first unless the first card on the discard pile is an action or Wild card ( see below ) . On a player 's turn , they must do one of the following : play a card matching the discard in color , number , or symbol play a Wild card , or a playable Wild Draw Four card ( see restriction below ) draw the top card of the deck Play proceeds clockwise around the table . Action and Wild cards have the following effects : Card Effect when played from hand Effect as first discard Skip Next player in sequence misses a turn Player to dealer 's left misses a turn Reverse Order of play switches directions ( clockwise to counterclockwise , or vice versa ) Dealer plays first ; play proceeds counterclockwise Draw Two ( + 2 ) Next player in sequence draws two cards and misses a turn Player to dealer 's left draws two cards and misses a turn Wild Player determines the next color to be matched ( may be used on any turn even if the player has matching color ) Player who puts the color card down chooses the color of the new card by putting down a card of that color . Wild Draw Four / Draw Four Wild ( + 4 and wild ) Player determines next color to be matched ; next player in sequence draws four cards and misses a turn . May be legally played only if the player has no cards of the current color ( see Penalties ) Return card to the deck , shuffle , flip top card to start discard pile A player who draws from the deck must either play or keep that card and may play no other card from their hand on that turn . A player may play a Wild card at any time , even if that player has other playable cards . A player may play a Wild Draw Four card only if that player has no cards matching the current color . The player may have cards of a different color matching the current number or symbol or a Wild card and still play the Wild Draw Four card . A player who plays a Wild Draw Four may be challenged by the next player in sequence ( see Penalties ) to prove that their hand meets this condition . If the entire deck is used during play , the top discard is set aside and the rest of the pile is shuffled to create a new deck . Play then proceeds normally . It is illegal to trade cards of any sort with another player . A player who plays their next - to - last - card must call `` Uno '' as a warning to the other players . The first player to get rid of their last card ( `` going out '' ) wins the hand and scores points for the cards held by the other players . Number cards count their face value , all action cards count 20 , and Wild and Wild Draw Four cards count 50 . If a Draw Two or Wild Draw Four card is played to go out , the next player in the sequence must draw the appropriate number of cards before the score is tallied . If the next player has a Draw Two or Wild Draw Four card , it can be stacked and possibly bring the `` out '' player back into play . The first player to score 500 points wins the game . Penalties ( edit ) If a player does not call `` Uno '' after laying down their next - to - last card and is caught before the next player in sequence takes a turn ( i.e. , plays a card from their hand , draws from the deck , or touches the discard pile ) , they must draw two cards as a penalty . If the player is not caught in time ( subject to interpretation ) or remembers to call `` Uno '' before being caught , they suffer no penalty . If a player falsely calls `` Uno '' while having multiple cards in their hand , they must draw two cards . If a player plays a Wild Draw Four card , the following player can challenge its use . The player who used the Wild Draw Four must privately show their hand to the challenging player , in order to demonstrate that they had no matching colored cards . If the challenge is correct , then the challenged player draws four cards instead . If the challenge is wrong , then the challenger must draw six cards ; the four cards they were already required to draw plus two more cards . Two - player game ( edit ) In a two - player game , the Reverse card acts like a Skip card ; when played , the other player misses a turn . House rules ( edit ) The following house rules are suggested in the Uno rulebook , to alter the game : Progressive Uno : If a draw card is played , and the following player has the same card , they can play that card and `` stack '' the penalty , which adds to the current penalty and passes it to the following player . Seven - O : When a certain card is played , the player is able to trade hands with another player or with all players . For example , the person who played the 7 card is able to switch all of their cards with another player ; the player who played the 0 card is able to make every player exchange all their cards to the next player . Jump - In : If a player has exactly the same card ( both number and color ) as the top card of the discard pile , they may play it immediately , even if it is not their turn . The game then continues as if that player had just taken their turn . Strategies ( edit ) A strategy at Uno may be offensive ( aiming to go out ) , or defensive ( aiming to minimize the value of one 's hand , in the event that another player goes out , thus getting those points ) . Part of the skill of playing Uno is knowing when to adopt an offensive or defensive strategy . An offensive strategy would be holding on to Wild and Wild Draw Four cards because they can be played near the end of the hand in order to go out ( when it 's harder to play a matching card ) . However , a defensive strategy would advise getting rid of such cards early , because they have a high point value . A defensive strategy would advise playing a high card in order to reduce the point value of the hand . However , an offensive strategy would suggest playing a 0 when the player wants to continue on the current color , because it is less likely to be matched by another 0 of a different color ( there is only one 0 of each color , but two of each 1 -- 9 ) . A player holding only one card is required to call out `` Uno '' or risk being penalized if caught . A player who calls `` Uno '' risks being the target of concerted action by the other players , who may be able to use action cards to prevent that player from going out . Depending on the level and seriousness of play , some players may deliberately avoid saying `` Uno '' , in the hope of avoiding detection and then going out on the next turn . For this reason , it is useful to conceal how many cards are in your hand and to keep track of how many cards every other player holds . Little has been published on the optimal strategy for the game of Uno . Simulations of games may shed some light on the matter . Attempts to reduce point count in a player 's hands can be `` read '' by other players if too transparent . This information can be exploited by other players , and it follows that a mixed strategy may be more appropriate . Some work has been done into the psychology of Uno as it relates to individual and group behavior . Players may exhibit physical tells , in which a subtle , often repeated , cue inadvertently reveals their state of mind during a game . Alternatively , they may change their playing style , switching from an aggressive card - shedding strategy to a more subdued one , or vice versa . Card and deck styles ( edit ) A deck of English Uno cards from 1994 . This particular deck uses the older card design , where letters appear on the action cards instead of symbols . The new Uno action cards bear symbols which denote their action , except for the Wild cards which still bear the word `` Wild . '' Before the design change , such cards in English versions of the game had letters only . Especially old English versions can be denoted by the absence of the white rim that surrounds the edge of most Uno cards . Other versions use symbols and images in both old and new designs , especially ones with Wild cards that do not bear the word `` Wild '' . The Xbox 360 version of the game uses the new English style of the cards . There are also language - free versions of the newer styles that do not bear the word `` Wild '' but have the same styling . There is a new version called `` Uno Mod '' where the cards have symbols instead of letters or numbers . This version also comes in a red and white case . It is one of several `` Mod '' games by Mattel , the others being Othello ( game ) Mod , Apples to Apples Mod , Phase 10 Mod , and Skip - Bo Mod . Theme packs ( edit ) There are many different themes and versions of Uno . These theme games may come with slightly different directions and special cards . American Kennel Club ( Herding Breeds ) Uno American Kennel Club ( Non-Sporting Group ) Uno ( 2006 ) American Kennel Club ( Sporting Group ) Uno American Kennel Club ( Terrier Breeds ) Uno Angry Birds Uno ( 2012 ) Arsenal Highbury Legends Uno ( 2007 ) Avengers Uno ( 2015 ) Avengers Assemble Uno ( 2013 ) Bandai Uno Barbie Uno Barbie Cali Girl Edition Uno ( 2004 ) Barbie - Life in the Dream House Uno ( 2014 ) Batman Uno ( 2005 ) Batman Begins Uno ( 2005 ) Batman : The Dark Knight Uno ( 2008 ) Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Uno ( 2015 ) Beach Uno ( 2011 ) Betty Boop Uno ( 2005 ) The Big Bang Theory Uno ( 2012 ) Braille Uno ( 2012 ) Care Bears Uno ( 2003 ) Car - Go Uno ( 2004 ) Cars Uno ( 2006 ) Cars 2 Uno ( 2011 ) Cars 3 Uno ( 2017 ) Cinderella Uno ( 2012 ) Coca - Cola Uno ( 1998 , 2004 ) Coco ( 2018 ) Dare ( 2014 ) DC Super Heroes Uno Diary of a Wimpy Kid Uno ( 2012 ) Disney Uno ( 2002 ) Disney Electronic Uno ( Classic ) ( 2003 ) Disney Electronic Uno ( Modern ) Disney Fairies Uno ( 2009 ) Disney Pixar Uno ( 2012 ) Disney Princess Uno Disney Channel / Disney Shows Uno Disney Sofia The First Uno Disney Theme Park Uno Doc McStuffins Uno ( 2013 ) Dog Uno ( 2003 ) Doraemon Uno Doctor Who Uno ( 2007 ) Elvis Uno ( 2000 ) Emoji Uno Eragon Uno ( 2006 ) Family Guy Uno ( 2004 ) Fantastic Four Uno ( 2005 ) Fat Albert Uno ( 2005 ) Ferrari Uno ( 2000 ) Finding Dory Uno ( 2016 ) Fishing Uno ( 2012 ) Florida State University Uno ( 2011 ) Fraggle Rock Uno Frozen Uno ( 2014 ) Glee Uno ( 2011 ) Ghostbusters Uno ( 2016 ) Golden Compass Uno ( 2007 ) Green Lantern Uno ( 2011 ) Hairspray Uno ( 2007 ) Hanna - Barbera Uno ( 2004 ) Hannah Montana Backstage Pass Uno Hannah Montana Best of Both Worlds Uno ( 2007 ) Happy Feet Uno ( 2006 ) Harry Potter Uno Hello Kitty Bow Uno ( 2012 ) Hello Kitty Friendship Uno ( 2003 ) Hi Hi Puffy Amiyumi Uno ( 2006 ) High School Musical Uno ( 2006 ) High School Musical 2 Uno ( 2007 ) High School Musical 3 Uno ( 2008 ) Holiday Uno ( 2009 ) Hoops and Yoyo Uno Horses Uno ( 2011 ) Hot Death Uno ( 2001 ) Hot Wheels Uno ( 2012 ) House Rules Uno ( 1998 ) Hulk Uno ( 2003 ) H O H O To Go H O Splash ( 2005 ) Iron Man 2 Uno ( 2010 ) Jelly Belly Uno ( 2012 ) John Deere Uno ( 2010 ) Justice League Uno ( 2017 ) Kittens Uno Kung Fu Panda Uno ( 2008 ) Limited Too It 's A Girl 's World Uno ( 2008 ) Macy 's Parade Uno Magic Tree House Uno ( 2007 ) Marvel Heroes Uno ( 2010 ) Mario Bros. Uno ( 2012 ) Mini Party Favors Uno Muppet Show Uno My Scene Uno ( 2005 ) MyUno Uno ( 2005 ) National Parks Uno ( 2002 , 2009 ) New York City Uno ( 2001 ) NHL Uno Nightmare Before Christmas Uno ( 2007 ) Nintendo Uno ( 2004 ) North American Wildlife Uno Notre Dame Uno ( 2005 ) NSYNC Uno ( 2000 ) One Piece Uno ( 2003 , 2011 ) One Piece : The New World Uno ( Japan - 2012 ) Over the Hedge Uno ( 2006 ) Paw Patrol Uno ( 2015 ) Peanuts Uno ( 2002 ) Peanuts -- A Charlie Brown Christmas Uno Peanuts -- It 's the Great Pumpkin Uno ( 2006 ) Peanuts - Be My Valentine Uno ( 2006 ) Peanuts Movie Uno ( 2015 ) Peanuts -- Vintage Peanuts Uno ( 2005 ) The Penguins of Madagascar Uno ( 2012 ) Penn State University Uno Phineas and Ferb Uno ( 2012 ) Pinkalicious Uno ( 2010 ) Pirates of the Caribbean Uno ( 2007 ) Planes Uno ( 2013 ) Planes - Fire and Rescue ! Uno ( 2014 ) Pokémon Uno ( 2006 ) Pokémon : Best Wishes ( Japan ) Pokémon : XY ( Japan ) Polly Pocket Uno ( 2006 ) Power Rangers Super Samurai Uno Puppies Uno Ratatouille Uno ( 2007 ) Ren and Stimpy Uno ( 2004 ) Retro Uno ( 2014 ) Scooby - Doo Uno Sesame Street Uno ( 2004 ) Shopkins Uno ( 2015 ) Shrek Uno Shrek 2 Uno ( 2004 ) Shrek the Third Uno The Simpsons Uno ( 2003 ) The Simpsons ( D'oh ) Uno ( 2009 ) The Simpsons : Springfield / Great Scot Uno ( 2006 ) The Simpsons : Treehouse of Horror Uno ( 2005 ) Sock Monkey Uno South Park Uno ( 2004 ) Speed Racer Spider - Man Uno ( 2002 ) Spider - Man 2 Uno ( 2004 ) Spider - Man Spider Sense Uno * Marvel Ultimate Spider - Man Web - Warriors Uno ( 2014 ) Splash Uno * Splash : Finding Dory Uno SpongeBob SquarePants # 1 SpongeBob SquarePants # 2 SpongeBob SquarePants # 3 SpongeBob SquarePants - Eye Eye SpongeBob ! ( 2008 ) SpongeBob SquarePants - Jellyfishing ( 2008 ) SpongeBob SquarePants - Lost in Time ( 2006 ) St. Louis Uno ( 2005 ) Star Trek Uno Mattel - produced `` Special Edition '' Fundex Games `` Collector 's Edition '' Star Wars : The Clone Wars Uno Super Mario ( 2016 ) Superman Uno ( 2005 ) Superman Returns Uno ( 2005 ) Sydney 2000 Uno ( 1999 ) Teen Titans Uno ( 2006 ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Uno ( 2014 ) Texas Uno ( 2006 ) Toy Story Uno ( 2010 ) University of Alabama Uno University of Florida Uno University of Georgia Uno University of Kentucky Uno University of Michigan Uno University of North Carolina Uno University of Texas Uno Uno ( 1971 ) Uno 25th Anniversary ( 1996 ) Uno 30th Anniversary ( 2001 ) Uno 35th Anniversary ( 2011 ) UNO in FitSand Travel Zipper Carry EVA Hard Case ( 2016 ) Uno Deluxe in box Uno Deluxe in Wood Box UNO With Customizable Wild Cards ( 2015 ) Uno Mod ( 2010 ) USA Uno Vacation Uno Wilderness Uno ( 2016 ) Wildlife Uno ( 2012 ) Wizard of Oz Uno ( 2007 ) WWE Legends Uno ( 2005 ) X-Games ( 1999 , 2007 ) X-Men Uno ( 2003 ) Note : * indicates HIT Entertainment character , by which Mattel acquired HIT in 2012 . Themed my first Uno games ( edit ) Card sets only have 36 cards designed for children at least 3 years of age . These sets come in several variants , based on titles for children . My First Uno versions : Angelina Ballerina Uno ( 2005 ) Animals Uno Bob The Builder Uno ( 2007 ) Clifford the Big Red Dog Curious George Uno ( 2005 ) Dora the Explorer Uno ( 2003 , 2010 ) Elmo Uno Handy Manny Uno ( 2009 ) Disney 's Jake and the Neverland Pirates Uno ( 2011 ) Koala Brothers Uno ( 2005 ) Little People Uno ( 2006 ) Mickey Mouse Club Uno ( 2008 ) Miss Spider 's Sunny Patch Friends Uno ( 2006 ) Rugrats Uno ( 1991 ) Sesame Street Uno ( 2004 ) SpongeBob SquarePants and Friends Uno ( 2012 ) Thomas & Friends Uno ( 2010 ) Where the Wild Things Are Uno ( 2007 ) Winnie the Pooh and Friends Uno ( 2002 , 2011 , 2012 ) Yo Gabba Gabba ! Uno Themed video games ( edit ) Uno versions available on the Xbox 360 : Street Fighter II Uno Project Gotham Racing Uno Kameo : Elements of Power Uno Uno 35th Anniversary ( see above ) Themed sports teams ( edit ) Several sports teams each have 112 - card sets , featuring players from those teams . The special cards in each deck vary depending on the card set itself . The following teams have confirmed Uno sets . Minnesota Patriots Auburn Tigers ( NCAA ) England FA ( 2010 ) England Rugby ( 2010 ) Manchester United Hockey Calgary Flames ( 2010 ) NHL NHL Stars of Finland MLB All - Stars American League ( 2005 ) American League - Stars of the American League ( 2006 ) American League - Baltimore Orioles Miguel Tejada American League - Boston Red Sox ( Regular ( 2004 ) and World Series editions ( 2007 ) ) American League - Boston Red Sox David Ortiz Limited ( 2007 ) American League - Chicago White Sox ( 2007 ) American League - Chicago White Sox World Series Championship American League - Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim ( 2005 ) American League - New York Yankees ( 2006 ) American League - New York Yankees Derek Jeter Limited ( 2007 ) American League - Seattle Mariners ( 2003 ) American League - Texas Rangers ( 2006 ) National League National League - MLB All Stars National League National League - Chicago Cubs National League - Chicago Cubs : Derek Lee ( 2006 ) National League - Houston Astros ( 2005 ) National League - New York Mets ( 2005 ) National League - New Your Mets : David Wright Special ( 2007 ) National League - Philadelphia Phillies ( 2005 ) National League - St. Louis Cardinals ( 2006 ) NBA All - Stars ( East and West ) Eastern Conference - NBA All Stars Eastern Conference ( 2006 ) Eastern Conference - Boston Celtics Legends ( 2005 ) Eastern Conference - Cleveland Cavaliers : LeBron James Special Edition ( 2007 ) Eastern Conference - New York Knicks ( 2006 ) Western Conference - NBA All Stars Western Conference ( 2006 ) Western Conference - Los Angeles Lakers Legends Edition ( 2006 ) Western Conference - Los Angeles Lakers Kobe Bryant Special Edition ( 2007 ) Western Conference - San Antonio Spurs ( 2006 ) American Football Chicago Bears ( 2006 ) Dallas Cowboys ( 2006 ) Green Bay Packers ( 2007 ) Minnesota Vikings National Football League NFC Edition ( 2006 ) New England Patriots ( 2007 ) New York Giants ( 2006 ) New York Jets ( 2009 ) NFL American League ( 2006 ) NFL National League ( 2006 ) Phil . Eagles ( 2006 ) Pittsburgh Steelers ( 2006 ) Super Bowl XL Steelers Special Edition ( 2006 ) NFL Greatest Players Editions Tom Brady ( 2007 ) Reggie Bush ( 2007 ) Brett Favre ( 2007 ) LaDanian Tomlinson ( 2007 ) Brian Urlacher ( 2007 ) Special Uno games ( edit ) Uno Attack ( Uno Extreme in the UK and Canada ) ( 1999 ) Uno Attack Refill Deck Uno Bingo ( 1997 ) Uno Blast ( 2012 ) Uno Blitzo ( 2000 ) Uno Choo - Choo ( 2011 ) Uno Color Screen Uno Deluxe Uno Dare ( 2014 ) Uno Dice ( 1987 , 1996 , 2011 ) Uno Dominoes ( 1986 ) Electronic Uno Uno Flash ( 2007 ) Uno Flip ( 2009 ) Giant Uno ( 2016 ) Uno H O ( 2004 ) Uno H O To Go Uno Hearts ( 1994 ) Uno Junior ( 1992 ) King Size Uno The oversized cards have animal illustrations in addition to numbers ( 1 - 6 ) and colors to help children make matches . The deck also contains 4 wild cards , a Draw 2 card for each suit , and a Free Turn card for each suit . ( 1994 ) Killer Uno ( 1995 ) Uno Madness ( 1995 ) Uno Moo ( 2008 , 2014 ) Uno Power Grab Uno Reflex Uno Roboto Uno Royal Revenge Whoever wears the crown makes the rules ! ( 2014 ) Uno Rummy Up ( 1993 ) Uno Spin ( 2005 ) Uno Spin Hannah Montana ( 2005 ) Uno Spin One Piece ( Japan ) Uno Spin To Go ( 2010 ) Uno Stacko ( 1994 ) Travel Uno Stacko Uno Tippo ( 2009 ) Uno Slam Uno Tiki Twist ( 2014 ) Uno Wild Jackpot ( 2016 ) Uno Wild Tiles ( 1982 ) Get Wild for Uno ( 2016 ) Uno MineCraft ( 201x ) Video games ( edit ) Hot Death UNO ( IBM - 1993 ) Uno ( handheld video game - 2000 ) Uno ( handheld video game for the Game Boy Color of the classic Uno board game ) UNO DX ( Japanese exclusive Sega Saturn game by Mitsui & Co. - 1998 ) Uno ( PlayStation Network ) Uno ( Xbox Live Arcade ) Uno Rush ( Xbox Live Arcade ) Uno Challenge ( mobile version of the classic Uno board game ) Uno Free Fall ( puzzle game for mobile phones ) Uno 52 ( Nintendo Game Boy Advance ) Super Uno ( Super Famicom ) Uno ( Facebook ) ( Adobe Flash -- based version of the classic Uno card game produced by GameHouse Studios ) Uno iPhone version featuring online and local play . Produced by Gameloft Uno The same as on the iPhone , but with enhanced graphics . Produced by Gameloft Uno Released as three versions : SD , HD and Free with adverts . Produced by Gameloft Uno Uno & Friends ( various platforms ) Pocket Uno Uno and UNO & Friends for Windows Phone Uno Undercover ( Windows ) Uno ( 2016 video game for PC , PlayStation 4 , and Xbox One by Ubisoft ) Uno ( 2017 video game for Nintendo Switch , produced by Ubisoft ) Variations ( edit ) Many variations from standard gameplay exist , such as Elimination Uno , Speed Uno , French Uno , Pirate Uno , and Pakistani Uno . A variation of Uno named Dos that includes math and the player having to say `` Dos ! '' when they have 2 cards left . This spinoff of Uno was introduced in 2018 . Uno : slots ( edit ) In 2002 , International Gaming Technology ( IGT ) released a video slot machine based on UNO . Uno : the game show ( edit ) In March 2013 , it was announced that Mattel and The Gurin Company are teaming up to create a game show based on UNO where contestants will match colors , numbers and wits for a shot at a big cash prize . The show would be produced as a half - hour daily strip with a $100,000 cash jackpot along with a primetime version in which contestants competed for 1 million dollars . However , the idea was scrapped later on . Similar games ( edit ) Uno is a member of the shedding family of card games . The shedding family of card games consists of games where the objective is to get rid of all your cards while preventing the other players from getting rid of their cards . Crazy Eights Eleusis Last Card Macau Mao Mau Mau ( game ) O'NO 99 One Card ( game ) Phase 10 SKIP - BO Taki Whot ! Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ A version released in Japan . Jump up ^ Features the `` friendship '' card , where the player can swap his / her hand with another player . ( 2002 , 2010 ) Jump up ^ Features the Dragon Card , when played , all players must discard a prince card ( regardless of color or number ) to kill the dragon before continuing play . If a player does not have a prince card in their hand , they must pick up cards until they find a prince card . ( 2004 ) ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ Deck features many of the characters on the Disney Channel . Jump up ^ Card game in Foil Bag . Jump up ^ Evil card : the player holding this card can steal the top card from the DISCARD pile at any point in the game , even if it 's not his or her turn . ( 2005 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ Released in Japan Jump up ^ Includes the Travel card ( featuring Traveling Matt ) , which allows the player to `` travel '' to another player 's spot and view his or her entire hand . ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ which features a Draw Three ( instead of Draw Two ) card ; also features a `` howler '' wild card where , if played , the player who uses the card may select another player to say all of their cards aloud ; also features an `` invisibility '' wild card where , if played , the player can block any card placed down ( such as , a card that forces them to draw cards ) . ( 2000 , 2003 , 2005 , 2010 ) Jump up ^ A deck with transparent waterproof cards . It includes 4 ( 2 of which are + 1 2 of which are + 2 downpour cards ) black action cards called `` wild DownPour '' cards ; when played , all the other players must pick up the number specified on the card and may choose the next color of play these cards replace two of the wild cards and two of the wild draw four cards out of the original deck , and also double as wild cards . ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Features farm equipment graphics and a `` Harvest '' card - The player who plays the harvest card selects another player to draw from the DRAW pile until he / she draws a green card , which will allow them to complete the harvest ( or , until they draw 5 cards , whichever comes first ) . Jump up ^ Features X-Ray card that lets a player see another 's hand and strategically exchange a card . Jump up ^ Mayhem card : the player who plays it causes everyone to swap hands . The direction of the swap is determined by the player playing the card . ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Wei , R.H. `` Gamebits : Peanuts at Play '' . Games . Issue 196 ( Vol. 27 , No. 10 ) . Pg. 4 . December 2003 . Jump up ^ Happy Holidays Card ( 2007 , 2008 , 2010 ) Jump up ^ In a Shrek - faced package . ' Merlin Card ' When you play this card you call out a color of your choice . All other players draw cards from the DRAW pile until each draws a card of that color . All of the cards that they draw are added to the cards in their hands . ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ This set has a special Racer X card . The player who uses this card draws a card from the draw pile onto the discard pile and the depending on the number , the next player must place a card that follows the number drawn before . For example , player A draws the racer X card and draws a card with the number 3 . The next player must place a card with the number 4 ( regardless of colour ) and the next player must place a card with the number 5 and so on . If they reach 9 , they must start over with 0 until a player is unable to place a card and he / she must draw three cards . ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Comes with a handy clip that keeps all the cards together and attaches to a beach bag , backpack or camping gear . Seems to be about the same as H20 To Go . Jump up ^ Comes with a handy clip that keeps all the cards together and attaches to a beach bag , backpack or camping gear . Jump up ^ Super Absorbency ( # 1 ) Uno -- which features the Super Absorbency card , a wild card which requires the next player to draw one card from all other players ' hands at random . There is controversy as to what happens when the Super Absorbency card is played as the player 's penultimate card . Some contend that the person playing the card would win as the next player would be required to take that card from him / her . However , some say that there is an exception whereas the Super Absorbency requires a card to be drawn from all players ' hands except those who are in the uno stage . Clarification can be found on the back of the SpongeBob metallic tin . ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Secret Recipe ( # 2 ) Uno -- Secret Recipe -- Allows the player to look at another player 's hand . The player can also select a new color just like a wild card . Jump up ^ Lost in Time ( # 3 Uno ) -- Daredevil -- Can be played to counter a Draw 2 or Draw 4 card . Can also be used as a wild card . Jump up ^ Two Editions , both based on Star Trek : The Original Series Jump up ^ With special cards , each of which appears once per pack : Double Tribble card -- The player who plays this card chooses the color of play , then next player doubles the number of cards in their hand and forfeits their turn ; Beam Me Up , Scotty card -- This can played to stop any command card ( a `` Draw 2 '' card , for example ) and allows for the color of play to be chosen ; Mind Meld card -- This commands the next player to show the person who played this card their hand ; Live Long & Prosper card -- This can be played at any time to discard the players hand and pick up an entirely new one , then allows him / her to choose color of play . ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ Simplifies the special WILDs to one kind : 4 `` Beam Up WILD '' cards that can negate the effects of any DRAW 2 or DRAW 4 WILD cards played against a player . That player can then call a new color , and play resumes as if they had played a regular WILD . ( It can also be used as a regular WILD if desired . ) ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Some versions with erasable score pad . ( 1978 , 1979 , 1983 , 1986 , 1987 , 1991 , 1993 , 2001 , 2000 , 2004 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ When this Check Two Card played by a player , he / she can : immediately play another card of the same suit color , OR play either Wild or Wild Draw 4 Card , the wild color called must match the color of the Check Two Card played . However , this Check Two Card can not be played : on its own ( without a card of the same suit color ) , OR as the last card in your hand . If the Check Two Card is the last card in a player hand , he / she must take another card from the draw pile . If the card just drawn matches the suit color of the Check Two Card , he / she may directly play the Check Two Card , say UNO , and play the matching suit color card to complete the game . ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Includes a special `` Over The Rainbow '' card where the person playing this card chooses someone hand to look at , also acts as a wild which then the person chooses the color of play . Jump up ^ In this game , the cards show different characters from the Street Fighter II video game . This deck contains a special Hadouken card , which allows the user to choose 1 player to draw cards until they have drawn a Skip or a Reverse card . Play then continues on as normal . Jump up ^ In this game , the cards are drawn like cars seen in the Project Gotham Racing series of video games . In this game , the rules include a card called the `` Gotham Live '' card , which is the same name used as the replay feature in Project Gotham Racing 3 . This card allows a player to look at the hand of any of the other players . Jump up ^ This pack was released on 1 November 2006 . This is a custom deck with artwork from the Kameo game . In addition , a special play card allows you to swap your hand with the hand of another player in the game . Jump up ^ This may be the same as the `` American League '' deck Jump up ^ Different sources list 2005 , 2006 , & 2007 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : UNO instruction sheet , 1983 , International Games Ltd . Jump up ^ `` 30 Anniversary rule Book '' ( PDF ) . Mattel . 2001 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` UNO Basic Instructions '' ( PDF ) . Mattel . 2008 . Jump up ^ Exact wording of the official rules : ' When you play your next - to - last card , you must yell `` UNO '' ( meaning `` one '' ) to indicate that you have only one card left ' . Jump up ^ `` How to Play UNO in Large Groups '' . UNOtips.org . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Tells '' . Unotips.org . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Uno Variations '' . Jump up ^ Friedman , Megan ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` The Makers of UNO Are Releasing a Spinoff Game Called DOS '' . Good Housekeeping . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UNO Slots '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` ' UNO : The Game Show ' In The Cards From Mattel And Gurin Co '' . Deadline . March 25 , 2013 . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Margaret ( March 26 , 2013 ) . `` Who Does n't Want an UNO TV Show ? '' . Vulture . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Bibliography ( edit ) Current official rules , from Mattel Official Mattel Uno site Uno Rules at UnoRulesonline.com Uno Variations at UnoVariations.com Uno variants at pagat.com Uno News at Wonkavator Uno at BoardGameGeek Mattel Toys American Girl Bitty Baby Girls of Many Lands Barbie My Scene BattleClaw Big Jim Blaze Chatty Cathy Creepy Crawlers Diva Starz Fijit Friends Flavas Furryville Food Fighters Hot Wheels Liddle Kiddles Magic 8 - Ball Manta Force Masters of the Universe ( Princess of Power ) Matchbox Max Steel Mindflex Monster High ( Ever After High Enchantimals ) My Child Pixel Chix Polly Pocket See ' n Say Slime What 's Her Face Xtractaurs licensed Cabbage Patch Kids DC Universe ( Batman ) Intel Play Lady Lovely Locks Popples Rainbow Brite Turning Mecard ( except South Korea and Mainland China ) WWE Games Apples to Apples Balderdash Bezzerwizzer Blokus Mad Gab Othello Outburst Pictionary Phase 10 Rock ' Em Sock ' Em Robots Scrabble ( except US and Canada ) Scene It ? Skip - Bo Toss Across U.B. Funkeys Uno Game platforms Aquarius Children 's Discovery System HyperScan Intellivision Pixter Nabi Business units Fisher - Price Mattel Creations HIT Entertainment Mega Brands Tyco Toys Corporate acquisitions Bluebird Toys Fuhu Ideal Toy Company Radica Games View - Master International Bought and sold Feld Entertainment Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus Ice Follies And Holiday on Ice , Inc . Circus World Litigation `` Barbie Girl '' song case Barbie 's Restaurants trademark dispute View - Master factory lawsuit Other The Toy Box Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uno_(card_game)&oldid=866189711 '' Categories : Card games introduced in 1971 Dedicated deck card games Mattel Uno Shedding - type card games American inventions Games of mental skill Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2013 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from July 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa Lietuvių മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский සිංහල Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 21 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many cards do you get when you play uno | [
"To start a hand, seven cards are dealt to each player, with the top card of the deck flipped over and set aside to begin the discard pile. The player to the dealer's left plays first unless the first card on the discard pile is an action or Wild card (see below). On a player's turn, they must do one of the following:\n"
] | [
"seven cards"
] |
-6724353270824878554 | GEICO advertising campaigns | GEICO advertising campaigns - wikipedia GEICO advertising campaigns Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) GEICO advertising campaigns are known for using surreal humor and satire , often featuring distinctive characters such as the company 's mascot , the GEICO gecko . The advertising strategy incorporates a saturation - level amount of print ( primarily mail circulars ) and television parody advertisements , as well as radio advertisements . A common line used by GEICO is `` 15 minutes could save you 15 % or more on car insurance . '' Investor Warren Buffett , chairman and CEO of GEICO parent Berkshire Hathaway , has stated that he would spend $2 billion on GEICO ads if he could , approximately double the spending in 2012 , which was $1.1 billion , over twice that of second place Progressive Corporation , with 6.8 % of premiums going into commercials . In 2016 , GEICO was the top spending brand in the United States , with over $1.4 billion in advertising , ousting second place Verizon and previous leader AT&T . However , this is offset by not paying agents commissions , since GEICO uses a direct to consumer model . This has resulted in GEICO being the second largest auto insurer in the United States ( behind State Farm ) . Many of the most prominent TV ad campaigns , such as the GEICO Gecko , the GEICO Cavemen , the Rhetorical Questions campaign featuring Mike McGlone , Maxwell the Pig , and the GEICO Hump Day Camel were developed by The Martin Agency . Contents ( hide ) 1 Animated advertisements 2 The Gecko 3 Maxwell the pig 4 Cavemen 5 Parodies 6 `` I 've got good news '' 7 Bland salesman 8 `` Real service , real savings '' 9 My Great Rides 10 GEICO Racing 11 TRS : The Real Scoop 12 `` The money you could be saving '' 13 Rhetorical question campaign 13.1 Television 13.2 Radio 14 Short Stories and Tall Tales 15 Xtranormal 16 `` Easier Way to Save '' 16.1 Television 16.2 Radio commercials 17 `` Brighter side '' 18 `` Get Happy , Get GEICO '' 19 Museum of Modern Insurance 20 `` Did You Know ? '' 21 `` It 's what you do '' 22 `` Unskippable '' freeze frames 23 Fast Forward 24 Surprising 24.1 TV 24.2 Radio 25 Great Answer 25.1 Radio 26 Take a Closer Look 27 You Had One Job 28 Expect more 29 We Interrupt Your Life 30 Count on GEICO 31 A GEICO Commercial ? 32 References 33 External Links Animated advertisements ( edit ) Animated advertisements were part of the early GEICO Direct ads as well as the `` Dumb Things '' campaign . The 15 - second long commercials , animated by Bill Plympton , featured a curious little man walking up to an object and eventually getting hurt due to his curiosity of the object . One of the commercials , for example , involved him finding a cannon and pressing a button , causing a resulting cannonball to fire out and stick to his face . The original saying in the commercial was `` You could still save money on car insurance . Even if you made a few mistakes . '' ; later modified to `` We all do dumb things . Paying too much for car insurance does n't have to be one of them . '' The Gecko ( edit ) The company 's ads sometimes focus on its reptilian mascot , The Gecko , an anthropomorphic Day Gecko created by The Martin Agency , modified in 2005 to a CGI character by Animation Director David Hulin and his team at Framestore . The gecko first appeared in 1999 , during the Screen Actors Guild strike that prevented the use of live actors . The original commercial features the Gecko , voiced by actor Kelsey Grammer , who climbs onto a microphone on a podium and utters `` This is my final plea : I am a gecko , not to be confused with GEICO , which could save you hundreds on car insurance . So , STOP CALLING ME ! '' , before licking his eye . Later `` wrong number '' ads used Dave Kelly as the voice of the gecko . In the subsequent commercials with Jake Wood ( which portray him as a representative of the company ) , the gecko speaks with a British Cockney accent , because it would be unexpected , according to Martin Agency 's Steve Bassett . In 2010s commercials , the gecko 's accent is more working - class , perhaps in an effort to further `` humanize '' him . `` As computer animation got better and as we got to know the character better , we did a few things , '' says Steve Bassett , creative director at The Martin Agency . `` We wanted to make him a little more guy - next - door . And he looks a lot more real than he 's looked before . '' Chelsea Clinton , daughter of former president Bill Clinton and then - Secretary of State and 2016 Democratic Presidential candidate Hillary Clinton , interviewed the Geico Gecko in April 2013 . He had since became GEICO 's longest - running mascot , appearing in more than 150 commercials as of 2017 . Maxwell the pig ( edit ) Maxwell is an anthropomorphic talking pig and recurring character in GEICO advertisements . Maxwell debuted in an installment of the Rhetorical Questions campaign as the `` little piggy who cried ' wee wee wee ' all the way home '' ( referencing the famous nursery rhyme `` This Little Piggy '' ) being driven home by a friend 's mother , squealing along the way . While Maxwell was originally intended as a one - time character , the popularity of his debut commercial resulted in him being spun off into his own series of commercials which usually feature him as a tech - savvy , informative pig who is most concerned with his GEICO - related objects . Cavemen ( edit ) Main article : GEICO Cavemen A popular series of well - received advertisements uses cavemen as pitchmen . Also developed by the Martin Agency , the ads center on Neanderthal - like cavemen , no different from modern - day individuals ( outside of somewhat prehistoric facial features ) , encountering either an ad or commercial with the tagline `` GEICO : so easy a caveman could do it , '' followed by their disgust with the supposed stereotype of caveman stupidity . The ads posit a world where cavemen are still alive and active members of society in the present day , behaving and living nothing at all like the stereotypical caveman . The main characters presented in the ads are affluent , educated , and cultured , eating at fancy restaurants , going to exclusive parties , and seeing their therapists ( portrayed in the commercials by two - time Oscar - nominated actress Talia Shire ) . The humor revolves around the relative normality of the cavemen 's presence and their reactions to the stereotype represented in the ads , and their attempts at defending themselves from the stereotype . The ads were so successful that the commercial actors are appearing in a successful series of interactive websites written and produced by GEICO 's in - house creative team at Caveman 's Crib and most recently , iHeartcavemen . A spin - off TV series , titled Cavemen and starring new actors , debuted on ABC in October 2007 to overwhelmingly negative critical reaction . It was canceled after only six episodes were aired . Parodies ( edit ) Another common theme is misdirection , in which the commercial appears to be about an unrelated product ( or , in fact , may not even be a commercial ) , suddenly changing to become a plug for GEICO . The commercials use a variety of fictional characters such as Speed Racer , Chatty Cathy , Jed Clampett , and Bill Dutchess . Other commercials relate to a hair loss doctor who has saved by switching to GEICO , a nature show about a fish , workout with Tony Little , and a soap opera of a couple who are breaking up . Another set of GEICO ads involved a fictional reality show called `` Tiny House '' in which contestants were forced to live in a half - scale house . An additional commercial theme is the promotion of fictional products . In 2006 parody ads featured such products as long distance phone service , tomato soda , fast - food , a reality TV show , dolls , and even poking fun at the Old Navy commercials -- in all cases , the parody portion of the ad ends with `` but it wo n't save you any money on car insurance . '' After the GEICO slogan is heard , the commercials end with `` Why have n't you called GEICO ? '' Including Wonder Glue . The parody pitch crossed over to the Caveman campaign in 2007 , in a 10 - second spot that appears to be a talking heads news interview , but features the popular caveman . In response to some of the parody ads , Seth Green and Matthew Senreich wrote a sketch using the character C in a parody of one of the celebrity ads for their second Robot Chicken Star Wars special . MADtv also made a sketch parodying these ads using characters of Elmo ( who was performed by Frank Caeti ) and Carlos Mencia ( who was played by Johnny Sanchez ) . Actor Scott Whyte has made a series of commercial parodies , calling the company , `` Schmeiko '' , while performing a series of impressions . `` I 've got good news '' ( edit ) In another ad campaign , a character would be breaking bad news to another ( such as a baseball manager replacing a struggling pitcher with a reliever ) , but then offers helpfully , `` I 've got good news : I just saved a bunch of money on my car insurance by switching to GEICO ! '' That news , of course , is of no immediate use at all to the other character ( s ) . Some of the ads were parodies and / or featured celebrities including , for example , Esteban ; one featured the popular anime character Speed Racer . The exchange became parodied for a time while the ads were popular . One of the most watched `` I 've got good news '' spots was a soap opera parody featuring television actor Sebastian Siegel . Bland salesman ( edit ) In another series of ads , a GEICO pitchman is played by actor Jerry Lambert in an extremely bland and understated way , parodying the stereotype of an insurance man , such as reading to a group of uninterested children from a book of fairy tales about insurance , watching a view of cats in the living room where a gecko is standing on the couch , relaxing on a hot tub with a couple , and a flashback about `` Honk If You Like '' . In one segment , he reads a supposed e-mail from a viewer saying it would be `` da bomb '' ( i.e. , something good ) , if the Gecko would do a dance called `` The Robot '' . Cut to the Gecko doing that dance smoothly and gracefully ( to the tune of a not - for - public - sale melody called `` Sweet World '' by a group called Omega Men , which was used in the arcade video game In the Groove 2 ) and then back to the insurance salesman attempting to do the same dance , seemingly more stiffly than an actual robot would . The newest commercial featuring the GEICO gecko depicts the Gecko receiving a business suit from the salesman , in order to present a more professional appearance , but he declines . `` Real service , real savings '' ( edit ) In this campaign , a real GEICO customer would present his / her testimonials , while a celebrity standing next to , or behind , the customer uses his / her signature styles to help get the customer 's word across . Some of these celebrities included : Peter Graves ( 1926 -- 2010 ) Peter Frampton Burt Bacharach Little Richard Mrs. Butterworth Joan Rivers ( 1933 -- 2014 ) The Pips ( 1952 -- 1989 ) Charo James Lipton Michael Winslow Verne Troyer Don LaFontaine ( 1940 -- 2008 ) The slogan exclusive to this campaign is `` GEICO : Real service , real savings '' . My Great Rides ( edit ) In 2007 , GEICO also launched a social networking site , My Great Rides , for motorcycle owners . My Great Rides is a place for cycle owners to share stories about trips they have taken on their bikes , as well as post pictures of their motorcycles , and comment on other members ' stories and pictures . My Great Rides was taken down on 27 February 2012 . GEICO racing ( edit ) The number 7 car of the NASCAR Nationwide Series is driven by Mike Wallace and was sponsored by GEICO prior to 2009 . Commercials involving the race team are of a memorably disdainful young boy , played by actor Eddie Heffernan claiming to be a relative of Mike Wallace and being a better driver . The boy says , `` When people see Mike Wallace and the GEICO number 7 doing well , they 'll think of saving a bunch of money on car insurance . But when they see me , they 'll say , ' There goes Lauren Wallace ; the greatest thing to ever climb into a race car . ' '' The commercials are sometimes presented in an interview fashion , where an unseen narrator speaks to the ambitious go - kart driver . `` What do you think of Mike Wallace ? '' the child is asked , to which he responds , `` Whatever , he 's out there selling car insurance , I 'm out there to win . '' When questioned on his relation to the NASCAR driver , Lauren shakes his head and concludes , `` I did n't say I would n't go fishing with the man , all I 'm saying is if he comes near me , I 'll put him in the wall . '' To which the narrator questions him , `` You do n't race in the Busch Series . '' Lauren replies `` Listen , go - kart track , grocery store , those remote controlled boats ; when it comes to Mike Wallace the story ends with me putting him in the wall . '' New ads in this lineup include Lauren referring to himself as being , `` 100 miles away and ready to strike , '' and `` lightning in a bottle . '' The success of those ads resulted in the launch of an interactive website written and produced by GEICO 's in - house creative team at GEICO Garage . The site includes cameo appearances by Lauren Wallace and drivers Mike Wallace , his daughter Chrissy Wallace , Speed TV 's Tommy Kendall , Paul Tracy , Christian Fittipaldi and Max Papis . Trs : the real scoop ( edit ) Introduced in 2 August 2007 , this series of ads features an E ! True Hollywood Story - type show about famed fictional characters such as Fred Flintstone , Jed Clampett , and even a Cabbage Patch Kid named Ben Winkler claiming to have their cars ( the Flintmobile , Jed 's 1923 Oldsmobile truck , and a Plymouth Reliant / Dodge Aries , respectively ) insured by GEICO , featuring interviews with made - up investigators ( however , the Ben Winkler spot does not have an interview ) . These commercials were voiced over by narrator David O'Brien . `` The money You could be saving '' ( edit ) Starting in 2008 , GEICO has aired a series of TV ads featuring two paper - banded stacks of U.S. bills with a pair of big , googly eyes on top . Kash , who never says anything , just sits and stares at people ( in a manner intended to be unsettling ) , set to a remix of a Rockwell / Michael Jackson song , `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' by Mysto & Pizzi . Rhetorical question campaign ( edit ) Toward the end of 2009 until mid 2012 , GEICO introduced another advertising campaign in which Mike McGlone walks into an empty room and queries the viewer , `` Could switching to GEICO really save you 15 % or more on car insurance ? '' After this , he pauses and then asks a rhetorical and / or obvious question which is immediately followed by a scene cut to the subject at hand . Such questions have included ( in no particular order ) : Television ( edit ) Is Ed `` Too Tall '' Jones too tall ? : ( Cuts to Jones in a doctor 's office being measured for his height , even though he is too tall for the maximum length of the measure . The nurse then says , `` I 'm just gon na guesstimate . '' ) Does Charlie Daniels play a mean fiddle ? : ( Cuts to Daniels energetically playing a fiddle in a classy restaurant after taking it from a violinist . Once he finishes , he hands it back and states `` That 's how you do it , son '' . ) Does Elmer Fudd have trouble with the letter R ? : ( Cuts to Elmer hunting and telling the audience to be `` vewy quiet '' while he 's `` hunting wabbits '' , the director correcting his rhotacism to the former 's frustration , and eventually stalking off the screen while muttering about how `` this diwector is starting to wub ( him ) the wong way '' . ) Did The Waltons take way too long to say good night ? : ( Cuts to the Walton family saying `` good night '' to each other numerous times . ) Does a ten - pound bag of flour make a really big biscuit ? : ( Cuts to a child buttering an enormous biscuit on the kitchen counter humming as his mom walks in with a dismayed look upon her face . ) Did the caveman invent fire ? : ( Cuts to the GEICO caveman sitting in a living room on a couch with a female companion . He looks disdainfully at the camera , then activates the fireplace by remote control before scowling at the camera once more . ) Was Abe Lincoln honest ? : ( Cuts to an old - style black and white film of Mary Todd Lincoln asking `` Does this dress make my backside look big ? '' After a lengthy pause and deliberation , Lincoln sheepishly responds , saying `` Perhaps a ... '' , interrupted as she gets up and walks out perturbed . ) Is having a snowball fight with pitching great Randy Johnson a bad idea ? : ( Cuts to Johnson helping a man to his feet , the latter with a hole in the arm of his jacket , in a snowy street . After lamenting the heavily damaged garage door behind them , they agree to go sledding instead . ) Is a bird in the hand worth two in the bush ? : ( Cuts to an Antiques Roadshow appraiser examining a small statue of a human hand holding a bird . He tells the statue 's owner that it is indeed worth at least two in the bush . ) Can fútbol announcer Andrés Cantor make any sport exciting ? : ( Cuts to Cantor loudly and energetically calling a slow - paced chess match . When one player makes a move , he yells his trademark `` GOOAAALLL ! '' much to the players ' annoyance ) Does a former drill sergeant make a terrible therapist ? : ( Cuts to R. Lee Ermey talking to a man on a psychiatrist 's couch , then abruptly yelling at him for crying and then throws a box of tissues at him , calling him a crybaby . ) Do woodchucks chuck wood ? : ( Cuts to a jovial pair of woodchucks throwing chopped logs into a pond and being admonished by the farmer who chopped them . ) Did the little piggy cry ' wee wee wee ' all the way home ? ? ( Cuts to a pig named Maxwell riding in the back seat of an SUV holding pinwheels , yelling `` wee wee wee '' out the window , before being dropped off at his house by his friend 's exasperated mother . ) ( See section Maxwell the Pig ) Does it take two to tango ? : ( Cuts to a man and woman dancing the tango while another man tries to dance with them . ) What , do you live under a rock ? : ( Cuts to a man living underground who moves a rock so he can raise his head above ground to see outside , and then gets excited when he sees a GEICO billboard and invites his friend Rick to move his own rock and take a peek . ) Does the buck stop here ? ; ( The camera zooms out as a deer walks onto the soundstage and stops next to McGlone , who then shrugs his shoulders . ) Do dogs chase cats ? : ( Cuts to a dog and cat engaged in a Bullitt - style car chase . ) Would Foghorn Leghorn make a really bad book narrator ? : ( Cuts to a recording studio where Foghorn is reading A Tale of Two Cities -- his ad - libbing and talking over the director cause an exasperated Henery Hawk to get up from the control panel and whack him with a club . ) Is the pen mightier than the sword ? : ( Cuts to a ninja menacingly demonstrating his swordsmanship to his opponent , who countermaneuvers by using a pen to sign for the delivery of his new taser , with which he promptly dispatches the ninja . ) Do people use smartphones to do dumb things ? : ( Cuts to three office workers using very silly smartphone apps to help celebrate the end of the workweek . ) Radio ( edit ) Would helium make opera sound less stuffy ? : ( Cuts to male opera singer singing in a deep voice , then inhaling helium , and continuing in a high - pitched voice . ) Do mimes make even less sense when you ca n't see them ? : ( Cuts to a narrator describing a mime pretending to be inside an invisible box . ) Is sneaking out of a really boring meeting while wearing tap shoes a bad idea ? : ( Cuts to a boring meeting with tap shoes in the background , until the boss catches on . ) Does a rolling stone gather no moss ? : ( Cuts to the sound of a boulder rolling through various things until it crashes to a stop , with McGlone then saying , `` No moss -- you 're gon na have to trust me on this one . '' ) Do only dogs hear dog whistles ? : ( Cuts to the sound of someone breathing in , then blowing in a dog whistle a few times , before being interrupted by several barking dogs . ) If a tree falls in the forest and no one is around , does it make a noise ? : ( Cuts to the sound of a tree falling and crashing , with McGlone then saying , `` Yep . '' ) Is texting getting way out of hand ? : ( McGlone then begins to elaborate , but is interrupted and distracted by several incoming texts , ultimately responding to one message with `` LOL , UR my BFF . '' ) Short stories and tall Tales ( edit ) Starting in 2010 , there have been TV commercials in which a nursery rhyme , being read to the audience from an illustrated book entitled Short Stories and Tall Tales , turns into an ad for GEICO homeowner 's and renters insurance : In one , the cow who jumped over the moon crashes down through someone 's roof ; luckily , the owner was insured with GEICO . In another , Jack Be Nimble accidentally knocked over a candlestick onto the shagged carpeting and insured with GEICO because of his flaming pants , his new pants are bought from Banana Republic . In another , Baa Baa Black Sheep got three bags of wool taken and insured GEICO , but the hooligan down the lane is caught , selling the stolen goods online . In another , the Itsy Bitsy Spider 's home is flooded as a result of a clogged downspout , and his mattress is ruined ; thanks to GEICO , he now has a `` Sleep Number '' bed . His sleep number is 25 . Little Jack Horner sat in a corner on a department and insured GEICO with renters insurance , it turns out Little Jack Horner got his stomach pumped because of eating a 6 - month - old Christmas pie . Little Bo Peep accidentally broke into her apartment and got her sheep stolen . A burglar breaks into Little Miss Muffet 's house and steals her tuffets , which were fortunately insured . The burglar was later caught , given away by a whey stain . Goldilocks breaks into the home of the Three Bears , eats some porridge , breaks a chair , and steals their laptop . Thanks to GEICO insurance , the Bears are able to replace their things , including a new chair from Crate & Barrel . After his straw house is blown away by the Big Bad Wolf , the Little Pig is able to build a more elaborate straw house thanks to GEICO homeowner 's insurance . The Wolf then gets a job blowing at a wind farm . Hansel and Gretel broke outside the Gingerbread house and ate the whole roof , then GEICO Homeowners Insurance gets the roof covered for the witch . Hansel and Gretel are sent through the candy cane forest . An old woman who lived in a shoe buys groceries when burglars broke into her shoe and avoids stolen things with juice press for GEICO Homeowners Insurance , then gets a job for the Mountain Bike Juice Delivery Service . Mary and her lamb turned out her dress is ruined by an electrical fire and takes a hobby at Bloomingdale 's for her new dress and exclusively for little lambs after using GEICO Renters Insurance . Jack and Jill are about to fetch water from a well until an overflowing kitchen sink sprung a leak , and they use GEICO Homeowners Insurance , and they went to fetch lattes and almond milk instead of just water . Xtranormal ( edit ) Near the end of 2010 , a new advertising campaign began made up of amateurish computer animated advertisements , supposedly made in 15 minutes , created with the computer software program Xtranormal . `` Easier way to save '' ( edit ) Starting in the summer of 2011 , a new series of advertising involved people discovering unusual ways to save money . Television ( edit ) A couple teaching their 6 - year - old son how to dunk a basketball in order to help him get a scholarship , with him getting stuck on the basket . A dog and a cockatoo playing A-Ha 's `` Take on Me '' because their owner ca n't afford to keep downloading music . A sea captain living as a roommate , rehearsing `` Major - General 's Song . '' A woman turning her daughter 's pet fish into her husband 's meal . Robots hired in a daycare center because they `` work for free '' . Three guinea pigs rowing their boat to produce electricity for their owner 's computer . A couple adopting a black rescue panther who can protect their house . A man singing a personal ad to the tune of Bonnie Tyler 's `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' because dating websites cost too much money . Three middle school girls criticize on what the man is eating , only to watch his weight . A family forming their own theme park . Boy Scouts using paintball guns to decorate a couple 's living room . A man adopting a pet possum for his kids , as a cheaper alternative to a puppy . Radio commercials ( edit ) A man who tries to cut his wife 's hair , while she sleeps , instead of going to the hairstylist . A man who can only rely on toll - free numbers . A man consolidating his 5 daughters ' weddings into one day . A woman carpooling with her daughter 's school bus . An umpire who can not pay for his contacts , using the lost pair of eyeglasses he found . A man turning his bathroom shower into an amusement attraction , instead of taking his family to an amusement park . A man using carrier pigeons to send letters because of the high cost of postage stamps . A man who ca n't spend money on the Internet for his home , thus using his neighbor 's unprotected connection . A woman who is dreaming of being in Machu Picchu because she can not buy airline tickets . `` Brighter side '' ( edit ) This campaign shows two people in a sticky situation . One of them is not as worried as the other , explaining `` I 'm looking on the brighter side . I save over 15 % on my car insurance by switching to GEICO . '' Commercials from this campaign include : A magician feels guilty for sawing his assistant in half . A woman and her neighbor observe a fallen giant in the middle of her garden . Two fisherman are being abducted by aliens and fear what the aliens are going to do with them . Divers have been swallowed by a whale . `` Get happy , get GEICO '' ( edit ) From early - 2012 to early 2013 , GEICO had a family of commercials where bluegrass pickers named Ronnie ( played by director / musician Alex Harvey ) and Jimmy ( played by actor / comedian Timothy Ryan Cole ) talk about how happy saving money on insurance can make someone do certain things intended to be humorous : Happier than Gallagher at a Farmer 's market : Gallagher runs amok at a farmer 's market , smashing watermelons with a huge mallet and laughing maniacally . Happier than a Bodybuilder Directing Traffic : A smiling bodybuilder is standing in an intersection and directing traffic while striking poses . This was the last commercial from the Get Happy , Get GEICO series to ever come on TV , having last aired on 19 March 2016 . Happier than Christopher Columbus with Speedboats : Christopher Columbus is shown on a speeding motoboat , accompanied by two other boats , while a crew member looks seasick . Happier than Eddie Money running a travel agency : A family is shown sitting in front of a desk in an office . An excited Eddie Money is then shown behind the desk holding airline tickets , where he begins singing ( a cappella ) , `` Two Tickets to Paradise '' while the family appears increasingly annoyed . Happier than a Witch at a Broom Factory : A witch is seen flying around on a broom inside of a broom factory . She lands and demands another broom from one of the employees and begins flying again , laughing and having fun . Happier than a Slinky on an Escalator : A Slinky is seen stepping backwards on an up escalator . While the Slinky goes backwards , others try to avoid it as they go to work and the slinky says `` This is Awesome ! '' Happier than an Antelope with Nightvision Goggles : Two antelopes are seen watching a lion through nightvision goggles . The two are secretly laughing at the lion and his poor stealth skills ( they incorrectly and sarcastically label the lion as `` king of the jungle '' -- the correct term is `` king of beasts '' ) . Happier than Dikembe Mutombo Blocking a Shot : Dikembe Mutombo appears blocking various things that people throw , such as a crumpled piece of paper , a pile of laundry , and a box of cereal . The GEICO Logo then appears and Mutombo knocks off the `` G '' . It 's `` EICO '' now . Happier than Paul Revere with a Cell phone : Paul Revere who is inside a home in Concord , Massachusetts , notices a bell ringing from a church . As he looks out the window , he calls on his cell phone and warns that the British are coming . Afterwards , he returns to his guests and plays charades . Happier than Dracula Volunteering at a Blood Drive : At a blood drive , Dracula Actor Frankie Ray asks a man his blood type and what he ate today . The man replies either A or B positive and that he ate Lebanese food . Dracula says that he loves the Lebanese . He then excitedly decides to skip the formalities and `` get started '' . He is then seen following the man out at the end . Happier than the Pillsbury Doughboy on his way to a Baking Convention : At an airport , the Pillsbury Doughboy is going through airport security , but every time the security guard tries to pat him down , he is easily tickled . He promises to hold it together , but keeps failing . Once he gets on his way , the Doughboy sings along as Ronny and Jimmy continue playing the guitar . Happier than a Camel on Wednesday / Hump Day : At an office , a camel asks workers what day it is . A woman ( originally named Leslie ) tells him that it is Hump day . The camel whoops with excitement . This commercial soon received over 22 million views on YouTube and inspired a popular Internet meme . The camel appeared in the pregame show of Super Bowl XLVIII where he was named Caleb . Caleb also appeared with the Gecko in a crossover ad with M&M 's . Museum of modern insurance ( edit ) This campaign involves paintings in a museum encouraging their fellow paintings to switch to GEICO . A mountain climber in an `` ACHIEVEMENT '' motivational picture feels accomplished for climbing the mountain . The cat in the painting beneath says he saved hundreds on car insurance with GEICO , and draws a question mark next to `` ACHIEVEMENT '' . An excited cat tells a mouse on a teeter - totter that he saved a bunch on car insurance with GEICO , and that they should celebrate . The mouse thinks this is a bad idea . The cat launches the mouse into the air and prepares to eat him , but is beaten to it by an eagle in the motivational picture above . A teacher asks his student to fill in the blank : `` Fifteen Minutes could save you ( blank ) on car insurance . '' The student answers 9 % , which the teacher says is incorrect and asks his pterodactyls , Steve and Rick , to `` go to work , '' to which the student replies `` Not again ! '' . A painting of Washington crossing the Delaware River notices a cat in front of them , and proceeds to ask the cat to get out of the way , claiming he does n't want her to scratch the vessel , `` for ( he is ) drifting , uninsured . '' She tells him that he needs to get insured right `` meow , '' via calling GEICO . Her torso then falls off the painting to reveal a phone keypad , and one of the rowers pushes the buttons with his oar . Dogs player poker ask for their friend called Rudy / Mr. Tickles , who is in a photo of him and his owner . The owner saved so much money by switching to GEICO that he wanted a photo to commemorate the occasion . Uncle Sam talks to a family of people wearing `` mom jeans '' . A little girl asks her mother where babies come from , and in return the mother asks if her daughter knew that GEICO was saving people money for over 75 years . The mother then shouts `` DINNER ! '' before the daughter can ask her question again . Two 1980s valley girls fall for a band student whose grandparents have been saving money with GEICO for more than 75 years . The photo for the band student is the same photo used for the meme `` PTSD Clarinet Boy '' . `` Did You Know ? '' ( edit ) From mid-June 2013 to late 2014 , a family of TV ads came on where one person reads a GEICO ad , which has the well - known tagline ( often with the Gecko in it as well ) and a second person says `` Everybody knows that . '' to which the first person says , `` Well , did you know ... '' followed by an amusing ( and fictional ) `` fact '' which is then illustrated in a cutaway scene . Prior to Did You Know Pinocchio Was a Bad Motivational Speaker ? , the closing line was temporarily changed to `` GEICO : 15 minutes could save you ... well , you know . '' Did You Know That Some Owls Are n't That Wise ? : A female owl is talking to her owl husband about having lunch with her co-worker Meghan , and the husband owl constantly responds `` Who ? '' Did You Know Old MacDonald Was a Really Bad Speller ? : Old MacDonald is a contestant in a spelling bee , and is asked to spell `` cow '' . He spells it `` C-O-W , E-I-E-I-O . '' The buzzer goes off , indicating that he 's wrong , and he exclaims , `` Dangnabbit '' and exits the stage , exasperated ( the `` Dangnabbit '' line would since then evolve into a viral quote ) . Did you know the Ancient Pyramids were actually a mistake ? : An overseer is monitoring the construction of the Pyramids when he looks at the blueprints and sees that they were supposed to be cubes . He then says , `` Uh - oh . '' Did you know that when a tree falls in the forest and no one is around , it does make a sound ? : An anthropomorphized tree starts to tip , leading the tree to start shouting that it 's going to fall . As it falls , the tree screams until it hits the ground . The tree then asks , `` A little help ? '' Did You Know That Houdini Could n't Escape from Everything ? : Houdini comes up with something stuck in between his fingers and ca n't escape from them . He says to his mom , `` Help , you got ta get me out of this ! '' Did You Know There Is an Oldest Trick in the Book ? : In the Medieval era , an old man reads to a young apprentice from a large book : `` Trick Number One ... Lookest over there . '' The apprentice looks in the direction indicated , and the old man says , `` Ha - ha ! Made - est thou look . So end - eth the trick . '' Did You Know Auctioneers Make Bad Grocery store Clerks ? : A cashier in a grocery store tells a customer what the total of her purchase is , then starts rapidly `` auctioning '' it , taking bids from the woman and the man in line behind her . Did You Know Pinocchio Was a Bad Motivational Speaker ? : A life - size Pinocchio gives a speech about noticing untapped potential . He points to a select few saying , `` You have potential '' , but his nose grows every time , shocking the audience and indicating that he was lying . An extended version of this commercial was posted on YouTube . In it , Pinocchio begins feeling stressed out from his book failing , ultimately he decides to write a new book . Did You Know Bad News Does n't Always Travel Fast ? : A boss , personified as a snail , fires one of his employees , Todd . He then says , `` Well , got ta run '' , and slowly crawls away . Did You Know Game Show Hosts Should Only Host Game Shows ? : A game show host delivers the wedding vows at a wedding , but he asks the bride if she takes her husband or a new sports car , at which point the camera cuts to the car being given away as a prize . She dumps her husband for the car right there at the altar . Did You Know Playing Cards with Kenny Rogers Gets Old Pretty Fast ? : Rogers plays poker while singing the lyrics from `` The Gambler '' , which annoys the others . This was the last commercial from the Did You Know ? series to ever be played on TV , having last aired on 30 November 2015 . Did You Know Words Really Can Hurt You ? : A cowboy breaks up with his girlfriend , and rides off into the sunset , but when the words `` The End '' appear , he crashes into the `` E '' in `` End '' and is knocked off his horse . Did You Know the Great Wall of China Was n't Always So Great ? : An army of Mongols ride up to a fence - sized Wall of China . After a few moments of contemplation , they simply step over it and proceed on their way . Did You Know Former Pro Football Player Ickey Woods Will Celebrate Almost Anything ? : Woods is seen at a deli counter and does his touchdown dance , the Ickey Shuffle , and yells out , `` Gonna get some cold cuts today ! '' when his number 44 is called . Did You Know Certain Cartoon Characters Should Never Have an Energy Drink ? : A commercial for an energy drink is being filmed , starring the Tasmanian Devil ; after drinking the product , he spins out of control and leaves the set . The GEICO ad appears to be over as an entirely different commercial in another room advertises the `` Birds of America collection '' ( 50 state bird hand - painted china plate collection ) . It is then promptly given a `` bull in a china shop '' treatment when Taz bursts through the wall from the other commercial and demolishes the plates and displays . Did You Know Genies Can Be Really Literal ? : A man finds a genie in a lamp and wishes for `` a million bucks '' , clearly meaning `` $1 million '' . The genie proceeds to grant him a million male deers . This bit was extended into a web series . `` It 's what You do '' ( edit ) From late 2014 to 2017 , a family of commercials featured people doing irrelevant or weird actions , while in the end the long - time endboard narrator says , `` If ( you 're ) ( ... ) , you ( ... ) . It 's what you do . If you want to save 15 % or more on car insurance , you switch to GEICO . It 's what you do . '' When the ads appear in a movie theater before the previews start , the second line would be replaced with , `` If you 're in the movie theater , you silence your cell phone . It 's what you do . '' If You 're in a Horror Movie , You Make Poor Decisions : Four teenagers representing characters in a generic horror movie are running from a madman near an eerie farmhouse . They argue about whether to hide in the basement or the attic of the house , and when one girl suggests they get into the conveniently running car just behind them , the others call her crazy . Someone else suggests they go into the barn filled with chainsaws , and as they hide there the madman lurking behind them takes off his mask and shakes his head at their stupidity . The advertisement ends with the teenagers running from the madman toward the cemetery . If You 're Salt - N - Pepa , You Tell People to Push It - Salt - N - Pepa sing `` Push It '' to various people , including a businessman at the entrance doors , a woman on an elevator , a pregnant woman practicing the Lamaze technique , football players pushing against tackling dummies , and a man mowing his front lawn . If You 're a Camel , You Put Up with This All the Time - In reference to the viral `` Hump Day '' ad , a bunch of people at the zoo quote the ad to the camels , who are annoyed by it . One camel , named Phil , even complains that it is not even Wednesday . If Something Goes Wrong , You Find a Scapegoat - At a peanut butter factory , the machines act haywire . The boss asks who is to blame , and a worker points to a goat named Rick , who then screams . If You 're a Free Range Chicken , You Roam Free : A chicken travels the world and texts selfie MMS 's to its owners while `` Ride Away '' by Roy Orbison plays . If You 're a Cat , You Ignore People : A guy out in the desert falls into some quicksand , sees a cat and asks it for help , but the cat just stands there . If You 're Dora the Explorer , You Explore : A group of people struggle against harsh polar conditions to travel to the South Pole , but just as they 're about to plant their flag to stake their claim , they find that Dora the Explorer and Boots are already there to greet them . The travelers walk away while Dora and Boots do a dance and say , `` You did it ! Yay ! '' If You 're a Fisherman , You Tell Tales : A fisherman exaggerates the day he caught a small fish . If Your Boss Stops By , You Act Like You 're Working : In medieval times , a group of armored knights led by an imposing leader enter a room lit only by torches . He 's come to check on the progress of his men with their interrogation of a prisoner who is strapped to a large table . The two men sternly reply that the prisoner will tell them everything very shortly as they each hold a sharp , pointy weapon . As soon as the leader and his entourage take off , however , a bunch of other men emerge from their hiding spots and the group resumes their ping - pong match on the table . As it turns out , the prisoner is acting as their net and keeping score the entire time . If You 're the Guy from the Operation Game , You Get Operated On : A patient is rushed into an operating room ; he 's said to have several foreign objects in his body . The surgeon tries to remove one with tweezers , and a buzzer sounds . The patient turns out to be Cavity Sam . If You 're a Golf Commentator , You Whisper : Commentators are quietly describing the action during a golf tournament , when a kraken suddenly reaches out of the water hazard and grabs the golfer and some other people . The commentators continue to describe the scene , calmly and quietly . If You 're the Band Europe , You Love a Final Countdown : In a company break room , an employee cooks a burrito in a microwave oven ; suddenly , the rock band Europe is in the room with him , singing `` The Final Countdown '' while the timer on the microwave counts down . If You 're Peter Pan , You Stay Young Forever : Peter flies in at a high school reunion that shows people who graduated in 1965 at their 50th class reunion . If You 're a Mom , You Call at the Worst Time -- An action movie hero is saving the day when a call from his mother inconveniences him . If You 're a Couple , You Fight Over Directions -- Tarzan and Jane are lost . Tarzan is confident about his way , but Jane asks Cheeta for directions . If You Have Alligator Arms , You Avoid Picking up the Check -- A group of people at a Chinese restaurant are given their bill , and a talking alligator suggests he take care of it , but he can not reach it because of his tiny arms . If You Sit on Your Phone , You Butt Dial People -- A man is about to propose to his girlfriend , but her brother calls her . She answers , but it turns out to be a pocket dial from him at a sporting event . If You 're a Parrot , You Repeat Things -- A parrot on a pirate 's shoulder repeats everything the pirate said privately to everyone , causing the crew to mutiny against him . The parrot even repeats the voiceover 's GEICO slogan `` It 's What You Do '' . If You Want Someone to Leave You Alone , You Pretend Like You 're Sleeping -- Prince Charming attempts to awaken Sleeping Beauty from her slumber , but fails . After he leaves , Sleeping Beauty reveals she was faking just so she could catch up on her reality television . If You Taste Something Bad , You Want Someone Else to Try It -- Some talking raccoons are rummaging through the garbage , and one of them comes upon something foul and wants the others to taste it as well . This commercial appeared in the 2017 film The Dark Tower . If You Walk the Walk , You Talk the Talk -- A western sheriff confronts the villains and tells them to vamoose , and speaks his every move every time he walks . If You 're a Stuntman , You Cheat Death -- A stunt man and the Grim Reaper compete in a 10K , but neither play fair . If You 're Boyz II Men , You 'd Make Anything Sound Good -- At a pharmacy , the Grammy - winning R&B group sing the possible side effects of a drug . If You 're a Ref , You Way Over-explain Things -- A referee yells his order to a waiter at a restaurant . `` Unskippable '' freeze frames ( edit ) Debuted in 2015 , these ads employ a satire of the technique of frame freezing , by showing live actors attempting to mimic a freeze - frame , often in awkward positions and sometimes assisted by intentionally visible stunt tools , such as suspension cords when paused in mid-air . The premise is that when viewing ads on sites like YouTube , usually a viewer can not skip the ad until 5 seconds in then the commercial announcer saying `` You ca n't skip this GEICO ad because it 's already over '' then the commercial announcer saying the GEICO slogan . If a user watches the entire video , events turn disastrous . Family : At the dinner table , a mother tells her family that they can `` thank the savings '' . During the freeze - frame , the family dog starts eating from the father 's plate . High Five : Two friends celebrate saving money by performing a jumping high - five . During the freeze - frame , the stunt wires become visible and one of the actors ' feet catches fire . Cleaning Crew : A janitor mishears a businessman saying `` savings '' . He loses control of the vacuum cleaner which runs over the cord and causes the electricity to short out . Elevator : Two businessmen shake hands in an elevator . A woman enters the elevator asking to get off at the second floor , but the men are in a freeze - frame so she must press the button herself . Preceded by The Epic Split feat . Jean - Claude Van Damme and Sorry , I Spent It on Myself Cannes Lions Film Grand Prix Winner 2015 Succeeded by Love freebies ? Get them legally aka Shoplifters Fast forward ( edit ) Debuted in 2016 , these ads show the beginning portion of a 45 -- 90 - second ad before a blue screen disclaimer appears telling the viewers that the ad is being fast forward to the end portion so that they can get to their video faster . If an extended version of the ad or just the regular 15 - second ad is shown on sites like YouTube , the viewer is usually welcome to skip the ad when 5 seconds have been used . Forest : In the lodge in the forest , two brothers were sawing a log when they were talking about savings from GEICO until a disclaimer appears skipping to one of the brothers hugging a bear thinking that `` he 's my brother '' . Hike : Two hikers were walking a mountain telling that GEICO has been around for a very long time until a disclaimer appears skipping to the hikers being taken by an eagle while one of them holds a saxophone claiming that `` not everyone likes smooth jazz ! '' Lake : Two fishermen were talking in the canoe in the lake talking about 24 / 7 claims from GEICO until a disclaimer appears skipping to the fishermen being hung as plaques in a fish 's house calling each other `` gullible '' . Going up : Almost similar to the `` Unskippable '' version of `` Elevator '' , two women and a man discuss about their savings from GEICO until a disclaimer appears skipping two bald women coming out from the elevator leaving the man behind and declaring that they are `` taking the stairs '' next time . Surprising ( edit ) Debuted in 2016 , these ads depict celebrities or historical figures in outlandish situations . TV ( edit ) Playing Marco Polo with Marco Polo : Two kids play Marco Polo in their pool to the confusion of the historical Marco Polo , who eventually joins them in playing . Ice - T at a Lemonade Stand : The famous American rapper runs a lemonade stand with two young boys but gets frustrated when customers repeatedly ask `` Is that Ice T ( iced tea ) and yells that it 's lemonade . A Sumo Wrestler Figure skating : A Sumo Wrestler skates around and does some silly moves , including his signature `` Flying Dutchman '' only to get an applause from the crowd . Tiki Barber Running a Barber Shop : Another barber says football plays before giving a buzzer to Tiki Barber , who sprints to each client and shaves a large part of their hair off . Once Tiki is done , he starts to celebrate and a person waiting leaves when he asks `` Who 's next ? '' Ordering a Getaway Car with an App : A group of robbers escape with valuables but get upset when they find out their getaway car they ordered on a rideshare app is late . One remains optimistic and comments on how the driver 's name , Randy , is trustworthy , but when the car comes , the police catch up to them . Caesar on a Caesar Salad : A man portraying as Julius Caesar stands on top of a Caesar salad on the table in a restaurant . Runway models on a runway : A group of notorious models delay a flight to hold a fashion show on an airport runway . The Running of the Bulldogs : A runner trips in the Running of the Bulls race and faces imminent danger from ... bulldogs . A Triangle solo : An orchestra is performing Bach 's Brandenburg Concerto No. 3 in G major , when the trianglist begins stealing the spotlight . ( Side note : None of the Brandenburg Concertos call for a triangle . ) Casual Fridays at Buckingham Palace - A British royal guard slacker takes the place of a formal royal guard . Randy Jackson Judging a Dog Show - The ex-American Idol judge gives his trademark critiques to a dog show . Washington Crossing the Delaware Turnpike - The general holds up traffic by having his men drag his boat across the turnpike . Manatees in Novelty Tees - A family at an aquarium visits the manatee exhibit , and sees that all the manatees are wearing T - shirts with slogans on them like `` Come at Me , Bro '' and `` I 'm with Stupid '' . Radio ( edit ) A Computer with a Virus : A computer suddenly comes down with a ( literal ) virus , admitting he ate spoiled Oysters Rockefeller . A Really Charming Snake Charmer : A Fortune Bank Teller : A man goes to the bank , but the teller is a gypsy woman who tells him his future . Supermarket Beatboxing : A bored supermarket employee , told cleanup is needed in one of the aisles , begins beatboxing the announcement , and then continues the beatboxing with various other announcements ( such as informing shoppers of a parked minivan with its headlights on ) . The spot won the Westwood One Sports Sounds Awards Media Choice Award for best commercial heard during the radio network 's coverage of Super Bowl LII . The Wicked Witch of the West on the Water Slide : An Emotional Rollercoaster : Great Answer ( edit ) These ads show a person seemingly in trouble , until they state that switching to GEICO could save you money on car insurance ; at which point this unrelated answer is accepted as a great answer . Courtroom : A defendant in court is accused of robbing a safe . The prosecution has fingerprint evidence , photo evidence , and even a Twitter post using # JustRobbedTheSafe . The defendant 's response is to tell everyone that switching to GEICO could save them money on car insurance , at which point he is dismissed . Undercover : An undercover agent , wearing a disguise , is caught . When forced to explain himself , he says that you can save money on car insurance , at which point the people he was spying on let him go . Meteor : After it is discovered that a meteor is heading toward earth , one of the people in the room tells everybody that switching to GEICO could save them money . Adrift and Hungry : There are three men in a lifeboat , starving when one of them notices cheese on one of the men 's beard . The man simply mentions that switching to GEICO could save them money . At the end , a fish jumps into their raft and they fight over it . He - Man vs. Skeletor : He - Man and his posse are about to defeat Skeletor , until Skeletor tells them they should switch to GEICO and makes his escape . Radio ( edit ) Painting : A man is showing a woman his new painting and asks for her opinion . Instead , she tells him that switching to GEICO could save money on car insurance . Call - in Show : A woman is hosting a talk radio show , until the guy she once dated calls in asking why she never called back , so she says switching to GEICO could save hundreds on car insurance . Trivia Contest : The question being asked is `` What color is the White House ? '' When the contestant does not know the answer to this simple question , he says that switching to GEICO could save money on car insurance . Love Advice : Take a Closer Look ( edit ) Since late 2016 , a series of TV ads shows two people talking about GEICO , and one of them saying he / she should `` take a closer look '' at it ; the camera then focuses on an inanimate object or animal in the background , which starts talking about the insurance company . Plate : In this ad , painted figures on a decorative plate -- a woman on a balcony and a man with a guitar in the garden below -- talk about GEICO , and then the man plays music while the woman goes back inside . Cuckoo clock : In this ad , moving figures on a cuckoo clock talk about GEICO and also about the futility of their repetitive actions . RV : Three bumper stickers on the back of a recreational vehicle talk about GEICO , and the one shaped like a moose is shocked to learn that he 's not a real moose . Pigeon : A group of pigeons on a telephone wire talk about GEICO saying they have umbrella coverage , which gets one pigeon to say a person below them will wish he had an umbrella and to `` fire at will . '' He later becomes frustrated at how none of the other pigeons understand that `` fire at will '' is a saying . Fleas : Two fleas ( actually two humans in badly - made flea suits ) play badminton on a golden retriever until a disagreement results in the loss of a shuttlecock . You had one job ( edit ) Since 2017 on ESPN , the VO 's tagline : `` You had one job , brought to you by GEICO '' and referee Shaun Irving blows his whistle to do jobs right . Expect more ( edit ) Since 2017 , there have been ads in which one person is talking to another person about switching to GEICO and during each cut , the one who switched to GEICO gets more stuff . Bro - Two `` bros '' working out in the gym , who keep using `` bro - '' words ( `` broheem '' , `` Teddy Brosevelt '' , etc . ) , the one who switched to GEICO keeps gaining more muscles . Sandcastle - Two dads are building sandcastles . Every time it cuts back to the dad who switched to GEICO , his sandcastle gets bigger and more elaborate until it becomes an actual sand - mansion complete with a sand - fountain and sand - butler . Christmas lights - Two guys putting up Christmas lights discuss switching to GEICO , the one who switched to GEICO 's house becomes more and more elaborate , to the point where it is seen from space . Still - life drawing - At a painting class , a man and a woman discuss switching to GEICO , while the woman 's drawing becomes more detailed , and at the end , even comes to life . We interrupt your life ( edit ) Since 2018 , the announcer proclaims interrupting your life for multiple GEICO ads at the end of each ad and proclaims `` We interrupt this message to bring you our logo . '' Count on GEICO ( edit ) Since 2017 , there has been a new campaign in which humorous situations are presented as spokesman Steve Tom says , `` As long as ( such and such ) , you can count on GEICO saving folk money . '' As Long As Sloths are Slow ... : A three - toed sloth is playing Pictionary with a group of humans . Of course , he only draws a single line , due to his speed , leaving the contestants to guess random things . As Long As People Misplace Their Keys ... : A space captain is about to fight a huge battle , but he ends up not being able to find his keys . As Long AS GPS Can Still Get You Lost ... : Two Emperor penguins separate from the Great Penguin Migration and use an unreliable mapping app on their phone . As Long As Hecklers Love to Heckle ... : At a jousting tournament , an audience member makes fun of one of the competitors , much to the delight of everyone else in the audience . As Long as People Talk Baby Talk to Dogs ... : McGruff the Crime Dog wants to be taken seriously in a police precinct , but the others act very condescending towards him . As Long as Evil Villains Reveal Their Plans ... : Four villains were prepared for their demises , but first they do presentations on their plans . A GEICO commercial ? ( edit ) Since 2018 , there has been a new campaign that breaks the fourth wall revealing the actors are actually in an advertisement for GEICO , as revealed by spokesman David Ebert . Weekend Gardening Shopping Trip Tea Time Couple in the Park Family Dinner Vending Machine References ( edit ) Jump up ^ How Big Data Spawned the Geico Gecko Retrieved 6 April 2013 Jump up ^ 43rd Annual Marketer of the Year Archived 1 Dec 20111 Jump up ^ Ben ( 5 May 2009 ) . `` The Inoculated Investor : 2009 Berkshire Hathaway Annual Meeting Notes '' . Inoculatedinvestor.blogspot.com . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` How a Lizard Became the Biggest Ad Spender ( and Nine More Marketer Facts ) '' . Ad Age . Jump up ^ `` GEICO Success Highlights Advertising Dollars vs. Agent Commissions Debate '' . 22 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Plymptoons ( 27 August 2009 ) . `` GEICO DIRECT commercials -- Bill Plympton '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ 1994 Geico commercial . Retrieved 6 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gecko was n't first choice for GEICO . USA Today , 16 July 2006 . Retrieved 16 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Advertising > Animal Mascots > Geico Gecko ( GEICO Insurance ) '' . tvacres.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ Weir , William ( 21 February 2006 ) . `` Little Lizard Says ' Ello To A New Inflection '' , The Hartford Courant , Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Coscarelli , Joe ( 26 April 2013 ) . `` This Is What Chelsea Clinton Does at NBC '' . NY Mag . Jump up ^ Schneider , Michael ( 1 March 2007 ) . `` ABC developing ' Cavemen ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Geico Gecko Doing the Robot '' . Auto Insurance helper . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` The End of The Ride , and The Ride Goes On -- GEICO '' . Jump up ^ `` Mike Wallace -- NASCAR -- Nationwide Series drivers '' . autoevolution . Archived from the original on 31 December 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , Lee ( 1 December 2008 ) . `` Mike Wallace scrambling to find sponsor for 2009 Nationwide season '' . scenedaily.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Lauren Wallace : ' I 'm a hundred miles away , son , ready to strike ' '' . NASCAR News . 1 May 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Geico Has the Best Car Insurance Ads in the Industry Bar None '' . Car Insurance 357 . 25 February 2008 . Archived from the original on 6 March 2012 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ Hart , Hugh ( 26 October 2010 ) , `` Video : Robo - Talking Superhero Ad Uses Text - to - Voice Trick '' , Wired Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` GEICO Bodybuilder Commercial -- Happier Than a Body Builder Directing Traffic '' . YouTube . 3 August 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` GEICO TV Commercial , ' Bodybuilder Directing Traffic ' '' . iSpot.tv. 2012 . Retrieved 19 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GEICO Christopher Columbus Commercial -- Happier Than Christopher Columbus with Speedboats '' . YouTube . 16 August 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` GEICO Two Tickets to Paradise Commercial -- Happier Than Eddie Money Running a Travel Agency '' . YouTube . 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` GEICO Witch Commercial -- Happier Than a Witch in a Broom Factory '' . YouTube . 7 September 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` GEICO Slinky Commercial -- Happier Than A Slinky on an Escalator '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` GEICO Night Vision Commercial -- Happier than an Antelope with Night Vision Goggles '' . YouTube . 1 November 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` GEICO Dikembe Mutombo Commercial -- Happier Than Dikembe Mutombo Blocking a Shot '' . YouTube . 1 February 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ Bruce Allen Clark ( 23 February 2013 ) . `` GEICO Paul Revere Commercial Happier than Paul Revere with a Cell Phone YouTube '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` GEICO TV Commercial , ' Camel on Hump Day ' '' . iSpot.tv. 2013 . Retrieved 19 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ NoMoreBoredom ( 15 September 2014 ) . `` GEICO TV Commercial -- Did You Know : Houdini Could n't Escape '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` GEICO : Did You Know Game Show Hosts should only host game shows ? '' Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` GEICO TV Commercial , ' Kenny Rogers : Did You Know ' '' . iSpot.tv. 2014 . Retrieved 19 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ GEICO Taz energy drink commercial at MarketMeNot.com Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` Motel 6 , GEICO Win Westwood One 's Sports Sounds Awards . '' Inside Radio , February 7 , 2018 . Accessed 02 - 07 - 2018 . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Cuckoo Clock : Take a Closer Look '' , YouTube . GEICO. 7 January 2017 . Retrieved 9 January 2017 External links ( edit ) Who provided the voice of the Geico Insurance Company gecko in its TV ad debut ? Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GEICO_advertising_campaigns&oldid=839144650 '' Categories : Advertising campaigns GEICO Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2017 Articles needing additional references from May 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 May 2018 , at 15 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who provided the voice of the geico insurance company geico in its tv-ad debut | [
"The company's ads sometimes focus on its reptilian mascot, The Gecko, an anthropomorphic Day Gecko created by The Martin Agency, modified in 2005 to a CGI character by Animation Director David Hulin and his team at Framestore. The gecko first appeared in 1999, during the Screen Actors Guild strike that prevented the use of live actors.[8] The original commercial features the Gecko, voiced by actor Kelsey Grammer, who climbs onto a microphone on a podium and utters \"This is my final plea: I am a gecko, not to be confused with GEICO, which could save you hundreds on car insurance. So, STOP CALLING ME!\", before licking his eye. Later \"wrong number\" ads used Dave Kelly as the voice of the gecko. In the subsequent commercials with Jake Wood[9] (which portray him as a representative of the company), the gecko speaks with a British Cockney accent, because it would be unexpected, according to Martin Agency's Steve Bassett. In 2010s commercials, the gecko's accent is more working-class, perhaps in an effort to further \"humanize\" him.[10] \"As computer animation got better and as we got to know the character better, we did a few things,\" says Steve Bassett, creative director at The Martin Agency. \"We wanted to make him a little more guy-next-door. And he looks a lot more real than he's looked before.\"[8] Chelsea Clinton, daughter of former president Bill Clinton and then-Secretary of State and 2016 Democratic Presidential candidate Hillary Clinton, interviewed the Geico Gecko in April 2013.[11] He had since became GEICO's longest-running mascot, appearing in more than 150 commercials as of 2017."
] | [
"Kelsey Grammer,"
] |
4810209551099872153 | Chief of the Army Staff (India) | Chief of the Army Staff ( India ) - Wikipedia Chief of the Army Staff ( India ) Jump to : navigation , search Chief of the Army Staff COAS Flag of the Chief of the Army Staff Incumbent General Bipin Rawat since 31 December 2016 Seat Central Secretariat Appointer The President of India Term length 3 years or at the age of 62 , whichever is earlier . Precursor Commander - in - Chief , Indian Army Formation 1 April 1955 First holder General Rajendrasinhji Jadeja The Chief of the Army Staff is the commander and usually the highest - ranking officer of the Indian Army . The position is abbreviated as COAS in Indian Army , and usually held by a four - star officer in the rank of General . The current COAS is General Bipin Rawat , who took office on 31 December 2016 following the retirement of General Dalbir Singh . Contents ( hide ) 1 Office of the Chief of the Army Staff 2 Appointees 2.1 Commander - in - Chief , Indian Army ( 1947 -- 1955 ) 2.2 Chief of the Army Staff ( 1955 -- present ) 3 See also 4 References 5 Sources Office of the Chief of the Army Staff ( edit ) The office of the Chief of the Army Staff was created through The Commanders - In - Chief ( Change in Designation ) Act of the Indian Parliament in 1955 . It replaced the erstwhile office of the Commander - in - Chief , Army . The office is based at South Block of the Central Secretariat at Raisina Hill , New Delhi . Appointments to the office are made by the President of India . The COAS reaches superannuation upon three years in the office or at the age of 62 , whichever is earlier . Appointees ( edit ) The following table chronicles the appointees to the office of the Chief of the Army Staff or its preceding positions since the independence of India . Commander - in - Chief , Indian Army ( 1947 -- 1955 ) ( edit ) ( * Seconded from the British Army ) No . Name Rank Photo Appointment Date Left Office Unit of Commission Decorations Rob Lockhart * General 15 August 1947 31 December 1947 51st Sikhs KCB , CIE , MC Roy Bucher * General 1 January 1948 15 January 1949 Cameronians ( Scottish Rifles ) KBE , CB , MC Kodandera M. Cariappa General ( later Field Marshal ) 16 January 1949 14 January 1953 Rajput Regiment OBE Rajendrasinhji Jadeja General 14 January 1953 1 April 1955 2nd Lancers ( Gardner 's Horse ) DSO Chief of the Army Staff ( 1955 -- present ) ( edit ) No . Name Rank Photo Appointment Date Left Office Unit of Commission Decorations Rajendrasinhji Jadeja General 1 April 1955 14 May 1955 2nd Lancers ( Gardner 's Horse ) DSO SM Shrinagesh General 15 May 1955 7 May 1957 19th Hyderabad Regiment ( now Kumaon Regiment ) KS Thimayya General 8 May 1957 7 May 1961 19th Hyderabad Regiment ( now Kumaon Regiment ) Padma Bhushan , DSO , ADC PN Thapar General 8 May 1961 19 November 1962 1st Punjab Regiment 5 JN Chaudhuri General 20 November 1962 7 June 1966 7th Light Cavalry Padma Vibhushan , OBE 6 PP Kumaramangalam General 8 June 1966 7 June 1969 Regiment of Artillery Padma Vibhushan , DSO , MBE 7 SHFJ Manekshaw General ( later Field Marshal ) 8 June 1969 15 January 1973 12th Frontier Force Regiment ( 54th Sikhs ( Frontier Force ) ) Padma Vibhushan , Padma Bhushan , MC 8 GG Bewoor General 16 January 1973 31 May 1975 10th Baluch Regiment PVSM 9 TN Raina General 1 June 1975 31 May 1978 Kumaon Regiment Padma Bhushan , MVC 10 OP Malhotra General 1 June 1978 31 May 1981 Regiment of Artillery PVSM 11 KV Krishna Rao General 1 June 1981 31 July 1983 Mahar Regiment PVSM 12 AS Vaidya General 1 August 1983 31 January 1985 9th Deccan Horse Padma Vibhushan , PVSM , MVC ( Bar ) , AVSM 13 Krishnaswamy Sundarji General 1 February 1985 31 May 1988 Mahar Regiment PVSM , ADC 14 V N. Sharma General 1 June 1988 30 June 1990 16th Light Cavalry PVSM , AVSM , ADC 15 SF Rodrigues General 1 July 1990 30 June 1993 Regiment of Artillery PVSM , VSM 16 BC Joshi General 1 July 1993 19 November 1994 64th Cavalry PVSM , AVSM , ADC 17 S Roy Chowdhury General 20 November 1994 30 September 1997 20th Lancers PVSM , ADC 18 VP Malik General 1 October 1997 30 September 2000 Sikh Light Infantry PVSM , AVSM , ADC 19 Sundararajan Padmanabhan General 1 October 2000 31 December 2002 Regiment of Artillery PVSM , AVSM , VSM , ADC 20 NC Vij General 1 January 2003 31 January 2005 Dogra Regiment PVSM , UYSM , AVSM 21 JJ Singh General 1 February 2005 30 September 2007 Maratha Light Infantry PVSM , AVSM , VSM , ADC 22 Deepak Kapoor General 1 October 2007 31 March 2010 Regiment of Artillery PVSM , AVSM , SM , VSM , ADC 23 VK Singh General 1 April 2010 31 May 2012 Rajput Regiment PVSM , AVSM , YSM , ADC 24 Bikram Singh General 1 June 2012 31 July 2014 Sikh Light Infantry PVSM , UYSM , AVSM , SM , VSM , ADC 25 Dalbir Singh General 1 August 2014 31 December 2016 5 Gorkha Rifles PVSM , UYSM , AVSM , VSM , ADC 26 Bipin Rawat General 31 December 2016 Incumbent 11 Gorkha Rifles UYSM , AVSM , YSM , SM , VSM See also ( edit ) Chief of the General Staff ( India ) - for those holding the preceding role before 1947 Chief of the Air Staff ( India ) Chief of the Naval Staff ( India ) Field marshal ( India ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indian Army Chief . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Lt Gen Bipin Rawat to be the next Army chief - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 17 December 2016 . Retrieved 17 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Commanders - In - Chief ( Change in Designation ) Act , 1955 '' . VakilNo1.com . Archived from the original on 11 November 2011 . Retrieved 18 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chief of the Army Staff '' . Indian Army . Archived from the original on 16 May 2012 . Retrieved 1 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 6 March 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 06 . Sources ( edit ) Khanduri , Chandra B. ( 2006 ) . Thimayya : an amazing life . New Delhi : Knowledge World . p. 394 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 87966 - 36 - 4 . Retrieved 30 July 2010 . Chief of the Army Staff ( India ) Commander - in - Chief , Indian Army ( 1947 -- 1955 ) Rob Lockhart * * Roy Bucher * * Kodandera M. Cariappa Rajendrasinhji Jadeja Chief of the Army Staff ( 1955 -- present ) Rajendrasinhji Jadeja S.M. Shrinagesh Kodandera Subayya Thimayya Pran Nath Thapar Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam Sam Manekshaw Gopal Gurunath Bewoor Tapishwar Narain Raina Om Prakash Malhotra K.V. Krishna Rao Arun Shridhar Vaidya Krishnaswamy Sundarji Vishwa Nath Sharma Sunith Francis Rodrigues Bipin Chandra Joshi Shankar Roychowdhury Ved Prakash Malik Sundararajan Padmanabhan Nirmal Chander Vij Joginder Jaswant Singh Deepak Kapoor Vijay Kumar Singh Bikram Singh Dalbir Singh Bipin Rawat ( * * Seconded from the British Army ) Military of India Indian Army Indian Navy Indian Air Force Leadership Chief of the Army Staff Chief of the Naval Staff Chief of the Air Staff Minister of Defence Topics History Academies Ranks and insignia Army Air Force Navy Special Forces Indian Peace Keeping Force Central Armed Police Forces Paramilitary forces Andaman and Nicobar Command Strategic Forces Command Nuclear Command Authority Ballistic missiles Weapons of mass destruction Defence Research and Development Organisation Ordnance Factories Board Territorial Army National Cadet Corps Wars and conflicts Indo - Pakistani wars 1947 1965 1971 Operation Polo Congo Crisis Operation Vijay Operation Trident Sino - Indian War Cho La incident Siachen conflict Blue Star Woodrose 1987 Sino - Indian skirmish Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War Operation Cactus Kargil War Kashmir insurgency 2001 Bangladeshi - Indian border skirmish Operation Parakram Piracy off the coast of Somalia Army Navy Air Force Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chief_of_the_Army_Staff_(India)&oldid=812222058 '' Categories : Chiefs of Army Staff ( India ) Army chiefs of staff Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2014 Use Indian English from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা हिन्दी ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം Edit links This page was last edited on 26 November 2017 , at 18 : 40 . About Wikipedia | who is the present captain of indian army | [
"The current COAS is General Bipin Rawat, who took office on 31 December 2016 following the retirement of General Dalbir Singh.[1]"
] | [
"General Bipin Rawat"
] |
8302406060588775289 | WarGames | WarGames - wikipedia WarGames Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1983 film . For the 2001 film , see War Game ( film ) . For other uses , see War Game ( disambiguation ) . WarGames Theatrical release poster Directed by John Badham Produced by Leonard Goldberg Rich Hashimoto Harold K. Schneider Bruce McNall Written by Lawrence Lasker Walter F. Parkes Starring Matthew Broderick Dabney Coleman John Wood Ally Sheedy Music by Arthur B. Rubinstein Cinematography William A. Fraker Edited by Tom Rolf Production company United Artists Sherwood Productions Distributed by MGM / UA Entertainment Company Release date May 7 , 1983 ( 1983 - 05 - 07 ) ( Cannes ) June 3 , 1983 ( 1983 - 06 - 03 ) ( US ) Running time 114 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $12 million Box office $79.6 million WarGames is a 1983 American Cold War science fiction film written by Lawrence Lasker and Walter F. Parkes and directed by John Badham . The film stars Matthew Broderick , Dabney Coleman , John Wood , and Ally Sheedy . The film follows David Lightman ( Broderick ) , a young hacker who unwittingly accesses WOPR ( War Operation Plan Response ) , a United States military supercomputer originally programmed to predict possible outcomes of nuclear war . Lightman gets WOPR to run a nuclear war simulation , originally believing it to be a computer game . The computer , now tied into the nuclear weapons control system and unable to tell the difference between simulation and reality , attempts to start World War III . The film was a box office success , costing $12 million and grossing $79 million after five months in the United States and Canada . The film was nominated for three Academy Awards . A sequel , WarGames : The Dead Code , was released direct to DVD in 2008 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Accolades 5.3 Influence 6 Video games 7 Soundtrack 8 Sequel 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) During a surprise drill of a nuclear attack , many United States Air Force Strategic Missile Wing controllers prove unwilling to turn a required key to launch a missile strike . Such refusals convince John McKittrick and other systems engineers at NORAD that missile launch control centers must be automated , without human intervention . Control is given to a NORAD supercomputer , WOPR , programmed to continuously run war simulations and learn over time . David Lightman , a bright , but unmotivated Seattle high school student and hacker , uses his computer to break into the school district 's computer system and change his grades . He does the same for his friend and classmate Jennifer Mack . Later , while war dialing numbers in Sunnyvale , California to find a computer game company , he connects with a system that does not identify itself . Asking for games , he finds a list that starts with chess , checkers , backgammon , and poker , as well as titles like `` Theaterwide Biotoxic and Chemical Warfare '' and `` Global Thermonuclear War , '' but can not proceed further . Two hacker friends explain the concept of a backdoor password and suggest tracking down the Falken referenced in `` Falken 's Maze , '' the first game listed . David discovers that Stephen Falken was an early artificial intelligence researcher , and guesses correctly that his dead son 's name , Joshua , is the password . David does not know that the Sunnyvale phone number connects to WOPR at the Cheyenne Mountain Complex . He starts a game of Global Thermonuclear War , playing as the Soviet Union . The computer starts a simulation that briefly convinces the military personnel at NORAD that actual Soviet nuclear missiles are inbound . While they defuse the situation , WOPR nonetheless continues the simulation to trigger the scenario and win the game , as it does not understand the difference between reality and simulation . It continuously feeds false data such as Soviet bomber incursions and submarine deployments to NORAD , pushing them into raising the DEFCON level and toward a retaliation that will start World War III . David learns the true nature of his actions from a news broadcast , and FBI agents arrest him and take him to NORAD . He realizes that WOPR is behind the NORAD alerts , but because he fails to convince McKittrick , he faces espionage charges . David escapes NORAD by joining a tourist group and , with Jennifer 's help , travels to the Oregon island where Falken lives . David and Jennifer find that Falken has become despondent and believes that nuclear war is inevitable , that it is as futile as a game of tic - tac - toe between two experienced players . The teenagers convince Falken that he should return to NORAD to stop WOPR . The computer stages a massive Soviet first strike with hundreds of missiles , submarines , and bombers . Believing the attack to be genuine , NORAD prepares to retaliate . Falken , David , and Jennifer convince military officials to cancel the second strike and ride out the attack . WOPR tries to launch the missiles itself , however , using a brute - force attack to obtain the launch code . Without humans in the control centers as a safeguard , the computer will trigger a mass launch . All attempts to log in and order Joshua to cancel the countdown fail , and all weapons will launch if the computer is disabled . Falken and David direct the computer to play tic - tac - toe against itself . This results in a long string of draws , forcing the computer to learn the concept of futility and no - win scenarios . WOPR obtains the missile code , but before launching , it cycles through all the nuclear war scenarios it has devised , finding they , too , all result in stalemates . Having discovered the concept of Mutual assured destruction ( `` WINNER : NONE '' ) , the computer tells Falken that it has concluded that nuclear war is `` a strange game '' in which `` the only winning move is not to play . '' WOPR relinquishes control of NORAD and the missiles and offers to play `` a nice game of chess . '' Cast ( edit ) Matthew Broderick as David Lightman Dabney Coleman as Dr. John McKittrick John Wood as Dr. Stephen Falken and the voice of Joshua / WOPR Ally Sheedy as Jennifer Mack Barry Corbin as General Jack Beringer Juanin Clay as Pat Healy Dennis Lipscomb as Watson Joe Dorsey as Col. Joe Conley Michael Ensign as Beringer 's assistant William Bogert as Mr. Lightman John Spencer as Capt . Jerry Lawson Michael Madsen as Lt. Steve Phelps Alan Blumenfeld as Mr. Liggett Maury Chaykin as Jim Sting Eddie Deezen as Malvin Art LaFleur as Guard ( Sgt . Ginzberg ) Stack Pierce as Airman Stephen Lee as Sgt . Schneider Jesse D. Goins as Sergeant ( as Jesse Goins ) James Ackerman as Joshua Falken Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Development on WarGames began in 1979 , when writers Walter F. Parkes and Lawrence Lasker developed an idea for a script called The Genius , about `` a dying scientist and the only person in the world who understands him -- a rebellious kid who 's too smart for his own good . '' Lasker was inspired by a television special presented by Peter Ustinov on several geniuses including Stephen Hawking . Lasker said , `` I found the predicament Hawking was in fascinating -- that he might one day figure out the unified field theory and not be able to tell anyone , because of his progressive ALS . So there was this idea that he 'd need a successor . And who would that be ? Maybe this kid , a juvenile delinquent whose problem was that nobody realized he was too smart for his environment . '' The concept of computers and hacking as part of the film was not yet present . The Genius began its transformation into WarGames when Parkes and Lasker met Peter Schwartz from the Stanford Research Institute . `` There was a new subculture of extremely bright kids developing into what would become known as hackers , '' said Schwartz . Schwartz made the connection between youth , computers , gaming , and the military . Parkes and Lasker also met with computer - security expert Willis Ware of RAND Corporation , who assured them that even a secure military computer might have remote access so users could work from home on weekends , encouraging the screenwriters to continue with the project . Parkes and Lasker came up with several different military - themed plotlines prior to the final story . One version of the script had an early version of WOPR named `` Uncle Ollie '' , or OLI ( Omnipresent Laser Interceptor ) , a space - based defensive laser run by an intelligent program , but this idea was discarded because it was too speculative . Director John Badham coined the name `` WOPR '' , feeling that the name of NORAD 's SIOP ( Single Integrated Operational Plan ) was `` boring , and told you nothing '' . The name `` WOPR '' played off the Whopper hamburger , and a general sense of something going `` whop '' . The WOPR computer as seen in the film was a prop created in Culver City , California , by members of the International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees Local 44 . It was designed by production designer ( credited as visual consultant ) Geoffrey Kirkland based on some pictures he had of early tabulating machines , and metal furniture , consoles , and cabinets used particularly in the U.S. military in the 1940s and 50s . They were adapted in drawings and concepts by art director Angelo P. Graham . WOPR was operated by a crewmember sitting inside the computer , entering commands into an Apple II at the director 's instruction . The prop was broken up for scrap after production was completed . A replica was built for a 2006 AT&T commercial . David Lightman was modeled on David Scott Lewis , a hacking enthusiast Parkes and Lasker met . Falken was inspired by and named after Stephen Hawking , with the appearance of John Lennon , who was interested in the role , but was murdered in New York while the script was in development . General Beringer was based on General James V. Hartinger ( USAF ) the then - commander - in - chief of NORAD , who Parkes and Lasker met while visiting the base , and who , like Beringer , favored keeping humans in the decision loop . Filming ( edit ) Martin Brest was originally hired as director but was fired after 12 days of shooting because of a disagreement with the producers , and replaced with John Badham . Several of the scenes shot by Brest remain in the final film . Badham said that `` ( Brest had ) taken a somewhat dark approach to the story and the way it was shot . It was like ( Broderick and Sheedy ) were doing some Nazi undercover thing . So it was my job to make it seem like they were having fun , and that it was exciting . '' According to Badham , Broderick and Sheedy were `` stiff as boards '' when they came onto the sound stage , having both Brest 's dark vision and the idea that they would soon be fired . Badham did 12 to 14 takes of the first shot to loosen the actors up . At one point , Badham decided to have a race with the two actors around the sound stage with the one who came last having to sing a song to the crew . Badham lost and sang `` The Happy Wanderer '' , the silliest song he could think of . Tom Mankiewicz says he wrote some additional scenes during shooting that were used . Release ( edit ) WarGames did well at the North American box office , earning $79,567,667 , the fifth - highest of 1983 . The film was screened out of competition at the 1983 Cannes Film Festival . Reception ( edit ) Critical Response ( edit ) The film received critical acclaim . Film critic Roger Ebert gave the film four out of four stars , calling it `` an amazingly entertaining thriller '' and `` one of the best films so far this year '' , with a `` wonderful '' ending . Softline praised the film as being `` completely original '' ; unlike other computer - related films like Tron that `` could ( and do ) exist in substantially the same form with some other plot '' , WarGames `` could not exist if the microcomputer did not exist ... It takes the micro and telecommunications as a given -- part of the middle - class American landscape '' . The magazine praised the film as `` Very funny , excruciatingly suspenseful , and endlessly inventive , this movie is right on the mark ; authentic even when highly improbable '' . Computer Gaming World stated that `` Wargames is plausible enough to intrigue and terrifying enough to excite ... ( it ) makes one think , as well as feel , all the way '' , raised several moral questions about technology and society , and recommended the film to `` Computer hobbyists of all kinds '' . Leonard Maltin gave it a mixed review calling it `` Fail Safe for the Pac - Man Generation '' and `` Entertaining to a point '' . He concluded , `` Incidentally , it 's easy to see why this was so popular with kids : most of the adults in the film are boobs . '' Currently , film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 93 % of sampled critics give the film positive reviews and that it receives a rating average of 7.6 out of 10 . Accolades ( edit ) WarGames was nominated for three Academy Awards -- Best Cinematography ( William A. Fraker ) , Sound ( Michael J. Kohut , Carlos Delarios , Aaron Rochin , Willie D. Burton ) , and Writing , Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen ( Lawrence Lasker , Walter F. Parkes ) . The company that provided the large screens used to display the tactical situations seen in the NORAD set employed a new design that was super-bright enabling the displays to be filmed live . ( The set was more visually impressive than the actual NORAD facilities at the time . ) The animations seen on the NORAD displays , produced by Colin Cantwell , were created using Hewlett Packard HP 9845C computers driving monochrome HP 1345A vector displays , which were still - filmed through successive color - filters . Each frame took approximately one minute to produce , and 50,000 feet of negatives were produced over seven months . The animations were projected `` live '' onto the screens from behind using 16mm film , so they were visible to the actors and no post-production work was needed . For this , the company was awarded an Academy Scientific and Technical Award . Influence ( edit ) Bulletin board system ( BBS ) operators reported an unusual rise in activity in 1984 , which at least one sysop attributed to WarGames introducing viewers to modems . The scenes showing Lightman 's computer dialing every number in Sunnyvale led to the term `` war dialing '' ( earlier known as `` demon dialing '' ) , a technique of using a modem to scan a list of telephone numbers to search for unknown computers , and indirectly to the newer term `` wardriving '' . President Reagan , a family friend of Lasker , watched the film and discussed the plot with members of Congress , his advisers , and the Joint Chiefs of Staff ; Reagan 's interest in the film is credited with leading to the enactment 18 months later of NSDD - 145 , the first Presidential Directive on computer security . Video Games ( edit ) A video game , WarGames was released for the ColecoVision in 1983 and ported to the Atari 8 - bit family and Commodore 64 in 1984 . It played similarly to the NORAD side of the `` Global Thermonuclear War '' game , where the United States had to be defended from a Soviet strike by placing bases and weapons at strategic points . WarGames : Defcon 1 , a real - time strategy game that was only loosely related to the film was released for the PlayStation and PC in 1998 . A tile - matching video game , WarGames : WOPR , was released for iOS and Android devices in 2012 . A game inspired by the film , called Computer War from Thorn EMI , in which the player must track and shoot down ICBMs , as well as crack a computer code , was released for the Atari 8 - bit family , Texas Instruments TI - 99 / 4A and Commodore VIC - 20 . The film also inspired the Introversion game DEFCON ( 2006 ) . Soundtrack ( edit ) The film 's music was composed and conducted by Arthur B. Rubinstein . A soundtrack album including songs and dialogue excerpts was released by Polydor Records . Intrada Records issued an expanded release in 2008 with the complete score , with expanded horn sections and without the film dialogue . WarGames ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) ( The Beepers ( `` Video Fever '' and `` History Lesson '' ) : Brian Banks , Anthony Marinelli , Cynthia Morrow and Arthur B. Rubinstein ) Released : 1983 Format : Vinyl / LP / Album / Cassette Label : United Artists / Polydor Records -- 422 - 815 005 - 1 Y - 1 Writer : Arthur B. Rubinstein Producer : Ron Eyre , George Craig Tracks : Crosby , Stills & Nash rendition of `` WarGames '' released on Allies ( 1983 ) ( show ) Side one No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` WarGames '' Arthur B. Rubinstein 2 : 53 2 . `` David And Joshua Dialogue '' 3 . `` Video Fever '' ( Vocals -- Yvonne Elliman ) Beepers , The 2 : 49 4 . `` Norad Dialogue '' 5 . `` David And Joshua Dialogue '' 6 . `` The Game Begins '' Arthur B. Rubinstein 5 : 45 7 . `` It Could Be War '' Arthur B. Rubinstein 1 : 59 8 . `` David And Joshua Dialogue '' 9 . `` David 's Concern '' Arthur B. Rubinstein 2 : 17 10 . `` Norad Dialogue '' 11 . `` Norad '' Arthur B. Rubinstein 3 : 13 ( show ) Side two No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` David And Joshua Dialogue '' 2 . `` Edge Of The World '' ( Vocals -- Yvonne Elliman ) Arthur B. Rubinstein 2 : 30 3 . `` Norad Dialogue '' 4 . `` Confidence Is High '' Arthur B. Rubinstein 4 : 43 5 . `` Norad Dialogue '' 6 . `` History Lesson '' ( Vocals -- Yvonne Elliman ) Beepers , The 2 : 03 7 . `` Norad Dialogue '' 8 . `` Launch Detected '' Arthur B. Rubinstein 1 : 51 9 . `` Norad Dialogue '' 10 . `` Winner None '' Arthur B. Rubinstein 3 : 39 11 . `` Norad Dialogue '' 12 . `` Joshua Dialogue '' 13 . `` Edge Of The World ( End Title ) '' Arthur B. Rubinstein 3 : 27 The folk rock supergroup Crosby , Stills & Nash were tapped at one point to write a title song for the film , but at the last minute it was scrapped from the project . The band released the song anyway , with a video made of footage from the movie airing on MTV . It was available on their now out - of - print album Allies . WARGAMES ( Special Collection release limited to 2500 copies . Expanded brass including extra trumpets , trombones , and baritone horns . ) Released : 1983 ( 2008 ) Format : LP / 2 disk CD Label : Intrada Special Collection Volume ISC 65 Writer : Arthur B. Rubinstein Bonus tracks : `` Two '' Bonus Track Time = 3 : 39 -- Total Score Time = 65 : 49 -- Total Time : 69 : 18 ( show ) Track listing No . Title Length 1 . `` WarGames '' 3 : 38 2 . `` Video Fever '' 2 : 22 3 . `` Principal 's Office '' 1 : 49 4 . `` A New Grade '' 2 : 07 5 . `` The Game Begins '' 2 : 44 6 . `` History Lesson '' 1 : 44 7 . `` Home Movie '' 1 : 26 8 . `` A Game of Chess ? '' 3 : 03 9 . `` Nuclear Alert '' 2 : 58 10 . `` Walk Thru NORAD '' 2 : 15 11 . `` David Captured '' 3 : 53 12 . `` David Searches '' 1 : 33 13 . `` The Sneak '' 2 : 20 14 . `` NORAD '' 0 : 57 15 . `` It Could Be War '' 0 : 41 16 . `` Confidence is High '' 1 : 08 17 . `` Off to See Faulken '' 1 : 07 18 . `` WOPR '' 2 : 13 19 . `` Maneuvers '' 1 : 36 20 . `` Faulken 's House '' 1 : 54 21 . `` Time 's Up '' 0 : 17 22 . `` ' I Ca n't Swim ' '' 1 : 29 23 . `` David 's Concern '' 2 : 21 24 . `` Helicopter Pursuit & Launch Detected '' 2 : 46 25 . `` Closing the Mountain '' 1 : 51 26 . `` Who 's First ? '' 2 : 06 27 . `` Joshua ! '' 2 : 37 28 . `` It Might Be Real '' 0 : 58 29 . `` Tic Tac Toe '' 1 : 32 30 . `` Winner None '' 1 : 45 31 . `` End Credits '' 3 : 21 32 . `` Edge of the World ( Choral Version ) '' 2 : 03 33 . `` Winner None ( Original version ) '' ( Bonus track ) 1 : 46 34 . `` Edge of the World ( Vocal by Yvonne Elliman ) '' ( Bonus track ) 1 : 51 Sequel ( edit ) In November 2006 , pre-production began on a sequel , titled WarGames : The Dead Code . It was directed by Stuart Gillard , and starred Matt Lanter as a hacker named Will Farmer facing off with a government supercomputer called RIPLEY . MGM released the sequel directly to DVD on July 29 , 2008 along with the 25th Anniversary Edition DVD of WarGames . To promote the sequel , the film returned to selected theaters as a one - night - only twenty - fifth anniversary event on July 24 , 2008 . See also ( edit ) Film in the United States portal 1980s portal Cold War portal 1983 Soviet nuclear false alarm incident References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Brown , Scott ( July 21 , 2008 ) . `` WarGames : A Look Back at the Film That Turned Geeks and Phreaks Into Stars '' . Wired . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2010 . Retrieved May 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Kaplan , Fred ( 2016 - 02 - 21 ) . `` Cybersecurity 's Debt to a Hollywood Hack '' . The New York Times . pp. AR24 . Retrieved 28 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer `` WarGames 25th Anniversary Edition DVD '' ^ Jump up to : Mike Fink ( March 5 , 2006 ) . `` What happened to the WOPR ? '' . The Wargames IMSAI . Retrieved March 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` New Page 1 '' . imsai.net . Jump up ^ Takahashi , Dean ( August 12 , 2008 ) . `` A Q&A that is 25 years late : David Scott Lewis , the mystery hacker who inspired the film `` War Games '' `` . VentureBeat . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2010 . Retrieved May 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Erickson , Hal . `` Martin Brest : Biography '' . Allmovie . Retrieved March 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Simon , Alex ( August 2 , 2008 ) . `` John Badham : The Hollywood Interview '' . The Hollywood Interview . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2010 . Retrieved May 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mankiewicz , Tom ( 2012 ) . My Life as a Mankiewicz : An Insider 's Journey Through Hollywood . with Robert Crane . University Press of Kentucky . pp. 253 -- 254 . Jump up ^ `` WarGames ( 1983 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved December 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Festival de Cannes : WarGames '' . festival-cannes.com . Retrieved June 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( June 3 , 1983 ) . `` WarGames review '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2010 . Retrieved December 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Games at War '' . Softline . Jul -- Aug 1983 . pp. 31 -- 32 . Retrieved July 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Dr. Johnny L. ( Jul -- Aug 1983 ) . `` Movie Micro Review / `` WarGames '' `` . Computer Gaming World . p. 43 . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 23 . WarGames ( 1983 ) '' . Leonard Maltin 's Worst Ratings . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WarGames ( 1983 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved December 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The 56th Academy Awards ( 1984 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Retrieved October 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Screen Art : War Games '' . hp9845.net . Jump up ^ Yakal , Kathy ( November 1984 ) . `` Bulletin Board Fever '' . Compute ! 's Gazette . p. 16 . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Patrick S. Ryan ( Summer 2004 ) . `` War , Peace , or Stalemate : Wargames , Wardialing , Wardriving , and the Emerging Market for Hacker Ethics '' . Social Science Research Network . SSRN 585867 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` WarGames : WOPR for iOS '' . Jump up ^ `` WarGames : WOPR for Android '' . Jump up ^ Delay , Chris . `` Detonating Introversion 's Defcon '' . Game Developer Magazine . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2010 . Retrieved June 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rubinstein , Arthur B. ( 1983 ) . WarGames ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) ( Album notes ) . Artist . Los Angeles and New York : United Artists / Polydor Records . p. 2 . 422 - 815 005 - 1 Y - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Editorial Review ( 2008 ) . `` WarGames '' . FilmTracks . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2015 . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Overall , WarGames is among Rubenstein 's most respected career works , and given its highly disparate components , it 's likely best that you preview the music in the context of the highly entertaining movie before exploring the Intrada album blindly . Jump up ^ `` WarGames '' . Intrada Records . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WarGames 2 Casting '' . Stax . IGN . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` WarGames 25th Anniversary '' . NCM Fathom . July 24 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2010 . Retrieved December 22 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : WarGames Official website WarGames at the American Film Institute Catalog WarGames on IMDb WarGames at the TCM Movie Database WarGames at AllMovie WarGames at Box Office Mojo The IMSAI computer used in the film WarGames Films WarGames WarGames : The Dead Code Video games WarGames WarGames : Defcon 1 Films directed by John Badham Is n't It Shocking ? ( 1973 ) The Gun ( 1974 ) Reflections of Murder ( 1974 ) The Bingo Long Traveling All - Stars & Motor Kings ( 1976 ) Saturday Night Fever ( 1977 ) Dracula ( 1979 ) Whose Life Is It Anyway ? ( 1981 ) Blue Thunder ( 1983 ) WarGames ( 1983 ) American Flyers ( 1985 ) Short Circuit ( 1986 ) Stakeout ( 1987 ) Bird on a Wire ( 1990 ) The Hard Way ( 1991 ) Point of No Return ( 1993 ) Another Stakeout ( 1993 ) Drop Zone ( 1994 ) Nick of Time ( 1995 ) Incognito ( 1997 ) The Jack Bull ( 1999 ) The Last Debate ( 2000 ) Footsteps ( 2003 ) Evel Knievel ( 2004 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WarGames&oldid=818318006 '' Categories : 1983 films English - language films 1980s drama films 1980s thriller films American films American science fiction thriller films Cold War films Films about artificial intelligence Films about computing Films about nuclear war and weapons Films about technological impact Films about video games Films directed by John Badham Films set in Colorado Films set in Oregon Films set in Seattle Films set in Washington ( state ) Films shot in Colorado Films shot in Washington ( state ) Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer films United Artists films Techno - thriller films Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from November 2015 Track listings with deprecated parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 21 : 38 . 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-7881158103482067843 | Reading, Pennsylvania | Reading , Pennsylvania - wikipedia Reading , Pennsylvania Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the city in Berks County , Pennsylvania . For other uses , see Reading , Pennsylvania ( disambiguation ) . Reading , Pennsylvania City Clockwise from top left : View of Reading from Mount Penn , downtown Reading , Art Museum , and Pagoda Nickname ( s ) : Baseballtown , Pretzel Capital of the World , Pretzel City Reading 's location in Berks County Reading Location in Pennsylvania and the United States Reading Reading ( the US ) Show map of Pennsylvania Show map of the US Show all Coordinates : 40 ° 20 ′ 30 '' N 75 ° 55 ′ 35 '' W / 40.34167 ° N 75.92639 ° W / 40.34167 ; - 75.92639 Coordinates : 40 ° 20 ′ 30 '' N 75 ° 55 ′ 35 '' W / 40.34167 ° N 75.92639 ° W / 40.34167 ; - 75.92639 Country United States State Pennsylvania County Berks Founded 1748 Incorporated September 15 , 1783 ( as a borough ) , March 16 , 1847 ( as a city ) Named for Reading , Berkshire Government Mayor Wally Scott ( D ) Area City 10.13 sq mi ( 26.24 km ) Land 9.87 sq mi ( 25.57 km ) Water 0.26 sq mi ( 0.67 km ) Elevation 305 ft ( 93 m ) Population ( 2010 ) City 88,082 Estimate ( 2016 ) 87,575 Density 8,871.05 / sq mi ( 3,425.30 / km ) Urban 266,254 ( US : 140th ) Metro 413,521 ( US : 128th ) Time zone EST ( UTC - 5 ) Summer ( DST ) EDT ( UTC - 4 ) ZIP Codes 19601 - 19612 , 19640 Area code ( s ) 610 , 484 FIPS code 42 - 63624 Website Official website Pennsylvania Historical Marker Designated 1948 Reading ( / ˈrɛdɪŋ / RED - ing ) ( Pennsylvania German : Reddin ) is a city in and the county seat of Berks County , Pennsylvania , United States . With a population of 87,575 , it is the fifth - largest city in Pennsylvania . Located in the southeastern part of the state , it is the principal city of the Greater Reading Area . The city , which is approximately halfway between the state 's most populous city , Philadelphia , and the state capital , Harrisburg ( as well as about halfway between Allentown and Lancaster ) is strategically situated along a major transportation route from Central to Eastern Pennsylvania , and lent its name to the now - defunct Reading Railroad , which transported anthracite coal from the Pennsylvania Coal Region to the eastern United States via the Port of Philadelphia . Reading Railroad is one of the four railroad properties in the classic United States version of the Monopoly board game . Reading was one of the first localities where outlet shopping became a tourist industry . It has been known as `` The Pretzel City '' , because of numerous local pretzel bakeries . Currently , Bachman , Dieffenbach , Tom Sturgis , and Unique Pretzel bakeries call the Reading area home . According to the 2010 census , Reading has the highest share of citizens living in poverty in the nation . In recent years , the Reading area has become a destination for cyclists . With more than 125 miles of trails in five major preserves , it is an International Mountain Bicycling Association Ride Center and held the Reading Radsport Festival on September 8 -- 9 , 2017 . In April 2017 , it was announced that an indoor velodrome , or cycling track , will be built in Reading as the first of its kind on the East Coast and only the second in the entire country . Albright College and the World Cycling League formally announced plans April 6 , 2017 , to build the $20 million , 2,500 - seat facility , which will be called the National Velodrome and Events Center at Albright College . It will also serve as the Cycling League 's world headquarters . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Climate 3 Geography 4 Economy 5 Infrastructure 5.1 Transportation 5.2 Utilities 5.3 Health care 6 Demographics 6.1 Estimates 7 Neighborhoods 8 Fire department 9 Education 10 Sports 11 Culture 12 Sister city 13 Attractions 14 In media 15 Notable people 16 References 17 Further reading 18 External links History ( edit ) The 500 - block of Court Street in Downtown Reading , with Berks County courthouse on the left . Reading and its suburbs , 1955 . Lenni Lenape people , also known as `` Delaware Indians '' , were the original inhabitants of the Reading area . The Colony of Pennsylvania was a 1680 land grant from King Charles II of England to William Penn . Comprising more than 45,000 square miles ( 120,000 km2 ) , it was named for his father , Sir William Penn . In 1743 , Richard and Thomas Penn ( sons of William Penn ) mapped out the town of Reading with Conrad Weiser . Taking its name from Reading , Berkshire , England , the town was established in 1748 . Upon the creation of Berks County in 1752 , Reading became the county seat . The region was settled by emigrants from southern and western Germany , who bought land from the Penns . The first Amish community in the New World was established in Greater Reading , Berks County . The Pennsylvanian German dialect was spoken in the area well into the 1950s and later . During the French and Indian War , Reading was a military base for a chain of forts along the Blue Mountain . Reading downtown as seen from Penn and 2nd Streets By the time of the American Revolution , the area 's iron industry had a total production exceeding England 's . That output helped supply George Washington 's troops with cannons , rifles , and ammunition in the Revolutionary War . During the early period of the conflict , Reading was again a depot for military supply . Hessian prisoners from the Battle of Trenton were also detained here . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania was the capital of the United States at the time of the Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1793 . President Washington traveled to Reading , and considered making it the emergency national capital , but chose Germantown instead . Susanna Cox was tried and convicted for infanticide in Reading in 1809 . Her case attracted tremendous sympathy ; 20,000 viewers came to view her hanging , swamping the 3,000 inhabitants . Census data showed that , from 1810 to 1950 , Reading was among the nation 's top one hundred largest urban places . The Schuylkill Canal , a north - south canal completed in 1825 , paralleled the Schuylkill River and connected Reading with Philadelphia and the Delaware River . The Union Canal , an east - west canal completed in 1828 , connected the Schuylkill and Susquehanna Rivers , and ran from Reading to Middletown , Pennsylvania , a few miles south of Harrisburg , Pennsylvania . Railroads forced the abandonment of the canals by the 1880s . The Philadelphia and Reading Railroad ( P&R ) was incorporated in 1833 . During the Long Depression following the Panic of 1873 , a statewide railroad strike in 1877 over delayed wages led to a violent protest and clash with the National Guard in which six Reading men were killed . Following more than a century of prosperity , the Reading Company was forced to file for bankruptcy protection in 1971 . The bankruptcy was a result of dwindling coal shipping revenues and strict government regulations that denied railroads the ability to set competitive prices , required high taxes , and forced the railroads to continue to operate money - losing passenger service lines . On April 1 , 1976 , the Reading Company sold its current railroad interests to the newly formed Consolidated Railroad Corporation ( Conrail ) . Early in the 20th century , the city participated in the burgeoning automobile and motorcycle industry as home to the pioneer `` Brass Era '' companies , Daniels Motor Company , Duryea Motor Wagon Company and Reading - Standard Company . Reading experienced continuous growth until the 1930s , when its population reached nearly 120,000 . From the 1940s to the 1970s , however , the city saw a sharp downturn in prosperity , largely owing to the decline of the heavy industry and railroads , on which Reading had been built , and a national trend of urban decline . In 1972 , Hurricane Agnes caused extensive flooding in the city , not the last time the lower precincts of Reading were inundated by the Schuylkill River . A similar , though not as devastating , flood occurred during June 2006 . The 2000 census showed that Reading 's population decline had ceased . This was attributed to an influx of Hispanic residents from New York City , as well as from the extension of suburban sprawl from Philadelphia 's northwest suburbs . Reading has its share of obstacles to overcome , namely crime . However , new crime fighting strategies appear to have had an impact . In 2006 , the city dropped in the rankings of dangerous cities , and again in 2007 . In December 2007 , NBC 's Today show featured Reading as one of the top four `` Up and Coming Neighborhoods '' in the United States as showing potential for a real estate boom . The interviewee , Barbara Corcoran , chose the city by looking for areas of big change , renovations , cleanups of parks , waterfronts , and warehouses . Corcoran also noted Reading 's proximity to Philadelphia , New York , and other cities . Climate ( edit ) Reading , Pennsylvania Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 3.1 38 22 2.5 41 23 3.5 51 31 3.8 62 41 4.2 72 50 3.8 81 60 4.5 85 64 3.6 83 63 4.3 76 55 3.2 64 43 3.5 53 35 3.3 42 26 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F Precipitation totals in inches Source : NOAA ( show ) Metric conversion J J J O 77 − 6 63 5 − 5 88 10 0 96 17 5 108 22 10 96 27 15 115 30 18 92 29 17 110 24 13 82 18 6 88 12 84 5 − 3 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C Precipitation totals in mm The climate in and around Reading is variable , but relatively mild . The Reading area is considered a humid subtropical climate , with areas just to the north designated as a humid continental climate . Summers are warm and humid with average July highs around 85 ° F. Extended periods of heat and high humidity occur . On average , there are 15 -- 20 days per year where the temperature exceeds 90 ° F. Reading becomes milder in the autumn , as the heat and humidity of summer relent to lower humidity and temperatures . The first killing frost generally occurs in mid to late October . Winters bring freezing temperatures , but usually move above freezing during the day 's warmest point . The average January high is 38 ; the average January low is 22 ° F , but it is not unusual for winter temperatures to be much lower or higher than the averages . The all - time record low ( not including wind chill ) was − 21 ° F during a widespread cold wave in January 1994 . Snow is common in some winters , but the harsher winter conditions experienced to the north and west are not typical of Greater Reading . Annual snowfall is variable , but averages around 32 inches . Spring temperatures vary widely between freezing temperatures and the 80s or even 90s later in Spring . The last killing frost usually is in later April , but freezing temperatures have occurred in May . Total precipitation for the entire year is around 45 inches ( 112 cm ) . ( hide ) Climate data for Reading Regional Airport , Pennsylvania ( 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1894 -- present ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 77 ( 25 ) 82 ( 28 ) 88 ( 31 ) 97 ( 36 ) 96 ( 36 ) 102 ( 39 ) 107 ( 42 ) 105 ( 41 ) 102 ( 39 ) 94 ( 34 ) 84 ( 29 ) 77 ( 25 ) 107 ( 42 ) Mean maximum ° F ( ° C ) 59.1 ( 15.1 ) 60.6 ( 15.9 ) 72.9 ( 22.7 ) 83.6 ( 28.7 ) 88.6 ( 31.4 ) 92.5 ( 33.6 ) 95.1 ( 35.1 ) 93.5 ( 34.2 ) 88.9 ( 31.6 ) 80.8 ( 27.1 ) 71.8 ( 22.1 ) 60.7 ( 15.9 ) 96.8 ( 36 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 37.7 ( 3.2 ) 41.3 ( 5.2 ) 50.7 ( 10.4 ) 62.4 ( 16.9 ) 72.4 ( 22.4 ) 81.2 ( 27.3 ) 85.2 ( 29.6 ) 83.4 ( 28.6 ) 75.7 ( 24.3 ) 64.2 ( 17.9 ) 53.4 ( 11.9 ) 41.7 ( 5.4 ) 62.5 ( 16.9 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 21.7 ( − 5.7 ) 23.2 ( − 4.9 ) 31.4 ( − 0.3 ) 40.7 ( 4.8 ) 49.9 ( 9.9 ) 59.8 ( 15.4 ) 64.3 ( 17.9 ) 62.5 ( 16.9 ) 55.0 ( 12.8 ) 43.2 ( 6.2 ) 34.7 ( 1.5 ) 26.1 ( − 3.3 ) 42.8 ( 6 ) Mean minimum ° F ( ° C ) 3.5 ( − 15.8 ) 6.8 ( − 14 ) 14.4 ( − 9.8 ) 27.1 ( − 2.7 ) 36.1 ( 2.3 ) 46.2 ( 7.9 ) 53.0 ( 11.7 ) 50.5 ( 10.3 ) 40.2 ( 4.6 ) 29.9 ( − 1.2 ) 21.2 ( − 6 ) 10.6 ( − 11.9 ) 0.8 ( − 17.3 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 20 ( − 29 ) − 11 ( − 24 ) − 2 ( − 19 ) 16 ( − 9 ) 26 ( − 3 ) 36 ( 2 ) 46 ( 8 ) 42 ( 6 ) 30 ( − 1 ) 20 ( − 7 ) ( − 16 ) − 6 ( − 21 ) − 20 ( − 29 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 3.05 ( 77.5 ) 2.48 ( 63 ) 3.48 ( 88.4 ) 3.77 ( 95.8 ) 4.24 ( 107.7 ) 3.78 ( 96 ) 4.52 ( 114.8 ) 3.64 ( 92.5 ) 4.34 ( 110.2 ) 3.22 ( 81.8 ) 3.46 ( 87.9 ) 3.29 ( 83.6 ) 43.27 ( 1,099.1 ) Source : NOAA Geography ( edit ) Reading is located at 40 ° 20 ′ 30 '' N 75 ° 55 ′ 35 '' W / 40.34167 ° N 75.92639 ° W / 40.34167 ; - 75.92639 ( 40.341692 , − 75.926301 ) in southeastern Pennsylvania , roughly 65 miles ( 105 km ) northwest of Philadelphia . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 10.1 square miles ( 26 km ) . 9.8 square miles ( 25 km ) of it is land and 0.2 square miles ( 0.52 km ) of it ( 2.39 % ) is water . The total area is 2.39 % water . The city is largely bounded on the west by the Schuylkill River , on the east by Mount Penn , and on the south by Neversink Mountain . The Reading Prong , the mountain formation stretching north into New Jersey , has come to be associated with naturally occurring radon gas ; however , homes in Reading are not particularly affected . The surrounding county is home to a number of family - owned farms . Economy ( edit ) Companies based in Reading and surrounding communities include Boscov 's , Carpenter , GK Elite Sportswear , Penske Truck Leasing , and Redner 's Markets . In 2012 , The New York Times called Reading `` the nation 's poorest city . '' According to the Greater Reading Chamber of Commerce and Industry , the largest employers in the Berks county area are # Employer # of Employees Reading Hospital 6,878 East Penn Manufacturing Co . 6,851 Carpenter 2,432 County of Berks 2,370 5 Reading School District 1,903 6 Pennsylvania Government 1,886 7 Wal - Mart Stores , Inc . 1,818 8 Boscov 's 1,740 9 St. Joseph Medical Center 1,566 10 Penske Truck Leasing 1,535 Jump Start Incubator , a program of Berks County Community Foundation and the Kutztown University Small Business Development Center , is intended to help entrepreneurs open new businesses in the area . Infrastructure ( edit ) Transportation ( edit ) A number of federal and state highways allow entry to and egress from Reading . U.S. Route 422 , the major east - west artery , circles the western edge of the city and is known locally as The West Shore Bypass . US 422 leads west to Lebanon and east to Pottstown . U.S. Route 222 bypasses the city to the west , leading southwest to Lancaster and northeast to Allentown . Interstate 176 heads south from US 422 near Reading and leads to the Pennsylvania Turnpike ( Interstate 76 ) in Morgantown . Pennsylvania Route 12 is known as the Warren Street Bypass , as it bypasses the city to the north . PA 12 begins at US 422 / US 422 in Wyomissing and heads northeast on the Warren Street Bypass before becoming Pricetown Road and leading northeast to Pricetown . Pennsylvania Route 10 is known as Morgantown Road and heads south from Reading parallel to I - 76 to Morgantown . Pennsylvania Route 61 heads north from Reading on Centre Avenue and leads to Pottsville . Pennsylvania Route 183 heads northwest from Reading on Schuylkill Avenue and Bernville Road , leading to Bernville . U.S. Route 222 Business is designated as Lancaster Avenue , Bingaman Street , South 4th Street , and 5th Street through Reading . U.S. Route 422 Business is designated as Penn Street , Washington Street ( westbound ) , Franklin Street ( eastbound ) , and Perkiomen Avenue through Reading . BARTA bus in downtown Reading . Public transit in Reading and its surrounding communities has been provided since 1973 by the Berks Area Regional Transportation Authority ( BARTA ) . BARTA operates a fleet of 52 buses serving 19 routes , mostly originating at the BARTA Transportation Center in Downtown Reading . BARTA also provides paratransit service in addition to fixed route service . In addition , Greyhound and Bieber Transportation Group bus routes are available from the InterCity Bus Terminal . The former Reading Railroad Franklin Street Station was refurbished and reopened to bus service on September 9 , 2013 with buses running the express route back and forth to Lebanon Transit . The route to Lebanon was discontinued after a short period , resulting in the refurbished station sitting vacant . Reading and the surrounding area is serviced by the Reading Regional Airport , a general aviation airfield . The three - letter airport code for Reading is RDG . Scheduled commercial airline service to Reading ended in 2004 , when the last airline , USAir stopped flying into Reading . Freight rail service in Reading is provided by the Norfolk Southern Railway , the Reading Blue Mountain and Northern Railroad , and the East Penn Railroad . Norfolk Southern Railway serves Reading along the Harrisburg Line , which runs east to Philadelphia and west to Harrisburg , and the Reading Line , which runs northeast to Allentown . Norfolk Southern Railway operates the Reading Yard in Reading . The Reading Blue Mountain and Northern Railroad operates the Reading Division line from an interchange with the Norfolk Southern Railway in Reading north to Port Clinton and Packerton . The East Penn Railroad operates the Lancaster Northern line from Sinking Spring southwest to Ephrata , using trackage rights along Norfolk Southern Railway east from Sinking Spring to an interchange with the Norfolk Southern Railway in Reading . Reading Franklin Street Terminal Passenger trains ran between Pottsville , Reading , Pottstown , and Philadelphia along the Pottsville Line until July 27 , 1981 , when transit operator SEPTA curtailed commuter service to electrified lines . Since then , there have been repeated calls for the resumption of the services . In the late 1990s and up to 2003 , SEPTA , in cooperation with Reading - based BARTA , funded a study called the Schuylkill Valley Metro which included plans to extend both sides of SEPTA 's R6 passenger line to Pottstown , Reading , and Wyomissing , Pennsylvania . The project suffered a major setback when it was rejected by the Federal Transit Administration New Starts program , which cited doubts about the ridership projections and financing assumptions used by the study . With the recent surge in gasoline prices and ever - increasing traffic , the planning commissions of Montgomery County and Berks County have teamed to study the feasibility of a simple diesel shuttle train between the Manayunk / Norristown Line and Pottstown / Reading . Utilities ( edit ) Lake Ontelaunee supplies water to Reading Electricity in Reading is provided by Met - Ed , a subsidiary of FirstEnergy . Natural gas service in Reading is provided by UGI Utilities . The Reading Area Water Authority provides water to the city , with the city 's water supply coming from Lake Ontelaunee and the city 's water treated at the Maidencreek Filter Plant . The Reading Water Company was founded in 1821 to supply water to the city . The Reading Area Water Authority was established on May 20 , 1994 to take over the water system in the city . Sewer service is provided by the city 's Public Works department , with a wastewater treatment plant owned by the city located on Fritz Island . The city 's Public Works department provides trash and recycling collection to Reading . Health Care ( edit ) Hospitals serving the Reading area include Reading Hospital in West Reading and Penn State Health St. Joseph in Bern Township and downtown Reading . Reading Hospital offers an emergency room with a Level II trauma center and various services including Cancer Care , Heart Center , Orthopedic Services , Pediatrics , Primary Care , and Women 's Health . Penn State Health St. Joseph offers an emergency room , Heart Institute , Cancer Center , Stroke Center , Wound Center , Orthopedics , and Primary Care Physicians . Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1790 2,225 -- 1800 2,386 7.2 % 1810 3,462 45.1 % 1820 4,332 25.1 % 1830 5,856 35.2 % 1840 8,410 43.6 % 1850 15,743 87.2 % 1860 23,162 47.1 % 1870 33,930 46.5 % 1880 43,278 27.6 % 1890 58,661 35.5 % 1900 78,961 34.6 % 1910 96,071 21.7 % 1920 107,784 12.2 % 1930 111,171 3.1 % 1940 110,568 − 0.5 % 1950 109,320 − 1.1 % 1960 98,061 − 10.3 % 1970 87,643 − 10.6 % 1980 78,686 − 10.2 % 78,380 − 0.4 % 2000 81,207 3.6 % 88,082 8.5 % Est. 2016 87,575 − 0.6 % U.S. Decennial Census 2013 Estimate As of the 2010 census , the city was 48.4 % White , 13.2 % Black or African American , 0.9 % Native American , 1.2 % Asian , 0.1 % Native Hawaiian , and 6.1 % were two or more races. 58.2 % of the population were of Hispanic or Latino ancestry . As of the census of 2000 , there were 30,113 households , out of which 33.7 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 34.4 % were married couples living together , 20.2 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 38.8 % were non-families. 31.7 % of all households were made up of individuals , and 12.4 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.33 . In the city , the population was spread out , with 29.9 % under the age of 18 , 11.7 % from 18 to 24 , 28.9 % from 25 to 44 , 17.0 % from 45 to 64 , and 12.4 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 31 years . For every 100 females , there were 93.3 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 88.5 males . The median income for a household in the city was $26,698 , and the median income for a family was $31,067 . Males had a median income of $28,114 versus $21,993 for females . The per capita income for the city was $13,086. 26.1 % of the population and 22.3 % of families were below the poverty line . 36.5 % of those under the age of 18 and 15.6 % of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line . Estimates ( edit ) As of the American Community Survey 1 - Year Estimates , Reading had a population of 80,997 . The racial makeup of the city was 48.8 % White , 14.0 % African American , 0.2 % Native American , 1.4 % Asian , 0.0 % Pacific Islander , 31.1 % from other races , and 4.5 % from two or more races . 56.3 % were Hispanic or Latino of any race , with 33.5 % being of Puerto Rican descent. 33.0 % of all people were living below the poverty line , including 42.0 % of those under 18 . According to the US Census Bureau , 32.9 % of all residents live below the poverty level , including 45.7 % of those under 18 . Reading 's unemployment rate in May 2010 was 14.7 % , while Berks County 's unemployment rate was 9.9 % . Neighborhoods ( edit ) Name Area Population Center City 0.381 sq. mi 5,374 Callowhill 0.751 sq. mi 7,289 Centre Park 0.615 sq. mi 10,781 College Heights 1.295 sq. mi 14,903 East Reading 2.230 sq. mi 34,572 Eastside 1.849 sq. mi 29,198 Glenside 2.303 sq. mi 11,837 Hampden Heights 3.144 sq. mi 44,101 Millmont 1.024 sq. mi 5,298 North Riverside 0.955 sq. mi 12,674 Northmont 0.035 sq. mi 697 Northside 0.187 sq. mi 1,822 Oakbrook / Wyomissing Park 1.197 sq. mi 5,947 Outlet District 0.554 sq. mi 14,295 Penn 's Commons 0.796 sq. mi 15,891 Prince Historic District 0.123 sq. mi 2,002 Queen Anne Historic District 0.330 sq. mi 6,359 Southside 1.486 sq. mi 10,317 South of Penn 1.122 sq. mi 8,483 Fire department ( edit ) The Reading Fire Museum Main article : Reading Fire Department The city of Reading is protected by the 135 firefighters and paramedics of the Reading Fire and EMS Department ( RFD ) . The RFD operates out of seven fire stations throughout the city . The RFD operates a fire apparatus fleet of five Engine Companies , three Ladder Companies , one Rescue Company , brush unit , and four front - line Medic Ambulances . In 2016 , fire units responded to 9,751 incidents . EMS responses totaled 19,058 calls for service . Department staffing is 2 firefighters per apparatus . Education ( edit ) Reading High School The Reading School District provides elementary and middle schools for the city 's children . Numerous Catholic parochial schools are also available . Press reports have indicated that in 2012 , about eight percent of Reading 's residents have a college degree , compared to a national average of 28 % . Three institutions of higher learning are located in Reading : Albright College Alvernia University Reading Area Community College Four high schools serve the city : Berks Catholic High School ( Grades 9 -- 12 ) Reading High School ( Grades 10 -- 12 ) Reading Intermediate High School ( Grades 8 -- 9 ) I - LEAD Charter School Sports ( edit ) FirstEnergy Stadium , 2006 . Reading is known for the Reading Fightin Phils , minor league affiliate of the Philadelphia Phillies , who play at FirstEnergy Stadium . Notable alumni are Larry Bowa , Ryne Sandberg , Mike Schmidt , Ryan Howard , and Jimmy Rollins . The city has been the residence of numerous professional athletes . Among these native to Reading are Brooklyn Dodgers outfielder Carl Furillo , Baltimore Colts running back Lenny Moore , and Philadelphia 76ers forward Donyell Marshall . Pro golfer Betsy King , a member of the World Golf Hall of Fame , was born in Reading . The open - wheel racing portion of Penske Racing had been based in Reading , Pennsylvania since 1973 with the cars , during the F1 and CART era , being constructed in Poole , Dorset , England as well as being the base for the F1 team . On October 31 , 2005 , Penske Racing announced after the 2006 IRL season , they would consolidate IRL and NASCAR operations at the team 's Mooresville , North Carolina facility ; with the flooding in Pennsylvania in 2006 , the team 's operations were moved to Mooresville earlier than expected . Penske Truck Leasing is still based in Reading . Duryea Drive , which ascends Mount Penn in a series of switchbacks , was a testing place for early automobiles and was named for Charles Duryea . The Blue Mountain Region Sports Car Club of America hosts the Duryea Hill Climb , the longest in the Pennsylvania Hillclimb Association series , which follows the same route the automaker used to test his cars . Reading played host to a stop on the PGA Tour , the Reading Open , in the late 1940s and early 1950s . Club League Venue Established Championships Reading Fightin Phils EL , Baseball FirstEnergy Stadium 1967 Reading Royals ECHL , Ice hockey Santander Arena Reading United AC PDL , Soccer Don Thomas Stadium Culture ( edit ) Reading Public Museum in 2011 . The city 's cultural institutions include the Reading Symphony Orchestra and its education project the Reading Symphony Youth Orchestra , the Reading Choral Society , Opus One : Berks Chamber Choir , the GoggleWorks Art Gallery , the Reading Public Museum and the Historical Society of Berks County . Reading is the birthplace of graphic artist Jim Steranko , guitar virtuoso Richie Kotzen , novelist and poet John Updike , poet Wallace Stevens , and singer - songwriter Taylor Swift . Marching band composer and writer John Philip Sousa , the March King , died in Reading 's Abraham Lincoln Hotel in 1932 . Artist Keith Haring was born in Reading . Downtown Reading Reading is home to the 15 - time world - champion drum and bugle corps , the Reading Buccaneers . In 1914 , one the anchors of the Battleship Maine was delivered from the Washington Navy Yard to City Park , off of Perkiomen Avenue . The anchor was dedicated during a ceremony presided over by Franklin D. Roosevelt , who was then assistant secretary of the navy . Reading was home to several movie and theater palaces in the early 20th Century . The Astor , Embassy , Loew 's Colonial , and Rajah Shrine Theater were grand monuments of architecture and entertainment . Today , after depression , recession , and urban renewal , the Rajah is the only one to remain . The Astor Theater was demolished in 1998 to make way for The Sovereign Center . Certain steps were taken to retain mementos of the Astor , including its ornate Art Deco chandelier and gates . These are on display and in use inside the arena corridors , allowing insight into the ambiance of the former movie house . In 2000 , the Rajah was purchased from the Shriners . After a much needed restoration , it was renamed the Sovereign Performing Arts Center . The Mid-Atlantic Air Museum is a membership - supported museum and restoration facility located at Carl A. Spaatz Field . The museum actively displays and restores historic and rare war aircraft and civilian airliners . Most notable to their collection is a Northrop P - 61 Black Widow under active restoration since its recovery from Mount Cyclops , New Guinea in 1989 . Beginning in 1990 , the museum has hosted `` World War II Weekend Air Show '' , scheduled to coincide with D - Day . On display are period wartime aircraft ( many of which fly throughout the show ) vehicles , and weapons . The mechanical ice cream scoop was invented in Reading by William Clewell in 1878 . The 5th Ave Bar and York Peppermint Patty were invented in Reading . Sister city ( edit ) The City of Reading and Reutlingen , Germany are sister cities which participate in student exchanges . Students from Reading High School can apply to become a part of the exchange and travel to Reutlingen for 2 weeks ( Mid October to Early September ) and in return host their German exchange student in the spring . Kutztown University also has a program with Reutlingen . Reading is twinned with : Reutlingen , Baden - Württemberg , Germany , since 1998 Attractions ( edit ) Reading 's Pagoda seen from Skyline Drive . In 1908 , a Japanese - style pagoda was built on Mount Penn , where it overlooks the city and is visible from almost everywhere in town . Locally , it is called the `` Pagoda '' . It is currently the home of a café and a gift shop . It remains a popular tourist attraction . Another fixture in Reading 's skyline is the William Penn Memorial Fire Tower , one mile from the Pagoda on Skyline Drive . Built in 1939 for fire department and forestry observation , the tower is 120 feet tall , and rises 950 feet above the intersection of fifth and Penn Streets . From the top of the tower is a 60 - mile panoramic view . The Reading Glove and Mitten Manufacturing Company founded in 1899 , just outside Reading city limits , in West Reading and Wyomissing boroughs changed its name to Vanity Fair in 1911 and is now the major clothing manufacturer VF Corp . In the early 1970s , the original factories were developed to create the VF Outlet Village , the first outlet mall in the United States . In media ( edit ) The book and movie Rabbit , Run and the other three novels of the Rabbit series by John Updike were set in fictionalized versions of Reading and nearby Shillington , called Brewer and Olinger respectively . Updike was born in Reading and lived in nearby Shillington until he was thirteen . He also makes reference to the Brewer suburb of Mount Judge , equivalent to Mount Penn east of Reading . Filmmakers Gary Adelstein , Costa Mantis , and Jerry Orr created Reading 1974 : Portrait of a City ; relying heavily on montage , the film is a cultural time capsule . The play Sweat by Lynn Nottage is set in Reading . The movie Goon : Last of the Enforcers ; features Reading as the home of rival team , The Reading Wolf Dogs . Notable people ( edit ) Main category : People from Reading , Pennsylvania David McMurtrie Gregg ( 1922 ) by Augustus Lukeman . Gus Alberts ( 1861 -- 1912 ) , Major League Baseball player Coit Albertson ( 1880 -- 1953 ) , silent film actor George Warren Alexander ( 1829 - 1903 ) , captain of the Reading Artillerists ( 1857 - 1861 ) ; second in command , 47th Pennsylvania Infantry ( 1861 - 1864 ) ; and founder of G.W. Alexander & Co. , a successful hat factory in Reading and West Reading Steve Anker ( b . 1958 ) , Esteemed public domain rapper from East Reading Elvin Ayala ( b . 1981 ) , professional boxer , World Boxing Council and U.S. National Boxing Council middleweight champion John Barrasso ( b . July 21 , 1952 ) , U.S. Senator from Wyoming Albert Boscov , ( 1929 - 2017 ) , chairman of Boscov 's department store George Bradley ( 1852 -- 1931 ) , Major League Baseball player Sylvanus C. Breyfogel ( b . 1851 ) , bishop of Evangelical Association Kenny Brightbill ( b . 1948 ) , race car driver James Bryant , professional football player James Henry Carpenter ( 1846 -- 1898 ) , Civil War sailor , officer , founder of Carpenter Technology Corporation Jack Coggins ( 1911 -- 2006 ) , artist and author Kayla Collins ( b . 1987 ) , model and Playboy playmate ( August 2008 ) Forrest Compton ( b . 1925 ) , actor Michael Constantine ( b . 1927 ) , actor Tullio DeSantis ( b . 1948 ) , artist , writer , professor Lisa Eichhorn ( b . 1952 ) , actress , writer , producer Meg Foster ( b . 1948 ) , actress Roy Frankhouser ( 1939 -- 2009 ) , Grand Dragon of Ku Klux Klan Harry Whittier Frees ( 1879 -- 1953 ) , photographer Carl Furillo ( 1922 -- 1989 ) , Major League Baseball outfielder Megan Gallagher ( b . 1960 ) , actress David McMurtrie Gregg ( 1833 -- 1916 ) , American Civil War general Keith Haring ( 1958 -- 1990 ) , artist , activist Mervin Heller , Jr. , past president of the United States Tennis Association Corey Hertzog ( b . 1990 ) , professional soccer player William Muhlenberg Hiester ( 1818 -- 1878 ) , political and military leader Alice Hoover ( 1928 -- 2014 ) , All - American Girls Professional Baseball League player Frank Hovington ( 1919 -- 1982 ) , blues musician Stu Jackson ( b . 1955 ) , executive vice president of basketball operations for the NBA Mildred Jordan ( 1901 -- 1982 ) , novelist Travis Kauffman ( b . 1985 ) , WBF Inter-Continental heavyweight boxing champion and ranked contender Ed Kemmer ( 1921 -- 2004 ) , combat pilot and actor Chip Kidd ( b. 1964 ) , graphic designer and author Betsy King ( b. 1955 ) , golfer , winner of 34 LPGA Tour events and member of the World Golf Hall of Fame A.S. King ( b . 1970 ) , author , winner of the LA Times Book Prize and a Printz Award Honoree Richie Kotzen ( b . 1970 ) , rock guitarist Rick Krebs ( b . 1949 ) , game designer Whitey Kurowski ( 1918 -- 1999 ) , All - Star infielder for St. Louis Cardinals Henry Larkin ( 1860 -- 1942 ) , Major League Baseball player Julian Letterlough ( 1969 -- 2005 ) , light heavyweight boxing champion Steve Little ( 1965 -- 2000 ) , WBA world middleweight boxing champion Donyell Marshall ( b . 1973 ) , basketball player , Connecticut and NBA power forward Julio Cesar Matthews ( b . 1970 ) , Golden Gloves champion and unbeaten professional cruiserweight boxer Lenny Moore ( b . 1933 ) , NFL running back and Pro Football Hall of Famer Stephen Mull , U.S. Assistant Secretary of State for Political Ministry Affairs , U.S. Ambassador to Lithuania James Nagle ( 1822 -- 1866 ) , Civil War general Hildegard Peplau ( 1909 -- 1999 ) , nurse theorist Mike Pilot ( b . 1975 ) , podcaster David Robidoux , composer Denise Rutkowski ( b . 1962 ) , professional female bodybuilder Lori and George Schappell ( b . 1961 ) , conjoined twins John Philip Sousa ( 1854 -- 1932 ) , iconic composer , died in Reading Ray Dennis Steckler ( 1939 -- 2009 ) , film director Jim Steranko ( b . 1938 ) , Silver Age comic book artist , magazine publisher and escape artist Wallace Stevens ( 1879 -- 1955 ) , poet Taylor Swift ( b . 1989 ) , Grammy and Emmy Award - winning singer , songwriter and recording artist Chuck Thompson ( 1921 -- 2005 ) , sportscaster John Updike ( 1932 -- 2009 ) , Pulitzer Prize - winning novelist , poet , essayist Thomas Usher , CEO of U.S. Steel and Chairman of the Board of Marathon Oil Byron Vazakas ( 1905 -- 1987 ) , poet Charlie Wagner ( 1912 -- 2006 ) , baseball player for Boston Red Sox Angela Washko ( b . 1986 ) , artist Delores Wells ( b . 1937 ) , actress Thomas C. Zimmerman ( 1838 -- 1914 ) , writer , translator of English language classics to Pennsylvania German dialect References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima ( i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year ) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010 . Jump up ^ Official precipitation measurements for Reading were taken at an undisclosed location from January 1894 to February 1973 , a COOP 4 mi ( 6.4 km ) north - northwest of downtown from March 1973 to January 1999 , and Reading Regional since February 1999 . Temperature , snowfall and snow depth records date to February 1903 , 23 November 1897 , and 26 September 1908 , respectively . Jump up ^ `` Baseballtown Charities '' . baseballtown.org . November 27 , 2012 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kline , Dave . `` Mountain Folklore : Berks Country Fest is all about music , culture , food '' . Reading Eagle . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.readingpa.gov/sites/default/files/council/ordinance/master/Introduction.pdf Jump up ^ `` 2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved Aug 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Population Estimates '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2014 . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PHMC Historical Markers Search '' ( Searchable database ) . Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission . Commonwealth of Pennsylvania . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Reading ( city ) QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau '' . census.gov . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Find a County '' . National Association of Counties . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2011 . Retrieved June 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Census Shows Reading , Berks growth spurt '' . Retrieved March 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tavernise , Sabrina ( September 26 , 2011 ) . `` Reading , Pa. , Knew It Was Poor . Now It Knows Just How Poor '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Reading ( PA ) Bronze - level International Mountain Bicycling Association '' . www.imba.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Reading Radsport Festival September 8 , 2017 '' . www.readingradsport.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ News , 69 ( 2017 - 04 - 06 ) . `` $20 million indoor cycling track to be built in Reading '' . WFMZ . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` content. aspGreater Reading 's destination hub : Greater Reading Convention and Visitors Bureau '' . Readingberkspa.com . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Washington , D.C. became the national capital in 1800 . Jump up ^ Zinn , Howard . A People 's History of the United States 1492 -- present ( New York : HarperPerennial , 1995 ) , p. 243 . Jump up ^ Clymer , Floyd . Treasury of Early American Automobiles , 1877 -- 1925 ( New York : Bonanza Books , 1950 ) , p. 158 . Jump up ^ `` City Crime Rankings by Population Group '' . morganquitno.com . Jump up ^ Interview with Barbara Corcoran on NBC 's Today show . Online . December 2007 . Retrieved September 27 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ ThreadEx ; search for location = `` PA - Reading '' , variable = `` Station thread '' Jump up ^ `` Station Name : PA READING SPAATZ FLD '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` US Gazetteer files : 2010 , 2000 , and 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . February 12 , 2011 . Retrieved April 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Beleaguered Middle Class '' . The New York Times . June 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Major Employers '' . Greater Reading Economic Partnership . Jump up ^ `` New Director Will Lead Reading 's Jump Start Incubator '' . bctv.org - Local news about Berks County and Reading , Pa . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Berks County , Pennsylvania Highway Map ( PDF ) ( Map ) . PennDOT. 2014 . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Norfolk Southern Harrisburg Region Timetable 1 , August 4 , 2008 Jump up ^ Reading & Northern Railroad System Map ( Map ) . Reading Blue Mountain and Northern Railroad . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ East Penn Railroad Map ( PDF ) ( Map ) . DeskMap Systems . 2011 . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` r6extension.com '' . r6extension.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Our Service Area '' . FirstEnergy . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Electric Service Tarriff '' ( PDF ) . Met - Ed . July 17 , 2017 . pp. 8 -- 10 . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Geographic Footprint '' . UGI . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gas Tarriff '' ( PDF ) . UGI Utilities . July 7 , 2017 . pp. 5 -- 6 . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` About Reading Area Water Authority '' . Reading Area Water Authority . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Waste Water Treatment Plant '' . City of Reading , PA . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Residential Trash and Recycling '' . City of Reading , PA . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Services '' . Reading Hospital . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Home '' . Penn State Health St. Joseph . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ United States Census Bureau . `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2013 '' . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2014 . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Reading ( city ) Quick Facts from the US Census Bureau '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved May 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2013 . Retrieved January 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Berks County , Reading unemployment rates rise in May -- bctv.org -- Local news about Berks County and Reading , Pa. : Special Reports '' . bctv.org . June 29 , 2010 . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` PAGE NOT AVAILABLE '' . readingpafire.com . Jump up ^ `` ReadingPaFire.com - News '' . readingpafire.com . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2010 . Retrieved April 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Keith Haring 's pop art celebrated in today 's Google Doodle '' . National Post . May 4 , 2012 . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Charles Isherwood ( August 16 , 2015 ) . `` Review : Lynn Nottage 's ' Sweat ' Examines Lives Unraveling by Industry 's Demise '' . New York Times . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sadie Dingfelder ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Sweat ' by Lynn Nottage gives voice to the ' new poor ' '' . Washington Post . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Reichler , Joseph L. , ed. ( 1979 ) ( 1969 ) . The Baseball Encyclopedia ( 4th ed . ) . New York : Macmillan Publishing . ISBN 0 - 02 - 578970 - 8 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Laurie . Lieutenant Colonel George Warren ( `` G.W. '' ) Alexander , in 47th Pennsylvania Volunteers : One Civil War Regiment 's Story , retrieved online May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BARRASSO , John A. , ( 1952 -- ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Retrieved November 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mr. Stephen D. Mull Nominated as New United States Ambassador to Lithuania : Biography Jump up ^ `` David Robidoux '' . APM Music . Retrieved January 18 , 2013 . Further Reading ( edit ) Reading Eagle archive , Google News Archive , 1868 -- 2000 . -- PDFs of 38,630 issues . Kenneth E. Hendrickson , Jr. , The Socialists of Reading , Pennsylvanian and World War I : A Question of Loyalty , '' Pennsylvania History , vol. 36 , no . 4 ( October 1969 ) , pp. 430 -- 450 . In JSTOR Kenneth E. Hendrickson , Jr. , `` The Socialist Administration in Reading , Pennsylvania , Part I , 1927 -- 1931 , '' Pennsylvania History , vol. 39 , no . 4 ( October 1972 ) , pp. 417 -- 442 . In JSTOR Kenneth E. Hendrickson , Jr. , `` Triumph and Disaster : The Reading Socialists in Power and Decline , Part II , 1932 -- 1939 , '' Pennsylvania History , vol. 40 , no . 4 ( October 1973 ) , pp. 380 -- 411 . In JSTOR Henry G. Stetler , The Socialist Movement in Reading , Pennsylvania , 1896 -- 1936 . PhD dissertation . Storrs , CT : Henry G. Stetler , 1943 . 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-6417700826803951491 | Tourism in Iceland | Tourism in Iceland - wikipedia Tourism in Iceland Jump to : navigation , search Tourism in Iceland has grown considerably in economic significance in the past 15 years . As of 2016 , the tourism industry is estimated to contribute about 10 percent to the Icelandic GDP ; the number of foreign visitors is set to exceed 2,000,000 by the end of 2017 ; tourism is responsible for a share of nearly 30 percent of the country 's export revenue . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Tourist Demographics 3 Popular Tourist Destinations 4 Arrivals by country 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Evolution of the annual number of foreign visitors to Iceland , as compared to the growth of the resident population . Services provided to foreign tourists were for a long time an insignificant part of the Icelandic economy , rarely contributing more than 2 percent to GDP , even long after the advent of international air travel . Until the early 1980s , the number of foreign visitors to Iceland increased slowly and erratically , never exceeding 80,000 in a single year , and for many years after that only barely kept pace with the increase in the number of Icelanders traveling to and from the country . This situation lasted until the turn of the century , when the annual number of visitors exceeded the total resident population for the first time , at around 300,000 . A few years later the Icelandic tourism industry started to experience a boom which to this day shows no signs of abating , as witnessed by the fact that the number of foreign visitors grew on average by 6 percent per year between 2003 and 2010 , and by some 20 percent per year on average between 2010 and 2014 . In 2015 , this rapid increase has continued , with the number of foreign visitors already exceeding 1 million in the period January to October . According to the Icelandic Tourist Board , the total number of overnight stays by foreign visitors to Iceland grew from 595,000 in 2000 to 2.1 million in 2010 , before rising to 4.4 million in 2014 . The number of people working in tourism - related industries in Iceland was 21,600 in 2014 , representing nearly 12 percent of the total workforce , and tourism 's direct contribution to GDP is now close to 5 percent . Tourist demographics ( edit ) Iceland is well known for its untouched nature and unique atmosphere . Iceland receives the highest number of tourists during summer ( June -- August ) . In 2014 , around 42 % of visitors arrived in Iceland during its summer months , proportionally a slight decrease compared to the previous two years , the percentage of winter visitors having increased by over 4 % in the same period . As of year 2014 , Iceland 's largest tourism markets comprises tourists from Central / South Europe , followed by those from other regions : North America , the UK , then the Nordic countries . In terms of visitors from individual countries , the top five for 2014 were the UK , USA , Germany , France and Norway . Canada had the largest percentage increase in visitor numbers in the 2013 - 2014 period , with an increase of over 60 % year on year . Popular Tourist destinations ( edit ) According to a survey carried out by the Icelandic Tourist Board in 2014 , the following 10 destinations are the ones most frequently visited in Iceland , out of 39 specifically mentioned in the survey ( the percentages indicate the proportion of all foreign tourists visiting the destination in question and relate to the summer season , some of the destinations being less easily accessible in winter ) . Rank Destination Percentage Capital Region 97.0 % Geysir / Gullfoss 59.4 % Þingvellir 50.4 % Vík 47.4 % 5 Skógar 43.6 % 6 Jökulsárlón ( glacier lagoon ) 42.3 % 7 Skaftafell 40.3 % 8 Akureyri 36.2 % 9 Mývatn 34.0 % 10 Blue Lagoon 31.5 % Arrivals by country ( edit ) Most visitors arriving in Iceland through the main airport are from the following countries of nationality : Rank Country 2015 2016 United States 242,805 415,287 United Kingdom 241,024 316,395 Germany 103,384 132,789 France 65,822 85,221 5 Canada 46,654 83,144 6 China 47,643 66,781 7 Sweden 43,096 54,515 8 Norway 51,402 51,012 9 Denmark 49,225 49,951 10 Poland 27,079 39,613 Total foreign 1,261,938 1,767,726 See also ( edit ) Iceland Economy of Iceland Elf / Huldufólk Tourism List of museums in Iceland References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Tourism to bring in 10 % of Iceland 's GDP in 2016 '' . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Foreign visitors to Iceland 1949 - 2014 '' . p. 3 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` International tourist receipts and expenditures and their share in exports and GDP 1969 - 2008 '' . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Foreign passengers 1971 - 1999 '' . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Passengers through Keflavik airport by citizenship and month 2002 - 2014 '' . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Foreign visitors to Iceland 1949 - 2014 '' . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Tourism in Iceland in Figures '' ( PDF ) . p. 12 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Financial accounts '' . p. 3 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ http://vr-iceland.grandpano.sk/ Jump up ^ Icelandic Tourism Board Jump up ^ Icelandic Tourism Board Jump up ^ `` Tourism in Iceland in Figures '' ( PDF ) . p. 19 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Passengers through Keflavik airport by citizenship and month 2002 - 2015 - 2015 Jump up ^ Passengers through Keflavik airport by citizenship and month 2002 - 2016 External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Iceland . Icelandic Tourist Board Discover Iceland Icelandic Tourist Board in North America regional sites of the Icelandic Tourist Board http://www.visitreykjavik.is for Reykjavík http://www.westiceland.is for West Iceland http://www.westfjords.is for Westfjords http://www.northiceland.is for North Iceland http://www.east.is for East Iceland http://www.south.is for South Iceland http://www.visitreykjanes.is for Reykjanes https://goiceland.net for Vietnamese Tourism in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Iceland articles History By topic Economic Military Nationality Prohibition Rulers Monarchy Timeline Settlement Commonwealth Christianisation Aristocracy Sturlung Era Reformation Danish trade monopoly Independence Movement Kingdom World War II Invasion Cold War Cod Wars Great Recession Geography Cities and towns Climate Earthquakes Extremities Fjords Geology Glaciers Highlands Islands Lakes National parks Regions Rivers Valleys Volcanoes Waterfalls Politics Administrative divisions Cabinet Constitution Elections Foreign relations Human rights Law Law enforcement LGBT history LGBT rights Military Parliament Political parties President Prime Minister Supreme Court Economy Agriculture Banking Communications Króna ( currency ) Outvasion Renewable energy Stock Exchange Taxation Tourism Transportation Society Demographics Education Healthcare Icelanders Languages Religion Culture Anthem Architecture Art Cinema Coat of arms Cuisine Flag Literature Media Music Names National costume Public holidays Sport Outline Index Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tourism_in_Iceland&oldid=799082720 '' Categories : Tourism in Iceland Tourism in Europe Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Deutsch Français Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska ქართული მარგალური Polski Português Română Русский ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 5 September 2017 , at 14 : 53 . About Wikipedia | how much impact does the tourist industry have on the icelandic economy | [
"Tourism in Iceland has grown considerably in economic significance in the past 15 years. As of 2016, the tourism industry is estimated to contribute about 10 percent to the Icelandic GDP[1]; the number of foreign visitors is set to exceed 2,000,000 by the end of 2017; tourism is responsible for a share of nearly 30 percent of the country's export revenue.[2]"
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"10 percent to the Icelandic GDP"
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4321337733092150561 | Mollusca | Mollusca - wikipedia Mollusca Jump to : navigation , search Mollusca Temporal range : Cambrian -- Recent PreЄ Є Pg Tonicella lineata , a polyplacophoran or chiton , anterior end towards the right Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Superphylum : Lophotrochozoa Phylum : Mollusca Linnaeus , 1758 Classes See text . Diversity 85,000 recognized living species . Cornu aspersum ( formerly Helix aspersa ) -- a common land snail The mollusc ( or mollusk / ˈmɒləsk / ) composes the large phylum Mollusca of invertebrate animals . Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized . The number of fossil species is estimated between 60,000 and 100,000 species Molluscs are the largest marine phylum , comprising about 23 % of all the named marine organisms . Numerous molluscs also live in freshwater and terrestrial habitats . They are highly diverse , not just in size and in anatomical structure , but also in behaviour and in habitat . The phylum is typically divided into 9 or 10 taxonomic classes , of which two are entirely extinct . Cephalopod molluscs , such as squid , cuttlefish and octopus , are among the most neurologically advanced of all invertebrates -- and either the giant squid or the colossal squid is the largest known invertebrate species . The gastropods ( snails and slugs ) are by far the most numerous molluscs in terms of classified species , and account for 80 % of the total . The three most universal features defining modern molluscs are a mantle with a significant cavity used for breathing and excretion , the presence of a radula ( except for bivalves ) , and the structure of the nervous system . Other than these things , molluscs express great morphological diversity , so many textbooks base their descriptions on a `` hypothetical ancestral mollusc '' ( see image below ) . This has a single , `` limpet - like '' shell on top , which is made of proteins and chitin reinforced with calcium carbonate , and is secreted by a mantle covering the whole upper surface . The underside of the animal consists of a single muscular `` foot '' . Although molluscs are coelomates , the coelom tends to be small . The main body cavity is a hemocoel through which blood circulates ; their circulatory systems are mainly open . The `` generalized '' mollusc 's feeding system consists of a rasping `` tongue '' , the radula , and a complex digestive system in which exuded mucus and microscopic , muscle - powered `` hairs '' called cilia play various important roles . The generalized mollusc has two paired nerve cords , or three in bivalves . The brain , in species that have one , encircles the esophagus . Most molluscs have eyes , and all have sensors to detect chemicals , vibrations , and touch . The simplest type of molluscan reproductive system relies on external fertilization , but more complex variations occur . All produce eggs , from which may emerge trochophore larvae , more complex veliger larvae , or miniature adults . Good evidence exists for the appearance of gastropods , cephalopods and bivalves in the Cambrian period 541 to 485.4 million years ago . However , the evolutionary history both of molluscs ' emergence from the ancestral Lophotrochozoa and of their diversification into the well - known living and fossil forms are still subjects of vigorous debate among scientists . Molluscs have been and still are an important food source for anatomically modern humans . However there is a risk of food poisoning from toxins which can accumulate in certain molluscs under specific conditions , and because of this , many countries have regulations to reduce this risk . Molluscs have , for centuries , also been the source of important luxury goods , notably pearls , mother of pearl , Tyrian purple dye , and sea silk . Their shells have also been used as money in some preindustrial societies . Mollusc species can also represent hazards or pests for human activities . The bite of the blue - ringed octopus is often fatal , and that of Octopus apollyon causes inflammation that can last for over a month . Stings from a few species of large tropical cone shells can also kill , but their sophisticated , though easily produced , venoms have become important tools in neurological research . Schistosomiasis ( also known as bilharzia , bilharziosis or snail fever ) is transmitted to humans via water snail hosts , and affects about 200 million people . Snails and slugs can also be serious agricultural pests , and accidental or deliberate introduction of some snail species into new environments has seriously damaged some ecosystems . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Definition 3 Diversity 4 Hypothetical ancestral mollusc 4.1 Mantle and mantle cavity 4.2 Shell 4.3 Foot 4.4 Circulatory system 4.5 Respiration 4.6 Eating , digestion , and excretion 4.7 Nervous system 4.8 Reproduction 5 Ecology 5.1 Feeding 6 Classification 7 Evolution 7.1 Fossil record 7.2 Phylogeny 8 Human interaction 8.1 Uses by humans 8.1. 1 Bioindicators 8.2 Harmful to humans 8.2. 1 Stings and bites 8.2. 2 Disease vectors 8.2. 3 Pests 9 Footnotes 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Etymology ( edit ) The words mollusc and mollusk are both derived from the French mollusque , which originated from the Latin molluscus , from mollis , soft . Molluscus was itself an adaptation of Aristotle 's τα μαλακά ( ta malaká ) , `` the soft things '' , which he applied to cuttlefish . The scientific study of molluscs is accordingly called malacology . The name Molluscoida was formerly used to denote a division of the animal kingdom containing the brachiopods , bryozoans , and tunicates , the members of the three groups having been supposed to somewhat resemble the molluscs . As it is now known these groups have no relation to molluscs , and very little to one another , the name Molluscoida has been abandoned . Definition ( edit ) The most universal features of the body structure of molluscs are a mantle with a significant cavity used for breathing and excretion , and the organization of the nervous system . Many have a calcareous shell . Molluscs have developed such a varied range of body structures , it is difficult to find synapomorphies ( defining characteristics ) to apply to all modern groups . The most general characteristic of molluscs is they are unsegmented and bilaterally symmetrical . The following are present in all modern molluscs : The dorsal part of the body wall is a mantle ( or pallium ) which secretes calcareous spicules , plates or shells . It overlaps the body with enough spare room to form a mantle cavity . The anus and genitals open into the mantle cavity . There are two pairs of main nerve cords . Other characteristics that commonly appear in textbooks have significant exceptions : Whether characteristic is found in these classes of Molluscs Supposed universal Molluscan characteristic Aplacophora Polyplacophora Monoplacophora Gastropoda Cephalopoda Bivalvia Scaphopoda Radula , a rasping `` tongue '' with chitinous teeth Absent in 20 % of Neomeniomorpha Yes Yes Yes Yes No Internal , can not extend beyond body Broad , muscular foot Reduced or absent Yes Yes Yes Modified into arms Yes Small , only at `` front '' end Dorsal concentration of internal organs ( visceral mass ) Not obvious Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Large digestive ceca No ceca in some Aplacophora Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Large complex metanephridia ( `` kidneys '' ) None Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Small , simple One or more valves / shells Primitive forms , yes ; modern forms , no Yes Yes Snails , yes ; slugs , mostly yes ( internal vestigial ) Octopuses , no ; cuttlefish , nautilus , squid , yes Yes Yes Odontophore Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Diversity ( edit ) About 80 % of all known mollusc species are gastropods ( snails and slugs ) , including this cowry ( a sea snail ) . Estimates of accepted described living species of molluscs vary from 50,000 to a maximum of 120,000 species . In 1969 David Nicol estimated the probable total number of living molluscs at 107,000 of which were about 12,000 fresh - water gastropods and 35,000 terrestrial . The Bivalvia would comprise about 14 % of the total and the other five classes less than 2 % of the living molluscs . In 2009 , Chapman estimated the number of described living species at 85,000 . Haszprunar in 2001 estimated about 93,000 named species , which include 23 % of all named marine organisms . Molluscs are second only to arthropods in numbers of living animal species -- far behind the arthropods ' 1,113,000 but well ahead of chordates ' 52,000 . About 200,000 living species in total are estimated , and 70,000 fossil species , although the total number of mollusc species ever to have existed , whether or not preserved , must be many times greater than the number alive today . Molluscs have more varied forms than any other animal phylum . They include snails , slugs and other gastropods ; clams and other bivalves ; squids and other cephalopods ; and other lesser - known but similarly distinctive subgroups . The majority of species still live in the oceans , from the seashores to the abyssal zone , but some form a significant part of the freshwater fauna and the terrestrial ecosystems . Molluscs are extremely diverse in tropical and temperate regions , but can be found at all latitudes . About 80 % of all known mollusc species are gastropods . Cephalopoda such as squid , cuttlefish , and octopuses are among the neurologically most advanced of all invertebrates . The giant squid , which until recently had not been observed alive in its adult form , is one of the largest invertebrates , but a recently caught specimen of the colossal squid , 10 m ( 33 ft ) long and weighing 500 kg ( 1,100 lb ) , may have overtaken it . Freshwater and terrestrial molluscs appear exceptionally vulnerable to extinction . Estimates of the numbers of nonmarine molluscs vary widely , partly because many regions have not been thoroughly surveyed . There is also a shortage of specialists who can identify all the animals in any one area to species . However , in 2004 the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species included nearly 2,000 endangered nonmarine molluscs . For comparison , the great majority of mollusc species are marine , but only 41 of these appeared on the 2004 Red List . About 42 % of recorded extinctions since the year 1500 are of molluscs , consisting almost entirely of nonmarine species . Hypothetical ancestral mollusc ( edit ) Further information : Mollusc shell Anatomical diagram of a hypothetical ancestral mollusc Because of the great range of anatomical diversity among molluscs , many textbooks start the subject of molluscan anatomy by describing what is called an archi - mollusc , hypothetical generalized mollusc , or hypothetical ancestral mollusc ( HAM ) to illustrate the most common features found within the phylum . The depiction is visually rather similar to modern monoplacophorans , and some suggest it may resemble very early molluscs . The generalized mollusc is bilaterally symmetrical and has a single , `` limpet - like '' shell on top . The shell is secreted by a mantle covering the upper surface . The underside consists of a single muscular `` foot '' . The visceral mass , or visceropallium , is the soft , nonmuscular metabolic region of the mollusc . It contains the body organs . Mantle and mantle cavity ( edit ) The mantle cavity , a fold in the mantle , encloses a significant amount of space . It is lined with epidermis , and is exposed , according to habitat , to sea , fresh water or air . The cavity was at the rear in the earliest molluscs , but its position now varies from group to group . The anus , a pair of osphradia ( chemical sensors ) in the incoming `` lane '' , the hindmost pair of gills and the exit openings of the nephridia ( `` kidneys '' ) and gonads ( reproductive organs ) are in the mantle cavity . The whole soft body of bivalves lies within an enlarged mantle cavity . Shell ( edit ) Main article : Mollusc shell The mantle edge secretes a shell ( secondarily absent in a number of taxonomic groups , such as the nudibranchs ) that consists of mainly chitin and conchiolin ( a protein hardened with calcium carbonate ) , except the outermost layer in almost all cases is all conchiolin ( see periostracum ) . Molluscs never use phosphate to construct their hard parts , with the questionable exception of Cobcrephora . While most mollusc shells are composed mainly of aragonite , those gastropods that lay eggs with a hard shell use calcite ( sometimes with traces of aragonite ) to construct the eggshells . The shell consists of three layers : the outer layer ( the periostracum ) made of organic matter , a middle layer made of columnar calcite , and an inner layer consisting of laminated calcite , often nacreous . Foot ( edit ) Play media A 50 - second video of snails ( most likely Natica chemnitzi and Cerithium stercusmuscaram ) feeding on the sea floor in the Gulf of California , Puerto Peñasco , Mexico The underside consists of a muscular foot , which has adapted to different purposes in different classes . The foot carries a pair of statocysts , which act as balance sensors . In gastropods , it secretes mucus as a lubricant to aid movement . In forms having only a top shell , such as limpets , the foot acts as a sucker attaching the animal to a hard surface , and the vertical muscles clamp the shell down over it ; in other molluscs , the vertical muscles pull the foot and other exposed soft parts into the shell . In bivalves , the foot is adapted for burrowing into the sediment ; in cephalopods it is used for jet propulsion , and the tentacles and arms are derived from the foot . Circulatory system ( edit ) Molluscs ' circulatory systems are mainly open . Although molluscs are coelomates , their coeloms are reduced to fairly small spaces enclosing the heart and gonads . The main body cavity is a hemocoel through which blood and coelomic fluid circulate and which encloses most of the other internal organs . These hemocoelic spaces act as an efficient hydrostatic skeleton . The blood contains the respiratory pigment hemocyanin as an oxygen - carrier . The heart consists of one or more pairs of atria ( auricles ) , which receive oxygenated blood from the gills and pump it to the ventricle , which pumps it into the aorta ( main artery ) , which is fairly short and opens into the hemocoel . The atria of the heart also function as part of the excretory system by filtering waste products out of the blood and dumping it into the coelom as urine . A pair of nephridia ( `` little kidneys '' ) to the rear of and connected to the coelom extracts any re-usable materials from the urine and dumps additional waste products into it , and then ejects it via tubes that discharge into the mantle cavity . Respiration ( edit ) Most molluscs have only one pair of gills , or even only one gill . Generally , the gills are rather like feathers in shape , although some species have gills with filaments on only one side . They divide the mantle cavity so water enters near the bottom and exits near the top . Their filaments have three kinds of cilia , one of which drives the water current through the mantle cavity , while the other two help to keep the gills clean . If the osphradia detect noxious chemicals or possibly sediment entering the mantle cavity , the gills ' cilia may stop beating until the unwelcome intrusions have ceased . Each gill has an incoming blood vessel connected to the hemocoel and an outgoing one to the heart . Eating , digestion , and excretion ( edit ) Snail radula at work = Food = Radula = Muscles = Odontophore `` belt '' Members of the mollusc family use intracellular digestion to function . Most molluscs have muscular mouths with radulae , `` tongues '' , bearing many rows of chitinous teeth , which are replaced from the rear as they wear out . The radula primarily functions to scrape bacteria and algae off rocks , and is associated with the odontophore , a cartilaginous supporting organ . The radula is unique to the molluscs and has no equivalent in any other animal . Molluscs ' mouths also contain glands that secrete slimy mucus , to which the food sticks . Beating cilia ( tiny `` hairs '' ) drive the mucus towards the stomach , so the mucus forms a long string called a `` food string '' . At the tapered rear end of the stomach and projecting slightly into the hindgut is the prostyle , a backward - pointing cone of feces and mucus , which is rotated by further cilia so it acts as a bobbin , winding the mucus string onto itself . Before the mucus string reaches the prostyle , the acidity of the stomach makes the mucus less sticky and frees particles from it . The particles are sorted by yet another group of cilia , which send the smaller particles , mainly minerals , to the prostyle so eventually they are excreted , while the larger ones , mainly food , are sent to the stomach 's cecum ( a pouch with no other exit ) to be digested . The sorting process is by no means perfect . Periodically , circular muscles at the hindgut 's entrance pinch off and excrete a piece of the prostyle , preventing the prostyle from growing too large . The anus , in the part of the mantle cavity , is swept by the outgoing `` lane '' of the current created by the gills . Carnivorous molluscs usually have simpler digestive systems . As the head has largely disappeared in bivalves , the mouth has been equipped with labial palps ( two on each side of the mouth ) to collect the detritus from its mucus . Nervous system ( edit ) Simplified diagram of the mollusc nervous system The cephalic molluscs have two pairs of main nerve cords organized around a number of paired ganglia , the visceral cords serving the internal organs and the pedal ones serving the foot . Most pairs of corresponding ganglia on both sides of the body are linked by commissures ( relatively large bundles of nerves ) . The ganglia above the gut are the cerebral , the pleural , and the visceral , which are located above the esophagus ( gullet ) . The pedal ganglia , which control the foot , are below the esophagus and their commissure and connectives to the cerebral and pleural ganglia surround the esophagus in a circumesophageal nerve ring or nerve collar . The acephalic molluscs ( i.e. , bivalves ) also have this ring but it is less obvious and less important . The bivalves have only three pairs of ganglia -- cerebral , pedal , and visceral -- with the visceral as the largest and most important of the three functioning as the principal center of `` thinking '' . Some such as the scallops have eyes around the edges of their shells which connect to a pair of looped nerves and which provide the ability to distinguish between light and shadow . Reproduction ( edit ) See also : Reproductive system of gastropods Apical tuft ( cilia ) Prototroch ( cilia ) Stomach Mouth Metatroch ( cilia ) Mesoderm Anus / / / = cilia Trochophore larva The simplest molluscan reproductive system relies on external fertilization , but with more complex variations . All produce eggs , from which may emerge trochophore larvae , more complex veliger larvae , or miniature adults . Two gonads sit next to the coelom , a small cavity that surrounds the heart , into which they shed ova or sperm . The nephridia extract the gametes from the coelom and emit them into the mantle cavity . Molluscs that use such a system remain of one sex all their lives and rely on external fertilization . Some molluscs use internal fertilization and / or are hermaphrodites , functioning as both sexes ; both of these methods require more complex reproductive systems . The most basic molluscan larva is a trochophore , which is planktonic and feeds on floating food particles by using the two bands of cilia around its `` equator '' to sweep food into the mouth , which uses more cilia to drive them into the stomach , which uses further cilia to expel undigested remains through the anus . New tissue grows in the bands of mesoderm in the interior , so the apical tuft and anus are pushed further apart as the animal grows . The trochophore stage is often succeeded by a veliger stage in which the prototroch , the `` equatorial '' band of cilia nearest the apical tuft , develops into the velum ( `` veil '' ) , a pair of cilia - bearing lobes with which the larva swims . Eventually , the larva sinks to the seafloor and metamorphoses into the adult form . While metamorphosis is the usual state in molluscs , the cephalopods differ in exhibiting direct development : the hatchling is a ' miniaturized ' form of the adult . Ecology ( edit ) Feeding ( edit ) Most molluscs are herbivorous , grazing on algae or filter feeders . For those grazing , two feeding strategies are predominant . Some feed on microscopic , filamentous algae , often using their radula as a ' rake ' to comb up filaments from the sea floor . Others feed on macroscopic ' plants ' such as kelp , rasping the plant surface with its radula . To employ this strategy , the plant has to be large enough for the mollusc to ' sit ' on , so smaller macroscopic plants are not as often eaten as their larger counterparts . Filter feeders are molluscs that feed by straining suspended matter and food particle from water , typically by passing the water over their gills . Most bivalves are filter feeders . Cephalopods are primarily predatory , and the radula takes a secondary role to the jaws and tentacles in food acquisition . The monoplacophoran Neopilina uses its radula in the usual fashion , but its diet includes protists such as the xenophyophore Stannophyllum . Sacoglossan sea - slugs suck the sap from algae , using their one - row radula to pierce the cell walls , whereas dorid nudibranchs and some Vetigastropoda feed on sponges and others feed on hydroids . ( An extensive list of molluscs with unusual feeding habits is available in the appendix of GRAHAM , A. ( 1955 ) . `` Molluscan diets '' . Journal of Molluscan Studies . 31 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 144 ... ) Classification ( edit ) See also : List of mollusc orders Opinions vary about the number of classes of molluscs ; for example , the table below shows eight living classes , and two extinct ones . Although they are unlikely to form a clade , some older works combine the Caudofoveata and solenogasters into one class , the Aplacophora . Two of the commonly recognized `` classes '' are known only from fossils . Class Major organisms Described living species Distribution Caudofoveata worm - like organisms 120 seabed 200 -- 3,000 metres ( 660 -- 9,840 ft ) Solenogastres worm - like organisms 200 seabed 200 -- 3,000 metres ( 660 -- 9,840 ft ) Polyplacophora chitons 1,000 rocky tidal zone and seabed Monoplacophora An ancient lineage of molluscs with cap - like shells 31 seabed 1,800 -- 7,000 metres ( 5,900 -- 23,000 ft ) ; one species 200 metres ( 660 ft ) Gastropoda All the snails and slugs including abalone , limpets , conch , nudibranchs , sea hares , sea butterfly 70,000 marine , freshwater , land Cephalopoda squid , octopus , cuttlefish , nautilus , spirula 900 marine Bivalvia clams , oysters , scallops , geoducks , mussels 20,000 marine , freshwater Scaphopoda tusk shells 500 marine 6 -- 7,000 metres ( 20 -- 22,966 ft ) Rostroconchia † fossils ; probable ancestors of bivalves extinct marine Helcionelloida † fossils ; snail - like organisms such as Latouchella extinct marine Classification into higher taxa for these groups has been and remains problematic . A phylogenetic study suggests the Polyplacophora form a clade with a monophyletic Aplacophora . Additionally , it suggests a sister taxon relationship exists between the Bivalvia and the Gastropoda . Tentaculita may also be in Mollusca ( see Tentaculites ) . A genus called Wiwaxia probably was in the Mollusca . Evolution ( edit ) Main article : Evolution of molluscs See also : Evolution of cephalopods The use of love darts by the land snail Monachoides vicinus is a form of sexual selection Fossil record ( edit ) Good evidence exists for the appearance of gastropods ( e.g. Aldanella ) , cephalopods ( e.g. Plectronoceras , ? Nectocaris ) and bivalves ( Pojetaia , Fordilla ) towards the middle of the Cambrian period , c. 500 million years ago , though arguably each of these may belong only to the stem lineage of their respective classes . However , the evolutionary history both of the emergence of molluscs from the ancestral group Lophotrochozoa , and of their diversification into the well - known living and fossil forms , is still vigorously debated . Debate occurs about whether some Ediacaran and Early Cambrian fossils really are molluscs . Kimberella , from about 555 million years ago , has been described by some paleontologists as `` mollusc - like '' , but others are unwilling to go further than `` probable bilaterian ''. , if that There is an even sharper debate about whether Wiwaxia , from about 505 million years ago , was a mollusc , and much of this centers on whether its feeding apparatus was a type of radula or more similar to that of some polychaete worms . Nicholas Butterfield , who opposes the idea that Wiwaxia was a mollusc , has written that earlier microfossils from 515 to 510 million years ago are fragments of a genuinely mollusc - like radula . This appears to contradict the concept that the ancestral molluscan radula was mineralized . The tiny Helcionellid fossil Yochelcionella is thought to be an early mollusc Spirally coiled shells appear in many gastropods . However , the Helcionellids , which first appear over 540 million years ago in Early Cambrian rocks from Siberia and China , are thought to be early molluscs with rather snail - like shells . Shelled molluscs therefore predate the earliest trilobites . Although most helcionellid fossils are only a few millimeters long , specimens a few centimeters long have also been found , most with more limpet - like shapes . The tiny specimens have been suggested to be juveniles and the larger ones adults . Some analyses of helcionellids concluded these were the earliest gastropods . However , other scientists are not convinced these Early Cambrian fossils show clear signs of the torsion that identifies modern gastropods twists the internal organs so the anus lies above the head . = Septa = Siphuncle Septa and siphuncle in nautiloid shell Volborthella , some fossils of which predate 530 million years ago , was long thought to be a cephalopod , but discoveries of more detailed fossils showed its shell was not secreted , but built from grains of the mineral silicon dioxide ( silica ) , and it was not divided into a series of compartments by septa as those of fossil shelled cephalopods and the living Nautilus are . Volborthella 's classification is uncertain . The Late Cambrian fossil Plectronoceras is now thought to be the earliest clearly cephalopod fossil , as its shell had septa and a siphuncle , a strand of tissue that Nautilus uses to remove water from compartments it has vacated as it grows , and which is also visible in fossil ammonite shells . However , Plectronoceras and other early cephalopods crept along the seafloor instead of swimming , as their shells contained a `` ballast '' of stony deposits on what is thought to be the underside , and had stripes and blotches on what is thought to be the upper surface . All cephalopods with external shells except the nautiloids became extinct by the end of the Cretaceous period 65 million years ago . However , the shell-less Coleoidea ( squid , octopus , cuttlefish ) are abundant today . The Early Cambrian fossils Fordilla and Pojetaia are regarded as bivalves . `` Modern - looking '' bivalves appeared in the Ordovician period , 488 to 443 million years ago . One bivalve group , the rudists , became major reef - builders in the Cretaceous , but became extinct in the Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction event . Even so , bivalves remain abundant and diverse . The Hyolitha are a class of extinct animals with a shell and operculum that may be molluscs . Authors who suggest they deserve their own phylum do not comment on the position of this phylum in the tree of life Phylogeny ( edit ) Lophotrochozoa Brachiopods Mollusca Bivalves Monoplacophorans ( `` limpet - like '' , `` living fossils '' ) Gastropods ( snails , slugs , limpets , sea hares ) Cephalopods ( nautiloids , ammonites , squid , etc . ) Scaphopods ( tusk shells ) Aplacophorans ( spicule - covered , worm - like ) Polyplacophorans ( chitons ) Halwaxiids Wiwaxia Halkieria Orthrozanclus Odontogriphus A possible `` family tree '' of molluscs ( 2007 ) . Does not include annelid worms as the analysis concentrated on fossilizable `` hard '' features . The phylogeny ( evolutionary `` family tree '' ) of molluscs is a controversial subject . In addition to the debates about whether Kimberella and any of the `` halwaxiids '' were molluscs or closely related to molluscs , debates arise about the relationships between the classes of living molluscs . In fact , some groups traditionally classified as molluscs may have to be redefined as distinct but related . Molluscs are generally regarded members of the Lophotrochozoa , a group defined by having trochophore larvae and , in the case of living Lophophorata , a feeding structure called a lophophore . The other members of the Lophotrochozoa are the annelid worms and seven marine phyla . The diagram on the right summarizes a phylogeny presented in 2007 . Because the relationships between the members of the family tree are uncertain , it is difficult to identify the features inherited from the last common ancestor of all molluscs . For example , it is uncertain whether the ancestral mollusc was metameric ( composed of repeating units ) -- if it was , that would suggest an origin from an annelid - like worm . Scientists disagree about this : Giribet and colleagues concluded , in 2006 , the repetition of gills and of the foot 's retractor muscles were later developments , while in 2007 , Sigwart concluded the ancestral mollusc was metameric , and it had a foot used for creeping and a `` shell '' that was mineralized . In one particular branch of the family tree , the shell of conchiferans is thought to have evolved from the spicules ( small spines ) of aplacophorans ; but this is difficult to reconcile with the embryological origins of spicules . The molluscan shell appears to have originated from a mucus coating , which eventually stiffened into a cuticle . This would have been impermeable and thus forced the development of more sophisticated respiratory apparatus in the form of gills . Eventually , the cuticle would have become mineralized , using the same genetic machinery ( engrailed ) as most other bilaterian skeletons . The first mollusc shell almost certainly was reinforced with the mineral aragonite . The evolutionary relationships ' within ' the molluscs are also debated , and the diagrams below show two widely supported reconstructions : Molluscs Aculifera Solenogastres Caudofoveata Polyplacophorans Conchifera Monoplacophorans Bivalves Scaphopods Gastropods Cephalopods The `` Aculifera '' hypothesis Molluscs Solenogastres Caudofoveata Testaria Polyplacophorans Monoplacophorans Bivalves Scaphopods Gastropods Cephalopods The `` Testaria '' hypothesis Morphological analyses tend to recover a conchiferan clade that receives less support from molecular analyses , although these results also lead to unexpected paraphylies , for instance scattering the bivalves throughout all other mollusc groups . However , an analysis in 2009 using both morphological and molecular phylogenetics comparisons concluded the molluscs are not monophyletic ; in particular , Scaphopoda and Bivalvia are both separate , monophyletic lineages unrelated to the remaining molluscan classes ; the traditional phylum Mollusca is polyphyletic , and it can only be made monophyletic if scaphopods and bivalves are excluded . A 2010 analysis recovered the traditional conchiferan and aculiferan groups , and showed molluscs were monophyletic , demonstrating that available data for solenogastres was contaminated . Current molecular data are insufficient to constrain the molluscan phylogeny , and since the methods used to determine the confidence in clades are prone to overestimation , it is risky to place too much emphasis even on the areas of which different studies agree . Rather than eliminating unlikely relationships , the latest studies add new permutations of internal molluscan relationships , even bringing the conchiferan hypothesis into question . Human interaction ( edit ) Main article : Molluscs in culture For millennia , molluscs have been a source of food for humans , as well as important luxury goods , notably pearls , mother of pearl , Tyrian purple dye , sea silk , and chemical compounds . Their shells have also been used as a form of currency in some preindustrial societies . A number of species of molluscs can bite or sting humans , and some have become agricultural pests . Uses by humans ( edit ) Further information : Seashell and List of edible molluscs Molluscs , especially bivalves such as clams and mussels , have been an important food source since at least the advent of anatomically modern humans , and this has often resulted in overfishing . Other commonly eaten molluscs include octopuses and squids , whelks , oysters , and scallops . In 2005 , China accounted for 80 % of the global mollusc catch , netting almost 11,000,000 tonnes ( 11,000,000 long tons ; 12,000,000 short tons ) . Within Europe , France remained the industry leader . Some countries regulate importation and handling of molluscs and other seafood , mainly to minimize the poison risk from toxins that can sometimes accumulate in the animals . Saltwater pearl oyster farm in Seram , Indonesia Most molluscs with shells can produce pearls , but only the pearls of bivalves and some gastropods , whose shells are lined with nacre , are valuable . The best natural pearls are produced by marine pearl oysters , Pinctada margaritifera and Pinctada mertensi , which live in the tropical and subtropical waters of the Pacific Ocean . Natural pearls form when a small foreign object gets stuck between the mantle and shell . The two methods of culturing pearls insert either `` seeds '' or beads into oysters . The `` seed '' method uses grains of ground shell from freshwater mussels , and overharvesting for this purpose has endangered several freshwater mussel species in the southeastern United States . The pearl industry is so important in some areas , significant sums of money are spent on monitoring the health of farmed molluscs . Byzantine Emperor Justinian I clad in Tyrian purple and wearing numerous pearls Other luxury and high - status products were made from molluscs . Tyrian purple , made from the ink glands of murex shells , `` ... fetched its weight in silver '' in the fourth century BC , according to Theopompus . The discovery of large numbers of Murex shells on Crete suggests the Minoans may have pioneered the extraction of `` imperial purple '' during the Middle Minoan period in the 20th -- 18th centuries BC , centuries before the Tyrians . Sea silk is a fine , rare , and valuable fabric produced from the long silky threads ( byssus ) secreted by several bivalve molluscs , particularly Pinna nobilis , to attach themselves to the sea bed . Procopius , writing on the Persian wars circa 550 CE , `` stated that the five hereditary satraps ( governors ) of Armenia who received their insignia from the Roman Emperor were given chlamys ( or cloaks ) made from lana pinna . Apparently , only the ruling classes were allowed to wear these chlamys . '' Mollusc shells , including those of cowries , were used as a kind of money ( shell money ) in several preindustrial societies . However , these `` currencies '' generally differed in important ways from the standardized government - backed and - controlled money familiar to industrial societies . Some shell `` currencies '' were not used for commercial transactions , but mainly as social status displays at important occasions , such as weddings . When used for commercial transactions , they functioned as commodity money , as a tradable commodity whose value differed from place to place , often as a result of difficulties in transport , and which was vulnerable to incurable inflation if more efficient transport or `` goldrush '' behavior appeared . Bioindicators ( edit ) Bivalve molluscs are used as bioindicators to monitor the health of aquatic environments in both fresh water and the marine environments . Their population status or structure , physiology , behaviour or the level of contamination with elements or compounds can indicate the state of contamination status of the ecosystem . They are particularly useful since they are sessile so that they are representative of the environment where they are sampled or placed . Potamopyrgus antipodarum is used by some water treatment plants to test for estrogen - mimicking pollutants from industrial agriculture . Harmful to humans ( edit ) Stings and bites ( edit ) The blue - ringed octopus 's rings are a warning signal ; this octopus is alarmed , and its bite can kill . Some molluscs sting or bite , but deaths from mollusc venoms total less than 10 % of those from jellyfish stings . All octopuses are venomous , but only a few species pose a significant threat to humans . Blue - ringed octopuses in the genus Hapalochlaena , which live around Australia and New Guinea , bite humans only if severely provoked , but their venom kills 25 % of human victims . Another tropical species , Octopus apollyon , causes severe inflammation that can last for over a month even if treated correctly , and the bite of Octopus rubescens can cause necrosis that lasts longer than one month if untreated , and headaches and weakness persisting for up to a week even if treated . Live cone snails can be dangerous to shell collectors , but are useful to neurology researchers . All species of cone snails are venomous and can sting painfully when handled , although many species are too small to pose much of a risk to humans , and only a few fatalities have been reliably reported . Their venom is a complex mixture of toxins , some fast - acting and others slower but deadlier . The effects of individual cone - shell toxins on victims ' nervous systems are so precise as to be useful tools for research in neurology , and the small size of their molecules makes it easy to synthesize them . Disease vectors ( edit ) Skin vesicles created by the penetration of Schistosoma . ( Source : CDC ) Schistosomiasis ( also known as bilharzia , bilharziosis or snail fever ) , a disease caused by the fluke worm Schistosoma , is `` second only to malaria as the most devastating parasitic disease in tropical countries . An estimated 200 million people in 74 countries are infected with the disease -- 100 million in Africa alone . '' The parasite has 13 known species , two of which infect humans . The parasite itself is not a mollusc , but all the species have freshwater snails as intermediate hosts . Pests ( edit ) Some species of molluscs , particularly certain snails and slugs , can be serious crop pests , and when introduced into new environments , can unbalance local ecosystems . One such pest , the giant African snail Achatina fulica , has been introduced to many parts of Asia , as well as to many islands in the Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean . In the 1990s , this species reached the West Indies . Attempts to control it by introducing the predatory snail Euglandina rosea proved disastrous , as the predator ignored Achatina fulica and went on to extirpate several native snail species , instead . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The formerly dominant spelling mollusk is still used in the U.S. -- see the reasons given in Gary Rosenberg 's `` Mollusckque - Mollusk vs Mollusc '' . For the spelling mollusc , see the reasons given in : Brusca & Brusca . Invertebrates ( 2nd ed . ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Chapman , A.D. ( 2009 ) . Numbers of Living Species in Australia and the World , 2nd edition . Australian Biological Resources Study , Canberra . Retrieved 12 January 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 642 - 56860 - 1 ( printed ) ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 642 - 56861 - 8 ( online ) . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , G. ( 2014 ) . A new critical estimate of named species - level diversity of the recent Mollusca . American Malacological Bulletin , 32 ( 2 ) , 308 - 322 . Jump up ^ Taylor , P.D. , & Lewis , D.N. ( 2005 ) . Fossil invertebrates . Harvard University Press , 208 pp . Jump up ^ Little , L. ; Fowler , H.W. ; Coulson , J. ; Onions , C.T. , eds. ( 1964 ) . `` Malacology '' . Shorter Oxford English Dictionary . Oxford University press . Jump up ^ Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Molluscoida '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 18 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 675 . Jump up ^ Hogan , C. Michael . ( 2010 ) . `` Calcium '' . In Jorgensen , A. ; Cleveland , C. Encyclopedia of Earth . National Council for Science and the Environment . CS1 maint : Multiple names : editors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Giribet , G. ; Okusu , A. ; Lindgren , A.R. ; Huff , S.W. ; Schrödl , M. ; Nishiguchi , M.K. ( May 2006 ) . `` Evidence for a clade composed of molluscs with serially repeated structures : monoplacophorans are related to chitons '' ( Free full text ) . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 103 ( 20 ) : 7723 -- 7728 . Bibcode : 2006PNAS ... 103.7723 G. PMC 1472512 . PMID 16675549 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0602578103 . ^ Jump up to : Hayward , PJ ( 1996 ) . Handbook of the Marine Fauna of North - West Europe . Oxford University Press . pp. 484 -- 628 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 854055 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Brusca , R.C. & Brusca , G.J. ( 2003 ) . Invertebrates ( 2 ed . ) . Sinauer Associates . p. 702 . ISBN 0 - 87893 - 097 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Ruppert , pp. 284 -- 291 ^ Jump up to : Ruppert , pp. 291 -- 292 ^ Jump up to : Ruppert , pp. 292 -- 298 ^ Jump up to : Ruppert , pp. 298 -- 300 ^ Jump up to : Ruppert , pp. 300 -- 343 Jump up ^ Ruppert , pp. 343 -- 367 ^ Jump up to : Ruppert , pp. 367 -- 403 ^ Jump up to : Ruppert , pp. 403 -- 407 ^ Jump up to : Ponder , W.F. ; Lindberg , D.R. , eds. ( 2008 ) . Phylogeny and Evolution of the Mollusca . Berkeley : University of California Press . p. 481 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 25092 - 5 . Jump up ^ Nicol , David ( June 1969 ) . `` The Number of Living Species of Molluscs '' . Systematic Zoology. 18 ( 2 ) : 251 -- 254 . doi : 10.2307 / 2412618 . ^ Jump up to : Haszprunar , G. ( 2001 ) . `` Mollusca ( Molluscs ) '' . Encyclopedia of Life Sciences . John Wiley & Sons , Ltd . doi : 10.1038 / npg. els. 0001598 . Jump up ^ Hancock , Rebecca ( 2008 ) . `` Recognising research on molluscs '' . Australian Museum . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 09 . 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ISBN 0 - 03 - 025982 - 7 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mollusca . The Wikibook Dichotomous Key has a page on the topic of : Mollusca Data related to Mollusca at Wikispecies Mollusca at the Encyclopedia of Life Researchers complete mollusk evolutionary tree ; 26 October 2011 Hardy 's Internet Guide to Marine Gastropods Rotterdam Natural History Museum Shell Image Gallery Mussel Watch Programme Online biomonitoring of bivalve activity , 24 / 7 : MolluSCAN eye Extant phyla of kingdom Animalia Domain Archaea Bacteria Eukaryota ( Supergroup Plant Hacrobia Heterokont Alveolata Rhizaria Excavata Amoebozoa Opisthokonta Animal Fungi ) Basal Porifera ( sponges ) Ctenophora ( comb jellies ) Placozoa ( Trichoplax ) l n u l o z o Cnidaria ( jellyfish and relatives ) i l r i Xenacoelomorpha Xenoturbellida ( Xenoturbella ) Acoelomorpha Acoels Nemertodermatids p h r o z o Deuterostomia Chordata lancelets tunicates craniates / vertebrates Ambulacraria Echinodermata ( starfish and relatives ) Hemichordata Acorn worms Pterobranchs r o o s o m i Ecdysozoa Scalidophora Kinorhyncha ( mud dragons ) Priapulida ( penis worms ) Loricifera Nematoida Nematoda ( roundworms ) Nematomorpha ( horsehair worms ) Panarthropoda Arthropoda ( arthropods ) Tardigrada ( waterbears ) Onychophora ( velvet worms ) Spiralia Gnathifera Chaetognatha ( arrow worms ) Gnathostomulida ( jaw worms ) Micrognathozoa ( Limnognathia ) Syndermata Rotifera Acanthocephala Platytrochozoa Rouphozoa Platyhelminthes ( flatworms ) Gastrotricha ( hairybacks ) Mesozoans Orthonectida Dicyemida or Rhombozoa Lophotrochozoa Polyzoa Bryozoa ( moss animals ) Cycliophora ( Symbion ) Entoprocta ( Kamptozoa ) Trochozoa Annelida ( ringed worms ) Mollusca ( molluscs ) Nemertea ( ribbon worms ) Brachiozoa Brachiopoda or lamp shells Phoronida or horseshoe worms Major groups within phyla Sponges Calcareous Hexactinellid Demosponge Homoscleromorpha Cnidarians Anthozoa inc . corals Medusozoa inc . jellyfish Myxozoa Vertebrates Jawless fish Cartilaginous fish Bony fish Amphibians Reptiles / Birds Mammals Echinoderms Sea lilies Asterozoa inc . starfish Echinozoa Nematodes Chromadorea Enoplea Secernentea Arthropods Chelicerates / Arachnids Myriapods Crustaceans Hexapods / Insects Platyhelminths Turbellaria Trematoda Monogenea Cestoda Bryozoans Phylactolaemata Stenolaemata Gymnolaemata Annelids Polychaetes Clitellata Echiura Molluscs Gastropods Cephalopods Bivalves Chitons Tusk shells Phyla with ≥ 5000 extant species bolded See also Parazoa and Eumetazoa Radiata Platyzoa Monoblastozoa ( nomen dubium ) Living things in culture Academic disciplines Anthrozoology Ethnobiology Ethnobotany Ethnoecology Ethnoentomology Ethnoherpetology Ethnoichthyology Ethnolichenology Ethnomycology Ethnoornithology Ethnoprimatology Ethnozoology Groups Animals Arthropods Insects Topics Beekeeping Entomophagy Flea circus Insects in art Insects in literature Insects in medicine Insects in music Insects in mythology Insects in religion Sericulture Types Ant Bee Mythology Beetle Beetlewing Butterfly Cicada Cricket 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creature Lists of fictional species Animals portal Biology portal Taxon identifiers Wd : Q25326 ADW : Mollusca EoL : 2195 Fossilworks : 7805 ITIS : 69458 NCBI : 6447 WoRMS : 51 GND : 4189417 - 0 NDL : 00568039 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mollusca&oldid=802214977 '' Categories : Molluscs Animal phyla Extant Cambrian first appearances Controversial taxa Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference CS1 maint : Multiple names : editors list CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Unfit url Pages using web citations with no URL CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . 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-3805789627544155784 | Scion of Ikshvaku | Scion of Ikshvaku - wikipedia Scion of Ikshvaku Jump to : navigation , search Ram : Scion of Ikshvaku The cover art for Scion of Ikshvaku Author Amish Tripathi Cover artist Think Why Not Country India Language English Subject Fantasy mythology Genre Fiction Publisher Westland Press Publication date 22 June 2015 Media type Hardcover Paperback ISBN 978 - 93 - 85152 - 14 - 6 Followed by Sita : Warrior of Mithila Scion of Ikshvaku ( also known as Ram : Scion of Ikshvaku ) is a fantasy book by Indian author Amish Tripathi , released on 22 June 2015 . It is based on Ram , the legendary Indian king regarded as an incarnation of Vishnu . The title was revealed by the author at the Jaipur Literature Festival . The story begins with King Dashrath of Ayodhya being defeated in a war by Lankan trader Raavan , and the birth of his son Ram . It follows through Ram 's childhood and tutelage , along with the politics surrounding his ascension to the throne , and ultimately his 14 - year exile , accompanied by wife Sita and brother Lakshman . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot synopsis 2 Development 3 Marketing and release 4 Commercial reception 5 Critical response 6 References 7 External links Plot synopsis ( edit ) King Dashrath of Ayodhya , Emperor of the Sapta Sindhu region in India , objects demands made by Lankan trader Kubera . He declares war but is defeated by Kubera 's general , Raavan , at Karachapa . Dashrath barely escapes with his life thanks to Kaikeyi , his second queen . At the same time in Ayodhya , Dashrath 's first queen Kaushalya gives birth to their son , Ram . Following the defeat , Ravan monopolizes the entire trade system in India , causing economic crisis . Dashrath blames Ram as the reason for his defeat , and treats him apathetically . Ram and his half - brothers , Bharat ( son of Kaikeyi ) , Lakshman and Shatrughan ( twin sons of Dashrath 's third wife Sumitra ) , are sent to live at the hermitage of sage Vashistha . Under his tutelage , Ram becomes a skilled warrior , and gains knowledge about India 's predicament . After training , Ram is given the job of maintaining law and police in Ayodhya , which he considerably excels . One day Roshni , daughter of the wealthy trader Manthara and sister - like to the four brothers , is gang raped and murdered . The culprits are all executed except one , Dhenuka , who is underage . A strict follower of the law , Ram is forced to imprison the boy although others request him for Dhenuka 's execution . Manthara bribes Kaikeyi into influencing Bharat , who secretly murders Dhenuka , much to Ram 's chagrin . In the meantime Dashrath 's attitude towards Ram changes and he names Ram as the crown prince . Shortly afterwards , Ram and Lakshman help sage Vishwamitra -- head of the Malayaputra tribe who serve the next Vishnu -- to stop the Asura attacks on his hermitage . Ram convinces the Asuras to go to Pariha , the land of Lord Rudra , the previous Mahadev . Next they travel to the remote kingdom of Mithila , where Ram meets princess Sita , the adopted daughter of King Janak . Like Ram , Sita also strongly believes in following laws , thus earning Ram 's respect and love . During a Swayamvar for Sita , Ravan and his brother Kumbhakaran arrive , but storm out when Viswamitra announces Ram 's name as the first suitor . Ram wins the Swayamvar and marries Sita , while Lakshman marries Janak 's biological daughter , Urmila . The next day , Raavan besieges Mithila with 10,000 soldiers , and Ram is forced to use the biological weapon Asurastra by Viswamitra , even though its usage is forbidden and not authorized by the Vayuputras , Lord Rudra 's tribe . The Lankan army is defeated and Raavan escapes on his helicopter , Pushpak Viman . Ram returns to Ayodhya and decides to take a 14 - year exile as punishment for breaking Rudra 's rule about the weapon . A begrudged Manthara asks Kaikeyi to substantiate the matter by using two boons given to her by Dashrath for saving his life . Thus Ram undertakes the exile with Sita and Lakshman . After Dashrath 's death , Bharat declares Ram as King of Ayodhya and decides to rule the kingdom as a regent . Sita makes a secret deal with the vulture - like Naga Jatayu and his men , to protect Ram and supply the trio with the anti-ageing drink , Somras . Thirteen years pass and one day , Ram 's camp is approached by Raavan 's siblings , Vibhishan and Shurpanakha , who seek refuge from their tyrannical brother . Ram is skeptical but accepts them as guests . One day , Shurpanakha attempts to drown Sita , but the latter overpowers her and in the ensuing scuffle , Lakshman instinctively cuts Shurpanakha 's nose . Ram and his group flee from there fearing Raavan 's retribution . One day , Ram and Lakshman return home from hunting and are shocked to find Jatayu and his men slain . Before dying Jatayu tells Ram that Ravan has kidnapped Sita . Ram looks up to see the Pushpak Viman flying away and is filled with rage . Development ( edit ) From 2010 to 2013 , author Amish Tripathi released the three books in his fictional Shiva trilogy -- The Immortals of Meluha , The Secret of the Nagas and The Oath of the Vayuputras -- inspired by the Hindu God Shiva . The releases became a critical and commercial success , with reviewers crediting Tripathi for his innovative marketing strategy in promotion of the books , which included video trailers associated with high - profile film releases , retail chain distributions as well as a music album inspired by the series , called Vayuputras . As of June 2015 , 2.5 million copies of the Shiva Trilogy have been sold with gross retail sales of over ₹ 60 crore ( US $9.2 million ) , making it the fastest selling book series in the history of Indian publishing . Tripathi 's publisher Westland Press paid him advance amount of ₹ 5 crore ( US $770,000 ) for the next series that he would write . Gautam Padmanabhan , CEO of Westland clarified that the advance included the book , audio and e-publishing rights for series . The deal was for the South - Asian region and was the largest advance ever paid to an Indian author . Anuj Bahri , who was the first publisher for The Immortals of Meluha , said that the deal could go up to US $4 million once they acquired the film , foreign and translation rights for the books . `` I would like to look at him holistically and completely . Practically all Indians love and respect him for what is known as ' Rama Rajya ' , but I wonder how many people would have actually thought through what ' Rama Rajya ' is . That is the thing I want to write about and how he built that society ... Through Lord Ram , we might learn that it is cool to follow rules . And that is something I think modern Indians might need to learn . '' -- Tripathi talking about the story 's background In January 2015 , Tripathi revealed at the Jaipur Literature Festival that his next series would be based on Rama , the legendary Indian king regarded as an incarnation of Vishnu . He explained that at the 2013 version of the festival , a reader had asked him why people use the moniker `` Lord '' while naming Rama , which led to Tripathi thinking about developing a series . The author wrote about the incident in an article in the Hindustan Times also . He became curious as to how the battle between Rama and Ravana , explained in the Ramayana , unfolded and analyzed on Rama 's treatment of his wife Sita . `` The question ( about the Lord moniker ) deeply upset me ... I agree how he treated Sita was unfair , but that was one aspect of his personality , '' added Tripathi . He also wanted to highlight on the negative impression of Rama , and the term `` Maryada Purush '' associated with the king . `` People erroneously translate this as ' the perfect man ' when it actually means ' the perfect follower of rules ' . ( It is true of a lot of people who were ) brilliant for society , but not for their personal lives . If we can look at Gautama Buddha and Mahatma Gandhi in their entirety , why not Lord Ram ? '' , he concluded . Although unsure as to whether there will be four or five books in the series , Tripathi declared that the first book was named as Scion of Ikshvaku . Ikshvaku was the founder of the Suryavanshi dynasty , to which Rama belonged , and the book deals with how Rama tried to establish his `` Rama Rajya ( The Kingdom of Rama ) '' in the middle of a corrupt Indian society . The story takes place at around 3400 BC , before the Shiva trilogy plotline , the latter having clues about the Rama Chandra series . Like the Shiva trilogy , Scion of Ikshvaku will have philosophy as one of its themes , drawing from Tripathi 's understanding of Indian scriptures . The author worked over a year on the series but he did not have to research about the subject , since being born into a religious family ( Tripathi 's father was a pandit ) he was aware of the stories about Rama ; he took further inspirations from Valmiki 's Ramayana , the Ramcharitmanas , Kamba Ramayanam as well as the Adbhuta Ramayana . Tripathi wrote the story both from a critical point of view about Rama as well as a devotee of him , adding that `` part of our traditions is also to learn from the stories of our gods '' . He also confirmed a part of the plot , where Ravana wins a war in the story and enforces a trade deal which results in the Sapta Sindhu area to give economic privileges to Lanka . Like the characterization of women in the Shiva trilogy , Tripathi had strong female perspective in Scion of Ikshvaku , including portraying Manthara as a businesswomen . This was a deviation from the original story , where she was a servant . Other concepts explored included the rise and fall of masculine and feminine centric civilisations , as well as using scientific evidence for making the character of Hanuman from the epic as a Naga , a concept introduced in the Shiva trilogy . Marketing and release ( edit ) Actor Akshay Kumar and author Amish Tripathi at the release of the cover for Scion of Ikshvaku . Westland had run a social media contest prior to the revealing of the name , with hashtags like # WhatNextAmish '' and # MysteryBoxes , containing clues to the subject of the book . A trailer was released on YouTube for the book , which also included a Sanskrit hymn for `` Rama Rajya '' . The cover art was released on 27 March 2015 at a press conference in Mumbai , unveiled by Bollywood actor Akshay Kumar and Padmanabhan . Creative agency Think Why Not developed the book cover , which depicted Rama , shooting with a bow and an arrow towards Ravana , the latter on his legendary Pushpak Vimana . Like the cover artworks for the Shiva trilogy , the Scion of Ikshvaku cover also had numerous Hieroglyph symbology alongside the main image , to aid readers in deciphering key parts of the story . The author added the symbols as an addendum , basing them on the still undeciphered Indus Valley letters and made them represent how Rama would have been written in the script . Tripathi believed that the imagery had to `` maintain the high standards of visual appeal that we have set with my earlier book covers . Many of these symbols on the cover and through the books are clues to my stories for those well - versed with Indian scriptures . '' Release date for the book was revealed as 22 June 2015 , with pre-orders starting after the cover was unveiled , including the Hindi version titled Ikshvaku ke Vanshaj . In April 2015 , retail website Amazon.com started promoting the book using their existing relationship with the 2015 Indian Premier League ( IPL ) , in - between the cricket matches . The author explained that the core demographic of his book and the IPL was same , hence Amazon.com chose to promote the book there . It was the first time that a book was advertised during the tournament . Westland also set up a Twitter chat where director Karan Johar interviewed Tripathi , and ultimately released the official trailer for the book to YouTube . The trailer starts off with a coin spinning on a map , spelling out the word `` Ayodhya '' , followed by interspersed scenes of a man chasing someone in a forest , a lady fighting off a group of soldiers , a meteor as well as arrows falling from the sky , and a helicopter like structure flying in the air . Tripathi also released the third chapter of the book on Amazon Kindle for the readers , holding a reading and discussion session also . The release was presided over by actress Gul Panag who shared the same alma mater with the writer . Samir Kumar , Director of Category Management at Amazon.in believed that launching the book through their platform helped the company reach out a larger set of customers , based on the success of Tripathi 's previous release . On the release day , Amazon planned midnight delivery of the book to some of the customers , with Tripathi himself being present to deliver it ; he had instantly agreed to the idea making the delivered books a collector 's edition with his signature . Customers in Mumbai , Bangalore and Delhi were part of this delivery process , with zero shipping costs from the company . Commercial reception ( edit ) According to Amazon.com , they received pre-orders for the book from different sections of India , indicating the continued interest in Tripathi 's releases . Pre-orders for the book made it shoot to the top of the charts , and it was noted that the book aimed to oversell the whole of the Shiva trilogy combined . Arunava Sinha from Scroll.in noted that `` The entire number of pre-orders usually shows up on the charts the very first week , which is why the campaign to get those pre-orders is now the primary target of pre-launch marketing activities for potential blockbusters . What really matters , though , is what will follow in weeks 2 through 20 . '' Controversy erupted when Westland filed a case against online retailer Flipkart , alleging that the company had violated IT Act by selling the book on their website , since they had signed an exclusive deal with Amazon . The case was sub judice under the Delhi High Court , and they declined to pass a restraint order on the sales of the book at Flipkart . Instead they asked the company to provide their responses by August 4 , 2015 . Rasul Ballay from The Economic Times commented that `` by when the importance of the controversy would have diluted as most number of copies of an eagerly awaited book like this are generally sold within a month of its launch . '' Critical response ( edit ) Urmi Chanda - Vaz writes in scroll.in : `` He has an almost magical ability of retaining the essence of familiar mythological tales while spinning wildly deviant plots ... While not a great fan of his literary style , I can not help but admire Amish for the way he manages to create completely new stories from old ones ... for anyone who is familiar with the author 's previous works , the book meets all expectations , for Amish bends it better than Beckham ... Amish 's easy - to - read prose and page - turning style is designed to be accessible and enjoyable . From the looks of it , he is poised to set another best - selling record . '' Sandipan Deb writes in LiveMint : `` You can read Ikshvaku either way -- as the start of what I hope will be a thrilling series that will bring Ram and Sita closer to a lot of Indians , or as an honest analysis and a very intelligent man 's musings on everything from Manu Smriti to Milton Friedman , all presented in the garb of a series of adventure novels ... This is what makes Amish very special among the few Indian bestselling authors we have . '' Sanjeev Sanyal writes in Daily O : `` In the new series , the author explores the importance of the rule of law ... In my view , Amish does well to take the modern reader back to the original philosophical conundrums , especially when he explicitly puts these debates in a modern context ... Overall , Scion of Ikshvaku is a fast - paced , action - packed retelling of the Ramayana ... I look forward to the next volume in the series . '' The review in the New Indian Express says , `` Given the intimidating expectations riding on it , the first novel in Amish 's Ram Chandra series , Scion of Ikshvaku , does not disappoint . Like the Shiva trilogy , this again is not a retelling , but rather a complete re-imagining of the original story using the same characters but with fresh perspectives and modern sensibilities . '' At the 14th Crossword Book Award held in November 2016 , the book won the category of Best Fiction book . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bhawani , Namrata ( 5 December 2011 ) . `` Myth and match : Talk with Amish Tripathi '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 5 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Romancing the market '' . The Telegraph . Calcutta. 28 August 2011 . Retrieved 5 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shiva trilogy music released `` . The Times Of India . 16 February 2013 . Retrieved 5 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Harikrishnan , Charmie ( 18 June 2015 ) . `` The myths of Amish '' . India Today . Retrieved 22 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Lopex , Rachel ( 26 April 2013 ) . `` How Amish Tripathi changed Indian publishing '' . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 29 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Austen Soofi , Mayank ( 11 March 2013 ) . `` Amish Tripathi , The Sound of Money '' . Mint . Retrieved 9 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Umachandran , Shalini ( 3 March 2013 ) . `` Westland gives Amish Tripathi Rs 5cr advance for his next series '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved 4 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Raina , Shilpa ( 27 January 2015 ) . `` Our society behaves horrendously with women : Author Amish Tripathi '' . Business Standard . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sebastian , Meryl ( 23 January 2015 ) . `` ZeeJLF : Amish Tripathi next book series on Lord Ram '' . Daily News and Analysis . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Phartiyal , Sankalp ( 29 April 2015 ) . `` Amish Tripathi on his new book ' Scion of Ikshvaku ' and retelling the Ramayan '' . Reuters . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lord Ram Subject Of Amish Tripathi 's Next Book ' The Scion of Ishkwaku ' '' . The Huffington Post . 24 January 2015 . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Jha , Natasha ( 29 January 2015 ) . `` Title of Amish 's upcoming book revealed '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sripathi , Apoorva ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` After Shiva , it is Lord Rama for Amish '' . The Hindu . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nair , Sulekha ( 30 March 2015 ) . `` Amish Tripathi on why his new series is on Lord Ram and why he writes about gods '' . Firstpost . Retrieved 2 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Gill , Irvinder ( 26 April 2015 ) . `` Scion of Ikshvaku : Of Ram , Ravan and a crushing trade deal '' . The Financial Express . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Nadadhur , Srivathsan ( 28 July 2015 ) . `` Amish Tripathi on The Scion of Ikshvaku : Blend of fact and fiction '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 4 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sur , Prateek ( 27 March 2015 ) . `` Akshay Kumar unveils Amish Tripathi 's new book Scion of Ikshvaku 's cover '' . Bollywood Life . Retrieved 27 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Ikshvaku ke Vanshaj ( Hindi ) Paperback . Amazon.com. 22 June 2015 . ASIN 9385152157 . ^ Jump up to : Raghavendra , Nandini ( 23 April 2015 ) . `` Amazon to leverage its tie - up with IPL to market Amish Tripathi 's book ' Scion of Ikshvaku ' '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Verma , Gunjan ( 9 May 2015 ) . `` The grand launch of Amish 's Scion of Ikshvaku '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Reddy Madhavan , Meenakshi ( 18 May 2015 ) . `` Amish 's Scion of Ikshvaku : the book trailer that is sure to break new ground '' . Scroll.in . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sarfaraz , Kainat ( 10 June 2015 ) . `` Ram , once more ! '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 11 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Scion of Ikshvaku ' to be 5 - 6 books series : Amish Tripathi '' . Business Standard . 5 June 2015 . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Chengappa , Sangeetha ( 22 June 2015 ) . `` Amazon innovates with midnight deliveries '' . Business Line . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Sinha , Arunava ( June 19 , 2015 ) . `` Will Amish 's Ikshvaku overtake Chetan Bhagat 's Half Girlfriend ? '' . Scroll.in . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ballay , Rasul ( 3 July 2015 ) . `` Westland drags Flipkart to Delhi HC , alleges copyright violation in Amish Tripathi 's Amazon tie - up for ' Scion of Ikshvaku ' '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved 5 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Scion of Ikshvaku is quite the un-Ramayana '' . Scroll.in. 28 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Why Amish is Special '' . LiveMint. 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How Amish pulls off retelling an old story like Ramayana in a new way '' . DailyO. 4 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Rendition of a Timeless Epic '' . New Indian Express . 11 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Scion of Ikshvaku book review : Discovering Ram '' . Jump up ^ http://www.ibnlive.com/blogs/books/palki-s-upadhyay/book-review-the-scion-of-ikshvaku-11010-1023534.html Jump up ^ http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/spectrum/books/been-there-done-that/109525.html Jump up ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/Book-Review-Scion-of-Ikshvaku/articleshow/48171298.cms Jump up ^ http://swarajyamag.com/culture/do-read-this-one/ Jump up ^ `` Amish Tripathi , Twinkle Khanna & Ruskin Bond win Crossword Book Awards '' . India Today . 1 December 2016 . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website of Amish Tripathi Book excerpt from Scion of Ikshvaku at Firstpost Scion of Ikshvaku ( Book trailer ) on YouTube ( hide ) Works by Amish Tripathi Shiva Trilogy The Immortals of Meluha The Secret of the Nagas The Oath of the Vayuputras Ram Chandra Series Ram : Scion of Ikshvaku Sita : Warrior of Mithila Raavan : Orphan of Aryavarta Other releases Immortal India Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scion_of_Ikshvaku&oldid=832164914 '' Categories : 2015 Indian novels Written fiction presented as fact Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from February 2015 Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia മലയാളം Edit links This page was last edited on 24 March 2018 , at 06 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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-2683092765850419263 | Mali Empire | Mali Empire - Wikipedia Mali Empire Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : cohesion , chronology , headings , layout and structure in body of article . Please help improve this article if you can . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Mali Empire Nyeni ( Bambara ) after c. 1230 : Mande Kurufaba ( Bambara ) c. 1235 -- 1670 Extent of the Mali Empire ( c. 1350 ) Capital Niani ; later Kangaba Languages Malinké , Mandinka , Fulani , Bozo Religion African Traditional Religion , Islam Political structure Empire Mansa ( Emperor ) 1235 -- 1255 Mari Djata I ( first ) c. 17th century Mahmud IV ( last ) Legislature Gbara Historical era Postclassical Era Established c. 1235 Capital moved from Niani to Kangaba 1559 State divided among emperor Mahmud Keita IV 's sons c. 1610 Niani sacked and burned by Bamana Empire 1670 Area 1250 100,000 km ( 39,000 sq mi ) 1312 1,294,994 km ( 500,000 sq mi ) 1380 1,100,000 km ( 420,000 sq mi ) 1500 400,000 km ( 150,000 sq mi ) Currency Gold dust ( Salt , copper and cowries were also common in the empire ) Preceded by Succeeded by Ghana Empire Gao Empire Songhai Empire Jolof Empire Kaabu Empire Empire of Great Fulo Today part of The Gambia Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Mali Mauritania Niger Senegal National Symbol : Falcon Sacred Animal : Falcon and numerous other animals according to each of the governing clans ( Lion etc . ) The Mali Empire ( Manding : Nyeni or Niani ; also historically referred to as the Manden Kurufaba , sometimes shortened to Manden ) was an empire in West Africa from c. 1230 to 1670 . The empire was founded by Sundiata Keita and became renowned for the wealth of its rulers , especially Musa Keita . The Manding languages were spoken in the empire . It was the largest empire in West Africa and profoundly influenced the culture of West Africa through the spread of its language , laws and customs . Much of the recorded information about the Mali Empire comes from 14th century North African Arab historian Ibn Khaldun , 14th century Moroccan traveller Ibn Battuta and 16th century Moroccan traveller Leo Africanus . The other major source of information is Mandinka oral tradition , through storytellers known as griots . The empire began as a small Mandinka kingdom at the upper reaches of the Niger River , centred around the town of Niani ( the empire 's namesake in Manding ) . During the 11th and 12th centuries it began to develop as an empire following the decline of the Ghana Empire to the north . During this period , trade routes shifted southward to the savanna , stimulating the growth of states . The early history of the Mali Empire ( before the 13th century ) is unclear , as there are conflicting and imprecise accounts by both Arab chroniclers and oral traditionalists . Sundiata Keita ( c. 1214 -- c. 1255 ) is the first ruler about whom there is accurate written information ( from Ibn Khaldun ) . Sundiata Keita was a warrior - prince of the Keita dynasty who was called upon to free the Mali people from the rule of the king of the Sosso Empire , Soumaoro Kanté . The conquest of Sosso in c. 1235 gave the Mali Empire access to the trans - Saharan trade routes . Following the death of Sundiata Keita in c. 1255 , the kings of Mali were referred to by the title mansa . Sundiata 's son Mansa Uli I made a Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca during the reign of the Mamluk Sultan Baibars ( r . 1260 -- 1277 ) . Following a series of usurpations of the throne of Mali , in c. 1285 Sakoura , a former royal court slave , became emperor and was one of its most powerful rulers , greatly expanding the territories of Mali . He made a pilgrimage to Mecca during the reign of Mamluk Sultan An - Nasir Muhammad ( r . 1298 -- 1308 ) . Dying on his return , the throne reverted to the descendants of Sundiata Keita . After the reigns of three more emperors , Musa Keita became emperor in c. 1312 . Musa made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca from 1324 to 1326 . His generous gifts to Mamluk Egypt and his expenditure of gold caused gold to be greatly devalued , which gave rise to his fame outside of Mali . In 1337 he was succeeded by his son Maghan I , who in 1341 was deposed by his uncle Suleyman . It was during Suleyman 's reign that Ibn Battuta visited Mali . Following this period , a period of weak emperors , conflicts and disunity began in Mali . Ibn Khaldun died in 1406 , and following his death , there was no continuous record of events in the Mali Empire . It is known from the Tarikh al - Sudan that Mali was still a sizeable state in the 15th century . The Venetian explorer Alvise Cadamosto and Portuguese traders confirmed that the peoples of the Gambia were still subject to the mansa of Mali . Upon Leo Africanus 's visit at the beginning of the 16th century , his descriptions of the territorial domains of Mali showed that it was still a kingdom of considerable size . However , from 1507 , neighbouring states such as Diara , Great Fulo and the Songhay Empire were eroding the extreme territories of Mali . In 1542 the Songhay invaded the capital city of Niani , but were unsuccessful in conquering the empire . During the 17th century , the Mali empire faced incursions from the Bamana Empire . After unsuccessful attempts by Mansa Mama Maghan to conquer Bamana , in 1670 Bamana sacked and burned Niani , and the Mali Empire rapidly disintegrated and ceased to exist , being replaced by independent chiefdoms . The Keitas retreated to the town of Kangaba , where they became provincial chiefs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pre-imperial Mali 1.1 The Kangaba province 1.2 The two kingdoms 1.3 The Kaniaga rulers 1.4 The Hungering Lion 1.4. 1 Battle of Kirina 1.5 Organization 1.5. 1 The Great Assembly 1.5. 2 Social , economic and governmental reformation 1.5. 3 Mari Djata I / Sundiata Keita I 2 Imperial Mali 2.1 Administration 2.1. 1 Farins and farbas 2.1. 2 Territory 2.2 Economy 2.2. 1 Gold 2.2. 2 Salt 2.2. 3 Copper 2.3 Military 2.3. 1 Strength 2.3. 2 Order of battle 2.3. 3 Equipment 2.4 Architecture 3 The emperors of Mali 3.1 Sundiata Keita lineage ( 1250 -- 1275 ) 3.1. 1 Ouali Keita I 3.1. 2 The generals ' sons 3.2 The court mansas ( 1275 -- 1300 ) 3.2. 1 Abubakari Keita I 3.2. 2 Sakoura 3.3 The Kolonkan Keita lineage ( 1300 -- 1312 ) 3.3. 1 The Gao mansas 3.3. 2 Abubakari Keita II 3.4 The Laye Keita lineage ( 1312 -- 1389 ) 3.4. 1 Musa Keita I 3.4. 2 Souleyman Keita 3.4. 3 Mari Djata Keita II 3.4. 4 Musa Keita II 3.4. 5 Maghan Keita II 3.5 The obscure lineages ( 1389 -- 1545 ) 3.5. 1 Sandaki Keita 3.5. 2 Maghan Keita III 3.5. 3 Musa Keita III 3.5. 4 Ouali Keita II 3.5. 5 Mansa Mahmud Keita II 3.5. 6 Mansa Mahmud Keita III 4 Late imperial Mali 4.1 Mansa Mahmud Keita IV 5 Collapse 5.1 Manden divided 5.2 The Bamana jihad 5.2. 1 Sack of Niani 6 See also 7 References 8 Sources 9 Further reading 10 External links Pre-imperial Mali ( edit ) Main article : Pre-imperial Mali Rock art in the Sahara suggests that northern Mali has been inhabited since 10,000 BC , when the Sahara was fertile and rich in wildlife . By 300 BC , large organised settlements had developed , most notable near Djenné , one of West Africa 's oldest cities . By the 6th century AD , the lucrative trans - Saharan trade in gold , salt and slaves had begun , facilitating the rise of West Africa 's great empires . There are a few references to Mali in early written literature . Among these are references to `` Pene '' and `` Malal '' in the work of al - Bakri in 1068 , the story of the conversion of an early ruler , known to Ibn Khaldun ( by 1397 ) as Barmandana , and a few geographical details in the work of al - Idrisi . In the 1960s , archaeological work at Niani village , reputed to be the capital of the Mali Empire , by Polish and Guinean archaeologists revealed the remains of a substantial town dating back as far as the 6th century . Modern oral traditions also related that the Mandinka kingdoms of Mali or Manden had already existed several centuries before Sundiata 's unification as a small state just to the south of the Soninké empire of Wagadou , better known as the Ghana Empire . This area was composed of mountains , savannah and forest providing ideal protection and resources for the population of hunters . Those not living in the mountains formed small city - states such as Toron , Ka - Ba and Niani . Through the oral tradition of griots , the Keita dynasty , from which nearly every Mali emperor came , traces its lineage back to Lawalo , one of the sons of Bilal , the faithful muezzin of Islam 's prophet Muhammad , who was said to have migrated into Mali and his descendants established the ruling Keita dynasty through Maghan Kon Fatta , father of Sundiata Keita . It was common practice during the Middle Ages for both Christian and Muslim rulers to tie their bloodline back to a pivotal figure in their faith 's history , so the lineage of the Keita dynasty may be dubious at best , yet African Muslim scholars like the London - based Nigerian - British cleric Sheikh Abu - Abdullah Adelabu have laid claim of divine attainments to the reign of Mansa Mousa : `` in Islamic history and its science stories of Shihab al - Umari and similar legendaries of Mansa Kankan Musa existed in early Arabic sources for West African history by the author of Subh al - a ' sha one of the final expressions of the genre of Arabic administrative literature , Ahmad al - Qalqashandi Egyptian writer , mathematician and scribe of the scroll ( katib al - darj ) in the Mamluk chancery in Cairo as well as by the author of Kitab al - Masalik wa al - Mamalik ( Book of Highways and Kingdoms ) Abū ʿUbayd Al - Bakri , an Arab Andalusian Muslim geographer and historian emboldened Keita Dynasty '' , wrote Adelabu . Adelabu , the head of Awqaf Africa in London , coined the Arabic derivatives ك - و - ي K ( a ) - W ( e ) - Y ( a ) of the word Keita which in ( in what he called ) Arabicised Mandingo language Allah ( u ) Ka ( w ) eia meaning `` Allah Creates All '' as a favourable motto of reflection for Bilal Ibn Rabah , one of the most trusted and loyal Sahabah ( companions ) of the Islamic prophet Muhammad , whom he described ( quoting William Muir 's book The Life of Muhammad ) as ' a tall , dark , and with African feature and bushy hair ' pious man who overcame slavery , racism and socio - political obstacles in Arabia to achieve a lofty status in this world and in the Hereafter . The Kangaba province ( edit ) Genealogy of the kings of the Mali Empire based on the chronicle of Ibn Khaldun During the height of Sundiata 's power , the land of Manden ( the area populated by the Mandinka people ) became one of its provinces . The Manden city - state of Ka - ba ( present - day Kangaba ) served as the capital and name of this province . From at least the beginning of the 11th century , Mandinka kings known as faamas ruled Manden from Ka - ba in the name of the Ghanas . The two kingdoms ( edit ) Wagadou 's control over Manden came to a halt after internal instability lead to its decline . The Kangaba province , free of Soninké influence , splintered into twelve kingdoms with their own maghan ( meaning prince ) or faama . Manden was split in half with the Dodougou territory to the northeast and the Kri territory to the southwest . The tiny kingdom of Niani was one of several in the Kri area of Manden . The Kaniaga rulers ( edit ) In approximately 1140 the Sosso kingdom of Kaniaga , a former vassal of Wagadou , began conquering the lands of its old masters . By 1180 it had even subjugated Wagadou forcing the Soninké to pay tribute . In 1203 , the Sosso king Soumaoro of the Kanté clan came to power and reportedly terrorised much of Manden stealing women and goods from both Dodougou and Kri . The hungering lion ( edit ) Mali terracotta horseman figure from the 13th to 15th centuries According to Niane 's version of the epic , during the rise of Kaniaga , Sundiata of the Keita clan was born in the early 13th century . He was the son of Niani 's faama , Nare Fa ( also known as Maghan Kon Fatta meaning the handsome prince ) . Sundiata 's mother was Maghan Kon Fatta 's second wife , Sogolon Kédjou . She was a hunchback from the land of Do , south of Mali . The child of this marriage received the first name of his mother ( Sogolon ) and the surname of his father ( Djata ) . Combined in the rapidly spoken language of the Mandinka , the names formed Sondjata , Sundjata or Sundiata Keita . The anglicised version of this name , Sunjata , is also popular . In Ibn Khaldun 's account , Sundjata is recorded as Mari Djata with `` Mari '' meaning `` Amir '' or `` Prince '' . He also states that Djata or `` Jatah '' means `` lion '' . Prince Sundjata was prophesied to become a great conqueror . To his parent 's dread , the prince did not have a promising start . Sundiata , according to the oral traditions , did not walk until he was seven years old . However , once Sundiata did gain use of his legs he grew strong and very respected . Sadly for Sundjata , this did not occur before his father died . Despite the faama of Niani 's wishes to respect the prophecy and put Sundiata on the throne , the son from his first wife Sassouma Bérété was crowned instead . As soon as Sassouma 's son Dankaran Touman took the throne , he and his mother forced the increasingly popular Sundjata into exile along with his mother and two sisters . Before Dankaran Touman and his mother could enjoy their unimpeded power , King Soumaoro set his sights on Niani forcing Dankaran to flee to Kissidougou . After many years in exile , first at the court of Wagadou and then at Mema , Sundiata was sought out by a Niani delegation and begged to combat the Sosso and free the kingdoms of Manden forever . Battle of Kirina ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Kirina Returning with the combined armies of Mema , Wagadou and all the rebellious Mandinka city - states , Maghan Sundiata or Sumanguru led a revolt against the Kaniaga Kingdom around 1234 . The combined forces of northern and southern Manden defeated the Sosso army at the Battle of Kirina ( then known as Krina ) in approximately 1235 . This victory resulted in the fall of the Kaniaga kingdom and the rise of the Mali Empire . After the victory , King Soumaoro disappeared , and the Mandinka stormed the last of the Sosso cities . Maghan Sundiata was declared `` faama of faamas '' and received the title `` mansa '' , which translates roughly to emperor . At the age of 18 , he gained authority over all the 12 kingdoms in an alliance known as the Manden Kurufaba . He was crowned under the throne name Sunidata Keita becoming the first Mandinka emperor . And so the name Keita became a clan / family and began its reign . Organization ( edit ) The Manden Kurufaba founded by Mari Djata it was composed of the `` three freely allied states '' of Mali , Mema and Wagadou plus the Twelve Doors of Mali . It is important to remember that Mali , in this sense , strictly refers to the city - state of Niani . The Twelve Doors of Mali were a coalition of conquered or allied territories , mostly within Manden , with sworn allegiance to Sundiata and his descendants . Upon stabbing their spears into the ground before Sundiata 's throne , each of the twelve kings relinquished their kingdom to the Keita dynasty . In return for their submission , they became `` farbas '' , a combination of the Mandinka words `` farin '' and `` ba '' ( great farin ) . Farin was a general term for northern commander at the time . These farbas would rule their old kingdoms in the name of the mansa with most of the authority they held prior to joining the Manden Kurufaba . The great Assembly ( edit ) The Gbara or Great Assembly would serve as the Mandinka deliberative body until the collapse of the Manden Kurufa in 1645 . Its first meeting , at the famous Kouroukan Fouga ( Division of the World ) , had 29 clan delegates presided over by a belen - tigui ( master of ceremony ) . The final incarnation of the Gbara , according to the surviving traditions of northern Guinea , held 32 positions occupied by 28 clans . Social , economic and governmental reformation ( edit ) The Kouroukan Fouga also put in place social and economic reforms including prohibitions on the maltreatment of prisoners and slaves , installing documents between clans which clearly stated who could say what about whom . Also , Sundiata divided the lands amongst the people assuring everyone had a place in the empire and fixed exchange rates for common products . Mari Djata I / Sundiata Keita I ( edit ) Mansa Mari Djata , later named Sundiata Keita , saw the conquest of several key locals in the Mali Empire . He never took the field again after Kirina , but his generals continued to expand the frontier , especially in the west where they reached the Gambia River and the marches of Tekrur . This enabled him to rule over a realm larger than even the Ghana Empire in its apex . When the campaigning was done , his empire extended 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) east to west with those borders being the bends of the Senegal and Niger Rivers respectively . After unifying Manden , he added the Wangara goldfields , making them the southern border . The northern commercial towns of Oualata and Audaghost were also conquered and became part of the new state 's northern border . Wagadou and Mema became junior partners in the realm and part of the imperial nucleus . The lands of Bambougou , Jalo ( Fouta Djallon ) , and Kaabu were added into Mali by Fakoli Koroma ( Nkurumah in Ghana , Kurumah in the Gambia , Colley in Casamance , Senegal ) , Fran Kamara ( Camara ) and Tiramakhan Traore ( Tarawelley in the Gambia ) , respectively Among the many different ethnic groups surrounding Manden were Pulaar speaking groups in Macina , Tekrur and Fouta Djallon . Imperial Mali ( edit ) Imperial Mali is best known through three primary sources : the first is the account of Shihab al - ' Umari , written in about 1340 by a geographer - administrator in Mamluk Egypt . His information about the empire came from visiting Malians taking the hajj , or pilgrim 's voyage to Mecca . He had first - hand information from several sources , and from a second - hand source , he learned of the visit of Mansa Musa . The second account is that of the traveller Ibn Battuta , who visited Mali in 1352 . This is the first account of a West African kingdom made directly by an eyewitness ; the others are usually second - hand . The third great account is that of Ibn Khaldun , who wrote in the early 15th century . While the accounts are of limited length , they provide a fairly good picture of the empire at its height . Administration ( edit ) The Mali Empire covered a larger area for a longer period of time than any other West African state before or since . What made this possible was the decentralised nature of administration throughout the state . According to Burkinabé writer Joseph Ki - Zerbo , the farther a person travelled from Niani , the more decentralised the mansa 's power became . Nevertheless , the mansa managed to keep tax money and nominal control over the area without agitating his subjects into revolt . At the local level ( village , town and city ) , kun - tiguis elected a dougou - tigui ( village - master ) from a bloodline descended from that locality 's semi-mythical founder . The county level administrators called kafo - tigui ( county - master ) were appointed by the governor of the province from within his own circle . Only at the state or province level was there any palpable interference from the central authority in Niani . Provinces picked their own governors via their own custom ( election , inheritance , etc . ) . Regardless of their title in the province , they were recognised as dyamani - tigui ( province master ) by the mansa . Dyamani - tiguis had to be approved by the mansa and were subject to his oversight . If the mansa did n't believe the dyamani - tigui was capable or trustworthy , a farba might be installed to oversee the province or administer it outright . A manuscript page from Timbuktu Manuscript of Nasir al - Din Abu al - Abbas Ahmad ibn al - Hajj al - Amin al - Tawathi al - Ghalawi 's Kashf al - Ghummah fi Nafa al - Ummah . From the Mamma Haidara Commemorative Library , Timbuktu . A manuscript page from Timbuktu showing a table of astronomical information Farins and farbas ( edit ) Territories in Mali came into the empire via conquest or annexation . In the event of conquest , farins took control of the area until a suitable native ruler could be found . After the loyalty or at least the capitulation of an area was assured , it was allowed to select its own dyamani - tigui . This process was essential to keep non-Manding subjects loyal to the Manding elites that ruled them . Barring any other difficulties , the dyamani - tigui would run the province by himself collecting taxes and procuring armies from the tribes under his command . However , territories that were crucial to trade or subject to revolt would receive a farba . Farbas were picked by the mansa from the conquering farin or family members . The only real requirement was that the mansa knew he could trust this individual to safeguard imperial interests . Duties of the farba included reporting on the activities of the territory , collecting taxes and ensuring the native administration did n't contradict orders from Niani . The farba could also take power away from the native administration if required and raise an army in the area for defence or putting down rebellions . The post of a farba was very prestigious , and his descendants could inherit it with the mansa 's approval . The mansa could also replace a farba if he got out of control , as in the case of Diafunu . Territory ( edit ) The Mali Empire , 1337 The Mali Empire reached its largest size under the Laye Keita mansas . Al - Umari , who wrote down a description of Mali based on information given to him by Abu Sa'id ' Otman ed Dukkali ( who had lived 35 years in Niani ) , reported the realm as being square and an eight - month journey from its coast at Tura ( at the mouth of the Senegal River ) to Muli ( also known as Tuhfat ) . Umari also describes the empire as being south of Marrakesh and almost entirely inhabited except for few places . Mali 's domain also extended into the desert . He describes it as being north of Mali but under its domination implying some sort of vassalage for the Antasar , Yantar'ras , Medussa and Lemtuna Berber tribes . The empire 's total area included nearly all the land between the Sahara Desert and coastal forests . It spanned the modern - day countries of Senegal , southern Mauritania , Mali , northern Burkina Faso , western Niger , the Gambia , Guinea - Bissau , Guinea , the Ivory Coast and northern Ghana . By 1350 , the empire covered approximately 439,400 square miles ( 1,138,000 km ) . The empire also reached its highest population during the Laye period ruling over 400 cities , towns and villages of various religions and elasticities . During this period only the Mongol Empire was larger . The dramatic increase in the empire 's size demanded a shift from the Manden Kurufaba 's organisation of three states with twelve dependencies . This model was scrapped by the time of Mansa Musa 's hajj to Egypt . According to al'Umari , who interviewed a Berber that had lived in Niani for 35 years , there were fourteen provinces ( or , more accurately , tributary kingdoms ) . In al - ' Umari 's record , he only records the following thirteen provinces and five states . Gana ( this refers to the remnants of the Ghana Empire ) Zagun or Zafun ( this is another name for Diafunu ) Tirakka or Turanka ( Between Gana and Tadmekka ) Takrur ( On 3rd cataract of the Senegal River , north of Jolof ) Sanagana ( named for a tribe living in an area north of the Senegal river ) Bambuck or Bambughu ( A territory in eastern Senegal and western Mali which was very rich in gold sources ) Zargatabana Darmura or Babitra Darmura Zaga ( on the Niger , downriver of Kabora ) Kabora or Kabura ( also on the Niger ) Baraquri or Baraghuri Gao or Kawkaw ( province inhabited by Gao Empire , which predated the Songhai ) Mali or Manden ( capital province for which the realm gets its name ) Economy ( edit ) The Mali Empire flourished because of its trade above all else . It contained three immense gold mines within its borders unlike the Ghana Empire , which was only a transit point for gold . The empire taxed every ounce of gold , copper and salt that entered its borders . By the beginning of the 14th century , Mali was the source of almost half the Old World 's gold exported from mines in Bambuk , Boure and Galam . Gold mines in Boure , which is located in present - day Guinea , were discovered sometime near the end of 12th century There was no standard currency throughout the realm , but several forms were prominent by region . The Sahelian and Saharan towns of the Mali Empire were organised as both staging posts in the long - distance caravan trade and trading centres for the various West African products . At Taghaza , for example , salt was exchanged ; at Takedda , copper . Ibn Battuta observed the employment of servants in both towns . During most of his journey , Ibn Battuta travelled with a retinue that included servants , most of whom carried goods for trade . On the return from Takedda to Morocco , his caravan transported 600 female servants , suggesting that indentured servitude was a substantial part of the commercial activity of the empire . Gold ( edit ) Gold nuggets were the exclusive property of the mansa , and were illegal to trade within his borders . All gold was immediately handed over to the imperial treasury in return for an equal value of gold dust . Gold dust had been weighed and bagged for use at least since the time of the Ghana Empire . Mali borrowed the practice to stem inflation of the substance , since it was so prominent in the region . The most common measure for gold within the realm was the ambiguous mithqal ( 4.5 grams of gold ) . This term was used interchangeably with dinar , though it is unclear if coined currency was used in the empire . Gold dust was used all over the empire , but was not valued equally in all regions . Salt ( edit ) Tuaregs were and still are an integral part of the salt trade across the Sahara . The next great unit of exchange in the Mali Empire was salt . Salt was as valuable , if not more valuable , than gold in sub-Saharan Africa . It was cut into pieces and spent on goods with close to equal buying power throughout the empire . While it was as good as gold in the north , it was even better in the south . The people of the south needed salt for their diet , but it was extremely rare . The northern region on the other hand had no shortage of salt . Every year merchants entered Mali via Oualata with camel loads of salt to sell in Niani . According to Ibn Battuta who visited Mali in the mid-14th century , one camel load of salt sold at Walata for 8 -- 10 mithqals of gold , but in Mali proper it realised 20 -- 30 ducats and sometimes even 40 . One particular source of salt in the Mali Empire was salt - mining sites located in Taghaza . Ibn Battuta had written that in Taghaza there were no trees and there is only sand and the salt mines . Nobody lived in the area except the Musafa servants who worked to dig the salts and lived on dates imported from Sijilmasa and the Dar'a valley , camel meat and millet imported from the Sudan . The buildings were constructed from slabs of salt and roofed with camel skins . The salt was dug from the ground and cut into thick slabs , two of which were loaded onto each camel where they would be taken south across the desert to Oualata and sold . The value of the salt was chiefly determined by the transport costs . Ibn Battuta mentions that the value of salt increased fourfold when transported between Oualata and the Malian capital . Copper ( edit ) Copper was also a valued commodity in imperial Mali . According to the records of Ibn Battuta , copper which traded in bars was mined from Takedda in the north and traded in the south for gold . Contemporary sources claim 60 copper bars traded for 100 dinars of gold . Military ( edit ) Main article : Military history of the Mali Empire The number and frequency of conquests in the late 13th century and throughout the 14th century indicate the Kolonkan mansas inherited and or developed a capable military . Sundjata is credited with at least the initial organisation of the Manding military . However , it went through radical changes before reaching the legendary proportions proclaimed by its subjects . As a result of steady tax revenue and stable government beginning in the last quarter of the 13th century , the Mali Empire was able to project its power throughout its own extensive domain and beyond . Strength ( edit ) Terracotta archer figure from Mali ( 13th to 15th centuries ) The Mali Empire maintained a semi-professional , full - time army in order to defend its borders . The entire nation was mobilised , with each clan obligated to provide a quota of fighting - age men . These men had to be of the horon ( freemen ) caste and appear with their own arms . Historians who lived during the height and decline of the Mali Empire consistently record its army at 100,000 , with 10,000 of that number being made up of cavalry . With the help of the river clans , this army could be deployed throughout the realm on short notice . Numerous sources attest that the inland waterways of West Africa saw extensive use of war canoes and vessels used for war transport where permitted by the environment . Most West African canoes were of single - log construction , carved and dug out from one massive tree trunk . Order of battle ( edit ) The army of the Mali Empire during the 14th century was divided into northern and southern commands led by the Farim - Soura and Sankar - Zouma , respectively . Both of these men were part of Mali 's warrior elite known as the ton - ta - jon - ta - ni - woro ( `` sixteen slave carriers of quiver '' ) . Each representative or ton - tigi ( `` quiver - master '' ) provided council to the mansa at the Gbara , but only these two ton - tigi held such wide - ranging power . The ton - tigi belonged to an elite force of cavalry commanders called the farari ( `` brave men '' ) . Each individual farariya ( `` brave '' ) had a number of infantry officers beneath them called kèlè - koun or dùùkùnàsi . A kèlè - koun led free troops into battle alongside a farima ( `` brave man '' ) during campaign . A dùùkùnàsi performed the same function except with slave troops called sofa ( `` guardian of the horse '' ) and under the command of a farimba ( `` great brave man '' ) . The farimba operated from a garrison with an almost entirely slave force , while a farima functioned on field with virtually all freemen . Equipment ( edit ) The army of the Mali Empire used of a wide variety of weapons depending largely on where the troops originated . Only sofa were equipped by the state , using bows and poisoned arrows . Free warriors from the north ( Mandekalu or otherwise ) were usually equipped with large reed or animal hide shields and a stabbing spear that was called a tamba . Free warriors from the south came armed with bows and poisonous arrows . The bow figured prominently in Mandinka warfare and was a symbol of military force throughout the culture . Bowmen formed a large portion of the field army as well as the garrison . Three bowmen supporting one spearman was the ratio in Kaabu and the Gambia by the mid-16th century . Equipped with two quivers and a knife fastened to the back of their arm , Mandinka bowmen used barbed , iron - tipped arrows that were usually poisoned . They also used flaming arrows for siege warfare . While spears and bows were the mainstay of the infantry , swords and lances of local or foreign manufacture were the choice weapons of the cavalry . Ibn Battuta comments on festival demonstrations of swordplay before the mansa by his retainers including the royal interpreter . Another common weapon of Mandekalu warriors was the poison javelin used in skirmishes . Imperial Mali 's horsemen also used mail armour for defence and shields similar to those of the infantry . Architecture ( edit ) The Great Mosque of Djenne , Mali Imperial Malian architecture was characterised by Sudano - Sahelian architecture with a Malian substyle , which is exemplified by the Great Mosque of Djenne . This style is characterised by the use of mudbricks and an adobe plaster , with large wooden - log support beams that jut out from the wall face for large buildings such as mosques or palaces . The dating of the Great Mosque 's construction is obscure . The earliest document mentioning the mosque is Abd al - Sadi 's Tarikh al - Sudan , which gives the early history , presumably from the oral tradition as it existed in the mid seventeenth century . The tarikh states that a Sultan Kunburu became a Muslim and had his palace pulled down and the site turned into a mosque ; he then built another palace for himself near the mosque on the east side . The Sudano - Sahelian influence was particularly widely incorporated during the rule of Mansa Musa I , who constructed many architectural projects , including the Great Mosque of Gao and Royal Palace in Timbuktu , which was built with the assistance of Ishaak al - Tuedjin , an architect brought by Musa from his pilgrimage to Mecca . The emperors of Mali ( edit ) There were 21 known mansas of the Mali Empire after Mari Djata I , and probably about two or three more yet to be revealed . The names of these rulers come down through history via the djelis and modern descendants of the Keita dynasty residing in Kangaba . What separates these rulers from the founder , other than the latter 's historic role in establishing the state , is their transformation of the Manden Kurufaba into a Manden Empire . Not content to rule fellow Manding subjects unified by the victory of Mari Djata I , these mansas would conquer and annex Fula , Wolof , Bamana , Songhai , Tuareg and countless other peoples into an immense empire . Sundiata Keita lineage ( 1250 -- 1275 ) ( edit ) The first three successors to Mari Djata / Sundiata Keita all claimed it by blood right or something similar . This twenty - five year period saw large gains for the mansa and the beginning of fierce internal rivalries that nearly ended the burgeoning empire . Ouali Keita I ( edit ) After Sundiata 's death in 1255 , custom dictated that his son ascend the throne , assuming he was of age . However , Yérélinkon was a minor following his father 's death . Manding Bory Keita , Sundiata 's half - brother and kankoro - sigui ( vizier ) , should have been crowned according to the Kouroukan Fouga . Instead , Mari Djata 's son seized the throne and was crowned Mansa Ouali Keita ( also spelt `` Wali '' or `` Ali '' ) . Mansa Ouali Keita proved to be an efficient emperor , adding more lands to the empire , including the Gambian provinces of Bati and Casa . He also conquered the gold producing provinces of Bambuk and Bondou . The central province of Konkodougou was established . The Songhai kingdom of Gao also seems to have been subjugated for the first of many times around this period . Aside from military conquest , Ouali is also credited with agricultural reforms throughout the empire putting many soldiers to work as farmers in the newly acquired Gambian provinces . Just prior to his death in 1270 , Ouali went on the hajj to Mecca during the reign of Mamluk Sultan Baibars , according to Ibn Khaldun . This helped in strengthening ties with North Africa and Muslim merchants . The generals ' sons ( edit ) As a policy of controlling and rewarding his generals , Mari Djata adopted their sons . These children were raised at the mansa 's court and became Keitas upon reaching maturity . Seeing the throne as their right , two adopted sons of Mari Djata waged a devastating war against one another that threatened to destroy what the first two mansas had built . The first son to gain the throne was Mansa Ouati Keita ( also spelt Wati ) in 1270 . He reigned for four years , spending lavishly and ruling cruelly , according to the djelis . Upon his death in 1274 , the other adopted son seized the throne . Mansa Khalifa Keita is remembered as even worse than Ouati Keita . According to the djelis , he governed just as badly , was insane and fired arrows from the roof of his palace at passers by . Ibn Khaldun recounts that the people rushed upon him and killed him during a popular revolt . The Gbara replaced him with Manding Bory Keita in 1275 . The court mansas ( 1275 -- 1300 ) ( edit ) After the chaos of Ouati Keita and Khalifa Keita 's reigns , a number of court officials with close ties to Sundiata Keita ruled . They began the empire 's return to stability , setting it up for a golden age of rulers . Abubakari Keita I ( edit ) Manding Bory was crowned under the throne name Mansa Abubakari ( a Manding corruption of the Muslim name Abu Bakr ) . Mansa Abubakari 's mother was Namandjé , the third wife of Maghan Kon Fatta . Prior to becoming mansa , Abubakari had been one of his brother 's generals and later his kankoro - sigui. Little else is known about the reign of Abubakari I , but it seems he was successful in stopping the hemorrhaging of wealth in the empire . Sakoura ( edit ) In 1285 , a court slave freed by Sundiata Keita , and who had also served as a general , usurped the throne of Mali . The reign of Mansa Sakoura ( also spelt Sakura ) appears to have been beneficial , despite the political shake - up . He added the first conquests to Mali since the reign of Ouali , including the former Wagadou provinces of Tekrour and Diara . His conquests did not stop at the boundaries of Wagadou , however . He campaigned into Senegal and conquered the Wolof province of Dyolof ( Jolof ) , then took the army east to subjugate the copper - producing area of Takedda . He also conquered Macina and raided into Gao to suppress its first rebellion against Mali . More than just a mere warrior , Mansa Sakoura went on the hajj during the reign of Al - Nasir Muhammad . Mansa Sakura also opened direct trade negotiations with Tripoli and Morocco . According to one account , Sakoura was murdered on his return trip from Mecca in or near present - day Djibouti by a Danakil warrior attempting to rob him . The emperor 's attendants rushed his body home through the Ouaddai region and into Kanem where one of that empire 's messengers was sent to Mali with news of Sakoura 's death . When the body arrived in Niani , it was given a regal burial despite the usurper 's slave roots . The Kolonkan Keita lineage ( 1300 -- 1312 ) ( edit ) The Gbara selected Ko Mamadi Keita as the next mansa in 1300 . He was the first of a new line of rulers directly descending from Sundiata Keita 's sister , Kolonkan Keita . But , seeing as how these rulers all shared the blood of Maghan Kon Fatta , they are considered legitimate Keitas . Even Sakoura , with his history of being a slave in the Keita family , was considered a Keita ; so the line of Bilal had yet to be broken . It is during the Kolonkan Keita lineage that the defining characteristics of golden age Mali begin to appear . By maintaining the developments of Sakoura and Abubakari Keita I , the Kolonkan Keita mansas steered Mali safely into its apex . The Gao mansas ( edit ) Ko Mamadi Keita was crowned Mansa Gao Keita and ruled over a successful empire without any recorded crises . His son , Mansa Mohammed ibn Gao Keita , ascended the throne five years later and continued the stability of the Kolonkan Keita line . Abubakari Keita II ( edit ) The last Kolonkan ruler , Bata Manding Bory Keita , was crowned Mansa Abubakari Keita II in 1310 . He continued the non-militant style of rule that characterised Gao and Mohammed ibn Gao Keita , but was interested in the empire 's western sea . According to an account given by Mansa Musa Keita I , who during the reign of Abubakari Keita II served as the mansa 's kankoro - sigui , Mali sent two expeditions into the Atlantic Ocean . Mansa Abubakari Keita II left Musa Keita as regent of the empire , demonstrating the stability of this period in Mali , and departed with the second expedition , commanding some 2,000 ships equipped with both oars and sails in 1311 . Neither the emperor nor any of the ships returned to Mali . Modern historians and scientists are sceptical about the success of either voyage , but the account of these happenings is preserved in both written North African records and the oral records of Mali 's djelis . The Laye Keita lineage ( 1312 -- 1389 ) ( edit ) Abubakari Keita II 's 1312 abdication , the only recorded one in the empire 's history , marked the beginning of a new lineage descended from Faga Laye Keita . Faga Laye Keita was the son of Abubakari Keita I. Unlike his father , Faga Laye Keita never took the throne of Mali . However , his line would produce seven mansas who reigned during the height of Mali 's power and toward the beginning of its decline . Musa Keita I ( edit ) Sankore Mosque The first ruler from the Laye lineage was Kankan Musa Keita ( or Moussa ) , also known as Mansa Musa . After an entire year without word from Abubakari Keita II , he was crowned Mansa Musa Keita . Mansa Musa Keita was one of the first truly devout Muslims to lead the Mali Empire . He attempted to make Islam the faith of the nobility , but kept to the imperial tradition of not forcing it on the populace . He also made Eid celebrations at the end of Ramadan a national ceremony . He could read and write Arabic and took an interest in the scholarly city of Timbuktu , which he peaceably annexed in 1324 . Via one of the royal ladies of his court , Musa transformed Sankore from an informal madrasah into an Islamic university . Islamic studies flourished thereafter . Mansa Musa Keita 's crowning achievement was his famous pilgrimage to Mecca , which started in 1324 and concluded with his return in 1326 . Accounts of how many people and how much gold he spent vary . All of them agree that he took a very large group of people ; the mansa kept a personal guard of some 500 men , and he gave out so many alms and bought so many things that the value of gold in Egypt and Arabia depreciated for twelve years . When he passed through Cairo , historian al - Maqrizi noted `` the members of his entourage proceeded to buy Turkish and Ethiopian slave girls , singing girls and garments , so that the rate of the gold dinar fell by six dirhams . '' Another testimony from Ibn Khaldun describes the grand pilgrimage of Mansa Musa consisting of 12,000 slaves : `` He made a pilgrimage in 724 / 1324 ( ... ) . At each halt , he would regale us ( his entourage ) rare foods and confectionery . His equipment furnishings were carried by 12.000 private slave women ( Wasaif ) wearing gown and brocade ( dibaj ) and Yemeni silk ( ... ) . Mansa Musa came from his country with 80 loads of gold dust ( tibr ) , each load weighing three qintars . In their own country they use only slave women and men for transport , but for long journeys such as pilgrimages they have mounts . '' Contemporary sources suggest that the mounts employed by this caravan were one hundred elephants , which carried those loads of gold , and several hundred camels , carrying the food , supplies and weaponries which were brought to the rear . Musa took out large loans from money lenders in Cairo before beginning his journey home . It is not known if this was an attempt to correct the depreciation of gold in the area due to his spending , or if he had simply run out of the funds needed for the return trip . Musa 's hajj , and especially his gold , caught the attention of both the Islamic and Christian worlds . Consequently , the name of Mali and Timbuktu appeared on 14th century world maps . While on the hajj , he met the Andalusian poet and architect es - Saheli . Mansa Musa brought the architect back to Mali to beautify some of the cities . But more reasoned analysis suggests that his role , if any , was quite limited . The architectural crafts in Granada had reached their zenith by the fourteenth century , and its extremely unlikely that a cultured and wealthy poet would have had anything more than a dilettante 's knowledge of the intricacies of contemporary architectural practice . Mosques were built in Gao and Timbuktu along with impressive palaces also built in Timbuktu . By the time of his death in 1337 , Mali had control over Taghazza , a salt producing area in the north , which further strengthened its treasury . That same year , after the Mandinka general known as Sagmandir put down yet another rebellion in Gao , Mansa Musa came to Gao and accepted the capitulation of the King of Ghana and his nobles . This included Ali Killun / Kolon and his brother Selmar Nar from the Za Dynasty , whom would later be appointed as page of the court of Mali around 1335 . By the end of Mansa Musa 's reign , the Sankoré University had been converted into a fully staffed university with the largest collections of books in Africa since the Library of Alexandria . The Sankoré University was capable of housing 25,000 students and had one of the largest libraries in the world with roughly 1,000,000 manuscripts . Mansa Musa Keita was succeeded by his son , Maghan Keita I , in 1337 . Mansa Maghan Keita I spent wastefully and was the first lacklustre emperor since Khalifa Keita . But the Mali Empire built by his predecessors was too strong for even his misrule and it passed intact to Musa 's brother , Souleyman Keita in 1341 . Souleyman Keita ( edit ) Mansa Souleyman Keita ( or Suleiman ) took steep measures to put Mali back into financial shape , thereby developing a reputation for miserliness . However , he proved to be a good and strong ruler despite numerous challenges . It is during his reign that Fula raids on Takrur began . There was also a palace conspiracy to overthrow him hatched by the Qasa ( the Manding term meaning Queen ) and several army commanders . Mansa Souleyman 's generals successfully fought off the military incursions , and the senior wife behind the plot was imprisoned . The mansa also made a successful hajj , kept up correspondence with Morocco and Egypt and built an earthen platform at Kangaba called the Camanbolon where he held court with provincial governors and deposited the holy books he brought back from Hedjaz . The only major setback to his reign was the loss of Mali 's Dyolof province in Senegal . The Wolof populations of the area united into their own state known as the Jolof Empire in the 1350s . Still , when Ibn Battuta arrived at Mali in July 1352 , he found a thriving civilisation on par with virtually anything in the Muslim or Christian world . Mansa Souleyman Keita died in 1360 and was succeeded by his son , Camba Keita . The North African traveller and scholar Ibn Battuta visited the area in 1352 and , according to a 1929 English translation , said this about its inhabitants : `` The negroes possess some admirable qualities . They are seldom unjust , and have a greater abhorrence of injustice than any other people . There is complete security in their country . Neither traveller nor inhabitant in it has anything to fear from robbers or men of violence . '' Mari Djata Keita II ( edit ) After a mere nine months of rule , Mansa Camba Keita was deposed by one of Maghan Keita I 's three sons . Konkodougou Kamissa Keita , named for the province he once governed , was crowned as Mansa Mari Djata Keita II in 1360 . He ruled oppressively and nearly bankrupted Mali with his lavish spending . He did however , maintain contacts with Morocco , sending a giraffe to King Abu Hassan . Mansa Mari Djata Keita II became seriously ill in 1372 , and power moved into the hands of his ministers until his death in 1374 . Musa Keita II ( edit ) The reign of Mari Djata Keita II was ruinous and left the empire in bad financial shape , but the empire itself passed intact to the dead emperor 's brother . Mansa Fadima Musa Keita , or Mansa Musa Keita II , began the process of reversing his brother 's excesses . He did not , however , hold the power of previous mansas because of the influence of his kankoro - sigui . Kankoro - sigui Mari Djata , who had no relation to the Keita clan , essentially ran the empire in Musa Keita II 's stead . He put down a Berber Tuareg rebellion in Takedda and campaigned in Gao . Ibn Khaldun recorded that in 776 A.H or 1374 / 1375 AD he interviewed a Sijilmasan scholar named Muhammad b . Wasul who had lived in Gao and had been employed in its judiciary . The latter told Ibn Khaldun about devastating struggle over Gao between Mali imperial forces against Berber Tuareg forces from Takedda . While he met success in Takedda , he never managed a decisive victory in Gao . The Songhai settlement effectively shook off Mali 's authority in 1375 . Still , by the time of Mansa Musa Keita II 's death in 1387 , Mali was financially solvent and in control of all of its previous conquests short of Gao and Dyolof . Forty years after the reign of Mansa Musa Keita I , the Mali Empire still controlled some 1,100,000 square kilometres ( 420,000 sq mi ) of land throughout Western Africa . Maghan Keita II ( edit ) The last son of Maghan Keita I , Tenin Maghan Keita ( also known as Kita Tenin Maghan Keita for the province he once governed ) was crowned Mansa Maghan Keita II in 1387 . Little is known of him except that he only reigned two years . He was deposed in 1389 , marking the end of the Faga Laye Keita mansas . The obscure lineages ( 1389 -- 1545 ) ( edit ) From 1389 onwards Mali gained a host of mansas of obscure origins . This is the least known period in Mali 's imperial history . What is evident is that there is no steady lineage governing the empire . The other characteristic of this era is the gradual loss of its northern and eastern possessions to the rising Songhai Empire and the movement of the Mali 's economic focus from the trans - Saharan trade routes to the burgeoning commerce along the coast . Sandaki Keita ( edit ) Mansa Sandaki Keita , a descendant of kankoro - sigui Mari Djata Keita , deposed Maghan Keita II , becoming the first person without any Keita dynastic relation to officially rule Mali . Sandaki Keita should not however be taken to be this person 's name but a title . Sandaki likely means High Counsellor or Supreme Counsellor , from san or sanon ( meaning `` high '' ) and adegue ( meaning counsellor ) . He would only reign a year before a descendant of Mansa Gao Keita removed him . Maghan Keita III ( edit ) Mahmud Keita , possibly a grandchild or great - grandchild of Mansa Gao Keita , was crowned Mansa Maghan Keita III in 1390 . During his reign , the Mossi emperor Bonga of Yatenga raided into Mali and plundered Macina . Emperor Bonga did not appear to hold the area , and it stayed within the Mali Empire after Maghan Keita III 's death in 1400 . Musa Keita III ( edit ) In the early 15th century , Mali was still powerful enough to conquer and settle new areas . One of these was Dioma , an area south of Niani populated by Fula Wassoulounké . Two noble brothers from Niani , of unknown lineage , went to Dioma with an army and drove out the Fula Wassoulounké . The oldest brother , Sérébandjougou Keita , was crowned Mansa Foamed or Mansa Musa Keita III . His reign saw the first in a string of many great losses to Mali . In 1430 , the Tuareg seized Timbuktu . Three years later , Oualata also fell into their hands . Ouali Keita II ( edit ) Following Musa Keita III 's death , his brother Gbèré Keita became emperor in the mid-15th century . Gbèré Keita was crowned Mansa Ouali Keita II and ruled during the period of Mali 's contact with Portugal . In the 1450s , Portugal began sending raiding parties along the Gambian coast . The Gambia was still firmly in Mali 's control , and these raiding expeditions met with disastrous fates before Portugal 's Diogo Gomes began formal relations with Mali via its remaining Wolof subjects . Alvise Cadamosto , a Venetian explorer , recorded that the Mali Empire was the most powerful entity on the coast in 1454 . Despite their power in the west , Mali was losing the battle for supremacy in the north and northeast . The new Songhai Empire conquered Mema , one of Mali 's oldest possessions , in 1465 . It then seized Timbuktu from the Tuareg in 1468 under Sunni Ali Ber . In 1477 , the Yatenga emperor Nasséré made yet another Mossi raid into Macina , this time conquering it and the old province of BaGhana ( Wagadou ) . Mansa Mahmud Keita II ( edit ) Mansa Mahmud Keita II came to the throne in 1481 during Mali 's downward spiral . It is unknown from whom he descended ; however , another emperor , Mansa Maghan Keita III , is sometimes cited as Mansa Mahmud Keita I. Still , throne names do n't usually indicate blood relations . Mansa Mahmud Keita II 's rule was characterised by more losses to Mali 's old possessions and increased contact between Mali and Portuguese explorers along the coast . In 1481 , Fula raids against Mali 's Tekrur provinces began . The growing trade in Mali 's western provinces with Portugal witnessed the exchange of envoys between the two nations . Mansa Mahmud Keita II received the Portuguese envoys Pêro d'Évora and Gonçalo Enes in 1487 . The mansa lost control of Jalo during this period . Meanwhile , Songhai seized the salt mines of Taghazza in 1493 . That same year , Mahmud II sent another envoy to the Portuguese proposing alliance against the Fula . The Portuguese decided to stay out of the conflict and the talks concluded by 1495 without an alliance . Mansa Mahmud Keita III ( edit ) Mali Empire and surrounding states , c. 1530 The last mansa to rule from Niani is Mansa Mahmud Keita III , also known as Mansa Mamadou Keita II . He came to power around 1496 and has the dubious honour of being the mansa under which Mali suffered the most losses to its territory . Songhai forces under the command of Askia Muhammad I defeated the Mali general Fati Quali Keita in 1502 and seized the province of Diafunu . In 1514 , the Denianke dynasty was established in Tekrour . It was n't long before the new kingdom of Great Fulo was warring against Mali 's remaining provinces . Additionally , the Songhai Empire seized the copper mines of Takedda . In 1534 , Mahmud Keita III received another Portuguese envoy to the Mali court by the name of Pero Fernandes . This envoy from the Portuguese coastal port of Elmina arrived in response to the growing trade along the coast and Mali 's now urgent request for military assistance against Songhai . Still , no help came from the envoy and further possessions of Mali were lost one by one . Mansa Mahmud Keita III 's reign also saw the military outpost and province of Kaabu become independent in 1537 . The Kaabu Empire appears as ambitions as Mali was in its early years and conquers Mali 's remaining Gambian provinces of Cassa and Bati . The most defining moment in Mahmud Keita III 's reign is arguably the final conflict between Mali and Songhai in 1545 . Songhai forces under Askia Ishaq 's brother , Daoud , sack Niani and occupy the palace . Mansa Mahmud Keita III is forced to flee Niani for the mountains . Within a week , he regroups with his forces and launches a successful counter-attack forcing the Songhai out of Manden proper for good . The Songhai Empire keeps Mali 's ambitions in check , but never fully conquers the empire , their former masters . After liberating the capital , Mahmud Keita II abandons it for a new residence further north . Still , there is no end to Mali 's troubles . In 1559 , the kingdom of Fouta Tooro succeeds in taking Takrur . This defeat reduces Mali to Manden proper with control extending only as far as Kita in the west , Kangaba in the north , the Niger River bend in the east and Kouroussa in the south . Late imperial Mali ( edit ) Mansa Mahmud III 's reign ended around 1559 . There seems to have been either a vacancy or unknown ruler between 1559 and the start of the last mansa 's reign . A vacancy or rule by a court official seems the most likely , since the next ruler takes the name of Mahmud IV . By 1560 , the once powerful empire was not much more than the core of the Manden Kurufaba . The next notable mansa , Mahmud IV , does n't appear in any records until the end of the 16th century . However , he seems to have the distinction of being the last ruler of a unified Manden . His descendants are blamed for the breakup of the Manden Kurufaba into north , central and southern realms . Mansa Mahmud Keita IV ( edit ) Mansa Mahmud Keita IV ( also known as Mansa Mamadou Keita II , Mali Mansa Mamadou Keita and Niani Mansa Mamadou Keita ) was the last emperor of Manden according to the Tarikh al - Sudan . It states that he launched an attack on the city of Djenné in 1599 with Fulani allies , hoping to take advantage of Songhai 's defeat . Moroccan fusiliers , deployed from Timbuktu , met them in battle , exposing Mali to the same technology ( firearms ) that had destroyed Songhai . Despite heavy losses , the mansa 's army was not deterred and nearly carried the day . However , the army inside Djenné intervened , forcing Mansa Mahmud Keita IV and his army to retreat to Kangaba . Collapse ( edit ) Mali Empire and surrounding states , c. 1625 The mansa 's defeat actually won Sundiata Keita the respect of Morocco , and may have saved it from Songhai 's fate . It would be the Mandinka themselves that would cause the final destruction of the empire . Around 1610 , Mahmud Keita IV died . Oral tradition states that he had three sons who fought over Manden 's remains . No single Keita ever ruled Manden after Mahmud Keita IV 's death , resulting in the end of the Mali Empire . Manden divided ( edit ) The old core of the empire was divided into three spheres of influence . Kangaba , the de facto capital of Manden since the time of the last emperor , became the capital of the northern sphere . The Joma area , governed from Siguiri , controlled the central region , which encompassed Niani . Hamana ( or Amana ) , southwest of Joma , became the southern sphere , with its capital at Kouroussa in modern Guinea . Each ruler used the title of mansa , but their authority only extended as far as their own sphere of influence . Despite this disunity in the realm , the realm remained under Mandinka control into the mid-17th century . The three states warred with each other as much , if not more , than they did against outsiders , but rivalries generally stopped when faced with invasion . This trend would continue into colonial times against Tukulor enemies from the west . The Bamana jihad ( edit ) Then , in 1630 , the Bamana of Djenné declared their version of holy war on all Muslim powers in present - day Mali . They targeted Moroccan pashas still in Timbuktu and the mansas of Manden . In 1645 , the Bamana attacked Manden , seizing both banks of the Niger right up to Niani . This campaign gutted Manden and destroyed any hope of the three mansas cooperating to free their land . The only Mandinka power spared from the campaign was Kangaba . Sack of Niani ( edit ) Mama Maghan , mansa of Kangaba , campaigned against the Bamana in 1667 and laid siege to Segou - Koro for a reported three years . Segou , defended by Biton Coulibaly , successfully defended itself and Mama Maghan was forced to withdraw . Either as a counter-attack or simply the progression of pre-planned assaults against the remnants of Mali , the Bamana sacked and burned Niani in 1670 . Their forces marched as far north as Kangaba , where the mansa was obliged to make a peace with them , promising not to attack downstream of Mali . The Bamana , likewise , vowed not to advance farther upstream than Niamina . Following this disastrous set of events , Mansa Mama Maghan abandoned the capital of Niani . See also ( edit ) African empires Gbara Keita Dynasty Kouroukan Fouga Military history of the Mali Empire Segou Empire Songhai Empire List of Sunni Muslim dynasties References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Piga , Adriana : Islam et villes en Afriqa au sud du Sahara : Entre soufisme et fondamentalisme , p. 265 . KARTHALA Editions , 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Taagepera , p. 497 . Jump up ^ Hempstone , p. 312 . Jump up ^ Walker , Sheila S. : `` African roots / American cultures : Africa in the creation of the Americas '' , p. 127 . Rowman & Littlefield , 2001 . Jump up ^ Ki - Zerbo , Joseph : UNESCO General History of Africa , Vol. IV , Abridged Edition : Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century , p. 57 . University of California Press , 1997 . Jump up ^ `` The Empire of Mali , In Our Time - BBC Radio 4 '' . BBC . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Imperato , Pascal James ; Imperato , Gavin H. ( 2008 - 04 - 25 ) . Historical Dictionary of Mali . Scarecrow Press . p. 201 . 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( 2008 - 04 - 25 ) . Historical Dictionary of Mali . Scarecrow Press . p. 231 . ISBN 9780810864023 . Jump up ^ Wagadou or Empire of Ghana Archived 4 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Translated from French . Soninkara.org . Jump up ^ History of Africa Archived 4 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine . translated from French . ^ Jump up to : Niane , D.T. : `` Sundiata : An Epic of Old Mali '' . Longman , 1995 . Jump up ^ Nasr , Seyyed Hossein . The Heart of Islam : Enduring Values for Humanity . New York , New York : HarperCollins , 2009 , p. 92 . Print . ISBN 0061746606 . Jump up ^ Maaike van Berkel ( 2009 ) . `` al - QALQASHANDĪ '' . In Roger M.A. Allen ; Terri DeYoung . Essays in Arabic Literary Biography II : 1350 - 1850 . Otto Harrassowitz Verlag . pp. 331 -- 40 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 447 - 05933 - 6 . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Muir , Sir William . The Life of Mohammad From Original Sources . Edinburgh : J. Grant , 1923 , p. 59 . Print . ISBN 0404563066 . 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Barnier , 1968 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Jump up ^ VMFA . `` Mali : Geography and History '' . Vmfa.state.va.us . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Mike Blondino . `` LEAD : International : The History of Guinea - Bissau '' . Leadinternational.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Google Translate '' . Translate.google.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , John M. ( 1980 ) , `` Slavery in the Malinke Kingdom of Kabadougou ( Ivory Coast ) '' , International Journal of African Historical Studies , 13 ( 4 ) : 633 -- 650 , JSTOR 218199 ^ Jump up to : Stride , G.T. , & C. Ifeka : `` Peoples and Empires of West Africa : West Africa in History 1000 -- 1800 '' . Nelson , 1971 . ^ Jump up to : `` How the Mali Empire in the 12th century revolved levels of governance '' . Translate.google.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Blanchard , p. 1118 . Jump up ^ Ki - Zerbo & Niane , p. 64 . ^ Jump up to : Blanchard , p. 1119 . Jump up ^ Stiansen & Guyer , p. 88 . Jump up ^ * Levtzion , Nehemia ; Hopkins , John F.P. , eds. ( 2000 ) , Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West Africa , New York , NY : Marcus Weiner Press , ISBN 1 - 55876 - 241 - 8 . First published in 1981 by Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 22422 - 5 pages = 76 & 300 ( quotation of Ibn Batutta : Then I travelled to the town of Kawkaw , which is a great town on the Nīl ( Niger ) , one of the finest , biggest , and most fertile cities of the Sūdān . There is much rice there , and milk , and chickens , and fish , and the cucumber , which has no like . Its people conduct their buying and selling with cowries , like the people of Mālī . Jump up ^ Blauer , Lauré , Ettagale , Jason . Cultures of the World Mali . Marshall Cavendish , 2008 . p. 25 . ISBN 0761425683 . Jump up ^ Candice Goucher , Charles LeGuin , and Linda Walton , Trade , Transport , Temples , and Tribute : The Economics of Power Archived 29 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine. , in In the Balance : Themes in Global History ( Boston : McGraw - Hill , 1998 ) . ^ Jump up to : Blanchard , p. 1115 . Jump up ^ Levtzion & Hopkins 2000 , p. 414 note 5 The location of the Malian capital is uncertain . Jump up ^ Dunn 2005 , p. 305 . Jump up ^ Levtzion & Hopkins 2000 , pp. 301 - 303 . Jump up ^ `` Google Translate '' . Translate.google.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Sarr , Mamadou ( 1991 ) . L'empire du Mali . p. 92 . Archived from the original on 6 April 2008 . Retrieved 9 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Robert Smith , `` The Canoe in West African History '' , The Journal of African History , Vol. 11 , No. 4 ( 1970 ) , pp. 515 -- 533 . Jump up ^ Charry , p. 358 . Jump up ^ Bourgeois 1987 Jump up ^ `` When the sultan became a Muslim. he had his palace pulled down and the site turned into a mosque dedicated to God Most High . This is the present congregational mosque . He built another palace for himself and his household near the mosque on the east side . '' Hunwick 1999 , p. 18 Jump up ^ Alexander , Leslie ( 2010 ) . Encyclopedia of African American History ( American Ethnic Experience ed . ) . ABC - CLIO . pp. 73 -- 74 . ISBN 1851097694 . Jump up ^ In Fula : Fulɓe ; in ( Peul or Peuhl ) error : ( ( lang - xx ) ) : text has italic markup ( help ) . ^ Jump up to : Cooley , p. 63 . ^ Jump up to : Levitzion , N. : `` The Thirteenth - and Fourteenth - Century Kings of Mali '' . The Journal of African History , Vol. 4 , No. 3 . Cambridge University Press , 1963 . Jump up ^ `` The Senegal : History and geography '' . Translate.google.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Mali Empire ( Mandingo empire ) '' . Translate.google.com . 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( 1957 ) , `` The Medieval Empire of Ghana '' , South African Archaeological Bulletin , 12 : 108 -- 112 , JSTOR 3886971 Jump up ^ The Meanings of Timbuktu , Bloom , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Windsor , Rudolph R. ( 2011 ) . From Babylon to Timbuktu : A History of Ancient Black Races Including the Black Hebrews ( Windsor 's golden series ed . ) . AuthorHouse . pp. 95 -- 98 . ISBN 1463411294 . Jump up ^ See : Said Hamdun & Noël King ( edds . ) , Ibn Battuta in Black Africa . London , 1975 , pp. 52 -- 53 . Jump up ^ `` Lessons from Timbuktu : What Mali 's Manuscripts Teach About Peace World Policy Institute '' . Worldpolicy.org . Retrieved 24 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Sir Hamilton Gibb ( translator , 1929 ) , Ibn Battuta : Travels in Asia and Africa 1325 -- 1354 , p. 329 , Routledge , ISBN 0 - 7100 - 9568 - 6 . Jump up ^ Saad , Elias N. Social History of Timbuktu : The Role of Muslim Scholars and Notables 1400 - 1900 ( Cambridge History of Science Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 29 -- 30 . ISBN 0521246032 . Jump up ^ Lifshitz , Fima ( 2009 - 01 - 01 ) . An African Journey Through Its Art . AuthorHouse . p. 72 . ISBN 9781438934501 . Jump up ^ Cooley , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Niane , D.T. : `` Recherches sur l'Empire du Mali au Moyen âge '' . Paris Press , 1975 . Jump up ^ `` Mansa Masu : Songhai Empire '' . Princetonol.com . Archived from the original on 7 October 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Thornton , John K. : Warfare in Atlantic Africa , 1500 -- 1800 . Routledge , 1999 . ^ Jump up to : Cosmovisions.com Jump up ^ `` Mossi ( 1250 -- 1575 AD ) -- DBA 2.0 Variant Army List '' . Fanaticus.org. 2006 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Etext.org Archived 11 July 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The history of Africa -- Peul and Toucouleur '' . Translate.google.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Africa and Slavery 1500 -- 1800 by Sanderson Beck '' . San.beck.org . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Google Translate '' . Translate.google.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Songhai Empire '' . Translate.google.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Niane , D.T. : `` Histoire et tradition historique du Manding '' . Presence Africaine , 89 . Paris , 1974 . ^ Jump up to : `` Songhai '' . Translate.google.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Jansen , Jan : `` The Representation of Status in Mande : Did the Mali Empire Still Exist in the Nineteenth Century ? '' . History in Africa , Vol. 23 . JSTOR , 1996 . Jump up ^ Jansen , Jan : `` The Younger Brother and the Stranger . In search of a status discourse for Mande '' . Cashiers d'etudes africanines , 1996 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chronology Mali '' . Translate.google.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Delafosse , p. 283 . Jump up ^ Delafosse , p. 284 . Sources ( edit ) Blanchard , Ian ( 2001 ) . Mining , Metallurgy and Minting in the Middle Ages Vol. 3 . Continuing Afro - European Supremacy , 1250 -- 1450 . Stuttgart : Franz Steiner Verlag . ISBN 3 - 515 - 08704 - 4 . Cooley , William Desborough ( 1966 ) ( 1841 ) . The Negroland of the Arabs Examined and Explained . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 1799 - 7 . Delafosse , Maurice ( 1972 ) ( 1912 ) . Haut - Sénégal Niger l'histoire ( in French ) . Paris : Maisonneuve & Larose . ISBN 2 - 7068 - 0535 - 8 . Goodwin , A.J.H. ( 1957 ) , `` The Medieval Empire of Ghana '' , South African Archaeological Bulletin , 12 : 108 -- 112 , JSTOR 3886971 Hempstone , Smith ( 2007 ) . Africa , Angry Young Giant . Whitefish : Kessinger Publishing , LLC . ISBN 0 - 548 - 44300 - 9 . Insoll , Timothy ( 2003 ) . The Archaeology of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 65702 - 4 . Ki - Zerbo , Joseph ( 1978 ) . Histoire de l'Afrique noire : D'hier à demain . Paris : Hatier . ISBN 2 - 218 - 04176 - 6 . Ki - Zerbo , Joseph ( 1997 ) . UNESCO General History of Africa , Vol. IV , Abridged Edition : Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 06699 - 5 . Levtzion , N. ( 1963 ) . `` The thirteenth - and fourteenth - century kings of Mali '' . Journal of African History . 4 ( 3 ) : 341 -- 353 . doi : 10.1017 / S002185370000428X . JSTOR 180027 . Levtzion , Nehemia ; Hopkins , John F.P. , eds. ( 2000 ) . Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West Africa . New York : Marcus Weiner Press . ISBN 1 - 55876 - 241 - 8 . First published in 1981 by Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 22422 - 5 . Piga , Adriana ( 2003 ) . Islam et villes en Afrique au sud du Sahara : Entre soufisme et fondamentalisme . Paris : KARTHALA Editions . pp. 417 pages . ISBN 2 - 84586 - 395 - 0 . Niane , D.T. ( 1994 ) . Sundiata : An Epic of Old Mali . Harlow : Longman African Writers . ISBN 0 - 582 - 26475 - 8 . Niane , D.T. ( 1975 ) . Recherches sur l'Empire du Mali au Moyen Âge . Paris : Présence Africaine . Stiansen , Endre & Jane I. Guyer ( 1999 ) . Credit , Currencies and Culture : African Financial Institutions in Historical Perspective . Stockholm : Nordiska Afrikainstitutet . ISBN 91 - 7106 - 442 - 7 . Stride , G.T. & C. Ifeka ( 1971 ) . Peoples and Empires of West Africa : West Africa in History 1000 -- 1800 . Edinburgh : Nelson . ISBN 0 - 17 - 511448 - X . Taagepera , Rein ( 1979 ) . `` Size and Duration of Empires : Growth - Decline Curves , 600 B.C. to 600 A.D '' . Social Science History . 3 ( 3 / 4 ) . Thornton , John K. ( 1999 ) . Warfare in Atlantic Africa 1500 -- 1800 . London and New York : Routledge . pp. 194 Pages . ISBN 1 - 85728 - 393 - 7 . Further reading ( edit ) Conrad , David C. ( 1994 ) . `` A town called Dakajalan : the Sunjata tradition and the question of Ancient Mali 's capital '' . Journal of African History . 35 ( 3 ) : 355 -- 377 . doi : 10.1017 / s002185370002675x . JSTOR 182640 . Hunwick , John O. ( 1973 ) . `` The mid-fourteenth century capital of Mali '' . Journal of African History . 14 ( 2 ) : 195 -- 206 . doi : 10.1017 / s0021853700012512 . JSTOR 180444 . Levtzion , Nehemia ( 1973 ) . Ancient Ghana and Mali . London : Methuen . ISBN 0 - 8419 - 0431 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mali Empire . African Kingdoms Mali Metropolitan Museum -- Empires of the Western Sudan : Mali Empire The Story of Africa : Mali -- BBC World Service Ibn Battuta : Travels in Asia and Africa 1325 -- 1354 -- excerpts from H.A.R. Gibb 's translation Mali articles History Ghana Empire Pre-Imperial Mali Mali Empire Songhai Empire Bamana Empire Kénédougou Kingdom Kaarta Massina Empire Toucouleur Empire Wassoulou Empire French Sudan Mali Federation 2012 Tuareg rebellion 2012 coup Northern Mali conflict Ebola disease event Geography Cercles Cities Communes Environmental issues Mountains National parks Regions Rivers Wildlife Politics Constitution Elections Foreign relations Human rights LGBT rights Law enforcement Military National Assembly Political parties President Prime Minister Economy Foreign aid Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Demographics Ethnic groups Education Health Languages Religion Slavery Women Culture Cuisine Films Flag Literature Media Music Polygamy Public holidays Outline Index Portal Sahelian kingdoms Bamana Baol Bornu Darfur Ghana Great Fulo Fwatai Bakwai Jolof Kaabu Kanem Mali Mossi Saloum Sennar Shilluk Sine Sokoto Songhai Wadai Wassoulou Empires Ancient Akkadian Egyptian Assyrian Babylonian Carthaginian Chinese Qin Han Jin Northern Wei Hellenistic Macedonian Seleucid Hittite Indian Nanda Maurya Satavahana Shunga Gupta Harsha Iranian Median Achaemenid Parthian Sasanian Kushan Mongol Xianbei Xiongnu Roman Western Eastern Teotihuacan Post-classical Arab Rashidun Umayyad Abbasid Fatimid Córdoba Aragonese Angevin Aztec Benin Bornu Bruneian Bulgarian First Second Byzantine Nicaea Trebizond Carolingian Chinese Sui Tang Song Yuan Ethiopian Zagwe Solomonic Georgian Hunnic Inca Indian Chola Gurjara - 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65045503419597298 | List of countries by system of government | List of countries by system of government - wikipedia List of countries by system of government Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Part of the Politics series Basic forms of government Power structure Separation Associated state Dominion Chiefdom Federalism Federation Confederation Devolution Integration Empire Hegemony Unitary state Administrative division Power source Democracy power of many Direct Representative Liberal Social Demarchy others Oligarchy power of few Aristocracy Plutocracy Kraterocracy Stratocracy Timocracy Meritocracy Technocracy Geniocracy Noocracy Kritarchy Particracy Ergatocracy Netocracy Autocracy power of one Despotism Dictatorship Military dictatorship Others Anocracy Anarchy Theocracy Power ideology Monarchy vs. Republic socio - political ideologies Absolute Legalist Constitutional Parliamentary Directorial Semi-presidential Presidential Authoritarian vs. Libertarian socio - economic ideologies Tribalism Despotism Feudalism Colonialism Minarchism Distributism Anarchism Socialism Communism Totalitarianism Global vs. Local geo - cultural ideologies Commune City - state National government Intergovernmental organisation World government Politics portal This is a list of countries by system of government . There is also a political mapping of the world that shows what form of government each country has , as well as a brief description of what each form of government entails . The list is colour - coded according to the type of government , for example : blue represents a republic with an executive head of state , and red is a constitutional monarchy with a ceremonial head of state . The colour - coding also appears on the following map , representing the same government categories . The legend of what the different colours represent is found just below the map . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of countries 1.1 UN member states and observers 1.2 Unrecognized states 2 Map 2.1 Legend 3 Systems of governance 3.1 Presidential / Separated republics 3.1. 1 Full presidential systems 3.1. 1.1 Presidential systems 3.1. 1.2 Presidential systems with a prime minister 3.1. 2 Semi-presidential systems 3.2 Parliamentary republics 3.2. 1 Mixed republican systems 3.3 Directorial systems 3.4 Constitutional monarchies 3.4. 1 Constitutional monarchies with ceremonial monarchs 3.4. 2 Constitutional monarchies with active monarchs 3.4. 3 Presidential constitutional monarchies 3.5 Absolute monarchies 3.6 Theocracies 3.7 One - party states 3.8 Military junta states 3.9 Transitional 4 Systems of internal governance 4.1 Federal 4.2 Unitary states 4.2. 1 Regionalised unitary states 4.3 Confederation 5 European Union 6 See also 7 Notes 8 External links List of countries ( edit ) UN member states and observers ( edit ) Name Constitutional form Head of state Basis of executive legitimacy Afghanistan Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Albania Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Algeria Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Andorra Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Angola Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Antigua and Barbuda Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Argentina Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Armenia Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Australia Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Austria Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Azerbaijan Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Bahamas , The Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Bahrain Constitutional monarchy Executive Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions Bangladesh Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Barbados Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Belarus Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Belgium Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Belize Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Benin Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Bhutan Constitutional monarchy Executive Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions Bolivia Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Bosnia and Herzegovina Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Botswana Republic Executive Presidency is elected by legislature ; ministry may be , or not be , subject to parliamentary confidence Brazil Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Brunei Absolute monarchy Executive All authority vested in absolute monarch Bulgaria Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Burkina Faso Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Burundi Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Cambodia Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Cameroon Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Canada Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Cape Verde Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Central African Republic Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Chad Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Chile Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature China , People 's Republic of Republic Executive Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement Colombia Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Comoros Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Congo , Democratic Republic of the Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Congo Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Costa Rica Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Côte d'Ivoire Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Croatia Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Cuba Republic Executive Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement Cyprus Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Czech Republic Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Denmark Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Djibouti Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Dominica Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Dominican Republic Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature East Timor Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Ecuador Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Egypt Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence El Salvador Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Equatorial Guinea Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Eritrea Republic Executive Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement Estonia Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Ethiopia Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Federated States of Micronesia Republic Executive Presidency is elected by legislature ; ministry may be , or not be , subject to parliamentary confidence Fiji Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Finland Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence France Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Gabon Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Gambia , The Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Georgia Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Germany Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Ghana Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Greece Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Grenada Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Guatemala Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Guinea Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Guinea - Bissau Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Guyana Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Haiti Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Honduras Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Hungary Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Iceland Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence India Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Indonesia Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Iran Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Iraq Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Ireland Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Israel Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Italy Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Jamaica Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Japan Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Jordan Constitutional monarchy Executive Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions Kazakhstan Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Kenya Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Kiribati Republic Executive Presidency is elected by legislature ; ministry may be , or not be , subject to parliamentary confidence Korea , North Republic Executive Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement Korea , South Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Kuwait Constitutional monarchy Executive Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions Kyrgyzstan Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Laos Republic Executive Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement Latvia Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Lebanon Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Lesotho Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Liberia Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Libya n / a n / a No constitutionally - defined basis to current regime Liechtenstein Constitutional monarchy Executive Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions Lithuania Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Luxembourg Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Macedonia Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Madagascar Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Malawi Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Malaysia Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Maldives Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Mali Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Malta Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Marshall Islands Republic Executive Presidency is elected by legislature ; ministry may be , or not be , subject to parliamentary confidence Mauritania Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Mauritius Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Mexico Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Moldova Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Monaco Constitutional monarchy Executive Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions Mongolia Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Montenegro Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Morocco Constitutional monarchy Executive Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions Mozambique Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Myanmar Republic Executive Presidency is elected by legislature ; ministry may be , or not be , subject to parliamentary confidence Namibia Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Nauru Republic Executive Presidency is elected by legislature ; ministry may be , or not be , subject to parliamentary confidence Nepal Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Netherlands Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence New Zealand Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Nicaragua Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Niger Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Nigeria Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Norway Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Oman Absolute monarchy Executive All authority vested in absolute monarch Pakistan Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Palau Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Palestine Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Panama Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Papua New Guinea Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Paraguay Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Peru Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Philippines Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Poland Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Portugal Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Qatar Absolute monarchy Executive All authority vested in absolute monarch Romania Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Russia Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Rwanda Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Saint Kitts and Nevis Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Saint Lucia Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Samoa Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence San Marino Republic Executive Presidency is elected by legislature ; ministry may be , or not be , subject to parliamentary confidence São Tomé and Príncipe Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Saudi Arabia Absolute monarchy Executive All authority vested in absolute monarch Senegal Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Serbia Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Seychelles Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Sierra Leone Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Singapore Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Slovakia Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Slovenia Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Solomon Islands Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Somalia Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence South Africa Republic Executive Presidency is elected by legislature ; ministry may be , or not be , subject to parliamentary confidence South Sudan Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Spain Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Sri Lanka Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Sudan Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Suriname Republic Executive Presidency is elected by legislature ; ministry may be , or not be , subject to parliamentary confidence Swaziland Absolute monarchy Executive All authority vested in absolute monarch Sweden Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Switzerland Republic Executive Presidency is elected by legislature ; ministry may be , or not be , subject to parliamentary confidence Syria Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Tajikistan Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Tanzania Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Thailand n / a n / a No constitutionally - defined basis to current regime Togo Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Tonga Constitutional monarchy Executive Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions Trinidad and Tobago Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Tunisia Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Turkey Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Turkmenistan Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Tuvalu Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Uganda Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Ukraine Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence United Arab Emirates Absolute monarchy Executive All authority vested in absolute monarch United Kingdom Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence United States Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Uruguay Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Uzbekistan Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Vanuatu Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Vatican City Absolute monarchy Executive All authority vested in absolute monarch Venezuela Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Vietnam Republic Executive Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement Yemen n / a n / a No constitutionally - defined basis to current regime Zambia Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Zimbabwe Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Note that Afghanistan , Iran , Pakistan , and Mauritania are Islamic Republics . Unrecognized states ( edit ) The following states control their territory and are recognized by at least one UN member state . Name Constitutional form Head of state Basis of executive legitimacy Abkhazia Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence China , Republic of Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Cook Islands Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Kosovo Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Niue Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Northern Cyprus Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Republic Executive Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement South Ossetia Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence The following states / governments control their territory , but are not recognised by any UN member states . Name Constitutional form Head of state Basis of executive legitimacy Artsakh Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Somaliland Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Transnistria Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Map ( edit ) Legend ( edit ) Presidential republics with a full presidential system Presidential republics with a semi-presidential system Parliamentary republics with an executive presidency dependent on the legislature Parliamentary republics with a ceremonial / non-executive president , where a separate head of government leads the executive Constitutional monarchy with a ceremonial monarch , where a separate head of government leads the executive Constitutional monarchy which have with a separate head of government , but where royalty still hold significant executive and / or legislative power Absolute monarchy Countries where the dominant role of political party is codified in the constitution Countries in which constitutional provisions for government have been suspended ( e.g. military dictatorship ) Countries which do not fit any of the above systems ( e.g. transitional government or unclear political situations ) No government Note : this chart represent de jure systems of government , not the de facto degree of democracy . Several states constitutionally republics , broadly appear as authoritarian states . Systems of governance ( edit ) Italics indicate states with limited recognition . Presidential / separated republics ( edit ) These are systems in which a president is the active head of the executive branch of government and is elected and remains in office independently of the legislature . The following list includes democratic and non-democratic states : Full presidential systems ( edit ) In full presidential systems , the president is both head of state and head of government . There is generally no prime minister , although if one exists , in most cases , he or she serves purely at the discretion of the president ( with the exceptions being Belarus and Kazakhstan , where the prime minister is effectively the head of government ) . Presidential systems ( edit ) Afghanistan Angola Argentina Artsakh Bolivia Brazil Burundi Chile Colombia Comoros Costa Rica Cyprus Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Gambia , The Ghana Guatemala Honduras Indonesia Kenya Liberia Malawi Maldives Mexico Nicaragua Nigeria Palau Panama Paraguay Philippines Seychelles Sierra Leone Somaliland South Sudan Turkmenistan United States Uruguay Venezuela Zambia Zimbabwe Presidential systems with a prime minister ( edit ) Belarus Benin Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Djibouti Gabon Guinea Equatorial Guinea Guyana Ivory Coast Kazakhstan Korea , South Rwanda Sudan Tajikistan Tanzania Togo Uganda Uzbekistan Semi-presidential systems ( edit ) In semi-presidential systems , there is always both a president and a prime minister . In such systems , the president has genuine executive authority , unlike in a parliamentary republic , but the role of a head of government may be exercised by the prime minister . President - parliamentary systems Abkhazia Azerbaijan Congo Guinea - Bissau Mauritania Mozambique Namibia Palestine Peru Russia Senegal South Ossetia Syria Taiwan ( Republic of China ) Transnistria Premier - presidential systems Algeria Armenia Burkina Faso Cape Verde Congo , Democratic Republic East Timor Egypt France Georgia Haiti Lithuania Madagascar Mali Mongolia Niger Northern Cyprus Poland Portugal Romania São Tomé and Príncipe Sri Lanka Tunisia Ukraine Parliamentary republics ( edit ) A parliamentary republic is a system in which a prime minister is the active head of the executive branch of government and also leader of the legislature . The president 's degree of executive power may range from being reasonably significant to little ( e.g. India ) , to only having certain limited reserve powers ( e.g. Ireland ) or none at all . Where the president holds little executive power , his or her function is primarily that of a symbolic figurehead . Albania Austria Bangladesh Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Dominica Estonia Ethiopia Fiji Finland Germany Greece Hungary Iceland India Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Kosovo Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lebanon Macedonia Malta Mauritius Moldova Montenegro Nepal Pakistan Serbia Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Somalia Trinidad and Tobago Turkey Vanuatu Mixed republican systems ( edit ) A combined head of state and government is elected by the legislature , however they are not subject to parliamentary confidence during their term ( although their cabinet may be ) ; the exceptions are South Africa , where the president may be forced to resign by the Parliament 's will , and Kiribati , where the president is popularly elected and a successful parliamentary motion of no confidence automatically triggers a new presidential election . Botswana Marshall Islands Federated States of Micronesia Kiribati Myanmar Nauru San Marino South Africa Suriname Switzerland Directorial systems ( edit ) In the directorial system a council jointly exercises both state functions and governmental powers ( the council is the collective head of state and government ) . The council is elected by the parliament , but it is not subject to political confidence during its term which has a fixed duration . San Marino Switzerland Constitutional monarchies ( edit ) These are systems in which the head of state is a constitutional monarch ; the existence of their office and their ability to exercise their authority is established and restrained or held back by constitutional law . Constitutional monarchies with ceremonial monarchs ( edit ) Systems in which a prime minister is the active head of the executive branch of government . In some cases the prime minister is also leader of the legislature , in other cases the executive branch is clearly separated from legislature although the entire cabinet or individual ministers must step down in the case of a vote of no confidence . The head of state is a constitutional monarch who normally only exercises his or her powers with the consent of the government , the people or their representatives . Andorra Antigua and Barbuda Australia Bahamas Barbados Belgium Belize Cambodia Canada Cook Islands Denmark Grenada Jamaica Japan Lesotho Luxembourg Malaysia Netherlands New Zealand Niue Norway Papua New Guinea Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa Solomon Islands Spain Sweden Tuvalu United Kingdom Constitutional monarchies with active monarchs ( edit ) The prime minister is the nation 's active executive , but the monarch still has considerable political powers that can be used at their own discretion . Bhutan Jordan Kuwait Liechtenstein Monaco Morocco Tonga Thailand Presidential constitutional monarchies ( edit ) The monarch is the nation 's active executive , though the exercise of his power is subject to a Constitution . Bahrain Absolute monarchies ( edit ) Specifically , monarchies in which the monarch 's exercise of power is unconstrained by any substantive constitutional law . Brunei Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Swaziland United Arab Emirates Vatican City Theocracies ( edit ) Main article : Theocracy States based on a state religion where the head of state is selected by some form of religious hierarchy . Andorra Iran Vatican City One - party states ( edit ) States in which political power is by law concentrated within one political party whose operations are largely fused with the government hierarchy ( as opposed to states where the law establishes a multi-party system but this fusion is not achieved anyway through electoral fraud or simple inertia ) . However , some do have elected governments . China , People 's Republic of ( Communist Party leads the United Front ) ( list ) Cuba ( Communist Party ) ( list ) Eritrea ( People 's Front for Democracy and Justice ) ( list ) Korea , North ( Workers ' Party leads the Democratic Front ) ( list ) Laos ( People 's Revolutionary Party leads the Front for National Construction ) ( list ) Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic ( Polisario Front ) ( Politics of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic ) Vietnam ( Communist Party leads the Fatherland Front ) ( list ) Military junta states ( edit ) The nation 's military control the organs of government and all high - ranking political executives are also members of the military hierarchy . Thailand ( constitutional monarchy ) Transitional ( edit ) States which have a system of government which is in transition or turmoil and are classified with the current direction of change . Burkina Faso ( semi-presidential system ) Egypt ( semi-presidential system ) Eritrea ( presidential system ) Libya ( provisional government ) Yemen ( provisional government ) Systems of internal governance ( edit ) Federal ( edit ) Main article : Federal state States in which the federal government shares power with semi-independent regional governments . The central government may or may not be ( in theory ) a creation of the regional governments . Argentina ( 23 provinces and one autonomous city : Buenos Aires ) Australia ( six states and three territories ) Austria ( nine states ) Belgium ( three regions and three linguistic communities ) Bosnia and Herzegovina ( two entities and one district ) Brazil ( 26 states and the Federal District ) Canada ( ten provinces and three territories ) Comoros ( Anjouan , Grande Comore , Mohéli ) Ethiopia ( nine regions and two chartered cities ) Germany ( 16 states ) India ( 29 states and seven union territories ) Iraq ( 18 governorates and one region : Kurdistan ) Malaysia ( 13 states and three federal territories ) Mexico ( 31 states and one federal district : Mexico City ) Federated States of Micronesia ( Chuuk , Kosrae , Pohnpei and Yap ) Nepal ( seven provinces ) Nigeria ( 36 states and one federal territory : Federal Capital Territory ) Pakistan ( 4 provinces , 2 autonomous areas and 2 territories ) Russia ( 46 oblasts , 22 republics , nine krais , four autonomous okrugs , three federal cities , one autonomous oblast ) Saint Kitts and Nevis ( Saint Kitts , Nevis ) Somalia ( eight states ) South Sudan ( ten states ) Sudan ( 17 states ) Switzerland ( 26 cantons ) United Arab Emirates ( seven emirates ) United States ( 50 states , one incorporated territory , and one federal district : District of Columbia ) Venezuela ( 23 states , one capital district and one federal dependency ) Unitary states ( edit ) Main article : Unitary state Regionalised unitary states ( edit ) Main article : Regional state States in which the central government has delegated some of its powers to regional authorities . Bolivia ( 9 regions , of which 9 are autonomous ) China , People 's Republic of ( 22 provinces , 5 autonomous regions , 4 province - level municipalities , 2 special administrative regions , and 1 claimed province ) China , Republic of ( 2 provinces , 6 special municipalities , 33 claimed provinces , 3 claimed special administrative regions , 2 regions , 12 claimed special municipalities , 14 leagues , and 4 special banners ) France ( 18 regions , of which 6 are autonomous ) Indonesia ( 34 provinces , of which 5 provinces have special status ) Italy ( 20 regions , of which 5 are autonomous ) Kingdom of the Netherlands ( 4 constituent countries ) Philippines ( one autonomous region subdivided into 5 provinces and 113 other provinces and independent cities grouped into 17 other non-autonomous regions ) Portugal ( 2 autonomous regions ) Spain ( 17 autonomous communities , 15 communities of common - regime , 1 community of chartered regime , 3 chartered provinces , 2 autonomous cities ) Tanzania ( 21 mainland regions and Zanzibar ) Ukraine ( 24 oblasts , 2 cities with special status , and Crimea ) United Kingdom ( 4 constituent countries , 3 devolved administrations ) Confederation ( edit ) Main article : Confederation European Union ( edit ) Main article : List of European Union member states by political system The exact political character of the European Union is debated , some arguing that it is sui generis ( unique ) , but others arguing that it has features of a federation or a confederation . It has elements of intergovernmentalism , with the European Council acting as its collective `` president '' , and also elements of supranationalism , with the European Commission acting as its executive and bureaucracy . But it is not easily placed in any of the above categories . See also ( edit ) List of countries List of countries by date of transition to republican system of government List of current heads of state and government Government Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Constitution of Belarus from 1994 ( rev. 2004 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Nazarbaev Signs Kazakh Constitutional Amendments Into Law '' . Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty . 10 March 2017 . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . For more information : please see Abdurasulov , Abdujalil ( 6 March 2017 ) . `` Kazakhstan constitution : Will changes bring democracy ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . Jump up ^ In Bangladesh , a caretaker government during parliamentary elections . The Caretaker government is headed by a Chief Adviser and a group of neutral , non-partisan advisers chosen from the civil society . During this time , the president has jurisdiction over the defence and foreign affairs ministries . Jump up ^ Collective presidency consisting of three members ; one for each major ethnic group . Jump up ^ Formerly a semi-presidential republic , it is now a parliamentary republic according to David Arter , First Chair of Politics at Aberdeen University , who in his `` Scandinavian Politics Today '' ( Manchester University Press , revised 2008 ISBN 9780719078538 ) , he quotes Nousiainen , Jaakko ( June 2001 ) . `` From semi-presidentialism to parliamentary government : political and constitutional developments in Finland '' . Scandinavian Political Studies . Wiley . 24 ( 2 ) : 95 -- 109 . doi : 10.1111 / 1467 - 9477.00048 . as follows : `` There are hardly any grounds for the epithet ' semi-presidential ' . '' Arter 's own conclusions are only slightly more nuanced : `` The adoption of a new constitution on 1 March 2000 meant that Finland was no longer a case of semi-presidential government other than in the minimalist sense of a situation where a popularly elected fixed - term president exists alongside a prime minister and cabinet who are responsible to parliament ( Elgie 2004 : 317 ) '' . According to the Finnish Constitution , the President has no possibility to rule the government without the ministerial approval , and substantially has not the power to disband the parliament under its own desire . Finland is actually represented by its Prime Minister , and not by its President , in the Council of the Heads of State and Government of the European Union . The 2012 constitutional amendments reduced the powers of the President even further . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of South Africa '' . Constitute . Retrieved 13 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Combines aspects of a presidential system with those of a parliamentary system . The president is elected by parliament and holds a parliamentary seat , much like a prime minister , but is immune from a vote of no confidence ( but not their cabinet ) , unlike a prime minister . ^ Jump up to : Combines aspects of a presidential system with those of a parliamentary system . The president is elected by parliament but does not hold a parliamentary seat , and is immune from a vote of no confidence ( as well is their cabinet ) , unlike a prime minister . Jump up ^ `` Scheda paese Repubblica di San Marino '' ( pdf ) ( in Italian ) . Segreteria di Stato Affari esteri . July 2012 . p. 5 . ^ Jump up to : The President of Switzerland serves in a primus inter pares capacity amongst the Swiss Federal Council , the seven - member executive council which constitutes both the presidency and the government . Jump up ^ `` Scheda paese Repubblica di San Marino '' ( pdf ) ( in Italian ) . Segreteria di Stato Affari esteri . July 2012 . p. 5 . Jump up ^ Norwegian Parliament web page Jump up ^ CIA factbook on Norway Jump up ^ Bishop of Urgell and President of France serve as ex officio co-princes who are have their interests known through a representative . ^ Jump up to : One of sixteen constitutional monarchies which recognize Elizabeth II as head of state , who presides over an independent government . She is titled separately in each country ( e.g. Queen of Australia ) , and notionally appoints a Governor - General to each country other than the United Kingdom to act as her representative . The prime minister is the active head of the executive branch of government and also leader of the legislature . These countries may be known as `` Commonwealth realms '' . ^ Jump up to : The Cook Islands and Niue are under the sovereignty of the Monarch of New Zealand as self - governing states in free association with New Zealand . New Zealand and its associated states , along with Tokelau and the Ross Dependency , comprise the Realm of New Zealand . Jump up ^ The UAE 's constitution establishes the state as a federation of emirates , with the federal president drawn from hereditary emirs , but each emirate in turn functions as an absolute monarchy ^ Jump up to : The Vatican is an elective absolute monarchy and a Roman Catholic theocracy ; its monarch , the Pope , is the head of the global Roman Catholic Church . His power within the Vatican City State is unlimited by any constitution , but all persons resident within the Vatican have consented to obey the Pope , either by virtue of being ordained Catholic clergy or members of the Swiss Guard . Jump up ^ The Bishop of Urgell and the President of France serve as ex officio co-princes who are have their interests known through a representative . Jump up ^ Iran combines the forms of a presidential republic , with a president elected by universal suffrage ; and a theocracy , with a Supreme Leader who is ultimately responsible for state policy , chosen by the elected Assembly of Experts . Candidates for both the Assembly of Experts and the presidency are vetted by the appointed Guardian Council . Jump up ^ For more detailed discussion , see John McCormick , European Union Politics ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2011 ) , Chapters 1 and 2 . External links ( edit ) Global Scan - Election Tracker Countries categorized by system of government in 20th century at Historical Atlas of 20th Century A Chronology of political history based on Government form Political Chronology Chronological development of political history Bertelsmann Transformation Index 2012 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_countries_by_system_of_government&oldid=819408516 '' Categories : Lists of countries Government - related lists Countries by form of government Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles needing additional references from July 2007 All articles needing additional references All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from November 2008 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Use dmy dates from September 2010 Articles with images not understandable by color blind users Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Ænglisc Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް فارسی Français Íslenska Italiano Қазақша Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Português Română Romani Русский Slovenčina Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 05 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what type of government do we have in the united states today | [
"\n\nName\nConstitutional form\nHead of state\nBasis of executive legitimacy\n\n\n Afghanistan\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Albania\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Algeria\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Andorra\nConstitutional monarchy\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Angola\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Antigua and Barbuda\nConstitutional monarchy\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Argentina\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Armenia\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Australia\nConstitutional monarchy\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Austria\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Azerbaijan\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Bahamas, The\nConstitutional monarchy\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Bahrain\nConstitutional monarchy\nExecutive\nMonarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions\n\n\n Bangladesh\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Barbados\nConstitutional monarchy\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Belarus\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Belgium\nConstitutional monarchy\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Belize\nConstitutional monarchy\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Benin\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Bhutan\nConstitutional monarchy\nExecutive\nMonarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions\n\n\n Bolivia\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Bosnia and Herzegovina\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Botswana\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is elected by legislature; ministry may be, or not be, subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Brazil\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Brunei\nAbsolute monarchy\nExecutive\nAll authority vested in absolute monarch\n\n\n Bulgaria\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Burkina Faso\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Burundi\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Cambodia\nConstitutional monarchy\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Cameroon\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Canada\nConstitutional monarchy\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Cape Verde\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Central African Republic\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Chad\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Chile\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n China, People's Republic of\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPower constitutionally linked to a single political movement\n\n\n Colombia\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Comoros\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Congo, Democratic Republic of the\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Congo\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Costa Rica\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Côte d'Ivoire\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Croatia\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Cuba\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPower constitutionally linked to a single political movement\n\n\n Cyprus\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Czech Republic\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Denmark\nConstitutional monarchy\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Djibouti\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Dominica\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Dominican Republic\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n East Timor\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Ecuador\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Egypt\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n El Salvador\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Equatorial Guinea\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Eritrea\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPower constitutionally linked to a single political movement\n\n\n Estonia\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Ethiopia\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Federated States of Micronesia\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is elected by legislature; ministry may be, or not be, subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Fiji\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Finland\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n France\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Gabon\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Gambia, The\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Georgia\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Germany\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Ghana\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Greece\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Grenada\nConstitutional monarchy\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Guatemala\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Guinea\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Guinea-Bissau\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Guyana\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Haiti\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Honduras\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Hungary\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Iceland\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n India\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Indonesia\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Iran\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Iraq\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Ireland\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Israel\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Italy\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Jamaica\nConstitutional monarchy\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Japan\nConstitutional monarchy\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Jordan\nConstitutional monarchy\nExecutive\nMonarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions\n\n\n Kazakhstan\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Kenya\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Kiribati\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is elected by legislature; ministry may be, or not be, subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Korea, North\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPower constitutionally linked to a single political movement\n\n\n Korea, South\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Kuwait\nConstitutional monarchy\nExecutive\nMonarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions\n\n\n Kyrgyzstan\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Laos\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPower constitutionally linked to a single political movement\n\n\n Latvia\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Lebanon\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Lesotho\nConstitutional monarchy\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Liberia\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Libya\nn/a\nn/a\nNo constitutionally-defined basis to current regime\n\n\n Liechtenstein\nConstitutional monarchy\nExecutive\nMonarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions\n\n\n Lithuania\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Luxembourg\nConstitutional monarchy\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Macedonia\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Madagascar\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Malawi\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Malaysia\nConstitutional monarchy\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Maldives\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Mali\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Malta\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Marshall Islands\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is elected by legislature; ministry may be, or not be, subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Mauritania\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Mauritius\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Mexico\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Moldova\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Monaco\nConstitutional monarchy\nExecutive\nMonarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions\n\n\n Mongolia\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Montenegro\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Morocco\nConstitutional monarchy\nExecutive\nMonarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions\n\n\n Mozambique\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Myanmar\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is elected by legislature; ministry may be, or not be, subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Namibia\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Nauru\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is elected by legislature; ministry may be, or not be, subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Nepal\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Netherlands\nConstitutional monarchy\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n New Zealand\nConstitutional monarchy\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Nicaragua\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Niger\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Nigeria\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Norway\nConstitutional monarchy\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Oman\nAbsolute monarchy\nExecutive\nAll authority vested in absolute monarch\n\n\n Pakistan\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Palau\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Palestine\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Panama\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Papua New Guinea\nConstitutional monarchy\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Paraguay\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Peru\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Philippines\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Poland\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Portugal\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Qatar\nAbsolute monarchy\nExecutive\nAll authority vested in absolute monarch\n\n\n Romania\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Russia\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Rwanda\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Saint Kitts and Nevis\nConstitutional monarchy\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Saint Lucia\nConstitutional monarchy\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Saint Vincent and the Grenadines\nConstitutional monarchy\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Samoa\nConstitutional monarchy\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n San Marino\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is elected by legislature; ministry may be, or not be, subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n São Tomé and Príncipe\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Saudi Arabia\nAbsolute monarchy\nExecutive\nAll authority vested in absolute monarch\n\n\n Senegal\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Serbia\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Seychelles\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Sierra Leone\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Singapore\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Slovakia\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Slovenia\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Solomon Islands\nConstitutional monarchy\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Somalia\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n South Africa\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is elected by legislature; ministry may be, or not be, subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n South Sudan\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Spain\nConstitutional monarchy\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Sri Lanka\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Sudan\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Suriname\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is elected by legislature; ministry may be, or not be, subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Swaziland\nAbsolute monarchy\nExecutive\nAll authority vested in absolute monarch\n\n\n Sweden\nConstitutional monarchy\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Switzerland\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is elected by legislature; ministry may be, or not be, subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Syria\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Tajikistan\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Tanzania\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Thailand\nn/a\nn/a\nNo constitutionally-defined basis to current regime\n\n\n Togo\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Tonga\nConstitutional monarchy\nExecutive\nMonarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions\n\n\n Trinidad and Tobago\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Tunisia\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Turkey\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Turkmenistan\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Tuvalu\nConstitutional monarchy\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Uganda\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Ukraine\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n United Arab Emirates\nAbsolute monarchy\nExecutive\nAll authority vested in absolute monarch\n\n\n United Kingdom\nConstitutional monarchy\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n United States\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Uruguay\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Uzbekistan\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Vanuatu\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Vatican City\nAbsolute monarchy\nExecutive\nAll authority vested in absolute monarch\n\n\n Venezuela\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Vietnam\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPower constitutionally linked to a single political movement\n\n\n Yemen\nn/a\nn/a\nNo constitutionally-defined basis to current regime\n\n\n Zambia\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Zimbabwe\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n"
] | [
"Republic"
] |
-1020862245735764308 | Citizenship in a Republic | Citizenship in a Republic - wikipedia Citizenship in a Republic Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series about Theodore Roosevelt Political positions Electoral history Early life Family The Naval War of 1812 Rough Riders Battle of San Juan Hill Governor of New York Governorship `` The Strenuous Life '' Vice President of the United States 1900 McKinley - Roosevelt campaign `` Speak softly and carry a big stick '' President of the United States Presidency First term McKinley assassination 1st inauguration Square Deal West Wing Coal strike Booker T. Washington dinner Venezuela crisis Roosevelt Corollary Second term 1904 campaign Election 2nd inauguration Conservation Antiquities Act Forest Service Pure Food and Drug Act FDA Swift & Co. v. United States Meat Inspection Act Treaty of Portsmouth Nobel Prize FBI Panama Canal Great White Fleet 1912 election Republican Convention Progressive Party Convention New Nationalism Assassination attempt Post Presidency African Expedition River of Doubt Expedition `` Citizenship in a Republic '' WWI volunteers Legacy Memorials Citizenship in a Republic is the title of a speech given by the former President of the United States , Theodore Roosevelt , at the Sorbonne in Paris , France on April 23 , 1910 . One notable passage on page seven of the 35 - page speech is referred to as `` The Man in the Arena '' : It is not the critic who counts ; not the man who points out how the strong man stumbles , or where the doer of deeds could have done them better . The credit belongs to the man who is actually in the arena , whose face is marred by dust and sweat and blood ; who strives valiantly ; who errs , who comes short again and again , because there is no effort without error and shortcoming ; but who does actually strive to do the deeds ; who knows great enthusiasms , the great devotions ; who spends himself in a worthy cause ; who at the best knows in the end the triumph of high achievement , and who at the worst , if he fails , at least fails while daring greatly , so that his place shall never be with those cold and timid souls who neither know victory nor defeat . Someone who is heavily involved in a situation that requires courage , skill , or tenacity ( as opposed to someone sitting on the sidelines and watching ) , is sometimes referred to as `` the man in the arena '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 In popular culture 2 See also 3 References 4 External links In popular culture ( edit ) The `` Man in the Arena '' passage was quoted by another US president , Richard Nixon , both in his victory speech on November 6 , 1968 , and in his resignation address to the nation on August 8 , 1974 : Sometimes I have succeeded and sometimes I have failed , but always I have taken heart from what Theodore Roosevelt once said about the man in the arena , ' whose face is marred by dust and sweat and blood , ( ... ) Nelson Mandela gave a copy of this speech to François Pienaar , captain of the South African rugby team , before the start of the 1995 Rugby World Cup , in which the South African side eventually defeated the heavily favoured All Blacks of New Zealand . In the film based on those events , the poem `` Invictus '' is used instead . Mark DeRosa , an American professional baseball utility player then with the Washington Nationals , read the passage to teammates prior to the Nationals ' pivotal Game Four versus the St. Louis Cardinals in the 2012 National League Division Series which was won on a walk - off home run by the Nationals ' Jayson Werth . Since his days at the University of Pennsylvania , DeRosa would turn to those words before important games . American scholar , Brené Brown , used a somewhat abbreviated version of the quote in her March 2012 TED talk `` Listening to Shame , '' and subsequently as the inspiration for the title of her book , Daring Greatly ( 2012 ) . When then Ferrari Formula One driver Jean Alesi was about to start the last lap of the 1995 Canadian Grand Prix ( which would become his only Grand Prix win ) , then ESPN commentator Bob Varsha used parts of Roosevelt _́ s speech , saying that Alesi looked a while like being the man Roosevelt had talked about . The `` Man in the Arena '' passage was used in a 2015 ad for Cadillac , ending with `` dare greatly '' . At the 2016 Democratic National Convention President Barack Obama cited the speech in his endorsement speech of Hillary Clinton . Lindsey Stirling 's 2016 album release Brave Enough features a song titled `` The Arena '' . The inspiration for this song comes from this speech . The music video for the track also starts out with a quotation from this speech . See also ( edit ) If -- Invictus The Strenuous Life References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Citizenship In A Republic '' ( PDF ) . Design.caltech.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ Works related to Citizenship in a Republic at Wikisource ^ Jump up to : Schawbel , Dan ( 2013 - 04 - 21 ) . `` Brene Brown : How Vulnerability Can Make Our Lives Better '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Works related to Richard_Nixon 's resignation speech at Wikisource Jump up ^ Dominic Sandbrook ( 30 January 2010 ) . `` British leaders : they 're not what they were '' . The Daily Telegraph ( UK ) . Jump up ^ `` Brené Brown : Listening to shame '' . TED.com . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ David Gianatasio ( February 18 , 2015 ) . `` Ad of the Day : Cadillac 's ' Dare Greatly ' Launch Spot Has Teddy Roosevelt but No Car '' . Adweek . External links ( edit ) `` Theodore Roosevelt Speeches : The Man in the Arena - April 23 , 1910 '' ( PDF ) . ( hide ) Theodore Roosevelt 26th President of the United States , 1901 -- 1909 25th Vice President of the United States , 1901 33rd Governor of New York , 1899 -- 1900 Assistant Secretary of the Navy , 1897 -- 1898 New York City Police Commissioner , 1895 -- 1897 New York State Assemblyman , 1882 1883 1884 Presidency First inauguration historic site Second inauguration `` Square Deal '' Booker T. Washington dinner Conservation Newlands Reclamation Act Transfer Act of 1905 Antiquities Act Pelican Island Devils Tower National Monument Muir Woods National Monument Other National Monuments United States Forest Service , United States Reclamation Service National Wildlife Refuge System Roosevelt Arch Conference of Governors Northern Securities Company breakup court case Coal strike of 1902 Pure Food and Drug Act Food and Drug Administration Meat Inspection Act Expediting Act Elkins Act Hepburn Act Aldrich -- Vreeland Act Federal Employers Liability Act Kinkaid Act Big Stick ideology Hay -- Bunau - Varilla Treaty Panama Canal Zone Panama Canal Venezuelan crisis Roosevelt Corollary Occupation of Cuba Russo - Japanese War Treaty of Portsmouth 1906 Nobel Peace Prize Gentlemen 's Agreement of 1907 College football meetings Bureau of Investigation Department of Commerce and Labor Bureau of Corporations Keep Commission Inland Waterways Commission Bureau of the Census Great White Fleet Perdicaris incident Cabinet White House West Wing State of the Union Address , 1901 1906 1908 White House desk Federal judiciary appointments Other events Spanish -- American War Rough Riders Battle of Las Guasimas Battle of San Juan Hill `` Bull Moose '' Progressive Party New Nationalism Assassination attempt Boone and Crockett Club Smithsonian -- Roosevelt African Expedition `` River of Doubt '' Amazonian expedition Life and homes Birthplace , boyhood home replica Sagamore Hill Home and Museum Oyster Bay Elkhorn Ranch Maltese Cross Cabin Pine Knot cabin Gravesite Writings and speeches Theodore Roosevelt bibliography The Naval War of 1812 ( 1882 book ) `` The Strenuous Life '' ( 1899 speech ) `` Citizenship in a Republic '' ( 1910 speech ) `` Progressive Cause Greater Than Any Individual '' ( 1912 post-assassination - attempt speech ) Theodore Roosevelt : An Autobiography ( 1913 book ) The Forum magazine articles Theodore Roosevelt Cyclopedia Archival collections Elections New York state election , 1898 Republican National Convention , 1900 1904 1912 1916 United States presidential election , 1900 1904 1912 Legacy Mount Rushmore Theodore Roosevelt Center and Digital Library White House Roosevelt Room Theodore Roosevelt National Park Theodore Roosevelt Wilderness Theodore Roosevelt Island Roosevelt National Forest Roosevelt Study Center Theodore Roosevelt Association Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Park Monument Assemblage Roosevelt River Theodore Roosevelt Award Roosevelt Road U.S. Postage stamps Theodore Roosevelt , Rough Rider sculpture Equestrian statue Popular culture Teddy bear `` Speak softly , and carry a big stick '' Books Films Roosevelt in Africa 1910 documentary The Roosevelts 2014 documentary Related Political positions `` Bully pulpit '' Ananias Club `` Nature fakers '' Progressive Era A Guest of Honor Porcellian Club `` Muckraker '' National Collegiate Athletic Association `` Roosevelt Republican '' Family Alice Hathaway Lee ( first wife ) Edith Kermit Carow ( second wife ) Alice Lee Roosevelt ( daughter ) Theodore Roosevelt III ( son ) Kermit Roosevelt ( son ) Ethel Carow Roosevelt ( daughter ) Archibald Roosevelt ( son ) Quentin Roosevelt ( son ) Theodore Roosevelt Sr. ( father ) Martha Stewart Bulloch ( mother ) Anna Roosevelt ( sister ) Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt ( brother ) Corinne Roosevelt ( sister ) Cornelius Roosevelt ( grandfather ) James Stephens Bulloch ( grandfather ) James A. Roosevelt ( uncle ) Robert Roosevelt ( uncle ) James Dunwoody Bulloch ( half - uncle ) Irvine Bulloch ( uncle ) Theodore Douglas Robinson ( nephew ) Corinne Robinson ( niece ) Anna Eleanor Roosevelt ( niece ) Hall Roosevelt ( nephew ) ← William McKinley William Howard Taft → Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citizenship_in_a_Republic&oldid=834752825 '' Categories : 1910 speeches Speeches by Theodore Roosevelt Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Português Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 14 : 30 . About Wikipedia | it not the critic who counts it the man in the arena | [] | [] |
1536354198282660880 | Ileum | Ileum - wikipedia Ileum Jump to : navigation , search For the grunge rock band , see Ileum ( band ) . For other uses , see Ilium ( disambiguation ) . Ileum Small intestine The cecal fossa . The ileum and cecum are drawn backward and upward . Details Precursor midgut Artery ileal arteries Vein ileal veins Nerve celiac ganglia , vagus Identifiers Latin Ileum Dorlands / Elsevier Ileum TA A05. 6.04. 001 FMA 7208 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) Ileocecal junction ( Terminal ileum appear in brown color ) The ileum / ˈɪliəm / is the final section of the small intestine in most higher vertebrates , including mammals , reptiles , and birds . In fish , the divisions of the small intestine are not as clear and the terms posterior intestine or distal intestine may be used instead of ileum . The ileum follows the duodenum and jejunum and is separated from the cecum by the ileocecal valve ( ICV ) . In humans , the ileum is about 2 -- 4 m long , and the pH is usually between 7 and 8 ( neutral or slightly alkaline ) . Ileum is derived from the Greek word eilein , meaning `` to twist up tightly . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Histology 1.2 Development 2 Function 3 Clinical significance 4 Other animals 5 References 6 External links Structure ( edit ) The ileum is the third and final part of the small intestine . It follows the jejunum and ends at the ileocecal junction , where the terminal ileum communicates with the cecum of the large intestine through the ileocecal valve . The ileum , along with the jejunum , is suspended inside the mesentery , a peritoneal formation that carries the blood vessels supplying them ( the superior mesenteric artery and vein ) , lymphatic vessels and nerve fibers . There is no line of demarcation between the jejunum and the ileum . There are , however , subtle differences between the two : The ileum has more fat inside the mesentery than the jejunum . The diameter of its lumen is smaller and has thinner walls than the jejunum . Its circular folds are smaller and absent in the terminal part of the ileum . While the length of the intestinal tract contains lymphoid tissue , only the ileum has abundant Peyer 's patches , unencapsulated lymphoid nodules that contain large numbers of lymphocytes and other cells of the immune system . Histology ( edit ) Main article : Gastrointestinal wall The four layers that make up the wall of the ileum are consistent with those of the gastrointestinal tract . From the inner to the outer surface , these are : A mucous membrane , itself formed by three different layers : A single layer of tall cells that line the lumen of the organ . The epithelium that forms the innermost part of the mucosa has five distinct types of cells that serve different purposes , these are : enterocytes with microvilli , which digest and absorb nutrients ; goblet cells , which secrete mucin , a substance that lubricates the wall of the organ ; Paneth cells , most common in the terminal part of the ileum , are only found at the bottom of the intestinal glands and release antimicrobial substances such as alpha defensins and lysozyme ; microfold cells , which take up and transport antigens from the lumen to lymphatic cells of the lamina propria ; and enteroendocrine cells , which secrete hormones . An underlying lamina propria composed of loose connective tissue and containing germinal centers and large aggregates of lymphoid tissue called Peyer 's patches , which are a distinctive feature of the ileum . A thin layer of smooth muscle called muscularis mucosae . A submucosa formed by dense irregular connective tissue that carries the larger blood vessels and a nervous component called submucosal plexus , which is part of the enteric nervous system . An external muscular layer formed by two layers of smooth muscle arranged in circular bundles in the inner layer and in longitudinal bundles in the outer layer . Between the two layers is the myenteric plexus , formed by nervous tissue and also a part of the enteric nervous system . A serosa composed of mesothelium , a single layer of flat cells with varying quantities of underlying connective and adipose tissue . This layer represents the visceral peritoneum and is continuous with the mesentery . General structure of the gut wall . Brunner 's glands are not found in the ileum , but are a distinctive feature of the duodenum . Goblet cells in the wall of an ileum vili . At its sides , enterocytes are visible over a core of lamina propria . Cross section of ileum with a Peyer 's patch circled . Development ( edit ) The small intestine develops from the midgut of the primitive gut tube . By the fifth week of embryological life , the ileum begins to grow longer at a very fast rate , forming a U-shaped fold called the primary intestinal loop . The proximal half of this loop will form the ileum . The loop grows so fast in length that it outgrows the abdomen and protrudes through the umbilicus . By week 10 , the loop retracts back into the abdomen . Between weeks six and ten the small intestine rotates anticlockwise , as viewed from the front of the embryo . It rotates a further 180 degrees after it has moved back into the abdomen . This process creates the twisted shape of the large intestine . In the fetus the ileum is connected to the navel by the vitelline duct . In roughly 2 − 4 % of humans , this duct fails to close during the first seven weeks after birth , leaving a remnant called Meckel 's diverticulum . Function ( edit ) The function of the ileum is mainly to absorb vitamin B and bile salts and whatever products of digestion were not absorbed by the jejunum . The wall itself is made up of folds , each of which has many tiny finger - like projections known as villi on its surface . In turn , the epithelial cells that line these villi possess even larger numbers of microvilli . Therefore , the ileum has an extremely large surface area both for the adsorption ( attachment ) of enzyme molecules and for the absorption of products of digestion . The DNES ( diffuse neuroendocrine system ) cells of the ileum secrete various hormones ( gastrin , secretin , cholecystokinin ) into the blood . Cells in the lining of the ileum secrete the protease and carbohydrase enzymes responsible for the final stages of protein and carbohydrate digestion into the lumen of the intestine . These enzymes are present in the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells . The villi contain large numbers of capillaries that take the amino acids and glucose produced by digestion to the hepatic portal vein and the liver . Lacteals are small lymph vessels , and are present in villi . They absorb fatty acid and glycerol , the products of fat digestion . Layers of circular and longitudinal smooth muscle enable the chyme ( partly digested food and water ) to be pushed along the ileum by waves of muscle contractions called peristalsis . The remaining chyme is passed to the colon . Clinical significance ( edit ) It is of importance in medicine as it can be affected in a number of diseases , including : Crohn 's disease Tuberculosis Lymphoma Neuroendocrine tumours ( carcinoid ) Other animals ( edit ) In veterinary anatomy , the ileum is distinguished from the jejunum by being that portion of the jejunoileum that is connected to the caecum by the ileocecal fold . The ileum is the short terminal part of the small intestine and forms the connection to the large intestine . It is suspended by the caudal part of the mesentery ( mesoileum ) and is attached , in addition , to the cecum by the ileocecal fold . The ileum terminates at the cecocolic junction of the large intestine forming the ileal orifice . In the dog the ileal orifice is located at the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra , in the ox in the level of the fourth lumbar vertebrae , in the sheep and goat at the level of the caudal point of the costal arch . By active muscular contraction of the ileum , and closure of the ileal opening as a result of engorgement , the ileum prevents the backflow of ingesta and the equalization of pressure between jejunum and the base of the cecum . Disturbance of this sensitive balance is not uncommon and is one of the causes of colic in horses . During any intestinal surgery , for instance , during appendectomy , distal 2 feet of ileum should be checked for the presence of Meckel 's diverticulum . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Physiology : 6 / 6ch2 / s6ch2_30 - Essentials of Human Physiology Jump up ^ Guillaume , Jean ; Praxis Publishing ; Sadasivam Kaushik ; Pierre Bergot ; Robert Metailler ( 2001 ) . Nutrition and Feeding of Fish and Crustaceans . Springer . p. 31 . ISBN 1 - 85233 - 241 - 7 . ISBN 9781852332419 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Moore KL , Dalley AF , Agur AM ( 2013 ) . Clinically Oriented Anatomy , 7th ed . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . pp. 241 -- 246 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4511 - 8447 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Ross M , Pawlina W ( 2011 ) . Histology : A Text and Atlas . Sixth edition . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7817 - 7200 - 6 . Jump up ^ Santaolalla R , Fukata M , Abreu MT ( 2011 ) . `` Innate immunity in the small intestine '' . Current Opinion in Gastroenterology. 27 ( 12 ) : 125 -- 131 . doi : 10.1097 / MOG. 0b013e3283438dea . PMC 3502877 . PMID 21248635 . ^ Jump up to : Schoenwolf , Gary C. ; Bleyl , Steven B. ; Brauer , Philip R. ; Francis - West , Philippa H. ( 2009 ) . `` Development of the Urogenital system '' . Larsen 's human embryology ( 4th ed . ) . Philadelphia : Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier . p. 237 . ISBN 9780443068119 . Jump up ^ Sagar J. ; Kumar V. ; Shah D.K. ( 2006 ) . `` Meckel 's diverticulum : A systematic review '' . Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine . 99 ( 10 ) : 501 -- 505 . doi : 10.1258 / jrsm. 99.10. 501 . PMC 1592061 . PMID 17021300 . Jump up ^ Cuvelier , C. ; Demetter , P. ; Mielants , H. ; Veys , EM. ; De Vos M , . ( Jan 2001 ) . `` Interpretation of ileal biopsies : morphological features in normal and diseased mucosa '' . Histopathology. 38 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 12 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2559.2001. 01070. x . PMID 11135039 . Jump up ^ Nickel , R. , Shummer , A. , Seiferle , E. ( 1979 ) The viscera of the domestic mammals , 2nd edn . Springer - Verlag , New York , USA . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ileum . Look up ileum in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Anatomy photo : 37 : 11 - 0101 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center -- `` Abdominal Cavity : The Jejunum and the Ileum '' Anatomy image : 7787 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center Anatomy image : 8755 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center Histology image : 12001oca -- Histology Learning System at Boston University Ileal Villi at endoatlas.com Ileum Microscopic Cross Section at nhmccd.edu Ileum 20x at deltagen.com ( hide ) Anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract , excluding the mouth Upper Pharynx Muscles Spaces peripharyngeal retropharyngeal parapharyngeal retrovisceral danger prevertebral Pterygomandibular raphe Pharyngeal raphe Buccopharyngeal fascia Pharyngobasilar fascia Piriform sinus Esophagus Sphincters upper lower glands Stomach Curvatures greater lesser Angular incisure Cardia Body Fundus Pylorus antrum canal sphincter Gastric mucosa Gastric folds Microanatomy Gastric pits Gastric glands Cardiac glands Fundic glands Pyloric glands Foveolar cell Parietal cell Gastric chief cell Enterochromaffin - like cell Lower Small intestine Microanatomy Intestinal villus Intestinal gland Enterocyte Enteroendocrine cell Goblet cell Paneth cell Duodenum Suspensory muscle Major duodenal papilla Minor duodenal papilla Duodenojejunal flexure Brunner 's glands Jejunum No substructures Ileum Ileocecal valve Peyer 's patches Microfold cell Large intestine Cecum Appendix Colon Ascending colon Hepatic flexure Transverse colon Splenic flexure Descending colon Sigmoid colon Continuous taenia coli haustra epiploic appendix Rectum Transverse folds Ampulla Anal canal Anus Anal columns Anal valves Anal sinuses Pectinate line Internal anal sphincter Intersphincteric groove External anal sphincter Wall Serosa / Adventitia Subserosa Muscular layer Submucosa Circular folds Mucosa Muscularis mucosa Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ileum&oldid=809838368 '' Categories : Digestive system Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2015 Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kapampangan Kurdî Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 November 2017 , at 19 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the ileum located in the body | [
"The ileum /ˈɪliəm/ is the final section of the small intestine in most higher vertebrates, including mammals, reptiles, and birds. In fish, the divisions of the small intestine are not as clear and the terms posterior intestine or distal intestine may be used instead of ileum.[2]"
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"the final section of the small intestine"
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8609670856955102641 | Eucalyptus | Eucalyptus - wikipedia Eucalyptus For other uses , see Eucalyptus ( disambiguation ) . Eucalyptus Buds , capsules , flowers and foliage of E. tereticornis Scientific classification Kingdom : Plantae Clade : Angiosperms Clade : Eudicots Clade : Rosids Order : Myrtales Family : Myrtaceae Subfamily : Myrtoideae Tribe : Eucalypteae Genus : Eucalyptus L'Hér . Type species Eucalyptus obliqua L'Hér. 1789 Diversity about 700 species Natural range Synonyms Aromadendron Andrews ex Steud . Eucalypton St. - Lag . Eudesmia R.Br . Symphyomyrtus Schauer Eucalyptus / ˌjuːkəˈlɪptəs / L'Héritier 1789 ( plural eucalypti , eucalyptuses or eucalypts ) is a diverse genus of flowering trees and shrubs ( including a distinct group with a multiple - stem mallee growth habit ) in the myrtle family , Myrtaceae . Members of the genus dominate the tree flora of Australia , and include Eucalyptus regnans , the tallest known flowering plant on Earth . Australia is covered by 92,000,000 hectares ( 227,336,951 acres ) of eucalypt forest , comprising three quarters of the area covered by native forest . There are more than 700 species of eucalyptus and most are native to Australia ; a very small number are found in adjacent areas of New Guinea and Indonesia . One species , Eucalyptus deglupta , ranges as far north as the Philippines . Of the 15 species found outside Australia , just nine are exclusively non-Australian . Species of eucalyptus are cultivated widely in the tropical and temperate world , including the Americas , Europe , Africa , the Mediterranean Basin , the Middle East , China , and the Indian subcontinent . However , the range over which many eucalypts can be planted in the temperate zone is constrained by their limited cold tolerance . Eucalyptus is one of three similar genera that are commonly referred to as `` eucalypts '' , the others being Corymbia and Angophora . Many species , though by no means all , are known as gum trees because they exude copious kino from any break in the bark ( e.g. , scribbly gum ) . The generic name is derived from the Greek words ευ ( eu ) `` well '' and καλύπτω ( kalýpto ) `` to cover '' , referring to the operculum on the calyx that initially conceals the flower . Some eucalyptus species have attracted attention from horticulturists , global development researchers , and environmentalists because of desirable traits such as being fast - growing sources of wood , producing oil that can be used for cleaning and as a natural insecticide , or an ability to be used to drain swamps and thereby reduce the risk of malaria . Eucalyptus oil finds many uses like in fuels , fragrances , insect repellance and antimicrobial activity . Eucalyptus trees show allelopathic effects ; they release compounds which inhibit other plant species from growing nearby . Outside their natural ranges , eucalypts are both lauded for their beneficial economic impact on poor populations and criticised for being `` water - guzzling '' aliens , leading to controversy over their total impact . On warm days , eucalyptus forests are sometimes shrouded in a smog - like mist of vaporised volatile organic compounds ( terpenoids ) ; the Australian Blue Mountains take their name from the haze . Contents 1 Description 1.1 Size and habit 1.2 Leaves 1.3 Flowers 1.4 Bark 2 Fossil record 3 Species and hybridism 4 Related genera 5 Tall timber 6 Frost intolerance 7 Animal relationships 8 Adaptation to fire 9 Hazards for humans 9.1 Fire hazard 9.2 Falling branches 10 Cultivation and uses 10.1 Pulpwood 10.2 Eucalyptus oil 10.3 Honey 10.4 Musical instruments 10.5 Dyes 10.6 Prospecting 11 Eucalyptus as plantation species 11.1 North America 11.2 South America 11.3 Africa 11.4 Europe 11.5 Asia 11.6 Pacific Islands 12 Nonnative eucalyptus and biodiversity 13 History 14 Photo gallery 15 See also 16 Notes 17 References 18 External links Description ( edit ) Eucalyptus regnans , a forest tree , showing crown dimension , Tasmania Eucalyptus camaldulensis , immature woodland trees , showing collective crown habit , Murray River , Tocumwal , New South Wales Eucalyptus cretata , juvenile , showing low branching ' mallee ' form , Melbourne , Victoria Eucalyptus angustissima , showing shrub form , Melbourne Eucalyptus platypus , showing ' marlock ' form , Melbourne Size and habit ( edit ) A mature eucalyptus may take the form of a low shrub or a very large tree . The species can be divided into three main habits and four size categories . As a generalisation `` forest trees '' are single - stemmed and have a crown forming a minor proportion of the whole tree height . `` Woodland trees '' are single - stemmed , although they may branch at a short distance above ground level . `` Mallees '' are multistemmed from ground level , usually less than 10 m ( 33 ft ) in height , often with the crown predominantly at the ends of the branchlets and individual plants may combine to form either an open or closed formation . Many mallee trees may be so low - growing as to be considered a shrub . Two other tree forms are notable in Western Australia and described using the native names `` mallet '' and `` marlock '' . The `` mallet '' is a small to medium - sized tree that does not produce lignotubers and has a relatively long trunk , a steeply branching habit and often a conspicuously dense terminal crown . This is the normal habit of mature healthy specimens of Eucalyptus occidentalis , E. astringens , E. spathulata , E. gardneri , E. dielsii , E. forrestiana , E. salubris , E. clivicola , and E. ornata . The smooth bark of mallets often has a satiny sheen and may be white , cream , grey , green , or copper . The term marlock has been variously used ; in Forest Trees of Australia , it is defined as a small tree without lignotubers , but with a shorter , lower - branching trunk than a mallet . They usually grow in more or less pure stands . Clearly recognisable examples are stands of E. platypus , E. vesiculosa , and the unrelated E. stoatei . The term `` morrell '' is somewhat obscure in origin and appears to apply to trees of the western Australian wheatbelt and goldfields which have a long , straight trunk , completely rough - barked . It is now used mainly for E. longicornis ( red morrell ) and E. melanoxylon ( black morrell ) . Tree sizes follow the convention of : Small : to 10 m ( 33 ft ) in height Medium - sized : 10 -- 30 m ( 33 -- 98 ft ) Tall : 30 -- 60 m ( 98 -- 197 ft ) Very tall : over 60 m ( 200 ft ) Leaves ( edit ) Nearly all eucalyptus are evergreen , but some tropical species lose their leaves at the end of the dry season . As in other members of the myrtle family , eucalyptus leaves are covered with oil glands . The copious oils produced are an important feature of the genus . Although mature eucalyptus trees may be towering and fully leafed , their shade is characteristically patchy because the leaves usually hang downwards . Eucalyptus tetragona , showing glaucous leaves and stems Seeds of Eucalyptus camaldulensis The leaves on a mature eucalyptus plant are commonly lanceolate , petiolate , apparently alternate and waxy or glossy green . In contrast , the leaves of seedlings are often opposite , sessile and glaucous , but many exceptions to this pattern exist . Many species such as E. melanophloia and E. setosa retain the juvenile leaf form even when the plant is reproductively mature . Some species , such as E. macrocarpa , E. rhodantha , and E. crucis , are sought - after ornamentals due to this lifelong juvenile leaf form . A few species , such as E. petraea , E. dundasii , and E. lansdowneana , have shiny green leaves throughout their life cycle . E. caesia exhibits the opposite pattern of leaf development to most eucalyptus , with shiny green leaves in the seedling stage and dull , glaucous leaves in mature crowns . The contrast between juvenile and adult leaf phases is valuable in field identification . Four leaf phases are recognised in the development of a eucalyptus plant : the ' seedling ' , ' juvenile ' , ' intermediate ' , and ' adult ' phases . However , no definite transitional point occurs between the phases . The intermediate phase , when the largest leaves are often formed , links the juvenile and adult phases . In all except a few species , the leaves form in pairs on opposite sides of a square stem , consecutive pairs being at right angles to each other ( decussate ) . In some narrow - leaved species , for example E. oleosa , the seedling leaves after the second leaf pair are often clustered in a detectable spiral arrangement about a five - sided stem . After the spiral phase , which may last from several to many nodes , the arrangement reverts to decussate by the absorption of some of the leaf - bearing faces of the stem . In those species with opposite adult foliage the leaf pairs , which have been formed opposite at the stem apex , become separated at their bases by unequal elongation of the stem to produce the apparently alternate adult leaves . Eucalyptus leucoxylon var . ' Rosea ' showing flowers and buds with operculum present Eucalyptus melliodora , showing flowers and opercula Flowers ( edit ) The most readily recognisable characteristics of eucalyptus species are the distinctive flowers and fruit ( capsules or `` gumnuts '' ) . Flowers have numerous fluffy stamens which may be white , cream , yellow , pink , or red ; in bud , the stamens are enclosed in a cap known as an operculum which is composed of the fused sepals or petals , or both . Thus , flowers have no petals , but instead decorate themselves with the many showy stamens . As the stamens expand , the operculum is forced off , splitting away from the cup - like base of the flower ; this is one of the features that unites the genus . The name Eucalyptus , from the Greek words eu - , well , and kaluptos , cover , meaning `` well - covered '' , describes the operculum . The woody fruits or capsules are roughly cone - shaped and have valves at the end which open to release the seeds , which are waxy , rod - shaped , about 1 mm in length , and yellow - brown in colour . Most species do not flower until adult foliage starts to appear ; E. cinerea and E. perriniana are notable exceptions . The dark , fissured ' ironbark ' of E. sideroxylon Bark ( edit ) Bark detail of E. angophoroides , the apple - topped box The extraordinary coloured bark of E. deglupta native to Southeast Asia The ' box ' bark of E. quadrangulata , the white - topped box The appearance of eucalyptus bark varies with the age of the plant , the manner of bark shed , the length of the bark fibres , the degree of furrowing , the thickness , the hardness , and the colour . All mature eucalypts put on an annual layer of bark , which contributes to the increasing diameter of the stems . In some species , the outermost layer dies and is annually deciduous , either in long strips ( as in E. sheathiana ) or in variably sized flakes ( E. diversicolor , E. cosmophylla , or E. cladocalyx ) . These are the gums or smooth - barked species . The gum bark may be dull , shiny , or satiny ( as in E. ornata ) or matte ( E. cosmophylla ) . In many species , the dead bark is retained . Its outermost layer gradually fragments with weathering and sheds without altering the essentially rough - barked nature of the trunks or stems -- for example E. marginata , E. jacksonii , E. obliqua , and E. porosa . E. globulus bark cells are able to photosynthesize in the absence of foliage , conferring an `` increased capacity to re-fix internal CO2 following partial defoliation '' . This allows the tree to grow in less - than - ideal climates , in addition to providing a better chance of recovery from damage sustained to its leaves in an event such as a fire . Many species are ' half - barks ' or ' blackbutts ' in which the dead bark is retained in the lower half of the trunks or stems -- for example , E. brachycalyx , E. ochrophloia , and E. occidentalis -- or only in a thick , black accumulation at the base , as in E. clelandii . In some species in this category , for example E. youngiana and E. viminalis , the rough basal bark is very ribbony at the top , where it gives way to the smooth upper stems . The smooth upper bark of the half - barks and that of the completely smooth - barked trees and mallees can produce remarkable colour and interest , for example E. deglupta . Different commonly recognised types of bark include : Stringybark -- consists of long fibres and can be pulled off in long pieces . It is usually thick with a spongy texture . Ironbark -- is hard , rough , and deeply furrowed . It is impregnated with dried kino ( a sap exuded by the tree ) which gives a dark red or even black colour . Tessellated -- bark is broken up into many distinct flakes . They are corkish and can flake off . Box -- has short fibres . Some also show tessellation . Ribbon -- has the bark coming off in long , thin pieces , but is still loosely attached in some places . They can be long ribbons , firmer strips , or twisted curls . Fossil record ( edit ) The oldest definitive Eucalyptus fossils are surprisingly from South America , where eucalypts are no longer endemic , though have been introduced from Australia . The fossils are from the early Eocene ( 51.9 Mya ) , and were found in the Laguna del Hunco deposit in Chubut province in Argentina . This shows that the genus had a Gondwanan distribution . Fossil leaves also occur in the Miocene of New Zealand , where the genus is not native today , but again have been introduced from Australia . Despite the prominence of Eucalyptus in modern Australia , estimated to contribute some 75 % of the modern vegetation , the fossil record is very scarce throughout much of the Cenozoic , and suggests that this rise to dominance is a geologically more recent phenomenon . The oldest reliably dated macrofossil of Eucalyptus is a 21 - million - year - old tree - stump encased in basalt in the upper Lachlan Valley in New South Wales . Other fossils have been found , but many are either unreliably dated or else unreliably identified . It is useful to consider where Eucalyptus fossils have not been found . Extensive research has gone into the fossil floras of the Paleocene to Oligocene of South - Eastern Australia , and has failed to uncover a single Eucalyptus specimen . Although the evidence is sparse , the best hypothesis is that in the mid-Tertiary , the contintental margins of Australia only supported more mesic noneucalypt vegetation , and that eucalypts probably contributed to the drier vegetation of the arid continental interior . With the progressive drying out of the continent since the Miocene , eucalypts were displaced to the continental margins , and much of the mesic and rainforest vegetation that was once there was eliminated entirely . The current superdominance of Eucalyptus in Australia may be an artefact of human influence on its ecology . In more recent sediments , numerous findings of a dramatic increase in the abundance of Eucalyptus pollen are associated with increased charcoal levels . Though this occurs at different rates throughout Australia , it is compelling evidence for a relationship between the artificial increase of fire frequency with the arrival of Aboriginals and increased prevalence of this exceptionally fire - tolerant genus . Species and hybridism ( edit ) Over 700 species of Eucalyptus are known ; refer to the List of Eucalyptus species for a comprehensive list of species . Some have diverged from the mainstream of the genus to the extent that they are quite isolated genetically and are able to be recognised by only a few relatively invariant characteristics . Most , however , may be regarded as belonging to large or small groups of related species , which are often in geographical contact with each other and between which gene exchange still occurs . In these situations , many species appear to grade into one another , and intermediate forms are common . In other words , some species are relatively fixed genetically , as expressed in their morphology , while others have not diverged completely from their nearest relatives . Hybrid individuals have not always been recognised as such on first collection and some have been named as new species , such as E. chrysantha ( E. preissiana × E. sepulcralis ) and E. `` rivalis '' ( E. marginata × E. megacarpa ) . Hybrid combinations are not particularly common in the field , but some other published species frequently seen in Australia have been suggested to be hybrid combinations . For example , E. erythrandra is believed to be E. angulosa × E. teraptera and due to its wide distribution is often referred to in texts . Renantherin , a phenolic compound present in the leaves of some eucalyptus species , allows chemotaxonomic discrimination in the sections renantheroideae and renantherae and the ratio of the amount of leucoanthocyanins varies considerably in certain species . Related genera ( edit ) A small genus of similar trees , Angophora , has also been known since the 18th century . In 1995 new evidence , largely genetic , indicated that some prominent eucalyptus species were actually more closely related to Angophora than to the other eucalypts ; they were split off into the new genus Corymbia . Although separate , the three groups are allied and it remains acceptable to refer to the members of all three genera , Angophora , Corymbia and Eucalyptus , as `` eucalypts '' . Eucalyptus regnans exceeding 80 metres , in an area of extensive logging , Tasmania Tall timber ( edit ) Several eucalypt species are among the tallest trees in the world . Eucalyptus regnans , the Australian ' mountain ash ' , is the tallest of all flowering plants ( angiosperms ) ; today , the tallest measured specimen named Centurion is 99.6 m ( 327 ft ) tall . Coast Douglas - fir is about the same height ; only coast redwood is taller , and they are conifers ( gymnosperms ) . Six other eucalypt species exceed 80 metres in height : Eucalyptus obliqua , Eucalyptus delegatensis , Eucalyptus diversicolor , Eucalyptus nitens , Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyptus viminalis . Frost intolerance ( edit ) Most eucalypts are not tolerant of severe cold . Whilst in a wide range of climates mild frost is experienced by eucalypts , they in general only tolerate light frosts down to − 5 ° C ( 23 ° F ) ; the hardiest are the snow gums , such as Eucalyptus pauciflora , which is capable of withstanding cold and frost down to about − 20 ° C ( − 4 ° F ) . Two subspecies , E. pauciflora subsp . niphophila and E. pauciflora subsp . debeuzevillei in particular are even hardier and can tolerate even quite severe winters . Several other species , especially from the high plateau and mountains of central Tasmania such as Eucalyptus coccifera , Eucalyptus subcrenulata and Eucalyptus gunnii , have also produced extreme cold - hardy forms and it is seed procured from these genetically hardy strains that are planted for ornament in colder parts of the world . Animal relationships ( edit ) Phascolarctos cinereus ( koala ) eating Eucalyptus leaves Sawfly larvae feeding on eucalyptus leaves An essential oil extracted from eucalyptus leaves contains compounds that are powerful natural disinfectants and can be toxic in large quantities . Several marsupial herbivores , notably koalas and some possums , are relatively tolerant of it . The close correlation of these oils with other more potent toxins called formylated phloroglucinol compounds ( euglobals , macrocarpals and sideroxylonals ) allows koalas and other marsupial species to make food choices based on the smell of the leaves . For koalas , these compounds are the most important factor in leaf choice . Eucalyptus flowers produce a great abundance of nectar , providing food for many pollinators including insects , birds , bats and possums . Although eucalyptus trees are seemingly well - defended from herbivores by the oils and phenolic compounds , they have insect pests . These include the eucalyptus longhorn borer Phoracantha semipunctata and the aphid - like psyllids known as `` bell lerps '' , both of which have become established as pests throughout the world wherever eucalypts are cultivated . The eusocial beetle Austroplatypus incompertus makes and defends its galleries exclusively inside Eucalyptus plants . The trunks and branches of the eucalyptus tree allow the largest known moth , Zelotypia stacyi ( the bentwing ghost moth , having a wingspan up to 250 mm ) to feed and protect their larva and pupa , respectively . Further information : List of Lepidoptera that feed on Eucalyptus Adaptation to fire ( edit ) Epicormic shoots sprouting vigorously from epicormic buds beneath the bushfire damaged bark on the trunk of a Eucalyptus tree Eucalyptus forest in a state of regeneration Eucalypts originated between 35 and 50 million years ago , not long after Australia - New Guinea separated from Gondwana , their rise coinciding with an increase in fossil charcoal deposits ( suggesting that fire was a factor even then ) , but they remained a minor component of the Tertiary rainforest until about 20 million years ago , when the gradual drying of the continent and depletion of soil nutrients led to the development of a more open forest type , predominantly Casuarina and Acacia species . The aridification of Australia during the mid-tertiary period ( 25 - 40 million years ago ) , combined with the annual penetration of tropical convection storms , and associated lightning , deep into the continental interior stimulated the gradual evolution , diversification and geographic expansion of the flammable biota . The absence of great rivers or mountain chains meant that there were no geographic barriers to check the spread of fires . From the monsoonal ' cradle ' , fire - promoting species expanded into higher rainfall environments , where lightning was less frequent , gradually displacing the Gondwanan rainforest from all but the most fire - sheltered habitats . The two valuable timber trees , alpine ash E. delegatensis and Australian mountain ash E. regnans , are killed by fire and only regenerate from seed . The same 2003 bushfire that had little impact on forests around Canberra resulted in thousands of hectares of dead ash forests . However , a small amount of ash survived and put out new ash trees as well . There has been some debate as to whether to leave the stands or attempt to harvest the mostly undamaged timber , which is increasingly recognised as a damaging practice . Hazards for humans ( edit ) The two most common hazards of eucalyptus species to people are fire and falling branches . Fire hazard ( edit ) Eucalyptus trees bent over due to the high winds and heat of the October 2007 California wildfires . They are located in the San Dieguito River Park of San Diego County and leaning west Eucalyptus oil is highly flammable ; ignited trees have been known to explode . Bushfires can travel easily through the oil - rich air of the tree crowns . Eucalypts obtain long - term fire survivability from their ability to regenerate from epicormic buds situated deep within their thick bark , or from lignotubers , or by producing serotinous fruits . In seasonally dry climates oaks are often fire - resistant , particularly in open grasslands , as a grass fire is insufficient to ignite the scattered trees . In contrast , a eucalyptus forest tends to promote fire because of the volatile and highly combustible oils produced by the leaves , as well as the production of large amounts of litter high in phenolics , preventing its breakdown by fungi and thus accumulating as large amounts of dry , combustible fuel . Consequently , dense eucalypt plantings may be subject to catastrophic firestorms . In fact , almost thirty years before the Oakland firestorm of 1991 , a study of eucalyptus in the area warned that the litter beneath the trees builds up very rapidly and should be regularly monitored and removed . It has been estimated that 70 % of the energy released through the combustion of vegetation in the Oakland fire was due to eucalyptus . In a National Park Service study , it was found that the fuel load ( in tons per acre ) of non-native eucalyptus woods is almost three times as great as native oak woodland . Falling branches ( edit ) Fallen E. camaldulensis limbs on a walking track Some species of gum trees drop branches unexpectedly . In Australia , Parks Victoria warns campers not to camp under river red gums . Some councils in Australia such as Gosnells , Western Australia , have removed eucalypts after reports of damage from dropped branches , even in the face of lengthy , well publicised protests to protect particular trees . A former Australian National Botanic Gardens director and consulting arborist , Robert Boden , has been quoted referring to `` summer branch drop '' . Dropping of branches is recognised in Australia literature through the fictional death of Judy in Seven Little Australians . Although all large trees can drop branches , the density of eucalyptus wood is high due to its high resin content , increasing the hazard . Cultivation and uses ( edit ) Snow Gum in Namadgi National Park Eucalypts were introduced from Australia to the rest of the world following the Cook expedition in 1770 . Collected by Sir Joseph Banks , botanist on the expedition , they were subsequently introduced to many parts of the world , notably California , Brazil , Ecuador , Colombia , Ethiopia , Morocco , Portugal , South Africa , Uganda , Israel - Palestine , Galicia and Chile . On the order of 250 species are under cultivation in California . In Portugal and also Spain , eucalypts have been planted in plantations for the production of pulpwood . Eucalyptus are the basis for several industries , such as sawmilling , pulp , charcoal and others . Several species have become invasive and are causing major problems for local ecosystems , mainly due to the absence of wildlife corridors and rotations management . Eucalypts have many uses which have made them economically important trees , and have become a cash crop in poor areas such as Timbuktu , Africa and the Peruvian Andes , despite concerns that the trees are invasive in some countries like South Africa . Best - known are perhaps the varieties karri and yellow box . Due to their fast growth , the foremost benefit of these trees is their wood . They can be chopped off at the root and grow back again . They provide many desirable characteristics for use as ornament , timber , firewood and pulpwood . It is also used in a number of industries , from fence posts and charcoal to cellulose extraction for biofuels . Fast growth also makes eucalypts suitable as windbreaks and to reduce erosion . Eucalypts draw a tremendous amount of water from the soil through the process of transpiration . They have been planted ( or re-planted ) in some places to lower the water table and reduce soil salination . Eucalypts have also been used as a way of reducing malaria by draining the soil in Algeria , Lebanon , Sicily , elsewhere in Europe , in Caucasus ( Western Georgia ) , and California . Drainage removes swamps which provide a habitat for mosquito larvae , but can also destroy ecologically productive areas . This drainage is not limited to the soil surface , because the eucalyptus roots are up to 2.5 m ( 8.2 ft ) in length and can , depending on the location , even reach the phreatic zone . Pulpwood ( edit ) Eucalyptus is the most common short fibre source for pulpwood to make pulp . The types most often used in papermaking are Eucalyptus globulus ( in temperate areas ) and the Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis hybrid ( in the tropics ) . The fibre length of Eucalyptus is relatively short and uniform with low coarseness compared with other hardwoods commonly used as pulpwood . The fibres are slender , yet relatively thick walled . This gives uniform paper formation and high opacity that are important for all types of fine papers . The low coarseness is important for high quality coated papers . Eucalyptus is suitable for many tissue papers as the short and slender fibres gives a high number of fibres per gram and low coarseness contributes to softness . Eucalyptus oil ( edit ) Eucalyptus oil is readily steam distilled from the leaves and can be used for cleaning and as an industrial solvent , as an antiseptic , for deodorising , and in very small quantities in food supplements , especially sweets , cough drops , toothpaste and decongestants . It has insect repellent properties ( Jahn 1991 a , b ; 1992 ) , and is an active ingredient in some commercial mosquito repellents ( Fradin & Day 2002 ) . Eucalyptus globulus is the principal source of eucalyptus oil worldwide . Honey ( edit ) The nectar of some eucalypts produces high - quality monofloral honey . Musical instruments ( edit ) Eucalypt wood is also commonly used to make didgeridoos , a traditional Australian Aboriginal wind instrument . The trunk of the tree is hollowed out by termites , and then cut down if the bore is of the correct size and shape . Dyes ( edit ) All parts of Eucalyptus may be used to make dyes that are substantive on protein fibres ( such as silk and wool ) , simply by processing the plant part with water . Colours to be achieved range from yellow and orange through green , tan , chocolate and deep rust red . The material remaining after processing can be safely used as mulch or fertiliser . Prospecting ( edit ) Eucalyptus trees in the Australian outback draw up gold from tens of metres underground through their root system and deposit it as particles in their leaves and branches . A Maia detector for x-ray elemental imaging at the Australian Synchrotron clearly showed deposits of gold and other metals in the structure of eucalyptus leaves from the Kalgoorlie region of Western Australia that would have been untraceable using other methods . The microscopic leaf - bound `` nuggets '' are not worth collecting themselves , but may provide an environmentally benign way of locating subsurface mineral deposits . Eucalyptus as plantation species ( edit ) In the 20th century , scientists around the world experimented with eucalyptus species . They hoped to grow them in the tropics , but most experimental results failed until breakthroughs in the 1960s - 1980s in species selection , silviculture , and breeding programs `` unlocked '' the potential of eucalypts in the tropics . Prior to then , as Brett Bennett noted in a 2010 article , eucalypts were something of the `` El Dorado '' of forestry . Today , eucalyptus is the most widely planted type of tree in plantations around the world , in South America ( mainly in Brazil , Argentina , Paraguay and Uruguay ) , South Africa , Australia , India , Galicia , Portugal and many more . North America ( edit ) California In the 1850s , Eucalyptus trees were introduced to California by Australians during the California Gold Rush . Much of California has a similar climate to parts of Australia . By the early 1900s , thousands of acres of eucalypts were planted with the encouragement of the state government . It was hoped that they would provide a renewable source of timber for construction , furniture making and railroad ties . It was soon found that for the latter purpose eucalyptus was particularly unsuitable , as the ties made from eucalyptus had a tendency to twist while drying , and the dried ties were so tough that it was nearly impossible to hammer rail spikes into them . They went on to note that the promise of eucalyptus in California was based on the old virgin forests of Australia . This was a mistake , as the young trees being harvested in California could not compare in quality to the centuries - old eucalyptus timber of Australia . It reacted differently to harvest . The older trees did n't split or warp as the infant California crop did . There was a vast difference between the two , and this would doom the California eucalyptus industry . One way in which the eucalyptus , mainly the blue gum E. globulus , proved valuable in California was in providing windbreaks for highways , orange groves , and farms in the mostly treeless central part of the state . They are also admired as shade and ornamental trees in many cities and gardens . Eucalyptus plantations in California have been criticised , because they compete with native plants and do not support native animals . Fire is also a problem . The 1991 Oakland Hills firestorm , which destroyed almost 3,000 homes and killed 25 people , was partly fuelled by large numbers of eucalypts close to the houses . In some parts of California , eucalypt plantations are being removed and native trees and plants restored . Individuals have also illegally destroyed some trees and are suspected of introducing insect pests from Australia which attack the trees . Certain eucalyptus species may also be grown for ornament in warmer parts of the Pacific Northwest -- western Washington , western Oregon and southwestern British Columbia . South America ( edit ) Uruguay Antonio Lussich introduced Eucalyptus into Uruguay in approximately 1896 , throughout what is now Maldonado Department , and it has spread all over the south - eastern and eastern coast . There had been no trees in the area because it consisted of dry sand dunes and stones . Lussich also introduced many other trees , particularly Acacia and pines , but they have not expanded so extensively . Uruguayan forestry crops using eucalyptus species have been promoted since 1989 , when the new National Forestry Law established that 20 % of the national territory would be dedicated to forestry . As the main landscape of Uruguay is grassland ( 140,000 km , 87 % of the national territory ) , most of the forestry plantations would be established in prairie regions . The planting of Eucalyptus sp . has been criticised because of concerns that soil would be degraded by nutrient depletion and other biological changes . During the last ten years , in the northwestern regions of Uruguay the Eucalyptus sp . plantations have reached annual forestation rates of 300 % . That zone has a potential forested area of 1 million hectares , approximately 29 % of the national territory dedicated to forestry , of which approximately 800,000 hectares are currently forested by monoculture of Eucalyptus spp . It is expected that the radical and durable substitution of vegetation cover leads to changes in the quantity and quality of soil organic matter . Such changes may also influence soil fertility and soil physical and chemical properties . The soil quality effects associated with Eucalyptus sp . plantations could have adverse effects on soil chemistry ; for example : soil acidification , iron leaching , allelopathic activities and a high C : N ratio of litter . Additionally , as most scientific understanding of land cover change effects is related to ecosystems where forests were replaced by grasslands or crops , or grassland was replaced by crops , the environmental effects of the current Uruguayan land cover changes are not well understood . The first scientific publication on soil studies in western zone tree plantations ( focused on pulp production ) appeared in 2004 and described soil acidification and soil carbon changes , similar to a podzolisation process , and destruction of clay ( illite - like minerals ) , which is the main reservoir of potassium in the soil . Although these studies were carried out in an important zone for forest cultivation , they can not define the current situation in the rest of the land area under eucalyptus cultivation . Moreover , recently Jackson and Jobbagy have proposed another adverse environmental impact that may result from Eucalyptus culture on prairie soils -- stream acidification . The eucalyptus species most planted are E. grandis , E. globulus and E. dunnii ; they are used mainly for pulp mills . Approximately 80,000 ha of E. grandis situated in the departments of Rivera , Tacuarembó and Paysandú is primarily earmarked for the solid wood market , although a portion of it is used for sawlogs and plywood . The current area under commercial forest plantation is 6 % of the total . The main uses of the wood produced are elemental chlorine free pulp mill production ( for cellulose and paper ) , sawlogs , plywood and bioenergy ( thermoelectric generation ) . Most of the products obtained from sawmills and pulp mills , as well as plywood and logs , are exported . This has raised the income of this sector with respect to traditional products from other sectors . Uruguayan forestry plantations have rates of growth of 30 cubic metres per hectare per year and commercial harvesting occurs after nine years . Brazil Eucalypts were introduced to Brazil in 1910 , for timber substitution and the charcoal industry . It has thrived in the local environment , and today there are around 7 million hectares planted . The wood is highly valued by the charcoal and pulp and paper industries . The short rotation allows a larger wood production and supplies wood for several other activities , helping to preserve the native forests from logging . When well managed , the plantation soils can sustain endless replanting . Eucalyptus plantings are also used as wind breaks . Brazil 's plantations have world - record rates of growth , typically over 40 cubic metres per hectare per year , and commercial harvesting occurs after years 5 . Due to continual development and governmental funding , year - on - year growth is consistently being improved . Eucalyptus can produce up to 100 cubic metres per hectare per year . Brazil has become the top exporter and producer of Eucalyptus round wood and pulp , and has played an important role in developing the Australian market through the country 's committed research in this area . The local iron producers in Brazil rely heavily on sustainably grown Eucalyptus for charcoal ; this has greatly pushed up the price of charcoal in recent years . The plantations are generally owned and operated for national and international industry by timber asset companies such as Thomson Forestry , Greenwood Management or cellulose producers such as Aracruz Cellulose and Stora Enso . Overall , South America was expected to produce 55 % of the world 's Eucalyptus round - wood by 2010 . Many environmental NGOs have criticised the use of exotic tree species for forestry in Latin America . Africa ( edit ) Ethiopia . Eucalypts were introduced to Ethiopia in either 1894 or 1895 , either by Emperor Menelik II 's French advisor Mondon - Vidailhet or by the Englishman Captain O'Brian . Menelik II endorsed its planting around his new capital city of Addis Ababa because of the massive deforestation around the city for firewood . According to Richard R.K. Pankhurst , `` The great advantage of the eucalypts was that they were fast growing , required little attention and when cut down grew up again from the roots ; it could be harvested every ten years . The tree proved successful from the onset '' . Plantations of eucalypts spread from the capital to other growing urban centres such as Debre Marqos . Pankhurst reports that the most common species found in Addis Ababa in the mid-1960s was E. globulus , although he also found E. melliodora and E. rostrata in significant numbers . David Buxton , writing of central Ethiopia in the mid-1940s , observed that eucalyptus trees `` have become an integral -- and a pleasing -- element in the Shoan landscape and has largely displaced the slow - growing native ' cedar ' Juniperus procera ) . '' It was commonly believed that the thirst of the Eucalyptus `` tended to dry up rivers and wells '' , creating such opposition to the species that in 1913 a proclamation was issued ordering a partial destruction of all standing trees , and their replacement with mulberry trees . Pankhurst reports , `` The proclamation however remained a dead letter ; there is no evidence of eucalypts being uprooted , still less of mulberry trees being planted . '' Eucalypts remain a defining feature of Addis Ababa . Madagascar . Much of Madagascar 's original native forest has been replaced with Eucalyptus , threatening biodiversity by isolating remaining natural areas such as Andasibe - Mantadia National Park . South Africa . Numerous Eucalyptus species have been introduced into South Africa , mainly for timber and firewood but also for ornamental purposes . They are popular with beekeepers for the honey they provide . However , in South Africa they are considered invasive , with their water - sucking capabilities threatening water supplies . They also release a chemical into the surrounding soil which kills native competitors . Eucalyptus seedlings are usually unable to compete with the indigenous grasses , but after a fire when the grass cover has been removed , a seed - bed may be created . The following Eucalyptus species have been able to become naturalised in South Africa : E. camaldulensis , E. cladocalyx , E. diversicolor , E. grandis and E. lehmannii . Zimbabwe . As in South Africa , many Eucalyptus species have been introduced into Zimbabwe , mainly for timber and firewood , and E. robusta and E. tereticornis have been recorded as having become naturalised there . Europe ( edit ) In continental Portugal , the Azores and continental Spain ( especially in Cantabria , Biscay , Asturias and Galicia in the north , and Huelva in Andalusia ) farmland has been replaced with eucalypt plantations since their introduction by Rosendo Salvado in the 19th century . In Italy , the eucalyptus only arrived at the turn of the 19th century and large scale plantations were started at the beginning of the 20th century with the aim of drying up swampy ground to defeat malaria . This , their rapid growth in the Italian climate and excellent function as windbreaks , has made them a common sight in the south of the country , including the islands of Sardinia and Sicily . They are also valued for the characteristic smelling and tasting honey that is produced from them . The variety of eucalyptus most commonly found in Italy is E. camaldulensis . In Greece , eucalypts are widely found , especially in southern Greece and Crete . They are cultivated and used for various purposes , including as an ingredient in pharmaceutical products ( e.g. , creams , elixirs and sprays ) and for leather production . They were imported in 1862 by botanist Theodoros Georgios Orphanides . The principal species is Eucalyptus globulus . Eucalyptus has been grown in Ireland since trials in the 1930s and now grows wild in South Western Ireland in the mild climate . Asia ( edit ) A 2 - year old clonal block plantation near Kattumunnur in Karur . Eucalyptus seeds of the species E. globulus were imported into Palestine in the 1860s , but did not acclimatise well . Later , E. camaldulensis was introduced more successfully and it is still a very common tree in Israel . The use of eucalyptus trees to drain swampy land was a common practice in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries . The German Templer colony of Sarona had begun planting eucalyptus for this purpose by 1874 , though it is not known where the seeds came from . Many Zionist colonies also adopted the practice in the following years under the guidance of the Mikveh Israel Agricultural School . In India , the Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding , Coimbatore started a eucalyptus breeding program in the 1990s . The organisation released four varieties of conventionally bred , high yielding and genetically improved clones for commercial and research interests in 2010 . Eucalyptus trees were introduced to Sri Lanka in the late 19th century by tea and coffee planters , for wind protection , shade and fuel . Forestry replanting of eucalyptus began in the 1930s in deforested mountain areas , and currently there are about 10 species present in the island . They account for 20 % of major reforestation plantings . They provide railway sleepers , utility poles , sawn timber and fuelwood , but are controversial because of their adverse effect on biodiversity , hydrology and soil fertility . They are associated with another invasive species , the eucalyptus gall wasp , Leptocybe invasa . Pacific islands ( edit ) Hawaii Some 90 species of eucalyptus have been introduced to the islands , where they have displaced some native species due to their higher maximum height , fast growth and lower water needs . Particularly noticeable is the rainbow eucalyptus ( Eucalyptus deglupta ) , native to Indonesia and the Philippines , whose bark falls off to reveal a trunk that can be green , red , orange , yellow , pink and purple . Non-native Eucalyptus and biodiversity ( edit ) Due to similar favourable climatic conditions , Eucalyptus plantations have often replaced oak woodlands , for example in California , Spain and Portugal . The resulting monocultures have raised concerns about loss of biological diversity , through loss of acorns that mammals and birds feed on , absence of hollows that in oak trees provide shelter and nesting sites for birds and small mammals and for bee colonies , as well as lack of downed trees in managed plantations . A study of the relationship between birds and eucalyptus in the San Francisco Bay Area found that bird diversity was similar in native forest vs. eucalyptus forest but the species were different . One way in which the avifauna changes is that cavity nesting birds including woodpeckers , owls , chickadees , wood ducks , etc. are depauperate in eucalyptus groves because the decay - resistant wood of these trees prevents cavity formation by decay or excavation . Also those bird species that glean insects from foliage , such as warblers and vireos , have population declines when eucalyptus replace oak forest . Birds that do well in eucalyptus groves in California like tall vertical habitat like herons and egrets ( possibly because redwood trees are less available ) , or have longer bills , which may play a role in preventing their nostrils from being clogged by eucalyptus resin / pitch . The Point Reyes Bird Observatory observes that sometimes short - billed birds like the ruby - crowned kinglet are found dead beneath eucalyptus trees with their nostrils clogged with pitch . Monarch butterflies use eucalyptus in California for over-wintering , but in some locations have a preference for Monterey pines . History ( edit ) Although eucalypts must have been seen by the very early European explorers and collectors , no botanical collections of them are known to have been made until 1770 when Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander arrived at Botany Bay with Captain James Cook . There they collected specimens of E. gummifera and later , near the Endeavour River in northern Queensland , E. platyphylla ; neither of these species was named as such at the time . In 1777 , on Cook 's third expedition , David Nelson collected a eucalypt on Bruny Island in southern Tasmania . This specimen was taken to the British Museum in London , and was named Eucalyptus obliqua by the French botanist L'Héritier , who was working in London at the time . He coined the generic name from the Greek roots eu and calyptos , meaning `` well '' and `` covered '' in reference to the operculum of the flower bud which protects the developing flower parts as the flower develops and is shed by the pressure of the emerging stamens at flowering . It was most likely an accident that L'Héritier chose a feature common to all eucalypts . The name obliqua was derived from the Latin obliquus , meaning `` oblique '' , which is the botanical term describing a leaf base where the two sides of the leaf blade are of unequal length and do not meet the petiole at the same place . E. obliqua was published in 1788 - 89 , which coincided with the first official European settlement of Australia . Between then and the turn of the 19th century , several more species of Eucalyptus were named and published . Most of these were by the English botanist James Edward Smith and most were , as might be expected , trees of the Sydney region . These include the economically valuable E. pilularis , E. saligna and E. tereticornis . The first endemic Western Australian Eucalyptus to be collected and subsequently named was the Yate ( E. cornuta ) by the French botanist Jacques Labillardière , who collected in what is now the Esperance area in 1792 . Several Australian botanists were active during the 19th century , particularly Ferdinand von Mueller , whose work on eucalypts contributed greatly to the first comprehensive account of the genus in George Bentham 's Flora Australiensis in 1867 . The account is the most important early systematic treatment of the genus . Bentham divided it into five series whose distinctions were based on characteristics of the stamens , particularly the anthers ( Mueller , 1879 -- 84 ) , work elaborated by Joseph Henry Maiden ( 1903 -- 33 ) and still further by William Faris Blakely ( 1934 ) . The anther system became too complex to be workable and more recent systematic work has concentrated on the characteristics of buds , fruits , leaves and bark . Photo gallery ( edit ) Eucalyptus sideroxylon , showing fruit ( capsules ) and buds with operculum present . Eucalyptus forest in East Gippsland , Victoria . Mostly E. albens ( white box ) . Eucalyptus forest in East Gippsland , Victoria . Mostly E. albens ( white box ) . Eucalyptus forest in East Gippsland , Victoria . Mostly E. albens ( white box ) . A Eucalyptus tree with the sun shining through its branches . Eucalyptus bridgesiana ( apple box ) on Red Hill , Australian Capital Territory . Eucalyptus gunnii planted in southern England . The lower part of the trunk is covered in ivy . Eucalyptus cinerea x pulverulenta - National Botanical Gardens Canberra Eucalyptus gall Eucalyptus grandis . Province of Buenos Aires , Argentina . Eucalyptus plantation near Viveiro , in Galicia in Northwest Spain . Mostly E. globulus A snow gum ( E. pauciflora ) , in winter in the Australian Alps Eucalyptus rubida ( candlebark gum ) in Burra , New South Wales . Sydney blue gums west of Port Macquarie , New South Wales Eucalyptus chapmaniana ( bogong gum ) in Kew Gardens , London Eucalyptus regnans trees in Sherbrooke Forest , Victoria Eucalyptus deanei , Blue Mountains National Park , Australia Eucalypt woodland area near Prospect Creek in western Sydney . Mostly E. amplifolia and E. tereticornis . See also ( edit ) Currency Creek Arboretum Eucalyptol Eucalyptus oil Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education List of Eucalyptus species Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Eucalyptus L'Hér '' . Germplasm Resources Information Network . United States Department of Agriculture . 2009 - 01 - 27 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Sunset Western Garden Book , 1995 : 606 -- 607 Jump up ^ L'Héritier de Brutelles , C.L. ( 1789 ) . `` Sertum Anglicum . Didot . Paris . Jump up ^ `` The World 's New Tallest Tree '' . Jump up ^ `` Eucalypt forest '' . Commonwealth of Australia . 2017 . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sellers , C.H. ( 1910 ) . Eucalyptus : Its History , Growth , and Utilization . A.J. Johnston . p. 13 . Jump up ^ Gledhill , D. ( 2008 ) . The Names of Plants ( 4 ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 158 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 86645 - 3 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Luzar J. ( 2007 ) . The Political Ecology of a `` Forest Transition '' : Eucalyptus forestry in the Southern Peruvian . Ethnobotany Research & Applications . ^ Jump up to : WorldWatch Institute . ( 2007 ) State of the World : Our Urban Future . ^ Jump up to : Robertson , D. ( 2005 - 03 - 22 ) . `` South Africa Water Project Clears Water - Guzzling Alien Plant Infestations '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 15 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Santos , Robert L. ( 1997 ) . `` Section Three : Problems , Cares , Economics , and Species '' . The Eucalyptus of California . California State University . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Eucalypts '' . ^ Jump up to : Brooker & Kleinig ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Eyles , A ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` Role of corticular photosynthesis following defoliation in Eucalyptus globulus '' . Plant , Cell & Environment. 32 : 1004 -- 1014 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Saveyn , A. ; et al. ( Summer 2010 ) . `` Woody tissue photosynthesis and its contribution to trunk growth and bud development in young plants '' . Plant , cell , and environment . 33 : 1949 -- 1958 -- via Wiley . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Gandolfo , MA ; Hermsen , EJ ; Zamaloa , MC ; Nixon , KC ; González , CC ; et al. ( 2011 ) . `` Oldest Known Eucalyptus Macrofossils Are from South America '' . PLoS ONE . 6 ( 6 ) : e21084 . Bibcode : 2011PLoSO ... 621084G . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0021084 . PMC 3125177 . PMID 21738605 . Jump up ^ `` Eucalyptus fossils in New Zealand - the thin end of the wedge - Mike Pole '' . ^ Jump up to : Hill , R.S. `` The history of selected Australian taxa . '' History of the Australian vegetation : Cretaceous to Recent ( 1994 ) : 390 . Jump up ^ Polyphenols in the leaves of eucalyptus : A chemotaxonomic survey -- II . : The sections renantheroideae and renantherae . W.E. Hillis , Phytochemistry , Volume 6 , Issue 2 , February 1967 , Pages 259 - 274 , doi : 10.1016 / S0031 - 9422 ( 00 ) 82772 - 7 Jump up ^ Variation in polyphenol composition within species of Eucalyptus l'herit . W.E. Hillis , Phytochemistry , Volume 5 , Issue 4 , July 1966 , Pages 541 - 556 , doi : 10.1016 / S0031 - 9422 ( 00 ) 83632 - 8 Jump up ^ `` Tasmania 's Ten Tallest Giants '' . Tasmanian Giant Trees Consultative Committee . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Sekella , D. ( January 2003 ) . `` Cold Hardiness of Five Eucalypts in Northern California '' . Pacific Horticulture . Pacific Horticulture Society . 64 ( 1 ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Hasey , J.K. ; Connor , J.M. ( 1 March 1990 ) . `` Eucalyptus shows unexpected cold tolerance '' . California Agriculture . University of California . 44 ( 2 ) : 25 -- 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Eucalyptus gunnii subsp . divaricata ( Miena Cider Gum ) '' . ( Australian ) Threatened species & ecological communities . Dept. of the Environment ( Australia ) . Retrieved 23 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Eschler , BM ; Pass , DM ; Willis , R ; Foley , WJ ( 2000 ) . `` Distribution of foliar formylated phloroglucinol derivatives amongst Eucalyptus species '' . Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 28 ( 9 ) : 813 -- 824 . doi : 10.1016 / S0305 - 1978 ( 99 ) 00123 - 4 . PMID 10913843 . Jump up ^ `` Australia Burning : Fire Ecology , Policy and Management Issues '' ( PDF ) . CSIRO Publishing . Jump up ^ `` Eucalytus Roulette ( co n't ) '' . 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Tendencias y perspectivas de la economı ́a forestal de los países del Conosur ( Argentina , Brasil , Chile , Uruguay ) . Oficina Regional FAO para America Latina y el Caribe , Santiago , Chile . ^ Jump up to : Perez - Arrarte , C. , 1993 . Desarrollo forestal y medio ambiente ( compilation ) . CIEDUR Montevideo , Uruguay ^ Jump up to : Caffera , R.M. , Cespedes , C. , Gonzalez , A. , Gutierrez , M.O. , Panario , D.H. , 1991 . Hacia una evaluacion de efectos ambientales de la forestacion en Uruguay con especies introducidas . CIEDUR , Montevideo , Uruguay . Jump up ^ DIEA , 2010 . Anuario Estadístico Agropecuario 2010 . Dirección de Estadísticas Agropecuarias , Ministerio de Agricultura , Ganadería y Pesca . Editorial Hemisferio Sur , Montevideo , Uruguay , 220p ... ^ Jump up to : Aggangan , R.T. ; o'Connell , A.M. ; McGrath , J.F. ; Dell , B. ( 1999 ) . `` The effects of Eucalyptus globulus Labill . leaf letter on C and N mineralization in soils from pasture and native forest '' . Soil Biology and Biochemistry . 31 ( 11 ) : 1481 -- 1487 . doi : 10.1016 / S0038 - 0717 ( 99 ) 00052 - 8 . ISSN 0038 - 0717 . Jump up ^ Grierson , P.F ; Adams , M.A ( 2000 ) . `` Plant species affect acid phosphatase , ergosterol and microbial P in a Jarrah ( Eucalyptus marginata Donn ex Sm . ) forest in south - western Australia '' . Soil Biology and Biochemistry . 32 ( 13 ) : 1817 -- 1827 . doi : 10.1016 / S0038 - 0717 ( 00 ) 00155 - 3 . ISSN 0038 - 0717 . Jump up ^ Bandzouzi , J. , 1993 . Variabilite spatiale de quelques caracteristiques edaphiques des sols sableux sous Eucalyptus du littoral congolais . Memoire I.D.R. , Universite de Rennes , France . ^ Jump up to : Bernhard - Reversat , France ( 1999 ) . `` The leaching of Eucalyptus hybrids and Acacia auriculiformis leaf litter : laboratory experiments on early decomposition and ecological implications in congolese tree plantations '' . Applied Soil Ecology. 12 ( 3 ) : 251 -- 261 . doi : 10.1016 / S0929 - 1393 ( 99 ) 00005 - 0 . 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Jump up ^ Martino , Gianni . `` Europa Oggi - Italia terra da miele '' . ^ Jump up to : Abraham O. Shemesh ( 2016 ) . `` Planting eucalyptus trees in the new settlements In nineteenth - to twentieth - century Palestine as reflected in rabbinic documents '' . Modern Judaism. 36 ( 1 ) : 83 -- 99 . ^ Jump up to : Roza I.M. El - Eini ( 1999 ) . `` British forestry policy in Mandate Palestine , 1929 -- 48 : Aims and realities '' . Middle Eastern Studies . 35 ( 3 ) : 72 -- 155 . Jump up ^ Helmut Glenk , Horst Blaich , Manfred Haering , From Desert Sands to Golden Oranges : The History of the German Templer Settlement of Sarona in Palestine 1871 - 1947 . Trafford Publishing , 2005 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` Union Minister announces Rs. 25 - crore fund for IFGTB '' . The Hindu . 19 February 2010 . Retrieved 21 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Let scientists decide what is good for us '' . The New Indian Express . 21 November 2013 . Retrieved 21 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Van Vigyan Newslatter '' ( PDF ) . Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding . January -- March 2010 . p. 2 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 December 2013 . Retrieved 21 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Eucalyptus Plantations in Sri Lanka : Environmental , Social , Economic and Policy Issues - H.M. Bandaratillake '' . Jump up ^ Malaka Rodrigo , ' Another pest , another tree ' , Sunday times , 27 June 2010 Jump up ^ `` Eucalyptus Tree '' . Jump up ^ Sax , Dov F. ( 2002 ) . `` Equal diversity in disparate species assemblages : a comparison of native and exotic woodlands in California '' . Global Ecology & Biogeography. 11 : 49 -- 57 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1466 - 822X. 2001.00262. x . Jump up ^ David L. Suddjian ( 2004 - 06 - 03 ) . Birds and Eucalyptus on the Central California Coast : A Love - Hate Relationship ( PDF ) ( Report ) . David Suddian Biological Consulting . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 03 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ L'Héritier , Charles Louis ( 1788 ) . Sertum Anglicum , seu , Plantae rariores quae in hortis juxta Londinum : imprimis in horto regio Kewensi excoluntur , ab anno 1786 ad annum 1787 observatae ( in Latin ) . Paris : Petri Francisci Didot . p. 11 . References ( edit ) Myburg et al . The genome of Eucalyptus grandis , Nature ( 2014 ) , doi : 10.1038 / nature13308 Bennett , B.M. The El Dorado of Forestry : The Eucalyptus in India , South Africa , and Thailand , 1850 -- 2000 55 , Supplement 18 ( 2010 ) : 27 - 50 . Blakely , W.F. , A Key to the Eucalypts : with descriptions of 522 species and 150 varieties . Third Edition , 1965 , Forest and Timber Bureau , Canberra . Boland , D.J. ; M.I.H. ; McDonald ; M.W. ; Chippendale ; G.M. ; Hall ; N. ; Hyland ; B.P.M. ; Kleinig ; D.A. ( 2006 ) . Forest Trees of Australia . Collingwood , Victoria : CSIRO Publishing . 5th edition . ISBN 0 - 643 - 06969 - 0 Brooker , M.I.H. ; Kleinig , D.A. ( 2006 ) . Field Guide to Eucalyptus . Melbourne : Bloomings . Third edition . ISBN 1 - 876473 - 52 - 5 vol. 1 . South - eastern Australia . Kelly , Stan , text by G.M. Chippendale and R.D. Johnston , Eucalypts : Volume I. Nelson , Melbourne 1969 , 1982 , etc . L'Héritier de Brutelles , C.L. ( 1789 ) . Sertum Anglicum . Paris : Didot . Richard K.P. Pankhurst ( 1968 ) . Economic History of Ethiopia . Addis Ababa : Haile Selassie I University . External links ( edit ) Lucid Online Player - EUCLID Eucalypts of Australia ( Multi-access key to 917 species / subspecies taxonomy as of December 2009 . ANPSA Plant Guide : Eucalyptus , Corymbia and Angophora EUCLID Sample , CSIRO Currency Creek Arboretum - Eucalypt Research Eucalyptus Online Book & Newsletter by Celso Foelkel ( 2005 - current ) Eucalyptus globulus Diagnostic photos : tree , leaves , bark L'Héritier's original diagnosis of the genus online on Project Gutenberg Handbook of Energy Crops Duke , James A. 1983 . The Eucalyptus of California : Seeds of Good or Seeds of Evil ? Santos , Robert . 1997 Denair , CA : Alley - Cass Publications `` The Rise and Fall of the Gum Tree : How California Came to Love -- then Disown -- Eucalyptus '' Farmer , Jared. 2014 . `` Impacts of Monoculture : The Case of Eucalyptus Plantations in Thailand '' EUCALYPTOLOGICS : Information Resources on Eucalyptus cultivation around the World Iglesias Trabado , Gustavo ( 2007 - current ) Eucalyptus camaldulensis in wildflowers of Israel Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding Taxon identifiers Wikidata : Q45669 Wikispecies : Eucalyptus APDB : 190646 EoL : 29916 EPPO : 1EUCG FloraBase : 21824 FoC : 112247 Fossilworks : 261144 GBIF : 3176176 GRIN : 4477 iNaturalist : 51815 IPNI : 27534 - 1 IRMNG : 1281471 ITIS : 27187 NBN : NHMSYS0000458614 NCBI : 3932 NZOR : f9d0d24e - f701 - 445b - aec5 - eec4e7ab4228 PLANTS : EUCAL POWO : urn : lsid : ipni.org : names : 27534 - 1 Tropicos : 40006486 NDL : 00574456 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eucalyptus&oldid=854122852 '' Categories : Taxa described in the 18th century Eucalyptus Taxa named by Charles Louis L'Héritier de Brutelle Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . 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7049359637328672787 | Nagel (surname) | Nagel ( surname ) - wikipedia Nagel ( surname ) Nagel is a German and Dutch surname . Meaning `` nail '' in both languages , the surname is metonymic referring to the uccupation of a nail maker . Notable people with the surname include : Aaron Nagel ( born 1980 ) , American painter and trumpet player Anne Nagel ( 1915 -- 1966 ) , American motion picture actress Bill Nagel ( 1915 -- 1981 ) , American baseball player Björn Nagel ( born 1978 ) , German - Ukrainian equestrian Carsten Nagel ( born 1955 ) , Danish writer Charles Nagel ( 1849 -- 1940 ) , American politician and lawyer Christiaan Nagel ( born 1982 ) , South African - born British street artist Christian Heinrich von Nagel ( 1803 -- 1882 ) , German mathematician Conrad Nagel ( 1897 -- 1970 ) , American actor and matinee idol David Nagel ( born c. 1945 ) , American executive De-Wet Nagel ( born 1985 ) , South African actor , musician and composer Dolf van der Nagel ( 1889 -- 1949 ) , Dutch footballer Ernest Nagel ( 1901 -- 1985 ) , American philosopher of science Gerd Nagel ( born 1957 ) , West German high jumper Heike Nagel ( born 1946 ) , West German swimmer Ivan Nagel ( 1931 - 2002 ) , German theater scholar , critic and director Jan Nagel ( born 1939 ) , Dutch Labour Party politician Jan Nagel ( painter ) ( c. 1560 -- 1602 ) , Dutch Renaissance painter Jennifer Nagel ( born 1947 ) , Canadian philosopher Jessica Nagel ( born 1991 ) , Australian soccer player Judy Nagel ( born 1951 ) , American alpine skier Lisle Nagel ( 1905 -- 1971 ) , Australian cricketer , twin - brother of Vernon Maggy Nagel ( born 1957 ) , Luxembourgish politician Morné Nagel ( born 1978 ) , South African sprinter Otto Nagel ( 1894 - 1967 ) , German painter Patrick Nagel ( 1945 -- 1984 ) , American artist Paul C. Nagel ( 1926 -- 2011 ) , American historian and biographer Ray Nagel ( 1927 -- 2015 ) , American college football coach Rodica Nagel ( born 1970 ) , French - Romanian long - distance runner Sidney R. Nagel ( born 1948 ) , American physicist Simon Nagel ( born 1985 ) , Danish footballer Steven R. Nagel ( 1946 -- 2014 ) , American astronaut Stuart Nagel ( 1934 -- 2001 ) , American political scientist Thomas Nagel ( born 1937 ) , American philosopher Tilman Nagel ( born 1942 ) , German Orientalist Vernon Nagel ( 1905 -- 1974 ) , Australian cricketer , twin - brother of Lisle Volbrecht Nagel ( 1867 -- 1921 ) , German missionary to the Malabar coast of India See also ( edit ) Nagl Nagle References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nagel Name Meaning in the Dictionary of American Family Names , 2013 , Oxford University Press . ) Surname list This page lists people with the surname Nagel . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page , you may wish to change that link by adding the person 's given name ( s ) to the link . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nagel_(surname)&oldid=847219241 '' Categories : Surnames German - language surnames Dutch - language surnames Occupational surnames Hidden categories : Articles with short description All set index articles Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 23 June 2018 , at 19 : 03 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does the last name nagel come from | [] | [] |
7406435888678582947 | A Series of Unfortunate Events (TV series) | A Series of Unfortunate Events ( TV Series ) - wikipedia A Series of Unfortunate Events ( TV Series ) This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 12 June 2018 . A Series of Unfortunate Events Genre Drama Black comedy Based on A Series of Unfortunate Events by Lemony Snicket Developed by Mark Hudis Barry Sonnenfeld Starring Neil Patrick Harris Patrick Warburton Malina Weissman Louis Hynes K. Todd Freeman Presley Smith Lucy Punch Avi Lake Dylan Kingwell Theme music composer Nick Urata Daniel Handler Opening theme `` Look Away '' by Neil Patrick Harris Composer ( s ) James Newton Howard Sven Faulconer Chris Bacon Jim Dooley Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 18 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Cindy Holland Brian Wright Ted Biaselli Daniel Handler Neil Patrick Harris Rose Lam Barry Sonnenfeld Producer ( s ) Neil Patrick Harris Location ( s ) Vancouver , British Columbia Cinematography Bernard Couture Editor ( s ) Stuart Bass Skip MacDonald Running time 40 -- 64 minutes Production company ( s ) Paramount Television What is the Question ? Sonnenfeld Productions , Inc . Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) Original release January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) -- present ( present ) Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events , or simply A Series of Unfortunate Events , is an American black comedy - drama web television series from Netflix , developed by Mark Hudis and Barry Sonnenfeld , based on the children 's novel series of the same name by Lemony Snicket . It stars Neil Patrick Harris , Patrick Warburton , Malina Weissman , Louis Hynes , K. Todd Freeman , and Presley Smith with Lucy Punch , Avi Lake , and Dylan Kingwell joining the cast in the second season . The first season , which premiered on January 13 , 2017 , consists of eight episodes and adapts the first four books of the series . The second season was ordered in March 2017 and released on March 30 , 2018 . A Series of Unfortunate Events was renewed for a third season in April 2017 , which will consist of seven episodes and adapt the remaining four books . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 2.3. 1 Introduced in season 1 2.3. 2 Introduced in season 2 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2018 ) 3.3 Season 3 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 4.4 Music 4.5 Visual effects 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Audience viewership 6.2 Critical response 6.2. 1 Season 1 6.2. 2 Season 2 7 Awards and nominations 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Premise ( edit ) When a mysterious fire kills their parents , the Baudelaire children are placed into the care of their distant relative Count Olaf , an actor who is determined to claim the family fortune for himself . Following Olaf 's failed attempt and his plot being exposed , the Baudelaires set out to elude Olaf and uncover the mystery behind a secret society from their parents ' past . Cast and characters ( edit ) See also : List of A Series of Unfortunate Events characters Main ( edit ) Neil Patrick Harris as Count Olaf , an actor determined to claim the Baudelaire fortune for himself . He has one eyebrow and a tattoo resembling an eye on his left ankle , which is frequently used to identify him when he is disguised . Patrick Warburton as Lemony Snicket , the narrator tasked with explaining the events during the lives of the Baudelaires . Malina Weissman as Violet Baudelaire , the eldest Baudelaire sibling and an inventor talented in mechanics . Louis Hynes as Klaus Baudelaire , the middle Baudelaire child , interested in literature and books . K. Todd Freeman as Arthur Poe , the family banker and executor of the Baudelaire parents who is in charge of placing the Baudelaires in the care of a suitable guardian . Presley Smith as Sunny Baudelaire , the infant child of the Baudelaires with unnaturally strong teeth . Tara Strong provides Sunny 's babbling sound effects , the meaning of which is often translated in subtitles . Lucy Punch as Esmé Squalor , a wealthy financial advisor , who becomes an ally and love interest for Count Olaf . Avi Lake as Isadora Quagmire , Duncan and Quigley 's sister who loves writing poetry . Dylan Kingwell as Duncan Quagmire , Isadora 's brother . Duncan is a keen journalist . Recurring ( edit ) Will Arnett as Father , a man who is trying to return home to his three children . Cobie Smulders as Mother , a woman who is trying to return home to her three children . Usman Ally as the Hook - Handed Man , a member of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe with hooks instead of hands . Matty Cardarople as the Henchperson of Indeterminate Gender , another member of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe . Cleo King as Eleanora Poe , Arthur Poe 's wife and the editor - in - chief of The Daily Punctilio , who loves pursuing sensationalist headlines . John DeSantis as the Bald Man , a large bald - headed man who is another member of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe . Jacqueline and Joyce Robbins as the White - Faced Women , two elderly twins who are members of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe . Sara Canning as Jacquelyn , Mr. Poe 's standoffish assistant and a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society . She possesses a spyglass . Patrick Breen as Larry Your - Waiter , a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society who is seen working as a waiter at various establishments the Baudelaires visit , including the Anxious Clown and Café Salmonella . Sara Rue as Olivia Caliban , a librarian at Prufrock Preparatory School who later enlists as a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society when she becomes invested in the Baudelaires ' plight . Nathan Fillion as Jacques Snicket , the dashing adventurer brother of Lemony Snicket who enlists Olivia Caliban to help the Baudelaires . Guest ( edit ) Introduced in season 1 ( edit ) Joan Cusack as Justice Strauss , a judge and Count Olaf 's neighbor who helps the Baudelaires and is hopeful to adopt them . Luke Camilleri as Gustav Sebald , a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society and Monty 's former assistant . Aasif Mandvi as Montgomery `` Uncle Monty '' Montgomery , a distant relative of the Baudelaires and enthusiastic herpetologist who claims to have spent his childhood with their late parents . He is a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society and possesses a spyglass . Alfre Woodard as Aunt Josephine Anwhistle , a distant relative of the Baudelaires at Lake Lachrymose who has many rational and irrational fears and a love of grammar . She is a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society . Don Johnson as Sir , the cigar - smoking owner of Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Catherine O'Hara as Georgina Orwell , an optometrist and Count Olaf 's ex-girlfriend who hypnotizes the Lucky Smells Lumbermill workers so they never leave , also causing them to believe the Baudelaire parents set fire to Paltryville . O'Hara previously portrayed Justice Strauss in the 2004 film adaptation . Rhys Darby as Charles , Sir 's partner . Timothy Webber as Jimmy , a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Chris Gauthier as Phil , an optimistic worker who befriends the Baudelaires during their stay at the Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Loretta Walsh as Norma Rae , a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Trent Redekop as Cesar , a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Daniel Handler cameos as a fish head salesperson at Lake Lachrymose . Barry Sonnenfeld does a picture cameo as the late Ike Anwhistle in `` The Wide Window '' and appears as him in a flashback scene in `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' Pt. 1 . Introduced in season 2 ( edit ) Barry Sonnenfeld as the voice of Mr. Tammerlane , a person that Arthur Poe talks to on the phone . Roger Bart as Nero Feint , the violin - playing vice-principal of Prufrock Preparatory School and struggling musician with an egotistic personality and a love for excessive punishments . Kitana Turnbull as Carmelita Spats , an obnoxious , tutu - wearing student at Prufrock Preparatory School . Bronwen Smith as Miss Tench , Prufrock Preparatory School 's gym teacher who is replaced in the post by a disguised Count Olaf while on her way back to Prufrock Preparatory School with the pep squad and the sports team . Malcolm Stewart as Mr. Remora , a teacher at Prufrock Preparatory School who specializes in teaching his personal anecdotes and is always seen eating a banana . BJ Harrison as Mrs. Bass , a teacher at Prufrock Preparatory School who specializes in measuring objects . She later becomes a bank robber . Tony Hale as Jerome Squalor , the timid husband of Esmé Squalor . Ithamar Enriquez as Hector , a skittish handyman and citizen of the Village of Fowl Devotees who befriends the Baudelaires . Mindy Sterling as Elder Anabelle , a member of the Village of Fowl Devotees ' Council of Elders . Carol Mansell as Elder Jemma , a member of the Village of Fowl Devotees ' Council of Elders . Ken Jenkins as Elder Sam , a member of the Village of Fowl Devotees ' Council of Elders . Lossen Chambers as Mrs. Morrow , an inhabitant of the Village of Fowl Devotees that wears a pink robe . Kevin Chamberlin as Mr. Lesko , an inhabitant of the Village of Fowl Devotees that wears plaid pants . John Bobek as the bearded leader of the Volunteers Fighting Disease . Lauren McGibbon as the perky member of the Volunteers Fighting Disease . Kerri Kenney - Silver as Babs , the Head of Human Resources and Hospital Administration at Heimlich Hospital . David Alan Grier as Hal , a visually - disabled file clerk who is employed in the Library of Records at Heimlich Hospital . Robbie Amell as Kevin , an ambidextrous `` freak '' who works at Caligari Carnival . Kevin Cahoon as Hugo , a hunchbacked `` freak '' who works at Caligari Carnival . Bonnie Morgan as Colette , a contortionist `` freak '' who works at Caligari Carnival . David Burtka as Mr. Willums , a heckler with a pimpled chin who attends Caligari Carnival . He is based on The Man With Pimples On His Chin from `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' book . Jill Morrison as Mrs. Willums , the wife of Mr. Willums . Harper and Gideon Burtka - Harris as Trixie and Skip Willums , the children of Mr. Willums . Allison Williams as an as - yet - unidentified woman who arrives to see the Caligari Carnival engulfed in flames . Episodes ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally released 8 January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) 10 March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Season 1 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) The first season adapts the first four books of the novel series : The Bad Beginning , The Reptile Room , The Wide Window and The Miserable Mill . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` The Bad Beginning : Part One '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Violet , Klaus , and Sunny Baudelaire receive the news that their parents have perished in a house fire from well - meaning but inept banker Arthur Poe . While exploring the ruins , Klaus finds a broken spyglass with an insignia of an eye embedded on the front . Shortly afterwards , they are sent to live with their distant relative Count Olaf , a cruel and vain amateur actor , who forces them into servitude . One night , the siblings prepare puttanesca for Olaf 's theatre troupe only for him to demand roast beef upon arriving home . The children state that they were never asked to prepare roast beef , angering Olaf and prompting him to slap Klaus across the face when he protests about the sleeping arrangements . Meanwhile , a mother and father are held against their will by a mysterious captor . `` The Bad Beginning : Part Two '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) The Baudelaires attempt to convince Mr. Poe of Olaf 's actions , only to be sent away when Poe dismisses their claims . When Olaf gives Violet the starring role in his latest theatrical production , which ends with the two main characters being married , the siblings realize that Olaf intends to acquire their fortune by marrying Violet for real . Klaus confronts Olaf , who threatens to kill Sunny if Violet does n't follow through with his plans . At the very last minute , however , Violet signs the marriage certificate with her left hand , invalidating the proceedings due to the fact that she is right - handed . Mr. Poe 's mysterious secretary Jacquelyn reveals they were intended to be put in the care of their distant relative Montgomery Montgomery . Meanwhile , Jacquelyn 's ally Gustav is mysteriously drowned , after being hit by a poisoned dart . `` The Reptile Room : Part One '' Mark Palansky Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) The Baudelaires are sent to live with their herpetologist uncle Montgomery Montgomery , who has recently come across a reptile he calls the Incredibly Deadly Viper . While attempting to learn more about Montgomery , Klaus discovers that the hedge maze in Montgomery 's garden is exactly the same shape as the tattoo on Olaf 's ankle . Olaf poses as Montgomery 's new assistant Stephano and attempts to kidnap the Baudelaires , but Monty assures the Baudelaires that he recognizes Stephano as a threat . The four arrive at a movie theatre , where Monty deciphers a code sent for him through the subtitles of the film , using a spyglass identical to Klaus ' . The message instructs him to bring the children to Peru . He fires Stephano shortly afterwards , believing him to be a spy sent to steal his research . `` The Reptile Room : Part Two '' Mark Palansky Emily Fox January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Immediately after dismissing `` Stephano , '' Montgomery notices that the door to his Reptile Room is ajar and investigates , only to be attacked by an unseen figure . The next day , the Baudelaires discover Olaf standing next to Montgomery 's corpse . Olaf threatens to kill Sunny unless the siblings accompany him to Peru , but is prevented from carrying out his plan when Mr. Poe accidentally crashes into their car when they are trying to leave . Olaf 's theatre troupe then arrives disguised as police and nurses , and claim Monty was killed by the Incredibly Deadly Viper , despite Monty 's claim of it being completely harmless . While searching for proof of the snake 's innocence , Klaus discovers a statue in Monty 's hedge maze , and a photograph of Monty , both of them carrying spyglasses identical to Klaus ' . Violet proves Olaf to be the murderer ; however , he escapes via the hedge maze with Klaus ' spyglass . While pursuing him , the Baudelaires meet Jacquelyn , who is posing as a statue . She tells them to seek answers on the spyglasses from their Aunt Josephine while she hunts down Olaf via underground passageways . 5 5 `` The Wide Window : Part One '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Mr. Poe takes the Baudelaires to live with their Aunt Josephine , an irrationally frightened woman who lives in a dilapidated house overlooking Lake Lachrymose . She refuses to answer questions about their parents , so the siblings pursue answers themselves around her house , and discover their parents were members of a secret organization , with spyglasses being used as useful devices . They are also shocked to find out that Josephine was once fierce and formidable , and developed her phobias after the death of her husband . Olaf , who has followed the Baudelaires , disguises himself as a sailor named Captain Sham before pretending to fall in love with Josephine . Despite the siblings ' warnings , Josephine accepts his invitation to take her out for a fried egg sandwich . Later that night , the siblings discover that Josephine has jumped out the library 's bay window and left a note informing them that `` Captain Sham '' is their new guardian . 6 6 `` The Wide Window : Part Two '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) As Mr. Poe prepares to hand the Baudelaires over to `` Captain Sham , '' the siblings discover the note has several grammatical errors , something Josephine would never do since she was obsessed with proper grammar . Mr. Poe takes the children to a restaurant and prepares to complete the transfer , but allows the siblings to leave after Larry , a waiter secretly a member of their parents ' organization , triggers their allergy to peppermint . After returning to the house , the siblings decipher Josephine 's suicide note and discover she is still alive moments before a hurricane sends the house teetering over the cliff . Escaping with a photograph of their parents standing in front of a lumber mill , the siblings find Josephine at a nearby cave , only to be confronted by Olaf , who abandons Josephine to be eaten alive by the leeches that inhabit Lake Lachrymose . Upon returning to shore , Olaf escapes after being unmasked in front of Mr. Poe while the Baudelaires sneak away and set out to find the lumber mill in the photograph . 7 7 `` The Miserable Mill : Part One '' Bo Welch Joe Tracz January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Upon arriving at the Lucky Smells Lumber Mill , the Baudelaires are forced to work by the owner Sir , who blames their parents for starting a fire that destroyed the entire town . While investigating the workers ' unnaturally happy behavior , Klaus ' glasses are broken by the Hook - Handed Man posing as Foreman Flacutono , and he visits local optometrist Georgina Orwell , who puts him into a hypnotic trance . Later that day , the siblings learn that two visitors are waiting to see them . Believing that their parents are still alive , the three are shocked to instead find Orwell and her receptionist `` Shirley St. Ives , '' who is a poorly - disguised Olaf . Meanwhile , the mother and father who were previously held captive are revealed to be the parents of the Quagmire triplets , with whom they are reunited . 8 8 `` The Miserable Mill : Part Two '' Bo Welch Tatiana Suarez - Pico January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) The Baudelaires discover the entire mill is under a hypnotic trance , ensuring they do not leave their jobs . Orwell and Olaf use a still - hypnotized Klaus to murder Sir 's aide Charles , but Violet figures out how to break everyone 's trance in the nick of time . The workers then storm the mill , causing Orwell to fall into the furnace and die . Sir , Olaf , and the Hook - Handed Man all escape in the chaos . Charles reveals the truth about the Baudelaires ' role in the town , where they actually helped to fight the fire . The three siblings are reunited with Mr. Poe , and Jacquelyn sends Klaus the broken spyglass that Olaf stole from him . Poe then sends the three siblings to a dreary boarding school , which two of the three Quagmire siblings are also sent to , due to their house being burnt down by an unknown woman . The Quagmires ' parents are revealed to be members of the organization . In the final scene , Lemony Snicket , Count Olaf , the Baudelaires and Mr. Poe sing the song `` That 's Not How the Story Goes . '' Season 2 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) The second season adapts books five through nine of the novel series : The Austere Academy , The Ersatz Elevator , The Vile Village , The Hostile Hospital , and The Carnivorous Carnival . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 9 `` The Austere Academy : Part 1 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) The Baudelaires are introduced to life at Prufrock Preparatory School , an unpleasant institution run by an unpleasant vice-principal named Nero and terrorized by an equally unpleasant student named Carmelita Spats . The school 's only redeeming qualities are its friendly librarian , Olivia Caliban , and the surviving Quagmire triplets , Duncan and Isadora . During a lunch break , Klaus and Isadora discover that they are holding two halves of the same spyglass . The newfound friends quickly realize that they must track down a book on secret organizations to find the answers they seek -- a book Jacquelyn sent Larry to give them , but which he carelessly misplaced . Meanwhile , Count Olaf and his troupe lurk around the grounds of the school , unable to enter the front doors due to an advanced computer system programmed by Nero to detect Olaf 's presence . However , with Carmelita 's help , Olaf finally gains entry and locks Larry in the cafeteria 's walk - in refrigerator . He then dons his latest disguise : the school 's new turban - wearing gym teacher . 10 `` The Austere Academy : Part 2 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Joe Tracz March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Olaf is able to convince Nero to put the Baudelaires under a grueling exercise program , making the siblings run endless laps at night to prevent them from scheming against him , while also causing them to perform poorly in class from lack of sleep . Due to their slumping grades , Nero threatens to expel the Baudelaires if they fail a comprehensive exam to be given in front of the entire school , but because they must still exercise under Olaf 's program , they know they will likely fail . The Quagmires offer to help , and that night take their place during exercises ; however , their identity is discovered , and while hiding in the library , they find the copy of the book on secret organizations and read up on the purpose of the spyglass before they are caught by the Hook - Handed Man . The next day , with Mr. Poe in attendance , the Baudelaires readily pass the exam , and through it reveal Olaf 's identity . Olaf and his gang then escape with the Quagmires , who try to shout the initials `` V.F.D. '' from the backseat of Olaf 's car . Meanwhile , Larry is rescued from the refrigerator with the help of Lemony 's brother , Jacques , while Olivia walks off with the book on secret organizations that the Quagmires left behind . 11 `` The Ersatz Elevator : Part 1 '' Bo Welch Daniel Handler March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) While a citywide manhunt for Count Olaf is underway , Mr. Poe takes the Baudelaires to the penthouse of Jerome Squalor and his trendy financial advisor wife Esmé . While being introduced to the Squalors , they find Olaf has already arrived , posing as a foreign auctioneer named Gunther . The Baudelaires theorize that Olaf is trying to kill Jerome so that he can marry Esmé and become their legal guardian again . They search the penthouse for the Quagmires to no avail , but Klaus becomes suspicious of an extra elevator that only seems to serve the penthouse . Meanwhile , Olivia tries to convince Mr. Poe about Olaf 's scheme , which leads Jacquelyn to contact Jacques , who enlists her into their society . Esmé suggests they go out for lunch at a fashionable salmon - themed restaurant Cafe Salmonella , where Larry works to prolong their visit , giving Jacques and Olivia time to search the Squalor 's building for the Quagmires . When the Baudelaires manage to sneak away and examine the second elevator , they learn that it is merely an empty shaft . With a makeshift parachute , they descend it to find the Quagmires locked in a cage at its bottom . 12 `` The Ersatz Elevator : Part 2 '' Bo Welch Daniel Handler March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) The Baudelaires do not have the tools to free the Quagmires , so they ascend the shaft by turning the parachute into a hot - air balloon . They try to warn Esmé of Olaf 's scheme , but learn too late that she is in cahoots with him and that they are planning to smuggle the Quagmires out of the city . Esmé pushes them down the elevator shaft , where they are caught in a net midway down . Sunny helps them to escape safely , and afterwards they find a secret passage that leads to the ashen ruins of their home . At the auction in Veblen Hall , the Baudelaires start a bidding war on a box labeled `` V.F.D. '' , which they believe contains the Quagmires . Though they win the item , they find the box contains only doilies . In the aftermath , Olaf and his troupe escape with the Quagmires , who are hidden inside a red herring statue . The Baudelaires ask Jerome to help track down Olaf , but he is far too timid to do so , and gives up his guardianship of them . Mr. Poe tells the children that a village with the initials `` V.F.D. '' is willing to raise them . 13 5 `` The Vile Village : Part 1 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Sigrid Gilmer March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Mr. Poe drops the Baudelaires off at the Village of Fowl Devotees , where the whole community will care for them collectively . The Baudelaires take up residence with Hector , a kindly handyman prone to fainting spells who is secretly building a self - sustaining hot - air mobile home , and soon begin finding clues written by the Quagmires themselves . Olaf , Esmé , and the troupe also arrive at the village , with Esmé disguising herself as the town 's new chief of police . Jacques and Olivia also arrive and detain Olaf at the local jailhouse ; the next day , the villagers learn of Olaf 's capture and hold a town hall meeting , where Olaf appears in the disguise of Detective Dupin , tricking everyone into believing Jacques is Olaf . Jacques is sentenced to death , but Olivia convinces Esmé to free her and Jacques in exchange for the location of the Sugar Bowl , an object with ties to Esmé 's past . Jacques stays behind to confront Olaf ; however , the villain is unfazed by Jacques ' offer of a truce , and he and Esmé incapacitate and kill him . The next morning , as the Baudelaires try to break into the jail to rescue Jacques , they are informed that `` Olaf '' has been murdered . 14 6 `` The Vile Village : Part 2 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Sigrid Gilmer March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) The disguised Olaf and Esmé quickly convince Mr. Poe and the town that the Baudelaires murdered Jacques / `` Olaf , '' and they are promptly condemned to be burned at the stake . While in jail , the children instruct Hector to prepare his hot - air mobile home to help them escape . While Violet creates a battering ram to weaken the jail wall , Klaus deduces from their clues that the Quagmires are hidden inside a crow fountain in the village square . Larry and Jacquelyn arrive on the scene to distract the villagers long enough for the children to escape via a fire truck and follow Hector . The Baudelaires cover for the Quagmires as they use the truck 's ladder to climb aboard the mobile home . As they do so , Olaf , Esmé , and the villagers arrive , and Esmé begins damaging Hector 's home with a harpoon gun . Realizing their danger , the Baudelaires tell Hector to escape with the Quagmires . In thanks , the Quagmires try to throw their friends their notes about the secrets of V.F.D. , but Esmé shoots them with a harpoon , scattering the pages and harming a crow . While the villagers accost the disguised villains over the injured bird , the Baudelaires collect as many of the ruined pages as they can and make their escape . 15 7 `` The Hostile Hospital : Part 1 '' Alan Arkush Joshua Conkel March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) The Baudelaires hitch a ride with volunteer singing candy stripers heading to Heimlich Hospital . They learn that there is a Library of Records that collects and stores esoterica . After sneaking past the hospital 's administrator Babs , they meet Hal , the man who runs the library . He welcomes their help , but forbids them to read material in storage . While Hal shows them the ropes , a film reel labeled `` Snicket '' arrives and catches the children 's attention . Meanwhile , believing the Sugar Bowl to be in the hospital , Olaf and his troupe infiltrate the building . Desperate for answers , the children are forced to steal Hal 's keys to access the library , where they find the film . It contains a debriefing of Jacques by a V.F.D. volunteer , with Jacques informing the interviewer that someone has survived a fire , which may or may not be the one that killed the Baudelaire 's parents . However , before they can watch any further , they are interrupted by Esmé ; as they try to escape , the library is ruined . Violet is captured by Olaf while Klaus and Sunny hide in a chute , in possession of the film . 16 8 `` The Hostile Hospital : Part 2 '' Alan Arkush Joshua Conkel March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Olaf and Esmé hide Violet under a false name ; to find her , Klaus disguises himself as `` Dr. Faustus , '' with Sunny hidden in a sling underneath his coat . They eventually deduce which room Violet is in , but this is a trap laid by Olaf , who forces Klaus to operate on Violet inside an operating theater . Esmé promises to call off the scheme if Klaus can give her what he stole from the Library of Records , and he does so -- only , it 's not the Sugar Bowl that she has been searching for . Olaf , however , is interested in the Snicket film , and dashes off to watch it to learn its secret . Furious at its revelations , he burns the film , which also starts a fire in the hospital . The Baudelaires successfully evacuate the hospital and realize that their only chance to escape safely is in the trunk of Olaf 's car . Hal is left depressed over the loss of the Library of Records . Elsewhere , an unknown person recovers the Sugar Bowl from the burning hospital . 17 9 `` Carnivorous Carnival : Part 1 '' Loni Peristere Joe Tracz March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) A flashback to a masked ball at the V.F.D. headquarters shows Lemony trying to warn Beatrice about Olaf . In the present , Olaf and his troupe arrive at the Caligari Carnival to speak with its fortune - teller , Madame Lulu , about the fire 's survivor . Lulu , who is really Olivia in disguise , tells them to wait for the answer in the morning . The Baudelaires overhear this , and hoping to speak to Lulu as well , assume the identities of circus freaks , with Violet and Klaus as a two - headed person and Sunny as a wolf child . After calling V.F.D. , Olivia is able to tell Olaf the next day that one of the Baudelaire parents did indeed survive the fire . Olaf then presents a freak show that proves disastrous , so he sets off to find a pack of roaming lions to help attract a larger crowd . This gives an opportunity for the children to sneak into Lulu 's tent , where they discover films , books , and disguises belonging to the Volunteer Fire Department -- the secret organization their parents and guardians belonged to . Olivia then appears and reveals her true identity to them . 18 10 `` Carnivorous Carnival : Part 2 '' Loni Peristere Joe Tracz March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Olivia explains to the Baudelaires that `` Madame Lulu '' is an alias used by V.F.D. agents to gather information . While Olivia admits she had to lie to Olaf about one of the children 's parents surviving the fire , Jacques had asserted that there was a survivor , and they should head to the V.F.D. headquarters in the Mortmain Mountains to find them . Meanwhile , Olaf plans to throw one of the freaks into a pit filled with the hungry lions he has corralled , while Esmé connives to have Lulu killed . The next day , Olaf selects Violet and Klaus for the pit . When Olivia is told to push the children to the lions , she instead pushes them to safety , and is sent tumbling into the pit by Olaf for her troubles . As the children try to collect the V.F.D. materials from Lulu 's tent , Olaf arrives and forces them to burn the tent down . Then , after placing Violet and Klaus in a towed caravan and taking Sunny in his car , Olaf has the other freaks cut the towing rope on a steep mountain path . At the same time , the last operative to pose as Madame Lulu arrives at the burning carnival as Lemony Snicket claims that she is someone he knows . Season 3 ( edit ) The third season will adapt the final four books of the novel series in seven episodes : The Slippery Slope , The Grim Grotto and The Penultimate Peril will be adapted into two episodes each , and The End will conclude the series with a longer single episode . Barry Sonnenfeld will direct the episodes for The Penultimate Peril . Liza Johnson and Jonathan Teplitzky will also direct episodes in the season . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The thirteen A Series of Unfortunate Events novels , written by Daniel Handler under the pen name Lemony Snicket from 1999 to 2006 , achieved success in young adult fiction around the same time as the Harry Potter novels . As such , the Snicket books had been optioned to be filmed before they were published . This led to the development of a 2004 feature film , Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events , which covered the narratives of the first three novels in the series . Barry Sonnenfeld , who has expressed his love for the series , was originally slated to direct the feature film , and had hired Handler to write the screenplay . About 10 months into production , shortly after the casting of Jim Carrey as Olaf , there was a `` big crisis '' , according to Handler , which caused producer Scott Rudin to walk away and Sonnenfeld left the production under unclear terms . With the film 's completion in flux , its producing studios Paramount Pictures and DreamWorks fired Handler . While the film was eventually completed and released , sequels which would adapt the other novels in the series became unlikely due to `` corporate shakeups '' within DreamWorks , according to Handler , and the child actors that portrayed the Baudelaire children grew too old to star in a sequel . In November 2014 , Netflix , in association with Paramount Television , announced its plans to adapt the novels into an original television series , with the author of the series , Daniel Handler , serving as executive producer . In September 2015 , it was announced that Barry Sonnenfeld and Mark Hudis had agreed to helm the series . Hudis would serve as showrunner , Sonnenfeld as director , and both as executive producers , with Handler writing some of the scripts along with working with the series ' writing team . However , in January 2016 , Netflix announced that Hudis had left the project , with a replacement showrunner not named at the time . The first season consists of eight episodes , with two episodes adapting each of the first four books of the series . Handler considered this more in line with how he had written the books in the manner of a serialized melodrama , citing The Perils of Pauline as one of his influences in writing the book series . In January 2017 , Handler revealed that he was writing the series ' second season , to consist of ten episodes adapting the fifth through ninth books of the series . A third season would adapt the remaining novels of the series , which Handler hoped `` to get the go - ahead to do '' since `` given how quickly young actors age and change , we 're trying to film everything as quickly as possible . '' In March 2017 , Netflix revealed the series had been renewed for a second season by releasing a video on their social media pointing to a viral marketing website , where a letter written by Snicket revealed the decision . A month later , the series was `` quietly '' renewed for a third season , which Harris confirmed would be the final one for the series . Casting ( edit ) Neil Patrick Harris portrays Count Olaf in the series and serves as a producer . On December 3 , 2015 , an open casting call was announced for the roles of Violet and Klaus Baudelaire . In January 2016 , Netflix announced that Neil Patrick Harris had been cast as Count Olaf and Malina Weissman and Louis Hynes were cast as Violet and Klaus . Handler had first considered Harris for the role of Olaf after seeing him perform the opening number `` It 's Not Just for Gays Anymore '' , at the 65th Tony Awards in 2011 , noting `` I just immediately saw someone who could pull off a million things at once '' as was necessary for the character of Olaf , who utilizes various disguises and accents in his quest to steal the Baudelaire fortune . In March 2016 , K. Todd Freeman was cast as Mr. Poe , followed shortly after by the casting of Patrick Warburton as Lemony Snicket , and Aasif Mandvi as Uncle Monty . In September 2016 , it was revealed that Dylan Kingwell and Avi Lake were cast as the Quagmire siblings , Duncan and Isadora , respectively . In November 2016 , Handler revealed Catherine O'Hara , Don Johnson , and Alfre Woodard had been cast as Dr. Georgina Orwell , Sir , and Aunt Josephine , respectively ; O'Hara had previously portrayed Justice Strauss in the 2004 film adaptation of A Series of Unfortunate Events . It was also revealed that Presley Smith would play Sunny Baudelaire , whose quasi-nonsensical lines are voiced by Tara Strong , and Rhys Darby would play Charles , Sir 's partner . Filming ( edit ) Production began in May 2016 in Vancouver , British Columbia , and in August 2016 several cast members expressed through social media that filming had finished . Filming for the second season began in April 2017 . The third season began filming on January 5 , 2018 . One aspect of the series of books that the production team wanted to be captured in the series was the notion of a lack of specific time period or geography for the settings ; Handler stated that he wrote enough for establishing set pieces , but purposely left more specific details vague `` in order for young readers to fill in the blanks themselves . '' Sonnenfeld wanted to capture that same sense of ambiguous time and place , and he and his team worked to try to define a set of subjective rules of what elements could be included . Sonnenfeld brought on Bo Welch , production designer for Edward Scissorhands , which Handler considered to capture the same sense of a `` familiar but completely imaginary '' suburban setting he had in mind for his books . While the production team used computer - generated imagery where needed , they attempted to avoid this use where possible , such as by using large painted backdrops , by key scenic artist John E. Wilcox , rather than employing green screen filming . Music ( edit ) In April 2016 , Nick Urata was initially reported to be composing music for the series . Once the first season was released , it was revealed that Urata collaborated with Daniel Handler to compose the main title theme , `` Look Away '' , as well as various original songs that appear throughout the series , with Handler contributing the lyrics . The first season 's original score was composed by James Newton Howard , with his frequent collaborators Sven Faulconer and Chris Bacon filling in to score certain episodes . In the second season , Jim Dooley joined the production as composer and subsequently wrote the music for all ten episodes . `` Look Away '' , the theme song for the opening titles of the series , is performed by Neil Patrick Harris . In keeping with the tone of the book series , the song warns the viewer against continuing to watch the unpleasant story any further . The lyrics of one verse of the song change for each pair of episodes , comprising a brief synopsis of those episodes ' premise . Visual effects ( edit ) Zoic Studios created visual effects for the series , including the effects for many of Sunny Baudelaire 's actions . Tippett Studio also did work on the series , including the effects for the destruction of Josephine 's house , landscape shots of Lake Lachrymose and some of the more movement heavy Sunny Baudelaire shots . Release ( edit ) All eight episodes of the first season of A Series of Unfortunate Events were released worldwide on Netflix on January 13 , 2017 , in Ultra HD 4K . The second season was released on March 30 , 2018 . Marketing ( edit ) On July 5 , 2015 a video titled `` An Unfortunate Teaser '' was uploaded to YouTube by a user named `` Eleanora Poe '' . Netflix quickly released a statement saying `` This was not released from Netflix . '' Media outlets were almost unanimous in agreement that the trailer was fan - made . However , Caitlin Petrakovitz of CNET argued that the trailer may be real and that Netflix 's carefully worded denial was a marketing campaign , noting the user name `` Eleanora Poe '' being the same as a character from the series , and that a vinyl record seen in the trailer was of The Gothic Archies , a band who provided the theme music for the audio books of A Series of Unfortunate Events . The trailer was later revealed to be a spec promo , similar to a spec script , by an independent commercial director , whom Netflix contracted to make a title sequence for the series after the video 's popularity , though they did not go ahead with the concept . In October 2016 , Netflix released the first teaser trailer for A Series of Unfortunate Events , where Warburton narrates the events of the series as Lemony Snicket . A trailer , featuring footage from the series and Neil Patrick Harris 's character , Count Olaf , was released by Netflix in November 2016 , followed shortly by the first full trailer . The second trailer was released in December 2016 , followed by a `` holiday - themed '' trailer from Count Olaf leading fans to a viral marketing website for the fictional Valorous Farms Dairy , which featured four holiday e-cards for download . Reception ( edit ) Audience viewership ( edit ) As Netflix does not reveal subscriber viewership numbers for any of their original series , Symphony Technology Group compiled data for the first season based on people using software on their devices that measure television viewing by detecting a program 's sound . According to Symphony , 3.755 million viewers age 18 - 49 were watching an episode of A Series of Unfortunate Events over the average minute in its first weekend of release . Critical response ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) The first season of A Series of Unfortunate Events received critical acclaim . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the season an approval rating of 94 % based on 62 reviews , with an average rating of 8.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Enjoyably dark , A Series of Unfortunate Events matches the source material 's narrative as well as its tone , leaving viewers with a wonderfully weird , dry , gothic comedy . '' On Metacritic the season has a score of 81 out of 100 , based on 23 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Erik Adams of The A.V. Club awarded the season a B and praised it for treating `` mature themes like grief , loss , and disappointment with sardonic honesty . '' Adams compared the program positively to the Adam West Batman series , calling it `` kids stuff with adult sophistication , driven by two - part stories , outrageous visuals , and the scenery - chewing of big - name guest stars '' . Ben Travers of Indiewire gave the series an A - , saying that it `` proves as inspirational and endearing as it claims to be forlorn and heartbreaking '' . Brian Lowry of CNN praised the showrunners for `` infusing the show with a lemony - fresh feel , conjuring a series similar to the fantastical tone of Pushing Daisies '' . Lowry wrote that `` the show proves a good deal of fun '' and that `` Harris dives into his over-the - top character with considerable gusto . '' He also argued that the series improved upon the 2004 film . Several critics praised the television series as a better adaptation of the books than the 2004 feature film , which starred Jim Carrey as Count Olaf . Kelly Lawler of USA Today felt the television format gave the stories more room to develop , the addition of Warburton as the fourth wall - breaking Snicket helped to convey some of the wordplay humor used in the books , and Harris 's portrayal of Olaf was `` much more dynamic , and creepier '' than Carrey 's version . The Verge 's Chaim Gartenburg said that the show follows the books much more faithfully than the film , and `` nails down the tone that made the stories so special '' . Los Angeles Times writer Robert Lloyd felt that the backgrounds of Sonnenfeld and Welch made them `` the right people for this job , set in a milieu that is hard to fix in time , except to say it is not now '' , in capturing the tones of the book compared to the feature film . Nick Allen of RogerEbert.com , on the other hand , gave the series a negative review , calling it `` an unfunny parody of sadness '' that is `` never as clever as it wants to be '' and would only appeal to fans of the books . Caroline Framke of Vox Media praised the series for its unique and weird visuals , but found the show 's tone , pacing and performances to be haphazard and considered the show to be `` literally , a series of unfortunate events '' . Season 2 ( edit ) As with the first season , the second season received critical acclaim . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the second season an approval rating of 100 % based on 13 reviews , with an average rating of 7.8 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` Season two of A Series of Unfortunate Events is as gothic , twisted and absurd as the first , to the delight of moody tweens of all ages . '' Clarisse Loughrey of The Independent praised the show as one that `` essentially deals with thoughtful , intelligent young people battling to speak up against an illogical world . '' While observing that the `` show may revel in the miserable '' , she opined `` that the purpose of its own morbidity is to offer the assurance that hope lives in even the darkest of places . '' Loughrey also credited the show 's expanded storyline for the Baudelaires ' adult allies for `` plumping up '' the episodes ' narrative arcs and deepening the show 's emotional impact . Tristram Fane Saunders of The Telegraph awarded the second season four out of five stars . He described the show as a `` gothic treat ( that ) also offers a wicked line in absurdist humour , and the most gorgeously toybox - like set designs you 'll find anywhere outside a Wes Anderson film . '' Radio Times reviewer Huw Fullerton praised the series for its faithfulness to the original novels . While praising the improved CGI used to make Presley Smith 's character Sunny Baudelaire react better to situations , he criticized the addition of supporting `` good '' characters such as Nathan Fillion 's Jacques Snicket and Sara Canning 's Jacquelyn for `` undercutting the bleakness and loneliness that characterized the novels . '' Rohan Naahar of the Hindustan Times described A Series of Unfortunate Events as `` one of the most lavish originals in Netflix 's bottomless catalogue , created by fans , for fans . '' He also praised Neil Patrick Harris ' performance as Count Olaf . The Den of Geek reviewer Michael Ahr praised tortoise - shell ' amphibiophones ' and stone marimbas score for giving the television series its primal sound . IGN reviewer Jonathon Dornbush criticized the second season 's formulaic plot structure and lack of the insightful observations compared to the first season . He also praised several of the second season 's episodes particularly `` The Ersatz Elevator '' , `` The Hostile Hospital '' , and `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' for smartly twisting the story formula and deepening the novel series ' mythology . Dornbush also praised the performance of guest stars such as Lucy Punch and Patrick Warburton and awarded the second season 7.2 stars . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result Ref 2017 Leo Awards Best Visual Effects in a Dramatic Series Luis Alejandro Guevara , Bob Habros , Cale Jacox , Ron Simonson , Jeffrey De Guzman Nominated Best Make - Up in a Dramatic Series Rita Ciccozzi , Krista Seller , Tanya Hudson , Gitte Axen Won Best Hairstyling in a Dramatic Series Julie Mchaffie , Dianne Holme , Jenine Lehfeldt Won Best Guest Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series Sara Canning Nominated Saturn Awards Best New Media Television Series A Series of Unfortunate Events Nominated Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Music Composition for a Series James Newton Howard Nominated Gold Derby TV Awards Comedy Actor Neil Patrick Harris Nominated Hollywood Music in Media Awards Main Title Theme -- TV Show / Limited Series Nick Urata and Daniel Handler Won Peabody Awards Children 's & Youth Programming A Series of Unfortunate Events Won 2018 Satellite Awards Best Actor in a Series - Comedy or Musical Neil Patrick Harris Nominated Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Netflix and critics name the first two episodes as `` The Bad Beginning '' , following the title of the book , while the episode itself displays the name of `` A Bad Beginning '' after the opening credits . Jump up ^ Netflix names the episodes of the second season as Part 1 and Part 2 , while the episodes themselves display the names as Part One and Part Two after the opening credits , following the format of the first season . ^ Jump up to : Netflix names the ninth and tenth episodes as `` Carnivorous Carnival '' , while the episodes themselves display the name of `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' after the opening credits , following the title of the book . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wollaston , Sam ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events review -- fabulous steampunk fun '' -- via The Guardian . ^ Jump up to : `` A Series of Unfortunate Events ' : Barry Sonnenfeld Was Booted Off the Movie , and Now He 's Saved the Franchise '' . IndieWire.com . January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saraiya , Sonia ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` TV Review : Lemony Snicket 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' on Netflix '' . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ; Goldberg , Lesley ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris to Star in Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' as Showrunner Exits '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Patrick Warburton Is Lemony Snicket In Netflix 's ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gettell , Oliver ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's Series Of Unfortunate Events casts its Violet and Klaus '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` K. Todd Freeman Joins Netflix 's ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' ; Anna Torv in ' Mindhunter ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Li , Shirley ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : Meet Count Olaf in official trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Shamsian , Jacob ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` 11 big actors you did n't realize were in ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' '' . Business Insider . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Calvario , Liz ( June 10 , 2017 ) . `` Nathan Fillion & More Join Season 2 of ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' -- Find Out Who They 're Playing '' . ET Online . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , Amanda ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' Air Date , Cast News : Early 2017 Release Plotted ; Meet 4 Child Actors Of ASOUE '' . Parent Herald . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Serrao , Nivea ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ' : A Deep Dive Into the New Trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rivera , Brittany ( January 1 , 2017 ) . `` 15 Things You Need To Know About Netflix 's A Series Of Unfortunate Events '' . ScreenRant . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Capes , Kristy ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Everything We Know So Far About Netflix 's A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Flickering Myth . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Van Vorrhis , Genevieve ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` A Series Of Unfortunate Events : News , Trailer , Characters , Release Date & All You Need To Know '' . Movie Pilot . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Series of Unfortunate Events season 2 review : Misery makes a welcome return '' . March 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Series of Unfortunate Events Season 2 Cast & Character Guide '' . March 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Teaser for Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events , Coming to Netflix '' . ComingSoon.net . October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Aasif Mandvi Cast In Netflix 's ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' & USA 's ' Mr. Robot ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : @ DanielHandler ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` The @ unfortunate trailer is coming tomorrow . For today , our final cast reveal -- -- @ AlfreWoodard as Aunt Josephine : '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : @ DanielHandler ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Today 's @ Unfortunate reveal : @ DonJohnson and @ Aasif Mandvi 's characters . Can you guess who ? '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Will ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Series of Unfortunate Events : Lemony Snicket shares first look at two characters '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Scens of `` A Series of Unfortunate Events '' `` . Jump up ^ A Series of Unfortunate Events ( @ unfortunate ) ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` The sad truth is the truth is sad . @ davidalangrier joins Season 2 , adding to the ranks of people who did not heed our sound advice to avoid this grim tale at all costs '' . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ A Series of Unfortunate Events ( @ unfortunate ) ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` A most unfortunate update : @ robbieamell joins Season 2 of # ASOUE . Our repeated letters instructing him to run swiftly in the opposite direction must have failed to arrive '' . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ Walsh , Megan ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` Harper & Gideon Make A Cameo On ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' In The Most Surprising Way '' . Romper.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Falcone , Dana Rose ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris on What It Was Like Working with His Kids on A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . People . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` Allison Williams Joins ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' at Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sims , Andrew ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's ' Series of Unfortunate Events ' is ' a much darker take , ' says Neil Patrick Harris '' . Hypable . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Bad Beginning : Part One '' . A Series of Unfortunate Events . Season 1 . Episode 1 . Event occurs at 1 : 10 . Netflix . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The Bad Beginning : Part Two '' . A Series of Unfortunate Events . Season 1 . Episode 2 . Event occurs at 1 : 09 . Netflix . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Snetiker , Marc ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` Lemony Snicket speaks out about Netflix 's Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carnivorous Carnival : Part 1 '' . A Series of Unfortunate Events . Season 2 . Episode 9 . Event occurs at 1 : 09 . Netflix . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Carnivorous Carnival : Part 2 '' . A Series of Unfortunate Events . Season 2 . Episode 10 . Event occurs at 1 : 03 . Netflix . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Shamsian , Jacob ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` The final season of Netflix 's ' Series of Unfortunate Events ' will adapt the books differently than the rest of the show -- here 's why '' . Insider . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` DGC BC PRODUCTION LIST '' ( PDF ) . Directors Guild of Canada . September 29 , 2017 . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` In Production '' . www.creativebc.com . Jump up ^ `` Vancouver Film Production Update - October 2017 '' . www.vancouverfilm.net . ^ Jump up to : Spense D. ( December 16 , 2004 ) . `` Interview : Lemony Snicket '' . IGN . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tiffany , Kaitlyn ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` How Netflix made A Series of Unfortunate Events , its first great TV for families '' . The Verge . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( November 5 , 2014 ) . `` Netflix Adapting Lemony Snicket 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Into TV Show '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( September 4 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix 's Lemony Snicket Series Taps ' True Blood 's ' Mark Hudis , Barry Sonnenfeld ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lucero II , Louis ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's Fortunate Reinvention of ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' '' . New York Times . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwindt , Oriana ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Renewed for Season 2 at Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events Renewal Extended Through Season 3 at Netflix '' . TV Line . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Liam ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris Confirms A Series of Unfortunate Events Will End After Season 3 '' . TV Guide . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Series Of Unfortunate Events Online Search '' . Lemony Snicket Casting . Cast It Talent . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's why Lemony Snicket cast Neil Patrick Harris '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris Closes Deal To Star In Netflix 's A Series Of Unfortunate Events '' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Patrick Harris on shooting A Series of Unfortunate Events in Vancouver '' . CBC News . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Smith , Sophia ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events Premiere Date and Casting : Confirmed and Rumored Casting ; Filming Concluded '' . CrossMap.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' Behind The Scenes '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Hynes , Louis ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` Day 1 of season 3 ! ! We got new slates ! ! ! @ janneswessels # asoue '' . Instagram . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nick Urata to Score Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' '' . Film Music Reporter. April 19 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix Premieres ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Theme Song '' . FilmMusicReporter.com . January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ahr , Michael ( April 1 , 2018 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : New Sounds for Season 2 '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Martinelli , Marissa ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris Urges You to `` Look Away '' in the Series of Unfortunate Events Theme Song `` . Slate . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` If you 're watching Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events , ' do n't skip the opening credits '' . Business Insider . January 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trendacosta , Katharine ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` I Bet You Did n't Know There Were This Many Ways to Fear a CGI Baby '' . io9 . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lemony Snicket 's Series of Unfortunate Events -- Tippett Studio '' . www.tippett.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Netflix . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Loughrey , Clarisse ( January 1 , 2018 ) . `` New trailer and release date revealed for A Series of Unfortunate Events Season 2 '' . The Independent . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( July 6 , 2015 ) . `` Someone made a cool trailer for Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' -- but it was n't Netflix '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( July 6 , 2015 ) . `` Fake Trailer for Netflix 's ' Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Lights Up YouTube '' . Variety . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Nigel M. ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` Lemony Snicket fan - made Netflix trailer goes viral '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Browning , Laura M. ( July 6 , 2015 ) . `` That Series Of Unfortunate Events trailer is fake , Netflix series still real '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petrakovitz , Caitlin ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` That ' Series of Unfortunate Events ' trailer is real , and here 's why '' . CNET . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kellen Moore '' . kmoore.co . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' : Meet Count Olaf In First - Look Teaser '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elfman , Sheri ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` Second trailer for ' Lemony Snicket 's A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' released '' . UPI . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Van Voorhis , Genevieve ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` Watch All The Trailers For Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' And Decode The Messages Inside '' . Movie Pilot . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events Tops Luke Cage Viewership '' . Screen Rant . January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : Season 1 '' . Metacritic.com . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adams , Erik ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Orphaned at the cinema , A Series Of Unfortunate Events gets its due on Netflix '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lemony Snicket ' books find fresh new life as Netflix series '' . CNN.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Kelly ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` How Netflix 's ' Series of Unfortunate Events ' outshines the 2004 film '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gartenburg , Chaim ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's A Series of Unfortunate Events gets right what the movie got wrong '' . The Verge . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Robert ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Fortunately , this ' Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ' is a series worth watching '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Allen , Nick ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's `` A Series Of Unfortunate Events '' an unfunny parody of sadness `` . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Framke , Caroline ( January 14 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's take on Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events embraces weirdness , and not much else '' . Vox . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : Season 2 ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Loughrey , Clarisse ( 29 April 2018 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events season 2 review : Misery makes a welcome return '' . The Independent . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Saunders , Tristan Fane ( 30 March 2018 ) . `` ' A gothic treat ' -- A Series of Unfortunate Events , season 2 , Netflix , review '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw ( 30 March 2018 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events season 2 review : more marvellous misery '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Naahar , Rohan ( 30 March 2018 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events season 2 review : Netflix 's strangest , most lavish show does n't care what you think '' . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Ahr , Michael . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : New Sounds for Season 2 '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon . `` Unfortunately uneven but still includes great episodes '' . IGN . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Leo Awards , 2017 Winners by Name '' . www.leoawards.com . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 2 March 2017 ) . `` ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees / Winners '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Chris Beachum , Daniel Montgomery , Marcus James ( 27 July 2017 ) . `` 2017 Gold Derby TV Awards nominations : ' This is Us , ' ' Veep , ' ' The Leftovers , ' ' Stranger Things ' among top contenders '' . Goldderby . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Music in Media Awards : Full Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Highlighting the Best Storytelling of 2017 '' . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Satellite Award Nominations '' . TheWrap. 29 November 2017 . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . 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"The first season, which premiered on January 13, 2017, consists of eight episodes and adapts the first four books of the series. The second season was ordered in March 2017 and released on March 30, 2018. A Series of Unfortunate Events was renewed for a third season in April 2017, which will consist of seven episodes and adapt the remaining four books."
] | [
"March 30, 2018"
] |
3768572788555488638 | Warwick Davis | Warwick Davis - wikipedia Warwick Davis Jump to : navigation , search Warwick Davis Davis in 2007 Warwick Ashley Davis ( 1970 - 02 - 03 ) 3 February 1970 ( age 48 ) Epsom , Surrey , England Occupation Actor , television presenter , writer , director , producer Years active 1982 -- present Height 3 ft 6 in ( 107 cm ) Spouse ( s ) Samantha Davis ( m . 1991 ) Children 4 ( 2 deceased ) Relatives Peter Burroughs ( father - in - law ) Hayley Burroughs ( sister - in - law ) Website warwickdavis.co.uk Warwick Ashley Davis ( born 3 February 1970 ) is an English actor , television presenter , writer , director and producer . He played the title characters in Willow and the Leprechaun film series , the Ewok Wicket in Star Wars Episode VI : Return of the Jedi and Professor Filius Flitwick and Griphook in the Harry Potter films . Davis also starred as a fictionalised version of himself in the sitcom Life 's Too Short , written and directed by Ricky Gervais and Stephen Merchant . He has presented ITV game shows Celebrity Squares ( 2014 -- 2015 ) and Tenable ( 2016 -- present ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Other projects 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 5 References 6 External links Early Life ( edit ) Davis was born in Epsom , Surrey , the son of Susan and Ashley Davis , an insurance worker . Davis has a younger sister . He was educated at Chinthurst School and later the City of London Freemen 's School . Davis was born with Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita , an extremely rare form of dwarfism . When Davis was 11 , his grandmother heard a radio advert calling for people who were 4 feet ( 1.2 m ) tall or shorter to be in Return of the Jedi . To Davis , who was a fan of the Star Wars films , it was a dream come true . During the filming of Return of the Jedi , Mark Hamill bought Davis every Star Wars figure he did not have . Career ( edit ) Davis with fellow Star Wars actor Anthony Daniels ( C - 3PO ) in 2010 Davis was originally cast as an extra Ewok , but when Kenny Baker , who was originally going to be Wicket , fell ill , George Lucas picked Davis to be the new Wicket after seeing how he carried himself as an Ewok . Davis based his Ewok movements on his dog , who would tilt his head from side to side whenever he saw something strange . During production on the film , Davis was the subject of a short mockumentary film about his experience as Wicket , titled Return of the Ewok , made by Return of the Jedi 's first assistant director , David Tomblin . The unreleased film was a fictional look at his decision to become an actor and act in the film and his transformation into Wicket the Ewok . Davis reprised his role as Wicket in the ABC made - for - TV films Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure and Ewoks : The Battle for Endor . In 1987 , Davis was called to Elstree Studios near London to meet with Ron Howard and George Lucas to discuss a new film project called Willow , which was written with Davis specifically in mind . Willow was his first opportunity to act with his face visible . He co-starred with Val Kilmer in the film , which received a Royal Premiere before the Prince and Princess of Wales . He then moved to television to be in the BBC Television adaptation of the classic The Chronicles of Narnia , specifically in Prince Caspian , The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( as Reepicheep ) , and The Silver Chair ( as Glimfeather ) and an episode of Zorro filmed in Madrid . In 1993 , he played the villainous Irish goblin in Leprechaun , alongside Jennifer Aniston . He then returned to the Star Wars universe , playing three roles in Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace : Weazel , a gambler sitting next to Watto at the Podrace ; Wald , who was Anakin 's Rodian friend ; and Yoda in some scenes where Yoda was seen walking . Davis played the role of Professor Filius Flitwick in the Harry Potter films . Davis played a white - moustached Flitwick in the first two films , and then a black - haired unnamed chorus conductor for the third instalment of the series . In the fourth film , Flitwick is younger looking , with short , brown hair and a trimmed moustache . In addition to playing Flitwick , Davis played the role of the goblin Griphook in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , despite the role being played previously by fellow dwarf actor Verne Troyer . In 2004 , Davis played the character `` Plates '' in the indie film Skinned Deep , directed by special effects artist Gabriel Bartalos . In 2006 , Davis appeared , alongside fellow Harry Potter star Daniel Radcliffe , in an episode of BBC 's comedy series Extras as a satirical version of himself . Davis starred in the film version of The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy , as the `` body '' of Marvin the Paranoid Android ( the voice was provided by Alan Rickman ) . In December 2006 , Davis starred in the pantomime Snow White and the Seven Dwarves at the Opera House , Manchester , and again in 2007 -- 08 at the New Wimbledon Theatre . Davis appeared in The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian , in which he played Nikabrik the Dwarf , adding to his previous involvement in TV adaptations of the Chronicles of Narnia series . He also appeared as a contestant on the 2007 series of Children in Need reality show Celebrity Scissorhands . Davis starred as a fictional version of himself in Life 's Too Short , written by Ricky Gervais and Stephen Merchant , who also starred . In December 2012 , Davis returned to New Wimbledon Theatre to reprise his role in Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs . In March 2013 , Davis presented an episode of the ITV series Perspectives : Warwick Davis -- The Seven Dwarfs of Auschwitz , in which he explored the story of the Ovitz family , a touring musical troupe which included seven dwarfs who survived the Nazi Auschwitz concentration camp and the experiments of Josef Mengele . In late 2013 , Davis appeared for one month as Patsy in the musical comedy Spamalot , based on the film Monty Python and the Holy Grail in London , At the same time , Davis hosted a press conference to announce the Monty Python reunion . In 2014 , Davis hosted a factual series for ITV called Weekend Escapes with Warwick Davis . The show saw Davis and his family travelling around Britain , enjoying short weekend holiday breaks . The show returned for a second series in spring 2015 . From 2014 - 15 , he hosted the revived version of game show Celebrity Squares on ITV . The first series was shown in 2014 and a second aired in 2015 . Davis appeared in the 2015 sequel Star Wars : The Force Awakens . In July 2015 , he became the voice of Gordon the Gopher in a pilot developed for BBC Taster , and the pilot progressed well , becoming one of the highest rated on the BBC 's Taster section . Davis confirmed that he will appear in Star Wars : The Last Jedi in a to be determined role . The film was released in December 2017 . In November 2016 , Davis began presenting the daytime ITV game show Tenable . The show will return for three further series in 2017 and 2018 . In April 2017 , at Star Wars Celebration Orlando , it was announced that Davis would play Grand Admiral Thrawn 's bodyguard Ruhk in the fourth season of Star Wars Rebels . On 26 July 2017 it was announced that Davis will be appearing in the upcoming film , Solo : A Star Wars Story , that will reunite him with his Willow director Ron Howard . The film is set for release in May 2018 . This will be the eighth appearance for Davis in a Star Wars film . Other projects ( edit ) In addition to his acting career , in 1995 , Davis co-founded , with fellow dwarf actor and father - in - law Peter Burroughs , the talent agency Willow Management , that specialises in representing actors under five feet ( 1.52 m ) tall . Many of Davis 's co-stars and fellow dwarf actors from Star Wars , Willow , Labyrinth and the Harry Potter series are represented by the agency . In 2004 , the agency also began representing actors over seven feet ( 2.13 m ) tall who had suffered from being confined to `` niche '' roles . Over forty members of Willow Management were cast as goblins in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 . In April 2010 , Davis published his autobiography , Size Matters Not : The Extraordinary Life and Career of Warwick Davis , with a foreword by George Lucas . In January 2013 , he appeared in a Comic Relief episode of The Great British Bake Off , winning that episode 's title of `` Comic Relief Star Baker '' . Davis is a founder of the Reduced Height Theatre Company , which stages theatrical productions cast exclusively with short actors and using reduced height sets . Their first production was See How They Run , touring the UK in 2014 . In February 2015 , the production was the subject of the BBC 's `` Warwick Davis ' Big Night '' as part of the Modern Times documentary series . In June 2016 , he was the castaway on the BBC Radio 4 programme Desert Island Discs . The BBC broadcast an episode of Who Do You Think You Are ? genealogy programmes on Warwick Davis in February 2017 . In the episode Davis learned that in his family tree he had an ancestor that had been married to two women at the same time , another who had died in an asylum from syphilis and another who performed as a minstrel in blackface . Personal Life ( edit ) Unlike most dwarfs ( 70.65 % ) who have a condition called achondroplasia , Davis ' dwarfism is caused by an extremely rare genetic condition called spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita ( SED ) . He has said the only real drawback to being small was the associated health problems . Of his own dwarfism , Davis has said , `` As you get older , you can suffer from painful hips , and our joints wear a lot quicker than for people of average height . '' Davis ' wife , Samantha , has achondroplasia , and their two children also have SED . Their daughter , Annabelle Davis , stars in the CBBC show , The Dumping Ground as Sasha Bellman . As a result of having different causes of dwarfism , the couple 's first two children , sons Lloyd and George , died shortly after birth , having had a fatal combination of the conditions . Samantha is the daughter of Davis ' business partner Peter Burroughs and the sister of actress Hayley Burroughs . Davis met the Burroughs family while filming Willow , where Samantha had a minor role as a Nelwyn villager . Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1982 Return of the Ewok Himself ; Wicket W. Warrick Unreleased Return of the Jedi Wicket W. Warrick 1984 Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure Main role 1985 Ewoks : The Battle for Endor 1986 Labyrinth Goblin Corps The Princess and the Dwarf 1988 Willow Willow Ufgood 1988 Prince Caspian Reepicheep The Silver Chair Glimfeather 1991 Zorro Don Alfonso Episode : `` The Jewelled Sword '' Leprechaun Leprechaun Leprechaun 2 1995 Leprechaun 3 Gulliver 's Travels Grildrig Leprechaun 4 : In Space Leprechaun Prince Valiant Pechet 1998 A Very Unlucky Leprechaun Lucky 1999 Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace Yoda ( walk - in shots ) Weazel Wald The New Adventures of Pinocchio Dwarf Pepe the Cricket The White Pony Lucky 2000 The 10th Kingdom Acorn the Dwarf Leprechaun in the Hood Leprechaun Snow White : The Fairest of Them All Saturday Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Professor Filius Flitwick The voice of Griphook ( played by Verne Troyer ) 2002 Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Professor Filius Flitwick Al 's Lads Leo 2003 Leprechaun : Back 2 tha Hood Leprechaun Ray Oberon Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Professor Filius Flitwick Skinned Deep Plates 2005 The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Marvin the Paranoid Android Voiced by Alan Rickman Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Professor Filius Flitwick Small Town Folk Knackerman Extras Himself 2007 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix Professor Filius Flitwick Ministry of Magic Employee 2008 Agent One - Half Agent One - Half The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian Nikabrik 2009 Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Professor Filius Flitwick Tell Him Next Year Santa 's Elf Short film Merlin Grettir Episode : `` The Eye of the Phoenix '' Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 Griphook 2011 Dick and Dom 's Funny Business Himself Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Griphook Professor Filius Flitwick Life 's Too Short Himself Creator 2012 An Idiot Abroad Himself Series 3 Chingari Gangster Boss As featured on An Idiot Abroad 3 2013 Doctor Who Porridge Episode : `` Nightmare in Silver '' Jack the Giant Slayer Old Hamm Top Gear Himself Episode : Series 20 , Episode 1 Ashens and the Quest for the GameChild Himself / The Silver Skull Unmasked Independent film Dwarves Assemble Oberon the Ufgood All episodes The Seven Dwarfs of Auschwitz Himself / Presenter Documentary Bookaboo Himself Episode : `` Dustbin Dad '' 2014 -- 2015 Weekend Escapes with Warwick Davis Presenter 2 series Celebrity Squares Presenter 2014 Get Santa Sally Text Santa Father Christmas 2015 Piers Morgan 's Life Stories Himself The One Show Guest presenter Stand - in presenter Catherine Tate 's Nan Graham Fanee Episode : `` Nanger Management '' Star Wars : The Force Awakens Wollivan Realms of Fightinge Teuthis Web series 2015 -- present Planet 's Got Talent Narrator 2 series 2016 Billionaire Boy Himself Television film The Dumping Ground Lou 2 episodes Rogue One : A Star Wars Story Weeteef Cyubee The Entire Universe The Big Bang Television special Fantastic Beasts and JK Rowling 's Wizarding World Presenter Television special Jonathan Creek Rev. Wendell Wilkie Episode : `` Daemons ' Roost '' 2016 -- present Tenable Presenter ITV game show 2017 -- present Comic Relief Co-presenter 2017 telethon 2017 Who Do You Think You Are ? Himself 1 episode Star Wars : The Last Jedi Wodibin Star Wars : Rebels Rukh ( voice ) 2 episodes British Airways Safety Video Himself Pre-flight safety video 2018 Solo : A Star Wars Story TBA Post-production 2019 Moominvalley Sniff ( voice ) Filming References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Deacon , Michael ( 10 November 2011 ) . `` Warwick Davis on Life 's Too Short '' . telegraph.co.uk . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 14 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Davis , Warwick ( 2011 ) . Size Matters Not : The Extraordinary Life and Career of Warwick Davis . John Wiley & Sons . p. xv . ISBN 1 - 118 - 11939 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Swann , Liam ( 29 July 2011 ) . `` Warwick Davis talks exclusively to MCMBUZZ ! '' . MCM Buzz . Retrieved 24 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Warwick Davis : the quintessential Ewok '' . The News and Courier. 24 November 1984 . Retrieved 24 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Warwick Davis - Who Do You Think You Are - A tale of long hidden family secrets ... '' www.thegenealogist.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Wars ' -- Warwick Davis Q&A '' . Time Out London . 11 September 2006 . Archived from the original on 25 July 2008 . Retrieved 24 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( 29 June 2010 ) . `` ' Harry Potter ' Star Warwick Davis Recalls Emotional Final Day on Set '' . MTV Movie News . Retrieved 24 December 2011 . Jump up ^ ' Life 's Too Short ' BBC Pilot , Warwickdavis.co.uk , 22 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White Wimbledon Tickets -- 2012 Pantomime New Wimbledon Theatre '' , atgtickets.com ; retrieved 17 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Les Dennis and Warwick Davis join Spamalot cast '' . BBC News . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Monty Python to reunite for live one - off show in London '' . BBC News . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Escapes with Warwick Davis : Episode 1 '' . itv.com. 2014 . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Life 's Too Short 's Warwick Davis to host new series of Celebrity Squares '' . The Guardian . 11 April 2014 . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Warwick Davis Will Return for Star Wars : Episode VII , Plus Darth Vader 's Star Wars Rebels Appearance Revealed '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nineties children 's favourite Gordon the Gopher makes return to BBC comedy as washed - up reject '' . Retrieved 14 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gordon '' . BBC Taster . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Warwick Davis Confirms Star Wars 8 Role '' . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Warwick ( 24 July 2017 ) . `` Just wrapped on more 3 more series of my @ ITV quiz # Tenable . Huge thanks to the entire production team , the contestants & @ PinewoodStudios.pic.twitter.com/YM9yGqWsqx '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Warwick Davis to Appear in Han Solo Film '' . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Warwick ; Lucas , George ( 22 April 2010 ) . Size Matters Not : The Extraordinary Life and Career of Warwick Davis . Aurum Press . p. 352 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84513 - 531 - 7 . Jump up ^ Jaques , Adam ( 22 September 2013 ) . `` Warwick Davis : The actor on his best role , ' Star Wars ' vs Harry Potter and the joy of ' Columbo ' '' . The Independent . London , UK . Retrieved 23 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` BBC iPlayer -- Watch BBC Two live '' . BBC.co.uk . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Warwick Davis , Desert Island Discs - BBC Radio 4 '' . BBC . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BBC programme Who Do You Think You Are '' . BBC . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Warwick Davis feature article on TheGenealogist '' . TheGenealogist . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . Jump up ^ McGrath , Nick ( 31 March 2012 ) . `` Warwick Davis : My family values '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 31 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Warwick Davis : Willow DVD commentary . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( 23 June 2010 ) . `` ' Merlin ' star Colin Morgan talks dragons and guest stars '' . USA Weekend . Archived from the original on 7 August 2012 . Retrieved 24 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Warwick Davis joins Karl Pilkington for Ricky Gervais ' An Idiot Abroad 3 : The Short Way Round -- Sky1 HD '' . Retrieved 12 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood actor Warwick Davis shoots for ' Chingari ' '' . The Times of India . 3 July 2012 . Retrieved 17 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- Blogs -- Doctor Who -- Confirmed for 2013 : Cybermen and Stellar Cast '' . 7 November 2012 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BBC One -- Catherine Tate 's Nan , Series 1 , Nanger Management -- Credits '' . BBC . Jump up ^ `` Planet 's Got Talent comes to ITV '' . `` ITV Press Centre '' . Jump up ^ 4.30 pm - 5.00 pm ( 1970 - 01 - 01 ) . `` The Dumping Ground - Media Centre '' . BBC . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ British Comedy Guide ( 2016 - 08 - 23 ) . `` Eric Idle to resurrect Rutland Weekend Television - News - British Comedy Guide '' . Comedy.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Chung , Frank . `` Warwick Davis on Star Wars : Episode VIII ' cliffhanger ' , possible Willow sequel '' . Retrieved 30 September 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Warwick Davis . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Warwick Davis Official website Warwick Davis on IMDb Willow Management VIAF : 74061232 LCCN : no2002008747 ISNI : 0000 0001 1475 1268 GND : 141530065 SUDOC : 117164623 BNF : cb14169620k ( data ) BIBSYS : 8077900 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Warwick_Davis&oldid=834192685 '' Categories : 1970 births Living people Male actors from Surrey Actors with dwarfism English male child actors English male film actors English male stage actors English male television actors People educated at City of London Freemen 's School People from Epsom People from Yaxley , Cambridgeshire People educated at Chinthurst School 20th - century English male actors 21st - century English male actors Hidden categories : EngvarB from December 2015 Use dmy dates from December 2015 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Aragonés Asturianu تۆرکجه Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Ido Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 12 : 25 . 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"Warwick Ashley Davis (born 3 February 1970)[2] is an English actor, television presenter, writer, director and producer.[3] He played the title characters in Willow and the Leprechaun film series, the Ewok Wicket in Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi and Professor Filius Flitwick and Griphook in the Harry Potter films. Davis also starred as a fictionalised version of himself in the sitcom Life's Too Short, written and directed by Ricky Gervais and Stephen Merchant."
] | [
"Warwick Ashley Davis"
] |
-3112125740555571158 | American popular music | American popular music - wikipedia American popular music Jump to : navigation , search Shoe Tickler Rag , cover of the music sheet for a song from 1911 by Wilbur Campbell . Music of the United States of America Timeline General topics Education History Genres Classical Jazz Country Folk Bluegrass Hip hop Pop Rock R&B Specific forms Religious music Gospel music Christian pop Ethnic music Native American Arapaho Blackfoot Inuit Iroquois Kiowa Navajo Pueblo Seminole Sioux Yuman Anglo - American Old - time Western African American Celtic New Mexican Latin Tejano Puerto Rican Cajun and Creole Hawaiian Immigrant communities Media and performance Music awards Grammy Awards Country Music Awards Gospel Music Awards Tejano Music Awards Music charts Billboard Music Chart American Top 40 Music festivals Jazz Fest Lollapalooza Ozzfest Monterey Jazz Festival Music media Spin Rolling Stone Vibe Down Beat The Source MTV VH1 Nationalistic and patriotic songs National anthem The Star - Spangled Banner Regional music AK AL AR AS AZ CA CO CT DC DE FL GA GU HI IA ID IL IN KS KY LA MA MD ME MI MN MO MP MS MT NC ND NE NH NM NV NJ NY OH OK OR PA PR RI SC SD TN TX UT VA VI VT WA WI WV WY American popular music has had a profound effect on music across the world . The country has seen the rise of popular styles that have had a significant influence on global culture , including ragtime , blues , jazz , swing , rock , bluegrass , country , R&B , doo wop , gospel , soul , funk , heavy metal , punk , disco , house , techno , salsa , grunge and hip hop . In addition , the American music industry is quite diverse , supporting a number of regional styles such as zydeco , klezmer and slack - key . Distinctive styles of American popular music emerged early in the 19th century , and in the 20th century the American music industry developed a series of new forms of music , using elements of blues and other genres of American folk music . These popular styles included country , R&B , jazz and rock . The 1960s and 1970s saw a number of important changes in American popular music , including the development of a number of new styles , such as heavy metal , punk , soul , and hip hop . Though these styles were not in the sense of mainstream , they were commercially recorded and are thus examples of popular music as opposed to folk or classical music . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early `` popular '' music 1.1 Tin Pan Alley 1.2 Broadway 1.3 Ragtime 2 Early recorded popular music 2.1 Popular jazz ( 1920 -- 1935 ) and swing ( 1935 -- 1947 ) 2.2 Blues diversification and popularization 3 1950s and 1960s 3.1 Country : Nashville Sound 3.2 Soul 3.3 1960s rock 4 1970s and 1980s 4.1 1970s funk and soul 4.2 1980s pop 4.3 Birth of the underground 4.3. 1 Hip hop 4.3. 2 Salsa 4.4 Punk and alternative rock 4.5 Heavy metal 5 1990s 6 2000s 7 International and social impact 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Early `` popular '' music ( edit ) The first major American popular songwriter , Stephen Foster . The earliest songs that could be considered American popular music , as opposed to the popular music of a particular region or ethnicity , were sentimental parlor songs by Stephen Foster and his peers , and songs meant for use in minstrel shows , theatrical productions that featured singing , dancing and comic performances . Minstrel shows generally used African instruments and dance , and featured performers with their faces blackened , a technique called blackface . By the middle of the 19th century , touring companies had taken this music not only to every part of the United States , but also to the UK , Western Europe , and even to Africa and Asia . Minstrel shows were generally advertised as though the music of the shows was in an African American style , though this was often not true . Sheet music cover for `` Dandy Jim from Caroline '' by Dan Emmett , London , c. 1844 . Black people had taken part in American popular culture prior to the Civil War era , at least dating back to the African Grove Theatre in New York in the 1820s and the publication of the first music by a black composer , Francis Johnson , in 1818 . However , these important milestones still occurred entirely within the conventions of European music . The first extremely popular minstrel song was `` Jump Jim Crow '' by Thomas `` Daddy '' Rice , which was first performed in 1832 and was a sensation in London when Rice performed it there in 1836 . Rice used a dance that he copied from a stable boy with a tune adopted from an Irish jig . The African elements included the use of the banjo , believed to derive from West African string instruments , and accented and additive rhythms . Many of the songs of the minstrel shows are still remembered today , especially those by Daniel Emmett and Stephen Foster , the latter being , according to David Ewen , `` America 's first major composer , and one of the world 's outstanding writers of songs '' . Foster 's songs were typical of the minstrel era in their unabashed sentimentality , and in their acceptance of slavery . Nevertheless , Foster did more than most songwriters of the period to humanize the blacks he composed about , such as in `` Nelly Was a Lady '' , a plaintive , melancholy song about a black man mourning the loss of his wife . The minstrel show marked the beginning of a long tradition of African American music being appropriated for popular audiences , and was the first distinctly American form of music to find international acclaim , in the mid-19th century . As Donald Clarke has noted , minstrel shows contained `` essentially black music , while the most successful acts were white , so that songs and dances of black origin were imitated by white performers and then taken up by black performers , who thus to some extent ended up imitating themselves '' . Clarke attributes the use of blackface to a desire for white Americans to glorify the brutal existence of both free and slave blacks by depicting them as happy and carefree individuals , best suited to plantation life and the performance of simple , joyous songs that easily appealed to white audiences . Blackface minstrel shows remained popular throughout the last part of the 19th century , only gradually dying out near the beginning of the 20th century . During that time , a form of lavish and elaborate theater called the extravaganza arose , beginning with Charles M. Barras ' The Black Crook . Extravaganzas were criticized by the newspapers and churches of the day because the shows were considered sexually titillating , with women singing bawdy songs dressed in nearly transparent clothing . David Ewen described this as the beginning of the `` long and active careers in sex exploitation '' of American musical theater and popular song . Later , extravaganzas took elements of burlesque performances , which were satiric and parodic productions that were very popular at the end of the 19th century . Like the extravaganza and the burlesque , the variety show was a comic and ribald production , popular from the middle to the end of the 19th century , at which time it had evolved into vaudeville . This form was innovated by producers like Tony Pastor who tried to encourage women and children to attend his shows ; they were hesitant because the theater had long been the domain of a rough and disorderly crowd . By the early 20th century , vaudeville was a respected entertainment for women and children , and songwriters like Gus Edwards wrote songs that were popular across the country . The most popular vaudeville shows were , like the Ziegfeld Follies , a series of songs and skits that had a profound effect on the subsequent development of Broadway musical theater and the songs of Tin Pan Alley . `` Old Folks at Home '' Popular minstrel songs , such as this one by Stephen Foster , formed part of the repertoire of camp bands during the Civil War . This performance is by Civil War re-enactors , the 2nd South Carolina String Band . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Tin Pan Alley ( edit ) Tin Pan Alley was an area called Union Square in New York City , which became the major center for music publishing by the mid-1890s . The songwriters of this era wrote formulaic songs , many of them sentimental ballads . During this era , a sense of national consciousness was developing , as the United States became a formidable world power , especially after the Spanish -- American War . The increased availability and efficiency of railroads and the postal service helped disseminate ideas , including popular songs . Some of the most notable publishers of Tin Pan Alley included Willis Woodward , M. Witmark & Sons , Charles K. Harris , and Edward B. Marks and Joseph W. Stern . Stern and Marks were among the more well - known Tin Pan Alley songwriters ; they began writing together as amateurs in 1894 . In addition to the popular , mainstream ballads and other clean - cut songs , some Tin Pan Alley publishers focused on rough and risqué . Coon songs were another important part of Tin Pan Alley , derived from the watered - down songs of the minstrel show with the `` verve and electricity '' brought by the `` assimilation of the ragtime rhythm '' . The first popular coon song was `` New Coon in Town '' , introduced in 1883 , and followed by a wave of coon shouters like Ernest Hogan and May Irwin . Broadway ( edit ) The early 20th century also saw the growth of Broadway , a group of theatres specializing in musicals . Broadway became one of the preeminent locations for musical theater in the world , and produced a body of songs that led Donald Clarke to call the era , the golden age of songwriting . The need to adapt enjoyable songs to the constraints of a theater and a plot enabled and encouraged a growth in songwriting and the rise of composers like George Gershwin , Vincent Youmans , Irving Berlin and Jerome Kern . These songwriters wrote songs that have remained popular and are today known as the Great American Songbook . Foreign operas were popular among the upper - class throughout the 19th century , while other styles of musical theater included operettas , ballad operas and the opera bouffe . The English operettas of Gilbert and Sullivan were particularly popular , while American compositions had trouble finding an audience . George M. Cohan was the first notable American composer of musical theater , and the first to move away from the operetta , and is also notable for using the language of the vernacular in his work . By the beginning of the 20th century , however , black playwrights , composers and musicians were having a profound effect on musical theater , beginning with the works of Will Marion Cook , James Reese Europe and James P. Johnson ; the first major hit black musical was Shuffle Along in 1921 . Imported operettas and domestic productions by both whites like Cohan and blacks like Cook , Europe and Johnson all had a formative influence on Broadway . Composers like Gershwin , Porter and Kern made comedic musical theater into a national pastime , with a feel that was distinctly American and not dependent on European models . Most of these individuals were Jewish , with Cole Porter the only major exception ; they were the descendants of 19th century immigrants fleeing persecution in the Russian Empire , settled most influentially in various neighborhoods in New York City . Many of the early musicals were influenced by black music , showing elements of early jazz , such as In Dahomey ; the Jewish composers of these works may have seen connections between the traditional African American blue notes and their own folk Jewish music . Broadway songs were recorded around the turn of the century , but did not become widely popular outside their theatrical context until much later . Jerome Kern 's `` They Did n't Believe Me '' was an early song that became popular nationwide . Kern 's later innovations included a more believable plot than the rather shapeless stories built around songs of earlier works , beginning with Show Boat in 1927 . George Gershwin was perhaps the most influential composer on Broadway , beginning with `` Swanee '' in 1919 and later works for jazz and orchestras . His most enduring composition may be the opera Porgy and Bess , a story about two blacks , which Gershwin intended as a sort of `` folk opera '' , a creation of a new style of American musical theater based on American idioms . Ragtime ( edit ) Ragtime was a style of dance music based around the piano , using syncopated rhythms and chromaticisms ; the genre 's most well - known performer and composer was undoubtedly Scott Joplin . Donald Clarke considers ragtime the culmination of coon songs , used first in minstrel shows and then vaudeville , and the result of the rhythms of minstrelsy percolating into the mainstream ; he also suggests that ragtime 's distinctive sound may have come from an attempt to imitate the African American banjo using the keyboard . Due to the essentially African American nature of ragtime , it is most commonly considered the first style of American popular music to be truly black music ; ragtime brought syncopation and a more authentic black sound to popular music . Popular ragtime songs were notated and sold as sheet music , but the general style was played more informally across the nation ; these amateur performers played a more free - flowing form of ragtime that eventually became a major formative influence on jazz . Early recorded popular music ( edit ) Thomas Edison 's invention of the phonograph cylinder kicked off the birth of recorded music . The first cylinder to be released was `` Semper Fidelis '' by the U.S. Marine Band . At first , cylinders were released sparingly , but as their sales grew more profitable , distribution increased . These early recorded songs were a mix of vaudeville , barbershop quartets , marches , opera , novelty songs , and other popular tunes . Many popular standards , such as `` The Good Old Summertime '' , `` Shine On Harvest Moon '' , and `` Over There '' come from this time . There were also a few early hits in the field of jazz , beginning with the Original Dixieland Jazz Band 's 1917 recordings , and followed by King Oliver 's Creole Jazz Band , who played in a more authentic New Orleans jazz style . Blues had been around a long time before it became a part of the first explosion of recorded popular music in American history . This came in the 1920s , when classic female blues singers like Ma Rainey , Bessie Smith and Mamie Smith grew very popular ; the first hit of this field was Mamie Smith 's `` Crazy Blues '' . These urban blues singers changed the idea of popular music from being simple songs that could be easily performed by anyone to works primarily associated with an individual singer . Performers like Sophie Tucker , known for `` Some of These Days '' , became closely associated with their hits , making their individualized interpretations just as important as the song itself . At the same time , record companies like Paramount Records and OKeh Records launched the field of race music , which was mostly blues targeted at African American audiences . The most famous of these acts went on to inspire much of the later popular development of the blues and blues - derived genres , including Charley Patton , Lonnie Johnson and Robert Johnson . Popular jazz ( 1920 -- 1935 ) and swing ( 1935 -- 1947 ) ( edit ) Jazz is a kind of music characterized by blue notes , syncopation , swing , call and response , polyrhythms , and improvisation . Though originally a kind of dance music , jazz has now been `` long considered a kind of popular or vernacular music ( and has also ) become a sophisticated art form that has interacted in significant ways with the music of the concert hall '' . Jazz 's development occurred at around the same time as modern ragtime , blues , gospel and country music , all of which can be seen as part of a continuum with no clear demarcation between them ; jazz specifically was most closely related to ragtime , with which it could be distinguished by the use of more intricate rhythmic improvisation , often placing notes far from the implied beat . The earliest jazz bands adopted much of the vocabulary of the blues , including bent and blue notes and instrumental `` growls '' and smears . Paul Whiteman was the most popular bandleader of the 1920s , and claimed for himself the title `` The King of Jazz . '' Despite his hiring many of the other best white jazz musicians of the era , later generations of jazz lovers have often judged Whiteman 's music to have little to do with real jazz . Nonetheless , his notion of combining jazz with elaborate orchestrations has been returned to repeatedly by composers and arrangers of later decades . Whiteman commissioned Gershwin 's `` Rhapsody in Blue '' , which was debuted by Whiteman 's Orchestra . Ted Lewis 's band was second only to the Paul Whiteman in popularity during the 1920s , and arguably played more real jazz with less pretension than Whiteman , especially in his recordings of the late 1920s . Some of the other `` jazz '' bands of the decade included those of : Harry Reser , Leo Reisman , Abe Lyman , Nat Shilkret , George Olsen , Ben Bernie , Bob Haring , Ben Selvin , Earl Burtnett , Gus Arnheim , Rudy Vallee , Jean Goldkette , Isham Jones , Roger Wolfe Kahn , Sam Lanin , Vincent Lopez , Ben Pollack and Fred Waring . In the 1920s , the music performed by these artists was extremely popular with the public and was typically labeled as jazz . Today , however , this music is disparaged and labeled as `` sweet music '' by jazz purists . The music that people consider today as `` jazz '' tended to be played by minorities . In the 1920s and early 1930s , however , the majority of people listened to what we would call today `` sweet music '' and hardcore jazz was categorized as `` hot music '' or `` race music . '' The largest and most influential recording label of the time , The Victor Talking Machine ( RCA Victor after 1928 ) was a restraining influence on the development of `` sweet jazz '' until the departure of Eddie King in October 1926 . King was well known as an authoritarian who would not permit drinking on the job or severe departure from the written music , unless within solos acceptable by popular music standards of the time . This irritated many Victor jazz artists , including famed trumpeter Bix Beiderbecke . Sudhalter , in Lost Chords , cites an example of a 1927 recording by the Goldkette Orchestra in which musicians were allowed considerable freedom , and remarks `` What , one wonders , would this performance have been if Eddie King had been in charge , and not the more liberal Nat Shilkret . Since the Victor ledgers show no less than five recording sessions in January and February 1926 , when King actually conducted Goldkette 's Orchestra , comparison between the approach of Goldkette and King is readily available . In 1935 , swing music became popular with the public and quickly replaced jazz as the most popular type of music ( although there was some resistance to it at first ) . Swing music is characterized by a strong rhythm section , usually consisting of a double bass and drums , playing in a medium to fast tempo , and rhythmic devices like the swung note . Swing is primarily a kind of 1930s jazz fused with elements of the blues and the pop sensibility of Tin Pan Alley . Swing used bigger bands than other kinds of jazz had and was headed by bandleaders that tightly arranged the material , discouraging the improvisation that had been an integral part of jazz . David Clarke called swing the first `` jazz - oriented style ( to be ) at the center of popular music ... as opposed to merely giving it backbone '' . By the end of the 1930s , vocalists became more and more prominent , eventually taking center stage following the American Federation of Musicians strike , which made recording with a large band prohibitively expensive . Swing came to be accompanied by a popular dance called the swing dance , which was very popular across the United States , among both white and black audiences , especially youth . `` Jumpin ' at the Woodside '' This is by Count Basie & His Orchestra , a popular swing song by a jazz legend . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Blues diversification and popularization ( edit ) In addition to the popular jazz and swing music listened to by mainstream America , there were a number of other genres that were popular among certain groups of people -- e.g. , minorities or rural audiences . Beginning in the 1920s and accelerating greatly in the 1940s , the blues began rapidly diversifying into a broad spectrum of new styles . These included an uptempo , energetic style called rhythm and blues ( R&B ) , a merger of blues and Anglo - Celtic song called country music and the fusion of hymns and spirituals with blues structures called gospel music . Later than these other styles , in the 1940s , a blues , R&B and country fusion eventually called rock and roll developed , eventually coming to dominate American popular by the beginning of the 1960s . Country music is primarily a fusion of African American blues and spirituals with Appalachian folk music , adapted for pop audiences and popularized beginning in the 1920s . Of particular importance was Irish and Scottish tunes , dance music , balladry and vocal styles , as well as Native American , Spanish , German , French and Mexican music . The instrumentation of early country revolved around the European - derived fiddle and the African - derived banjo , with the guitar added later . Country music instrumentation used African elements like a call - and - response format , improvised music and syncopated rhythms . Later still , string instruments like the ukulele and steel guitar became commonplace due to the popularity of Hawaiian music in the early 20th century and the influence of musicians such as Sol Hoʻopiʻi and Lani McIntyre . The roots of modern country music are generally traced to 1927 , when music talent scout Ralph Peer recorded Jimmie Rodgers and The Carter Family . Their recordings are considered the foundation for modern country music . There had been popular music prior to 1927 that could be considered country , but , as Ace Collins points out , these recordings had `` only marginal and very inconsistent '' effects on the national music markets , and were only superficially similar to what was then known as hillbilly music . In addition to Rodgers and the Carters , a musician named Bob Wills was an influential early performer known for a style called Western swing , which was very popular in the 1920s and 30s , and was responsible for bringing a prominent jazz influence to country music . Rhythm and blues ( R&B ) is a style that arose in the 1930s and 1940s , a rhythmic and uptempo form of blues with more complex instrumentation . Author Amiri Baraka described early R&B as `` huge rhythm units smashing away behind screaming blues singers ( who ) had to shout to be heard above the clanging and strumming of the various electrified instruments and the churning rhythm sections. . R&B was recorded during this period , but not extensively , and it was not widely promoted by record companies that felt it was not suited for most audiences , especially middle - class whites , because of the suggestive lyrics and driving rhythms . Bandleaders like Louis Jordan innovated the sound of early R&B . Jordan 's band featured a small horn section and prominent rhythm instrumentation and used songs with bluesy lyrical themes . By the end of the 1940s , he had produced nineteen major hits , and helped pave the way for contemporaries like Wynonie Harris , John Lee Hooker and Roy Milton . Christian spirituals and rural blues music were the origin of what is now known as gospel music . Beginning in about the 1920s , African American churches featured early gospel in the form of worshipers proclaiming their religious devotion ( testifying ) in an improvised , often musical manner . Modern gospel began with the work of composers , most importantly Thomas A. Dorsey , who `` ( composed ) songs based on familiar spirituals and hymns , fused to blues and jazz rhythms '' . From these early 20th - century churches , gospel music spread across the country . It remained associated almost entirely with African American churches , and usually featured a choir along with one or more virtuoso soloists . Rock and roll is a kind of popular music , developed primarily out of country , blues and R&B . Easily the single most popular style of music worldwide , rock 's exact origins and early development have been hotly debated . Music historian Robert Palmer has noted that the style 's influences are quite diverse , and include the Afro - Caribbean `` Bo Diddley beat '' , elements of `` big band swing '' and Latin music like the Cuban son and `` Mexican rhythms '' . Another author , George Lipsitz claims that rock arose in America 's urban areas , where there formed a `` polyglot , working - class culture ( where the ) social meanings previously conveyed in isolation by blues , country , polka , zydeco and Latin musics found new expression as they blended in an urban environment '' . 1950s and 1960s ( edit ) The middle of the 20th century saw a number of very important changes in American popular music . The field of pop music developed tremendously during this period , as the increasingly low price of recorded music stimulated demand and greater profits for the record industry . As a result , music marketing became more and more prominent , resulting in a number of mainstream pop stars whose popularity was previously unheard of . Many of the first such stars were Italian - American crooners like Dean Martin , Rudy Vallee , Tony Bennett , Perry Como , Frankie Laine and , most famously , the `` first pop vocalist to engender hysteria among his fans '' Frank Sinatra . The era of the modern teen pop star , however , began in the 1960s . Bubblegum pop groups like The Monkees were chosen entirely for their appearance and ability to sell records , with no regard to musical ability . The same period , however , also saw the rise of new forms of pop music that achieved a more permanent presence in the field of American popular music , including rock , soul and pop - folk . By the end of the 1960s , two developments had completely changed popular music : the birth of a counterculture , which explicitly opposed mainstream music , often in tandem with political and social activism , and the shift from professional composers to performers who were both singers and songwriters . Rock and roll first entered mainstream popular music through a style called rockabilly , which fused the nascent rock sound with elements of country music . Black - performed rock and roll previously had limited mainstream success , and some observers at the time believed that a white performer who could credibly sing in an R&B and country style would be a success . Sam Phillips , of Memphis , Tennessee 's Sun Records , found such a performer in Elvis Presley , who became one of the best - selling musicians in history , and brought rock and roll to audiences across the world . Presley 's success was preceded by Bill Haley , a white performer whose `` Rock Around the Clock '' is sometimes pointed to as the start of the rock era . However , Haley 's music was `` more arranged '' and `` more calculated '' than the `` looser rhythms '' of rockabilly , which also , unlike Haley , did not use saxophones or chorus singing . `` Good Rockin ' Tonight '' This is sung by Elvis Presley and is one of the most popular songs of the rockabilly era . Problems playing this file ? See media help . R&B remained extremely popular during the 1950s among black audiences , but the style was not considered appropriate for whites , or respectable middle - class blacks , because of its suggestive nature . Many popular R&B songs instead were performed by white musicians like Pat Boone , in a more palatable , mainstream style , and turned into pop hits . By the end of the 1950s , however , there was a wave of popular black blues - rock and country - influenced R&B performers gaining unprecedented fame among white listeners ; these included Bo Diddley and Chuck Berry . Over time , producers in the R&B field gradually turned to more rock - based acts like Little Richard and Fats Domino . Doo wop is a kind of vocal harmony music performed by groups who became popular in the 1950s . Though sometimes considered a kind of rock , doo wop is more precisely a fusion of vocal R&B , gospel and jazz with the blues and pop structures , though until the 1960s , the lines separating rock from doo wop , R&B and other related styles were very blurry . Doo wop became the first style of R&B - derived music `` to take shape , to define itself as something people recognized as new , different , strange , theirs '' ( emphasis in original ) . As doo wop grew more popular , more innovations were added , including the use of a bass lead vocalist , a practice that began with Jimmy Ricks of The Ravens . Doo wop performers were originally almost all black , but a few white and integrated groups soon became popular . These included a number of Italian - American groups such as Dion & the Belmonts , while others added female vocalists and even formed all - female groups in the nearly universally male field ; these included The Queens and The Chantels . The 1950s saw a number of brief fads that went on to have a great impact on future styles of music . Performers like Pete Seeger and The Weavers popularized a form of old - time revival of Anglo - American music . This field eventually became associated with the political left - wing and Communism , leading to a decline in acceptability as artists were increasingly blacklisted and criticized . Nevertheless , this form of pop - folk exerted a profound influence in the form of 1950s folk - rock and related styles . Alongside the rather sporadic success of popularized Anglo folk music came a series of Latin dance fads , including mambo , rumba , chachachá and boogaloo . Though their success was again sporadic and brief , Latin music continued to exert a continuous influence on rock , soul and other styles , as well as eventually evolving into salsa music in the 1970s . Country : Nashville sound ( edit ) Beginning in the late 1920s , a distinctive style first called `` old - timey '' or `` hillbilly '' music began to be broadcast and recorded in the rural South and Midwest ; early artists included the Carter Family , Charlie Poole and his North Carolina Ramblers , and Jimmie Rodgers . The performance and dissemination of this music was regional at first , but the population shifts caused by World War II spread it more widely . After the war , there was increased interest in specialty styles , including what had been known as race and hillbilly music ; these styles were renamed to rhythm and blues and country and western , respectively . Major labels had some success promoting two kinds of country acts : Southern novelty performers like Tex Williams and singers like Frankie Laine , who mixed pop and country in a conventionally sentimental style . This period also saw the rise of Hank Williams , a white country singer who had learned the blues from a black street musician named Tee - Tot , in northwest Alabama . Before his death in 1953 , Hank Williams recorded eleven singles that sold at least a million copies each and pioneered the Nashville sound . The Nashville sound was a popular kind of country music that arose in the 1950s , a fusion of popular big band jazz and swing with the lyricism of honky - tonk country . The popular success of Hank Williams ' recordings had convinced record labels that country music could find mainstream audiences . Record companies then tried to strip the rough , honky - tonk elements from country music , removing the unapologetically rural sound that had made Williams famous . Nashville 's industry was reacting to the rise of rockabilly performer Elvis Presley by marketing performers that crossed the divide between country and pop . Chet Atkins , head of RCA 's country music division , did the most to innovate the Nashville sound by abandoning the rougher elements of country , while Owen Bradley used sophisticated production techniques and smooth instrumentation that eventually became standard in the Nashville Sound , which also grew to incorporate strings and vocal choirs . By the early part of the 1960s , the Nashville sound was perceived as watered - down by many more traditionalist performers and fans , resulting in a number of local scenes like the Lubbock sound and , most influentially , the Bakersfield sound . Throughout the 1950s , the most popular kind of country music was the Nashville Sound , which was a slick and pop - oriented style . Many musicians preferred a rougher sound , leading to the development of the Lubbock Sound and Bakersfield Sound . The Bakersfield Sound was innovated in Bakersfield , California in the mid to late 1950s , by performers like Wynn Stewart , who used elements of Western swing and rock , such as the breakbeat , along with a honky tonk vocal style . He was followed by a wave of performers like Buck Owens and Merle Haggard , who popularized the style . Soul ( edit ) Soul music is a combination of R&B and gospel that began in the late 1950s in the United States . Soul music is characterized by its use of gospel techniques with a greater emphasis on vocalists , and the use of secular themes . The 1950s recordings of Sam Cooke , Ray Charles , and James Brown are commonly considered the beginnings of soul music . Solomon Burke 's early recordings for Atlantic Records codified the style , and as Peter Guralnick writes , `` it was only with the coming together of Burke and Atlantic Records that you could see anything resembling a movement '' . The Motown Record Corporation in Detroit , Michigan became successful with a string of heavily pop - influenced soul records , which were palatable enough to white listeners so as to allow R&B and soul to crossover to mainstream audiences . An important center of soul music recording was Florence , Alabama , where the FAME Studios operated . Jimmy Hughes , Percy Sledge and Arthur Alexander recorded at Fame ; later in the 1960s , Aretha Franklin would also record in the area . Fame Studios , often referred to as Muscle Shoals , after a town neighboring Florence , enjoyed a close relationship with Stax , and many of the musicians and producers who worked in Memphis also contributed to recordings done in Alabama . In Memphis , Stax Records produced recordings by soul pioneers Otis Redding , Wilson Pickett , and Don Covay . Other Stax artists such as Eddie Floyd and Johnnie Taylor also made significant contributions to soul music . By 1968 , the soul music movement had begun to splinter , as James Brown and Sly & the Family Stone began to expand upon and abstract both soul and rhythm and blues into other forms . Guralnick wrote that more `` than anything else ... what seems to me to have brought the era of soul to a grinding , unsettling halt was the death of Martin Luther King in April 1968 '' . 1960s rock ( edit ) Among the first of the major new rock genres of the 1960s was surf , pioneered by Californian Dick Dale . Surf was largely instrumental and guitar - based rock with a distorted and twanging sound , and was associated with the Southern California surfing - based youth culture . Dale had worked with Leo Fender , developing the `` Showman amplifier and ... the reverberation unit that would give surf music its distinctively fuzzy sound '' . Inspired by the lyrical focus of surf , if not the musical basis , The Beach Boys began their career in 1961 with a string of hits like `` Surfin ' U.S.A. '' . Their sound was not instrumental , nor guitar - based , but was full of `` rich , dense and unquestionably special '' `` floating vocals ( with ) Four Freshman - ish harmonies riding over a droned , propulsive burden '' . The Beach Boys ' songwriter Brian Wilson grew gradually more eccentric , experimenting with new studio techniques as he became associated with the burgeoning counterculture . The counterculture was a youth movement that included political activism , especially in opposition to the Vietnam War , and the promotion of various hippie ideals . The hippies were associated primarily with two kinds of music : the folk - rock and country rock of people like Bob Dylan and Gram Parsons , and the psychedelic rock of bands like Jefferson Airplane and The Doors . This movement was very closely connected to the British Invasion , a wave of bands from the United Kingdom who became popular throughout much of the 1960s . The British Invasion initially included bands like the Beatles , the Rolling Stones , and The Zombies who were later joined by bands like the Moody Blues and The Who . The sound of these bands was hard - edged rock , with the Beatles originally known for songs that resembled classic black rock songs by Little Richard , Chuck Berry , Smokey Robinson , The Shirelles and the Isley Brothers . Later , as the counterculture developed , The Beatles began using more advanced techniques and unusual instruments , such as the sitar , as well as more original lyrics . Joan Baez and Bob Dylan Folk - rock drew on the sporadic mainstream success of groups like the Kingston Trio and the Almanac Singers , while Woody Guthrie and Pete Seeger helped to politically radicalize rural white folk music . The popular musician Bob Dylan rose to prominence in the middle of the 1960s , fusing folk with rock and making the nascent scene closely connected to the Civil Rights Movement . He was followed by a number of country - rock bands like The Byrds and the Flying Burrito Brothers and folk - oriented singer - songwriters like Joan Baez and the Canadian Joni Mitchell . However , by the end of the decade , there was little political or social awareness evident in the lyrics of pop - singer - songwriters like James Taylor and Carole King , whose self - penned songs were deeply personal and emotional . Psychedelic rock was a hard , driving kind of guitar - based rock , closely associated with the city of San Francisco , California . Though Jefferson Airplane was the only psychedelic San Francisco band to have a major national hit , with 1967 's `` Somebody to Love '' and `` White Rabbit '' , the Grateful Dead , a folk , country and bluegrass - flavored jam band , `` embodied all the elements of the San Francisco scene and came ... to represent the counterculture to the rest of the country '' ; the Grateful Dead also became known for introducing the counterculture , and the rest of the country , to the ideas of people like Timothy Leary , especially the use of hallucinogenic drugs like LSD for spiritual and philosophical purposes . `` White Rabbit '' This is by Jefferson Airplane and is one of the most legendary songs of the psychedelic rock genre . Problems playing this file ? See media help . 1970s and 1980s ( edit ) Following the turbulent political , social and musical changes of the 1960s and early 1970s , rock music diversified . What was formerly known as rock and roll , a reasonably discrete style of music , had evolved into a catchall category called simply rock music , an umbrella term which would eventually include diverse styles like heavy metal music , punk rock and , sometimes even hip hop music . During the 1970s , however , most of these styles were not part of mainstream music , and were evolving in the underground music scene . The early 1970s saw a wave of singer - songwriters who drew on the introspective , deeply emotional and personal lyrics of 1960s folk - rock . They included James Taylor , Carole King and others , all known just as much for their lyric ability as for their performances . The same period saw the rise of bluesy Southern rock and country rock groups like the Allman Brothers Band and Lynyrd Skynyrd . In the 1970s , soft rock developed , a kind of simple , unobtrusive and mellow form of pop - rock , exemplified by a number of bands like America and Bread , most of whom are little remembered today ; many were one - hit wonders . In addition , harder arena rock bands like Chicago and Styx also saw some major success . Willie Nelson The early 1970s saw the rise of a new style of country music that was as rough and hard - edged , and which quickly became the most popular form of country . This was outlaw country , a style that included such mainstream stars as Willie Nelson and Waylon Jennings . Outlaw country was very rock - oriented , and had lyrics that focused on the criminal , especially drug and alcohol - related , antics of its performers , who grew their hair long , wore denim and leather and looked like hippies in contrast to the clean - cut country singers that were pushing the Nashville sound . By the mid-1970s , disco , a form of dance music , was becoming popular , evolving from underground dance clubs to mainstream America . Disco reached its zenith following the release of Saturday Night Fever and the phenomenon surrounding the movie and the soundtrack by The Bee Gees . Disco 's time was short , however , and by 1980 was soon replaced with a number of genres that evolved out of the punk rock scene , like new wave . Bruce Springsteen became a major star , first in the mid to late 1970s and then throughout the 1980s , with dense , inscrutable lyrics and anthemic songs that resonated with the middle and lower classes . 1970s funk and soul ( edit ) In the early 1970s , soul music was influenced by psychedelic rock and other styles . The social and political ferment of the times inspired artists like Marvin Gaye and Curtis Mayfield to release album - length statements with hard - hitting social commentary . Artists like James Brown led soul towards more dance - oriented music , which eventually evolved into funk . Funk was typified by 1970s bands like Parliament - Funkadelic , The Meters , and James Brown himself , while more versatile groups like War , The Commodores and Earth , Wind and Fire also became popular . During the 1970s , some highly slick and commercial blue - eyed soul acts like Philadelphia 's Hall & Oates achieved mainstream success , as well as a new generation of street - corner harmony or city - soul groups like The Delfonics and Howard University 's Unifics . By the end of the 1970s , Philly soul , funk , rock and most other genres were dominated by disco - inflected tracks . During this period , funk bands like The O'Jays and The Spinners continued to turn out hits . After the death of disco in 1980 , soul music survived for a short time before going through yet another metamorphosis . With the introduction of influences from electro music and funk , soul music became less raw and more slickly produced , resulting in a genre of music that was again called R&B , usually distinguished from the earlier rhythm and blues by identifying it as contemporary R&B . 1980s pop ( edit ) By the 1960s , the term rhythm and blues had no longer been in wide use ; instead , terms like soul music were used to describe popular music by black artists . In the 1980s , however , rhythm and blues came back into use , most often in the form of R&B , a usage that has continued to the present . Contemporary R&B arose when sultry funk singers like Prince became very popular , alongside dance - oriented pop stars like Michael Jackson and Madonna . By the end of the 1980s , pop - rock largely consisted of the radio - friendly glam metal bands , who used images derived from the British glam movement with macho lyrics and attitudes , accompanied by hard rock music and heavy metal virtuosic soloing . Bands from this era included many British groups like Def Leppard , as well as heavy metal - influenced American bands Mötley Crüe , Guns N ' Roses , Bon Jovi and Van Halen . The mid-1980s also saw Gospel music see its popularity peak . A new form of gospel had evolved , called Contemporary Christian music ( CCM ) . CCM had been around since the late 1960s , and consisted of a pop / rock sound with slight religious lyrics . CCM had become the most popular form of gospel by the mid-1980s , especially with artists like Amy Grant , Michael W. Smith , and Kathy Troccoli . Amy Grant was the most popular CCM , and gospel , singer of the 1980s , and after experiencing unprecedented success in CCM , crossed over into mainstream pop in the 1980s and 1990s . Michael W. Smith also had considerable success in CCM before crossing over to a successful career in pop music as well . Grant would later produce CCM 's first # 1 pop hit ( `` Baby Baby '' ) , and CCM 's best - selling album ( Heart In Motion ) . In the 1980s , the country music charts were dominated by pop singers with only tangential influences from country music , a trend that has continued since . The 1980s saw a revival of honky - tonk - style country with the rise of people like Dwight Yoakam and the new traditionalists Emmylou Harris and Ricky Skaggs , as well as the development of alternative country performers like Uncle Tupelo . Later alternative country performers , like Whiskeytown 's Ryan Adams and Wilco , found some mainstream success . Birth of the underground ( edit ) During the 1970s , a number of diverse styles emerged in stark contrast to mainstream American popular music . Though these genres were not largely popular in the sense of selling many records to mainstream audiences , they were examples of popular music , as opposed to folk or classical music . In the early 1970s , African Americans and Puerto Ricans in New York City developed hip hop culture , which produced a style of music also called hip hop . At roughly the same time , Latinos , especially Cubans and Puerto Ricans , in New York also innovated salsa music , which combined many forms of Latin music with R&B and rock . The genres of punk rock and heavy metal were most closely associated with the United Kingdom in the 1970s , while various American derivatives evolved later in the decade and into the 1980s . Meanwhile , Detroit slowly evolved a series of electronic music genres like house and techno that later became a major part of popular music worldwide . Hip hop ( edit ) Hip hop is a cultural movement , of which music is a part , along with graffiti and breakdancing . The music is composed of two parts , rapping , the delivery of swift , highly rhythmic and lyrical vocals , and DJing , the production of instrumentation either through sampling , instrumentation , turntablism or beatboxing . Hip hop arose in the early 1970s in The Bronx , New York City . Jamaican immigrant DJ Kool Herc is widely regarded as the progenitor of hip hop ; he brought with him the practice of toasting over the rhythms of popular songs . In New York , DJs like Kool Herc played records of popular funk , disco and rock songs . Emcees originally arose to introduce the songs and keep the crowd excited and dancing ; over time , the DJs began isolating the percussion breaks ( the rhythmic climax of songs ) , thus producing a repeated beat that the emcees rapped over . Rapping included greetings to friends and enemies , exhortations to dance and colorful , often humorous boasts . By the beginning of the 1980s , there had been popular hip hop songs like `` Rappers Delight '' by the Sugarhill Gang and a few major celebrities of the scene , like LL Cool J and Kurtis Blow . Other performers experimented with politicized lyrics and social awareness , while others performed fusions with jazz , heavy metal , techno , funk and soul . Hip hop began to diversify in the latter part of the 1980s . New styles appeared , like alternative hip hop and the closely related jazz rap fusion , pioneered by rappers like De La Soul and Guru . The crews Public Enemy and N.W.A did the most during this era to bring hip hop to national attention ; the former did so with incendiary and politically charged lyrics , while the latter became the first prominent example of gangsta rap . Salsa ( edit ) Salsa music is a diverse and predominantly Caribbean rhythm that is popular in many Latin American countries . Salsa incorporates multiple styles and variations ; the term can be used to describe most any form of the popular Cuban - derived musical genres ( like chachachá and mambo ) . Most specifically however , salsa refers to a particular style was developed by mid-1970s groups of New York City - area Cuban and Puerto Rican immigrants to the United States , and stylistic descendants like 1980s salsa romantica . Salsa music always has a 4 / 4 meter . The music is phrased in groups of two bars , using recurring rhythmic patterns , and the beginning of phrases in the song text and instruments . Typically , the rhythmic patterns played on the percussion are rather complicated , often with several different patterns played simultaneously . The clave rhythm is an important element that forms the basis of salsa . Apart from percussion , a variety of melodic instruments are commonly used as accompaniment , such as a guitar , trumpets , trombones , the piano , and many others , all depending on the performing artists . Bands are typically divided into horn and rhythm sections , led by one or more singers ( soneros or salseros ) . Punk and alternative rock ( edit ) Joey and Dee Dee Ramone in concert , 1983 Punk was a kind of rebellious rock music that began in the 1970s as a reaction against the popular music of the day - especially disco , which was seen as insipid and uninspired . Punk drew on American bands including the Velvet Underground , The Stooges and the New York Dolls . Punk was loud , aggressive and usually very simple , requiring little musical training to play . Later in the decade , British bands like the Sex Pistols and The Clash found short - lived fame at home and , to a lesser degree , in the United States . American bands in the field included most famously The Ramones , as well as groups like the Talking Heads that played a more artsy kind of music that was closely associated with punk before eventually evolving into pop - new wave . Other major acts include Blondie , Patti Smith and Television . Most of these bands got their start at what is considered `` ground zero '' of punk rock , a club named CBGB . The small club in New York threw a festival in 1975 that showed off the `` top 40 unrecorded rock bands '' . Among these bands were the previously mentioned The Ramones , Sex Pistols , Blondie and the like . Hardcore punk was the response of American youths to the worldwide punk rock explosion of the late 1970s . Hardcore stripped punk rock and New Wave of its sometimes elitist and artsy tendencies , resulting in short , fast , and intense songs that spoke to disaffected youth . Hardcore exploded in the American metropolises of Los Angeles , Washington , DC , New York and Boston and most American cities had their own local scenes by the end of the 1980s . Alternative rock is a diverse grouping of rock bands that in America developed largely from the hardcore scene in the 1980s in stark opposition to the mainstream music scene . Alternative rock subgenres that developed during the decade include indie rock , Gothic rock , noise rock , grunge , and college rock . Most alternative bands were unified by their collective debt to punk , which laid the groundwork for underground and alternative music in the 1970s . Though the genre is considered to be rock , some styles were influenced by American folk , reggae and jazz . Like punk and hardcore , alternative rock had little mainstream success in America in the 1980s , but via the grassroots establishment of an indie scene through touring , college radio , fanzines , and word - of - mouth , alternative bands laid the groundwork for the breakthrough of the genre in the American public consciousness in the next decade . `` Because the Night '' Song by Patti Smith , one of the most popular of the punk era . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Heavy metal ( edit ) Heavy metal is a form of music characterized by aggressive , driving rhythms and highly amplified distorted guitars , generally with grandiose lyrics and virtuosic instrumentation . Heavy metal is a development of blues , blues rock , rock and prog rock . Its origins lie in the British hard rock bands who between 1967 and 1974 took blues and rock and created a hybrid with a heavy , guitar - and - drums - centered sound . Most of the pioneers in the field , like Black Sabbath , were English , though many were inspired by American performers like Blue Cheer and Jimi Hendrix . Bon Jovi performing in 2001 In the early 1970s , the first major American bands began appearing , like Blue Öyster Cult and Aerosmith , and musicians like Eddie Van Halen began their career . Heavy metal remained , however , a largely underground phenomenon . During the 1980s , a pop - based form of hard rock , with a party - hearty spirit and a glam - influenced visual aesthetic ( sometimes referred to as `` hair metal '' ) dominated the music charts , led by superstars like Poison , Bon Jovi , Mötley Crüe , and Ratt . The 1987 debut of Guns N ' Roses , a hard rock band whose image reflected the grittier underbelly of the Sunset Strip , was at least in part a reaction against the overly polished image of hair metal , but that band 's wild success was in many ways the last gasp of the hard - rock and metal scene . By the mid-1980s , as the term `` heavy metal '' became the subject of much contestation , the style had branched out in so many different directions that new classifications were created by fans , record companies , and fanzines , although sometimes the differences between various subgenres were unclear , even to the artists purportedly belonging to a given style . The most notable of the 1980s metal subgenres in the United States was the swift and aggressive thrash metal style , pioneered by bands like Anthrax , Megadeth , Metallica , and Slayer . 1990s ( edit ) Perhaps the most important change in the 1990s in American popular music was the rise of alternative rock through the popularity of grunge . This was previously an explicitly anti-mainstream grouping of genres that rose to great fame beginning in the early 1990s . The genre in its early stages was largely situated on Sub Pop Records , a company founded by Bruce Pavitt and John Poneman . Significant grunge bands signed to the label were Green River ( half of the members from this band would later become founding members of Pearl Jam ) , Sonic Youth ( although not a grunge band they were influential on grunge bands and in fact it was upon the insistence of Kim Gordon that the David Geffen Company signed Nirvana ) and Nirvana . Grunge is an alternative rock subgenre with a `` dark , brooding guitar - based sludge '' sound , drawing on heavy metal , punk , and elements of bands like Sonic Youth and their use of `` unconventional tunings to bend otherwise standard pop songs completely out of shape . '' With the addition of a `` melodic , Beatlesque element '' to the sound of bands like Nirvana , grunge became wildly popular across the United States . Grunge became commercially successful in the early 1990s , peaking between 1991 and 1994 . Bands from cities in the U.S. Pacific Northwest especially Seattle , Washington , were responsible for creating grunge and later made it popular with mainstream audiences . The supposed Generation X , who had just reached adulthood as grunge 's popularity peaked , were closely associated with grunge , the sound which helped `` define the desperation of ( that ) generation . '' Later Post Grunge bands such as Foo Fighters and Creed became popular form of Alternative rock because it was and still is very radio friendly unlike the Grunge band of which they were musically influenced by . Pop punk bands like Green Day and Blink 182 also gained popularity . In the second half of the 1990s nu metal arose with bands such as Linkin Park , Korn , Limp Bizkit and Slipknot . The independent culture slumbered in the underground scenes with new genres such as lo - fi ( Beck , Sparklehorse , Guided By Voices ) , math rock ( Slint , Shellac ) and post-rock ( Mogwai , Explosions in the Sky ) . Emocore and Post-hardcore became more known with bands such as At the Drive - In and Fugazi . Gangsta rap is a kind of hip hop , most importantly characterized by a lyrical focus on macho sexuality , physicality and a dangerous , criminal image . Though the origins of gangsta rap can be traced back to the mid-1980s raps of Philadelphia 's Schoolly D and the West Coast 's Ice - T , the style is usually said to have begun in the Los Angeles and Oakland area , where Too Short , NWA and others found their fame . This West Coast rap scene spawned the early 1990s G - funk sound , which paired gangsta rap lyrics with a thick and hazy tone , often relying on samples from 1970s P - funk ; the best - known proponents of this sound were the breakthrough rappers Dr. Dre and Snoop Doggy Dogg . 2000s ( edit ) By the end of the 1990s and into the early 2000s pop music consisted mostly of a combination of pop - hip hop and R&B - tinged pop , including a number of boy bands . Notable female singers also cemented their status in American and worldwide popular music , such as Beyoncé ( with her solo career and as lead singer of Destiny 's Child ) , Britney Spears , Christina Aguilera , Katy Perry , Lady Gaga and Taylor Swift . Also notable was the influence of hip - hop producers on popular music in the mid-late 2000s , including the Neptunes and Timbaland , who made the sounds first heard on Justin Timberlake 's FutureSex / LoveSounds and Nelly Furtado 's Loose imitated throughout popular radio with artists Madonna , Akon and Lady Gaga . In the late 2000s into the early 2010s , pop music began to move towards being heavily influenced by the European electronic dance music scene , taking root in the college crowd through producers like David Guetta , Calvin Harris , Swedish House Mafia and Skrillex . Hip hop / pop combination had also begun to dominate 2000s and early 2010s . In the early 2010s , prominent artists like Bruno Mars , Drake , Lil Wayne , 2 Chainz , Kendrick Lamar , Machine Gun Kelly , and Macklemore began to dominate the mainstream music scene . The predominant sound in 1990s country music was pop with only very limited elements of country . This includes many of the best - selling artists of the 1990s , like Clint Black , Shania Twain , Faith Hill and the first of these crossover stars , Garth Brooks . On the other hand a guitar revival took place and raised a new generation of alternative guitar bands often described as post-punk revival or garage rock revival . Prominent US bands of this generation are White Stripes , The Strokes , and The Killers . New Weird America or sometimes called Freak Folk is a new movement emphasizing the artistic individuality of genre crossing artists such as Antony and the Johnsons , Joanna Newsom , The Dodos , Animal Collective and Cat Power . `` Come as You Are '' This song is by Nirvana , who did more than any other group to bring grunge into the mainstream . Problems playing this file ? See media help . International and social impact ( edit ) American popular music has become extremely popular internationally . Rock , hip hop , jazz , country and other styles have fans across the globe . The combination of parts of international and American popular music has been attempted between the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s . However , the results of synthesis were for the most part unsuccessful . BBC Radio DJ Andy Kershaw , for example , has noted that country music is popular across virtually the entire world . Indeed , out of `` all the contributions made by Americans to world culture ... ( American popular music ) has been taken ( most ) to heart by the entire world '' . Other styles of American popular music have also had a formative effect internationally , including funk , the basis for West African Afrobeat , R&B , a major source for Jamaican reggae , and rock , which has profoundly influenced most every genre of popular music worldwide . Rock , country , jazz and hip hop have become an entrenched part of many countries , leading to local varieties like Australian country music , Tanzanian Bongo Flava and Russian rock . Rock has had a formative influence on popular music , which had the effect of transforming `` the very concept of what popular music '' is . while Charlie Gillett has argued that rock and roll `` was the first popular genre to incorporate the relentless pulse and sheer volume of urban life into the music itself '' . The social impacts of American popular music have been felt both within the United States and abroad . Beginning as early as the extravaganzas of the late 19th century , American popular music has been criticized for being too sexually titillating and for encouraging violence , drug abuse and generally immoral behavior . See also ( edit ) Blackface Rockabilly American Idol pop culture Christian pop culture British Invasion Lester S. Levy Collection of Sheet Music Notes ( edit ) ^ Garofalo is an example of starting with Tin Pan Alley , in a chapter that also contains the coverage of ragtime ^ Ewen is an example , covering national ballads and patriotic songs , folk music , songs of the Negro , minstrel show and its songs and extravaganza to vaudeville ^ Ewen , pg. 69 Ewen claims Dan Emmett was a `` popular - song composer '' , then goes on another , and even more significant , was his contemporary , Stephen Foster -- America 's first major composer , and one of the world 's outstanding writers of songs . ^ Clarke , pgs. 28 -- 29 Clarke notes the song `` Massa 's in the Cold Ground '' as a clear attempt to sentimentalize slavery , though he notes that many slaves must have loved their masters , on whom they depended for everything . Clarke also notes that songs like `` Nelly Was a Lady '' describe the black experience as ordinary human feelings ; they are people as real as the characters in Shakespeare . ^ Ewen , pg. 81 When Milly Cavendish stepped lightly in front of the footlights , wagged a provocative finger at the men in her audience , and sang in her high - pitched baby voice , `` You Naughty , Naughty Men '' -- by T. Kennick and G. Bicknell -- the American musical theater and the American popular song both started their long and active careers in sex exploitation . ^ Ewen , pg. 94 Ewen claims New York was the music publishing center of the country by the 1890s , and says the ' ' publishers devised formulas by which songs could be produced with speed and dispatch ... Songs were now to be produced from a serviceable matrix , and issued in large quantities : stereotypes for foreign songs , Negro songs , humorous ditties , and , most important of all , sentimental ballads . ^ Ewen , pg. 101 Ewen is the source for both `` Drill Ye Tarriers '' and the nature of coon songs ^ Ewen , pg. 101 and Clarke , pg . 62Ewen attributes `` New Coon in Town '' to Paul Allen , though Clarke attributes it to J.S. Putnam -- both agree on the year , 1883 ^ Clarke , pg. 95 Clarke dates the golden age as c. 1914 -- 50 ^ Clarke , pgs. 56 -- 57 Coon songs came out of minstrelsy , and were already established in vaudeville , when all this culminted in ragtime ... ragtime may have begun with attempts to imitate the banjo on the keyboard . ^ Ferris , pg. 228 Conceived as dance music , and long considered a kind of popular or vernacular music , jazz has become a sophisticated art form that has interacted in significant ways with the music of the concert hall . ^ Clarke , pgs. 200 -- 201 From 1935 until after the Second World War a jazz - oriented style was at the centre of popular music for the first time ( and the last , so far ) , as opposed to merely giving it backbone . ^ Garofalo , pg. 45 The ukulele and steel guitar were introduced to this country by the Hawaiian string bands that toured the country after Hawaii became a U.S. territory in 1900 . ^ Collins , pg. 11 In addition , Collins notes that early pseudo-country musicians like Vernon Dalhart who had made their name recording ' country music songs ' were not from the hills and hollows or plains and valleys . These recording stars sang both rural music and city music , and most knew more about Broadway than they did about hillbillies . Their rural image was often manufactured for the moment and the dollar . In contrast , Collins later explains , both the Carter Family and Rodgers had rural folk credibility that helped make Peer 's recording session such an influential success ; it was the Carter Family that was Ralk Peer 's tie to the hills and hollows , to lost loves and found faith , but it took Jimmie Rodgers to connect the publisher with some of country music 's other beloved symbols -- trains and saloons , jail and the blues . ^ Broughton , Viv and James Attlee . `` Devil Stole the Beat '' in the Rough Guide to World Music , Volume 2 , pg. 569 Its seminal figure was a piano player and ex-blues musician by the name of Thomas A. Dorsey ( 1899 -- 1993 ) , who began composing songs based on familiar spirituals and hymns fused to blues and jazz rhythms . ( emphasis in original ) ^ Garofalo , pg. 72 The first pop vocalist to engender hysteria among his fans ( rather than simple admiration or adoration ) was an Italian American who refused to anglicize his name -- Frank Sinatra , the `` Sultan of Swoon '' . ^ Rolling Stone , pgs. 99 -- 100 Ward , Stokes and Tucker call cover versions the ants at the increasingly sumptuous rhythm - and - blues picnic . ^ Szatmary , pgs. 69 -- 70 Also a guitar enthusiast who had released a few undistinctive singles on his own label in 1960 , Dale worked closely with Leo Fender , the manufacturer of the first mass - produced , solid - body electric guitar and the president of Fender Instruments , to improve the Showman amplifier and to develop the reverberation unit that would give surf music its distinctively fuzzy sound . ^ Rolling Stone , pg. 251 Though the Beach Boys ' instrumental sound was often painfully thin , the floating vocals , with the Four Freshman - ish harmonies riding over a droned , propulsive burden ( `` inside outside , U.S.A. '' in `` Surfin ' U.S.A. '' ; `` rah , rah , rah , rah , sis boom bah '' in `` Be True to Your School '' ) were rich , dense and unquestionably special . ^ Garofalo , pg. 201 Garofalo specifically lists `` Roll Over Beethoven '' by Chuck Berry , `` Long Tall Sally '' by Little Richard , `` Twist and Shout '' by the Isley Brothers , `` Money '' by Barrett Strong , `` Boys '' and Baby It 's You '' by The Shirelles , `` You 've Really Got a Hold on Me '' by Smokey Robinson and the Miracles and `` Chains '' by The Cookies . ^ Garofalo , pg. 218 The Grateful Dead combined the anticommercial tendencies of white middle - class youth with the mind - altering properties of lyseric acid diethylamide ( LSD ) . ^ Garofalo , pg. 448 Garofalo describes a sampler called Sub Pop 200 as an early anthology of the dark , brooding guitar - based sludge that came to be known as grunge . ^ Garofalo , pg. 451 From ( Glenn Branca 's ) group they learned to use unconventional tunings to bend otherwise standard pop songs completely out of shape , a trademark of Sonic Youth that , in Seattle , resonated as well as the dark side of their musical vision . ^ Szatmary , pg. 285 Recording the songs that would become Nevermind , Nirvana added a melodic , Beatlesque element , which had shaped Cobain , Novoselic , and new drummer Dave Grohl . ^ Szatmary , pg. 284 Grunge , growing in the Seattle offices of the independent Sub Pop Records , combined hardcore and metal to top the charts and help define the desperation of a generation. ; in context , this presumably refers to Generation X , though that term is not specifically used . ^ Kershaw , pg. 167 , from the Rough Guide to World Music , Part Two , `` Our Life Is Precisely a Song '' , pg. 167 Kershaw specifically notes that North Korea was the only country in which he never heard country music ^ Ewen , pg. 3 Of all the contributions made by Americans to world culture -- automation and the assembly line , advertising , innumerable devices and gadgets , skyscrapers , supersalesmen , baseball , ketchup , mustard and hot dogs and hamburrgers -- one , undeniably native has been taken to heart by the entire world . It is American popular music . ^ Garofalo , pg. 94 Suffice it to say , lest we get lost in history , that the music that came to be called rock ' n ' roll began in the 1950s as diverse and seldom heard segments of the population achieved a dominant voice in mainstream culture and transformed the very concept of what popular music was . ^ Gillett , pg . i , quote from Garofalo , pg. 4 Garofalo quotes Gillett as Rock and Roll ( sic ) was perhaps the first form of popular culture to celebrate without reservation characteristics of city life that had been among the most criticized . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gilliland 1969 , show 6 . Jump up ^ Gilliland 1969 , show 11 , track 5 . Jump up ^ Gillett , `` pg. 9 , cited '' , in Garofalo , 1997 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Gilliland 1969 , show 9 . Jump up ^ `` Hank Williams '' . PBS ' American Masters . Archived from the original on 26 May 2005 . Retrieved 6 June 2005 . Jump up ^ Gilliland 1969 , show 10 . Jump up ^ `` Nashville sound / Countrypolitan '' . Allmusic . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2011 . Retrieved 6 June 2005 . Jump up ^ Gilliland 1969 , shows 15 - 17 . Jump up ^ Gilliland 1969 , shows 25 - 26 . Jump up ^ Gilliland 1969 , show 51 . Jump up ^ Gilliland 1969 , show 37 . Jump up ^ Gilliland 1969 , shows 41 - 43 . Jump up ^ Gilliland 1969 , shows 27 - 30 . Jump up ^ Gilliland 1969 , show 49 . Jump up ^ Gilliland 1969 , shows 35 , 39 . Jump up ^ http://search.proquest.com/docview/1194587/ Jump up ^ Plasketes , George ( October 1995 ) . Cross Cultural Sessions : World Music Missionaries in American Popular Music . Popular Culture Association in the South . pp. 49 -- 50 -- via JSTOR . ^ Baraka , Amiri ( Leroi Jones ) ( 1963 ) . Blues People : Negro Music in White America . William Morrow . ISBN 0 - 688 - 18474 - X . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) , cited in Garofalo , pg. 76 ^ Blush , Steven ( 2001 ) . American Hardcore : A Tribal History . Feral House . ISBN 0 - 922915 - 71 - 7 . ^ Clarke , Donald ( 1995 ) . The Rise and Fall of Popular Music . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 11573 - 3 . ^ Collins , Ace ( 1996 ) . The Stories Behind Country Music 's All - Time Greatest 100 Songs . Boulevard Books . ISBN 1 - 57297 - 072 - 3 . ^ Ewen , David ( 1957 ) . Panorama of American Popular Music . Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 648360 - 7 . ^ Ferris , Jean ( 1993 ) . America 's Musical Landscape . Brown & Benchmark . ISBN 0 - 697 - 12516 - 5 . ^ Garofalo , Reebee ( 1997 ) . Rockin ' Out : Popular Music in the USA . Allyn & Bacon . ISBN 0 - 205 - 13703 - 2 . ^ Gillett , Charlie ( 1970 ) . The Sound of the City : The Rise of Rock and Roll . Outerbridge and Dienstfrey . ISBN 0 - 285 - 62619 - 1 . ; cited in Garofalo ^ Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` Play A Simple Melody : American pop music in the early fifties '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . University of North Texas Libraries . ^ Jones , Alan ; Jussi Kantonen ( 1999 ) . Saturday Night Forever : The Story of Disco . A Cappella Books . ISBN 1 - 55652 - 411 - 0 . ^ Lipsitz , George ( 1982 ) . Class and Culture in Cold War America . J.F. Bergin . ISBN 0 - 03 - 059207 - 0 . , cited in Garofalo , pg. 95 ^ Malone , Bill C. ( 1985 ) . Country Music USA : Revised Edition . University of Texas Press . ISBN 0 - 292 - 71096 - 8 . ; cited in Garofalo ^ Marcus , Greil ( June 24 , 1993 ) . `` Is This the Woman Who Invented Rock and Roll ? : The Deborah Chessler Story '' . Rolling Stone : 41 . ; cited in Garofalo ^ Morales , Ed ( 2003 ) . The Latin Beat . Da Capo Press . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81018 - 2 . ^ Palmer , Robert ( April 19 , 1990 ) . `` The Fifties '' . Rolling Stone : 48 . ; cited in Garofalo , pg. 95 ^ Miller , Jim , ed. ( 1976 ) . The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll . Rolling Stone Press / Random House . ISBN 0 - 394 - 73238 - 3 . ( chapter on `` Soul '' , by Guralnick , Peter , pgs. 194 -- 197 ) ^ Ward , Ed , Geoffrey Stokes and Ken Tucker ( 1986 ) . Rock of Ages : The Rolling Stone History of Rock and Roll . Rolling Stone Press . ISBN 0 - 671 - 54438 - 1 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Broughton , Simon and Ellingham , Mark with McConnachie , James and Duane , Orla ( Ed . ) ( 2000 ) . Rough Guide to World Music . Rough Guides Ltd , Penguin Books . ISBN 1 - 85828 - 636 - 0 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ `` Nashville Sound '' . Roughstock 's History of Country Music . Archived from the original on 3 April 2005 . Retrieved 6 June 2005 . ^ Sawyers , June Skinner ( 2000 ) . Celtic Music : A Complete Guide . Da Capo Press . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81007 - 7 . ^ Schuller , Gunther ( 1968 ) . Early Jazz : Its Roots and Musical Development . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 504043 - 0 . , cited in Garofalo , pg. 26 ^ Sudhalter , Richard M. ( 1999 ) . Lost Chords : White Musicians and Their Contribution to Jazz . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 514838 - X . ^ David Szatmary ( 2000 ) . Rockin ' in Time : A Social History of Rock - And - Roll . Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 188790 - 4 . ^ Werner , Craig ( 1998 ) . A Change Is Gonna Come : Music , Race and the Soul of America . Plume . ISBN 0 - 452 - 28065 - 6 . Further reading ( edit ) Bayles , Martha ( 1994 ) . Hole in Our Soul : The Loss of Beauty and Meaning in American Popular Music . Free Press . ISBN 0 - 02 - 901962 - 1 . Booth , Mark W. ( 1983 ) . American Popular Music : A Reference Guide . Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 21305 - 4 . Ennis , Phillip H. ( 1992 ) . The Seventh Stream : The Emergence of Rocknroll in American Popular Music . Wesleyan University Press . ISBN 0 - 8195 - 6257 - 2 . Hamm , Charles ( 1979 ) . Yesterdays : Popular Song in America . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 01257 - 3 . Joseph , Mark ( 2003 ) . Faith , God , and Rock + Roll : From Bono to Jars of Clay : How People of Faith Are Transforming American Popular Music . Baker Books . ISBN 0 - 8010 - 6500 - 3 . Joyner , David Lee ( 2002 ) . American Popular Music . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 241424 - 3 . Kenney , William Howland ( 2003 ) . Recorded Music in American Life : The Phonograph and Popular Memory , 1890 -- 1945 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 517177 - 2 . Mahar , William J. ( 1998 ) . Behind the Burnt Cork Mask : Early Blackface Minstrelsy and Antebellum American Popular Culture . University of Illinois Press . ISBN 0 - 252 - 06696 - 0 . Pratt , Ray ( 1994 ) . Rhythm and Resistance : The Political Uses of American Popular Music . Smithsonian Books . ISBN 1 - 56098 - 351 - 5 . Rubin , Rachel ; Jeffrey Melnick , eds. ( 2001 ) . American Popular Music : New Approaches to the Twentieth Century . University of Massachusetts Press . ISBN 1 - 55849 - 268 - 2 . Sanjek , Russell ( 1988 ) . American Popular Music and Its Business : The First Four Hundred Years : Volume III , from 1900 to 1984 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 504311 - 1 . Scheurer , Timothy E. , ed. ( 1990 ) . American Popular Music : Readings from the Popular Press : The Nineteenth Century and Tin Pan Alley . Bowling Green State University Popular Press . ISBN 0 - 87972 - 465 - X . Scheurer , Timothy E. , ed. ( 1990 ) . American Popular Music Vol 2 : The Age of Rock . Bowling Green University Popular Press . ISBN 0 - 87972 - 468 - 4 . Starr , Larry ; Christopher Alan Waterman ( 2002 ) . American Popular Music : From Minstrelsy to MTV . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 510854 - X . Vautier , Dominic ( 2000 ) . Sex , Music & Bloomers : A Social History of American Popular Music . Abelard Press . ISBN 0 - 9677046 - 3 - 4 . Wilder , Alec ( 1990 ) . American Popular Song : The Great Innovators , 1900 -- 1950 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 501445 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Center for Popular Music at the Middle Tennessee State University Database of popular songs in American history Center for American Music at the University of Pittsburgh Popular Songs from the Civil War to the Cold War United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S. history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican -- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African - American Civil Rights Movement 1865 -- 1895 / 1896 -- 1954 Spanish -- American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front Nazism in the United States American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Civil Rights Movement Feminist Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War ( 1991 -- 2008 ) Collapse of the Soviet Union War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Recent events ( 2008 -- present ) By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic debt ceiling Inventions before 1890 1890 -- 1945 1946 -- 91 after 1991 Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory states territories counties cities , towns , and villages Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Rivers Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Ohio Rio Grande Time Water supply and sanitation Politics Federal Executive President Executive Office Cabinet / Executive departments Civil service Independent agencies Law enforcement Public policy Legislature Congress Senate Vice President President pro tempore House of Representatives Speaker Judiciary Federal judiciary Supreme Court Courts of appeals District courts Law Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Federal Reporter United States Code United States Reports Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation National Geospatial - 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ownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Professional and working class conflict Standard of living Wealth Issues Ages of consent Capital punishment Crime Incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination Affirmative action Intersex rights Islamophobia LGBT rights Racism Same - sex marriage Drug policy Energy policy Environmental movement Gun politics Health care Health insurance Health care reform Abortion Hunger Obesity Smoking Human rights Immigration illegal International rankings National security Mass surveillance Terrorism Separation of church and state Outline Index Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_popular_music&oldid=796960756 '' Categories : American popular music Hidden categories : Good articles Articles with hAudio microformats CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Español Italiano 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2017 , at 03 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how did american popular culture change around the turn of the 20th century | [
"Distinctive styles of American popular music emerged early in the 19th century, and in the 20th century the American music industry developed a series of new forms of music, using elements of blues and other genres of American folk music. These popular styles included country, R&B, jazz and rock. The 1960s and 1970s saw a number of important changes in American popular music, including the development of a number of new styles, such as heavy metal, punk, soul, and hip hop. Though these styles were not in the sense of mainstream, they were commercially recorded and are thus examples of popular music as opposed to folk or classical music.",
"Distinctive styles of American popular music emerged early in the 19th century, and in the 20th century the American music industry developed a series of new forms of music, using elements of blues and other genres of American folk music. These popular styles included country, R&B, jazz and rock. The 1960s and 1970s saw a number of important changes in American popular music, including the development of a number of new styles, such as heavy metal, punk, soul, and hip hop. Though these styles were not in the sense of mainstream, they were commercially recorded and are thus examples of popular music as opposed to folk or classical music."
] | [
"developed a series of new forms of music",
"using elements of blues and other genres of American folk music"
] |
-5326741031613758867 | Rigor mortis | Rigor mortis - wikipedia Rigor mortis This article is about the sign of death . For other uses , see Rigor mortis ( disambiguation ) . Stages of death Pallor mortis Algor mortis Rigor mortis Livor mortis Putrefaction Decomposition Skeletonization Fossilization Rigor mortis ( Latin : rigor `` stiffness '' , mortis `` of death '' ) or postmortem rigidity , the third stage of death , is one of the recognizable signs of death , caused by chemical changes in the muscles post mortem , which cause the limbs of the corpse to stiffen . In humans , rigor mortis can occur as soon as 4 hours post mortem . Contents 1 Physiology 2 Physical changes 3 Applications in meat industry 4 Application in forensic pathology 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography Physiology ( edit ) After death , respiration in an organism ceases , depleting the source of oxygen used in the making of adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) . ATP is required to cause separation of the actin - myosin cross-bridges during relaxation of muscle . When oxygen is no longer present , the body may continue to produce ATP via anaerobic glycolysis . When the body 's glycogen is depleted , the ATP concentration diminishes , and the body enters rigor mortis because it is unable to break those bridges . Additionally , calcium enters the cytosol after death . Calcium is released into the cytosol due to the deterioration of the sarcoplasmic reticulum . Also , the breakdown of the sarcolemma causes additional calcium to enter the cytosol . The calcium activates the formation of actin - myosin cross-bridging . Once calcium is introduced into the cytosol , it binds to the troponin of thin filaments , which causes the troponin - tropomyosin complex to change shape and allow the myosin heads to bind to the active sites of actin proteins . In rigor mortis myosin heads continue binding with the active sites of actin proteins via adenosine diphosphate ( ADP ) , and the muscle is unable to relax until further enzyme activity degrades the complex . Normal relaxation would occur by replacing ADP with ATP , which would destabilize the myosin - actin bond and break the cross-bridge . However , as ATP is absent , there must be a breakdown of muscle tissue by enzymes ( endogenous or bacterial ) during decomposition . As part of the process of decomposition , the myosin heads are degraded by the enzymes , allowing the muscle contraction to release and the body to relax . Decomposition of the myofilaments occurs 48 to 60 hours after the peak of rigor mortis , which occurs approximately 13 hours after death . Physical Changes ( edit ) At the time of death , a condition called `` primary flaccidity '' occurs . Following this , the muscles stiffen in rigor mortis . All muscles in the body are affected . Starting between two and six hours following death , rigor mortis begins with the eyelids , neck , and jaw . The sequence may be due to different lactic acid levels among different muscles , which is directly related to the difference in glycogen levels and different types of muscle fibers . Rigor mortis then spreads to the other muscles , including the internal organs , within the next four to six hours . The onset of rigor mortis is affected by the individual 's age , sex , physical condition , and muscular build . Rigor mortis may not be perceivable in many infant and child corpses due to their smaller muscle mass . Applications in meat industry ( edit ) Rigor mortis is very important in meat technology . The onset of rigor mortis and its resolution partially determine the tenderness of meat . If the post-slaughter meat is immediately chilled to 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) , a phenomenon known as cold shortening occurs , whereby the muscle sarcomeres shrink to a third of their original length . Cold shortening is caused by the release of stored calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum of muscle fibers , in response to the cold stimulus . The calcium ions trigger powerful muscle contraction aided by ATP molecules . To prevent cold shortening , a process known as electrical stimulation is carried out , especially in beef carcasses , immediately after slaughter and skinning . In this process , the carcass is stimulated with alternating current , causing it to contract and relax , which depletes the ATP reserve from the carcass and prevents cold shortening . Application in forensic pathology ( edit ) The degree of rigor mortis may be used in forensic pathology , to determine the approximate time of death . A dead body holds its position as rigor mortis sets in . If the body is moved after death , but before rigor mortis begins , forensic techniques such as livor mortis can be applied . If the position in which a body is found does not match the location where it is found ( for example , if it is flat on its back with one arm sticking straight up ) , that could mean someone moved it . Several factors also affect the progression of rigor mortis , and investigators take these into account when estimating the time of death . One such factor is the ambient temperature . In warm environments , the onset and pace of rigor mortis are sped up by providing a conducive environment for the metabolic processes that cause decay . Low temperatures , however , slow them down . Therefore , for a person who dies outside in frozen conditions rigor mortis may last several days more than normal , so investigators may have to abandon it as a tool for determining time of death . See also ( edit ) Cadaveric spasm References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Saladin , K.S. 2010 . Anatomy & Physiology : 6th edition . McGraw - Hill . ^ Jump up to : Hall , John E. , and Arthur C. Guyton . Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology . Philadelphia , PA : Saunders / Elsevier , 2011 . MD Consult . Web . 26 Jan. 2015 . Jump up ^ Fremery , Donald ( 3 February 1959 ) . `` Biochemistry of Chicken Muscle as Related to Rigor Mortis and Tenderization '' . Journal of Food Science . 25 ( 1 ) : 73 -- 87 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2621.1960. tb17938. x . Jump up ^ About.com Jump up ^ `` Classroom Resources - Argonne National Laboratory '' . Jump up ^ `` Rigor Mortis and Other Postmortem Changes - Burial , Body , Life , Cause , Time , Person , Human , Putrefaction . '' Encyclopedia of Death and Dying. 2011 . Web . 4 December 2011 . < http://www.deathreference.com/Py-Se/Rigor-Mortis-and-Other-Postmortem-Changes.html > . Jump up ^ The Royal Society of New Zealand ( 1976 ) . `` New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research '' . The Royal Society of New Zealand . p. 13 . Jump up ^ Peress , Robin . `` Discovery Health `` Rigor Mortis at the Crime Scene '' '' Discovery Health `` Health Guides '' Discovery Fit & Health , 2011 . Web . 4 December 2011 . < http://health.howstuffworks.com/diseases-conditions/death-dying/rigor-mortis-cause2.htm > Jump up ^ Estimating The Time of Death , ExploreForensics < http://www.exploreforensics.co.uk/estimating-the-time-of-death.html Bibliography ( edit ) Bear , Mark F ; Connors , Barry W. ; Paradiso , Michael A. , Neuroscience , Exploring the Brain , Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ; Third Edition ( 1 February 2006 ) . ISBN 0 - 7817 - 6003 - 8 Robert G. Mayer , `` Embalming : history , theory , and practice '' , McGraw - Hill Professional , 2005 , ISBN 0 - 07 - 143950 - 1 `` Rigor Mortis and Other Postmortem Changes - Burial , Body , Life , Cause , Time , Person , Human , Putrefaction . '' Encyclopedia of Death and Dying. 2011 . Web . 4 December 2011 . < http://www.deathreference.com/Py-Se/Rigor-Mortis-and-Other-Postmortem-Changes.html > . Saladin , Kenneth . Anatomy and Physiology : The Unity of Form and Function , 6th ed . McGraw - Hill . New York , 2012 . Peress , Robin . `` Discovery Health `` Rigor Mortis at the Crime Scene '' '' Discovery Health `` Health Guides '' Discovery Fit & Health , 2011 . Web . 4 December 2011 . < http://health.howstuffworks.com/diseases-conditions/death-dying/rigor-mortis-cause2.htm > . Death Outline In medicine Cell death Necrosis Avascular necrosis Coagulative necrosis Liquefactive necrosis Gangrenous necrosis Caseous necrosis Fat necrosis Fibrinoid necrosis Temporal lobe necrosis Programmed cell death AICD Anoikis Apoptosis Autophagy Intrinsic apoptosis Necroptosis Paraptosis Parthanatos Phenoptosis Pseudoapoptosis Pyroptosis Autolysis Autoschizis Eschar Immunogenic cell death Ischemic cell death Pyknosis Karyorrhexis Karyolysis Mitotic catastrophe Suicide gene Abortion Accidental death Autopsy Brain death Brainstem death Clinical death DOA Death by natural causes Death rattle Dysthanasia End - of - life care Euthanasia Lazarus sign Lazarus syndrome Medical definition of death Organ donation Terminal illness Unnatural death Lists Causes of death by rate Expressions related to death Natural disasters People by cause of death Premature obituaries Preventable causes of death Notable deaths by year Unusual deaths TV actors who died during production Mortality Birthday effect Child mortality Gompertz -- Makeham law of mortality Holiday effect Immortality Biological Digital Infant mortality Karōshi Maternal death Maternal mortality in fiction Memento mori Micromort Mortality displacement Mortality rate RAMR Mortality salience Perinatal mortality After death Body Stages Pallor mortis Algor mortis Rigor mortis Livor mortis Putrefaction Decomposition Skeletonization Fossilization Preservation Cryopreservation Cryonics Neuropreservation Embalming Maceration Mummification Plastination Prosection Taxidermy Disposal Burial Bed burial Burial at sea Chariot burial Jar burial Natural burial Premature burial Secondary burial Ship burial Sky burial Space burial Cannibalism Cremation Dismemberment Excarnation Promession Resomation Beating heart cadaver Body donation Cadaveric spasm Coffin birth Death erection Dissection Gibbeting Postmortem caloricity Post-mortem interval Other aspects Afterlife Cemetery Consciousness Customs Death mask Eternal oblivion Examination Funeral Grief Intermediate state Internet Mourning Obituary Resurrection Taboo on the dead Vigil Paranormal Ghosts Near - death experience Near - death studies Necromancy Out - of - body experience Reincarnation research Séance Legal Abortion law Administration Capital punishment Cause of death Civil death Coroner Death - qualified jury Death certificate Declared death in absentia Death row Dying declaration Faked death Inquest Legal death Murder Prohibition of death Right to die Suspicious death Trust law Will Fields Forensic pathology Funeral director Mortuary science Necrobiology Post-mortem chemistry Post-mortem photography Taphonomy Biostratinomy Thanatology Other Apparent death Dark tourism Darwin Awards Dead pool Death and culture Death anniversary Death anxiety Death deity Personification of death Dying - and - rising god Psychopomp Death camp Death drive Death education Death from laughter Death hoax Death knell Death march Death messenger Death notification Death panel Death poem Death pose Death - positive movement Death squad Death threat Death trajectory Dignified death Extinction Fan death Festival of the Dead Fascination with death Homicide Information - theoretic death Last rites Martyr Megadeath Museum of Death Necronym Necrophilia Necrophobia The Order of the Good Death Predation Sacrifice human animal Spiritual death Suicide Assisted suicide Thanatosensitivity Undead Voodoo death Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rigor_mortis&oldid=866076911 '' Categories : Signs of death Latin medical phrases Medical aspects of death Forensic pathology Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from April 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Беларуская Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 03 : 00 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how soon after death does rigamortis set in | [
"Rigor mortis (Latin: rigor \"stiffness\", mortis \"of death\") or postmortem rigidity, the third stage of death, is one of the recognizable signs of death, caused by chemical changes in the muscles post mortem, which cause the limbs of the corpse to stiffen.[1] In humans, rigor mortis can occur as soon as 4 hours post mortem.\n"
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"as soon as 4 hours post mortem"
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-5662670936588723455 | Founding Fathers of the United States | Founding Fathers of the United States - wikipedia Founding Fathers of the United States Jump to : navigation , search Declaration of Independence , a painting by John Trumbull depicting the Committee of Five presenting their draft to the Congress on June 28 , 1776 Signature page of the Treaty of Paris of 1783 that was negotiated on behalf of the Patriots by John Adams , Benjamin Franklin and John Jay The Founding Fathers of the United States were descendants of immigrants settled in the Thirteen Colonies in North America who led the American Revolution against the Kingdom of Great Britain . Historian Richard B. Morris in 1973 identified the following seven figures as the key Founding Fathers : John Adams , Benjamin Franklin , Alexander Hamilton , John Jay , Thomas Jefferson , James Madison , and George Washington . Adams , Jefferson , and Franklin were members of the Committee of Five that drafted the Declaration of Independence . Hamilton , Madison , and Jay were authors of The Federalist Papers , advocating ratification of the Constitution . The constitutions drafted by Jay and Adams for their respective states of New York ( 1777 ) and Massachusetts ( 1780 ) were heavily relied upon when creating language for the US Constitution . Jay , Adams and Franklin negotiated the Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) that would end the American Revolutionary War . Washington was Commander - in - Chief of the Continental Army and was President of the Constitutional Convention . All held additional important roles in the early government of the United States , with Washington , Adams , Jefferson , and Madison serving as President . Jay was the nation 's first Chief Justice , Hamilton was the first Secretary of the Treasury , and Franklin was America 's most senior diplomat , and later the governmental leader of Pennsylvania . The term Founding Fathers is sometimes used to refer to the Signers of the embossed version of the Declaration of Independence in 1776 . Signers should not be confused with the term Framers ; the Framers are defined by the National Archives as those 55 individuals who were appointed to be delegates to the 1787 Constitutional Convention and took part in drafting the proposed Constitution of the United States . Of the 55 Framers , only 39 were signers of the Constitution . Two further groupings of Founding Fathers include : 1 ) those who signed the Continental Association , a trade ban and one of the colonists ' first collective volleys protesting British control and the Intolerable Acts in 1774 or 2 ) those who signed the Articles of Confederation , the first U.S. constitutional document . The phrase `` Founding Fathers '' is a twentieth - century appellation , coined by Warren G. Harding in 1916 . Prior to , and during the 19th century , they were referred to as simply the `` Fathers '' . The term has been used to describe the founders and first settlers of the original royal colonies . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Interesting facts and commonalities 2.1 Education 2.1. 1 Colonial colleges attended 2.1. 2 Advanced degrees and apprenticeships 2.1. 2.1 Doctors of Medicine 2.1. 2.2 Theology 2.1. 2.3 Legal apprenticeships 2.1. 3 Self - taught or little formal education 2.2 Demographics 2.3 Occupations 2.4 Finances 2.5 Prior political experience 2.6 Religion 2.7 Ownership of slaves and position on slavery 2.8 Attendance at conventions 2.9 Spouses and children 2.10 Charters of freedom and historical documents of the United States 2.11 Post-constitution life 2.12 Youth and longevity 2.13 Founders who were not signatories or delegates 3 Legacy 3.1 Institutions formed by Founders 3.2 Scholarship on the Founders 3.2. 1 Historians who focus on the Founding Fathers 3.2. 2 Noted collections of the Founding Fathers 3.3 In stage and film 3.4 Children 's books 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) The Albany Congress of 1754 was a conference attended by seven colonies , which presaged later efforts at cooperation . The Stamp Act Congress of 1765 included representatives from nine colonies . The First Continental Congress met briefly in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania in 1774 , consisting of fifty - six delegates from twelve of the thirteen colonies ( excluding Georgia ) that became the United States of America . Among them was George Washington , who would soon be drawn out of military retirement to command the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War . Also in attendance was Patrick Henry , and John Adams , who like all delegates were elected by their respective colonial assemblies . Other delegates included Samuel Adams from Massachusetts , John Dickinson from Pennsylvania and New York 's John Jay . This congress in addition to formulating appeals to the British crown , established the Continental Association to administer boycott actions against Britain . When the Second Continental Congress convened on May 10 , 1775 , it essentially reconstituted the First Congress . Many of the same 56 delegates who attended the first meeting participated in the second . New arrivals included Benjamin Franklin and Robert Morris of Pennsylvania , John Hancock of Massachusetts , and John Witherspoon of New Jersey . Hancock was elected Congress President two weeks into the session when Peyton Randolph was recalled to Virginia to preside over the House of Burgesses . Thomas Jefferson replaced Randolph in the Virginia congressional delegation . The second Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence . Witherspoon was the only active clergyman to sign the Declaration . He also signed the Articles of Confederation and attended the New Jersey ( 1787 ) convention that ratified the Federal Constitution . The newly founded country of the United States had to create a new government to replace the British Parliament . The U.S. adopted the Articles of Confederation , a declaration that established a national government with a one - house legislature . Its ratification by all thirteen colonies gave the second Congress a new name : the Congress of the Confederation , which met from 1781 to 1789 . The Constitutional Convention took place during the summer of 1787 , in Philadelphia . Although the Convention was called to revise the Articles of Confederation , the intention from the outset for some including James Madison and Alexander Hamilton was to create a new frame of government rather than amending the existing one . The delegates elected George Washington to preside over the Convention . The result of the Convention was the United States Constitution and the replacement of the Continental Congress with the United States Congress . Interesting facts and commonalities ( edit ) Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States , by Howard Chandler Christy George Washington served as President of the 1787 Constitutional Convention . Benjamin Franklin , an early advocate of colonial unity , was a foundational figure in defining the U.S. ethos and exemplified the emerging nation 's ideals . Alexander Hamilton wrote the Federalist papers with Jay and Madison . John Jay was President of the Continental Congress from 1778 - 1779 and negotiated the Treaty of Paris with Adams and Franklin . James Madison , called the `` Father of the Constitution '' by his contemporaries Peyton Randolph , as President of the Continental Congress , presided over creation of the Continental Association . Richard Henry Lee , who introduced the Lee Resolution in the Second Continental Congress calling for the colonies ' independence from Great Britain A Committee of Five , composed of John Adams , Thomas Jefferson , Benjamin Franklin , Roger Sherman , and Robert Livingston , drafted and presented to the Continental Congress what became known as the U.S. Declaration of Independence of July 4 , 1776 . John Hancock , President of the Continental Congress , renowned for his large and stylish signature on the United States Declaration of Independence John Dickinson authored the first draft of the Articles of Confederation in 1776 while serving in the Continental Congress as a delegate from Pennsylvania , and signed them late the following year , after being elected to Congress as a delegate from Delaware . Henry Laurens was President of the Continental Congress when the Articles were passed on November 15 , 1777 . Roger Sherman , the only person who signed all four U.S. historical documents The Founding Fathers represented a cross-section of 18th - century U.S. leadership . Almost all of them were well - educated men of means who were leaders in their communities . Many were also prominent in national affairs . Virtually every one had taken part in the American Revolution ; at least 29 had served in the Continental Army , most of them in positions of command . Scholars have examined the collective biography of them as well as the signers of the Declaration and the Constitution . Education ( edit ) Many of the Founding Fathers attended or held degrees from the colonial colleges , most notably Columbia known at the time as `` King 's College '' , Princeton originally known as `` The College of New Jersey '' , Harvard College , the College of William and Mary , Yale College and University of Pennsylvania . Some had previously been home schooled or obtained early instruction from private tutors or academies . Others had studied abroad . Ironically , Benjamin Franklin who had little formal education himself would ultimately establish the College of Philadelphia based on European models ( 1740 ) ; `` Penn '' would have the first medical school ( 1765 ) in the thirteen colonies where another Founder , Benjamin Rush would eventually teach . With a limited number of professional schools established in the U.S. , Founders also sought advanced degrees from traditional institutions in England and Scotland such as the University of Edinburgh , the University of St. Andrews , and the University of Glasgow . Colonial colleges attended ( edit ) College of William and Mary : Thomas Jefferson Harvard College : John Adams , John Hancock and William Williams King 's College ( now Columbia ) : John Jay , Alexander Hamilton , Gouverneur Morris , Robert R. Livingston and Egbert Benson . College of New Jersey ( now Princeton ) : James Madison , Gunning Bedford Jr. , Aaron Burr , Benjamin Rush and William Paterson College of Philadelphia later merged into the University of Pennsylvania : Hugh Williamson Yale College : Oliver Wolcott James Wilson attended the University of St. Andrews , the University of Glasgow , and the University of Edinburgh though he never received a degree . Advanced degrees and apprenticeships ( edit ) Doctors of Medicine ( edit ) University of Edinburgh : Rush University of Utrecht , Netherlands : Williamson Theology ( edit ) University of Edinburgh : Witherspoon ( attended , no degree ) University of St. Andrews : Witherspoon ( honorary doctorate ) Legal apprenticeships ( edit ) Several like John Jay , James Wilson , John Williams and George Wythe were trained as lawyers through apprenticeships in the colonies while a few trained at the Inns of Court in London . Self - taught or little formal education ( edit ) Franklin , Washington , John Williams and Henry Wisner had little formal education and were largely self - taught or learned through apprenticeship . Demographics ( edit ) Some of the Founding Fathers were natives of the Thirteen Colonies . Massachusetts : Adams , Franklin New York : Jay Pennsylvania : Morris Virginia : Washington , Jefferson , Madison At least nine were born outside of the Thirteen Colonies England : Robert Morris Ireland : Butler , Fitzsimons , McHenry , and Paterson West Indies : Hamilton Scotland : Wilson and Witherspoon Many of them had moved from one state to another . Eighteen had already lived , studied or worked in more than one state or colony : Baldwin , Bassett , Bedford , Davie , Dickinson , Few , Franklin , Ingersoll , Hamilton , Livingston , Alexander Martin , Luther Martin , Mercer , Gouverneur Morris , Robert Morris , Read , Sherman , and Williamson . Several others had studied or traveled abroad . Occupations ( edit ) The Founding Fathers practiced a wide range of high and middle - status occupations , and many pursued more than one career simultaneously . They did not differ dramatically from the Loyalists , except they were generally younger and less senior in their professions . As many as thirty - five including Adams , Hamilton and Jay were trained as lawyers though not all of them practiced law . Some had also been local judges . Washington trained as a land surveyor before he became commander of a small militia At the time of the convention , 13 men were merchants : Blount , Broom , Clymer , Dayton , Fitzsimons , Shields , Gilman , Gorham , Langdon , Robert Morris , Pierce , Sherman , and Wilson . Broom and Few were small farmers . Three had retired from active economic endeavors : Franklin , McHenry , and Mifflin . Franklin and Williamson were scientists , in addition to their other activities . McClurg , McHenry , Rush , and Williamson were physicians Johnson and Witherspoon were college presidents . Finances ( edit ) Historian Caroline Robbins in 1977 examined the status of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence and concluded : There were indeed disparities of wealth , earned or inherited : some Signers were rich , others had about enough to enable them to attend Congress ... The majority of revolutionaries were from moderately well - to - do or average income brackets . Twice as many Loyalists belonged to the wealthiest echelon . But some Signers were rich ; few , indigent ... The Signers were elected not for wealth or rank so much as because of the evidence they had already evinced of willingness for public service . A few of them were wealthy or had financial resources that ranged from good to excellent , but there are other founders who were less than wealthy . On the whole they were less wealthy than the Loyalists . Seven were major land speculators : Blount , Dayton , Fitzsimmons , Gorham , Robert Morris , Washington , and Wilson . Eleven speculated in securities on a large scale : Bedford , Blair , Clymer , Dayton , Fitzsimons , Franklin , King , Langdon , Robert Morris , Charles Cotesworth Pinckney , and Sherman . Many derived income from plantations or large farms which they owned or managed , which relied upon the labor of enslaved men and women particularly in the southern colonies : Bassett , Blair , Blount , Davie , Johnson , Butler , Carroll , Jefferson , Jenifer , Madison , Mason , Charles Pinckney , Charles Cotesworth Pinckney , Rutledge , Spaight , and Washington . Eight of the men received a substantial part of their income from public office : Baldwin , Blair , Brearly , Gilman , Livingston , Madison , and Rutledge . Prior political experience ( edit ) Several of the Founding Fathers had extensive national , state , local and foreign political experience prior to the adoption of the Constitution in 1787 . Some had been diplomats . Several had been members of the Continental Congress or elected President of that body . Benjamin Franklin began his political career as a city councilman and then Justice of the Peace in Philadelphia . He was next elected to the Pennsylvania Assembly and was sent by them to London as a colonial agent which helped hone his diplomatic skills . Jefferson , Adams , Jay and Franklin all acquired significant political experience as ministers to countries in Europe . John Adams and John Jay drafted the Constitutions of their respective states , Massachusetts and New York , and successfully navigated them through to adoption . Jay , Thomas Mifflin and Nathaniel Gorham had served as President of the Continental Congress . Gouverneur Morris had been a member of the New York Provincial Congress . John Dickinson , Franklin , Langdon , and Rutledge had been governors or presidents of their states . Robert Morris had been a member of the Pennsylvania Assembly and President of Pennsylvania 's Committee of Safety ( American Revolution ) . He was also a member of the Committee of Secret Correspondence . Roger Sherman had served in the Connecticut House of Representatives . Elbridge Gerry was a member of the Massachusetts Provincial Congress . Carroll served in the Maryland Senate . Wythe 's first exposure to politics was as a member of Virginia 's House of Burgesses . Read 's entry into the political arena was as a commissioner of the town of Charlestown , Maryland . Clymer was a member of the Philadelphia Committee of Safety and the Continental Congress . Wilson 's time as a member of the Continental Congress in 1776 was his introduction to colonial politics . Nearly all of the 55 Constitutional Convention delegates had some experience in colonial and state government , and the majority had held county and local offices . Those who lacked national congressional experience were Bassett , Blair , Brearly , Broom , Davie , Dayton , Alexander Martin , Luther Martin , Mason , McClurg , Paterson , Charles Pinckney , Strong , and Yates . Religion ( edit ) Franklin T. Lambert ( 2003 ) has examined the religious affiliations and beliefs of some of the Founders . Of the 55 delegates to the 1787 Constitutional Convention , 28 were Anglicans ( in the Church of England ; or Episcopalian , after the American Revolutionary War was won ) , 21 were Protestants , and two were Roman Catholics ( D. Carroll , and Fitzsimons ) . Among the Protestant delegates to the Constitutional Convention , eight were Presbyterians , seven were Congregationalists , two were Lutherans , two were Dutch Reformed , and two were Methodists . A few prominent Founding Fathers were anti-clerical Christians such as Thomas Jefferson , who constructed the Jefferson Bible , and Benjamin Franklin . Historian Gregg L. Frazer argues that the leading Founders ( Adams , Jefferson , Franklin , Wilson , Morris , Madison , Hamilton , and Washington ) were neither Christians nor Deists , but rather supporters of a hybrid `` theistic rationalism '' . The Faiths of the Founding Fathers is a book that discusses the religion held by the founding fathers , written in 2006 by historian of U.S. religion David L. Holmes . Ownership of slaves and position on slavery ( edit ) Portrait of George Washington and his valet slave William Lee See also : George Washington and slavery and Thomas Jefferson and slavery One of the greatest contradictions of the Founding Fathers was their disunity with regard to slavery at a time that they were seeking liberty for themselves . This hypocrisy was as evident in the North as it was in the South for many wealthy Northerners owned domestic slaves . In her study of Thomas Jefferson , historian Annette Gordon - Reed emphasizes this irony , `` Others of the founders held slaves , but no other founder drafted the charter for freedom , '' In addition to Jefferson , George Washington , John Jay and many other of the Founding Fathers practiced slavery but were also conflicted by the institution which many saw as immoral and politically divisive . Franklin , though he was a key founder of the Pennsylvania Abolition Society originally owned slaves whom he later manumitted . John Jay would try unsuccessfully to abolish slavery as early as 1777 in the State of New York . He nonetheless founded the New York Manumission Society in 1785 , for which Hamilton became an officer . They and other members of the Society founded the African Free School in New York City , to educate the children of free blacks and slaves . It was not until Jay was governor of New York in 1798 , that he signed into law a gradual abolition law ; fully ending slavery as of 1827 . He freed his own slaves in 1798 . Alexander Hamilton opposed slavery , as his experiences in life left him very familiar with slavery and its effect on slaves and on slaveholders , although he did negotiate slave transactions for his wife 's family , the Schuylers . John Adams , Samuel Adams , and Thomas Paine never owned slaves . Slaves and slavery are mentioned only indirectly in the 1787 Constitution . For example , Article 1 , Section 2 , Clause 3 prescribes that `` three fifths of all other Persons '' are to be counted for the apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives and direct taxes . Additionally , in Article 4 , Section 2 , Clause 3 , slaves are referred to as `` persons held in service or labor '' . The Founding Fathers , however , did make important efforts to contain slavery . Many Northern states had adopted legislation to end or significantly reduce slavery during and after the American Revolution . In 1782 Virginia passed a manumission law that allowed slave owners to free their slaves by will or deed . As a result , thousands of slaves were manumitted in Virginia . Thomas Jefferson , in 1784 , proposed to ban slavery in all the Western Territories , which failed to pass Congress by one vote . Partially following Jefferson 's plan , Congress did ban slavery in the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 , for lands north of the Ohio River . The international slave trade was banned in all states except South Carolina , by 1800 . Finally in 1807 , President Jefferson called for and signed into law a Federally - enforced ban on the international slave trade throughout the U.S. and its territories . It became a federal crime to import or export a slave . However , the domestic slave trade was allowed , for expansion , or for diffusion of slavery into the Louisiana Territory . Attendance at conventions ( edit ) In the winter and spring of 1786 -- 1787 , twelve of the thirteen states chose a total of 74 delegates to attend the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia . Nineteen delegates chose not to accept election or attend the debates ; for example , Patrick Henry of Virginia thought that state politics were far more interesting and important than national politics , though during the ratification controversy of 1787 -- 1788 he claimed , `` I smelled a rat . '' Rhode Island did not send delegates because of its politicians ' suspicions of the Convention delegates ' motivations . As the colony was founded by Roger Williams as a sanctuary for Baptists , Rhode Island 's absence at the Convention in part explains the absence of Baptist affiliation among those who did attend . Of the 55 who did attend at some point , no more than 38 delegates showed up at one time . Spouses and children ( edit ) Most of the Founding Fathers married and had children . Many of their spouses , like Eliza Schuyler Hamilton , Martha Washington , Abigail Adams , Sarah Livingston Jay , Dolley Madison , Mary White Morris and Catherine Alexander Duer were strong women and made significant contributions of their own to the fight for liberty . Sherman fathered the largest family : 15 children by two wives . At least nine ( Bassett , Brearly , Johnson , Mason , Paterson , Charles Cotesworth Pinckney , Sherman , Wilson , and Wythe ) married more than once . Four ( Baldwin , Gilman , Jenifer , and Alexander Martin ) were lifelong bachelors . Many of the delegates also had children conceived illegitimately . George Washington , `` The Father of our Country , '' had no biological descendants . Charters of Freedom and Historical Documents of the United States ( edit ) The National Archives and Records Administration also known as NARA , defines U.S. Founding Documents , or Charters of Freedom , as the Declaration of Independence ( 1776 ) , The Constitution ( 1787 ) and the Bill of Rights ( 1791 ) . These original instruments which represent the philosophy of the United States are housed in Washington , D.C. in the NARA Rotunda . The Library of Congress further identifies the Articles of Confederation , also preserved at NARA , as a primary U.S. document . The Articles of Confederation served as the first constitution of the United States until its replacement by the present Constitution on March 4 , 1789 . Signatories of the Continental Association ( CA ) , Declaration of Independence ( DI ) , Articles of Confederation ( AC ) , and the United States Constitution ( USC ) ) : Name Province / state CA ( 1774 ) DI ( 1776 ) AC ( 1777 ) USC ( 1787 ) Andrew Adams Connecticut Yes John Adams Massachusetts Yes Yes Samuel Adams Massachusetts Yes Yes Yes Thomas Adams Virginia Yes John Alsop New York Yes Abraham Baldwin Georgia Yes John Banister Virginia Yes Josiah Bartlett New Hampshire Yes Yes Richard Bassett Delaware Yes Gunning Bedford Jr . Delaware Yes Edward Biddle Pennsylvania Yes John Blair Virginia Yes Richard Bland Virginia Yes William Blount North Carolina Yes Simon Boerum New York Yes Carter Braxton Virginia Yes David Brearley New Jersey Yes Jacob Broom Delaware Yes Pierce Butler South Carolina Yes Charles Carroll of Carrollton Maryland Yes Daniel Carroll Maryland Yes Yes Richard Caswell North Carolina Yes Samuel Chase Maryland Yes Yes Abraham Clark New Jersey Yes William Clingan Pennsylvania Yes George Clymer Pennsylvania Yes Yes John Collins Rhode Island Yes Stephen Crane New Jersey Yes Thomas Cushing Massachusetts Yes Francis Dana Massachusetts Yes Jonathan Dayton New Jersey Yes Silas Deane Connecticut Yes John De Hart New Jersey Yes John Dickinson Delaware Yes Yes Pennsylvania Yes William Henry Drayton South Carolina Yes James Duane New York Yes Yes William Duer New York Yes Eliphalet Dyer Connecticut Yes William Ellery Rhode Island Yes Yes William Few Georgia Yes Thomas Fitzsimons Pennsylvania Yes William Floyd New York Yes Yes Nathaniel Folsom New Hampshire Yes Benjamin Franklin Pennsylvania Yes Yes Christopher Gadsden South Carolina Yes Joseph Galloway Pennsylvania Yes Elbridge Gerry Massachusetts Yes Yes Nicholas Gilman New Hampshire Yes Nathaniel Gorham Massachusetts Yes Button Gwinnett Georgia Yes Lyman Hall Georgia Yes Alexander Hamilton New York Yes John Hancock Massachusetts Yes Yes John Hanson Maryland Yes Cornelius Harnett North Carolina Yes Benjamin Harrison Virginia Yes Yes John Hart New Jersey Yes John Harvie Virginia Yes Patrick Henry Virginia Yes Joseph Hewes North Carolina Yes Yes Thomas Heyward Jr . South Carolina Yes Yes Samuel Holten Massachusetts Yes William Hooper North Carolina Yes Yes Stephen Hopkins Rhode Island Yes Yes Francis Hopkinson New Jersey Yes Titus Hosmer Connecticut Yes Charles Humphreys Pennsylvania Yes Samuel Huntington Connecticut Yes Yes Richard Hutson South Carolina Yes Jared Ingersoll Pennsylvania Yes William Jackson South Carolina Yes John Jay New York Yes Thomas Jefferson Virginia Yes Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer Maryland Yes Thomas Johnson Maryland Yes William Samuel Johnson Connecticut Yes Rufus King Massachusetts Yes James Kinsey New Jersey Yes John Langdon New Hampshire Yes Edward Langworthy Georgia Yes Henry Laurens South Carolina Yes Francis Lightfoot Lee Virginia Yes Yes Richard Henry Lee Virginia Yes Yes Yes Francis Lewis New York Yes Yes Philip Livingston New York Yes Yes William Livingston New Jersey Yes Yes James Lovell Massachusetts Yes Isaac Low New York Yes Thomas Lynch South Carolina Yes Thomas Lynch Jr . South Carolina Yes James Madison Virginia Yes Henry Marchant Rhode Island Yes John Mathews South Carolina Yes James McHenry Maryland Yes Thomas McKean Delaware Yes Yes Yes Arthur Middleton South Carolina Yes Henry Middleton South Carolina Yes Thomas Mifflin Pennsylvania Yes Yes Gouverneur Morris New York Yes Pennsylvania Yes Lewis Morris New York Yes Robert Morris Pennsylvania Yes Yes Yes John Morton Pennsylvania Yes Yes Thomas Nelson Jr . Virginia Yes William Paca Maryland Yes Yes Robert Treat Paine Massachusetts Yes Yes William Paterson New Jersey Yes Edmund Pendleton Virginia Yes John Penn North Carolina Yes Yes Charles Pinckney South Carolina Yes Charles Cotesworth Pinckney South Carolina Yes Peyton Randolph Virginia Yes George Read Delaware Yes Yes Yes Joseph Reed Pennsylvania Yes Daniel Roberdeau Pennsylvania Yes Caesar Rodney Delaware Yes Yes George Ross Pennsylvania Yes Yes Benjamin Rush Pennsylvania Yes Edward Rutledge South Carolina Yes Yes John Rutledge South Carolina Yes Yes Nathaniel Scudder New Jersey Yes Roger Sherman Connecticut Yes Yes Yes Yes James Smith Pennsylvania Yes Jonathan Bayard Smith Pennsylvania Yes Richard Smith New Jersey Yes Richard Dobbs Spaight North Carolina Yes Richard Stockton New Jersey Yes Thomas Stone Maryland Yes John Sullivan New Hampshire Yes George Taylor Pennsylvania Yes Edward Telfair Georgia Yes Matthew Thornton New Hampshire Yes Matthew Tilghman Maryland Yes Nicholas Van Dyke Delaware Yes George Walton Georgia Yes John Walton Georgia Yes Samuel Ward Rhode Island Yes George Washington Virginia Yes Yes John Wentworth Jr . New Hampshire Yes William Whipple New Hampshire Yes John Williams North Carolina Yes William Williams Connecticut Yes Hugh Williamson North Carolina Yes James Wilson Pennsylvania Yes Yes Henry Wisner New York Yes John Witherspoon New Jersey Yes Yes Oliver Wolcott Connecticut Yes Yes George Wythe Virginia Yes Post-constitution life ( edit ) Subsequent events in the lives of the Founding Fathers after the adoption of the Constitution were characterized by success or failure , reflecting the abilities of these men as well as the vagaries of fate . Washington , Adams , Jefferson and Madison served in highest U.S. office of President . Jay would be appointed as Chief Justice of the United States and later elected to two terms as Governor of New York . Seven ( Fitzsimons , Gorham , Luther Martin , Mifflin , Robert Morris , Pierce , and Wilson ) suffered serious financial reversals that left them in or near bankruptcy . Robert Morris spent three of the last years of his life imprisoned following bad land deals . Two , Blount and Dayton , were involved in possibly treasonous activities . Yet , as they had done before the convention , most of the group continued to render public service , particularly to the new government they had helped to create . Youth and longevity ( edit ) Death age of the Founding Fathers Many of the Founding Fathers were under 40 years old at the time of the signing of the Declaration of Independence in 1776 : James Armistead Lafayette was 15 , Marquis de Lafayette was 18 , Alexander Hamilton was 19 , Aaron Burr was 20 , Gouverneur Morris and Betsy Ross were 24 . The oldest were Benjamin Franklin , 70 , and Samuel Whittemore , 81 . Secretary Charles Thomson lived to the age of 94 . Johnson died at 92 . John Adams lived to the age of 90 . A few -- Franklin , Jay , Jefferson , Madison , Hugh Williamson , and George Wythe -- lived into their eighties . Approximately 16 died in their seventies , 21 in their sixties , 8 in their fifties , and 5 in their forties . Three ( Alexander Hamilton , Richard Dobbs Spaight and Button Gwinnett ) were killed in duels . Friends and political adversaries John Adams and Thomas Jefferson both died on the same day -- July 4 , 1826 . The last remaining founders , also called the `` Last of the Romans '' , lived well into the nineteenth century . Founders who were not signatories or delegates ( edit ) The following men and women are also recognized by many as having been founders of the United States , based upon their contributions to the formation of American nation and democracy . Abigail Adams , advisor , First Lady and mother of a president Ethan Allen , military and political leader in Vermont Richard Allen , African - American bishop John Bartram , botanist , horticulturist and explorer Egbert Benson , politician from New York Elias Boudinot , New Jersey delegate to Continental Congress Aaron Burr , Vice President under Jefferson George Rogers Clark , army general George Clinton , New York governor and Vice President of the U.S Tench Coxe , economist in the Continental Congress William Richardson Davie , delegate to the Constitutional Convention ( leaving before he could sign it ) , and Governor of North Carolina . Albert Gallatin , politician and Treasury Secretary Horatio Gates , army general Nathanael Greene , army general Nathan Hale , captured U.S. soldier executed in 1776 Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton , wife of Alexander Hamilton Esek Hopkins , Commander - in - Chief of the Continental Navy James Iredell , advocate for Constitution , judge John Paul Jones , navy captain Henry Knox , army general , Secretary of War Tadeusz Kościuszko , Polish army general Gilbert du Motier , Marquis de Lafayette , French army general Henry Lee III , army officer and Virginia governor Robert R. Livingston , diplomat and jurist William Maclay , Pennsylvania politician and U.S. Senator Dolley Madison , spouse of President James Madison John Marshall , fourth Chief Justice of the United States George Mason , revolutionary writer , co-father of the Bill of Rights Philip Mazzei , Italian physician , merchant and author James Monroe , fifth President of the United States Daniel Morgan , military hero and Virginia Congressman Samuel Nicholas , Commander - in - Chief of the Continental Marines James Otis Jr. , Massachusetts lawyer and politician Thomas Paine , author of Common Sense Andrew Pickens , army general and South Carolina congressman Timothy Pickering , U.S. Secretary of State from Massachusetts Israel Putnam , army general Edmund Randolph , first United States Attorney General , second Secretary of State Jean - Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur , comte de Rochambeau , French army general Haym Solomon , financier and spy for Continental Army Thomas Sumter , SC military hero and congressman Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben , Prussian officer Joseph Warren , doctor , revolutionary leader Mercy Otis Warren , political writer Anthony Wayne , army general and politician Noah Webster , writer , lexicographer , educator Thomas Willing , banker Paine Wingate , oldest survivor , Continental Congress Legacy ( edit ) Institutions formed by founders ( edit ) Several Founding Fathers were instrumental in establishing schools and societal institutions that still exist today : Franklin founded the University of Pennsylvania , while Jefferson founded the University of Virginia . Rush founded Dickinson College and Franklin College , ( today Franklin and Marshall ) as well as the College of Physicians of Philadelphia , the oldest medical society in America . Hamilton founded the New York Post , as well as the United States Coast Guard . Knox helped found the Society of the Cincinnati in 1783 ; the society was predicated on service as an officer in the Revolutionary War and heredity . Members included Washington , Hamilton and Burr . Other Founders like Sam Adams , John Adams , Franklin and Jay criticized the formation of what they considered to be an elitist body and threat to the Constitution . Franklin would later accept an honorary membership though Jay declined . Scholarship on the founders ( edit ) Articles and books by twenty - first century historians combined with the digitization of primary sources like handwritten letters continue to contribute to an encyclopedic body of knowledge about the Founding Fathers . Historians who focus on the Founding Fathers ( edit ) Ron Chernow won the Pulitzer Prize for his biography of George Washington . His bestselling book about Alexander Hamilton inspired the blockbuster musical of the same name . Joseph J. Ellis -- According to Ellis , the concept of the Founding Fathers of the U.S. emerged in the 1820s as the last survivors died out . Ellis says `` the founders '' , or `` the fathers '' , comprised an aggregate of semi-sacred figures whose particular accomplishments and singular achievements were decidedly less important than their sheer presence as a powerful but faceless symbol of past greatness . For the generation of national leaders coming of age in the 1820s and 1830s -- men like Andrew Jackson , Henry Clay , Daniel Webster , and John C. Calhoun -- `` the founders '' represented a heroic but anonymous abstraction whose long shadow fell across all followers and whose legendary accomplishments defied comparison . We can win no laurels in a war for independence , '' Webster acknowledged in 1825 . `` Earlier and worthier hands have gathered them all . Nor are there places for us ... ( as ) the founders of states . Our fathers have filled them . But there remains to us a great duty of defence and preservation . Joanne B. Freeman Freeman 's area of expertise is the life and legacy of Alexander Hamilton as well as political culture of the revolutionary and early national eras . Freeman has documented the often opposing visions of the Founding Fathers as they tried to build a new framework for governance , `` Regional distrust , personal animosity , accusation , suspicion , implication , and denouncement -- this was the tenor of national politics from the outset . '' Annette Gordon - Reed is an American historian and Harvard Law School professor . She is noted for changing scholarship on Thomas Jefferson regarding his relationship with Sally Hemings and her children . She has studied the challenges facing the Founding Fathers particularly as it relates to their position and actions on slavery . She points out `` the central dilemma at the heart of American democracy : the desire to create a society based on liberty and equality '' that yet does not extend those privileges to all . '' Jack N. Rakove -- Thomas Jefferson Peter S. Onuf -- Thomas Jefferson Noted collections of the Founding Fathers ( edit ) Adams Papers Editorial Project Founders Online -- a searchable database of over 178,000 documents authored by or addressed to George Washington , John Jay , Benjamin Franklin , John Adams ( and family ) , Thomas Jefferson , Alexander Hamilton and James Madison . The Papers of Alexander Hamilton The Selected Papers of John Jay at Columbia University The Papers of Thomas Jefferson at Princeton University The Papers of James Madison at University of Virginia The Washington Papers at University of Virginia The Franklin Papers at Yale University In stage and film ( edit ) The Founding Fathers were portrayed in the Tony Award winning musical 1776 , a stage production about the debates over , and eventual adoption of , the Declaration of Independence ; the popular performance was later turned into the 1972 film More recently , several of the Founding Fathers -- Hamilton , Washington , Jefferson , Madison , Laurens and Burr -- were reimagined in Hamilton , an acclaimed production about the life of Alexander Hamilton , with music , lyrics and book by Lin - Manuel Miranda. The show was inspired by the 2004 biography Alexander Hamilton by historian Ron Chernow . The rap musical won 11 Tony Awards . Children 's Books ( edit ) In their 2015 children 's book , The Founding Fathers author Jonah Winter and illustrator Barry Blitt categorized 14 leading patriots into two teams based on their contributions to the formation of America - the Varsity Squad ( Washington , Franklin , Jefferson , John Adams , Madison , Jay , and Hamilton ) and the Junior Varsity Squad ( Sam Adams , Hancock , Henry , Morris , Marshall , Rush , and Paine ) . See also ( edit ) United States portal List of national founders ( worldwide ) History of the United States Constitution Rights of Englishmen Patriot ( American Revolution ) Sons of Liberty Military leadership in the American Revolutionary War Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` American Revolution : Key to Declaration of Independence '' . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Richard B. Morris , Seven Who Shaped Our Destiny : The Founding Fathers as Revolutionaries ( New York : Harper & Row , 1973 ) . Jump up ^ Kettler , Sarah . `` The Founding Fathers : Who Were They Really ? '' . Biography . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` About America , The Constitution of the United States '' ( PDF ) . World Book . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ PBS NewsHour . `` Forgotten Founding Father '' . Jump up ^ `` Signers of the Declaration '' . National Park Service , U.S. Department of the Interior . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ National Archives . `` Meet the Framers of the Constitution '' . Jump up ^ US Constitution Online . `` The Framers '' . Jump up ^ Carl G. Karsch . `` The First Continental Congress : A Dangerous Journey Begins '' . Carpenter 's Hall . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2012 . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanfield , Jack . America 's Founding Fathers : Who Are They ? Thumbnail Sketches of 164 Patriots ( Universal - Publishers , 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Parham , C.P. `` From Great Wilderness to Seaway Towns : A Comparative History of Cornwall , Ontario , and Massena , New York , 1784 - 2001 '' . SUNY Press , 2012 ( chapter 1 , page 7 ) . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . The founding fathers of Cornwall and ... Jump up ^ Jill Lepore , The Whites of Their Eyes : The Tea Party 's Revolution and the Battle American History ( Princeton : Princeton University Press , 2010 ) , 16 . Jump up ^ Burnett , Continental Congress , 64 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Baron of Beacon Hill , 189 . Jump up ^ `` Signers of the Declaration '' . National Park Service , U.S. Department of the Interior . p . Biography # 54 . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Confederation Congress '' . Ohio Historical Society . Retrieved October 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Calvin C. Jillson ( 2009 ) . American Government : Political Development and Institutional Change ( 5th ed . ) . Taylor & Francis . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 88702 - 8 . Jump up ^ See Brown ( 19764 ) ; Martin ( 19739 ) ; `` Data on the Framers of the Constitution , '' at ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Brown ( 1976 ) ; Harris ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ `` The Alma Maters of Our Founding Fathers '' . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of Columbia '' . Columbia University . 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The University of Glasgow Story James Wilson '' . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Benjamin Rush ( 1746 - 1813 ) access - date = April 9 , 2017 '' . Penn University Archives and Records Center . Jump up ^ `` George Wythe '' . Colonial Williamsburg . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greene ( 1973 ) Jump up ^ Brown ( 1976 ) Jump up ^ Caroline Robbins , `` Decision in ' 76 : Reflections on the 56 Signers '' Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society Vol. 89 ( 1977 ) , pp. 72 - 87 online quoting page 83 . Jump up ^ Greene ( 1973 ) . Jump up ^ William R. Davie , Blackwell P. Robinson . The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , 1957 . Jump up ^ Martin ( 1973 ) ; Greene ( 1973 ) ^ Jump up to : Lambert , Franklin T. ( 2003 ) . The Founding Fathers and the Place of Religion in America . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press ( published 2006 ) . ISBN 978 - 0691126029 . Jump up ^ Letter to Alexander von Humboldt , December 6 , 1813 `` History , I believe , furnishes no example of a priest - ridden people maintaining a free civil government , '' Jump up ^ Letter to Horatio G. Spafford , March 17 , 1814 `` In every country and in every age , the priest has been hostile to liberty . He is always in alliance with the despot , abetting his abuses in return for protection to his own . '' Jump up ^ The Religion of Thomas Jefferson Archived November 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 Jump up ^ Quoted in The New England Currant ( July 23 , 1722 ) , `` Silence Dogood , No. 9 ; Corruptio optimi est pessima . '' `` And it is a sad Observation , that when the People too late see their Error , yet the Clergy still persist in their Encomiums on the Hypocrite ; and when he happens to die for the Good of his Country , without leaving behind him the Memory of one good Action , he shall be sure to have his Funeral Sermon stuff 'd with Pious Expressions which he dropt at such a Time , and at such a Place , and on such an Occasion ; than which nothing can be more prejudicial to the Interest of Religion , nor indeed to the Memory of the Person deceas 'd . The Reason of this Blindness in the Clergy is , because they are honourably supported ( as they ought to be ) by their People , and see nor feel nothing of the Oppression which is obvious and burdensome to every one else . '' Jump up ^ Frazer , Gregg L. ( 2012 ) . The Religious Beliefs of America 's Founders : Reason , Revelation , and Revolution . University Press of Kansas . ISBN 0700620214 . ^ Jump up to : Annette Gordon - Reed , Engaging Jefferson : Blacks and the Founding Father , The William and Mary Quarterly , Vol. 57 , No. 1 ( Jan. , 2000 ) , pp. 171 - 182 Jump up ^ `` The Founders and Slavery : John Jay Saves the Day '' . The Economist . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wright , William D. ( 2002 ) . Critical Reflections on Black History . West Port , Connecticut : Praeger Publishers . p. 125 . Jump up ^ The Selected Papers of John Jay , Columbia University , http://www.columbia.edu/cu/libraries/inside/dev/jay/JaySlavery.html Jump up ^ Horton , James O. ( 2004 ) . `` Alexander Hamilton : Slavery and Race in a Revolutionary Generation '' . New York Journal of American History . New York Historical Society ( 3 ) . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Magness , Phillip . `` Alexander Hamilton 's Exaggerated Abolitionism '' . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Founding Fathers and Slavery '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Freehling , William W. ( February 1972 ) . `` The Founding Fathers and Slavery '' . The American Historical Review . 77 ( 1 ) : 87 . doi : 10.2307 / 1856595 . JSTOR 1856595 . ^ Jump up to : The Cambridge History of Law in America . 2008 . p. 278 . Jump up ^ Freehling , William W. ( February 1972 ) . `` The Founding Fathers and Slavery '' . The American Historical Review . 77 ( 1 ) : 88 . doi : 10.2307 / 1856595 . JSTOR 1856595 . Jump up ^ Freehling , William W. ( February 1972 ) . `` The Founding Fathers and Slavery '' . The American Historical Review . 77 ( 1 ) : 85 . doi : 10.2307 / 1856595 . JSTOR 1856595 . Jump up ^ See the discussion of the Convention in Clinton L. Rossiter , 1787 : The Grand Convention ( New York : Macmillan , 1966 ; reprint ed. , with new foreword by Richard B. Morris , New York : W.W. Norton , 1987 ) . ^ Jump up to : Griswold , Rufus ( 1855 ) , The Republican Court , or , American Society in the Days of Washington , D. Appleton & Co . Jump up ^ Staar ( January 2009 ) . `` Our Founding Fathers '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 22 February 2012 . Jump up ^ George Washington 's Mount Vernon . `` Father of His Country '' . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ National Archives . `` America 's Founding Documents '' . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Articles of Confederation '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Martin ( 1973 ) Jump up ^ Andrlik , Todd . `` How Old Were the Leaders of the American Revolution on July 4 , 1776 ? '' . Jump up ^ History . `` Thomas Jefferson and John Adams Die '' . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Fox - Genovese ; Eugene D. Genovese ( 2005 ) . The Mind of the Master Class : History and Faith in the Southern Slaveholders ' Worldview . Cambridge University Press . p. 278 . ISBN 9780521850650 . ^ Jump up to : Encyclopædia Britannica . Founding fathers : the essential guide to the men who made America ( John Wiley and Sons , 2007 ) . Jump up ^ McWilliams , J. ( 1976 ) . `` The Faces of Ethan Allen : 1760 - 1860 '' . The New England Quarterly . 49 ( 2 ) : 257 -- 282 . doi : 10.2307 / 364502 . JSTOR 364502 . Jump up ^ Newman , Richard . Freedom 's Prophet : Bishop Richard Allen , the AME Church , and the Black Founding Fathers ( NYU Press , 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Jane Goodall ( 27 August 2013 ) . Seeds of Hope : Wisdom and Wonder from the World of Plants . Grand Central Publishing . pp. 60 -- 61 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4555 - 1321 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ballenas , Carl . Images of America : Jamaica ( Arcadia Publishing , 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Holmes , David . The Faiths of the Founding Fathers . ( Oxford University Press US , 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Wood , Gordon S. Revolutionary Characters , What Made the Founding Fathers Different . ( New York : Penguin Books , 2007 ) 225 -- 242 . ^ Jump up to : Buchanan , John . `` Founding Fighters : The Battlefield Leaders Who Made American Independence ( review ) '' . The Journal of Military History ( Volume 71 , Number 2 , April 2007 ) , pp. 522 -- 524 . ^ Jump up to : R.B. Bernstein , The Founding Fathers Reconsidered ( New York and Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Stephen Yafa ( 2006 ) . Cotton : The Biography of a Revolutionary Fiber . Penguin . p. 75 . ISBN 9780143037224 . ^ Jump up to : Dungan , Nicholas . Gallatin : America 's Swiss Founding Father ( NYU Press 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Roberts , Cokie . `` Founding Mothers : The Women Who Raised Our Nation '' . Harper Perennial , 2005 Jump up ^ Roberts , Cokie . `` Ladies of Liberty : The Women Who Shaped Our Nation '' . Harper , 2008 Jump up ^ Broadwater , Jeff ( 2006 ) . George Mason , Forgotten Founder . Chapel Hill , North Carolina : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3053 - 6 . OCLC 67239589 . Jump up ^ LaGumina , Salvatore . The Italian American experience : an encyclopedia , page 361 ( Taylor & Francis , 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Unger , Harlow ( 2009 ) . James Monroe : The Last Founding Father . New York : Da Capo Press . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81808 - 6 . Jump up ^ Kann , Mark E. ( 1999 ) . The Gendering of American Politics : Founding Mothers , Founding Fathers , and Political Patriarchy . ABC - CLIO . p. xi . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 96112 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Founding Father Thomas Paine : He Genuinely Abhorred Slavery '' . The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education ( 48 ) : 45 . 2005 . doi : 10.2307 / 25073236 ( inactive 2018 - 05 - 22 ) . Jump up ^ David Braff , `` Forgotten Founding Father : The Impact of Thomas Paine , '' in Joyce Chumbley . ed. , Thomas Paine : In Search of the Common Good ( 2009 ) pp. 39 -- 43 Jump up ^ Burstein , Andrew . `` Politics and Personalities : Garry Wills takes a new look at a forgotten founder , slavery and the shaping of America '' , Chicago Tribune ( November 09 , 2003 ) : `` Forgotten founders such as Pickering and Morris made as many waves as those whose faces stare out from our currency . '' ^ Jump up to : Rafael , Ray . The Complete Idiot 's Guide to the Founding Fathers : And the Birth of Our Nation ( Penguin , 2011 ) . Jump up ^ `` Founding Fathers : Virginia '' . FindLaw Constitutional Law Center . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Laurens R. Jews and the American Revolution : Haym Solomon and Others , Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Co. , 1987 . Jump up ^ Kendall , Joshua . The Forgotten Founding Father : Noah Webster 's Obsession and the Creation of an American Culture ( Penguin 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Wright , R.E. ( 1996 ) . `` Thomas Willing ( 1731 - 1821 ) : Philadelphia Financier and Forgotten Founding Father '' . Pennsylvania History . 63 ( 4 ) : 525 -- 560 . doi : 10.2307 / 27773931 ( inactive 2018 - 05 - 22 ) . JSTOR 27773931 . Jump up ^ `` A Patriot of Early New England '' , New York Times ( December 20 , 1931 ) . This book review referred to Wingate as one of the `` Fathers '' of the United States , per the book title . Jump up ^ The New Yorker , Volume I , page 398 ( September 10 , 1836 ) : `` ' The Last of the Romans ' -- This was said of Madison at the time of his decease , but there is one other person who seems to have some claims to this honorable distinction . Paine Wingate of Stratham , N.H. still survives . '' Jump up ^ `` The Founding of the Society , 1783 -- 1784 '' . Society of the Cincinnati . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History : The Society of the Cincinnati in the State of Connecticut '' . Jump up ^ Joseph J. Ellis ; Passionate Sage : The Character and Legacy of John Adams . ( 2001 ) p. 214 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Schuessler . `` Up From the Family Basement , a Little - Seen Hamilton Trove '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Joanne B. Freeman . `` The Long History of Political Idiocy '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Joanne B. Freeman . `` How Hamilton Uses History : What Lin - Manuel Miranda Included in His Portrait of a Heroic , Complicated Founding Father -- and What He Left Out '' . Slate . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chris Bray . `` Tip and Gip Sip and Quip - The politics of never '' . The Baffler . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robert Viagas. `` Hamilton Tops Tony Awards With 11 Wins '' . Playbill . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Winter , Jonah and Blitt , Barry , The Founding Fathers ! Those Horse - Ridin ' , Fiddle - Playin ' , Book - Readin ' , Gun - Totin ' Gentlemen Who Started America Simon and Schuster , New York ( 2015 ) References ( edit ) American National Biography Online , ( 2000 ) . Bailyn , Bernard . To Begin the World Anew Knopf , 2003 . Bernstein , Richard B. Are We to Be a Nation ? The Making of the Constitution . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , 1987 . Bernstein , R.B. The Founding Fathers Reconsidered ( New York : Oxford University Press , 2009 ) . Brown , Richard D . `` The Founding Fathers of 1776 and 1787 : A Collective View , '' William and Mary Quarterly , 3rd Ser. , Vol. 33 , No. 3 ( Jul. 1976 ) , pp. 465 -- 480 online at JSTOR . Commager , Henry Steele . `` Leadership in Eighteenth - Century America and Today , '' Daedalus 90 ( Fall 1961 ) : 650 -- 673 , reprinted in Henry Steele Commager , Freedom and Order ( New York : George Braziller , 1966 ) . Ellis , Joseph J. Founding Brothers : The Revolutionary Generation ( New York : Alfred A. Knopf , 2000 ) , winner of the Pulitzer Prize for History . Ellis , Joseph J. The Quartet : Orchestrating the Second American Revolution , 1783 - 1789 ( New York : First Vintage Books Edition , May 2016 ) . Freeman , Joanne B. Affairs of Honor : National Politics in the New Republic . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press , 2001 . Green , Steven K. Inventing a Christian America : The Myth of the Religious Founding . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press , 2015 . Greene , Jack P . `` The Social Origins of the American Revolution : An Evaluation and an Interpretation , '' Political Science Quarterly , Vol. 88 , No. 1 ( Mar. 1973 ) , pp. 1 -- 22 online in JSTOR . Harris , P.M.G. , `` The Social Origins of American Leaders : The Demographic Foundations , '' Perspectives in American History 3 ( 1969 ) : 159 -- 364 . Lefer , David . The Founding Conservatives : How a Group of Unsung Heroes Saved the American Revolution ( 2013 ) Kann , Mark E. The Gendering of American Politics : Founding Mothers , Founding Fathers , and Political Patriarchy ( New York : Frederick Praeger , 1999 ) . Adrienne Koch ; Power , Morals , and the Founding Fathers : Essays in the Interpretation of the American Enlightenment ( Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press , 1961 ) . K.M. Kostyal . Founding Fathers : The Fight for Freedom and the Birth of American Liberty ( 2014 ) Franklin T. Lambert , The Founding Fathers and the Place of Religion in America . ( Princeton , NJ Princeton University Press , 2003 ) . James Kirby Martin , Men in Rebellion : Higher Governmental Leaders and the coming of the American Revolution , ( New Brunswick , NJ : Rutgers University Press , 1973 ; reprint , New York : Free Press , 1976 ) . Richard B. Morris , Seven Who Shaped Our Destiny : The Founding Fathers as Revolutionaries ( New York : Harper & Row , 1973 ) . Robert Previdi ; `` Vindicating the Founders : Race , Sex , Class , and Justice in the Origins of America , '' Presidential Studies Quarterly , Vol. 29 , 1999 Rakove , Jack . Revolutionaries : A New History of the Invention of America ( Houghton Mifflin Harcourt ; 2010 ) 487 pages ; scholarly study focuses on how the Founders moved from private lives to public action , beginning in the 1770s Cokie Roberts . Founding Mothers : The Women Who Raised Our Nation . New York : William Morrow , 2005 . Gordon S. Wood . Revolutionary Characters : What Made the Founders Different ( New York : Penguin Press , 2006 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Founding Fathers of the United States . Founders Online : Correspondence and Other Writings of Six Major Shapers of the United States Debunks -- along with other fact finding sites -- the Internet Myth of `` What Happened to The Signers of the Declaration of Independence '' ( retrieved 01 - 30 - 15 ) `` What Would the Founding Fathers Do Today ? '' at the Wayback Machine ( archived January 14 , 2007 ) `` Founding Father Quotes , Biographies , and Writings '' Founding Fathers and their related articles John Adams 2nd President of the United States , 1797 -- 1801 1st Vice President of the United States , 1789 -- 1797 U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom , 1785 -- 1788 U.S. Ambassador to the Netherlands , 1782 -- 1788 Delegate , Second Continental Congress , 1775 -- 1778 Delegate , First Continental Congress , 1774 Founding of the United States Braintree Instructions ( 1765 ) Boston Massacre defense Continental Association Novanglus ; A History of the Dispute with America , From Its Origin in 1754 to the Present Time ( 1775 ) Thoughts on Government ( 1776 ) Declaration of Independence May 15 preamble Committee of Five Model Treaty Treaty of Amity and Commerce Treaty of Alliance Board of War Chairman of the Marine Committee , 1775 - 1779 Continental Navy Staten Island Peace Conference Conference House Constitution of Massachusetts ( 1780 ) Treaty of Paris , 1783 Presidency Inauguration Quasi War with France XYZ Affair Commerce Protection Act United States Marine Corps Convention of 1800 Alien and Sedition Acts Naturalization Act of 1798 Navy Department Library Treaty of Tellico Treaty of Tripoli Midnight Judges Act Marbury v. Madison State of the Union Address ( 1797 1798 1799 1800 ) Cabinet Federal judiciary appointments Other writings Massachusetts Historical Society holdings Adams Papers Editorial Project Life and homes Early life and education Adams National Historical Park John Adams Birthplace Family home and John Quincy Adams birthplace Peacefield Presidential Library Massachusetts Hall , Harvard University Presidents House , Philadelphia Co-founder and second president , American Academy of Arts and Sciences United First Parish Church and gravesite Elections United States presidential election 1788 -- 1789 1792 1796 1800 Legacy Adams House at Harvard University John Adams Building U.S. Postage stamps Adams Memorial Popular culture Profiles in Courage ( 1964 series ) American Primitive ( 1969 play ) 1776 ( 1969 musical 1972 film ) The Adams Chronicles ( 1976 miniseries ) Liberty ! ( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2001 book 2008 miniseries ) Sons of Liberty ( 2015 miniseries ) Related `` Adams and Liberty '' campaign song Adams ' personal library American Enlightenment Congress Hall Federalist Party Federalist Era First Party System republicanism American Philosophical Society Gazette of the United States The American Museum American Revolution patriots Family Abigail Adams wife Quincy family Abigail Adams Smith ( daughter ) John Quincy Adams son presidency Charles Adams ( son ) Thomas Boylston Adams ( son ) George W. Adams ( grandson ) Charles Adams Sr. ( grandson ) John Adams II ( grandson ) John Q. Adams ( great - grandson ) Henry Adams ( great - grandson ) Brooks Adams ( great - grandson ) John Adams Sr. ( father ) Susanna Boylston ( mother ) Elihu Adams ( brother ) Samuel Adams ( second cousin ) Louisa Adams daughter - in - law First Lady ← George Washington Thomas Jefferson → Category Samuel Adams 4th Governor of Massachusetts , 1794 -- 1797 Second Continental Congress , 1775 -- 1781 First Continental Congress , 1774 Clerk of the Massachusetts House of Representatives , 1766 -- 1774 United States founding events The Independent Advertiser Boston Caucus 1764 Sugar Act response protests 1768 Massachusetts Circular Letter Probable author , 1768 -- 1769 `` Journal of Occurrences '' Arranged Christopher Seider funeral , 1770 Co-author , 1772 Boston Pamphlet Boston Committee of Correspondence , 1772 Hutchinson Letters Affair Co-inspired and publicized , Boston Tea Party Signed , 1774 Continental Association Massachusetts Provincial Congress Co-author , 1776 Letter to the inhabitants of Canada Signed , United States Declaration of Independence Signed , Articles of Confederation 1788 Massachusetts Compromise Life Early life Massachusetts Hall , Harvard University Sons of Liberty 1789 U.S. House election 1796 presidential election Samuel Adams and Paul Revere time capsule Granary Burying Ground Related American republicanism Boston Gazette American Revolution patriots Founding Father Faneuil Hall Old South Meeting House Legacy Samuel Adams ( Whitney ) Adams , Massachusetts Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Sons of Liberty ( 2015 miniseries ) Family John Adams ( second cousin ) John Dickinson 5th President of Pennsylvania , 1782 -- 1785 5th President of Delaware , 1781 -- 1783 Second Continental Congress , 1775 -- 1776 , 1779 -- 1781 First Continental Congress , 1774 Stamp Act Congress , 1765 Founding of the United States Declaration of Rights and Grievances ( 1765 ) Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania ( 1767 , 1768 ) `` The Liberty Song '' ( 1768 United we stand , divided we fall ) Petition to the King ( 1774 ) Signee , Continental Association ( 1774 ) Pennsylvania Committee of Correspondence ( 1774 -- 1776 ) Letter to the inhabitants of the Province of Quebec ( 1774 ) Olive Branch Petition ( 1775 ) Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms ( co-wrote , 1775 ) Committee of Secret Correspondence ( 1775 -- 1776 ) Model Treaty committee ( 1776 ) Articles of Confederation and perpetual Union ( 1776 ) President , Annapolis Convention ( 1786 ) Delegate , Constitutional Convention ( 1787 ) Other events Brigadier General , Pennsylvania militia Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 Delaware Constitution of 1792 Life and homes Mary Norris Dickinson ( wife ) Philemon Dickinson ( brother ) Early life Poplar Hall home Fair Hill estate Friends Burial Ground Legacy Dickinson College Dickinson School of Law , Pennsylvania State University John Dickinson High School 1776 ( 1969 musical , 1972 film ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Sons of Liberty ( 2015 miniseries ) Related Claymont Stone School American Revolution patriots Benjamin Franklin January 6 , 1706 -- April 17 , 1790 President of Pennsylvania ( 1785 -- 1788 ) , Ambassador to France ( 1779 -- 1785 ) Second Continental Congress ( 1775 -- 1776 ) Founding of the United States Join , or Die ( 1754 political cartoon ) Albany Plan of Union Albany Congress Hutchinson Letters Affair Committee of Secret Correspondence Committee of Five Declaration of Independence Model Treaty Franco - American alliance Treaty of Amity and Commerce Treaty of Alliance Staten Island Peace Conference Treaty of Paris , 1783 Delegate , 1787 Constitutional Convention Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly Postmaster General Founding Fathers Inventions , other events Franklin 's electrostatic machine Bifocals Franklin stove Glass armonica Gulf Stream exploration , naming , and chart Lightning rod Kite experiment Pay it forward Associators 111th Infantry Regiment Junto club American Philosophical Society Library Company of Philadelphia Pennsylvania Hospital Academy and College of Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Contributionship Union Fire Company Early American currency Fugio Cent United States Postal Service President , Pennsylvania Abolition Society Master , Les Neuf Sœurs Other social contributions and studies Gravesite Writings Silence Dogood letters ( 1722 ) A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity , Pleasure and Pain ( 1725 ) The Busy - Body letters ( 1729 ) Pennsylvania Gazette ( 1729 -- 1790 ) Poor Richard 's Almanack ( 1732 -- 1758 ) The Drinker 's Dictionary ( 1737 ) `` Advice to a Friend on Choosing a Mistress '' ( 1745 ) `` The Speech of Polly Baker '' ( 1747 ) Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind , Peopling of Countries , etc . ( 1751 ) Experiments and Observations on Electricity ( 1751 ) Birch letters ( 1755 ) The Way to Wealth ( 1758 ) Pennsylvania Chronicle ( 1767 ) Rules by Which a Great Empire May Be Reduced to a Small One ( 1773 ) Proposed alliance with the Iroquois ( 1775 ) A Letter To A Royal Academy ( 1781 ) Remarks Concerning the Savages of North America ( 1784 ) The Morals of Chess ( 1786 ) An Address to the Public ( 1789 ) A Plan for Improving the Condition of the Free Blacks ( 1789 ) The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin ( 1771 -- 90 , pub. 1791 ) Bagatelles and Satires ( pub. 1845 ) Franklin as a journalist Legacy Franklin Court Benjamin Franklin House Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology Benjamin Franklin National Memorial Franklin Institute Benjamin Franklin Medal Depicted in The Apotheosis of Washington Benjamin Franklin statue , Washington D.C. In popular culture Ben and Me ( 1953 short ) Ben Franklin in Paris ( 1964 musical play ) 1776 ( 1969 musical 1972 film ) Benjamin Franklin ( 1974 miniseries ) Liberty ! ( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) Benjamin Franklin ( 2002 documentary series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Sons of Liberty ( 2015 miniseries ) Sons of Ben ( supporters group for the Philadelphia Union soccer club Refunding Certificate Franklin half dollar One - hundred dollar bill Washington - Franklin stamps other stamps Cities , counties , schools named for Franklin Franklin Field State of Franklin Ships named USS Franklin Ben Franklin effect Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment The New - England Courant The American Museum magazine American Revolution patriots Syng inkstand Family Deborah Read ( wife ) Sarah Franklin Bache ( daughter ) Francis Franklin ( son ) William Franklin ( son ) Richard Bache Jr. ( grandson ) Benjamin F. Bache ( grandson ) Louis F. Bache ( grandson ) William Franklin ( grandson ) Andrew Harwood ( great - grandson ) Alexander Bache ( great - grandson ) Josiah Franklin ( father ) Jane Mecom ( sister ) James Franklin ( brother ) Mary Morrell Folger ( grandmother ) Peter Folger ( grandfather ) Richard Bache ( son - in - law ) Ann Smith Franklin ( sister - in - law ) Alexander Hamilton Senior Officer of the United States Army , 1799 -- 1800 1st Secretary of the Treasury , 1789 -- 1795 Delegate , Congress of the Confederation , 1782 -- 1783 , 1788 -- 1789 United States founding events A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress ( 1774 ) The Farmer Refuted ( 1775 ) Delegate , 1786 Annapolis Convention Delegate , 1787 Constitutional Convention Initiated , main author , The Federalist Papers written by Hamilton Founding Father Secretary of the Treasury First Bank of the United States Revenue Marine ( United States Coast Guard ) United States Customs Service Hamiltonian economic program Residence Act Compromise of 1790 `` First Report on the Public Credit '' , 1790 Funding Act of 1790 `` Operations of the Act Laying Duties on Imports '' , 1790 `` Second Report on Public Credit '' , a.k.a. `` Report on a National Bank '' , 1790 `` Report On Manufactures '' , 1791 Tariff of 1790 Tariff of 1792 Coinage Act of 1792 United States Mint Whiskey Rebellion Jay Treaty Military career New York Provincial Company of Artillery In the Revolutionary War Battles : Harlem Heights White Plains Trenton General Washington 's Aide - de-Camp Princeton Brandywine Germantown Monmouth Siege of Yorktown Other events Burr -- Hamilton duel Founder , Federalist Party Federalist Era Founder , Bank of New York Bank of North America Advisor , George Washington 's Farewell Address President - General of the Society of the Cincinnati Founder , New - York Evening Post Hamilton -- Reynolds sex scandal Rutgers v. 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( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment American Philosophical Society Liberty Hall ( New Jersey ) New York Manumission Society African Free School `` American System '' economic plan American School American Revolution patriots Family Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton wife Schuyler family Philip Hamilton ( oldest son ) Angelica Hamilton ( daughter ) Alexander Hamilton Jr. ( son ) James Alexander Hamilton ( son ) John Church Hamilton ( son ) William S. 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Madison West Point Military Academy State of the Union Addresses ( texts 1801 1802 1805 ) Cabinet Federal judicial appointments Other noted accomplishments Early life and career Founder , University of Virginia history Land Ordinance of 1784 Northwest Ordinance 1787 Anti-Administration party Democratic - Republican Party Jeffersonian democracy First Party System republicanism Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage , Weights , and Measure of the United States ( 1790 ) Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions A Manual of Parliamentary Practice ( 1801 ) Jeffersonian architecture Barboursville Farmington Monticello gardens Poplar Forest University of Virginia The Rotunda The Lawn Virginia State Capitol White House Colonnades Other writings Notes on the State of Virginia ( 1785 ) 1787 European journey memorandums Indian removal letters Jefferson Bible ( 1895 ) Jefferson manuscript collection at the Massachusetts Historical Society The Papers of Thomas Jefferson Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment American Philosophical Society American Revolution patriots Member , Virginia Committee of Correspondence Committee of the States Founding Fathers of the United States Franco - American alliance Jefferson and education Religious views Jefferson and slavery Jefferson and the Library of Congress Jefferson disk Jefferson Pier Pet mockingbird National Gazette Residence Act Compromise of 1790 Sally Hemings Jefferson -- Hemings controversy Betty Hemings Separation of church and state Swivel chair The American Museum magazine Virginia dynasty Elections United States Presidential election 1796 1800 1804 Legacy Bibliography Jefferson Memorial Mount Rushmore Birthday Thomas Jefferson Building Thomas Jefferson Center for the Protection of Free Expression Jefferson Lecture Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Thomas Jefferson Star for Foreign Service Jefferson Lab Monticello Association Jefferson City , Missouri Jefferson College Thomas Jefferson School of Law Thomas Jefferson University Washington and Jefferson National Forests Other placenames Currency depictions Jefferson nickel Two - dollar bill Louisiana Purchase Exposition dollar U.S. postage stamps Popular culture Ben and Me ( 1953 short ) 1776 ( 1969 musical 1972 film ) Jefferson in Paris ( 1995 film ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1997 film ) Liberty ! ( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Jefferson 's Garden ( 2015 play ) Hamilton ( 2015 musical ) Jefferson -- Eppes Trophy Wine bottles controversy Family Peter Jefferson ( father ) Jane Randolph Jefferson ( mother ) Lucy Jefferson Lewis ( sister ) Randolph Jefferson ( brother ) Isham Randolph ( grandfather ) William Randolph ( great - grandfather ) Martha Jefferson ( wife ) Martha Jefferson Randolph ( daughter ) Mary Jefferson Eppes ( daughter ) Harriet Hemings ( daughter ) Madison Hemings ( son ) Eston Hemings ( son ) Thomas J. Randolph ( grandson ) Francis Eppes ( grandson ) George W. 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Madison National Gazette Paul Jennings Madisonian Model American Philosophical Society The American Museum magazine Virginia dynasty Family Dolley Madison ( wife ) John Payne Todd ( stepson ) James Madison , Sr. ( father ) Nelly Conway Madison ( mother ) William Madison ( brother ) Ambrose Madison ( paternal grandfather ) James Madison ( cousin ) George Madison ( paternal second - cousin ) Thomas Madison ( paternal second - cousin ) John Madison ( great - grandfather ) Lucy Washington ( sister - in - law ) ← Thomas Jefferson James Monroe → Category George Mason United States Founding events Drafted , 1769 Virginia Association resolutions Primary author , 1774 Fairfax Resolves Primary author , 1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights `` All men are created equal '' Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness Freedom of the press Freedom of religion Consent of the governed Baseless search and seizure Cruel and unusual punishment Speedy trial 1776 Virginia Constitution 1785 Mount Vernon Conference 1787 Constitutional Convention Virginia Ratifying Convention Co-father , United States Bill of Rights history Founding Father Writings inspired 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( France ) 1789 United States Bill of Rights Life Chopawamsic plantation Gunston Hall On slavery Ohio Company Legacy George Mason Memorial George Mason University George Mason Stadium George Mason Memorial Bridge George Mason High School 18 - cent postage stamp Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment American Revolution patriots Wilson v. Mason Hollin Hall Woodbridge plantation Mason 's Island Family George Mason V ( son ) William Mason ( son ) Thomson Mason ( son ) John Mason ( son ) Thomas Mason ( son ) George Mason III ( father ) Thomson Mason ( brother ) George Mason II ( grandfather ) Robert Morris United States Senator , Pennsylvania , 1789 -- 1795 Superintendent of Finance of the United States , 1781 -- 1784 Second Continental Congress , 1775 -- 1778 United States Founding events Financier of the American Revolution Signed , Declaration of Independence Signed , Articles of Confederation Signed , United States Constitution 1776 Model Treaty Committee of Secret Correspondence , Second Continental Congress Chairman , Pennsylvania Committee of Safety U.S. Superintendent of Finance Agent of the Marine Bank of North America Philadelphia as U.S. capital city , 1790 -- 1800 Residence Act President 's House Other events Willing , Morris & Co . ( Slavery ) Use of the dollar sign Newburgh Conspiracy Empress of China merchant ship Old China Trade Phelps and Gorham Purchase Life Early life Summerseat home 1788 U.S. Senate election Panic of 1796 -- 97 Christ Church , Philadelphia , burial site Legacy Robert Morris University , Pennsylvania Robert Morris University , Illinois Robert Morris statue , Philadelphia Depicted in The Apotheosis of Washington Heald Square Monument , Chicago Mount Morris , New York village dam Morrisville , Pennsylvania Related Founding Fathers Thomas Willing USS Alfred Family Thomas Morris ( son ) Bishop William White ( brother - in - law ) Thomas Paine Writings Common Sense ( January 1776 ) The American Crisis ( December 1776 ) Rights of Man ( March 1791 , February 1792 ) The Age of Reason ( 1794 , 1795 , 1807 ) Agrarian Justice ( 1797 ) Life 1792 Rights of Man trial Wearmouth Bridge Thomas Paine Cottage Legacy Thomas Paine National Historical Association Thomas Paine Monument , New Rochelle , New York Institute of Thomas Paine Studies In Lambeth Liberty ! A New World : A Life of Thomas Paine Related Headstrong Club George Washington 1st President of the United States , 1789 -- 1797 Senior Officer of the Army , 1798 -- 1799 Commander - in - Chief of the Continental Army , 1775 -- 1783 Second Continental Congress , 1775 First Continental Congress , 1774 Military career Revolutionary War Military career French and Indian War Jumonville Glen Battle of Fort Necessity Forbes Expedition Washington and the American Revolution Commander - in - chief , Continental Army Aides - de-camp Washington 's headquarters Boston campaign Siege of Boston New York and New Jersey campaign Delaware River crossing Battle of Trenton Philadelphia campaign Battle of Brandywine Battle of Germantown Battle of White Marsh Valley Forge Battle of Monmouth Battles of Saratoga Sullivan Expedition Yorktown campaign Siege of Yorktown Culper spy ring Newburgh Conspiracy Newburgh letter Resignation as commander - in - chief Badge of Military Merit Purple Heart Washington Before Boston Medal Horses : Nelson and Blueskin Other U.S. founding events 1769 Virginia Association Continental Association 1774 Fairfax Resolves Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture 1785 Mount Vernon Conference Chairman , 1787 Constitutional Convention Presidency United States presidential election , 1788 -- 89 1792 First inauguration inaugural bible Second inauguration Title of `` Mr. President '' Cabinet of the United States Secretary of State Attorney General Secretary of the Treasury Secretary of War Judiciary Act of 1789 Nonintercourse Act Whiskey Rebellion Militia Acts of 1792 Coinage Act of 1792 United States Mint Proclamation of Neutrality Neutrality Act of 1794 Jay Treaty Pinckney 's Treaty Slave Trade Act of 1794 Residence Act Thanksgiving Proclamation Farewell Address State of the Union Address 1790 1791 1792 1793 1796 Cabinet Federal judicial appointments Views and public image Presidential library The Washington Papers Religious views Washington and slavery Town Destroyer Legacy Life and homes Early life Birthplace Ferry Farm boyhood home Mount Vernon Gristmill Woodlawn Plantation Samuel Osgood House , First Presidential Mansion Alexander Macomb House , Second Presidential Mansion President 's House , Philadelphia Germantown White House Custis estate Potomac Company James River and Kanawha Canal Mountain Road Lottery Congressional Gold Medal Thanks of Congress President - General of the Society of the Cincinnati Washington College Washington and Lee University Electoral history of George Washington Memorials and depictions Washington , D.C. Washington state Washington Monument Mount Rushmore Washington 's Birthday Purple Heart The Apotheosis of Washington George Washington ( Houdon ) George Washington ( Ceracchi ) George Washington ( Trumbull ) Washington Crossing the Delaware General George Washington at Trenton Washington at Verplanck 's Point General George Washington Resigning His Commission Unfinished portrait Lansdowne portrait The Washington Family portrait Washington at Princeton painting Point of View sculpture George Washington University Washington University Washington Masonic National Memorial George Washington Memorial Parkway George Washington Bridge Washington and Jefferson National Forests Washington Monument , Baltimore Washington , D.C. statue List of memorials U.S. Postage stamps Washington - Franklin Issues 1932 bicentennial Currency Washington quarter Washington dollar Silver bullion coins Cultural depictions George Washington ( 1984 miniseries 1986 sequel ) Related Bibliography Founding Fathers of the United States Republicanism Federalist Party Federalist Era Virginia dynasty Coat of arms Cherry - tree anecdote River Farm Washington 's Crossing 1751 Barbados trip Category Syng inkstand General of the Armies American Philosophical Society American Revolution patriots Mount Vernon Ladies ' Association Ancestry and family Martha Washington ( wife ) John Parke Custis ( stepson ) George Washington Parke Custis ( step - grandson , adopted son ) Eleanor Parke Custis ( step - granddaughter , adopted daughter ) Augustine Washington ( father ) Mary Ball Washington ( mother ) Lawrence Washington ( half - brother ) Augustine Washington Jr. ( half - brother ) Betty Washington Lewis ( sister ) Samuel Washington ( brother ) John A. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote the constitution and how old were they | [] | [] |
-465955249487706277 | David Bailie | David Bailie - wikipedia David Bailie This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification , as it includes attribution to IMDb . IMDb may not be a reliable source for biographical information . Please help by adding additional , reliable sources for verification . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( September 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) David Bailie ( 1937 - 12 - 04 ) 4 December 1937 ( age 80 ) Springs , South Africa Occupation Actor , photographer , videographer , computer programmer , furniture maker / designer Years active 1961 -- present Spouse ( s ) Egidija Bailie ( m . 2002 ) Website http://davidbailie.co.uk/ David Bailie ( born 4 December 1937 ) is an English actor , known for his performances on stage , television and film . In the 1960s and 1970s he worked for both the National Theatre and the Royal Shakespeare Company , where he was an associate artist . On TV he played `` Dask '' in the 1977 Doctor Who serial The Robots of Death , and also appeared in Blake 's 7 . On film , he played the mute pirate Cotton in the Pirates of the Caribbean series . Bailie is also a professional photographer , specialising in portrait photography . He has a studio in West Kensington , London . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life and career 2 Filmography 3 TV 4 References 5 External links Life and career ( edit ) Bailie was born in Springs , South Africa , and went to boarding school in Swaziland , before emigrating to Rhodesia ( now Zimbabwe ) with his family in 1952 . His first acting experience soon after school in 1955 was an amateur production of Doctor in the House , which persuaded him he wanted to be an actor . After leaving school he worked in a bank and then for Central African Airlines . In 1958 , he made his first trip from Rhodesia to Britain . In 1960 he moved to Britain and landed his first small role in the film Flame in the Streets ( 1961 ) and then played one of the bell boys in Arthur Kopit 's Oh Dad , Poor Dad , Mamma 's Hung You in the Closet and I 'm Feelin ' So Sad ( 1961 ) with Stella Adler playing Madame Rosepettle . He then bluffed his way into weekly repertory in Barrow - in - Furness as juvenile lead -- terrified the while that he would be exposed as totally inexperienced . Recognising the need for training , he auditioned three times for a bursary to the RADA -- each time being accepted only as a fee - paying student , which he could n't afford . He finally sent for the last of his standby money ( £ 200 ) he had left in Rhodesia and paid for the first term ( 1963 ) . At the end of term he persuaded John Fernald to allow him free tuition for the next two years . Terry Hands was also a student at the same time , but had left a little earlier than Bailie and formed the Everyman Theatre with Peter James in Liverpool . On leaving RADA Bailie was invited to join the Everyman in 1964 . Amongst other roles he played `` Tolen '' in The Knack ... , `` Becket '' in Murder in the Cathedral , `` Dion '' in The Great God Brown , `` MacDuff '' in Macbeth and `` Lucky '' in Waiting for Godot . After a year there , he came back to London and auditioned for and was accepted by Sir Laurence Olivier joining the National Theatre . He played minor roles and also understudied Olivier in Love for Love . Terry Hands , who had by now joined the Royal Shakespeare Company ( RSC ) at Stratford - upon - Avon ( and later became its artistic director ) , invited Bailie to join them as an associate artist ( 1965 ) . There he portrayed `` Florizel '' opposite Judi Dench 's `` Perdita '' in The Winter 's Tale along with `` Valentine '' in The Two Gentlemen of Verona , `` The Bastard '' in King John , `` Kozanka '' in The Plebeians Rehearse the Uprising and `` Leslie '' in The Madness of Lady Bright . During the early 1970s he worked with Stomu Yamashta at his Red Buddha Theatre . He was cast as the lead in a show called Raindog , requiring him to do everything from singing and dancing , to performing Martial Arts and gymnastics -- which he frankly admits been a demand too far and when Yamashta offered him a paltry sum for performing the opportunity was there to depart which he did . He was then cast by Michael E. Briant in 1976 to play the part of the villain `` Dask '' in the Doctor Who serial The Robots of Death . He also played in a number of other series prominent at the time . For personal reasons Bailie then had a long recess in his acting career . Between 1980 and 1989 he ran a furniture - making business . In 1990 he closed that down and returned to acting , having in fact to virtually restart his career . It did n't help that at exactly this point he had to have a cancer removed from his lip , which required learning to speak again . Whilst awaiting work in the acting field he busied himself with CAD design , self - training and writing computer programs and also doing health and safety work in the building industry . In the mid-1990s after playing alongside Brian Glover in The Canterbury Tales he made a comeback in the film business as `` Skewer '' in Cutthroat Island ( 1995 ) , then played an English Judge in The Messenger : The Story of Joan of Arc ( 1999 ) , and also `` The Engineer '' in Gladiator ( 2000 ) . Bailie 's best - known work in film is the role of `` Cotton '' , a mute pirate who has his tongue cut out , so he trained his parrot , also named Cotton , to speak on his behalf , though it can not say more than stock phrases . Bailie first appears as Cotton in Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) as one of the pirates Jack Sparrow chooses in Tortuga . He is one of the Black Pearl crewmembers to survive the Kraken attack in the sequel Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) , and also played Cotton in the third instalment : At World 's End ( 2007 ) . Bailie also emerged as a radio actor . He played the mad scientist `` Taren Capel '' , a re-incarnation of his earlier work from the 60s series Doctor Who . He has recently been involved in two Big Finish Productions audio dramas playing the `` Celestial Toymaker '' . Bailie also works as a professional photographer , portraiture and landscapes being his speciality . He has established a YouTube channel mdebailes to which he uploads readings and performance excerpts . Filmography ( edit ) Year Film Role 1961 Flame in the Streets Uncredited 1972 Henry VIII and His Six Wives Norris 1973 The Creeping Flesh Young Doctor Son of Dracula Chauffeur Legend of the Werewolf Boulon 1977 Golden Rendezvous Younger terrorist in car ( uncredited ) 1995 Cutthroat Island Dawg 's Pirate 1999 The Messenger : The Story of Joan of Arc English Judge 2000 Gladiator Engineer 2003 Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl Cotton 2005 Starfly Commander / Doctor 2006 Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest Cotton 2007 Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Cotton 2007 Eddie Proctor Eddie Proctor 2007 The Comebacks Prisoner 2009 Shadows in the Wind Mr. Behrman 2011 Pirates of the Caribbean : Tales of the Code -- Wedlocked Cotton 2014 October 1 Ackerman 2015 Artificio Conceal Vitruvius TV ( edit ) Year TV Series Role BBC Play of the Month : The Little Minister Sergeant Davidson 1977 Doctor Who : The Robots of Death Dask 1978 Blake 's 7 : `` Project Avalon '' Chevner 1979 The First Part of King Henry the Fourth , with the Life and Death of Henry Surnamed Hotspur Second Carrier 2001 Fire , Plague , War and Treason ( mini-series ) Self ( documentary series examining the plague years in Great Britain ) . 2001 Attila Shaman References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bailie , David 1937 -- '' . World Cat . Retrieved 13 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean parrot attacks police officer '' . The Telegraph . United Kingdom . 11 September 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.kaldorcity.com/people/bailie.html Jump up ^ http://www.kaldorcity.com/people/bailie.html Jump up ^ `` Photographer -- Kensington -- London -- davidbailie - portraits & landscape '' . davidbailie.co.uk . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . External links ( edit ) David Bailie on IMDb Bailie 's website ISNI : 0000 0003 7195 4883 VIAF : 68764760 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Bailie&oldid=836217688 '' Categories : 1937 births English male film actors English male television actors Living people 20th - century English male actors 21st - century English male actors Male actors from Greater Manchester English photographers British expatriates in Rhodesia Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art Hidden categories : EngvarB from November 2017 Use dmy dates from November 2017 Articles lacking reliable references from September 2011 All articles lacking reliable references BLP articles lacking sources from September 2011 All articles sourced by IMDb Articles sourced by IMDb from September 2011 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Simple English Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 13 April 2018 , at 11 : 52 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who played cotton in pirates of the caribbean | [
"David Bailie (born 4 December 1937)[1] is an English actor, known for his performances on stage, television and film. In the 1960s and 1970s he worked for both the National Theatre and the Royal Shakespeare Company, where he was an associate artist. On TV he played \"Dask\" in the 1977 Doctor Who serial The Robots of Death, and also appeared in Blake's 7. On film, he played the mute pirate Cotton in the Pirates of the Caribbean series.[2] Bailie is also a professional photographer, specialising in portrait photography. He has a studio in West Kensington, London."
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"David Bailie"
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-5558292799841234344 | List of Dragon Ball Z Kai episodes | List of Dragon Ball Z Kai episodes - wikipedia List of Dragon Ball Z Kai episodes Jump to : navigation , search Japanese promotional poster for Dragon Ball Z Kai Dragon Ball Z Kai ( known in Japan as Dragon Ball Kai ) is a revised version of the anime series Dragon Ball Z . It was produced in commemoration of the original series ' 20th and 25th anniversaries . Produced by Toei Animation , the series was broadcast in Japan on Fuji TV from April 5 , 2009 to March 27 , 2011 . It later continued with the final story arc from April 6 , 2014 to June 28 , 2015 . It features remastered high definition picture , sound , and special effects as well as a re-recorded voice track by most of the original cast . As most of the series ' sketches and animation cels had been discarded since the final episode of Dragon Ball Z in 1996 , new frames were produced by digitally tracing over still frames from existing footage and filling them with softer colors . This reduced visible damage to the original animation . Some frames were selectively cropped , while other frames feature new portions added to scenes that were hand drawn to conform to the designated picture ratio . Much of the material from the Dragon Ball Z anime that was not featured in the Dragon Ball manga has been left out in Kai , which reduced the total episode count from 291 to 167 . However , the second part of the series , titled Dragon Ball Z Kai : The Final Chapters by Toei Europe , lasted 61 episodes in Japan , which was fewer than the previously planned 69 . This brought the total number of episodes to 159 in Japan . The first Blu - ray and DVD compilation was released in Japan on September 18 , 2009 . Individual volumes and Blu - ray box sets were released monthly . France was the first international country to release all 167 episodes on Blu - ray and DVD , while the bypassed episodes remain unreleased in Japan . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episode list 1.1 Season 1 : Saiyan Saga ( 2009 ) 1.2 Season 2 : Frieza Saga ( 2009 -- 2010 ) 1.3 Season 3 : Androids Saga ( 2010 ) 1.4 Season 4 : Cell Saga ( 2010 -- 2011 ) 1.5 Season 5 : World Tournament Saga ( 2014 ) 1.6 Season 6 : Majin Buu Saga ( 2014 ) 1.7 Season 7 : Evil Buu Saga ( 2014 -- 2015 ) 1.8 Notes 2 Blu - ray and DVD release 2.1 Region 1 ( North America ) 2.1. 1 Volumes 2.1. 2 Seasons 3 References Episode list ( edit ) Season 1 : Saiyan saga ( 2009 ) ( edit ) No . Translated title / Dub title Original airdate American airdate `` Prologue to Battle ! The Return of Son Goku '' / `` Prologue to Battle ! The Return of Goku ! '' `` Tatakai no Makuake ! Kaette Kita zo Son Gokū '' ( 闘い の 幕開け ! 帰っ てき た ぞ 孫悟空 ) April 5 , 2009 May 24 , 2010 The series begins with a flashback of the destruction of Planet Vegeta at the hands of Frieza , and the upbringing of Goku on Earth as depicted in the original Dragon Ball series . Five years have passed since Goku 's victory over Piccolo at the 23rd World Martial Arts Tournament , and he has since married Chi - Chi and now has a son named Gohan . Goku and Gohan are heading towards a reunion with Goku 's friends at Master Roshi 's island . Elsewhere , an odd - looking spacecraft crash lands on Earth . A man in battle armor emerges from the vessel and flies off to scout out a powerful life form he locates with the help of an apparatus on his eye . Piccolo is nearly killed by the stranger , but this is averted when the man leaves to scout out a more powerful life form . The other strong life form is Goku , who at the Kame House presents his son to Roshi , Krillin , and Bulma . The stranger arrives and surprises everyone when they notice he has a monkey - like tail , just like Goku used to have . `` The Enemy is Goku 's Brother ? ! The Secret of the Mighty Saiyan Warriors '' `` Teki wa Gokū no Ani ! ? Saikyō Senshi Saiyajin no Himitsu '' ( 敵 は 悟空 の 兄 ! ? 最強 戦士 サイヤ 人 の 秘密 ) April 12 , 2009 May 24 , 2010 The stranger says that his name is Raditz , and that he is Goku 's older brother . Goku can not remember this , as he had suffered from brain damage caused by a fall when he was a child . Raditz reports that he and Goku are of an alien race called the Saiyans and that he and Goku are among the last four remaining . Raditz then asks Goku to join them in exterminating the population of Earth , taking Gohan hostage when Goku refuses . Piccolo appears and offers to help Goku defeat Raditz ; Goku accepts his offer and together they follow after Raditz . Goku and Piccolo confront the Saiyan at his space pod 's crash site , but Raditz is not impressed and tells them that the other two remaining Saiyans are even stronger than he is . `` A Life - or - Death Battle ! Goku and Piccolo 's Ferocious Suicide Attack '' / `` A Life or Death Battle ! Goku and Piccolo 's Desperate Attack ! '' `` Inochi o Kaketa Tatakai ! Gokū to Pikkoro Sutemi no Mōkō '' ( 命 を かけ た 闘い ! 悟空 と ピッコロ 捨て身 の 猛攻 ) April 19 , 2009 May 25 , 2010 Goku and Piccolo are no match for Raditz in direct conflict , so they decide to have Goku distract Raditz while Piccolo gathers energy for an attack strong enough to defeat Raditz . This plan fails , as does Goku 's attempt to stop Raditz by grabbing his tail ends when Goku gets tricked by his brother . Raditz tortures Goku , causing Gohan to unleash his latent abilities in a fit of rage , and he strikes Raditz in the chest . Goku uses this opportunity to grab Raditz from behind , allowing Piccolo to use his Makankosappo technique on Raditz - killing them both . Before he succumbs to his wound , Raditz tells his enemies that the other Saiyans will arrive on Earth within a year . Bulma , Krillin , and Master Roshi arrive to witness Goku 's death . `` Run in the Afterlife , Son Goku ! The Million Kilometer Serpent Road ! '' / `` Run in the Afterlife , Goku ! The One Million Mile Snake Way '' `` Anoyo de Hashire Son Gokū ! Hyaku - man Kiro no Hebi no Michi '' ( あの世 で 走れ 孫梧空 ! 100 万 キロ の 蛇 の 道 ) April 26 , 2009 May 25 , 2010 Kami takes Goku along with his body to the Other World . Bulma takes Raditz 's scouter in order to repair it and find Yamcha , Tien Shinhan , and Chiaotzu . Piccolo takes Gohan into his custody and flies off , intending to train the boy in preparation for the two Saiyans ' arrival . In Other World , Kami arranges for Goku to be allowed to travel to King Kai via the million - mile - long Snake Way ; King Kai will then train Goku in advanced fighting techniques , in hopes that by the time he is re-animated Goku will be strong enough to face the new Saiyans who are heading towards Earth . While Goku starts his journey along the long road , Krillin unsuccessfully attempts to tell Chi - Chi of her husband 's death and her son 's kidnapping . Meanwhile , Piccolo tells Gohan of his father 's fate . Gohan doubts that he has any significant intrinsic power , so Piccolo uses a dramatic method to demonstrate Gohan 's hidden power - he throws Gohan at a rock , which Gohan destroys reflexively . 5 `` Wilderness Survival ! A Moonlit Night Awakens Gohan '' `` Kōya no Sabaibaru ! Tsukiyo ga Gohan o Yobisamasu '' ( 荒野 の サバイバル ! 月夜 が 悟 飯 を 呼び覚ます ) May 3 , 2009 May 26 , 2010 Gohan 's survival training begins . After a length of time spent alone on a mountaintop , Gohan looks at the full moon , which causes him to transform into a Saiyan `` Great Ape . '' Rather than let him rampage unchecked , Piccolo destroys the moon , making any further transformations impossible for both Gohan and the other Saiyans , and removes Gohan 's Saiyan tail , before leaving to begin his own training . Meanwhile , Bulma repairs the scouter , and Yajirobe delivers a summons to Krillin , telling him that the two of them , along with Yamcha , Tien , and Chiaotzu , are to report to Kami 's Lookout for training . 6 `` The End of the Line is Reached ! Playful Trials of Kaiosama '' / `` The End of Snake Way ! King Kai 's Bizarre Test ! '' `` Tadori Tsuita Shūten ! Kaiōsama no Ochame na Shiren '' ( 辿り 着 いた 終点 ! 界 王様 の おちゃめ な 試練 ) May 10 , 2009 May 26 , 2010 Six months have passed since Gohan 's incident with the full moon , and he has since become much more adept at surviving in the wilderness . Piccolo then begins training the boy personally in martial arts . Meanwhile , Goku has arrived at the end of Snake Way , meeting King Kai on his planet , which , despite its small size , has ten - times Earth 's gravity . In order for Goku to train under King Kai 's teachings , he must attempt to make the master laugh . After Goku 's accomplishment of making him laugh , King Kai tells Goku to catch his pet monkey , Bubbles . This proves to be a difficult task for Goku due to the planet 's intense gravity , but he is persistent and refuses to give up . 7 `` The Battle With 10 - Times Gravity ! Goku , Your Training is a Race '' / `` The Battle with Ten - Times Gravity ! Goku 's Race Against the Clock ! '' `` Jū - bai Jūryoku to Tatakae ! Gokū yo Shugyō wa Kakekko da '' ( 10 倍 重力 と 闘え ! 悟空 よ 修行 は かけっこ だ ) May 17 , 2009 May 27 , 2010 After three weeks , Goku succeeds in catching Bubbles . He is then issued his second challenge , to hit Gregory , the flying grasshopper , with a large mallet . After two weeks of trying , Goku succeeds and fully masters the planet 's gravity in the process . King Kai then proceeds to teach Goku his signature technique : the Kaio - ken . On Earth , Gohan 's training with Piccolo comes to a close , while the rest of the Z Fighters finish their training with Kami and go their separate ways . 8 `` Come Forth , Shenlong ! The Saiyans Finally Arrive on Earth '' / `` Shenron Appears ! The Saiyans Arrive Sooner than Expected ! '' `` Ide yo Shenron ! Saiyajin Tsui ni Chikyū Tōchaku '' ( いでよ 神龍 ! サイヤ 人 ついに 地球 到着 ) May 24 , 2009 May 27 , 2010 King Kai has also taught Goku the Spirit Bomb technique , and tests Goku 's ability to create a Spirit Bomb with a large brick as a target ; Goku destroys it with no problems . However , King Kai warns Goku of the potential danger of creating a Spirit Bomb on Earth . So Goku decides to only use it as a last resort . With his training complete , Goku is ready to be resurrected . Only then is it revealed that the Saiyans will be arriving sooner than the expected ; additionally , King Kai had forgotten to allow sufficient time for Goku to travel back along Snake Way to reach Earth before the Saiyans arrive there . Goku sends an urgent telepathic message to Master Roshi via King Kai 's telepathy , insisting that the Dragon Balls be used to resurrect him with all possible haste . On Earth , Roshi , Bulma , and Oolong summon the Eternal Dragon Shenron and fulfill Goku 's wish . Goku then begins the long journey back along Snake Way ; fortunately , with all of his training , increased strength and speed , and new techniques , the return journey will be far quicker than the original . The next day , the Saiyans Vegeta and Nappa land on Earth to begin their search for the Dragon Balls . 9 `` Yamucha 's Struggle ! The Terrible Saibaimen '' / `` Yamcha 's Struggle ! The Terrible Saibamen ! '' `` Yamucha Funtō ! Osoru Beshi Saibaiman '' ( ヤムチャ 奮闘 ! お そる べし 栽培 マン ) May 31 , 2009 June 1 , 2010 Vegeta and Nappa emerge from their two space pods and Nappa wipes out Metro East with a single blast . The two Saiyans then fly off towards the island where Piccolo and Gohan have been training . Krillin arrives first , and the three face off with Vegeta and Nappa . Piccolo learns for the first time that he is a Namekian , a member of an alien race from the planet called Namek , when told by Nappa . At Vegeta 's order , Nappa plants seeds in the ground , and six Saibamen are born . Tien , Chiaotzu , and then Yamcha fly in to join in the battle . Vegeta suggests they have a game of one - on - one and instructs the Saibamen to use all of their power during their fights . Tien faces off first against a Saibaman . Tien overpowers the Saibaman , but before he 's able to finish it off , Vegeta accuses the Saibaman of having held back his full power and subsequently destroys the Saibaman as incentive to the remaining five to obey the order to use their full strength . Next , Yamcha decides to fight in place of Krillin ; the Saibaman latches onto him and self - destructs , killing Yamcha . 10 `` Sit Tight , Chaozu ! The Screaming Kikoho of Tenshinhan '' / `` Sit Tight , Chiaotzu ! Tien 's Screaming Tri-Beam ! '' `` Matte ro Chaozu ! Tenshinhan Zekkyō no Kikōhō '' ( 待っ てろ 餃子 ! 天津飯 絶叫 の 気功 砲 ) June 7 , 2009 June 2 , 2010 Nappa faces off against the Z Fighters and proves to be a formidable opponent . During Nappa 's attack , Tien loses his arm . In an act of desperation , Chiaotzu attaches himself to Nappa 's back and sacrifices himself using a kamikaze technique , but Nappa is unharmed by it . Grief stricken by Chiaotzu 's sacrifice , Tien uses his Tri-Beam technique on Nappa , but this also fails , and Tien dies of exhaustion as a result . With the Z Fighters now down three , the team can do nothing but hope for Goku 's arrival , which is expected in three hours . The Saiyans soon learn of this trump card and scoff at the notion that any one new fighter could change the course of the battle , until Krillin informs the duo of Goku 's special training . Intrigued by the possibility of challenging a newly strengthened Goku , Vegeta issues a three - hour reprieve to wait for Goku to arrive . 11 `` Will Son Goku Be in Time ? ! 3 Hours Until the Battle Resumes '' / `` Will Goku Make it in Time ? ! Three Hours Until the Battle Resumes ! '' `` Maniau ka Son Gokū ! ? Sentō Saikai Made Sanjikan '' ( 間に合う か 孫悟空 ! ? 戦闘 再開 まで 3 時間 ) June 14 , 2009 June 3 , 2010 Goku fails to arrive within the three - hour reprieve and the battle with the Saiyans recommences . At that moment however , Goku finally reaches the end of Snake Way , is teleported back to Earth by Kami , and flies straight to the battlefield on the Nimbus Cloud . Upon sensing Goku 's impending arrival on his scouter and discovering that Goku 's power level is now far greater than before , Vegeta orders Nappa to kill the remaining Z Fighters , including Piccolo . The Saiyans reveal that they came to Earth for the specific purpose of obtaining and using Earth 's Dragon Balls , which they learned about by monitoring Raditz 's conversations while he was on Earth . Vegeta says that he and Nappa can later go to Planet Namek and use the original Namekian Dragon Balls to wish for immortality for Vegeta , since Earth 's Dragon Balls have already been recently used . Nappa fires a powerful ki blast at Gohan , but Piccolo jumps in the way at the last second to shield Gohan from the blast . 12 `` Tears Shed by Piccolo ... Son Goku 's Furious Counterattack ! '' / `` Farewell , Piccolo ! Goku 's Furious Counterattack ! '' `` Pikkoro ga Nagashi ta Namida ... Son Gokū Ikari no Dai Hangeki ! '' ( ピッコロ が 流 した 涙 ... 孫悟空 怒り の 大 反撃 ! ) June 21 , 2009 June 7 , 2010 Piccolo dies from Nappa 's ki blast , resulting in Kami 's death and the destruction of Earth 's Dragon Balls . However , Goku finally arrives at the battlefield just in time to save Gohan and Krillin . After healing the two with a Senzu bean from Korin , Goku engages Nappa in battle . Despite the mighty Nappa 's efforts , it quickly becomes clear that he is no match for Goku 's new level of power . Realizing this , Vegeta finally decides to step into the fight . 13 `` This is the Kaioken ! The Critical Battle of Goku vs. Vegeta '' / `` The Power of the Kaio - Ken ! Goku vs. Vegeta ! '' `` Kore ga Kaiōken da ! ! Genkai Batoru no Gokū tai Bejīta '' ( これが 界 王 拳 だ ! ! 限界 バトル の 悟空 VS べジータ ) June 28 , 2009 June 8 , 2010 With Vegeta ready to enter the fight , Nappa realizes that he has lost , and prepares to attack Gohan and Krillin . However , Goku disables Nappa by using his new Kaio - ken technique . With his partner now useless , Vegeta launches Nappa into the sky and mercilessly kills him with a powerful ki blast . Goku tells Gohan and Krillin to leave so he can fight Vegeta without distraction . After moving to a new battleground , the last two Saiyans begin their epic battle . However , Vegeta is much more powerful than Nappa was , and Goku eventually realizes that even the two - times Kaio - ken is n't enough to defeat his opponent . He then decides to break his promise to King Kai and use the three - times Kaio - ken . 14 `` The Impact of the Kamehameha ! Vegeta 's Tenacious Transformation '' / `` An All - Out Kamehame - Ha ! Vegeta 's Terrible Transformation ! '' `` Gekitotsu Kamehameha ! Bejīta Shūnen no Dai - henshin '' ( 激突 かめ はめ 波 ! ベジータ 執念 の 大 変身 ) July 5 , 2009 June 9 , 2010 Goku powers up with the three - times Kaio - ken and attacks Vegeta with his increased power and speed . Vegeta is filled with rage as he 's realized that Goku 's power level exceeds his own , so he attempts to destroy Earth with his Galick Gun technique . Goku counters this with the Kamehameha blast and overcomes Vegeta 's blast by using the four - times Kaio - ken . Vegeta then searches for the moon to transform into a Great Ape and increase his power level . Realizing the moon has been destroyed , Vegeta releases a ball of ki that simulates the moon , and absorbs its Blutz Waves to transform into a Great Ape , which multiplies his power level by 10 . Krillin and Gohan sense Vegeta 's increased power and decide to return to help Goku . 15 `` Goku in Absolute Peril ! Entrust Your Wishes to the Genki Dama '' / `` Goku on the Ropes ! Pin Your Hopes on the Spirit Bomb ! '' `` Zettai Zetsumei no Gokū ! Genki Dama ni Negai o Takuse '' ( 絶 体 絶命 の 悟空 ! 元気 玉 に 願い を 託せ ) July 12 , 2009 June 10 , 2010 Goku uses Tien 's Solar Flare technique to blind the Great Ape Vegeta in order to buy time to create a Spirit Bomb , but Vegeta attacks Goku the instant he finishes gathering ki . Even in his battered state , Goku manages to wound Vegeta 's eye , but he ends up with Vegeta crushing him in his hand and breaking most of his body and bones in the process . While hiding , Gohan and Krillin watch the fight and try to come up with a plan to cut off Vegeta 's tail . They fail , but Yajirobe seizes an opening and severs Vegeta 's tail with his sword , forcing Vegeta to revert into his original form . Vegeta then angrily confronts Gohan , who is reluctant to fight at first , until he gets support from Goku . Goku then entrusts Krillin with the remaining ki from the Spirit Bomb . 16 `` The Invincible Vegeta Defeated ! Son Gohan Summons a Miracle '' / `` Defeat the Invincible Vegeta ! Work a Miracle , Gohan ! '' `` Datō Fujimi no Bejīta ! Kiseki o Okose Son Gohan '' ( 打倒 不死身 の ベジータ ! 奇跡 を 起こせ 孫 悟 飯 ) July 19 , 2009 June 14 , 2010 Krillin throws the Spirit Bomb at Vegeta , but the Saiyan Prince manages to dodge it at the last second . Following Goku 's advice , Gohan rebounds the Spirit Bomb back at Vegeta , though , surprisingly , Vegeta survives the hit . Before Vegeta can finish the Z Fighters off , however , Gohan 's tail suddenly grows back , and he transforms into a Great Ape , thanks to the artificial moon Vegeta had created earlier . After being thrashed around by the Great Ape , Vegeta cuts Gohan 's tail off in mid-air , but Gohan falls on top of him as he turns back to normal , crushing the Saiyan Prince to the brink of death . Finally defeated , Vegeta summons his space pod and attempts to escape , but Krillin grabs Yajirobe 's sword and prepares to finish Vegeta off . 17 `` Dawn of the Fierce Battle ... The Star of Hope Is Piccolo 's Homeland / Dawn of the Fierce Battle ! The Star of Hope is Piccolo 's Homeland ! '' `` Gekisen no Yoake ... Kibō no Hoshi wa Pikkoro no Furusato '' ( 激戦 の 夜明け ... 希望 の 星 は ピッコロ の 故郷 ) August 2 , 2009 June 15 , 2010 Before Krillin deals the final blow to Vegeta , Goku intercedes . He asks Krillin to allow Vegeta to live , as Goku wishes to train harder and challenge Vegeta again in honorable combat . Krillin reluctantly agrees and Vegeta leaves Earth . Master Roshi , Bulma , Chi - Chi , and Korin fly to where Goku , Gohan , and Krillin are . They gather their injured , and the bodies of their deceased friends , and set off to the hospital . Krillin informs them that Kami is a Namekian , and that the planet Namek should have more inhabitants able to create Dragon Balls . After brainstorming on how to get there in a reasonable amount of time , they realize that Nappa 's space pod is still a working vessel . Bulma decides to run it through some tests and see if it 's still viable . 18 `` The Spaceship that Sleeps in Yunzabit ! Blast Off for Planet Namek '' / `` The Ship Resting in Yunzabit ! Time to Blast Off for Planet Namek ! '' `` Yunzabitto ni Nemuru Uchūsen ! Namekkusei e Iza Hasshin '' ( ユンザビット に 眠る 宇宙 船 ! ナメック 星 へ いざ 発進 ) August 9 , 2009 June 16 , 2010 Goku , Krillin , and Gohan are in the hospital recovering from the battle with Vegeta . Their friends and family come visit . When the television is turned on , they see a report about Nappa 's space pod . Bulma presses a button on the spaceship 's remote control which she thinks will summon it to them , but instead it self - destructs the pod . Before everyone gives up hope , Mr. Popo arrives , and tells them that he knows of another spaceship . It 's the Namekian ship that Kami used to come to earth when he was a boy . Bulma reluctantly agrees to inspect it up in Yunzabit Heights with him . They realize the craft is voice - activated in the native Namekian language . Bulma converts the language to English in a few weeks and learns how to use the ship ; Gohan and Krillin deciding to accompany her on her journey to Planet Namek in search for the Namekian Dragon Balls . 19 `` A Formidable New Enemy ! Emperor of the Universe , Freeza '' / `` A Powerful New Foe ! Frieza , Ruler of the Universe ! '' `` Arata Naru Kyōteki ! Uchū no Teiō Furīza '' ( 新た なる 強敵 ! 宇宙 の 帝王 フリーザ ) August 16 , 2009 June 17 , 2010 While on their month - long journey to Namek , Gohan and Krillin practice image training . Meanwhile , Vegeta has landed on Planet Frieza No. 79 , and after being healed from the injuries sustained on Earth , Kui tells him Frieza is currently on Namek attempting to retrieve the Dragon Balls . Vegeta is incensed and decides to chase Frieza to Namek to try to use the Dragon Balls for himself . After 30 days aboard Kami 's old spaceship , Bulma , Krillin , and Gohan arrive on Namek . Bulma uses her radar and notices that four of the seven Dragon Balls are together already . Gohan senses an evil presence , but Bulma is more optimistic and believes that the Namekians probably are the ones who have them . They notice Vegeta 's space pod fly overhead and land in the distance , along with a second space pod shortly thereafter . Vegeta is not too thrilled to find out that Frieza 's henchmen Zarbon and Dodoria are accompanying Frieza . 20 `` Rebellion Against Freeza ! Vegeta , Burning with Ambition '' / `` The Rebellion Against Frieza ! Vegeta 's Burning Ambition ! '' `` Furīza e no Hangyaku ! Yabō ni Moeru Bejīta '' ( フリーザ へ の 反逆 ! 野望 に 燃える ベジータ ) August 23 , 2009 June 21 , 2010 Frieza continues to collect the Namekian Dragon Balls , while Vegeta goes to Frieza 's ship and slaughters Kui . Meanwhile , Krillin and Gohan battle more of Frieza 's minions , but not before they destroy the spaceship they used to reach the planet . Back on Earth , Yajirobe delivers Korin 's new batch of Senzu beans to Goku at the hospital . After eating one of the beans , making a complete recovery from his injuries in the process , Goku immediately prepares to journey towards Planet Namek himself . 21 `` Protect the Dragon Balls ! The Namekian Offensive '' / `` Protect the Dragon Balls ! The Namekians ' All - Out Attack ! '' `` Mamore Doragon Bōru ! Namekkuseijin Sōkōgeki '' ( 守れ ドラゴンボール ! ナメック 星人 総 攻撃 ) August 30 , 2009 June 22 , 2010 Goku arrives at the Capsule Corporation , where Bulma 's father Dr. Briefs has prepared a spaceship for him to travel to Namek in six days , and which also contains sophisticated battle training equipment , the most of important of which is an artificial gravity device which allows for increasing the gravity in the ship up to 100 - times Earth gravity . Goku begins to train at 20 - times Earth 's gravity as he takes off for Namek . Meanwhile , the Namekians begin to fight back against Frieza 's men , however Zarbon and Dodoria prove too powerful . Discovering that their people are being located via their scouters , the Namekians destroy the scouters . Dodoria , filled with rage , vows to make the locals regret the day they ever crossed Frieza . 22 `` Dodoria in Terrifying Hot Pursuit ! Vegeta Learns the Truth '' / `` Dodoria 's Terrifying Chase ! A Truth Revealed to Vegeta ! '' `` Mōtsui Dodoria no Kyōfu ! Bejīta ni Akasu Shinjitsu '' ( 猛追 ドドリア の 恐怖 ! ベジータ に 明かす 真実 ) September 6 , 2009 June 23 , 2010 Krillin and Gohan save a young Namekian boy named Dende from Dodoria 's attack . The three fly away and manage to hide from the pursuing Dodoria ; shortly after this he is attacked by Vegeta . The two fight briefly . Dodoria begs for his life , offering to tell Vegeta the true story of his home planet 's destruction . Vegeta releases Dodoria from his grip , and Dodoria reveals that it was Frieza who destroyed Planet Vegeta out of fear for the Saiyan race 's potential . Vegeta is furious at being lied to and being used by Frieza , and kills a fleeing Dodoria . 23 `` Vegeta 's Secret Plan ! Tragic Attack Upon the Namekians '' / `` Vegeta 's Covert Maneuvers ! A Tragic Assault on the Namekians ! '' `` Anyaku no Bejīta ! Namekkuseijin wo Osō Higeki '' ( 暗躍 の ベジータ ! ナメック 星人 を 襲う 悲劇 ) September 13 , 2009 June 24 , 2010 During his time on Earth , Vegeta has learned to sense energy without needing a scouter ; he senses Gohan , Krillin , and Dende in the distance . Gohan and Krillin lower their ki enough to avoid being detected further , but Dende does n't know how to . Before Vegeta can home in on Dende 's power , though , a giant Namekian fish appears , giving Vegeta the thought that it was the source of ki he detected - he has not yet completely mastered all of the subtlties of sensing energy without a scouter . He later comes across a village of 20 or so Namekians , and demands to be given the Dragon Ball . When the elder Namekian of the village denies him the Dragon Ball , Vegeta slays all the Namekians and finds the Dragon Ball in one of the huts . He then proceeds to throw it in a nearby lake so that Frieza and his men can not find it . Meanwhile , Dende takes Krillin with him to see the Grand Elder of Namek . 24 `` Resurrected Companions ! The Beauty Soldier Zarbon 's Demon Transformation '' / `` Friends Reborn ! Zarbon 's Hideous Transformation ! '' `` Yomigaeru Nakama - tachi ! Bisenshi Zābon Akuma no Henshin '' ( 甦る 仲間 たち ! 美 戦士 ザーボン 悪魔 の 変身 ) September 20 , 2009 June 28 , 2010 Krillin and Dende continue their trek toward the Grand Elder 's home , while Vegeta begins battling Frieza 's right - hand man Zarbon . Vegeta appears to be winning when Zarbon reveals a transformation that powers him up immensely , shifting the battle in his favor . Meanwhile , King Kai informs Goku via telepathy that Yamcha , Tien , Chiaotzu , and Piccolo have arrived at his planet in the Other World to receive training , much as Goku did when he died . After learning that Frieza is the tyrant terrorizing Planet Namek , King Kai warns Goku to stay away at all costs as he fears that no one is powerful enough to defeat the mighty Frieza . 25 `` Kuririn 's Power - Up ! The Foreboding Squirming of Freeza '' / `` Power Up , Krillin ! Frieza 's Mounting Apprehension ! '' `` Pawā Appu da Kuririn ! Ugomeku Furīza no Yokan '' ( パワー アップ だ クリリン ! うごめく フリーザ の 予感 ) September 27 , 2009 June 29 , 2010 Krillin and Dende arrive at the Grand Elder 's location - a conspicuous tower out in the open - and are greeted by Nail , one of the strongest Namekian warriors and a bodyguard to the Elder . The Elder speaks with them about the dragon balls , his ailing health , and the need for someone to help his Namekian children . He telepathically reads Krillin 's past and learns of the history of Kami , including how Piccolo is the evil portion of Kami which Kami shed in order to become the Guardian of Earth . The Elder also learns that Krillin 's intentions are pure , and that he has dormant power , which the Elder awakens . Krillin 's power increases dramatically and he asks the Elder if Gohan can also have his dormant power awakened , to which the Elder replies yes . Meanwhile , Zarbon reports to Frieza that he has defeated Vegeta , even though Vegeta 's corpse was not found . Frieza condemns Zarbon for destroying Vegeta as he thinks Vegeta has a Dragon Ball hidden and needs Vegeta to reveal its location , so he sends Zarbon to retrieve Vegeta and bring him back to the ship to heal . Zarbon finds Vegeta still alive and places him in a rejuvenation chamber inside Frieza 's spaceship . 26 `` The Conspiracy Completely Shatters ! Vegeta 's Counterattack vs. Zarbon '' / `` The Scheme Is Shattered ! Vegeta Strikes Back at Zarbon ! '' `` Kudake Chire Inbō ! Gyakushū no Bejīta tai Zābon '' ( 砕け 散れ 陰謀 ! 逆襲 の ベジータ VS ザーボン ) October 4 , 2009 June 30 , 2010 Vegeta is fully rejuvenated and conceives a plan to steal the five Dragon Balls where Frieza has been keeping them . He severely damages the ship with a single blast and throws all five dragon balls out of the ship . Meanwhile , Krillin arrives back at the Capsule House with a Dragon Ball that the Grand Elder had given him . Unfortunately , both Vegeta and Zarbon have followed him ; the two quickly begin battling over possession of the dragon ball . Meanwhile , Gohan heads toward the village Vegeta attacked , discovering that there is still a Dragon Ball there . Eventually , Zarbon is killed by Vegeta , and Gohan retrieves the Dragon Ball which Vegeta had hidden in the lake and begins heading back to Bulma and the camp . Season 2 : Frieza saga ( 2009 -- 2010 ) ( edit ) No . Translated title / Dub title Original airdate American airdate 27 `` A Hair - Trigger Pinch ! Gohan , Protect the Four Star Ball '' / `` A Touch - and - Go Situation ! Gohan , Protect the Four - Star Ball ! '' `` Isshokusokuhatsu no Pinchi ! Gohan yo Sūshinchū o Mamore '' ( 一 触 即発 の ピンチ ! 悟 飯 よ 四 星球 を 守れ ) October 11 , 2009 July 1 , 2010 Krillin surrenders his Dragon Ball to Vegeta after Zarbon is killed , knowing he does n't stand a chance against Vegeta . While returning to his stashed Dragon Balls , Vegeta senses Gohan . Gohan also senses Vegeta , so he masks his ki and hides his newly found Dragon Ball . Vegeta eventually coaxes Gohan out but does n't see the hidden Dragon Ball . Thinking he has all seven Dragon Balls , Vegeta lets Gohan live and takes off . After returning to the nearby Namekian lake , Vegeta realizes Gohan had taken his hidden Dragon Ball and goes berserk . Meanwhile , Frieza is informed that the Ginyu Force , an elite fighting team , will be arriving shortly , bringing much needed state - of - the art scouters as well as extensive fighting strength . Goku continues his training at intense gravity levels within his spaceship . 28 `` The Super Decisive Battle Draws Near ! The Ginyu Special - Squad Has Arrived ! '' / `` The Countdown to Battle Begins ! Enter , The Ginyu Force ! '' `` Semaru Chōkessen ! Ginyū Tokusentai Tadaima Sanjō ! '' ( 迫る 超 決戦 ! ギニュー 特 戦隊 只今 参上 ッ ! ) October 18 , 2009 July 7 , 2010 Krillin takes Gohan to see the Grand Elder to have his inner power released . However , Vegeta senses them while they are flying toward the tower , and confronts them . Nail informs the trio of a powerful evil force approaching the planet . Vegeta knows it is the Ginyu Force , Frieza 's five most elite henchmen . Reluctantly , Gohan and Krillin agree to ally with Vegeta to use the Dragon Balls to make Vegeta immortal so that he can defeat the Ginyu Force , and Frieza , more easily . Krillin , Gohan , and Vegeta rush to retrieve the Dragon Ball which Gohan had left with Bulma ( who wonders why Vegeta stole the Dragon Ball ) and meanwhile , the Ginyu Force lands on the planet and meets up with Frieza . Goku completes his training at 100 - times Earth 's gravity on the way to Namek and discovers his results are much more impressive than he anticipated . 29 `` The Special - Squad 's Frontline Man ! Break Gurudo 's Spell '' / `` First Up for the Ginyu Force ! Guldo 's Time Freeze ! '' `` Tokusentai no Ichibante ! Gurudo no Jubaku o Uchi Kuzuse '' ( 特 戦隊 の 一 番手 ! グルド の 呪縛 を 打ち 崩せ ) October 25 , 2009 July 8 , 2010 Vegeta , Krillin , and Gohan race to the remaining five Dragon Balls that Vegeta had hidden , in an attempt to grant Vegeta the wish of eternal life in order to stand a chance against the Ginyu Force . The Ginyu Force beats them there , and with speed and a time freeze , swipe the two remaining Dragon Balls . Captain Ginyu takes the seven Dragon Balls to Frieza , and allows the other members to play Rock - Paper - Scissors to decide who gets to fight who . Recoome wins a fight with Vegeta and Guldo wins a fight with Krillin and Gohan . Krillin and Gohan fight Guldo first . After realizing that they are no easy match for him , Guldo paralyzes the two with his ESP - based `` time freeze '' technique . Vegeta , however , kills Guldo before any harm is done to the Earthlings , so Recoome decides he 's next to fight . Meanwhile , Goku is ten minutes away from landing on Namek . 30 `` The Hellish Recoome ! Keep Me Entertained , Vegeta - chan '' / `` The Nightmare Recoome ! Come Out and Play , Vegeta ! '' `` Jigoku no Rikūmu ! Tanoshimasero yo Bejīta - chan '' ( 地獄 の リクーム ! 楽し ませろ よ ベジータ ちゃん ) November 1 , 2009 July 14 , 2010 Vegeta begins battling Recoome , the big brute of the Ginyu Force . While the Saiyan prince manages to get in a few good blows , ultimately Recoome does n't seem to be suffering any damage . Gohan and Krillin enter battle after Vegeta becomes too badly injured to continue fighting , but quickly find themselves similarly beaten and outclassed by the hulking Ginyu Force member . Elsewhere , Frieza attempts to use the Dragon Balls but nothing happens , prompting him to leave Ginyu to guard the balls while he himself goes to look for Namekians to tell him how to activate the Dragon Balls so he can use a wish to become immortal . Just when all seems lost in Vegeta , Krillin and Gohan 's fight with Recoome , Goku 's Capsule Corporation ship finally touches down on Planet Namek . 31 `` Son Goku Finally Arrives ! Knock the Ginyu Special - Squad Around '' / `` Goku Arrives At Last ! Take Down the Ginyu Force ! '' `` Son Gokū Tsuini Tōchaku ! Kechirase Ginyū Tokusentai '' ( 孫悟空 ついに 到着 ! 蹴 散ら せ ギニュー 特 戦隊 ) November 8 , 2009 July 15 , 2010 Goku enters the battle after giving Senzu beans to Krillin , Gohan , and Vegeta , and things quickly take a turn for the better . Recoome , charging up a deadly attack , is defeated by a single blow from Goku . Jeice and Burter leap into battle trying a variety of techniques - none of which have the least bit of effect on Goku . Burter is knocked out by a few swift attacks from Goku , as Jeice stares in awe at his latest opponent - having never faced someone so powerful . Vegeta comes to suspect that Goku has become the first `` Super Saiyan '' in over 1000 years , but has difficulty accepting the idea that a `` low - class '' Saiyan like Goku could become a Super Saiyan more easily than an `` elite - class '' warrior like himself . 32 `` Star Performer Entry ! ? Commander Ginyu vs. Son Goku '' / `` The Star Player Appears ! Ginyu vs. Goku ! '' `` Shin'uchi Tōjō ! ? Ginyū Taichō VS Son Gokū '' ( 真打ち 登場 ! ? ギニュー 隊長 VS 孫悟空 ) November 15 , 2009 July 21 , 2010 Goku tells Jeice to take the beaten Recoome and Burter and leave the planet forever . Jeice flees to Captain Ginyu and tells him what has happened . Ginyu has Frieza 's men bury the Dragon Balls then sets out with Jeice towards Goku . Meanwhile , Vegeta kills Burter and then Recoome . Also , Krillin and Gohan realize that Frieza is heading towards the Grand Elder in order to obtain the password to summon the Namekian Dragon . Shortly after this , Ginyu and Jeice arrive to battle Goku . Goku tells Krillin and Gohan to leave . Vegeta tricks Goku and flies away , leaving Goku to fight alone . Goku and Captain Ginyu fight , and after a while Ginyu asks Goku to release his true power . Goku abides and begins to power up via the Kaio - ken . 33 `` Son Goku at Full Power ! There 's a Secret Plan in the Shaking Ginyu ! ? '' / `` Full Power , Goku ! Captain Ginyu 's Desperate Attack ! '' `` Furu Pawā da Son Gokū ! Ononoku Ginyū ni Hisaku Ari ! ? '' ( フル パワー だ 孫悟空 ! おののく ギニュー に 秘策 あり ! ? ) November 22 , 2009 July 22 , 2010 Using the mighty Kaio - ken technique , Goku powers up to his maximum level - which is far greater than Ginyu expected . The captain can do nothing but tremble in fear at his more powerful opponent . The Grand Elder unlocks Dende 's hidden powers and sends him off to meet the Earthlings - the Elder has realized the Earth warriors do not know how to use the Namekian Dragon Balls - and Nail begins battling Frieza to stall for time while Dende travels . While Frieza is clearly the stronger of the two , he is surprised at Nail 's ability to regenerate lost limbs . Gohan and Krillin rescue Bulma from a dinosaur attack , and take the dragon radar to find where Frieza stashed the Dragon Balls . As the episode ends , Ginyu makes the strange move of wounding himself , and firing a strange beam at Goku . 34 `` Surprise ! Goku is Ginyu and Ginyu is Goku ! ? '' `` Bikkuri ! Gokū ga Ginyū de Ginyū ga Gokū ! ? '' ( ビックリ ! 悟空 が ギニュー で ギニュー が 悟空 ! ? ) November 29 , 2009 July 28 , 2010 The beam Ginyu fires at Goku causes the two of them to switch bodies . Goku is now trapped in Ginyu 's wounded body . Krillin and Gohan arrive at Frieza 's ship and dig up the Dragon Balls . Ginyu , in Goku 's body , and Jeice arrive back at the ship as well , but when Ginyu tries to power up his level is only 23,000 , far less than the 180,000 level Goku had before the body switch . Realizing that great strength requires unity of mind and body , Goku ( in Ginyu 's body ) arrives and shouts to Krillin and Gohan that they can easily defeat Ginyu . Vegeta kills Jeice and boasts that he is close to becoming a Super Saiyan . 35 `` A Great Turnabout for Goku ? ! Super Shenlong , Come Out Right Now ! '' / `` Goku 's Comeback ! Call Forth Porunga ! '' `` Gokū Dai - Gyakuten ! ? Ima Koso Ide yo Chō - Shenron ! '' ( 悟空 大 逆転 ! ? 今 こそ いでよ 超 神龍 ! ) December 6 , 2009 July 29 , 2010 After killing Jeice , Vegeta sets his sights on Ginyu ( still in Goku 's body ) . Vegeta effortlessly pummels Ginyu , and an attempt by Ginyu to switch into Vegeta 's body is thwarted by Goku who intercepts the beam , sending Ginyu and Goku back to their respective original bodies . Ginyu tries again to switch with Vegeta , but Goku , although wounded by Krillin and Gohan attacking his body when it was taken over by Ginyu , throws a Namekian frog in the path , resulting in Ginyu switching into the frog 's body . With the Ginyu Force completely defeated , Vegeta places Goku in a rejuvenation chamber inside Frieza 's spaceship , and gives battle armor to Krillin and Gohan . Krillin leaves to find the Grand Elder to learn the appropriate summoning ritual for the Namekian Dragon Balls . Krillin meets up with Dende on the way over , as Dende had been heading for the Earth team already . It is revealed that the summoning has to be done in the Namekian language , so Dende will act as the translator to summon the dragon and request the wishes . Meanwhile , Nail continues to fight Frieza to stall for the time needed for Dende to reach Krillin and Gohan . Nail eventually reveals this to Frieza after realizing he will never last if he continues ; the enraged tyrant immediately charges back towards his spaceship to try to regain control of the Dragon Balls . Krillin , Gohan , and Dende take advantage of the fact that Vegeta is napping , and take the Dragon Balls away from the ship and successfully summon Porunga , the Eternal Dragon of Namek . 36 `` An Enraged Freeza Approaches ! Porunga ... Please Grant Our Wish ! '' / `` Frieza Closes In ! Mighty Porunga , Grant Our Wish ! '' `` Gekikō Furīza ga Semaru ! Porunga yo ... Negai o Kanae Tamae ! '' ( 激昂 フリーザ が 迫る ! ポルンガ よ ... 願い を 叶え たまえ ! ) December 13 , 2009 September 6 , 2010 Krillin and Gohan discover that although the Namekian Dragon Balls can grant three wishes , they can resurrect only one person per wish , unlike the Earth 's Dragon Balls . After consulting with their dead friends via King Kai 's telepathic abilities , they use the first wish to revive Piccolo , which also brings Kami and the Earth 's Dragon Balls back . They then use the second wish to teleport Piccolo to Namek so he can assist them in their fight with Frieza , but they are not specific enough in their wish ; as a result Piccolo is indeed transported to Namek , but ends up quite a distance away from his friends and the imminent battle with Frieza . At this point Vegeta awakens and learns he 's been duped , and speeds angrily to where Porunga is hovering over Namek . He is about to attack Krillin and Gohan until they tell him there is still one wish left ; after some debate it is decided to let Vegeta use the wish to become immortal , as it seems to be the only possible way to defeat Frieza . Dende speaks the wish , but just before it can be granted , the Grand Elder dies and the Namekian Dragon Balls become useless ; Porunga disintegrates and the balls turn to plain stone . Just as Vegeta thinks his luck could n't get any worse , Frieza finally arrives , and is not happy at all that his own plans for immortality have been thwarted . 37 `` A Tormenting Super Transformation ! Freeza 's One Million Fighting Power '' / `` A Nightmare Transformation ! Frieza 's Power Level - One Million ! ? '' `` Akumu no Chō Henshin ! Sentōryoku Hyaku - man no Furīza '' ( 悪夢 の 超 変身 ! 戦闘 力 100 万 の フリーザ ) December 20 , 2009 October 20 , 2010 Piccolo arrives on Planet Namek following being resurrected and wished there . He begins rushing towards the battlefield , and along the way encounters an ailing Nail , on the brink of death . Piccolo reluctantly performs Namekian fusion with Nail , which increases his power substantially , and begins rushing back to the battlefield . Meanwhile , Frieza , after battling the Earthlings and Vegeta in his first form , transforms to his second form following some goading from Vegeta - and this increases the tyrant 's power level to over a million . With his increased power , Frieza charges at Krillin in the air , impaling him on one of his horns . 38 `` Freeza Bares His Fangs ! Gohan 's Transcendent Power Attacks '' / `` Frieza Bares His Fangs ! Gohan 's Overwhelming Attack ! '' `` Kiba o Muku Furīza ! Chōzetsu Pawā ga Gohan o Osō '' ( 牙 を むく フリーザ ! 超絶 パワー が 悟 飯 を 襲う ) December 27 , 2009 October 21 , 2010 After impaling Krillin , Frieza slings him into the water . Gohan rushes to rescue his friend , but his path is blocked by the tyrant . Gohan 's rage from seeing a friend in pain gets the better of him , and he immediately starts unloading on Frieza , much to Vegeta 's surprise ; Vegeta had never seen how strong emotion dramatically increases Gohan 's power levels . As Gohan knocks Frieza out of the air , Dende saves Krillin from drowning and heals him - this was one of his hidden powers that the Grand Elder had unlocked . Frieza charges towards Gohan to get his revenge , only to be blasted in the back by Vegeta - which , to the Saiyan prince 's disappointment , does absolutely nothing . Frieza begins thrashing Gohan , but is rescued by the healed Krillin , who distracts the tyrant with numerous attacks and escapades - buying just enough time for Dende to heal Gohan . Unfortunately , it becomes clear that Frieza outclasses them all , so the three warriors begin blasting him with everything they 've got . Once again , it has no effect , but as they are about to charge him in their moment of desperation , Piccolo finally arrives on the battlefield , announcing that he will be the one to win the battle . 39 `` The Reborn Piccolo Shows Himself ! An Enraged Freeza 's Second Transformation '' / `` Piccolo Reborn ! Frieza 's Second Transformation '' `` Shinsei Pikkoro Arawaru ! Gekido Furīza Dai Ni no Henshin '' ( 新生 ピッコロ あらわ る ! 激怒 フリーザ 第 2 の 変身 ) January 10 , 2010 October 27 , 2010 Fortified by his combining with Nail , Piccolo begins battling Frieza - and surprisingly manages to hold his own . The two exchange blows pretty evenly for a good portion of the fight . Piccolo eventually realizes Frieza slightly holds the upper hand , so Piccolo removes his weighted training clothing and begins winning against the tyrant . Frieza finds himself backed into a corner , so he decides it is best to transform again to fight Piccolo . Becoming his grotesque , ugly third form , Frieza once again gains the upper hand and begins obliterating Piccolo with a rapid finger beam blast . Gohan rushes to rescue his mentor , and when Krillin tries to follow suit , Vegeta stops him - revealing to Krillin that he may have a strategy that will allow him to defeat the tyrant . 40 `` Freeza 's Final Transformation ! The Ultimate Nightmare Begins ! '' / `` Frieza 's Final Transformation : The Ultimate Nightmare Begins '' `` Furīza Saigo no Chō Henshin ! Jigoku Ijō no Kyōfu ga Hajimaru '' ( フリーザ 最後 の 超 変身 ! 地獄 以上 の 恐怖 が はじまる ) January 17 , 2010 October 28 , 2010 Frieza dodges Gohan 's attack but quickly finds himself on the receiving end once again - the young half Saiyan unleashes a massive ki blast that even the tyrant himself has difficulty deflecting . Frieza then decides to transform to his fourth form - the final and most powerful . Vegeta 's plan to defeat Frieza involves having himself mortally wounded and then being healed by Dende - which the Saiyan prince achieves by having Krillin shoot a ki blast through his chest . Vegeta has realized that each time a Saiyan is badly injured , his power level will increase substantially after he is healed . Vegeta lowers his shields to allow Krillin 's attack to succeed , and Krillin proceeds to deliver a devastating blow to Vegeta . What nobody realizes is that Dende has no interest in healing Vegeta ; Dende runs from Vegeta and instead heals Piccolo , who eventually convinces him to heal Vegeta as well . Frieza eventually reaches his final form , and immediately kills Dende with his Death Beam technique - having witnessed his healing abilities while transforming , Frieza realizes this may be the key to defeating the others . Krillin , Gohan , and Piccolo go on the attack but the tyrant dodges every single attack they throw his way . Vegeta watches them fight from a hill , preparing to charge up to his newfound power level as Gohan finds himself on a direct collision course with another one of Frieza 's blasts . 41 `` The Moment We 've Waited For ! Son Goku is Revived '' / `` The Moment of Truth Approaches ! Goku Back in Action ! '' `` Machinimatta ze Kono Shunkan ! Son Gokū ga Fukkatsu da '' ( 待ち に 待った ぜ この 瞬間 ! 孫悟空 が 復活 だ ) January 24 , 2010 November 3 , 2010 Vegeta intervenes , using his newfound power and speed to rescue Gohan from Frieza 's blast . While Gohan is grateful , Vegeta tells him he does n't care about him as a person and only did it as a demonstration of his abilities - now that he has declared himself a Super Saiyan . The Saiyan prince powers up to unbelievable levels of strength , which leave Gohan , Krillin , and Piccolo in awe - but no matter how much he powers up , and how many deadly attacks he dishes out , Frieza dodges and deflects everything . Vegeta quickly finds himself on the wrong end of the tyrant 's attacks , and is quickly beaten once he realizes he has not actually achieved Super Saiyan status . Gohan attempts to help but is stopped by Piccolo , who says Gohan would not be able to do anything anyway . However , just as all hope seems lost , Goku emerges from the rejuvenation chamber inside Frieza 's spaceship - fully recovered and with his power once again increased beyond his expectations . 42 `` Defeat Freeza , Son Goku ! The Proud Vegeta 's Tears '' / `` Defeat Frieza , Goku ! The Tears of the Proud Saiyan Prince ! '' `` Furīza o Taose Son Gokū ! Hokori - Takaki Bejīta no Namida '' ( フリーザ を 倒せ 孫悟空 ! 誇り 高き ベジータ の 涙 ) January 31 , 2010 November 4 , 2010 Vegeta is no match for Frieza and is quickly incapacitated . Piccolo , Gohan and Krillin are forced to stand idly by while Frieza continues to thrash the Saiyan prince . However , Goku finally arrives at the battlefield and confronts the tyrant . Surprisingly , Frieza finds Goku 's appearance very familiar . When Vegeta mocks Frieza , saying that Goku is the `` real '' Super Saiyan , the tyrant fires his Death Beam through Vegeta 's heart , giving him just seconds to live . Before his death , Vegeta informs Goku that Frieza was responsible for the destruction of the Saiyan planet and the entire Saiyan race ; Vegeta begs Goku to defeat the tyrant and avenge their people , and even sheds true tears , which greatly moves Goku . Goku then makes a grave and buries Vegeta , before setting his sights on Frieza himself - vowing that he will defeat the merciless tyrant . 43 `` Son Goku vs. Freeza ! The Curtain Opens on the Super Decisive Battle ! '' / `` Goku vs. Frieza ! The Super Showdown Begins ! `` Son Gokū tai Furīza ! Chō - Kessen no Makuake da ! '' ( 孫悟空 VS フリーザ ! 超 決戦 の 幕開け だ ! ) February 7 , 2010 November 10 , 2010 Goku jumps into battle against Frieza , and quickly proves to be more of a challenge than Frieza thought . The two exchange powerful blows and discover their levels of strength are nearly equal . As Goku and Frieza attempt to one - up each other , Gohan , Krillin , and Piccolo back away to watch the battle from a safe distance , while Yamcha , Tien , and Chiaotzu watch from King Kai 's planet in the Other World . At one point during the battle , Goku is able to take advantage of Frieza 's inability to sense another 's ki , but Frieza counters this by trapping Goku in an exploding ball of energy that nearly kills him . However , Piccolo states that even after all this , neither Goku nor Frieza is fighting at full power just yet . 44 `` A Physical War That Exceeds All Limits ! Goku and Freeza and Ginyu , Again ? ! '' / `` A Boundary - Pushing Brawl ! Goku , Frieza , and Ginyu Again ? '' `` Genkai Toppa no Nikudansen ! Gokū to Furīza to Ginyū Futatabi ! ? '' ( 限界 突破 の 肉弾 戦 ! 悟空 と フリーザ と ギニュー 再び ! ? ) February 14 , 2010 November 11 , 2010 Goku and Frieza 's battle continues , with the two pretty evenly exchanging blows . However Goku is in for a shock when he discovers the tyrant has only been using a small amount of his total power . Frieza then boosts his power up to 50 % , and Goku is quickly overwhelmed , even with the use of the 10 - times Kaio - ken . Meanwhile , Bulma meets the frog Ginyu , and Ginyu steals her body , leaving Bulma in the frog form . Ginyu heads for the battlefield ; Bulma has managed to accompany him and both soon arrive at the battlefield where Goku and Frieza are continuing to duke it out - with Goku quickly outclassed by the powered - up tyrant . 45 `` It 's a 20-Fold Kaioken ! A Kamehameha with Everything on the Line '' / `` Kaio - Ken Times Twenty ! An All - Or - Nothing Kamehame - Ha ! '' `` Nijū - bai Kaiōken da ! Subete o Kaketa Kamehameha '' ( 20 倍 界 王 拳 だ ! すべて を 賭け たかめ はめ 波 ) February 21 , 2010 November 17 , 2010 Ginyu tries to steal Piccolo 's body , but is foiled by Gohan who throws the frog body containing Bulma 's personality back in the way , putting Bulma back in her own body and once again trapping Ginyu in the frog body . Meanwhile , Goku continues to be thrashed by Frieza . However , he sees a vision of how Frieza could destroy everyone he loves - and as a result , he uses the 20 - times Kaio - ken alongside a massive Kamehameha against Frieza . However , even this is not enough to defeat the tyrant , and the use of the 20 - times Kaio - ken severely weakens Goku . He then has another vision , this time of Vegeta and other Saiyans of the past , reminding him that should he fail , Frieza will finally succeed in exterminating the entire Saiyan race . Motivated once again , Goku stands his ground as Frieza lunges at him . 46 `` This Is the Last Trump Card ! Goku 's Extra-Large Genki Dama '' / `` The Final Trump Card ! Goku 's Ultimate Spirit Bomb ! '' `` Kore ga Saigo no Kirifuda da ! Gokū no Tokudai Genki Dama '' ( これが 最後 の 切り札 だ ! 悟空 の 特大 元気 玉 ) February 28 , 2010 November 18 , 2010 Despite his renewed confidence , Goku realizes he still has no chance of victory using direct physical attacks against Frieza , who is still using only 50 % of his full power . At this point , Goku decides to use his ultimate technique - the Spirit Bomb . With so little ki from living things left to absorb on Namek , Goku absorbs ki from neighboring worlds as well . Creating a Spirit Bomb of this size takes extensive time and concentration , and Frieza continues to pummel him . Piccolo decides to intervene , taking what energy Gohan and Krillin have left and attacking Frieza to draw attention away from Goku and the Spirit Bomb he is creating . Before Frieza can obliterate Goku with a beam to the forehead , Piccolo stops him with a full - force kick to the head . The now - distracted Frieza goes after Piccolo , whose attacks do nothing to faze him . The Namekian is quickly floored by Frieza as Goku continues charging the Spirit Bomb . 47 `` Awaken Warrior of Legend ... Super Saiyan , Son Goku ! '' / `` Awaken , Legendary Warrior ! Goku the Super Saiyan ! '' `` Mezamero Densetsu no Senshi ... Sūpā Saiyajin , Son Gokū ! '' ( 目覚め ろ 伝説 の 戦士 ... 超 サイヤ 人 、 孫悟空 ! ) March 7 , 2010 November 27 , 2010 Goku completes the Spirit Bomb and hurls it down upon Frieza . The tyrant manages to catch it , but is unable to stop it from exploding on him . The Z Fighters celebrate their apparent victory and start making plans to return to Earth . However , Frieza reappears and , though badly damaged from the Spirit Bomb , he is still powerful enough to take them all out . Frieza fires his Death Beam straight at Goku , but Piccolo jumps in the way and takes the beam to the chest , which knocks him unconscious . Frieza next sets his sights on Krillin and causes Krillin 's body to explode from the inside , killing him . Enraged by these sacrifices , Goku undergoes a radical transformation in which his eyes turn from black to green , his black hair turns blonde , and his body is surrounded in an aura of golden light . With his powers now greatly enhanced , Goku orders Gohan to take Piccolo to his spaceship , find Bulma , and leave Namek , while he handles Frieza . 48 `` The Angry Super Saiyan ! Throw Your Hat in the Ring Son Goku ! '' / `` The Angry Super Saiyan ! Goku Throws Down the Gauntlet ! '' `` Okoreru Sūpā Saiyajin ! Nanori o Agero Son Gokū ! '' ( 怒れる 超 サイヤ 人 ! 名乗り を 上げろ 孫悟空 ! ) March 14 , 2010 November 27 , 2010 The transformed Goku renews his battle with Frieza and proves to now be far superior to Frieza 's power . Frieza launches several counter-attacks at Goku , but they have no effect at all . As the tyrant stares in awe at his more - powerful opponent , he realizes that his worst nightmare has come true - a legendary Super Saiyan , which Frieza had long secretly feared , has finally been born . In a desperate attempt to defeat Goku , Frieza hurls an attack down upon Namek itself , in an effort to destroy the planet and everyone on it . 49 `` Exact Vengeance Son Goku ! The Countdown to the Planet 's Collapse '' / `` Avenge the Fallen , Goku ! Countdown to the Planet 's Destruction ! '' `` Ada o Ute Son Gokū ! Wakusei Hōkai no Kauntodaun '' ( 仇 を 討 て 孫悟空 ! 惑星 崩壊 の カウントダウン ) March 21 , 2010 December 16 , 2010 Frieza 's attack on Namek detonates the planet 's core , and he says that Namek will explode in five minutes . Super Saiyan Goku is confident that he can defeat Frieza within that time , however , Frieza then decides to power up to 100 % of his full power . Much to King Kai 's amazement , Goku allows Frieza to reach his full power rather than attacking while Frieza powers up , wishing to defeat the tyrant at his best . 50 `` Do - or - Die Full Power of Freeza ! Shenlong , Heed This Wish '' / `` Full Power Frieza ! Shenron , Grant Our Wish ! '' `` Furīza Kesshi no Furu Pawā ! Negai o Todokete Kure Shenron '' ( フリーザ 決死 の フル パワー ! 願い を 届け て くれ 神龍 ) March 28 , 2010 December 16 , 2010 As the epic battle between Goku and Frieza rages on the dying Planet Namek , King Kai is informed by Kami on Earth that Mr. Popo has gathered all seven of Earth 's Dragon Balls . Upon learning of the Earth 's Dragon Balls ' ability to resurrect multiple people despite being limited to one wish per use , King Kai asks that they be used to bring back to life all those on Namek who were killed by Frieza and his minions , thus also bringing back the Grand Elder , as well as the Namekian Dragon Balls , which still have one more wish to be used . King Kai plans to use this final wish to teleport everyone on Namek to Earth except for Frieza , leaving the tyrant to be the only one present when Namek explodes . Mr. Popo then summons Shenron and fulfills King Kai 's first wish . 51 `` Furious Battle Cry of Goku ! Make It in Time ... The Resurrection Wish ! '' / `` Goku 's Furious Roar ! A Last - Minute Wish ! '' `` Gokū Gekido no Osakebi ! Ma ni Ae ... Kishi - Kaisei no Negai ! '' ( 悟空 激怒 の 雄叫び ! 間に合え ... 起死回生 の 願い ! ) April 4 , 2010 February 5 , 2011 Shenron succeeds in resurrecting everyone killed by Frieza and his henchmen on Namek ( minus Krillin ) , and the Grand Elder and the Namekian Dragon Balls are also brought back . King Kai immediately contacts the Elder and quickly informs him of the situation . The Elder then sends Dende to Porunga in order to use the final wish to teleport everyone on Namek to Earth , except for Frieza . However , Goku requests that he remain on Namek as well , so he can finish Frieza once and for all . Porunga fulfills this wish and teleports everyone to Earth except Goku and Frieza . The two combatants then prepare themselves for the final round before Namek 's explosion . 52 `` Two Remain on a Vanishing Planet ! This Is the Final Showdown '' / `` Duel on a Vanishing Planet ! The Final Showdown ! '' `` Kieyuku Hoshi ni Nokotta Futari ! Kore ga Saishū Kessen da '' ( 消え ゆく 星 に 残っ た 2 人 ! これが 最終 決戦 だ ) April 11 , 2010 February 9 , 2011 As the battle continues , it seems neither warrior is going to win before Namek 's explosion . However , Goku soon notices that Frieza 's power is quickly decreasing , due to his 100 % full power taking its toll on his body . Satisfied that he has won , Goku decides to call it quits and begins to depart towards his spaceship . Unable to accept this , Frieza launches a pair of heat - seeking ki disks at Goku . The Super Saiyan manages to avoid this , however , and eventually Frieza is sliced in half by his own attack . Season 3 : androids saga ( 2010 ) ( edit ) No . Translated title / Dub title Original airdate American airdate 53 `` The Final Blow , Son Goku ... Planet Namek Scatters Throughout Space '' / `` Goku 's Final Attack ! Countdown to Planet Namek 's Destruction ! '' `` Son Gokū , Saigo no Ichigeki ... Namekku - sei Uchū ni Chiru '' ( 孫悟空 、 最後 の 一撃 ... ナメック 星 宇宙 に 散る ) April 18 , 2010 February 10 , 2011 On Earth , the Grand Elder dies again , but before his death , he gives his power to Moori , one of his eldest sons , making him the new Grand Elder , and thereby preserving the power of the Namekian Dragon Balls . Meanwhile , on Namek , the dying Frieza begs for mercy from Goku . Despite his better judgement , Goku can not ignore Frieza 's pleas for help and gives the tyrant some of his own ki before departing . However , Frieza lets his pride get the better of him and unleashes one final ki blast at Goku , but the Super Saiyan easily repels the blast right back at the tyrant and seemingly destroys Frieza in the process . Goku then attempts to escape in Frieza 's spaceship , but is unable to make it take off . Namek finally explodes and it appears that Goku perishes along with the planet . 54 `` Goku Vanishes in Space ... Return to Life ! Super Warriors '' / `` Goku Vanishes Into Space ! Welcome Home , Super Warriors ! '' `` Uchū ni Kieta Gokū ... Yomigaere ! Chō Senshi - tachi '' ( 宇宙 に 消え た 悟空 ... 甦れ ! 超 戦士 たち ) April 25 , 2010 February 16 , 2011 Following Namek 's destruction , King Kai informs Bulma and the others on Earth of Goku 's apparent death , and that even though the Namekian Dragon Balls can resurrect Goku and Krillin , they will be brought back to where Namek used to be and die again in the vacuum of space . However , Vegeta comes up with the idea of using the Dragon Balls to first bring Goku and Krillin 's souls to the Earth 's check - in station in the Other World , from where they can be resurrected on Earth . 130 days after their use on Namek , the Namekian Dragon Balls become re-active , and the first two wishes are used to successfully revive Krillin ; it is revealed that Goku is actually still alive and that he will return to Earth on his own later . Yamcha is then brought back to life with the third wish . Another 130 days later , the Namekian Dragon Balls are used to revive both Tien and Chiaotzu , and are then used to teleport all of the native Namekians to a new planet . The Z Fighters then return to their peaceful lives , waiting patiently for Goku to return . 55 `` That 's Earth , Papa ... Freeza and His Father Strike Back '' / `` There Is Planet Earth , Father ! Frieza and King Cold Strike Back ! '' `` Are ga Chikyū da yo Papa ... Furīza - Oyako no Gyakushū '' ( あれ が 地球 だ よ パパ ... フリーザ 親子 の 逆襲 ) May 2 , 2010 February 17 , 2011 A year has passed and still Goku has not returned to Earth . However , it is revealed that Frieza managed to survive his battle with the Super Saiyan , has been rebuilt into a cyborg by his father King Cold , and is heading towards Earth , intending to exact revenge on Goku . The rest of the Z Fighters gather to defend the Earth from Frieza , despite knowing the odds are against them . However , as soon as Frieza , King Cold , and their army of soldiers arrive on Earth , they are met by a mysterious teenager wielding a sword , who says that he has come to kill them . 56 `` I 'll Defeat Freeza ! Another Super Saiyan '' / `` I Will Defeat Frieza ! Another Super Saiyan ! '' `` Furīza wa Boku ga Taosu ! Mō Hitori no Sūpā Saiyajin '' ( フリーザ は ボク が 倒す ! もう 一人 の 超 サイヤ 人 ) May 9 , 2010 February 23 , 2011 The mysterious teenager easily takes out Frieza 's soldiers , then surprises Frieza by transforming into a Super Saiyan . The evil tyrant attempts to destroy this second Super Saiyan , but is unsuccessful . Eventually , the teenager slices Frieza into pieces with his sword , before blasting him away . King Cold tries to defeat the Super Saiyan himself , but the teenager easily kills him and destroys his ship . After reverting to his normal state , the teenager spots the Z Fighters and says that Goku will be arriving nearby soon . Despite their skepticism , the Z Fighters agree to join him in awaiting Goku 's arrival . 57 `` Welcome Back Son Goku ! The Confession of the Mysterious Young Boy Trunks '' / `` Welcome Back , Goku ! Confessions of the Mysterious Youth , Trunks ! '' `` Okaeri Son Gokū ! Nazo no Shōnen Torankusu no Kokuhaku '' ( おかえり 孫悟空 ! 謎 の 少年 トランクス の 告白 ) May 16 , 2010 February 24 , 2011 After three hours of waiting , a space pod crash lands on Earth and Goku emerges from it . There is no time for celebration , however , as the mysterious teenager pulls Goku aside to talk with him in private . After testing Goku 's Super Saiyan powers , the teenager reveals that his name is Trunks and that he comes from an apocalyptic future 20 years from the present , as well as that he is the future son of Bulma and Vegeta . He further informs Goku that in three years from now , a pair of deadly androids , built by Doctor Gero of the former Red Ribbon Army , will begin a rampage on Earth and kill all of the Z Fighters , except for Goku , who will have died from a heart virus six months before their assault . Trunks then supplies Goku with a heart antidote made in his future timeline , instructing him to take it when the virus attacks him . Piccolo hears the whole conversation using his special hearing . Goku promises that he and the other Z Fighters will train hard for the next three years to prepare for the androids ' assault , and Trunks then returns to the future in his time machine . 58 `` New Technique of Goku , Instant Movement ! Special Training Staked on 3 Years From Now '' / `` Goku 's New Move , Instant Transmission ! The Three - Year Training Session Begins ! '' `` Gokū no Shin Waza , Shunkan Idō ! San - nen Go ni Kaketa Tokkun '' ( 悟空 の 新 ワザ 、 瞬間 移動 ! 3 年 後に 賭け た 特訓 ) May 23 , 2010 March 2 , 2011 At Vegeta 's request , Goku explains to the others that he managed to survive Planet Namek 's destruction by escaping in one of the Ginyu Force 's space pods just seconds before Namek exploded . He further explains that he eventually landed on a planet called Yardrat and was nursed back to health by the friendly inhabitants of the planet . He also reveals that he learned from them a special teleportation technique called Instant Transmission . The Z Fighters then go their separate ways to each begin preparing themselves for the androids ' assault . After three years of intense training , they all head off to meet on the island on which Trunks had indicated that the androids would begin their attack . 59 `` The Pair Who Do n't Leave a Trace ! The Artificial Humans Appear '' / `` Undetectable Monsters ! The Androids Appear ! '' `` Kehai o Motanu Futari - gumi ! Jinzōningen , Arawaru '' ( 気配 を 持た ぬ 2 人組 ! 人造 人間 、 あらわ る ) May 30 , 2010 March 8 , 2011 The Z Fighters gather at the island in anticipation of the androids ' attack . However , as the time approaches , the androids are nowhere to be seen . Yajirobe arrives to deliver Korin 's new batch of Senzu beans to the others , but as soon as he departs , the androids shoot down his ship and immediately descend into the nearby city before the Z Fighters can get a glimpse of them . Gohan goes to rescue Yajirobe , while the rest of the Z Fighters fly down to the city as well to search out their enemies . After a period of searching , Yamcha becomes the first victim of the androids , after having his energy absorbed by Android # 20 , and then being impaled . The others arrive just in time to save him , and Goku eventually persuades the androids to move to a new location to fight after a large portion of the city is destroyed . 60 `` Attacked on Both Sides by an Internal Enemy ? ! Son Goku vs Artificial Human # 19 '' / `` The Unbeatable Enemy Within ! Goku vs. Android 19 ! '' `` Uchi - naru Teki to no Hasami - Uchi ! ? Son Gokū tai Jinzōningen Jūkyū - gō '' ( 内 なる 敵 と の 挟み撃ち ! ? 孫悟空 VS 人造 人間 19 号 ) June 6 , 2010 March 9 , 2011 As Goku , Piccolo , and Tien take the androids to a new location to battle , Krillin revives Yamcha with a Senzu bean . However , once Yamcha reveals the androids ' ability to absorb energy , he , Krillin , and Gohan head off to warn the others . Meanwhile , it is revealed to Goku that the androids are a result of years of research conducted by Dr. Gero , in which miniature spy robots were used to analyze Goku 's fighting techniques and developments in strength , all in an attempt to exact revenge on Goku for destroying the Red Ribbon Army . However , Gero did not analyze Goku during his time on Planet Namek , and thus the androids are unaware of his ability to transform into a Super Saiyan , which Goku gladly demonstrates in front of them . A battle then ensues between Goku and Android # 19 , and though Goku clearly has the upper hand , he soon appears to be losing energy . Eventually , Goku is seen clutching the left side of his chest , which Gohan immediately recognizes as a symptom of the heart virus that Trunks had warned Goku of . However , the virus is attacking Goku 's heart much later than Trunks had predicted . As Goku struggles to stay conscious , # 19 prepares to finish the battle by absorbing Goku 's remaining energy . Piccolo tries to intervene , however , Android # 20 blasts Piccolo with his eye beams , which sends him crashing to the ground . 61 `` No Chance of Victory Against # 19 ! Super Vegeta Arrives Late '' / `` No Victory for Android 19 ! Enter Super Vegeta ! '' `` Jūkyū - gō ni Shōki Nashi ! Okurete Kita Sūpā Bejīta '' ( 19 号 に 勝機 なし ! 遅れ てき た 超 ベジータ ) June 13 , 2010 March 10 , 2011 Before Android # 19 can finish draining Goku 's energy , Vegeta finally arrives , saving Goku by kicking the android in the face . Yamcha then escorts Goku back home in order to administer the heart antidote to him . Vegeta then faces off with the androids , and much to everyone 's surprise , transforms into a Super Saiyan . It is revealed that , whereas Goku 's first transformation was triggered by his rage over Frieza 's murder of Krillin , Vegeta 's was triggered by his rage at simply being unable to surpass Goku . The battle then begins , and it 's clear that Vegeta has the edge over # 19 . Even the android 's energy absorption attack proves futile , as Vegeta tears off the android 's hands , making it impossible for it to absorb anymore energy from its opponents . As the android runs away in fear , Vegeta launches his Big Bang Attack and finishes the battle , leaving nothing but the android 's head intact . Android # 20 then escapes into the nearby cliffs , planning to use the terrain to launch a surprise attack on the Z Fighters . 62 `` Piccolo 's Assault ! The Missing # 20 and the Future Gone Askew '' / `` Piccolo 's Assault ! Android 20 and the Twisted Future ! '' `` Pikkoro Kyōshū ! Kieta Nijū - ō to Nejireru Mirai '' ( ピッコロ 強襲 ! 消え た 20 号 と ねじれる 未来 ) June 20 , 2010 March 16 , 2011 The Z Fighters split up to search the area for Android # 20 . Frustrated at his enemy 's deceptiveness , Vegeta fires a large ki blast at the cliffs , planning to level the area . Seeing this opportunity , # 20 emerges from his hiding place , only to absorb Vegeta 's blast and run away before Vegeta can catch up . The android then attacks Piccolo from behind and begins to drain his energy , although this is thwarted by Gohan , who senses Piccolo 's fading ki and attacks Android # 20 . After receiving a Senzu bean , Piccolo then faces off against his attacker , and proves to be more than a match for the android . Meanwhile , Trunks finally returns from the future , and is disturbed to find that the remains of Android # 19 are different from the androids that he faced in his own timeline . He then arrives at the current battlefield , and also seems not to recognize # 20 . Realising that he has no chance of victory , # 20 decides to retreat to his laboratory , but not before launching a huge blast that engulfs most of the area - including Bulma 's ship , which plummets towards the ground . 63 `` Pursue ! Doctor Gero ... The Search for the Mysterious Laboratory ! '' / `` The Hunt for Doctor Gero ! Discover the Hidden Laboratory ! '' `` Tsuigeki ! Dokutā Gero ... Nazo no Kenkyūjo o Sagase ! '' ( 追撃 ! ドクター ・ ゲロ ... 謎 の 研究 所 を 探せ ! ) June 27 , 2010 March 17 , 2011 As the dust settles , Android # 20 is nowhere to be seen , and it is assumed that he plans to return to the laboratory to awaken Androids # 17 and # 18 - the androids causing havoc in Trunk 's timeline . Meanwhile , Trunks rescues his mother and young self , and berates Vegeta for failing to protect his family . Bulma then reveals that # 20 may actually be the androids ' creator , Dr. Gero , who has seemingly converted himself into one as well . The group then plan to find the lab and destroy the androids before Gero can activate them . Vegeta also sets off to find the lab , but with the intentions of fighting the androids as a demonstration of his power . Trunks leaves to stop his father , while Piccolo finally unveils the truth of Trunks ' origin to the rest of the group . He knew this because he overheard the conversation between Trunks and Goku . Meanwhile , Piccolo , Krillin and Tien split up and search the mountains where Gero 's lab is rumoured to be located , while Gohan takes Bulma , baby Trunks , and Yajirobe home . Meanwhile , Krillin is attacked by the doctor , but is spared when Gero senses Piccolo nearby and escapes . 64 `` # 17 and # 18 , and ... ! The Artificial Humans Awaken '' / `` Number 17 and Number 18 ! The Androids Awaken ! '' `` Jūnana Gō to Jūhachi Gō , Soshite ... ! Mezameru Jinzōningen - tachi '' ( 17 号 と 18 号 、 そして ... ! 目覚める 人造 人間 たち ) July 11 , 2010 May 30 , 2011 Dr. Gero finally makes it to his laboratory , with Krillin in hot pursuit . Tien , Piccolo , Vegeta , and Trunks soon locate him and break into the lab , although by this point Gero has already awakened Androids # 17 and # 18 . Although initially appearing loyal , the duo demonstrate their independence when # 17 destroys Gero 's remote , ensuring that he can not deactivate them should they disobey him , and # 18 attempts to activate Android # 16 - a fully mechanical model deemed a failure by Gero. # 17 then kills Gero , by severing and then crushing his head . In an act of desperation , Trunks launches a large ki blast at the androids , hoping to destroy # 16 before he is activated . Although the entire lab is decimated , both androids and # 16 's pod remain intact , and he is awakened anyway . The trio then decide to carry out their initial orders , and set out to kill Goku . However , their plans are disrupted when Vegeta intervenes , challenging the three androids to a battle . After # 16 and # 17 refuses to fight , # 18 steps up to face Vegeta . 65 `` A Cute Face and Super Power ? ! # 18 vs Vegeta '' / `` A Sweet Face and Super Power ? ! Android 18 vs Vegeta ! '' `` Kawaī Kao de Chō Pawā ! ? Jūhachi Gō tai Bejīta '' ( かわいい 顔 で 超 パワー ! ? 18 号 VS べジータ ) July 18 , 2010 June 2 , 2011 Android # 18 fights with Super Saiyan Vegeta and wins easily . Super Saiyan Trunks tries to help his father , but is also easily defeated and gets his sword broken in the process . Piccolo and Tien then get beaten down effortlessly by Android # 17 , while Krillin stays behind and watches the horror , and Android # 16 simply observes the nearby birds . After the fight , the androids leave , but before they do # 18 kisses Krillin on the cheek . 66 `` The Time has Come to Become One Again ... Piccolo 's Decision for Ultimate Power ! '' / `` The Time for Reunification Has Come ! Piccolo 's Unshakeable Resolve ! '' `` Hitotsu ni Modoru Toki ga Kita ... Pikkoro Saikyō he no Ketsui ! '' ( 1 つ に 戻る 時 が きた ... ピッコロ 最強 へ の 決意 ! ) August 1 , 2010 June 9 , 2011 Krillin feeds the remaining Senzu beans to each of his fallen comrades . Vegeta flies off in anger , having been beaten , while Trunks explains to the others how the androids of the future are different from the ones they just fought . The androids of the present are apparently more powerful , but they seem to be less cruel . There also was not an Android # 16 in Trunks ' time period . Piccolo then flies off to try to convince Kami to merge with him once again , believing that it is the only way to stop the androids . However , Kami believes that the androids are not entirely evil and that the only reason they fought against the Z Fighters was because the Z Fighters attacked first . Kami then decides to wait and see what happens as Piccolo sits down waiting until Kami agrees to merge with him . 67 `` One More Time Machine ? ! Bulma Unveils a Mystery '' / `` Another Time Machine ? ! Bulma Uncovers a Mystery ! '' `` Mō Hitotsu no Taimu Mashin ! ? Buruma ga Shiraseta Misuterī '' ( もう 1 つの タイム マシン ! ? ブルマ が 知らせ た ミステリー ) August 8 , 2010 June 16 , 2011 Bulma receives a phone call about one of her company 's products from Capsule Corporation . She is sent a photograph of what appears to be Trunks ' time machine that he travelled in . Trunks investigates this with the others only to discover that it is the exact time machine that he came in but three years later in his world . He recognizes it because of the word ' Hope ' that Bulma wrote on the time machine . Kami realizes that the evil he felt four years ago was n't the androids but it was the monster that travelled back in the time machine . 68 `` And So the Monster Makes its Move ... Take Off ! It 's the Super Namekian ! '' / `` The Monster Goes into Motion ... Strike of the Super Namekian ! '' `` Soshite Kaibutsu ga Ugokidasu ... Shutsugeki ! Sūpā Namekku - seijin da ! '' ( そして 怪物 が 動き出す ... 出撃 ! 超 ナメック 星人 だ ! ) August 15 , 2010 June 23 , 2011 Trunks , Gohan , and Bulma are investigating the other time machine when Gohan notices a strange shell that has been cast off by an unknown creature . On the way back to her house , Bulma watches a news broadcast about thousands of people in nearby Gingertown who have inexplicably disappeared , as if they simply melted away in their clothes . Kami also watches in horror as the people are killed , and finally decides to merge with Piccolo . After the merging , Piccolo states that he is neither Piccolo nor Kami anymore , but a Namekian `` who has long since forgotten his name . '' He departs from the lookout and arrives at an empty , ghostly - quiet Gingertown , where the monster steps out of the shadows to confront him . 69 `` I am Your Sibling ! The Monster with the Ki of Goku '' / `` I Am Your Brother ! The Monster With Goku 's Energy ! '' `` Ore wa Omae no Kyōdai da ! Goku no Ki wo Motsu Monsutā '' ( オレ は お前 の 兄弟 だ ! 悟空 の 気 を 持つ モンスター ) August 22 , 2010 June 30 , 2011 While staring down Piccolo , the monster pierces the man he 'd been dragging and appears to absorb him , leaving only his clothing . The others are confused , saying that the android is emanating multiple ki readings characteristic of Frieza , King Cold , Vegeta , and Goku . Krillin and Trunks head toward Gingertown , where Piccolo and the monster begin fighting . Piccolo has the advantage , but is surprised when the monster uses Piccolo 's own Makankosappo technique on him . The two exchange blows , and then the monster states that Piccolo only has the upper hand because he ( the monster ) has not yet reached his `` perfect form . '' He then surprises everyone by powering up a Kamehameha and launching it point - blank . Piccolo 's dodge leaves him open to the monster 's follow - up attack , which he uses to trap Piccolo in a hold and pierce his arm . Piccolo manages to escape , but his left arm has been completely incapacitated . Sensing he has won , the monster states that his name is Cell and reveals that he is an android . 70 `` Escape Tactic , Taiyoken ! Chase after the Artificial Human Cell '' / `` The Dizzying Deception and the Daring Escape ! Defeat the Android Cell ! '' `` Uzumaku Senryaku , Taiyōken ! Jinzōningen Seru o Oe '' ( 渦巻く 策略 、 太陽 拳 ! 人造 人間 セル を 追え ) August 29 , 2010 July 6 , 2011 Sensing that he has defeated Piccolo , Cell explains that he was created from the cells of the greatest warriors -- including Goku 's , Piccolo 's , Vegeta 's , King Cold 's , and Frieza 's -- as a project started by Dr. Gero and continued for 24 years by his computer . Cell furthermore reveals that by absorbing Androids # 17 and # 18 , he will achieve his `` Perfect Form , '' making him `` invincible , '' since Dr. Gero 's computer predicted that in his Perfect Form , Cell would be the most powerful being in the known universe . With the androids destroyed in his own timeline , he was forced to travel to the present one in Trunks ' time machine , after killing him . Having learned Cell 's identity and intentions , Piccolo regenerates his arm and prepares to fight . At this point , Trunks and Krillin arrive , and Cell realizes he has no chance of winning . He surprises everyone by using Tien 's Solar Flare technique to blind them , and then flees . Vegeta and Tien arrive , and Piccolo explains everything he 's learned . Meanwhile , Cell heads toward Nickytown to absorb more people , until his power exceeds that of the androids ' . 71 `` Attack the Elusive Cell ! Son Goku , Finally Revived ! '' / `` The Hunt for Cell Is On ! Goku , Back in Action ! '' `` Shinshutsu - Kibotsu no Seru o Ute ! Tsui - ni Fukkatsu , Son Gokū ! '' ( 神出鬼没 の セル を 討 て ! ついに 復活 、 孫悟空 ! ) September 5 , 2010 July 7 , 2011 After Piccolo debriefs everyone on Cell 's objective , Vegeta states that he intends to develop a power that surpasses even that of a Super Saiyan . Trunks and Krillin go to Dr. Gero 's laboratory , where they discover a set of blueprints for Android # 17 . In hopes that the prints will allow Bulma and Dr. Briefs to uncover a weakness in the androids , they take the prints before destroying the developing Cell and the rest of the laboratory . Trunks goes to find Vegeta while Krillin delivers the prints to Bulma . Several days go by , during which Piccolo and the others are unable to locate Cell . However , back at the Kame House , Chi - Chi and Master Roshi start hearing thunderous booms on the island and rush to the window to find a fully recovered Goku launching Kamehameha blasts into the horizon . The three share a joyous moment before Goku turns serious and states that he 'd fare no better against the androids than Vegeta did . Also like Vegeta , he states his goal of surpassing the level of Super Saiyan . 72 `` Surpass Super Saiyan ! Now , Into the Room of Spirit and Time '' / `` Break the Super Saiyan Barrier ! Into the Hyperbolic Time Chamber ! '' `` Sūpā Saiyajin o Koero ! Iza , Seishin to Toki no Heya e '' ( 超 サイヤ 人 を 超えろ ! いざ 、 精神 と 時 の 部屋 へ ) September 12 , 2010 July 13 , 2011 Goku uses his Instant Transmission ability to take Gohan , Vegeta , and Trunks with him to the Hyperbolic Time Chamber inside Kami 's Lookout . The chamber only has a capacity of two so Goku allows Vegeta and Trunks to go in first . Goku explains a years worth of training in the chamber is actually only one day in the outside world . When Trunks and Vegeta step inside the chamber , all they see is a vast amount of nothingness . While this is going on , the androids arrive at the Kame House and ask for Goku 's whereabouts . Piccolo refuses to tell them , which results in a fight between Piccolo and Android # 17 . Piccolo overpowers # 17 and tries to finish him off , but # 17 manages to dodge the attack . Back at Kami 's Lookout , Vegeta and Trunks are due to be coming out of the time chamber any second now , which will reveal if it is possible to go beyond the level of a Super Saiyan . 73 `` This is the Power of a Super-Namekian ! # 17 vs. Piccolo ! '' / `` The Super Namekian Powers Up ! Piccolo vs. Android 17 ! '' `` Kore ga Sūpā Namekku - seijin no Chikara ! Jūnana Gō Tai Pikkoro '' ( これ は 、 超 ナメック 星人 の 力 ! 17 号 対 ピッコロ ! ) September 19 , 2010 July 14 , 2011 Bulma is hard at work trying to figure out Dr. Gero 's prints . Meanwhile , Piccolo and Android # 17 are fighting each other . After # 17 gets serious , it turns out that he and Piccolo are evenly matched . Cell senses the two fighting and starts making his way towards them , stating that his power level is now higher than theirs . Krillin , and the others on a nearby island , receive a call from Bulma saying that she has completed the switch to shut down the androids and prepares to deliver it to the others . # 17 states that since his stamina and power level will never drop , he will be the victor of the battle . However , Cell arrives at the scene of the battle , leaving Piccolo shocked . Meanwhile , Goku and Gohan are still waiting for Vegeta and Trunks to come out of the Hyperbolic Time Chamber . 74 `` Run # 17 ! Piccolo , A Battle for Suicidal Resistance '' / `` Run Android 17 ! Piccolo 's All - or - Nothing Struggle ! '' `` Nigero Jūnana Gō ! Pikkoro , Kenmei no Kōsen '' ( 逃げろ 17 号 ! ピッコロ 、 懸命 の 抗戦 ) September 26 , 2010 July 20 , 2011 At Chi - Chi 's suggestion , Krillin leaves the Kame House to intercept Bulma so he can obtain her shut - down device before Cell absorbs Androids # 17 and # 18 . Unwilling to wait helplessly , Tien leaves the Kame House , as well , to help Piccolo on the battlefield . Meanwhile , # 17 refuses to heed Piccolo 's warnings about Cell , and is quickly defeated . Piccolo tries to ward off Cell , but Cell has become too powerful for him to handle . Cell quickly breaks Piccolo 's neck , before blasting him through the chest at point - blank range , and then Cell tosses Piccolo 's body into the sea . Then , Cell turns his attention to absorb Android # 17 . 75 `` Unmeasured Power ! The Silent Warrior # 16 , Makes his Move '' / `` Power Unknown ! Android 16 Breaks His Silence ! '' `` Jitsu - ryoku Mi - chisū ! Kamoku na Senshi Jūroku Gō , Ugoku '' ( 実力 未知数 ! 寡黙 な 戦士 16 号 、 動く ) October 3 , 2010 July 21 , 2011 Android # 16 decides to enter the fight in order to prevent Cell from reaching his Perfect Form , because Cell 's goal is not to kill Goku , but to destroy life . The two fight at an even level , with # 16 landing a massive blast on Cell . However , Cell survives and uses the opportunity to absorb Android # 17 . Cell transforms into his Semi-Perfect Form and gains incredible power , after which # 16 's attacks prove utterly ineffective . Just when all hope is lost , Tien appears and uses his Tri-Beam technique to hold off Cell so Android # 16 and # 18 can escape . 76 `` Tenshinhan 's Do - or - Die Shin Kikoho ! Save Your Brother - in - Arms , Son Goku '' / `` Tien 's Desperate Attack ! Save Your Friends , Goku ! '' `` Tenshinhan , Kesshi no Shin Kikōhō ! Senyū o Sukue , Son Gokū '' ( 天津飯 、 決死 の 新 気功 砲 ! 戦友 を 救え 、 孫悟空 ) October 10 , 2010 July 27 , 2011 To Goku and Gohan 's great concern , Tien repeatedly fires his Tri-Beam , drastically draining his ki in order to hold Cell down while Androids # 16 and # 18 escape . Tien eventually runs out of ki and collapses , at the mercy of a furious Cell . Unwillingly to wait idly at Kami 's Lookout anymore , Goku uses his Instant Transmission to come to Tien 's aid . While confronting Cell , Goku also notices that Piccolo is still alive , and teleports back to the Lookout with the two fallen warriors . Shortly afterward , Trunks and Vegeta emerge from the Hyperbolic Time Chamber , stating that they have successfully surpassed the level of Super Saiyan . They leave to confront Cell , while Goku and Gohan prepare to enter the time chamber for their own training . Meanwhile , Cell begins destroying islands in a bid to make # 18 show herself . 77 `` Super Saiyan Surpassed ! The Daring Vegeta Strikes Cell '' / `` Beyond Super Saiyan ! Vegeta Confronts the Monster Cell ! '' `` Sūpā Saiyajin o Koeta ! Futeki na Bejīta , Seru o Utsu '' ( 超 サイヤ 人 を 超え た ! 不 敵 な べジータ 、 セル を 討つ ) October 17 , 2010 July 28 , 2011 Cell continues to destroy islands until only one remains , the one on which Androids # 16 and # 18 are hiding . Before he can launch his attack , Vegeta and Trunks arrive as Super Saiyans . After some taunting , Vegeta initiates a transformation that produces a form beyond that of Super Saiyan - evidenced by increased muscle size and an intense golden aura . As an Ascended Super Saiyan , Vegeta makes easy work of Cell while Trunks watches from the sidelines . Meanwhile , Goku and Gohan begin their training in the Hyperbolic Time Chamber , where Goku states that he will not only make Gohan a Super Saiyan , but that he will make Gohan stronger than even himself . Season 4 : Cell saga ( 2010 -- 2011 ) ( edit ) No . Translated title / Dub title Original airdate American airdate 78 `` The Surging Resentment of Cell ! Kuririn , Destroy # 18 '' / `` Cell on the Verge of Defeat ! Krillin , Destroy Android 18 ! '' `` Seru Dotō no Kuyashigari ! Kuririn , Jūhachi Gō o Hakai se yo '' ( セル 怒涛 の 悔し がり ! クリリン 、 18 号 を 破壊 せよ ) October 24 , 2010 August 3 , 2011 Goku continues to train Gohan , who is still trying to achieve the Super Saiyan form . Meanwhile , Vegeta effortlessly pushes Cell around and inflicts significant damage . When Cell uses Vegeta 's own Galick Gun to no effect , he realizes that he will not be able to absorb Android # 18 . Enraged , Cell goes on about how if he was able to absorb # 18 then he would become his perfect form and be able to defeat Vegeta easily . He attempts to persuade Vegeta into letting him absorb # 18 by appealing to the Saiyan 's passion for fighting strong opponents . Not far away , Krillin contemplates whether or not to use the emergency shutdown controller , and he has trouble deciding due to his embarrassing moment with Android # 18 during their first encounter ( when Android # 18 kissed Krillin ) . 79 `` And So the Situation Takes a Turn for the Worst ... Cell Attacks # 18 ! '' / `` The Battle Turns for the Worst ... Cell Attacks Android 18 ! '' `` Soshite Sai'aku no Jitai he ... Seru , Jūhachi Gō ni Osoikakaru ! '' ( そして 最悪 の 事態 へ ... セル 、 18 号 に 襲いかかる ! ) October 31 , 2010 August 4 , 2011 Krillin decides not to destroy # 18 , and stomps on the controller , which shocks Android # 18 . Krillin tells her that now is their chance to get off the island , and that she and Android # 16 must leave now . Cell successfully persuades Vegeta to let him find and absorb Android # 18 , but Trunks is determined to prevent this and delivers his own beating to Cell . During a break in the action , Cell spots the androids and Krillin , who are distracted by their own awkward meeting . Vegeta attempts to keep Trunks from interfering , forcing Trunks to attack his own father in order to prevent him from allowing Cell to reach his perfect form . While this is going on , Cell is savoring the moment and leisurely going about picking off Android # 16 and Krillin . Despite their best efforts and a sound beating from Trunks , Cell is ultimately able to blind everyone via the Solar Flare , absorb # 18 , and achieve his Perfect Form . 80 `` The Tables Have Turned ! Perfect Form Cell , Finally Goes into Action '' / `` The Tables Are Turned ! Witness the Power of Perfection ! '' `` Keisei Gyakuten ! Kanzentai Seru , Tsui ni Shidō '' ( 形勢 逆転 ! 完全 体 セル 、 ついに 始動 ) November 7 , 2010 October 10 , 2011 Gohan asks Goku to get serious in his training , so Goku transforms into a Super Saiyan and fires a Kamehameha on Gohan . Gohan thinks of all the times he has let his friends down and gets angry , resulting in him finally turning into a Super Saiyan for the first time . Back at the battlefield , Vegeta disregards Cell 's Perfect Form as nothing special and he is just the same as before . Meanwhile , Krillin is angry at Cell for absorbing Android # 18 , so he charges towards Cell and attempts to attack him by using his Kienzan technique , but the attack has no effect whatsoever . Cell then lightly kicks Krillin to one side , leaving him almost dead , but Trunks rushes to his aid and feeds him a Senzu bean , saving him from near death . Vegeta starts his fight with Cell and after a short while he soon realizes Cell 's power far exceeds his own . In the background , Krillin and Trunks are talking about how Trunks has hidden his own true power , one even greater than Vegeta 's but kept secret from him due to Vegeta 's towering pride . Trunks plans to fight Cell when Vegeta is unconscious in order to hide his powers from Vegeta to prevent his father from losing his pride . 81 `` Full - Power Strike of Vegeta ! But the Terror of Cell Grows and Grows '' / `` Vegeta 's Final Push ! Defeat the Invincible Cell ! '' `` Bejīta Zenryoku no Ichigeki ! Shikashi Takamaru Seru no Kyōfu '' ( ベジータ 全力 の 一撃 ! しかし 高まる セル の 恐怖 ) November 14 , 2010 October 19 , 2011 Desperate to kill Cell , Vegeta resorts to using his ultimate attack , the Final Flash . Vegeta calculates his attack and avoids destroying the entire Earth and also manages to take off Cell 's right arm , but with Piccolo 's genes Cell easily regenerates his arm . Cell knocks Vegeta unconscious and Trunks takes this chance to unleash his hidden powers onto Cell . Trunks momentarily lets Cell push him around a little in order to create a chance for Krillin to take the unconscious Vegeta to a safe location . Now that Vegeta is out of commission , Trunks and Cell can begin their real fight . 82 `` Super Power Awakening ! Trunks Surpasses his Father '' / `` The Strongest Super Saiyan ! Trunks ' Power Unleashed ! '' `` Chō Pawā Kakusei ! Chichi o Koeta Torankusu '' ( 超 パワー 覚醒 ! 父 を 超え た トランクス ) November 21 , 2010 October 20 , 2011 Trunks powers up to Ultra Super Saiyan , which appears to make him significantly stronger than Vegeta . Trunks and Cell seem to be evenly matched at first , but after a while Trunks ' attack cease to hit Cell . Trunks decides to power up even more but he is still unable to connect his attacks to hit Cell . In the Hyperbolic Time Chamber , Goku manages to power up to the same bulked - up transformation as Trunks , but decides not to use that form , because in order to achieve that form , even though great power is gained , Goku concludes the decrease in speed is too much - and having power but not being able to hit your opponent is useless , so he decides to focus on mastering his normal Super Saiyan form instead . This turns out to be the same reason why Trunks can not defeat Cell , and Trunks power level begins to drop due to the strain of maintaining his transformation . Cell learns that Goku is training to defeat him , so in order to waste time he decides to hold his own World Martial Arts Tournament where anyone can enter to fight him . 83 `` The Television Has Been Hijacked ! A Live Broadcast of the Cell Games Press Conference '' / `` Cell Invades the Airwaves ! Announcing , '' The Cell Games `` . '' `` Terebi ga Nottorareta ! Seru Gēmu Kaiken Namahō '' ( テレビ が 乗っ取ら れ た ! セル ゲーム 会見 生 放 ) November 28 , 2010 October 26 , 2011 When Krillin and Vegeta arrive , Trunks informs everyone of the tournament to be held by Cell and Android # 16 asks to be taken back to Capsule Corporation where he can be repaired . Bulma also notifies everyone at Kami 's Lookout to go there to meet up . After Cell finishes arranging his tournament , he then heads off to a news station to broadcast his message via television announcing details about his tournament , the `` Cell Games , '' and states if that all the warriors lose to him , he will kill every single last human being . Meanwhile Goku and Gohan are still training . 84 `` Training Completed ! Does Goku , have the Composure to Defeat Cell ? ! '' / `` Training Complete ! Goku Sizes Up the Competition ! '' `` Shūgyou Kanryō ! Gokū , Datō Seru ni Yoyō Ari ? ! '' ( 修行 完了 ! 悟空 、 打倒 セル に 余裕 あり ! ? ) December 5 , 2010 October 27 , 2011 The people of Earth are in a panic after Cell 's announcement of the Cell Games . Meanwhile , Goku and Gohan finish their training in the Hyperbolic Time Chamber , and emerged as Full Power Super Saiyans . Goku immediately requests that Mr. Popo prepare a meal and Trunks explains the latest Cell developments . Goku then teleports to the site of the Cell Games and confronts Cell . After returning to the Lookout , Goku announces he and Gohan will not be entering the time chamber again . Instead , for the remaining nine days until the Cell Games , they will train in the real world . Goku and Gohan then fly down to the Kame House to greet Chi - Chi and their remaining friends . 85 `` An Interrupted Rest ! The Self - Defense Army , Launches a General Offensive Against Cell '' / `` The Truce is Broken ! The Defense Force Strikes Back at Cell ! '' `` Yaburareta Kyūsoku ! Bōeigun , Seru ni Sōkōgeki '' ( 破 られ た 休息 ! 防衛 軍 、 セル に 総 攻撃 ) December 12 , 2010 November 2 , 2011 As Piccolo completes his training in the Hyperbolic Time Chamber , and Vegeta takes his place , Goku and Gohan are spending their days relaxing at home . Meanwhile , the Self - Defense Army attempt to launch an offensive strike against Cell , but they are completely wiped out . Hearing about this over the radio , Goku asks Piccolo if it is possible to separate with Kami , so he can use the Dragon Balls to revive all the people Cell killed . Since Piccolo ca n't separate , Goku theorises that he can convince another Namekian to stay on Earth and create a new set of Dragon Balls , and goes to King Kai 's planet so he can find the Namekians . 86 `` A New God ! The Dragon Balls are Finally Revived '' / `` A New Guardian ! The Return of the Dragon Balls ! '' `` Atarashī Kamisama ! Doragon Bōru Tsui ni Fukkatsu '' ( 新しい 神様 ! ドラゴンボール 遂に 復活 ) December 19 , 2010 November 3 , 2011 After getting help from King Kai in locating the new planet where the Namekians are living on , Goku travels there via Instant Transmission and explains the situation . The Grand Elder Moori offers Dende to be the new Kami , and Goku takes him back to Earth . Dende revives the Dragon Balls , revealing that this time they can grant two wishes . During the remaining days leading up to the Cell Games , Goku searches for the newly awakened Dragon Balls , Vegeta and the others finish their training , and the 24th World Martial Arts Tournament champion Mr. Satan announces to the world that he will defeat Cell . On the day of the Cell Games , it is revealed that if the new Dragon Balls are used to revive a mass of people , people who died before wo n't be revived . Despite the others ' concern , Goku remains positive and they all head towards the Cell Games . 87 `` Satan 's Legion Runs Wild ! The Curtain Rises on the Cell Games '' / `` Mr. Satan Takes the Stage ! The Curtain Rises on the Cell Games `` Satan Gundan Ōabare ! Seru Gēmu no Makuaki '' ( サタン 軍団 大 暴れ ! セル ゲーム の 幕 開 ) December 26 , 2010 November 9 , 2011 As Mr. Satan hypes himself in front of the media , Vegeta , Android # 16 , Goku , Gohan , Piccolo , Trunks , Krillin , Tien , and Yamcha arrive at the stage . Mr. Satan insists he goes before him first , though when his students Caroni and Piroshki arrive , he allows them to go first , but they are defeated without Cell needing to move . Mr. Satan tries to intimidate Cell by breaking some tiles and then goes on the attack , but Cell knocks him out of the ring with a single blow , not even bothering to kill him . Cell wishes to take on a proper opponent , and Goku steps into the ring . 88 `` Decisive Battle ! Cell vs Son Goku '' / `` Showdown ! Cell vs. Goku ! '' `` Kessen ! Seru Tai Son Gokū '' ( 決戦 ! セル 対 孫悟空 ) January 9 , 2011 November 10 , 2011 Full Power Super Saiyan Goku and Cell begin to fight , and despite putting on an impressive performance , Gohan and Vegeta both realize that neither of them is using their full power yet . Both fighters then raise their power level to their maximum . After a brief battle , Cell begins to attack using techniques ' inherited ' from other characters -- first Tien 's Multi-Form technique , then Piccolo 's Makankosappo , and finally Frieza 's heat - seeking Kienzan attack . When Goku overcomes each of these techniques , Cell prepares a full - power Kamehameha capable of destroying the Earth . Goku diverts the attack away from the planet by taking to the sky , and then uses the Instant Transmission to escape back to the ring . However , when Cell utilizes his full speed , he becomes too fast for Goku to keep up with him . 89 `` A Battle of the Highest Level ! Defeat Cell , Son Goku '' / `` Battle at the Highest Level ! Goku Goes All Out ! '' `` Saikō Reberu no Tatakai ! Seru o Taose , Son Gokū '' ( 最高 レベル の 戦い ! セル を 倒せ 、 孫悟空 ) January 16 , 2011 November 16 , 2011 The battle between Goku and Cell continues , and Goku begins fighting at his max , with the two fighters reaching a pace that is barely visible to most of the onlookers . The power levels of both fighters are equal , and they land powerful blows on each other . Cell then decides to destroy the tournament ring , ensuring that their battle can not be ended by a ring out and can continue until one of them either dies or surrenders . The battle becomes even more intense , culminating with Goku flying high into the sky building up a powerful Kamehameha . Cell and everyone else states that Goku is bluffing , since from his position in the sky , such an attack would easily destroy the Earth . Goku then unexpectedly uses his Instant Transmission to teleport himself right in front of Cell and executes the blast at point - blank range . While the rest of the world celebrates what they believe to be Cell 's ultimate defeat , Goku and company watch as Cell 's remaining lower half rises and regenerates his missing parts . While the ki of both fighters has depleted considerably , the battle continues on . Although Goku told Cell that Cell had depleted much of his power to regenerate himself , Goku has used up even more of his power , and the battles begins to turn in favor of Cell . Goku then launches a barrage of ki blasts at Cell in a desperate attempt to finish him . 90 `` Conclusion to the Death Match ! Time for Goku 's Decision '' / `` The Opening Round Is Concluded ! Goku 's Moment of Decision ! '' `` Shitō ni Ketchaku ! Gokū Ketsudan no Toki '' ( 死闘 に 決着 ! 悟空 決断 の 時 ) January 23 , 2011 November 17 , 2011 Despite everyone 's hopes , Goku 's barrage of ki blasts fails to destroy Cell when the android activates his energy barrier at the last second . Furthermore , it is clear to the rest of the Z Fighters that Goku has spent the last of his own energy . With all eyes and ears glued to this moment of truth for Goku 's mysterious plan , the battle - worn Super Saiyan surprises everyone by surrendering . Adding further shock , he announces that Gohan will be the next and last contestant to fight Cell . Piccolo and Krillin protest this decision , but Gohan agrees and takes Cell on . Gohan impresses everyone with his power - which proves indeed to be on par with Goku 's - but nevertheless finds himself on the losing side of the fight against Cell . 91 `` Get Angry Gohan ! Release Your Dormant Power '' / `` Get Angry , Gohan ! Release Your Hidden Power ! '' `` Ikare Gohan ! Nemureru Chikara o Hodoki '' ( 怒れ 悟 飯 ! 眠れる 力 を 解き ) January 30 , 2011 November 25 , 2011 Full Power Super Saiyan Gohan shows no willingness to fight , and tries to convince Cell to end the Cell Games by explaining that if his hidden powers are brought to the surface , he will lose control and kill Cell . Counter to Gohan 's intentions , this actually intrigues Cell , who decides to deliberately enrage Gohan by inflicting enough pain to force him to unleash his true strength . After watching Gohan take Cell 's punishment , Android # 16 intervenes . Taking advantage of the fact that he emits no detectable ki , # 16 grabs Cell from behind and declares that he is going to trigger his self - destruct bomb . 92 `` The Tears that Disappeared into the Sky ! The Angry Super Awakening of Gohan '' / `` Tears For An Android ! Gohan 's Inner Rage Bursts Forth ! '' `` Sora ni Kieta Namida ! Gohan , Ikari no Chō Kakusei '' ( 空 に 消え た 涙 ! 悟 飯 、 怒り の 超 覚醒 ) February 6 , 2011 December 19 , 2011 To Android # 16 's surprise , Krillin reveals that Bulma had removed his self - destruct bomb during his repairs . With the risk of setting off the bomb gone , Cell blasts through # 16 -- causing his body to shatter and leaving only his head intact . Cell realizing that Gohan can not unleash his hidden powers in response to physical pain , he devises a plan to kill Gohan 's friends by spawning seven offspring -- the ' Cell Juniors ' . Only Vegeta , Trunks , and Piccolo are able to hold their own against the Cell Juniors , while Krillin , Yamcha , Tien , and the fatigued Goku are unable to fight back . Gohan wants to unleash his power , but can not figure out how . Meanwhile , # 16 's head has Mr. Satan carry him to Gohan . He sympathizes with Gohan 's desire not to kill , but encourages him that it is okay to unleash his anger to save those that he loves . Cell crushes # 16 's head -- an action that finally pushes Gohan over the edge , and triggers his transformation into a Super Saiyan 2 . 93 `` Fighting Spirit Free from Hesitation ! Gohan , Pulverizes the Cell Juniors '' / `` Unleash the Warrior Within ! Gohan Takes the Offensive ! '' `` Mayoi - naki Tōshi ! Gohan , Seru Junia Funsai '' ( 迷い なき 闘志 ! 悟 飯 、 セル ジュニア 粉砕 ) February 13 , 2011 December 20 , 2011 After witnessing the death of Android # 16 at the hands of Cell , Gohan 's anger is ignited and causes him ascend to the level of Super Saiyan 2 . Cell is excited that the fight will be more interesting , but Gohan is unamused and snatches the stolen Senzu beans from Cell . Gohan then proceeds to take on all of the Cell Juniors , proving himself impervious to their attacks and effortlessly destroying them . He then throws the Senzu beans to Trunks , who distributes them to his injured comrades . Gohan now focuses his attention on Cell , and from the onset of the battle , it is clear that Gohan holds the advantage . 94 `` The Perfect Form Breaks Down ! Explosion , the Super Iron Fist of Rage '' / `` Perfection 's End ! A Fury , Beyond Super Saiyan ! '' ' `` Kanzentai Hōkai ! Sakuritsu , Ikari no Chō Tekken '' ( 完全 体 崩壊 ! 炸裂 、 怒り の 超 鉄拳 ) February 20 , 2011 December 21 , 2011 Cell finally unleashes his full power against Gohan , but even at maximum strength his attacks have no effect on the Super Saiyan 2 . Gohan cripples Cell with 2 powerful punches , leaving him in shock . Cell resorts to using two heat - seeking Kienzans , but Gohan is able to catch and destroy them . Then , Cell uses his Makankosappo , which Gohan easily deflects , and Cell 's Death Beams are absorbed by Gohan . After being easily bested in battle , Cell attempts to destroy Gohan and the Earth with a giant , full - power Kamehameha , but Gohan produces an even stronger wave and reflects Cell 's attack with ease . Gohan 's attack absorbs Cell 's , and the blast eventually overcomes Cell when he fails to deflect it . As the rest of the fighters predict an easy victory , Goku recalls that even in the Hyperbolic Time Chamber , Gohan displayed strength far beyond that of a normal Super Saiyan , recalling how Gohan had briefly transformed into a Super Saiyan 2 during their training ( before passing out ) . Gohan 's attack has also taken off Cell 's legs , and parts of his arm and head . Goku then tells Gohan to deliver the finishing blow to Cell , but Gohan insists that Cell must suffer first . Cell regenerated his missing limbs , then utilizes his bulked - up form , but the increase in muscle mass lowers his speed greatly , and as a result none of his attacks connect with Gohan . Gohan counters with a powerful blow to Cell 's head , and to his stomach , causing Cell to regurgitate Android # 18 and revert to his Semi-Perfect Form . As the fighters assume that this means victory for Gohan , Cell 's body begins to expand to a gigantic size . 95 `` Bye - Bye Everyone ! This is the Only Way to Save the Earth '' / `` A Hero 's Sacrifice ! Last Chance to Save the World ! '' `` Bai - Bai Min'na ! Kore ga Chikyū o Sukū Yui'itsu no Michi '' ( バイバイ みんな ! これが 地球 を 救う 唯一 の 道 ) March 6 , 2011 December 22 , 2011 In a desperate attempt to destroy Earth , Cell begins to self - destruct . With mere seconds left , Goku says goodbye to everyone and his son and teleports himself and Cell to King Kai 's planet , the only safe place he could think of . Upon arrival , Cell finally explodes , destroying the planet and killing everyone there . As Gohan and the rest of the Z Fighters are left on Earth to grieve , Goku and King Kai realize that Cell has n't accompanied them to the Other World , and therefore must have survived the explosion . Using Goku 's Instant Transmission technique , Cell returns to Earth , where he kills Trunks with a single blast through the chest , using his Full Power Death Beam . Cell then reveals that not only did his nucleus survive the explosion , but he was able to regenerate into his Perfect Form - and thanks to his Saiyan genetics , he is far stronger than ever before ( Cell 's Super Perfect Form ) . Enraged by the death of his son , Vegeta unleashes a furious barrage of ki blasts at Cell , but is easily defeated , and is only saved from certain death when Gohan intercepts Cell 's blast and takes the full force of the attack . With Gohan injured and his left arm broken , and nobody left to challenge Cell , Cell prepares one final Kamehameha to destroy Gohan and the Earth once and for all . 96 `` Combine Our Power ! The Mightiest Final Kamehameha '' / `` Combine Your Strength ! The Final Kamehame - Ha ! '' `` Chikara Awasero ! Saikyō Saigo no Kamehameha '' ( 力 合わせろ ! 最強 最後 の かめ はめ 波 ) March 20 , 2011 December 23 , 2011 Super Perfect Cell continues to charge his Kamehameha , and reveals that not only has he gathered enough energy to destroy the Earth , but he also now has enough power to destroy the entire solar system with this blast . Cell also reveals that he will be able to use Instant Transmission to teleport away to safety before the blast detonates , allowing him to escape the Earth 's destruction unscathed . Meanwhile , Vegeta apologizes to Gohan for his recklessness . As Gohan and the others watch on hopelessly , Goku contacts his son from the Other World via King Kai 's telepathy and tells him that even in his injured state he has enough power to defeat Cell . Reinvigorated , Gohan prepares a final , one - handed Kamehameha to repel Cell 's blast . As the two warriors struggle to overpower each other , Piccolo , Tien , Yamcha , and Krillin bombard Cell with ki blasts in a knowingly futile attempt to help , but are easily repelled . As Goku coaxes Gohan to release his full power against Cell , Vegeta returns to the battlefield and launches one final Big Bang Attack , which temporarily distracts Cell . Seeing the opportunity , Gohan finally releases his full strength , and Goku briefly returns from Other World to help boost Gohan 's power . Together , they overpower Cell 's blast , obliterating Cell and saving the Earth from destruction . Gohan has won and the Cell Games are finally over . 97 `` Farewell with a Smile ! Heading for New Days ... '' / `` A Bittersweet Victory ! Until We Meet Again ! '' `` Egao no Wakare ! Atarashī Hibi e ... '' ( 笑顔 の 別れ ! 新しい 日々 へ ... ) March 27 , 2011 January 1 , 2012 Following Cell 's defeat , Gohan and the others return to Kami 's Lookout . Mr. Satan , however , takes credit for defeating Cell , and the public celebrates Mr. Satan 's `` victory . '' At the Lookout , Dende heals Gohan of his injuries and then summons Shenron . The first wish is used to successfully revive everyone killed by Cell , including Trunks . However , Goku can not be revived , as Shenron has already brought him back to life once before . Dende suggests they can use the Namekian Dragon Balls , but at that moment , Goku contacts them from Other World through King Kai once more . Goku states his wish to remain dead , believing that the Earth will be safer without him attracting anymore villains there . With that , Goku bids his son and friends a final fond farewell . Krillin then asks Shenron to use the second wish to remove the bombs from inside Androids # 17 and # 18 . The Z Fighters go their separate ways , and Gohan informs a heartbroken Chi - Chi of Goku 's fate . The next day , Trunks bids farewell to everyone and begins his journey back to the future . As Trunks departs in his time machine , Gohan is seen smiling at his father 's spirit in the sky . 98 `` Bring Peace to the Future ! Goku 's Spirit is Eternal '' / `` Peace For the Future ! The Spirit of Goku is Forever ! '' `` Mirai ni Heiwa o ! Gokū no Tamashii yo Eien ni '' ( 未来 に 平和 を ! 悟空 の 魂 よ 永遠 に ) August 2 , 2011 ( Blu - Ray / DVD only ) February 8 , 2013 Trunks returns to the future and is reunited with Bulma . As tranquility seems to return , the androids are attacking again . Trunks saves an elderly man from being killed by Androids # 17 and # 18 . Thanks to his training in the Hyperbolic Time Chamber , Trunks easily destroys the two androids . Three years later , Trunks prepares to head back into the past to tell everyone of his victory . However , there is still one more android to stop : Cell , in his Imperfect Form . After a brief fight , Trunks launches Cell into the air and destroys him with ease as well . Peace is finally restored to the future timeline . Back in the present , Goku begins his new `` life '' in the Other World . Season 5 : World tournament saga ( 2014 ) ( edit ) No . Original translated title / Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 99 `` 7 Years Since That Event ! Starting Today , Gohan 's a High Schooler '' / `` Seven Years Later ! Starting Today , Gohan Is a High School Student '' `` Are kara Shichi - nen ! Kyō kara Gohan wa Kōkōsei '' ( あれ から 7 年 ! 今日 から 悟 飯 は 高校生 ) April 6 , 2014 January 7 , 2017 Seven years have passed since the battle with Cell . Gohan is now a high school student attending Orange Star High School , in Satan City . Gohan also has a younger brother named Goten , who was born after Goku died . On his way to his first day of high school , he comes across a bank robbery in the city and stops it with his Super Saiyan form . As rumors spread about a `` Golden - Haired Warrior '' , Gohan gets to know his new classmate and Mr. Satan 's daughter , Videl . After a day of trying not to act suspicious in front of his classmates , Gohan travels to Capsule Corporation to talk to Bulma about his problem . 100 `` Found Out ! The New Hero is Son Gohan '' / `` A New Hero , Great Saiyaman , Is Born ! '' `` Barechatta ! Nyū Hīrō wa Son Gohan '' ( バレ ちゃっ た ! 新 ( ニュー ) ヒーロー は 孫 悟 飯 ) April 13 , 2014 January 14 , 2017 Gohan approaches Bulma , who gives him a transformation watch to hide his true identity . On his way home , Gohan encounters two people driving recklessly . This is where he comes up with the alias `` Great Saiyaman '' , and scares the people into driving more safely on the road . Gohan returns home later that night , where Chi - Chi and Gohan 's little brother , Goten , discover that Gohan now has a costume to conceal his identity while fighting crime . The next day , Videl is called in to stop a bus hijacking and handles the criminals , but the bus falls off a cliff , as nobody is driving the vehicle . Gohan uses the alias `` Great Saiyaman '' once again and pitches in to save Videl and the passengers . 101 ( N / A ) `` Videl 's Crisis ? Gohan 's Urgent Call - out ! '' -- January 21 , 2017 Soon after , Gohan saves the passengers of a plane about to crash and extinguished a fire that caught fire in a building in the city by destroying the water container . On his way to school , Gohan is chased by Videl in her helicopter , who is trying to find out who is hiding under the mask of Great Saiyaman . Gohan escapes by placing Videl 's helicopter on the roof of a building . Both of them arrive to school late , which leads Videl to be even more suspicious of Gohan . Later , kidnappers from the Red Shark gang take the mayor of Satan City hostage . The police warn Videl of the situation . Videl confronts the leader of the gang . Great Saiyaman comes to the rescue , but Videl manages to beat him . Gohan saves the mayor of the city while stopping the attempts of the rest of the gang . Videl learns that Gohan was out of school at the same time . Videl is led to believe that Gohan and Great Saiyaman could really be the same person . 102 ( N / A ) `` A Monster is Taken Away ! The Culprit is Great Saiyaman ? '' -- January 28 , 2017 The next day , Gohan learns that Chobi , who is the child of Toto the pterodactyl , has been captured by a circus and put on display . In his attempt to rescue Chobi , Gohan is portrayed as a criminal . Videl pursues Gohan as a suspect . When Chobi 's parents attack the city in search of their child , Gohan manages to handle the situation and return Chobi to his parents . Videl discovers the truth that Gohan is Great Saiyaman . Videl blackmails Gohan into participating in the 25th World Martial Arts Tournament . As some of the other Z Fighters express interest in the tournament , Goku calls out from the Other World and says he will return to Earth for a single day to participate . 103 ( N / A ) `` Entering the World Martial Arts Tournament ! Goten Shows Off His Explosive Power During Training ! '' -- February 4 , 2017 After Gohan spreads word of the tournament to the others as well as managing to convince Chi - Chi to let him participate himself , Gohan takes a leave of absence from school and begins training with Goten . Gohan is surprised to find that Goten not only possesses great strength , but he is also already capable of transforming into a Super Saiyan even though he has yet to learn how to fly . Videl comes around to have Gohan make good on his promise to teach her how to fly . 104 ( 101 ) `` Gohan is the Teacher ! Videl 's Introduction to Flight '' / `` Gohan the Teacher ! Videl 's Flying Technique Tutorial '' `` Gohan ga Sensei ! Bīderu no Bukū - jutsu Nyūmon '' ( 悟 飯 が 先生 ! ビーデル の 舞 空 術 入門 ) April 20 , 2014 February 11 , 2017 Gohan starts her off with the basics of learning how to control her energy . Within a day , Videl has managed to learn how to float , while Goten has managed to learn how to fly . Following a remark from Gohan , Videl comes back the next day with her hair cut . Videl is determined to learn more from Gohan . Meanwhile , Vegeta is also surprised to find that Trunks is also capable of becoming a Super Saiyan , whose strength is slightly higher than Goten 's . Goku trains fiercely in anticipation for the tournament . 105 ( 102 ) `` The Dragon Team , All Assembled ! Son Goku has Returned ! ! '' / `` The Dragon Team Fully Assembled ! Goku Has Come Back ! '' `` Doragon Chīmu Zen'in Shūgō ! Kaettekita Son Gokū ! ! '' ( ドラゴン チーム 全員 集合 ! 帰っ てき た 孫悟空 ! ! ) April 27 , 2014 February 18 , 2017 After ten days of training , Videl manages to master flight . This finally gives Gohan and Goten the opportunity to resume their training for the tournament . On the day of the tournament , Gohan suggests to Vegeta , Goten , and Trunks that they do not use their Super Saiyan forms during the tournament in order to avoid hassle from the press . Arriving at the island where the tournament will take place , Gohan and the others are greeted by Goku , whom Fortuneteller Baba had granted 24 hours visit to Earth . Goku meets Goten for the first time , while Piccolo destroys all the cameras in the area to keep Gohan 's identity a secret . After the participating fighters register for the tournament , Goten and Trunks are forced to participate in the juniors division . 106 ( N / A ) `` Who Is the World 's Greatest ? The Tournament Preliminaries Begin ! '' -- February 25 , 2017 The preliminary rounds begin . The fighters must hit a punching machine to rank their strength . The Dragon Team effortlessly qualifies for the tournament . Vegeta destroys the machine with a single punch . Afterwards , Goku and the others decide to go and watch the tournament of the juniors division . 107 ( 103 ) `` Everyone is Shocked ! Goten and Trunks ' Super Battle ! ! '' / `` Everyone is Surprised ! Goten and Trunks ' Super Battle ! '' `` Minna Bikkuri ! Goten to Toranksu no Chō Batoru ! ! '' ( みんな ビックリ ! 悟 天 と トランクス の 超 バトル ! ! ) May 4 , 2014 March 4 , 2017 While Gohan and Videl wait to take their preliminaries , Goku , Vegeta , and the others go to spectate the junior division , where Goten and Trunks effortlessly progress through each round until they face each other in the final round . The battle gets more intense . Goten and Trunks surprise the audience with advanced techniques . The fight between Goten and Trunks continues . 108 ( N / A ) `` The Junior Champ Is Finally Decided ! Who Will Fight Against Mr. Satan ? '' -- March 11 , 2017 While Trunks seems to have the advantage , Goten turns Super Saiyan to free himself from his opponent 's grasp when he was not allowed to do so . Trunks takes on a challenge by trying to beat Goten with only his right arm . The latter also becomes a Super Saiyan and sends an energy ball to hit Goten , which lands on a part of the bleachers . The final juniors division match eventually comes to an end , where a sneak attack by Trunks causes Goten to lose by ring out . Trunks wins the battle as well as the juniors division tournament . Trunks will fight Mr. Satan in an exhibition match . Mr. Satan watched the fight between Goten and Trunks . He is reminded of the battle with Cell . Mr. Satan faces a problem because he has to fight against Trunks . After various attempts to try to get out of the fight , Mr. Satan decides to pretend to lose and have Trunks hold back his attack in order to keep up his public appearance . Trunks ' weakest punch manages to send Mr. Satan flying out of the ring . 109 ( 104 ) `` A Troubling Premonition ! The Appearance of a Mysterious Warrior ! ! '' / `` Restless Foreboding ; A Mysterious Warrior Appears ! '' `` Haran no Yokan ... Nazo no Senshi Arawaru ! ! '' ( 波乱 の 予感 ... 謎 の 戦士 現 る ! ! ) May 11 , 2014 March 18 , 2017 During an intermission , Trunks and Goten decide to take out one of the participants and steal his clothes . Trunks and Goten take his place in the adult division . As Goku and the others get something to eat , they encounter a pair of mysterious participants named Shin and Kibito , who Piccolo determines as not being from Earth . As the sixteen qualifying participants gather together to decide the drawings for the first round , Gohan is paired up against Kibito . Goku gets paired up against Vegeta . 110 ( 105 ) `` What 's the Matter , Piccolo ? ! An Unexpected Conclusion to the First Round '' / `` What Happened , Piccolo ? An Unexpected Outcome in the First Round '' `` Dōshita Pikkoro ! ! Ikkai - sen de no igai na ketsumatsu '' ( どう した ピッコロ ! ! 一 回戦 で の 意外 な 結末 ) May 18 , 2014 March 25 , 2017 As the drawings come to a close , Piccolo is put up against Shin . Android 18 is put up against Mr. Satan . After Krillin wins his first match against his opponent , Piccolo and Shin face off against each other . As Piccolo senses an overwhelming power coming from Shin , he decides to forfeit the match before it even begins . Piccolo feels Shin 's power is far beyond his own . Videl prepares to go up against a man named Spopovitch . 111 ( N / A ) `` An Eerie Entity ; Who Exactly Is Spopovitch ? '' -- April 1 , 2017 Piccolo abandons his fight against Shin . Piccolo learns from Kibito that Shin is actually the Supreme Kai . The Supreme Kai is believed to be even more powerful than the Grand Kai . Videl is fighting against Spopovitch . Videl appears to get the upper hand in her match , but Spopovitch keeps getting up no matter how many times he is knocked down . He eventually fights back . Goku suspects that something is amiss about Spopovitch . Goku realizes that Spopovitch is no longer the same person as in the past and thinks that Videl must abandon the fight . The last time Spopovitch participated in the tournament , he barely lasted 5 seconds in front of Mr. Satan . Something has changed in him . He has acquired new powers . This proves true when he continues fighting even after Videl breaks his neck . Seeing his opponent tired , Spopovitch regains the lead over Videl . Videl attempts to use her flight to regain her strength , but Spopovitch follows her into the air and uses an energy blast against her . As Videl refuses to give up despite the beating she is taking , Goku wonders where Spopovitch got his power from . 112 ( 106 ) `` Videl is Worn Ragged , Gohan 's Anger at its Limits ! ! '' / Videl Battered ! Gohan 's Fury Reaches Its Limit ! `` Bīderu boroboro , Gohan no ikari mo genkai da ! ! '' ( ビーデル ボロボロ 悟 飯 の 怒り も 限界 だ ! ! ) May 25 , 2014 April 8 , 2017 With Spopovitch nearly beating Videl to death , Gohan loses his temper and prepares to storm onto the field . Spopovitch 's partner , Yamu , convinces Spopovitch to end the fight by pushing Videl out of the ring . With Videl heavily injured , Goku uses his Instant Transmission to gather some Senzu beans from Korin . Videl is sent to the infirmary to recover from her injuries . Gohan prepares to fight against Kibito . 113 ( N / A ) `` A Creeping Conspiracy ! The Target is Gohan '' -- April 15 , 2017 Goku uses his Instant Transmission to deliver some Senzu beans from Korin . He gives the Senzu beans to Gohan . Gohan rushes to the infirmary to give one to Videl . Gohan gives a Senzu bean to Videl to restore her to full health . Gohan 's identity as Great Saiyaman is revealed to his classmates after his bandana was blown off during his outburst . Gohan steps up to face against Kibito , who requests to see Gohan 's Super Saiyan transformation . After Piccolo informs the other Z - Fighters of Shin 's identity as the Supreme Kai , he orders Gohan to transform . Shin asks Goku and the others not to intervene . Right after Gohan transforms , Spopovitch and Yamu appear and hold Gohan down . Spopovitch and Yamu use a device to drain his Super Saiyan energy . Spopovitch and Yamu 's mission is accomplished . Spopovitch and Yamu fly away . Gohan is left weakened . As Kibito offers to heal Gohan to full health , the Supreme Kai asks Goku and the others to join him in pursuing the culprits . 114 ( 107 ) `` A Slithering Conspiracy ! ! Secrets of the Terrible Majin '' / `` The Terrifying Secret of the Majin ; The Mastermind Revealed ! '' `` Osoroshiki Majin no Himitsu Kuromaku Shutugen ! ! '' ( 恐ろしき 魔 人 の 秘密 黒幕 出現 ! ! ) June 1 , 2014 April 22 , 2017 As Goku and the others set off to join the Supreme Kai , Kibito uses his unique ability to restore Gohan 's energy . Kibito , Gohan , and Videl set off after the others . Along the way , the Supreme Kai and Kibito explain to the others about how an evil wizard named Babidi is seeking to revive an evil being known as Majin Buu , who was responsible for the death of four Supreme Kais long ago . To accomplish this , he manipulated Spopovitch and Yamu to join the tournament and steal the Super Saiyan energy needed to break the seal placed on Buu . Unable to push her flight any further , Videl places her faith in Gohan and returns to the tournament grounds . Videl comes to understand that Gohan was the one who defeated Cell seven years ago . Gohan and Kibito catch up to Goku 's group . They arrive at the site of a buried spaceship . The Supreme Kai , Kibito , Goku , Vegeta , Gohan , and Krillin watch as Spopovitch and Yamu deliver Gohan 's energy to Babidi and his partner , Dabura , the Demon King . 115 ( 108 ) `` The Heinous Mage Babidi and King of the Underworld Dabura 's Trap '' / `` The Nefarious Wizard Babidi And Demon King Dabura 's Trap '' `` Gokuaku Madōshi Babidi to Ankoku Makai no Ō Dābura no Wana '' ( 極 悪魔 導師 バビディ と 暗黒 魔界 の 王 ダーブラ の 罠 ) June 8 , 2014 April 29 , 2017 Supreme Kai and Kibito warn Goku and the others about the malicious pair . Dabura is the strongest being of the Demon world . Babidi possesses magic powerful enough to sway Dabura to become his henchman . Babidi obtained the energy from Spopovitch and Yamu . Babidi deems Spopovitch and Yamu to be of no further use to him . Babidi kills Spopovitch with his magic . Babidi 's other henchman , Pui Pui , kills Yamu . Babidi , Pui Pui , and Dabura detected the presence of the Z fighters . Babidi and Pui Pui head inside the spaceship . Dabura attacks Goku and the others . He immediately kills Kibito . Dabura fires his spit at Krillin and Piccolo , which turns them into stone . Goku and the others learn that they can only free Krillin and Piccolo by killing Dabura . Goku , Vegeta , Gohan , and the Supreme Kai chase after Dabura into the spaceship despite the Supreme Kai 's warnings . Upon reaching the first floor , they are confronted by Pui Pui , who informs them they must face several floors before they can reach Babidi at the bottom . Goku , Vegeta , and Gohan do not think much of their opponent and play a game of rock - paper - scissors to decide who should fight him . Vegeta prepares to fight Pui Pui . 116 ( 109 ) `` Do n't Underestimate a Super Saiyan ! Vegeta and Goku 's Full Throttle Power ! '' / `` Do n't Sell Super Saiyans Short ! Vegeta and Goku 's Full - Bore Power ! '' `` Sūpā Saiya - jin o Nameru na ! Bejīta to Gokū no Zenkai Pawā ! '' ( 超 サイヤ 人 を ナメ る な ! ベジータ と 悟空 の 全開 パワー ! ) June 15 , 2014 May 6 , 2017 Vegeta outmatches Pui Pui in terms of fighting skill . Babidi changes the stage to match that of the high gravity planet , Zun , where Pui Pui is at his top fighting form . This makes no difference to Vegeta , who obliterates his opponent and opens the way to the next floor . Believing that the Saiyans should not be underestimated , Babidi sends in his next warrior , Yakon . Babidi changes the stage to match that of Planet Ankoku . Even with the aid of the pitch black darkness , Yakon is no match for Goku 's keen senses . When Goku turns Super Saiyan , Yakon uses his ability to consume light and sucks in Goku 's energy , which causes Goku to revert to his normal state . Rather than finding an alternative way to fight , Goku feeds him more Super Saiyan energy until Yakon explodes from being overloaded . This allows Goku and the others to move onto the next stage . 117 ( 110 ) `` Who is the World 's Greatest ? ! A Battle Royal Match to Decide ! ! '' / `` Whither Victory ? A Battle Royal Championship Match ! '' `` Tenka'ichi wa Dare no Te ni ! Batoru Roiyaru Kettei - sen ! ! '' ( 天下 一 は 誰 の 手 に ! ? バトル ロイヤル 決定 戦 ! ! ) June 22 , 2014 May 13 , 2017 As Babidi fears the power of the Saiyans , Dabura decides to face them himself . He goes inside a meditation chamber to raise his power before his battle . Meanwhile , back at the tournament , Goten and Trunks take a break from their Mighty Mask disguise to get some drinks . They barely avoid having their cover blown . With Goku and the other members still missing , Mr. Satan suggests that a battle royal be held between the remaining contestants . As the match begins , Killa and Jewel are quickly dispatched by Android # 18 and Mighty Mask . Android # 18 and Mighty Mask ignore Mr. Satan and fight each other . 118 ( 111 ) `` The Fearsome Children ! ! # 18 's Great Struggle '' / `` Stunning Youngsters ! No. 18 's Uphill Battle '' `` Chibikko Osorubeshi ! ! Dai - Kusen no Jūhachi - Gō '' ( チビッコ 恐る べし ! ! 大 苦戦 の 18 号 ) June 29 , 2014 May 20 , 2017 As the battle between Android # 18 and Mighty Mask continues to escalate , Android # 18 struggles to keep up with her opponent 's unpredictable moves . She manages to land a critical hit against Goten and Trunks and knocks them into the center of the stage . Goten and Trunks decide to switch places with Goten now on top and Trunks now on the bottom . This pushes Android # 18 to the point , where she starts using energy blasts against them . Android # 18 manages to hit back with support from her daughter Marron . Goten and Trunks decide to go Super Saiyan and launch a powerful blast at Android # 18 . She manages to dodge it and reveal their true identity . This results in the disqualification of Goten and Trunks , who was disguised as Mighty Mask . Android # 18 and Mr. Satan are the only remaining fighters left in the battle royal . Goten and Trunks come across Videl upon her return . Dabura emerges from his meditation chamber . He is ready to face off against Gohan . 119 ( 112 ) `` The Star Performer Takes the Stage ! Take Down the Demon King ! ! '' / `` Enter the Headliner ! The Looming Demon King ! '' `` Shin'uchi Tōjō ! Tachihadakaru Maō ! ! '' ( 真打ち 登場 ! 立ちはだかる 魔王 ! ! ) July 6 , 2014 June 3 , 2017 Noticing his complete lack of fighting skills after putting Mr. Satan in a headlock , Android # 18 makes a deal with Mr. Satan to let him win the match and maintain his dignity in exchange for twice the prize money . Meanwhile , Goten and Trunks heard about the current situation from Videl . They become interested and head towards the action . Back at the spaceship , Dabura appears before Gohan and decides to give him a handicap by choosing an arena similar to Earth 's environment . As the fight gets underway , both Gohan and Dabura bring out their full power against each other . Despite being hit by some of Dabura 's powerful attacks , Gohan refuses to lose against him . 120 ( 113 ) `` A Wicked Heart is Revived , Prince of Destruction Vegeta ! '' / `` A Heart of Evil Awakened ; Vegeta , Prince of Destruction '' `` Yomigaeru Jashin Hakai ōji Bejīta ! '' ( よみがえる 邪心 破壊 王子 ベジータ ! ) July 13 , 2014 June 10 , 2017 As the battle between Gohan and Dabura continues , Vegeta 's impatience to settle things with Goku catches the attention of Dabura . Dabura decides to abandon the fight and report to Babidi . Babidi and Dabura learn Vegeta still retains a lot of evil in his heart . Babidi uses his magic to target Vegeta 's mind and sway him over to his side . To make matters worse , Babidi transports everyone to the tournament grounds , where Vegeta is still focused on his desire to defeat Goku . Majin Vegeta prepares to face off against Goku even with innocent bystanders watching . 121 ( 114 ) `` I 'm the Strongest ! The Clash of Goku VS Vegeta '' / `` I am the Strongest ! The Clash of Goku vs. Vegeta '' `` Saikyō wa Ore da ! Gekitotsu Gokū Tai Bejīta '' ( 最強 は オレ だ ! 激突 悟空 VS ベジータ ) July 20 , 2014 June 17 , 2017 Majin Vegeta begins his attack on Goku . Majin Vegeta kills many innocent people in the crowd without any remorse . Goku realizes that Vegeta had fallen under Babidi 's spell on purpose for the sake of his grudge against Goku . Goku is left with no choice but to fight against him despite Supreme Kai 's attempt to stop him . Goku asks Babidi to warp them to someplace else , where they can fight alone . Supreme Kai and Gohan decide to go on ahead and leave Goku and Majin Vegeta to their fight . Babidi attempts to command Majin Vegeta to kill them . Majin Vegeta 's pride allows him to defy even Babidi 's demands . 122 ( 115 ) `` Countdown to Revival : Crush Babidi 's Ambitions ! '' `` Fukkatsu e no Kauntodaun , Babidi no Yabō o Uchikudake ! '' ( 復活 へ の カウントダウン バビディ の 野望 を 打ち砕け ! ) August 3 , 2014 June 24 , 2017 While Goku and Majin Vegeta 's fight gets underway , energy builds up for Majin Buu each time Goku takes damage . Gohan and Supreme Kai arrive at Majin Buu 's egg , where they are confronted by Babidi and Dabura . Before the fight between them can begin , Majin Buu 's egg reaches full power because of the energy released during Goku and Majin Vegeta 's battle . Season 6 : Majin Buu saga ( 2014 ) ( edit ) No . Original translated title / English Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 123 ( 116 ) `` The Seal is Broken ! ? Gohan 's Kamehameha of Resistance '' / `` The Seal is Released ! ? Gohan 's Kamehame - Ha of Resistance '' `` Toketa Fūin ! ? Gohan no Teikō no Kamehameha '' ( 解け た 封印 ! ? 悟 飯 抵抗 の かめ はめ 波 ) August 10 , 2014 July 8 , 2017 Goku and Majin Vegeta 's fight continues to escalate . Majin Vegeta reveals he chose to go under Babidi 's control in order to gain the strength to face off against Goku . Majin Vegeta feels he needs to get rid of his gentle side . As the seal containing Majin Buu starts to break , Gohan attempts to stop Majin Buu from reaching full power by shooting multiple Kamehameha blasts at the egg in an attempt to destroy it . The egg splits apart . Only pink smoke comes out of it . Supreme Kai is lead to presume Majin Buu had been destroyed . However , Gohan senses a powerful energy from the pink smoke , which coalesces together to form Majin Buu . Majin Buu appears to be nothing more than a mere fat child . 124 ( 117 ) `` A Straight Line to Despair ! ? Terror of Majin Buu '' / `` Straightaway Into Despair ? The Terror of Majin Buu '' `` Zetsubō e Itchokusen ! ? Majin Bū no Kyōfu '' ( 絶望 へ 一直線 ! ? 魔 人 ブウ の 恐怖 ) August 17 , 2014 July 15 , 2017 Everyone seems to be bewildered by Majin Buu 's childlike behavior . They are curious as to whether his rebirth was actually unsuccessful . However , Majin Buu soon shows off his frightening strength when he effortlessly beats Dabura . The rise in Majin Buu 's power level catches the attention of the other Saiyans . Although Goku tries to convince Majin Vegeta to postpone the fight in order to stop Majin Buu , Majin Vegeta knocks out Goku when he drops his guard . Majin Vegeta takes Goku 's last Senzu bean and sets off to fight Majin Buu himself . Gohan and Supreme Kai attempt to flee from Majin Buu , but he easily catches up to them . Majin Buu proves himself immune to Supreme Kai 's attacks . 125 ( 118 ) `` Turn Into Sweets ! A Hungry Majin 's Weird Power '' / `` Turn Into Candy ! A Hungry Majin 's Bizarre Power ! '' `` Okashi ni Nacchae ! Harapeko Majin no Bukimi Pawā '' ( お 菓子 に なっ ちゃえ ! 腹 ペコ 魔 人 の 不気味 パワー ) August 24 , 2014 July 22 , 2017 Majin Buu completely overwhelms Supreme Kai and Gohan . Supreme Kai uses the last of his strength to make sure Gohan survives Majin Buu 's attack . Before Majin Buu can destroy Supreme Kai , he is attacked by Dabura , who believes he can not be made to obey anyone . Meanwhile , Goten and Trunks arrive nearby . Trunks inadvertently breaks the petrified Piccolo . Unfazed by Dabura 's attacks , Majin Buu uses his unique ability to turn Dabura into a cookie and eats him . This nullifies the petrification on Krillin and Piccolo . Piccolo survived being broken thanks to his regenerative abilities . Before Majin Buu can do the same to Supreme Kai , Vegeta arrives on the scene . 126 ( 119 ) `` I 'll Take Care of the Majin , Vegeta 's Final Desperate Battle ! '' / `` I Will Deal With the Majin ! Vegeta 's Final Mortal Combat ! '' `` Majin wa Ore ga Katadzukeru , Bejīta Saigo no Kesshi - sen ! '' ( 魔 人 は オレ が かたづける ベジータ 最期 の 決死 戦 ! ) August 31 , 2014 July 29 , 2017 Majin Vegeta is willing to put his life on the line . Majin Vegeta begins his assault on Majin Buu . He manages to blast a hole through him . However , Majin Buu manages to regenerate himself and builds up his anger to create a giant explosion . This deals a great amount of damage to Majin Vegeta . 127 ( 120 ) `` For Those Whom He Loves ... The Last Moment of the Proud Warrior ! '' / `` For His Beloved Ones ... The End of the Proud Warrior ! '' `` Aisu Beki Mono no Tame ni ... Hokori Takaki Senshi no Saigo ! '' ( 愛す べき 者 の ため に ... 誇り 高き 戦士 の 最期 ! ) September 7 , 2014 August 5 , 2017 As Majin Vegeta is ensnared by Majin Buu , Trunks and Goten can no longer stand by . They rush to the scene to rescue him . Piccolo attacks the defenseless Babidi and rips him to pieces . Feeling he can not defeat Majin Buu with conventional means , Majin Vegeta says his farewells to Trunks before knocking both children out . Majin Vegeta instructs Piccolo to take them far away . Once everyone is cleared from the scene , Majin Vegeta uses his last resort move . Majin Vegeta overloads his Super Saiyan form and sacrifices himself in a massive self - destructive explosion in order to obliterate Majin Buu . 128 ( 121 ) `` The Nightmare Returns , The Immortal Monster , Majin Buu ! '' / `` A Nightmare Revisited : The Immortal Monster Majin Buu ! '' `` Akumu Sairai , Fujimi no Kaibutsu , Majin Bū ! '' ( 悪夢 再来 不死身 の 怪物 魔 人 ブウ ! ) September 14 , 2014 August 12 , 2017 As Bulma and the others from the stadium follow Videl 's directions in pursuit of Goten and Trunks , they are hit by the shock wave from Majin Vegeta 's attack and almost crash . They are saved by Android # 18 . Piccolo leaves Goten and Trunks with Krillin . Piccolo tells Krillin to inform the others that Majin Vegeta and possibly Gohan have been killed . He investigates the site of Majin Vegeta 's sacrificial attack and finds various charred fragments of Majin Buu . Babidi narrowly survived the explosion . However , Piccolo is shocked to witness Majin Buu 's fragments suddenly come to life and reassemble to bring Majin Buu back to his normal form . Majin Buu uses his power to heal Babidi , who vows to make the planet suffer . Piccolo decides to take Goten and Trunks up to Dende 's Lookout . Goku regains consciousness and tries to determine the situation . A weakened Supreme Kai searches for Gohan , whose fate is still unknown . 129 ( 122 ) `` Secret Plan to Defeat Buu , Its Name is Fusion ! '' / `` A Secret Plan to Defeat Buu ! Its Name is Fusion '' `` Bū o Taosu Hisaku , Sono Na wa Fyūjon ! '' ( ブウ を 倒す 秘策 その 名 は フュージョン ! ) September 21 , 2014 August 19 , 2017 Bulma 's group goes to seek out the Dragon Balls so they can revive all the spectators that Majin Vegeta killed . They come up against a large dragon while trying to get the last Dragon Ball . Piccolo and Krillin leave Goten and Trunks in the care of Dende and Mr. Popo . They are soon joined by Goku , who learns about the situation . Goku states he is not strong enough to defeat Majin Buu . He mentions having learned a technique known as Fusion , which allows two similarly built fighters to merge together to become a single powerful fighter . Goku had originally planned to do this himself with either Gohan or Vegeta . Goku realizes from Mr. Popo that he can instead teach this technique to Goten and Trunks due to their similar size . 130 ( 123 ) `` A Faint Hope in Sight ! The Warriors Wake Up ! ! '' / `` Found ! A Faint Ray of Hope - Awaken , Warriors ! '' `` Mieta ! Kasukana Kibō , Me o Samase Senshi - tachi ! ! '' ( 見え た ! かすか な 希望 目 を 覚ませ 戦士 達 ! ! ) September 28 , 2014 August 26 , 2017 Bulma uses the Dragon Balls and summons Shenron . She uses one of its wishes to bring back everyone who had been killed that day . As using all three wishes would mean they would have to wait another year before they can use the Dragon Balls again , Goku warps over to Bulma 's group and convinces Shenron to postpone the other two wishes . This shortens the time to four months when summoning Shenron again . Kibito was revived by the wish . Kibito manages to find Supreme Kai and heal his injuries . Supreme Kai and Kibito manage to find Gohan . They decide to bring him to the Sacred World of the Kais . Goku uses his Instant Transmission to teleport Bulma and the others to Dende 's Lookout , where he informs them of the grim situation concerning Gohan and Vegeta . Afterwards , Babidi announces his message to the world . 131 ( 124 ) `` Find the Nuisances , Babidi 's Revenge Plan Begins ! ! '' / `` Find the Nuisances : Babidi 's Retaliation Begins ! '' `` Jama - sha o Sagase , Babidi no Fukushū Sakusen Kaishi ! '' ( 邪魔 者 を 探せ バビディ の 復讐 作戦 開始 ! ) October 5 , 2014 September 9 , 2017 Babidi announces that he will have Majin Buu destroy the planet unless Piccolo , Goten , and Trunks are brought to them within five days . Piccolo almost sets off , but Goku convinces him to stay . He says they can bring back everyone who dies with the Dragon Balls . Supreme Kai , Kibito , and Gohan arrive in the Sacred World of the Kais , where Supreme Kai reveals he wants Gohan to master the legendary Z - Sword in order to defeat Majin Buu . Back at Dende 's Lookout , Goten and Trunks wake up and are given a crash course in Fusion by Goku . 132 ( 125 ) `` The Time of Ordeal , Attain the Legendary Power ! '' / `` A Time of Trials ! Lay Hold of Legendary Powers ! '' `` Shiren no Toki , Densetsu no Chikara o te ni Irero ! '' ( 試練 の 時 伝説 の 力 を 手 に 入れろ ! ) October 12 , 2014 September 16 , 2017 Using his Super Saiyan strength , Gohan manages to pull the Z - Sword from its resting place . He finds it to be incredibly heavy . Meanwhile , Babidi makes another broadcast of Majin Buu laying waste to another city . This prompts Goten and Trunks to contact him . Goten and Trunks inform him that they will soon grow strong enough to defeat them . Goten and Trunks begin their Fusion training . They learn how to match their Super Saiyan energy with each other . Meanwhile , Babidi learns where Trunks lives . He announces his plans to attack Capsule Corporation in West City . 133 ( 126 ) `` Delay Majin Buu , The Limit ! Super Saiyan 3 ! ! '' / `` Hold Majin Buu in Check ! Limit - Super Saiyan 3 ! '' `` Majin Bū o Kuitomero , Rimitto ! Sūpā Saiya - jin Surī ! ! '' ( 魔 人 ブウ を 食い止めろ 限界 ! 超 サイヤ 人 3 ! ! ) October 19 , 2014 September 23 , 2017 Realizing that they will not be able to find the Dragon Balls if the Dragon Radar is destroyed , Goku orders Trunks to fly to West City to retrieve the Dragon Radar from Capsule Corporation . Goku leaves to delay Majin Buu and Babidi . In order to buy Trunks some time , Goku builds up a large amount of energy . This also uses some of his remaining time on Earth . Goku transforms into his ultimate form known as Super Saiyan 3 . The immense power of Super Saiyan 3 is felt even in the Sacred World of the Kais . 134 ( 127 ) `` Standing Up For Himself , Buu 's Rebellion ! '' / `` True Worth Beginning to Show - The Treacherous Buu ! '' `` Mie Hajimeta Shinka , Hangyaku no Bū '' ( 見え 始め た 真価 反逆 の ブウ ) October 26 , 2014 September 30 , 2017 Goku begins his battle against Majin Buu , who demonstrates an ability to copy other people 's techniques . Trunks arrives at Capsule Corporation , but he struggles to find where the Dragon Radar is . Bulma realizes that she had left the Dragon Radar in her airplane . She manages to inform Trunks about it . Goku senses Trunks has accomplished his mission . Goku undoes his Super Saiyan 3 transformation once more . He takes his leave after informing Majin Buu that Trunks and Goten will be ready to fight him in two days . Shortly after Goku leaves , Majin Buu decides he has no further use for Babidi . Wanting to be free of Babidi 's control , Majin Buu turns against him and kills Babidi . 135 ( 128 ) `` Awful Looking ! ? Special Training , Fusion Pose ! '' / `` Silly Looking ? Drilling the Fusion Pose ! '' `` Kakko Warui ! ? Tokkun , Fyūjon Pōzu ! '' ( カッコ 悪い ! ? 特訓 、 フュージョン ポーズ ! ) November 2 , 2014 October 7 , 2017 Without Babidi to order him around , Majin Buu continues to freely destroy cities while waiting for his opponents . Goku has less than thirty minutes left on Earth due to the energy spent in the Super Saiyan 3 form . Goku wastes no time teaching Goten and Trunks the key to the Fusion technique . The Fusion technique is a somewhat embarrassing - looking Fusion Dance . 136 ( 129 ) `` Bye - Bye Everyone ! ! Son Goku Returns to the Other World '' / `` Bye - bye , Everyone ! Goku Returns to the Next World '' `` Bai Bai Min'na ! ! Son Gokū Ano Yo ni Kaeru '' ( バイバイ みんな ! ! 孫悟空 あの世 に 帰る ) November 9 , 2014 October 14 , 2017 Majin Buu lays waste to another village and turns its citizens into clay in order to build himself a house for a brief rest . Meanwhile , Goten and Trunks are slightly bored from their training . They ask Goku to show them his Super Saiyan 3 transformation . Upon doing this , Goku uses up the remainder of his time on Earth . After saying goodbye to everyone , Goku returns to the afterlife and leaves the Fusion training in the hands of Piccolo . Meeting up with King Yemma , Goku is relieved to hear that Gohan is not dead , and he decides to follow his energy trail . 137 ( 130 ) `` Found You , Gohan ! Harsh Training in the Realm of the Kais ! '' / `` Gohan Located ! Intensive Training in the World of the Kais ! '' `` Mitsuketa , Gohan ! Kaiōshin - kai de Mōtokkun ! '' ( 見つけ た 、 悟 飯 ! 界 王 神 界 で 猛 特訓 ! ) November 16 , 2014 October 21 , 2017 Goku arrives in the Sacred World of the Kais , where Gohan is training with the Z - Sword . Goku decides to help Gohan with his training . Meanwhile , Majin Buu has already killed two thirds of Earth 's population . He comes across a blind young boy and heals his vision . Majin Buu becomes surprised when he thanks him instead of being afraid . With Gohan growing more proficient with the Z - Sword , Goku tests out the sword 's sharpness by throwing a metal cube at it . Gohan inadvertently breaks the sword in half instead . From the broken sword emerges the Supreme Kai of fifteen generations ago , Old Kai . 138 ( 131 ) `` Birth ! Combine Super Warrior , His Name is Gotenks ! ! '' / `` Birth of a Merged Superwarrior ! His Name is Gotenks ! '' `` Tanjō ! Gattai Chō Senshi Sono na wa , Gotenkusu ! ! '' ( 誕生 ! 合体 超 戦士 その 名 は 、 ゴテンクス ! ! ) November 23 , 2014 November 4 , 2017 After some dubious persuasion from Goku , Old Kai reveals he has the ability to draw out someone 's true power beyond their limits . This turns out to be a lengthy process that can take over a day to complete . Meanwhile , Goten and Trunks try out the Fusion Pose for real , but an error in the Fusion Pose results in the merged fighter , Gotenks , ending up with a failed transformation . After another failure , Goten and Trunks eventually perform a successful fusion and transform into the true Gotenks . Gotenks is confident that he can defeat Majin Buu with his current power level . He goes off in search of Majin Buu despite Piccolo 's warnings . 139 ( 132 ) `` Who Will Be the One to Defeat the Majin ? The Beginning of the Strongest Man ! ! '' / `` Who Will Defeat Majin Buu ? The Mightiest of Men Moves Out ! ! '' `` Majin o Taosu no wa Dareda ? Saikyō no Otoko Shidō ! ! '' ( 魔 人 を 倒す の は 誰 だ ? 最強 の 男 始動 ! ! ) November 30 , 2014 November 11 , 2017 Gotenks arrives to fight against Majin Buu . Despite showing a great amount of strength , Gotenks is overwhelmed by Majin Buu 's power . Gotenks barely manages to escape from Majin Buu after he launches an all - out attack against the armed forces . Meanwhile , Mr. Satan reluctantly confronts Majin Buu , who becomes amused with his traps disguised as presents . Majin Buu decides to make Mr. Satan his servant . 140 ( 133 ) `` The Power - Up Continues ! ? Perfected ! Super Gotenks ! '' / `` The Powering Up Continues ? Super Gotenks is Achieved ! '' `` Pawā appu wa tsudzuku ! ? Kansei ! Sūpā Gotenkusu ! '' ( パワー アップ は 続く ! ? 完成 ! 超 ゴテンクス ! ) December 7 , 2014 November 18 , 2017 After completing his ceremony , Old Kai instructs Gohan to sit still for the next 20 hours in order to complete the power - up . Meanwhile , Goten and Trunks learn how to perform the fusion while in Super Saiyan form to become Super Gotenks . Gotenks ' cockiness almost leads him to confront Majin Buu again , but he ends up retreating when the fusion time runs out . Elsewhere , Majin Buu inadvertently befriends a small dog after healing its injured leg , while Mr. Satan almost manages to convince Majin Buu to stop killing humans . However , a hunter looking to take down Majin Buu for himself relentlessly shoots the dog , which leaves Majin Buu shocked and infuriated . Season 7 : Evil Buu saga ( 2014 -- 2015 ) ( edit ) No . Original translated title / English Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 141 ( 134 ) `` Born From Anger - Another Majin ! '' / `` What Anger Gives Rise To Another Majin ! '' `` Ikari ga Umidashita mono , Mō Hitori no Majin ! '' ( 怒り が 産み 出 した モノ もう ひとり の 魔 人 ! ) December 14 , 2014 December 2 , 2017 After managing to calm down Majin Buu 's rage by dealing with the thugs himself , Mr. Satan discovers that the dog is barely alive . Majin Buu manages to heal the dog just in time . As Majin Buu , Mr. Satan , and the dog start becoming closer , Mr. Satan decides to stop taking advantage of Majin Buu 's innocence and becomes his earnest friend . However , one of the thugs from earlier shows up and shoots Mr. Satan , which causes Majin Buu to be overcome with anger . After healing Mr. Satan , Majin Buu instructs him and the dog to get away from him . The evil in his body escapes and transforms into a tall , grey , emaciated version of Majin Buu . 142 ( 135 ) `` Buu Eats Buu - A New Majin Attacks ! ! '' / `` Buu Gobbles Up Buu ! Onslaught of a New Majin ! '' `` Bū ga Bū o Tabechatta , Aratana Majin Shūrai ! ! '' ( ブウ が ブウ を 食べ ちゃっ た 新た な 魔 人 襲来 ! ! ) December 21 , 2014 December 9 , 2017 Majin Buu attempts to fight against the Evil Buu , but he finds out that he is much weaker . Most of his power had been transferred over to his evil side . As a result , Evil Buu manages to reflect Majin Buu 's candy attack back at him , turning him into chocolate , before eating him . This allows Evil Buu to gain Majin Buu 's power , which gives him a more complete form . Sensing the energy of Piccolo and the others , Evil Buu arrives at Dende 's Lookout and demands to fight against Gotenks . Piccolo attempts to stall for time by telling Evil Buu to wait until all of the Earthlings are killed . Piccolo instructs Krillin to bring Goten and Trunks to the Hyperbolic Time Chamber , in order to make use of what little time they have . 143 ( 136 ) `` Head Straight towards the Catastrophe ! One Hour Time Limit ! ! '' / `` Headlong Rush Into Catastrophe ! A One - Hour Time Limit ! '' `` Hakyoku e Masshigura ! Taimu Rimitto wa Ichi Jikan ! ! '' ( 破局 へ まっしぐら ! タイム リミット は 1 時間 ! ! ) December 28 , 2014 December 16 , 2017 Piccolo 's hopes of being able to buy some time are dashed when Evil Buu unleashes a powerful homing attack , which targets and kills every human on the Earth except for Mr. Satan , Tien , and Chiaotzu . Piccolo , along with Videl , manages to convince Evil Buu to wait for an hour so that Goten and Trunks can train . Meanwhile , Gohan is tired of waiting any longer for Old Kai 's power - up . However , he discovers that he has indeed managed to increase his power , so Gohan agrees to wait for the power - up to be completed . Becoming further angered when Evil Buu kills an impatient Chichi , Goten barely holds in his anger and joins Trunks in the Hyperbolic Time Chamber . With Evil Buu growing impatient after only thirty minutes , Piccolo tries to buy as much time as possible as he slowly leads Evil Buu to the Hyperbolic Time Chamber . Piccolo believes that even if Goten and Trunks fail , they can destroy the Hyperbolic Time Chamber 's entrance and trap him there . 144 ( 137 ) `` Special Training Completed ! You 're Finished Now , Majin Buu ! ! '' / `` Training Complete ! You 're Finished Now , Majin Buu ! '' `` Tokkun Kanryō ! Kore de Owari da Majin Bū ! ! '' ( 特訓 完了 ! これ で 終わり だ 魔 人 ブウ ) January 11 , 2015 January 6 , 2018 Piccolo continues to lead Evil Buu to the Hyperbolic Time Chamber , while Goten and Trunks train hard to avenge the loved ones that they have lost . After rerouting Evil Buu through Dende 's Lookout , Evil Buu is extremely unhappy and throws tantrums . Due to this , Piccolo finally takes Evil Buu to the Hyperbolic Time Chamber . Gotenks fights Evil Buu after a warm - up round and playing around . 145 ( 138 ) `` Buu Eliminated With Ghosts ! A Surefire Kamikaze Attack ! ! '' / `` Eliminating Buu with Ghosts : A Knockout Kamikaze Attack ! '' `` Obake de Bū Taiji Hissatsu ! Kamikaze Atakku ! ! '' ( オバケ で ブウ 退治 必殺 ! カミカゼ アタック ! ! ) January 18 , 2015 January 13 , 2018 Super Buu and Gotenks begin to fight , and Gotenks decides to use some of his new special moves . The problem is that these moves , while flashy , are ineffective against Buu , not to mention they have ridiculous names , like the `` Screaming Angry Wombat '' . After it is clear that these moves have no effect , Gotenks talks strategy with Piccolo . He then creates a ring of energy , the `` Galactic Doughnut '' and uses it to trap Buu . After a brief struggle , Buu is able to break the ring . The two then do a bit of real fighting . Gotenks decides to use another one of his special moves , called the Super Ghost Kamikaze Attack . He spits out a ghost of himself , and plans to use it against Buu . Gotenks creates ten ghosts that detonate with explosive force when they are touched . He sends all but one at Super Buu , and they reduce him to a deformed puddle of his former self . Gotenks sends the final one down Buu 's mouth , blowing him into tiny pieces . Gotenks and Piccolo destroy all of the pieces , but the smoke coming from the pieces gathers above their heads and reforms Super Buu . To play up the drama of the situation , Gotenks acts like he 's out of ideas , and Buu begins beating up the fused Saiyan . Thinking that Gotenks can not stop Buu , Piccolo destroys the door to the outside world , which traps the three of them in the Chamber for all eternity . 146 ( 139 ) `` The Reserved Transformation of Gotenks ! Super Gotenks 3 ! ! '' / `` Gotenks ' Ace in the Hole ! Transformation ! Super Saiyan 3 ! '' `` Gotenkusu no Totte Oki Henshin ! Sūpā Gotenkusu Surī ! ! '' ( ゴテンクス の とっておき 変身 ! 超 ゴテンクス 3 ! ! ) January 25 , 2015 TBA Hysterically upset at the prospect of being trapped in the Hyperbolic Time Chamber forever , with nothing to destroy and no candy to eat , Super Buu starts to scream . To everyone 's surprise , including his own , his screams become so powerful that they create a hole in the barrier between the dimensions of the chamber and Earth . Buu changes shape in order to fit through it , and the hole closes , leaving Piccolo and Gotenks trapped . Back on The Lookout , Buu is hungry and excited at the prospect of turning more people into food , and so he turns everyone on the lookout into chocolate . Piccolo and Gotenks have been attempting to scream loud enough to create an inter-dimensional hole like Buu did , but they have no success . Gotenks decides to play his trump card , transforming into a Super Saiyan 3 . In this state , he has the power necessary to create a hole for him and Piccolo to jump through . Upon their return to the lookout , Buu tells Gotenks that he ate all of his friends , and enraged , Gotenks promises Buu that he will pay . 147 ( 140 ) `` In High Spirits ! Buu - Buu Volleyball ! '' / `` On a Roll ! Buu - Buu - Volleyball ! '' `` Nori - Nori ! Bū - Bū Barēbōru ! '' ( ノリノリ ! ブウブウ バレーボール ! ) February 1 , 2015 TBA Gotenks and Super Buu begin to fight , and the collateral damage from the battle begins to destroy The Lookout . Buu slams Gotenks down through The Lookout itself . Down on earth , Gotenks tries another Super Ghost Kamikaze attack , but it once again fails . Buu lands a powerful hit on Gotenks that sends him flying back into The Lookout . Buu then folds himself into a ball , and begins repeatedly shooting himself through The Lookout until all that 's left is rubble floating in the air . While still in a ball , Gotenks is able to trap him in a little sphere . He and Piccolo then play some volleyball with Buu , and Gotenks spikes him down to earth . Just when it seems like Buu is dead , a powerful blast of energy comes from the crater . With Buu once again ready to fight , Gotenks only has a few minutes until he separates . 148 ( 141 ) `` You Kept Everyone Waiting ! A Reborn Gohan Returns to Earth ! ! '' / `` Thanks for Waiting , Everyone ! A Reborn Gohan Heads for Earth ! '' `` O Matase Min'na ! Shinsei Gohan , Chikyū e ! ! '' ( お 待た せ みんな ! 新生 悟 飯 、 地球 へ ! ! ) February 8 , 2015 TBA Gotenks and Buu continue their fight . Gotenks seems to be wearing Buu down , and he now has the upper hand in the fight . Just as he 's about to hit Buu with his final move , Gotenks unexpectedly returns straight to his normal state from his Super Saiyan 3 form . The power was too high for him to sustain . Buu begins beating up Gotenks , who is now no match for him . Gohan has finally finished his training , and is ready to return to earth . After saying goodbye to Goku for what they both believe will be the last time , Kibito takes him back , and Gohan asks him to change his clothes . He 's now wearing clothes just like Goku 's , and arrives just in time , because Gotenks has separated . 149 ( 142 ) `` Buu is Overwhelmed ! Ultimate Gohan 's Superpower ! ! '' / `` Buu Overwhelmed ! Ultimate Gohan 's Super Power ! '' `` Bū o Attō ! Arutimetto Gohan no Sūpā Pawā ! ! '' ( ブウ を 圧倒 ! 究極 悟 飯 の 超 パワー ! ! ) February 15 , 2015 TBA Gohan arrives at the scene , and everyone is shocked at how much power he has . After Gohan expertly pounds him to a pulp , Buu heals himself and steps up the intensity , but Gohan still has the upper hand . He is easily picking Buu apart . Realizing that he 's totally outmatched , Buu decides to self - destruct , hoping to take Gohan with him . Gohan escapes before Buu explodes , and he takes the others with him out of the blast radius . Afterwards , there is no sign of Buu , but Gohan knows that he 's still around . They suddenly detect Dende 's energy signal , and they go to find him . On the way , they pick up Mr. Satan and the dog , Bee . Dende explains that as Buu was escaping through the interdimensional hole , Mr. Popo threw him from the lookout , because without Dende , there would be no Dragon Balls to grant the wishes they intend to use to reverse all the damage . Buu tracks them down , but instead of having a rematch with Gohan , he calls out Goten and Trunks . 150 ( 143 ) `` Buu 's Trick - Gotenks is Absorbed ? ! '' / `` Buu 's Sinister Scheme : Gotenks is Absorbed '' `` Bū no Warudakumi Gotenkusu Kyūshū ! ? '' ( ブウ の 悪巧み ゴテンクス 吸収 ! ? ) March 1 , 2015 TBA Unknown to the others , Buu secretly separates two chunks from his back , and the two pink blobs creep around behind the others . As soon as Goten and Trunks fuse , one of the blobs encases Gotenks . Piccolo , too , has been covered by a pink blob . Buu calls each of the blobs back to him , which merge with him , changing his appearance and giving him access to all of Piccolo 's and Gotenks ' memories , abilities , and power . The new and improved Super Buu then fights Gohan , and it 's clear that Buu has the advantage . Gohan is unable to keep up with Buu 's new speed and strength . Buu taunts Gohan by telling him what his three friends that were absorbed think of him . 151 ( 144 ) `` The Great Kaiōshin 's Bright Idea ! Son Goku is Revived ! ! '' / `` The Elder Kai 's Brainstorm ! Return to Life , Goku '' `` Dai Kaiōshin no Myōan ! Yomigaere Son Gokū ! ! '' ( 大 界 王 神 の 妙案 ! よみがえれ 孫悟空 ! ! ) March 15 , 2015 TBA Gohan is no match for the new Super Buu . Buu now possesses new skills , such as the Super Ghost Kamikaze Attack and the Special Beam Cannon , each of which he uses on Gohan . He is about to finish Gohan , when Bee comes running up . Mr. Satan tries to save Bee , but is only several times stronger than the average human - nothing compared to Buu . Buu is about to blast each of them when Gohan saves them . Buu then uses Gotenks ' Galactic Doughnut trick on Gohan , and aims a Kamehameha at him , but Gohan is able to summon enough strength to break free and move out of the way in time . Meanwhile , in Other World , King Yemma decides to send Vegeta back to earth to help in the fight against Majin Buu . On the world of the Kais , Old Kai decides to give his life to Goku so he can return to Earth and fight Buu . The now deceased Old Kai gives Goku his Potara Earrings . He explains to Goku that if he and another person each wear one , they will fuse together . 152 ( 145 ) `` One Time Only Miracle ... Will the Super Combination With That Guy Come About ? '' / `` Miracles Happen Once ... Will Goku and He Make the Ultimate Combination ? '' `` Kiseki wa Ichido ... Naru ka Gokū to Aitsu Chō - Gattai '' ( 奇跡 は 一度 ... なる か 悟空 と アイツ の 超 合体 ) March 22 , 2015 TBA Old Kai tells Supreme Kai and Kibito to try a fusion with their earrings , but only after they fuse together does he reveal that it is a permanent fusion ( though the fusion will only last for 1 hour for mortals ) . Dende heals Gohan 's injuries , so to prevent this from happening again , Buu creates a giant energy ball and aims it at Dende . Just before it hits , it is deflected by Tien 's Tri-Beam attack , who has decided to help , even though he is terribly outclassed . Buu tries again , but Goku suddenly appears and sends a disk of energy at the monster . It cuts off his legs and part of his head . His legs deal Tien a crushing kick which completely incapacitates him and then they return to Buu . Desperate to stop Majin Buu , Goku throws Gohan the other earring , but his aim is off and the earring is lost in the rubble . Goku goes Super Saiyan 3 in an attempt to hold Buu off while Gohan searches for the earring . Inside Super Buu , Gotenks ' fusion wears off , splitting back into Trunks and Goten , causing Buu to lose well over a third of his power and his appearance to change . Realizing what 's happened , Goku declares he can now defeat Majin Buu without fusing with Gohan and prepares to fight . Knowing he needs a massive power increase , Buu causes the part of his head that was cut off earlier to suddenly engulf Gohan , just like Piccolo and Gotenks . He reabsorbs the blob containing Gohan , and is now even more powerful than he was with Gotenks absorbed . Now back in control , Buu toys with Goku , telling him he has some time to find someone to fuse with . He considers fusions with Dende and Mr. Satan , but neither of them are appealing possibilities . He suddenly senses that Vegeta has returned , and uses Instant Transmission to teleport to his location . While Buu is distracted , Dende heals Tien . After Goku finds Vegeta , Goku tries to convince him to fuse , but Vegeta is angry at Goku because he knows Goku was holding back his Super Saiyan 3 transformation when they fought . With Vegeta refusing to cooperate , they are forced to take on Buu as individuals , but are clearly outclassed . Goku tells Vegeta that Buu absorbed Trunks and killed Bulma and asks him to put their differences aside to save their people . Vegeta finally agrees , and only when he puts on the earring does Goku mention that the fusion is permanent . The two last surviving Saiyans fuse and a new being is created . 153 ( 146 ) `` Invincible ! Ultimate Warrior Vegito ! '' / `` Invincible ! The Ultimate Warrior Vegito '' `` Muteki ! Kyūkyoku no senshi Bejitto ! '' ( 無敵 ! 究極 の 戦士 ベジット ! ) March 29 , 2015 TBA The new being names himself Vegito , and begins to fight Buu . He clearly is far superior to even the new Super Buu . In Other World , Bulma , Videl , Chi Chi , and Dabura are looking for Gohan , whom they mostly believe to be dead . When Dabura arrived at the Check - in Station , he resisted the guards attempts to subdue his aggressive behavior , and knowing Dabura would enjoy being sent to hell , King Yemma turned him good . Back on earth , Dende and Mr. Satan arrive at the battle scene , just as Buu has decided to destroy the earth . He creates a massive ball of energy , and throws it towards the earth . Vegito easily catches it , and deflects it back out into space . Buu says that he has yet to fight at his full power . Vegito says the same , and powers up to a Super Saiyan . Now calling himself Super Vegito , he continues to thrash Super Buu . Buu tries to hide himself with his own steam to gain an advantage , but Vegito continues to batter him . On the Grand Kai 's planet , Krillin and Yamcha are training with King Kai . Back on earth , Buu is starting to become desperate . He liquifies himself , and shoots down Vegito 's mouth , entering his body and turning him into what looks like a super-muscular version of himself . While inside Vegito , Buu takes control of his body and boasts that he will use his body to destroy him from the inside , but Vegito uses his energy to isolate all of Buu into one spot and pound him . Buu moves around but Vegito simply continues to pound him . Buu is forced to exit Vegito 's body . Realizing he does n't know how he can save himself , Super Majin Buu begins to freak out , and the immense amount of energy he releases into his surroundings threatens to tear apart the universe itself . Realizing this , Vegito tries to stop him , but Buu has put up a shield around himself . After a long struggle , Vegito breaks through the shield and stops Buu . 154 ( 147 ) `` The Ace up Buu 's Sleeve ! The Warriors are Absorbed ! ! '' / `` Buu 's Ace in the Hole ! The Warriors Are Absorbed ! '' `` Buu no Oku no Te ! Kyūshū Sareta Senshi - tachi ! ! '' ( ブウ の 奥の手 ! 吸収 され た 戦士 たち ! ! ) April 5 , 2015 TBA Vegito and Buu continue to fight , but Vegito is still far more powerful than his opponent . He repeatedly dominates Buu , which makes Buu angrier and angrier . Vegito is just toying with him . Buu hatches a plan , and calls Vegito out . Vegito comes closer , and Buu turns him into candy . As Buu celebrates his apparent victory , the Vegito candy unexpectedly begins to attack Buu . It turns out that Vegito is somehow still in full control of his new , candy body , and that he is just as powerful as he was before , and can even still talk . The candy Vegito is just as fast as Super Vegito , and due to its tiny size , is impossible for Buu to hit . Infuriated at being toyed with by a piece of candy , Buu changes it back into Vegito , who then continues to beat him up . Vegito literally starts tearing Buu apart . He gives Buu until the count of ten until he destroys him , and during this countdown , Buu notices a part of himself that Vegito tore off down on the ground . This part rises up behind Vegito , and before Vegito reaches ten , he is engulfed by the pink blob . Buu calls the blob back to him and absorbs it . 155 ( 148 ) `` Rescuing Gohan and Company ! Goku and Vegeta 's Infiltration Mission ! '' / `` Rescue Gohan and the Others ! Goku and Vegeta 's Infiltration Mission ! '' `` Gohan - tachi o Tasukedase ! Gokū to Bejīta no Sennyū Sakusen ( Misshon ) ! '' ( 悟 飯 たち を 助け 出せ ! 悟空 と ベジータ の 潜入 作戦 ( ミッション ) ! ) April 12 , 2015 TBA After absorbing Vegito , Buu notices that he has not taken on any of his characteristics . He guesses this is because he has n't digested Vegito yet . Inside Buu , Vegito still exists intact , separate from Buu . It turns out that Vegito had planned this , putting up a barrier during the absorption , and letting himself be shrunk by Buu 's magic absorption process , but not incorporated into his being . Once he dispels the barrier , Vegito unexpectedly splits back into Goku and Vegeta ( since non-deities will only remain fused for about 1 hour with the Potara Earrings ) . Taking advantage of this unexpected event , Vegeta crushes his fusion earring , not wanting to give up his independence from Goku by permanently fusing with him . He cites that once they free their absorbed friends , Buu will lose most of his power and they wo n't need to be fused to defeat him . Goku and Vegeta cut down the cocoons of Gohan , Goten , Trunks , and Piccolo , and as they do , Super Buu regresses to his normal form . Dende and Mr. Satan continue to follow Buu . Back inside Majin Buu , Goku and Vegeta also find the fat Majin Buu . They read his thoughts to find out what happened to him . Suddenly , a thought form of Super Buu himself appears . The two join forces to defeat it , but once they do , another one appears . They realize that this is a battle they can not win . Buu finally decides that he 's had enough , and he tries to absorb Goku and Vegeta . 156 ( 149 ) `` Emergency Escape from Inside the Body ! Buu 's Reverse - Transformation is the Worst ! ! '' / `` Emergency Escape from the Body ! Buu 's Retrogression Into Evil ! '' `` Tainai Kara Kinkyū Dasshutsu ! Bū Saiaku e no Gyaku - Henshin ! ! '' ( 体内 から 緊急 脱出 ! ブウ 最悪 へ の 逆 変身 ! ! ) April 19 , 2015 TBA Goku saves Vegeta from being absorbed . As Vegeta recovers , Goku continues to fight the thought form of Super Buu . Goku is rapidly losing energy , and just as Super Buu is about to defeat Goku , Vegeta cuts down the pod containing the fat Majin Buu . This causes Super Buu to go mad , as without the fat Majin Buu absorbed , Super Buu can not exist . As Super Buu 's insides begin to change , Goku and Vegeta realize they must leave , and so they grab the pods containing Gohan , Goten , Piccolo and Trunks and try to find a way out . On their way through his body , they notice one of the tunnels that leads to one of the holes in Buu 's skin where the steam escapes . They are able to fly out through here , and when they emerge on the other side , all six of them return to their normal size . As Goku and Vegeta set the pods down , they observe Super Buu changing into a different being . He first transforms into a hulking form , and then shrinks into a childlike version of himself . 157 ( 150 ) `` Earth Disappears ! ! The Original Buu 's Single Cruel Blast ! ! '' / `` Earth Destroyed ! The Initial Buu 's Nefarious Strike '' `` Chikyū Shōmetsu ! ! Hajimari no Bū no Hidōna Ichigeki ! ! '' ( 地球 消滅 ! ! 始まり の ブウ の 非道 な 一撃 ! ! ) April 26 , 2015 TBA Supreme Kai explains to Old Kai that there were once one five Supreme Kais . He was one of the four that each ruled over a quadrant of the universe , and the fifth was their leader . He says that this latest , childlike version ( Kid Buu ) , is the original , true Majin Buu , and by far the most powerful of them all . Supreme North and West Kai perished against him . Supreme South Kai was absorbed , changing the original Majin Buu into the hulking form that was seen briefly in the previous episode . The leader , Dai Kaio , was then absorbed by that form , but this absorption changed Buu into the fat , happy Buu that came out of the ball . This absorption of the Kais actually weakened Buu , making him less focused and less destructive . Back on earth , Kid Buu creates a powerful ball of energy and throws it at the earth , intending to destroy it . Goku and Vegeta deflect it . In retaliation , Kid Buu then a creates a ball ten times more powerful than the previous one and throws it . Knowing that they currently do not have enough strength left to stop it , Goku and Vegeta try to grab everyone and teleport away , but are only able to grab Dende , Mr. Satan , and Bee . As the Earth is about to be destroyed , Supreme Kai appears and instantly transmits Goku , Vegeta , Dende , Mr. Satan , and Bee to the Sacred World of the Kais . 158 ( 151 ) `` Final Decisive Battle ! A Conclusion in the Realm of the Kais ! ! '' / `` A Final Showdown at the Summit ! Face - Off in the World of the Kais ! '' `` Saigo no Chōjō Kessen ! Kaiōshin - kai de Ketchaku da ! ! '' ( 最後 の 頂上 決戦 ! 界 王 神 界 で 決着 だ ! ! ) May 3 , 2015 TBA Kid Buu is blasted apart by the explosion , but he reforms after the destruction of the Earth , and goes on a rampage throughout the galaxy . He goes from planet to planet , looking for Goku and Vegeta , and then destroys each planet when he does n't find them . He goes to the Grand Kai 's planet , and starts to toy with everyone there . When he becomes bored , he creates an energy ball , intending to destroy the Grand Kai 's planet . Supreme Kai offers Goku and Vegeta his fusion earrings , but they both refuse them . They raise their power levels so Buu will know where to find them . Buu abandons his attempt to destroy the Grand Kai 's planet and teleports to the Sacred World of the Kais . The Supreme Kai transports himself , Dende , and Old Kai to a distant planet so they will be out of Goku and Vegeta 's way , along with a crystal ball that allows them to watch the battle . Unfortunately , they forget to take Mr. Satan and Bee along . Goku and Vegeta play rock , paper , scissors to decide who will fight first , and Goku wins . He powers up to Super Saiyan 2 , and starts beating up Buu . Goku blasts him apart , but he reforms . Buu creates another massive energy ball and throws it down at the planet . Goku is able to deflect it , but Buu guides the ball back around and into the planet . Powerful shock waves rock the entire planet , disfiguring its shape , and leaving the surface ragged and uneven . Goku decides to power up to Super Saiyan 3 . 159 ( 152 ) `` Do Your Best , Kakarot ! You Are No. 1 ! ! '' / `` Hang In There , Kakarot ! You Are No. 1 ! '' `` Ganbare Kakarotto ! Omae ga Nanbā Wan da ! ! '' ( 頑張れ カカロット ! お前 が No. 1 だ ! ! ) May 10 , 2015 TBA Goku and Kid Buu continue to fight , each taking powerful blows from each other . Kid Buu folds himself into a ball again , and hits Goku hard . Goku puts all of his energy into a massive Kamehameha , but Buu just reforms afterward . Goku returns to his normal state , collapsing from exhaustion . Vegeta then steps in , but that finds he is no match for Buu . Buu cleans his clock , and just as he 's about to deal Vegeta the finishing blow , Goku pushes him out of the way . He then powers back up to Super Saiyan 3 and continues their furious fight . Vegeta reminisces about all of the fights he and Goku were in . He finally admits to himself that Goku is stronger . 160 ( 153 ) `` A One Minute Battle - Vegeta 's Life - risking Stall Tactics ! '' / `` A One - Minute Match - Up ! Vegeta 's Life - Threatening Stall for Time ! '' `` Shōbu wa Ippunkan Bejīta Inochigake no Jikan Kasegi ! '' ( 勝負 は 1 分間 ベジータ 命懸け の 時間 稼ぎ ! ) May 17 , 2015 TBA Goku continues to fight Buu , and he seems to have the upper hand . He deals a lot of damage to Buu , but as the fight goes on , his hits become weaker and weaker until they have virtually no effect at all . He tells Vegeta that it 's his turn , but Vegeta declines , deciding that he is no match for Buu . He tells Goku that Buu is too powerful for him and that Goku stands a much better chance of destroying him . Goku is shocked and unsettled by this admission , telling Vegeta that he deliberately let the fight drag on so that Vegeta could have a turn , and that now he is exhausted . Vegeta is horrified by this , because now they can not stop Buu . Goku unsuccessfully attempts to reassure Vegeta , telling him that he needs one uninterrupted minute to power up enough to destroy Buu . Despite the fact that Vegeta recognizes that he will need a miracle to survive a minute against Buu now , he reluctantly steps in while Goku is powering up as a Super Saiyan 3 , even though Goku tells him that if he is destroyed when he is already dead , Vegeta will no longer exist in any form . Buu thrashes Vegeta , but every time he gets knocked down , Vegeta gets up , ready for more . Buu stretches out his arm , wraps it around Vegeta 's neck , and begins choking him for fun . It 's been more than one minute , but Goku still has n't generated the power he needs . 161 ( 154 ) `` A Secret Plan Comes Together in a Flash - Please Grant These Two Wishes ! '' / `` An Inspired Strategy Make Two Wishes Come True ! '' `` Hirameita Hisaku Futatsu no Negai o Kanaetamae ! '' ( 閃 いた 秘策 2 つの 願い を 叶え たまえ ! ) May 24 , 2015 TBA Fat Majin Buu enters the fight , saving Vegeta from death . However , he is no match for Kid Buu , who begins to severely beat him . Mr. Satan tries to help Fat Buu , but is ineffective . Vegeta suddenly comes up with a plan . He communicates with Dende , telling him to go to New Namek and gather the Dragon Balls . The Supreme Kai and Old Kai take Dende there , and the Namekians are waiting with the seven balls . Porunga is summoned , and Vegeta tells Dende his two wishes : bring back the earth and restore it to its undamaged state , and bring back all of the non-evil people that died since the morning of the World Martial Arts Tournament . These wishes are granted , and even Vegeta himself comes back to life , proving that he is no longer evil . He finally reveals the main part of his plan to destroy Buu : the Spirit Bomb . 162 ( 155 ) `` Give Me Energy ! We 'll Make a Huge Spirit Bomb ! ! '' / `` Share Your Spirit Energy with Me ! I 'm Making a Huge Spirit Bomb ! '' `` Ora ni Genki o Waketekure ! Tsukuru ze Dekkai Genki - Dama ! ! '' ( オラ に 元気 を 分け て くれ ! 作る ぜ でっかい 元気 玉 ! ! ) May 31 , 2015 TBA The people of earth come back to life , including the Z Fighters and their friends . Goku gets into position to create the Spirit Bomb , and with the help of King Kai , Vegeta speaks to the entire population of earth . He tells them what 's going on , and that to defeat Buu , they need to raise their hands up and offer their energy . Only Goku and Vegeta 's family and friends comply . No one else is willing to listen to a mysterious voice from the sky . Vegeta repeatedly pleads with the earthlings , but to no avail . While this is going on , Fat Buu is buying them time by fighting Kid Buu , but it 's not going well . Goku has n't gathered nearly enough energy to destroy Buu . 163 ( 156 ) `` The Savior of the World is You ! Everyone 's Spirit Bomb is Completed ! ! '' / `` You Are the Savior of the World ! Everybody 's Spirit Bomb Completed ! '' `` Sekai no Kyūseishu wa Omaeda ! Min'na no Genki - Dama Kansei ! ! '' ( 世界 の 救世主 は おまえ だ ! みんなの 元気 玉 完成 ! ! ) June 7 , 2015 TBA Vegeta continues to plead with the people of earth , but no one will listen to him . Fat Buu has finally lost all of his energy , so Vegeta is forced to fight Kid Buu . He is no match for him , and gets severely beaten . Now Goku asks the earthlings to raise up their arms and donate some of their energy , and small pockets of people who recognize his voice or just like the sound of it do so , but the vast majority remain uninterested . Piccolo , Gohan , Goten , and Trunks spread out into the city , hoping to convince people to raise their arms . Mr. Satan has finally had enough , and he speaks to the people of earth . When they hear the familiar voice of the `` World Champion , '' all of the people of earth raise their arms and offer their energy . The Spirit Bomb is finally ready . Goku is ready to throw the Spirit Bomb , but Vegeta is in the way , and , despite Vegeta 's pleas otherwise , he refuses to take out Vegeta along with Buu . Suddenly , Fat Buu gets up and holds Kid Buu down long enough for Mr. Satan to pull Vegeta to safety . Kid Buu kicks Fat Buu aside , and Goku throws the Spirit Bomb . 164 ( 157 ) `` Son Goku Is the Strongest After All ! ! Majin Buu Is Annihilated '' / `` You Really Are the Greatest , Goku ! ! The Demise of Majin Buu '' `` Yappari Saikyō Son Gokū ! ! Majin Bū Shōmetsu '' ( やっぱり 最強 孫悟空 ! ! 魔 人 ブウ 消滅 ) June 14 , 2015 TBA The Spirit Bomb hits Kid Buu , but he starts pushing it back . Goku uses all of the remaining energy he has left trying to push it back into Kid Buu , but he is too powerful . After a brief panic , Vegeta suddenly remembers that they still have a third wish with Porunga . He instructs Dende to wish for Goku 's power level to be restored to its normal , healthy level . The wish is granted , and upon turning into a Super Saiyan , Goku is easily able to force the Spirit Bomb back at Kid Buu . As he does so , he silently wishes that Buu had been a better person , and hopes to fight him as a different person , some day in the future . The Spirit Bomb hits with full force , finally destroying the evil , childlike Majin Buu permanently . After billions of years of destruction , he has finally been brought to justice . 165 ( N / A ) `` Peace Has Returned . It 's Time to Party ! '' -- TBA 166 ( 158 ) `` And So , After 10 Years ... The First World Martial Arts Tournament in a Long Time ! '' / `` And So , Ten Years Later ... A Long - Awaited World Martial Arts Tournament ! '' `` Soshite Jūnengo ... Hisashiburi no Tenka'ichi Budōkai ! '' ( そして 10 年 後 ... 久しぶり の 天下 一 武道 会 ! ) June 21 , 2015 TBA Ten years have passed , and much has changed . Gohan has become a scholar , and Trunks and Goten are in their late teens . Goku is training with Goten when Bulma and Vegeta , who have a new daughter , Bulla , show up after not seeing him in five years . Goku says that he and Goten will be entering the World Martial Arts Tournament , so Vegeta says that he and Trunks will do the same . The day of the tournament comes , and old friends catch up . Everyone has arrived to watch . Gohan , who is now married to Videl , has decided not to enter , but his daughter , Pan , will fight . Since there is no junior division this time , she will be fighting with the adults . Mr. Satan and Buu will also be fighting . However , Goku says that there is someone who is 100 % human that can threaten to beat him and Vegeta . The seeding draw for the tournament begins , and Goku asks Majin Buu to use his magic to rig it so that he faces the powerful mystery fighter he had talked about . In the first match , Pan faces Wild Tiger , and the four - year - old easily dispatches him . Next up is Goku against a ten - year - old boy named Uub . Uub is the reincarnation of the evil Kid Majin Buu . King Yemma apparently heard Goku 's wish right before the evil Buu was destroyed , and he reincarnated him as a good person named Uub . Uub is apprehensive , so to bait him into fighting , Goku eventually resorts to taunting the young boy . After a particularly nasty insult and a kick to the face , Uub has snapped , and is now ready to fight . 167 ( 159 ) `` Even Stronger ! Goku 's Dream Never Ends ! ! '' / `` Even Stronger ! Goku 's Dream is Never - Ending ! '' `` Motto Tsuyoku ! Gokū no Yume wa Owaranai ! ! '' ( もっと 強く ! 悟空 の 夢 は 終わら ない ! ! ) June 28 , 2015 TBA Goku and Uub begin to fight , and it is clear that Uub does not know much about fighting . But as the match goes on , he grows more and more accustomed to his hidden power , and it is finally released , so he is able to go toe - to - toe with Goku in his base state . When Goku does power up slightly , Uub nearly falls out of the ring , but Goku saves him from hitting the ground . He realizes that Uub does n't even know how to fly , so Goku decides to train him . Despite his friends and family pleading with Goku to stay , he flies away with Uub on his back . Goku decides to train Uub to defend the Earth when he 's gone . He hopes one day , when Uub 's training is complete , to have a real all - out match with him , to test their power . Goku and Uub fly off into the distance , with whoops of joy . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This episode was originally scheduled to air in Japan on March 27 , 2011 as the 98th episode , but Fuji TV postponed its broadcast to air news coverage on the Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami . The episode was eventually released as an `` extra '' episode on Blu - ray and DVD in Japan on August 2 , 2011 , and in North America on June 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : The International airing of the Buu Sagas ( Seasons 5 -- 7 ) of Dragon Ball Z Kai features 8 episodes worth of footage cut from the Japanese airing . The episodes listed without a Japanese counterpart date or title were cut to such a degree in Japan that the episodes had to have another title to be consistent internationally . Blu - ray and DVD release ( edit ) Region 1 ( North America ) ( edit ) Volumes ( edit ) Name Date Blu Ray Discs DVD Discs Episodes Part One May 18 , 2010 01 -- 13 Part Two September 14 , 2010 14 -- 26 Part Three December 14 , 2010 27 -- 39 Part Four March 8 , 2011 40 -- 52 Part Five June 28 , 2011 53 -- 65 Part Six September 13 , 2011 66 -- 77 Part Seven March 20 , 2012 78 -- 88 Part Eight June 5 , 2012 89 -- 98 The Final Chapters - Part One April 25 , 2017 99 -- 121 The Final Chapters - Part Two May 23 , 2017 122 -- 144 The Final Chapters - Part Three June 20 , 2017 145 -- 167 Seasons ( edit ) Name Date Discs Episodes Season One October 18 , 2011 ( original ) March 15 , 2012 ( re-release ) 01 -- 26 Season Two March 15 , 2012 27 -- 52 Season Three June 22 , 2012 53 -- 77 Season Four March 12 , 2013 78 -- 98 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 今週 の アニ 基地 ! トピッコス き の 1 : 4 月 5 日 ( 日 ) よ リ 放送 開始 の アニメ 「 ドラゴンボール Z 」 正式 タイル が ついに 決定 ! ! その 名 は ... Dragon Ball Kai '' . Weekly Shōnen Jump ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha : 326 . February 23 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Remastered DBZ to Be Called Dragon Ball Kai '' . Anime News Network . February 19 , 2009 . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2009 . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ New Dragon Ball Z Kai Anime Series to Premiere on April 6 Anime News Network ( February 17 , 2014 ) . Retrieved on August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 今週 の アニ 基地 ! トピッコス き の 1 : 「 ドラゴンボール Z 」 放送 開始 20 周年 記念 ! 最新 デヅタル 技術 を 便 い Z 伝説 が TV アニメ で 復活 ! ! '' . Weekly Shōnen Jump ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha : 338 . February 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 「 ドラゴンボール Z 」 放送 開始 20 周年 記念 ! HD リ マスター 坂 で テレビ アニメ が 堂々 復活 ! ! 孫悟空 伝説 再び ! ! その 名 も ... Dragon Ball Kai '' . V Jump ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha : 10 . February 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dragon Ball Z Kai : The Final Chapters Listed at 69 Episodes Anime News Network ( April 17 , 2014 ) . Retrieved on May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Dragon Ball Z Kai Anime Series to Premiere on April 6 '' . Anime News Network . February 17 , 2014 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ドラゴンボール 改 1 ( Dragon Ball Kai 1 ) ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved November 3 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 改 1 ( Blu - ray Disc ) '' ( Dragon Ball Kai 1 ( Blu - ray Disc ) ) ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved November 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 改 BOX1 ( Blu - ray Disc ) '' ( Dragon Ball Kai BOX 1 ( Blu - ray Disc ) ) ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved November 3 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Kai Box 4 / 4 - The Final Chapters '' ( in French ) . Amazon.fr . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 各 話 あらすじ ドラゴンボール 改 東映 アニメーション '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dragon Ball Z Kai : Episode Guide '' . MSN TV . Retrieved June 22 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Dragon Ball Z Kai - Part One ( Inside Blu - ray case ) . Nowata Yasuhiro . Flower Mound , Texas , United States : Funimation Entertainment . 2010 ( 2009 ) . FN - 08781 . Jump up ^ ドラゴンボール 改 人造 人間 ・ セル 編 15 ( Dragon Ball Kai Artificial Human / Cell Volume 15 ( DVD ) ) ( in Japanese ) . Happinet Pictures . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2011 . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 改 人造 人間 ・ セル 編 BOX4 '' ( Dragon Ball Kai Artificial Human / Cell BOX4 ( Blu - ray ) ) ( in Japanese ) . Happinet Pictures . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` エピソード ドラゴンボール 改 東映 アニメーション '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ TV Listings Grid , TV Guide and TV Schedule , Where to Watch TV Shows - Screener Jump up ^ TV Listings Grid , TV Guide and TV Schedule , Where to Watch TV Shows - Screener Jump up ^ TV Listings Grid , TV Guide and TV Schedule , Where to Watch TV Shows - Screener Jump up ^ The Final Chapter - Part One - Blu - ray home - video Jump up ^ The Final Chapter - Part One - DVD home - video Jump up ^ The Final Chapter - Part Two - Blu - ray home - video Jump up ^ The Final Chapter - Part Two - DVD home - video Jump up ^ The Final Chapter - Part Three - Blu - ray home - video Jump up ^ The Final Chapter - Part Three - DVD home - video ( hide ) Dragon Ball by Akira Toriyama Media Manga chapters Dragon Ball Z Dragon Ball episodes Z episodes season 1 5 6 7 8 9 GT episodes Kai episodes Super episodes Films and TV specials Video games Soundtracks Characters Goku Bulma Yamcha Krillin Tien Shinhan Piccolo Gohan Vegeta Frieza Trunks Android 17 Android 18 Cell Majin Buu Beerus Zamasu Related Dr. Slump Neko Majin Episode of Bardock Jaco the Galactic Patrolman Portal Anime and manga portal Dragon Ball portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Dragon_Ball_Z_Kai_episodes&oldid=818195066 '' Categories : Dragon Ball episode lists Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Use mdy dates from August 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français Galego Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 04 : 29 . 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3511248383250317569 | All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club | All England Lawn tennis and Croquet Club - wikipedia All England Lawn tennis and Croquet Club Aerial view of the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club Audio description of the club by Lady Cobham The All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club , also known as the All England Club , based at Church Road , Wimbledon , London , England , is a private members ' club . It is best known as the venue for the Wimbledon Championships , the only Grand Slam tennis event still held on grass . Initially an amateur event that occupied club members and their friends for a few days each summer , the championships have become far more prominent than the club itself . However , it still operates as a members ' tennis club . The club has 375 full members , about 100 temporary playing members , and a number of honorary members , including past Wimbledon singles champions and people who have rendered distinguished service to the game . To become a full or temporary member , an applicant must obtain letters of support from four existing full members , two of whom must have known the applicant for at least three years . The name is then added to the Candidates ' List . Honorary Members are elected from time to time by the club 's Committee . Membership carries with it the right to purchase two tickets for each day of the Wimbledon Championships . In addition to this all champions are invited to become members . The patron of the club is Catherine , Duchess of Cambridge , and the President is The Duke of Kent . Contents 1 History 2 Facilities 3 The Championships 3.1 Racism and sexism controversies 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Finals of the Ladies ' lawn tennis singles tournament at the 1908 Olympics , at the Club People sitting on Aorangi terrace , watching main matches on the large screen Centre Court , Wimbledon ( before the retractable roof was installed ) Centre Court with its new retractable roof No. 1 Court The Club was founded by six gentlemen at the offices of The Field on 23 July 1868 at the height of a croquet craze as the All England Croquet Club , and held its first croquet competition in 1870 . Its original ground was situated off Worple Road , Wimbledon . Croquet was very popular there until the then - infant sport of lawn tennis ( a game introduced by Major Walter Clopton Wingfield a year or so prior , and originally called Sphairistikè ) was introduced in 1875 , when one lawn was set aside for this purpose . The first tennis Gentlemen 's Championship in Singles was held in July 1877 , when the Club changed its name to The All England Croquet and Lawn Tennis Club . That year at Wimbledon service was underarm . The champion , Spencer Gore , opined that `` Lawn tennis will never rank among our great games . '' In 1878 the height of the net was altered to 4 feet 9 inches ( 1.45 m ) at the posts and 3 feet ( 0.91 m ) at the centre . In 1882 , croquet was dropped from the name , as tennis had become the main activity of the Club . But in 1899 it was restored to the Club 's name for sentimental reasons , and the Club 's name became The All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club . In 1884 , the Club added Ladies ' Singles and Gentlemen 's Doubles , and then in 1913 Ladies ' Doubles and Mixed Doubles . For the 1908 Summer Olympics , the venue hosted the Grass Courts tennis events . The early Club colours were found to be almost identical to those of the Royal Marines , so they were changed in 1909 to the present Club colours of dark green and purple . The popularity of Frenchwoman Suzanne Lenglen was largely responsible for forcing the Club to move to larger grounds at its present site in Church Road , Wimbledon , in 1922 , where its first Championship was `` plagued by rain each day '' . The current Centre Court dates from that year . It has been improved and extended on several occasions . Most recently a sliding roof was added in time for the 2009 Championships . In 1924 the old No. 1 Court opened on the west side of Centre Court . During World War II The Championships were suspended but the Club remained open with a much smaller staff , and was used for fire and ambulance services , British Home Guard , and a decontamination unit , and troops stationed nearby drilled on the main concourse . At 5 : 20 p.m. on October 11 , 1940 , five 500 pound German bombs struck the grounds , demolishing 1,200 seats in Centre Court . The old No. 1 Court was replaced with the current No. 1 Court in 1997 , and the Broadcast Centre was built at the same time . Shortly afterwards , the Millennium Building , which houses facilities for players , press , officials and members , was built on the site of the old No. 1 Court . The Church Road site initially extended only as far north as Centre Court . In 1967 the All England Club purchased 11 acres ( 4.5 ha ) to the north . This was leased to the New Zealand Sports and Social Club and became known as Aorangi Park ( Aorangi means `` Cloud Piercer '' , and is the Māori part of Aoraki / Mount Cook ; `` Aorangi '' is the standard Māori spelling and `` Aoraki '' is used in the Māori dialect in the vicinity of the mountain ) . It is most commonly known as ' Henman Hill ' because of the popularity of former British tennis player , Tim Henman . Initially the only use that the All England Club itself made of this new land was for car parking during The Championships , but in 1981 the New Zealanders ' lease was terminated , and the Club has developed most of the area for its own purposes . The All England Club , through its subsidiary The All England Lawn Tennis Ground plc , issues debentures to tennis fans every five years to raise funds for capital expenditure . The original debentures were issued in 1920 . Each debenture provides a pair of tickets for each day of the tournament for five years . Only debenture holders are legally permitted to sell on their tickets to third parties . The Club was the venue for the tennis event at the 2012 Summer Olympics . Facilities ( edit ) The Club currently has 18 tournament grass courts , eight American clay courts , two acrylic courts and five indoor courts . There are also 22 Aorangi Park grass courts , which serve as competitors ' practice courts before and during The Championships . The grass courts can be used from May until September . The grass has been cut to 8 mm since 1995 , and 100 % perennial ryegrass has been used for its strength since 2001 ( prior to that , it was 70 % perennial rye and 30 % creeping red fescue ) . The courts are renovated in September , using nine tons of grass seed annually . The largest court is the Centre Court , which hosts the finals of the main singles and doubles events at The Championships . The quotation above the players ' entrance to Centre Court is an extract from the poem `` If -- '' , by Rudyard Kipling , which reads : `` If you can meet with triumph and disaster and treat those two impostors just the same . '' This court also served as the main venue for the tennis events at the 2012 Summer Olympics . Initially , the courts were arranged in such a way that the principal court was situated in the middle with the others arranged around it ; hence the title `` Centre Court '' . The present Centre Court , built in 1922 upon the move of the Club , was not actually in the centre at the time it was built , but as new courts were added in later years it became a more accurate description . It currently seats 15,000 -- expanded from 14,000 following redevelopment in 2007 -- 08 ( spatially , the expansion is greater than those numbers imply , as seats have been widened ) , and ( as of 2009 ) is the fourth - largest tennis stadium in the world . The Club installed a retractable roof on Centre Court which was completed in May 2009 . It is a ' folding concertina ' made of 5,200 square metres of a translucent waterproof fabric that allows natural light to reach the grass , and opens / closes in under 10 minutes . Redevelopment work commenced in 2006 and Centre Court had no roof at all in place for the duration of the 2007 Championships . The other ' show court ' is No. 1 Court , built in 1997 , which holds around 11,500 people and occasionally plays host to Davis Cup matches ( Centre Court usually being reserved for the Wimbledon Championships ) . This is to be fitted with a retractable roof similar to Centre Court in time for the 2019 Championships . A new No. 2 Court with 4,000 seats was first used at the 2009 Championships . The old No. 2 Court was renamed No. 3 Court in 2009 , and was rebuilt after the 2009 Championships . The grounds are set to undergo major renovation in the coming years as part of the Wimbledon Master Plan . The Club also houses the Wimbledon Lawn Tennis Museum . The Championships ( edit ) Main article : The Championships , Wimbledon Among the features that differentiate The Championships from the other Grand Slams are that they are played on grass courts , they require the players to wear white , and they schedule a day off on the middle Sunday of the tournament ( though sometimes -- such as in 2004 and 2016 -- poor weather has meant play has needed to take place ) . The winner of the Gentlemen 's singles at The Championships receives a gold trophy inscribed with the words : `` The All England Lawn Tennis Club Single Handed Champion of the World '' . The Championships attract attendance of around 450,000 people . Ninety per cent of the financial surplus that the Club generates from running The Championships is used to develop tennis in Great Britain ; between 1998 -- 2016 the surplus ranged from £ 25 -- 40 million per year . The Championships are run by a Committee of Management that consists of 12 club members and seven nominees of The Lawn Tennis Association ( LTA ) . The 2017 Committee included the following Club members : P.G.H. Brook ( Chairman ) , Ms S.J. Ambrose , The Lord O'Donnell GCB KCB CB , R.M. Gradon , T.H. Henman O.B.E. , I.L. Hewitt , Mrs A.W.L. Innes , S.A. Jones L.V.O , R.T. Stoakes , A.J.K. Tatum , Miss DA Jevans CBE , The Hon HB Weatherill . In 2003 , a long - standing tradition of Centre Court players bowing or curtseying to the Royal Box was discontinued by order of the Duke of Kent , President of the Club since 1969 , who deemed it an anachronism in modern times . The only exception would be if the Queen or the Prince of Wales were to attend . Andy Murray and Jarkko Nieminen elected to bow when the Queen visited The Championships for their 2010 second round match , as did Roger Federer and Fabio Fognini at their second round match , watched by the Prince of Wales , in 2012 . In December 2016 , it was announced that the Duchess of Cambridge would succeed The Queen as Patron of The AELTC and The Championships , effective January 2017 . Racism and sexism controversies ( edit ) Black players were not allowed to play at the Club until 1951 , and Jews were not admitted until 1952 . According to Angela Buxton , the Jewish former British Wimbledon doubles champion , it also has led to her exclusion . Buxton said in 2004 , reflecting on the fact that the All England Club , almost 50 years after Buxton 's 1956 Wimbledon triumph with Althea Gibson , had still not invited Buxton to join : `` I think the anti-Semitism is still there . The mere fact that I 'm not a member is a full sentence that speaks for itself . '' Buxton told New York Post reporter Marc Berman that she had been on the `` waiting list '' since she applied in the 1950s . `` I wish it still was n't such an elite sport , '' Buxton told Berman . `` I wish we could bring it down to a common baseline . It 's going that way . It 's still not there . '' In 2006 , Chairman Tim Phillips said that paying men and women equal prize money at The Championships was something they `` fundamentally do n't think would be fair on the men . '' ( due to men playing best - of - five sets , and women only best - of - three ) . The Championships introduced equal prize money the following year . See also ( edit ) The Championships , Wimbledon The Wimbledon Effect Wimbledon Manor House Queen 's Club -- London 's second most famous tennis club History of tennis Lawn Tennis Association Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The gentlemen were John H. Walsh , Captain R.F. Dalton , John Hinde Hale , Rev. A. Law , S.H. Clarke Maddock and Walter Jones Whitmore . Walsh , the magazine 's editor , was the chairman of the meeting . Whitmore and Maddock were appointed honorary secretary and treasurer respectively . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` About the AELTC '' . www.wimbledon.com . Archived from the original on 9 July 2015 . Retrieved 8 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreff , Wladimire , and Szymański , Stefan , `` Handbook on the economics of sport '' , Edward Elgar Publishing ( 2006 ) , ISBN 1 - 84376 - 608 - 6 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84376 - 608 - 7 Jump up ^ `` The All England Lawn Tennis Club , '' Wimbledon.org , accessed 29 June 2009 Archived 12 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The All England Lawn Tennis Club '' Wimbledon.org , accessed 15 July 2009 Archived 12 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Rayner , Gordon ( 27 December 2016 ) . `` Duke and Duchess of Cambridge set to move back to London as they eye new schools and Prince considers giving up career as helicopter pilot '' . Archived from the original on 15 November 2017 -- via www.telegraph.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Anyone for a game of sphairistiké ? '' Archived 5 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine . 41 , The Northern Echo , 27 June 2009 , accessed 8 July 2009 Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of Wimbledon '' , The Times of India , 19 June 2008 , accessed 8 July 2009 Jump up ^ Albert , Jim ; Ruud , H Koning ( 2007 ) , Statistical Thinking in Sports , CRC Press , p. 217 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 58488 - 868 - 0 . Jump up ^ Siddons , Larry ( 21 June 1986 ) , A Rich History to Celebrate , The Free - Lance Star , retrieved 8 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Wrangham Wilberforce , Herbert William ( 1908 ) , Hillyard `` Lawn tennis '' , G. Bell , p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` About Wimbledon Championships '' Archived 18 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine. , China Radio International English , 17 June 2005 , accessed 8 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Summer Olympics official report ( PDF ) , LA84 Foundation , 1908 , p. 209 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Club Colours '' , Behind the scenes , About , Wimbledon , archived from the original on 12 June 2009 , retrieved 14 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Women 's fashion hits the courts '' Archived 5 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , BBC , 19 June 1998 , accessed 8 July 2009 Jump up ^ Worrall , Simon , `` Mice and Mist and Mirthlessnis Mix at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club '' Archived 31 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine. , Salon , 7 August 1998 , accessed 7 September 2009 Jump up ^ About Wimbledon -- History -- Wartime Wimbledon , '' Archived 17 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Wimbledon.org , accessed 7 October 2009 Jump up ^ `` About Wimbledon Debentures , '' Archived 23 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine . The All England Lawn Tennis Ground , accessed 29 June 2009 Jump up ^ `` Olympics '' , About , Wimbledon , archived from the original on 19 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Wimbledon , London2012 , archived from the original on 16 September 2010 , retrieved 29 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Bletchly , Rachael ( 24 June 2007 ) , The Wonders of Wimbledon Fortnight , People , archived from the original on 18 February 2012 , retrieved 8 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Grass Courts '' , The Championships ( PDF ) , Wimbledon , 2009 , archived ( PDF ) from the original on 24 February 2012 , retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Grass courts '' . The Championships , Wimbledon 2012 . AELTC , IBM Corp. 2012 . Archived from the original on 7 May 2013 . Retrieved 11 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Beginning '' , About , Wimbledon , 2009 , archived from the original on 17 June 2009 , retrieved 7 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Championships , Wimbledon '' Archived 17 June 2012 at Wikiwix , Bleacher Report , 29 June 2009 , accessed 8 July 2009 Jump up ^ `` How the roof works '' , Behind the scenes , About Wimbledon , Wimbledon , 2009 , archived from the original on 16 June 2012 , retrieved 29 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Wimbledon prize money up 40 % and roof planned for Court One '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 23 April 2013 . Archived from the original on 25 April 2013 . Retrieved 23 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Ensor , Josie ( 23 April 2013 ) . `` Wimbledon to see one of the biggest revamps in its history '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Archived from the original on 13 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Fendrich , Howard ( 21 June 2009 ) , Like Federer , Venus seeks sixth Wimbledon title , The Canadian Press , retrieved 8 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Rigby , Christopher ( 2004 ) , 1000 Facts on Sport , Miles Kelly Publishing , p. 136 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84236 - 397 - 3 Jump up ^ `` Finance '' , The Championships ( PDF ) , Wimbledon , 2009 , archived ( PDF ) from the original on 24 February 2012 , retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The All England Lawn Tennis Club '' , About , Wimbledon , 2009 , archived from the original on 9 July 2015 , retrieved 7 August 2009 Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas Review - Journal '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Archived from the original on 8 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Parsons , John ; Davies , Caroline ( 30 April 2003 ) . `` Wimbledon abandons the Royal Box curtsey '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Archived from the original on 12 November 2012 . Retrieved 8 July 2009 ... Jump up ^ Siriginia , Saraswathi , `` Wimbledon Rewind : How Angela Buxton and Althea Gibson Broke Barriers in 1956 , '' Bleacher Report , 16 June 2009 , accessed 29 June 2009 Jump up ^ Hoye , Russell , Smith , Aaron , Nicholson , Natthew , Stewart , Bob , and Westerbeek , Hans , `` Sport Management - principles and applications : Case Study : The All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club and the Wimbledon Tennis Championship '' , p. 197 , Butterworth - Heinemann ( 2009 ) , ISBN 0 - 7506 - 8755 - X , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7506 - 8755 - 3 Jump up ^ Schoenfeld , Bruce , `` The Match : Althea Gibson & Angela Buxton : How Two Outsiders -- One Black , the Other Jewish -- Forged a Friendship and Made Sports History '' ( 2004 ) Archived 23 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine. , pp. 279 -- 80 , Amistad , ISBN 0 - 06 - 052652 - 1 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 052652 - 8 , accessed 29 June 2009 Jump up ^ Buxton , Angela , Jews in Sports , archived from the original on 28 February 2009 , retrieved 29 June 2009 Jump up ^ Slater , Robert ( 2005 ) , Great Jews in Sports , Jonathan David Publishers , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8246 - 0453 - 0 . Jump up ^ Giles , Juanita ( 26 February 2009 ) , No Jews allowed : UAE bows to ' neighborhood ' pressure , The Hook , archived from the original on 29 March 2009 , retrieved 29 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Wimbledon serves up equal pay for women '' Archived 7 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine. , Daily Times , 23 February 2007 , accessed 8 July 2009 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to All England Club . Club page on the Wimbledon Championships site `` Wimbledon : Facts , Figures , and Fun , '' by Cameron Brown Coordinates : 51 ° 26 ′ 1.5 '' N 0 ° 12 ′ 50.5 '' W / 51.433750 ° N 0.214028 ° W / 51.433750 ; - 0.214028 All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club Main Courts Centre Court No 1 Court No 2 Court No 3 Court Facilities Wimbledon Lawn Tennis Museum Events The Championships , Wimbledon Davis Cup Olympic Games 1908 2012 See Also Lawn Tennis Association The Wimbledon Effect Rufus the Hawk Links to related articles Venues of the 1908 Summer Olympics All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club Bisley Ranges Franco - British Exhibition Fencing Grounds Henley Royal Regatta Hurlingham Club Northampton Institute Prince 's Skating Club Queen 's Club Solent Southampton Water Uxendon Shooting School Club White City Stadium Venues of the 2012 Summer Olympics Olympic Zone Aquatics Centre Basketball Arena BMX Track Eton Manor Copper Box London Velodrome Olympic Stadium Riverbank Arena Water Polo Arena River Zone ExCeL Greenwich Park North Greenwich Arena Royal Artillery Barracks Central Zone All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club Earls Court Exhibition Centre Hampton Court Palace Horse Guards Parade Hyde Park Lord 's Marathon Course Wembley Arena Wembley Stadium Outside London Dorney Lake Hadleigh Farm Lee Valley White Water Centre Weymouth and Portland National Sailing Academy Football stadia City of Coventry Stadium Hampden Park Millennium Stadium Old Trafford St James ' Park Commons Olympic venues in tennis 1896 : Athens Lawn Tennis Club 1900 : Puteaux 1904 : Francis Field 1908 : All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club , Queen 's Club 1912 : Östermalms IP 1920 : Beerschot Tennis Club 1924 : Stade de Colombes 1984 : Los Angeles Tennis Center 1988 : Olympic Tennis Center 1992 : Tennis de la Vall d'Hebron 1996 : Stone Mountain Tennis Center 2000 : NSW Tennis Centre 2004 : Athens Olympic Tennis Centre ( The Main Court ) 2008 : Olympic Green Tennis Center 2012 : All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club 2016 : Olympic Tennis Centre 2020 : Ariake Tennis Forest Park 2024 : Stade Roland Garros 2028 : StubHub Center Olympic venues in discontinued events Baseball 1984 ( demonstration ) : Dodger Stadium 1988 ( demonstration ) : Jamsil Baseball Stadium 1992 : Camp Municipal de Beisbol de Viladecans , L'Hospitalet de Llobregat Baseball Stadium ( final ) 1996 : Atlanta -- Fulton County Stadium 2000 : Blacktown Olympic Park , Sydney Baseball Stadium ( final ) 2004 : Hellinikon Olympic Baseball Centre 2008 : Wukesong Baseball Field 2020 : Yokohama Stadium , Fukushima Azuma Baseball Stadium 2024 : Stade Sébastien Charléty 2028 : Dodger Stadium , Angel Stadium Basque pelota 1900 : Neuilly - sur - Seine 1992 ( demonstration ) : Pavelló de la Vall d'Hebron Cricket 1900 : Vélodrome de Vincennes Croquet 1900 : Bois de Boulogne Jeu de paume 1908 : Queen 's Club Lacrosse 1904 : Francis Field 1908 : White City Stadium Polo 1900 : Bois de Boulogne 1908 : Hurlingham Club 1920 : Ostend 1924 : Bagatelle , Saint - Cloud 1936 : Mayfield Rackets 1908 : All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club Roque 1904 : Francis Field Softball 1996 : Golden Park 2000 : Blacktown Olympic Park 2004 : Hellinikon Olympic Softball Stadium 2008 : Fengtai Softball Field 2020 : Yokohama Stadium 2024 : Stade Sébastien Charléty 2028 : Dodger Stadium , Angel Stadium Tug of war 1900 : Bois de Boulogne 1904 : Francis Field 1908 : White City Stadium 1912 : Stockholm Olympic Stadium 1920 : Olympisch Stadion Water motorsports 1908 : Southampton Water London Borough of Merton Districts Bushey Mead Cannon Hill Colliers Wood Copse Hill Cottenham Park Crooked Billet Lower Morden Merton Merton Abbey Merton Park Mitcham Morden Morden Park Motspur Park New Malden Norbury Pollards Hill Raynes Park St Helier South Wimbledon Streatham Vale Summerstown West Barnes Wimbledon Wimbledon Park Attractions All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club Merton Abbey Mills Merton Priory Museum of Wimbledon New Wimbledon Theatre Southside House Wandle Industrial Museum Wandle Trail Wimbledon Lawn Tennis Museum Wimbledon Stadium Wimbledon Theatre Wimbledon Windmill Parks and open spaces Cannizaro Park Cannon Hill Common Lavender Park Mitcham Common Morden Hall Park Ravensbury Park Wimbledon Common Wimbledon Park Constituencies Mitcham and Morden Wimbledon Tube , rail stations and tram stops Belgrave Walk Colliers Wood Dundonald Road Haydons Road Merton Park Mitcham Mitcham Eastfields Mitcham Junction Morden Morden South Morden Road Motspur Park Phipps Bridge Raynes Park St Helier South Merton South Wimbledon Tooting Wimbledon Wimbledon Chase Wimbledon Park Other topics Council Grade I and II * listed buildings Parks and open spaces People Public art Schools London landmarks Buildings and structures Bridges Albert Bridge Blackfriars Bridge Hungerford Bridge and Golden Jubilee Bridges Lambeth Bridge London Bridge Millennium Footbridge Southwark Bridge Tower Bridge Vauxhall Bridge Waterloo Bridge Westminster Bridge Entertainment venues Cinemas Empire , Leicester Square BFI IMAX Odeon , Leicester Square Football stadia Wembley Stadium ( national stadium ) Craven Cottage ( Fulham ) The Den ( Millwall ) Emirates Stadium ( Arsenal ) Loftus Road ( Queens Park Rangers ) London Stadium ( West Ham United ) Selhurst Park ( Crystal Palace ) Stamford Bridge ( Chelsea ) The Valley ( Charlton Athletic ) White Hart Lane ( Tottenham Hotspur ) Other major sports venues All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club The Championship Course ( rowing ) Crystal Palace National Sports Centre Lord 's ( cricket ) Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park The Oval ( cricket ) Twickenham Stadium ( rugby ) Theatres Adelphi Apollo Victoria Coliseum Criterion Dominion Lyceum Old Vic Palladium Royal National Theatre Royal Opera House Shakespeare 's Globe Theatre Royal , Drury Lane Theatre Royal Haymarket Vaudeville Other Alexandra Palace Brixton Academy ExCeL Hammersmith Apollo O2 Arena Royal Albert Hall Royal Festival Hall Wembley Arena Government 10 Downing Street Admiralty Arch Bank of England City Hall County Hall Guildhall Horse Guards Mansion House National Archives Old Bailey Palace of Westminster Royal Courts of Justice Scotland Yard SIS Building Museums and galleries British Museum Cutty Sark Golden Hinde HMS Belfast Imperial War Museum Madame Tussauds Museum of London National Gallery National Maritime Museum Natural History Museum Royal Academy of Arts Royal Observatory Science Museum Tate Britain Tate Modern Tower of London Victoria and Albert Museum Places of worship All Hallows - by - the - Tower BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Bevis Marks Synagogue Methodist Central Hall Regent 's Park Mosque St Martin - in - the - Fields St Mary - le - Bow St Paul 's Cathedral Southwark Cathedral Westminster Abbey Westminster Cathedral Retailing Shops Fortnum & Mason Hamleys Harrods Liberty Peter Jones Selfridges Shopping centres and markets Borough Market Brent Cross Burlington Arcade Kensington Arcade Leadenhall Market The Mall Wood Green One New Change Petticoat Lane Market Royal Exchange Westfield London Westfield Stratford City Royal buildings Partly occupied by the Royal Family Buckingham Palace Clarence House Kensington Palace St James 's Palace Unoccupied Banqueting House Hampton Court Palace Kew Palace The Queen 's Gallery Royal Mews , Buckingham Palace Skyscrapers Broadgate Tower 1 Canada Square 8 Canada Square 25 Canada Square 1 Churchill Place 20 Fenchurch Street Heron Tower Leadenhall Building The Shard St George Wharf Tower 30 St Mary Axe Tower 42 Structures Albert Memorial ArcelorMittal Orbit Big Ben Cleopatra 's Needle Crystal Palace transmitting station London Eye London Wall Marble Arch The Monument Nelson 's Column Shaftesbury Memorial Fountain ( `` Eros '' ) Thames Barrier Wellington Arch Transport City Airport Heathrow Airport Charing Cross station Clapham Junction station Euston station King 's Cross station Liverpool Street station London Bridge station Paddington station St Pancras station Stratford station Victoria station Waterloo station Victoria Coach Station Emirates Air Line cable car Other Barbican Estate Battersea Power Station British Library BT Tower Kew Gardens Lambeth Palace Lloyd 's building London Zoo Oxo Tower St Bartholomew 's Hospital Smithfield Market Somerset House Parks Royal Parks Bushy Park Green Park Greenwich Park Hampton Court Park Hyde Park Kensington Gardens Regent 's Park Richmond Park St. James 's Park Other Battersea Park Burgess Park Clapham Common College Green Epping Forest Finsbury Park Gunnersbury Park Hampstead Heath Holland Park Mitcham Common Osterley Park Trent Park Victoria Park Wandsworth Common Wimbledon Common Squares and public spaces Covent Garden Horse Guards Parade Leicester Square Parliament Square Piccadilly Circus Sloane Square Trafalgar Square Streets Aldwych Baker Street Bishopsgate Bond Street Carnaby Street Charing Cross Road Cheapside Cornhill Denmark Street Fenchurch Street Fleet Street Haymarket Jermyn Street Kensington High Street King 's Road Lombard Street The Mall Oxford Street Park Lane Piccadilly Portobello Road Regent Street Shaftesbury Avenue Sloane Street Strand Tottenham Court Road Victoria Embankment Whitehall Grand Slam tournament venues Australian Open Melbourne Park Rod Laver Arena Hisense Arena Margaret Court Arena French Open Stade Roland Garros Court Philippe Chatrier Court Suzanne Lenglen Court 1 Wimbledon All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club Centre Court No. 1 Court No. 2 Court No. 3 Court US Open USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center Arthur Ashe Stadium Louis Armstrong Stadium Grandstand Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_England_Lawn_Tennis_and_Croquet_Club&oldid=850154846 '' Categories : 1868 establishments in England 1908 Summer Olympic venues 2012 Summer Olympic venues The Championships , Wimbledon Croquet in England Olympic tennis venues Sport in the London Borough of Merton Sports clubs established in 1868 Sports venues in London Tennis venues in London History of tennis Wightman Cup Croquet clubs Sports clubs in England Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template warnings All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2012 Webarchive template other archives Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata EngvarB from April 2014 Use dmy dates from April 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Íslenska Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 July 2018 , at 00 : 29 ( UTC ) . 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-8790571257364343057 | Mr. Smith Goes to Washington | Mr. Smith Goes to Washington - wikipedia Mr. Smith Goes to Washington Mr. Smith Goes to Washington theatrical release poster Directed by Frank Capra Produced by Frank Capra Screenplay by Sidney Buchman Myles Connolly ( uncredited contributor to script construction and dialogue ) Story by `` The Gentleman from Montana '' ( unpub . story ) by Lewis R. Foster Starring Jean Arthur James Stewart Narrated by Colin James Mackey Music by Dimitri Tiomkin Cinematography Joseph Walker Edited by Gene Havlick Al Clark Production company Columbia Pictures Distributed by Columbia Pictures Release date October 17 , 1939 ( 1939 - 10 - 17 ) ( DC premiere ) Running time 125 -- 126 or 130 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $1.5 million Box office $9,000,000 Mr. Smith Goes to Washington is a 1939 American political comedy - drama film directed by Frank Capra , starring Jean Arthur and James Stewart , and featuring Claude Rains and Edward Arnold . The film is about a newly appointed United States Senator who fights against a corrupt political system , and was written by Sidney Buchman , based on Lewis R. Foster 's unpublished story `` The Gentleman from Montana '' . The film was controversial when it was first released , but was also successful at the box office , and made Stewart a major movie star . Mr. Smith Goes to Washington was nominated for eleven Academy Awards , winning for Best Original Story . Considered to be one of the greatest films of all time , the film was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the United States National Film Registry in 1989 , deeming it `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Impact 5 Awards and honors 5.1 Academy Awards 5.2 Other honors 6 Remakes 7 In popular culture 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) The governor of an unnamed western state , Hubert `` Happy '' Hopper ( Guy Kibbee ) , has to pick a replacement for recently deceased U.S. Senator Sam Foley . His corrupt political boss , Jim Taylor ( Edward Arnold ) , pressures Hopper to choose his handpicked stooge , while popular committees want a reformer , Henry Hill . The governor 's children want him to select Jefferson Smith ( James Stewart ) , the head of the Boy Rangers . Unable to make up his mind between Taylor 's stooge and the reformer , Hopper decides to flip a coin . When it lands on edge -- and next to a newspaper story on one of Smith 's accomplishments -- he chooses Smith , calculating that his wholesome image will please the people while his naïveté will make him easy to manipulate . Junior Senator Smith is taken under the wing of the publicly esteemed , but secretly crooked , Senator Joseph Paine ( Claude Rains ) , who was Smith 's late father 's friend . Smith develops an immediate attraction to the senator 's daughter , Susan ( Astrid Allwyn ) . At Senator Paine 's home , Smith has a conversation with Susan , fidgeting and bumbling , entranced by the young socialite. Smith 's naïve and honest nature allows the unforgiving Washington press to take advantage of him , quickly tarnishing Smith 's reputation with ridiculous front page pictures and headlines branding him a bumpkin . To keep Smith busy , Paine suggests he propose a bill . With the help of his secretary , Clarissa Saunders ( Jean Arthur ) , who was the aide to Smith 's predecessor and had been around Washington and politics for years , Smith comes up with a bill to authorize a federal government loan to buy some land in his home state for a national boys ' camp , to be paid back by youngsters across America . Donations pour in immediately . However , the proposed campsite is already part of a dam - building graft scheme included in an appropriations bill framed by the Taylor political machine and supported by Senator Paine . Unwilling to crucify the worshipful Smith so that their graft plan will go through , Paine tells Taylor he wants out , but Taylor reminds him that Paine is in power primarily through Taylor 's influence . Through Paine , the machine in his state accuses Smith of trying to profit from his bill by producing fraudulent evidence that Smith already owns the land in question . Smith is too shocked by Paine 's betrayal to defend himself , and runs away . Saunders , who looked down on Smith at first , but has come to believe in him , talks him into launching a filibuster to postpone the appropriations bill and prove his innocence on the Senate floor just before the vote to expel him . In his last chance to prove his innocence , he talks non-stop for about 24 hours , reaffirming the American ideals of freedom and disclosing the true motives of the dam scheme . Yet none of the Senators are convinced . The constituents try to rally around him , but the entrenched opposition is too powerful , and all attempts are crushed . Owing to the influence of Taylor 's machine , newspapers and radio stations in Smith 's home state , on Taylor 's orders , refuse to report what Smith has to say and even distort the facts against the senator . An effort by the Boy Rangers to spread the news in support of Smith results in vicious attacks on the children by Taylor 's minions . Although all hope seems lost , the senators begin to pay attention as Smith approaches utter exhaustion . Paine has one last card up his sleeve : he brings in bins of letters and telegrams from Smith 's home state , purportedly from average people demanding his expulsion . Nearly broken by the news , Smith finds a small ray of hope in a friendly smile from the President of the Senate ( Harry Carey ) . Smith vows to press on until people believe him , but immediately collapses in a faint . Overcome with guilt , Paine leaves the Senate chamber and attempts to commit suicide by gunshot , but is stopped by onlooking senators . He then bursts back into the Senate chamber , shouting a confession to the whole scheme ; Paine further insists that he should be expelled from the Senate and affirms Smith 's innocence , to the delight of Clarissa . The President of the Senate observes the ensuing chaos with amusement . Cast ( edit ) Jean Arthur as Clarissa Saunders James Stewart as Jefferson `` Jeff '' Smith Claude Rains as Senator Joseph Harrison `` Joe '' Paine Edward Arnold as Jim Taylor Guy Kibbee as Governor Hubert `` Happy '' Hopper Thomas Mitchell as `` Diz '' Moore Eugene Pallette as Chick McGann Beulah Bondi as Ma Smith H.B. Warner as Senate Majority Leader Harry Carey as President of the Senate Astrid Allwyn as Susan Paine Ruth Donnelly as Mrs. Hopper Grant Mitchell as Senator MacPherson Porter Hall as Senator Monroe Pierre Watkin as Senate Minority Leader Charles Lane as `` Nosey '' , reporter William Demarest as Bill Griffith Dick Elliott as Carl Cook The Hopper Boys : Billy Watson Delmar Watson John Russell Harry Watson Gary Watson Baby Dumpling ( Larry Simms ) H.V. Kaltenborn as himself Uncredited Russell Simpson as Kenneth Allen Dick Jones as Richard `` Dickie '' Jones , Senate Page Boy Nick Copeland as Senate Reporter Anne Cornwall as Senate Reporter Gino Corrado as Barber Maurice Costello as Diggs - Newsman Alec Craig as Speaker Beatrice Curtis as Paine 's Secretary Lew Davis as Senate Clerk Dulcie Day as Senate Reporter Wally Dean as Paine 's Friend Vernon Dent as Senate Reporter Harry Depp as Hat Salesman / Secretary Robert Middlemass as 2nd Radio Announcer Gladys Gale as Committee Woman Stanley Andrews as Senator Hodges Harlan Briggs as Mr. Edwards , howling citizen Cast notes : Among the unbilled veteran character actors seen in the film are Guy Kibbee 's brother , Milton Kibbee , who has a bit as a reporter ; Lafe McKee ; and Matt McHugh of the McHugh acting family . Also in the film in minor roles are Dub Taylor and Jack Carson , later well - known actors . Silent film star Hank Mann played a photographer . Production ( edit ) James Stewart and Jean Arthur in a taxicab Columbia Pictures originally purchased Lewis R. Foster 's unpublished story , variously called `` The Gentleman from Montana '' and `` The Gentleman from Wyoming '' , as a vehicle for Ralph Bellamy , but once Frank Capra came on board as director -- after Rouben Mamoulian had expressed interest -- the film was to be a sequel to his Mr. Deeds Goes to Town , called Mr. Deeds Goes to Washington , with Gary Cooper reprising his role as Longfellow Deeds . Because Cooper was unavailable , Capra then `` saw it immediately as a vehicle for Jimmy Stewart and Jean Arthur '' , and Stewart was borrowed from MGM . Capra said of Stewart : `` I knew he would make a hell of a Mr. Smith ... He looked like the country kid , the idealist . It was very close to him . '' Although a youth group is featured in the story , the Boy Scouts of America refused to allow their name to be used in the film and instead the fanciful `` Boy Rangers '' was used . In January 1938 , both Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer and Paramount Pictures submitted Foster 's story to the censors at the Hays Office , likely indicating that both studios had an interest in the project before Columbia purchased it . Joseph Breen , the head of that office , warned the studios : `` ( W ) e would urge most earnestly that you take serious counsel before embarking on the production of any motion picture based on this story . It looks to us like one that might well be loaded with dynamite , both for the motion picture industry , and for the country at large . '' Breen specifically objected to `` the generally unflattering portrayal of our system of Government , which might well lead to such a picture being considered , both here , and more particularly abroad , as a covert attack on the Democratic form of government '' , and warned that the film should make clear that `` the Senate is made up of a group of fine , upstanding citizens , who labor long and tirelessly for the best interests of the nation ... '' James Stewart Later , after the screenplay had been written and submitted , Breen reversed course , saying of the film , `` It is a grand yarn that will do a great deal of good for all those who see it and , in my judgment , it is particularly fortunate that this kind of story is to be made at this time . Out of all Senator Jeff 's difficulties there has been evolved the importance of a democracy and there is splendidly emphasized the rich and glorious heritage which is ours and which comes when you have a government ' of the people , by the people , and for the people ' '' . The film was in production from April 3 , 1939 , to July 7 of that year . Some location shooting took place in Washington , D.C. , at Union Station and at the United States Capitol , as well as other locations for background use . In the studio , to ensure authenticity , an elaborate set was created , consisting of Senate committee rooms , cloak rooms , and hotel suites , as well as specific Washington , D.C. , monuments , all based on a trip Capra and his crew made to the capital . Even the Press Club of Washington was reproduced in minute detail , but the major effort went into a faithful reproduction of the Senate Chamber on the Columbia lot . James D. Preston , a former superintendent of the Senate gallery , acted as technical director for the Senate set , as well as advising on political protocol . The production also utilized the `` New York street set '' on the Warner Bros. lot , using 1,000 extras when that scene was shot . The ending of the film was apparently changed at some point , as the original program describes Stewart and Arthur returning to Smith 's hometown , where they are met by a big parade , with the implication that they are married and starting a family . In addition , the Taylor political machine is shown being crushed ; Smith , riding a motorcycle , visits Senator Paine and forgives him ; and a visit to Smith 's mother is included . Some of this footage can be seen in the film 's trailer . Impact ( edit ) The film premiered in Constitution Hall in Washington , D.C. , on October 17 , 1939 , sponsored by the National Press Club , an event to which 4,000 guests were invited , including 45 senators . Mr. Smith Goes to Washington was attacked by the Washington press , and politicians in the U.S. Congress , as anti-American and pro-Communist for its portrayal of corruption in the American government . While Capra claims in his autobiography that some senators walked out of the premiere , contemporary press accounts are unclear about whether this occurred or not , or whether senators yelled back at the screen during the film . Senator Jefferson Smith addresses inattentive Senators It is known that Alben W. Barkley , a Democrat and the Senate Majority Leader , called the film `` silly and stupid '' , and said it `` makes the Senate look like a bunch of crooks '' . He also remarked that the film was `` a grotesque distortion '' of the Senate , `` as grotesque as anything ever seen ! Imagine the Vice President of the United States winking at a pretty girl in the gallery in order to encourage a filibuster ! '' Barkley thought the film `` showed the Senate as the biggest aggregation of nincompoops on record ! '' Pete Harrison , a respected journalist and publisher of the motion picture trade journal Harrison 's Reports , suggested that the Senate pass a bill allowing theater owners to refuse to show films that `` were not in the best interest of our country '' . That did not happen , but one of the ways that some senators attempted to retaliate for the damage they felt the film had done to the reputation of their institution was by pushing the passage of the Neely Anti-Block Booking Bill , which eventually led to the breakup of the studio - owned theater chains in the late 1940s . Columbia responded by distributing a program which put forward the film 's patriotism and support of democracy and publicized the film 's many positive reviews . Other objections were voiced as well . Joseph P. Kennedy , the American Ambassador to Great Britain , wrote to Capra and Columbia head Harry Cohn to say that he feared the film would damage `` America 's prestige in Europe '' , and because of this urged that it be withdrawn from European release . Capra and Cohn responded , citing the film 's review , which mollified Kennedy to the extent that he never followed up , although he privately still had doubts about the film . The film was banned in Hitler 's Germany , Mussolini 's Italy , Franco 's Spain and Stalin 's USSR . According to Capra , the film was also dubbed in certain European countries to alter the message of the film so it conformed with official ideology . When a ban on American films was imposed in German occupied France in 1942 , some theaters chose to show Mr. Smith Goes to Washington as the last movie before the ban went into effect . One theater owner in Paris reportedly screened the film nonstop for 30 days after the ban was announced . The critical response to the film was more measured than the reaction by politicians , domestic and foreign . The critic for The New York Times , for instance , Frank S. Nugent , wrote that `` ( Capra ) is operating , of course , under the protection of that unwritten clause in the Bill of Rights entitling every voting citizen to at least one free swing at the Senate . Mr. Capra 's swing is from the floor and in the best of humor ; if it fails to rock the august body to its heels -- from laughter as much as from injured dignity -- it wo n't be his fault but the Senate 's , and we should really begin to worry about the upper house . '' Mr. Smith Goes to Washington has been called one of the quintessential whistleblower films in American history . Dr. James Murtagh and Dr. Jeffrey Wigand cited this film as a seminal event in U.S. history at the first `` Whistleblower Week in Washington '' ( May 13 -- 19 , 2007 ) . Mr. Smith Goes to Washington has often been listed as among Capra 's best , but it has been noted that it `` marked a turning point in Capra 's vision of the world , from nervous optimism to a darker , more pessimistic tone . Beginning with American Madness ( 1932 ) , such Capra films as Lady for a Day ( 1933 ) , It Happened One Night ( 1934 ) , Mr. Deeds Goes to Town ( 1936 ) , and You Ca n't Take It With You ( 1938 ) had trumpeted their belief in the decency of the common man . In Mr. Smith Goes to Washington , however , the decent common man is surrounded by a venal , petty and thuggish group of crooks . Everyone in the film -- except for Jefferson Smith and his tiny cadre of believers -- is either in the pay of the political machine run by Edward Arnold 's James Taylor or complicit in Taylor 's corruption through their silence , and they all sit by as innocent people , including children , are brutalized and intimidated , rights are violated , and the government is brought to a halt '' . Nevertheless , Smith 's filibuster and the tacit encouragement of the Senate President are both emblematic of the director 's belief in the difference that one individual can make . This theme would be expanded further in Capra 's It 's a Wonderful Life ( 1946 ) and other films . Awards and honors ( edit ) Academy Awards ( edit ) Mr. Smith Goes to Washington was nominated for 11 Academy Awards but won only one . Award Result Winner Outstanding Production Nominated Columbia Pictures ( Frank Capra ) Winner was David O. Selznick - Gone with the Wind Best Director Nominated Frank Capra Winner was Victor Fleming - Gone with the Wind Best Actor Nominated James Stewart Winner was Robert Donat - Goodbye , Mr. Chips Best Writing , Screenplay Nominated Sidney Buchman Winner was Sidney Howard - Gone with the Wind Best Writing , Original Story Won Lewis R. Foster Best Supporting Actor Nominated Claude Rains * Harry Carey * * Winner was Thomas Mitchell - Stagecoach Best Art Direction Nominated Lionel Banks Winner was Lyle R. Wheeler - Gone with the Wind Best Film Editing Nominated Gene Havlick , Al Clark Winner was Hal C. Kern , James E. Newcom - Gone with the Wind Best Music , Scoring Nominated Dimitri Tiomkin Winner was Herbert Stothart - The Wizard of Oz Best Sound Recording Nominated John P. Livadary Winner was Bernard B. Brown - When Tomorrow Comes Other honors ( edit ) Mr. Smith Goes to Washington was named as one of the best films of 1939 by The New York Times and Film Daily , and was nominated for Best Film by the National Board of Review . James Stewart won the 1939 New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor . In 1989 , Mr. Smith Goes to Washington was added to the United States National Film Registry as being deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant . '' American Film Institute recognition 1998 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies # 29 2003 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains : Jefferson Smith , Hero # 11 Senator Joseph Paine , Villain - Nominated 2006 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers # 5 2007 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) # 26 Sandra Warner and Fess Parker in the 1962 TV series Remakes ( edit ) In 1949 , Columbia planned , but never actually produced , a sequel to Mr. Smith Goes to Washington , called Mr. Smith Starts a Riot . They also considered doing a gender - reversed remake in 1952 , with Jane Wyman playing the lead role . A television series of the same name , Mr. Smith Goes to Washington , ran on ABC during the 1962 -- 1963 season , starring Fess Parker , Sandra Warner and Red Foley . Producer Frank Capra , Jr. remade the film as part of Tom Laughlin 's Billy Jack series , Billy Jack Goes to Washington ( 1977 ) . The film was also loosely remade as The Distinguished Gentleman ( 1992 ) , starring Eddie Murphy . In popular culture ( edit ) The March 10 , 1940 broadcast of Jack Benny 's NBC radio show featured a parody entitled `` Mr. Benny Goes to Washington . '' The short - lived NBC political drama Mister Sterling ( 2003 ) was described as `` a Mr. Smith Goes to Washington for the 21st century '' , with the show centering on an idealistic young senator from California , coming to grips with Washington and appointed by a scheming , underhanded governor . The VHS release of Ernest Rides Again featured the opening Saturday Night Live - based short `` Mr. Bill Goes to Washington '' , a spoof of Mr. Smith Goes to Washington . The Simpsons episode `` Beyond Blunderdome '' includes a parodistic , fake remake of Mr. Smith Goes to Washington , authored by a fictional Mel Gibson with Homer Simpson 's help . The fictional remake follows the same plot of the original ( save for being set in the 21st century ) until the final iconic `` filibuster scene '' , replaced with a stock action scene in which a nearly exhausted Mr. Smith suddenly stands up and viciously slaughters every single senator , impaling Senator Payne with an American flag , destroying the Senate and beheading the President of the United States , mockingly quoting Marilyn Monroe 's `` Happy Birthday , Mr. President '' . The Simpsons episode `` Mr. Lisa Goes to Washington '' is inspired by , and contains several references to Mr. Smith Goes to Washington . The episode deals with Lisa Simpson 's disillusionment with Washington government , following her winning a trip to Washington as a prize in an essay contest . The Simpsons episode `` Mr. Spritz Goes to Washington '' is also inspired by this film . In it , the Simpsons help Krusty the Clown get elected to Congress in exchange for his help in passing a bill that would move the airport flight path away from their neighborhood . Once in Washington , they find their plans blocked by a corrupt and lazy Congress , until Walter Mondale ( who is now a janitor ) shows them the tricks to get their bill passed . See also ( edit ) Filibuster Machine politics Patriotism Political corruption Politics of the United States References ( edit ) Informational notes Jump up ^ Lewis Foster later testified during a lawsuit that he had written the story specifically with Gary Cooper in mind . Citations ^ Jump up to : Mr. Smith Goes to Washington at the American Film Institute Catalog Jump up ^ McNamer , Deidre ( January 7 , 2007 ) . `` They Came From Montana '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Information for Mr. Smith Goes to Washington '' . The Numbers . Retrieved : April 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Notes '' . TCM . Retrieved : June 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Brenner , Paul . `` Overview '' . Allmovie . Retrieved : June 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Nugent , Frank ( October 20 , 1939 ) `` Mr. Smith Goes to Washington ( 1939 ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved : June 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sennett 1989 , p. 173 . ^ Jump up to : Tatara , Paul . `` Mr. Smith Goes to Washington . '' TCM article . Retrieved : June 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Overview . '' TCM . Retrieved : June 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rosales 2003 , pp. 102 , 117 , 124 . Jump up ^ `` Filming locations . '' IMDB . Retrieved : June 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sennett 1989 , p. 175 . Jump up ^ `` Trivia . '' TCM . Retrieved : June 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Capra 1971 , pp. 254 -- 266 . Jump up ^ McBride 1992 , pp. 419 -- 420 . ^ Jump up to : Capra 1971 , p. 287 . Jump up ^ Capra 1971 , p. 289 . Jump up ^ Capra 1971 , p. 292 . ^ Jump up to : Mr. Smith Goes to Washington on IMDb Jump up ^ `` Mr. Smith Goes to Washington ( 1939 ) . '' ReelClassics.com . Retrieved : June 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Capra 1971 , p. 286 . Jump up ^ Miles , Adam and Devine , Tom ( 2007 ) `` Washington Whistleblower Week Starts Monday . '' Archived 2007 - 07 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . whistleblower.org . Retrieved : January 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Blaylock , Dylan ( May 2007 ) C - SPAN Highlights GAP Event in `` Podcast of the Week '' . whistleblower.typepad.com . Retrieved : January 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Eder , Bruce . `` Mr. Smith Goes to Washington '' Allmovie review . Retrieved : June 26 , 2009 . Archived October 23 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The 12th Academy Awards ( 1940 ) Nominees and Winners . '' oscars.org . Retrieved : October 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brenner , Paul . `` Awards . '' Allmovie . Retrieved : June 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Jack Goes to Washington '' . Variety . December 31 , 1977 . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Gary ( May 12 , 1977 ) . `` Billy Jack : Running His Act Into The Ground '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Howe , Desson ( December 4 , 1992 ) . `` ' The Distinguished Gentleman ' ( R ) '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IIS Windows Server '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 08 - 11 . Bibliography Capra , Frank ( 1971 ) Frank Capra , The Name Above the Title : An Autobiography . New York : The Macmillan Company . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80771 - 8 . Jones , Ken D. , Arthur F. McClure and Alfred E. Twomey ( 1970 ) The Films of James Stewart . New York : Castle Books . McBride , Joseph ( 1992 ) Frank Capra : The Catastrophe of Success . New York : Touchstone Books . ISBN 0 - 671 - 79788 - 3 . Michael , Paul , ed. ( 1980 ) The Great Movie Book : A Comprehensive Illustrated Reference Guide to the Best - loved Films of the Sound Era . Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey : Prentice - Hall Inc . ISBN 0 - 13 - 363663 - 1 . Rosales , Jean ( 2003 ) DC Goes To The Movies : A Unique Guide To The Reel Washington . Bloomington , Indiana : IUniverse . ISBN 978 - 0 - 595 - 26797 - 2 . Sennett , Ted ( 1989 ) Hollywood 's Golden Year , 1939 : A Fiftieth Anniversary Celebration . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 03361 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mr. Smith Goes to Washington . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Mr. Smith Goes to Washington Mr. Smith Goes to Washington at the American Film Institute Catalog Mr. Smith Goes to Washington on IMDb Mr. Smith Goes to Washington at the TCM Movie Database Mr. Smith Goes to Washington at AllMovie Five speeches from the film ( text and audio ) at AmericanRhetoric.com Script ( Archived ) Full length review Frank Capra Filmography Feature films directed Fultah Fisher 's Boarding House The Strong Man Long Pants For the Love of Mike That Certain Thing So This Is Love ? The Matinee Idol The Way of the Strong Say It with Sables The Power of the Press Submarine The Younger Generation The Donovan Affair Flight Ladies of Leisure Rain or Shine Dirigible The Miracle Woman Platinum Blonde Forbidden American Madness The Bitter Tea of General Yen Lady for a Day It Happened One Night Broadway Bill Mr. Deeds Goes to Town Lost Horizon You Ca n't Take It with You Mr. Smith Goes to Washington Meet John Doe Arsenic and Old Lace It 's a Wonderful Life State of the Union Riding High Here Comes the Groom A Hole in the Head Pocketful of Miracles Why We Fight series Prelude to War The Nazis Strike Divide and Conquer The Battle of Britain The Battle of Russia The Battle of China War Comes to America Other works Know Your Enemy : Japan Here Is Germany Tunisian Victory Your Job in Germany Two Down and One to Go The Negro Soldier The Army -- Navy Screen Magazine The Fallbrook Story The Bell Laboratory Science Series Our Mr. Sun Hemo the Magnificent Rendezvous in Space Related Bibliography Liberty Films Frank Capra Jr. ( son ) Five Came Back ( 2017 documentary ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mr._Smith_Goes_to_Washington&oldid=852009411 '' Categories : 1939 films English - language films 1930s comedy - drama films American films American comedy - drama films American black - and - white films Political comedy - drama films Films about politicians Films about the media Films adapted into television programs Films set in Washington , D.C. Films that won the Academy Award for Best Story Columbia Pictures films Films directed by Frank Capra Screenplays by Sidney Buchman Films scored by Dimitri Tiomkin United States National Film Registry films Filibuster Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 July 2018 , at 01 : 07 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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-7023398562818773018 | Pro Kabaddi | Pro Kabaddi - Wikipedia Pro Kabaddi Pro Kabaddi league ( PKL ) Countries India Administrator Mashal Sports First tournament 2014 Last tournament 2017 Next tournament 2019 Tournament format Double round - robin league and Playoffs Number of teams 12 teams Current champion Patna Pirates Most successful Patna Pirates ( 3 titles ) 2018 Pro Kabaddi League season The Pro Kabaddi League currently known as Vivo Pro Kabaddi League for sponsorship purpose is a professional - level Kabaddi league in India . It was launched in 2014 and is broadcast on Star Sports . The leagues inception was influenced by the popularity of the Kabaddi tournament at the 2006 Asian Games . The format of the competition was influenced by Indian Premier League . The Pro Kabaddi League uses a franchise - based model and its first season was held in 2014 with eight teams each of which having paid fees of up to US $250,000 to join . There were doubts over whether the PKL would be successful , noting that there were many leagues attempting to emulate the IPL 's business model and success , and that unlike cricket , there were relatively fewer well - known players in Kabaddi . However , it was also noted that kabaddi was widely played in grassroots community settings , and could thus attract a wide variety of rural and metropolitan viewers for advertisers to target if the league gained significant traction . The inaugural season was seen by 435 million viewers , Mashal sports placing it just behind the total - season viewership of the 2014 Indian Premier League season , while the inaugural championship was seen by 86.4 million viewers . Star Sports , the PKL 's broadcaster , subsequently announced in 2015 that it would acquire a 74 % stake in the league 's parent company Mashal Sports . For the 2017 season , the PKL added four new teams , and changed its format to split the teams into two divisions known as `` zones '' . Contents 1 Format 2 Season 1 3 Season 2 4 Season 3 5 Season 4 6 Season 5 7 Season 6 8 Viewership 9 Teams 9.1 Stadium and locations 9.2 Info on Teams 10 Tournament results 10.1 Position of all the teams in all seasons 10.2 Performance 11 Sponsorship 12 Tournament statistics 12.1 Best Raiders ( Most raid points all season ) 12.2 Best Defenders ( Most Tackle Points ) 12.3 Best All - rounders ( Most ( Total ) Points ) 13 Prize money 14 References 15 External links Format ( edit ) A raid during a match of the league in 2017 See also : Kabaddi § Standard style The PKL 's rules are similar to that of the indoor team version of Kabaddi , but with additional rules to encourage more scoring . Playing two `` empty '' raids in a row will trigger a `` do - or - die raid '' , where the raider must score a point or they will be declared out . When a defensive side has three or fewer players remaining , tackles are scored as a `` Super Tackle '' , which is worth two points instead of one . Season 1 ( edit ) Main article : 2014 Pro Kabaddi League The first signing and auction of players for the 8 teams was held on 20 May 2014 in Mumbai . India 's national kabaddi captain Rakesh Kumar was the priciest among the players bought for ₹ 12.80 lakh by the Patna Pirates . Sports Authority of India 's Deepak Nivas was bought by Telugu Titans franchise for ₹ 12.60 lakh . Tae Deok Eom was the highest paid overseas player bought for ₹ 7 lakh by Patna franchise . The duration of the season was from 26 July 2014 to 31 August 2014 . There were double round robin matches along with two semifinals , third place and final games . 56 games were to be played in first round and 4 in play off stage making total of 60 games . 8 teams took part in first edition . First game was played on July 26 between U Mumba and Jaipur Pink Panthers and the final was played on August 31 at Mumbai . Jaipur Pink Panthers beat U Mumba by 35 - 24 to win the inaugural Pro Kabaddi League . Season 2 ( edit ) Main article : 2015 Pro Kabaddi League season Star Sports Pro Kabaddi season 2 was from July 18 to 23 August 2015 . They were 60 matches played with two semifinals , a third place play - off and a final . First game was played on July 18 between U Mumba and Jaipur Pink Panthers and the final was played on August 23 at Mumbai between U Mumba and Bengaluru Bulls . U Mumba beat Bengaluru Bulls by 36 - 30 to win the 2015 season of Pro Kabaddi League . U Mumba stood first , Bengaluru Bulls stood second and Telugu Titans stood on third position in the league . Season 3 ( edit ) Main article : 2016 Pro Kabaddi League season ( January ) Star Sports Pro Kabaddi Season 3 will have two editions . The COO of Star India , Mr. Sanjay Gupta confirmed that Star Sports Pro Kabaddi wants to make Pro Kabaddi , a 5 - week event , happen 10 weeks a year by having two editions a year . The idea is to play the tournament once in January -- February 2016 and once in June -- July 2016 . It also had 8 teams . Patna Pirates beat U Mumba by 3 Points in the final in Delhi to take home the trophy . Puneri Paltan came third this season . Season 4 ( edit ) Main article : 2016 Pro Kabaddi League season ( June ) The fourth season took place from June 25 to July 31 , with the existing eight teams participating . Patna Pirates beat Jaipur Pink Panthers in the men 's final . Season 4 also saw the launch of first professional woman kabaddi league , Women 's Kabaddi Challenge ( WKC ) . First season saw 3 teams namely Ice Divas , Fire Birds and Storm Queens battle it out to be the first ever WKC champions . The final , scheduled along with the men 's final in Hyderabad , saw the Storm Queens defeat the Fire Birds . Season 5 ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Pro Kabaddi League season The 2017 season was the fifth edition of the Pro Kabaddi League , and it featured 12 teams , including new teams from Uttar Pradesh , Haryana , Tamil Nadu , and Gujarat . The team from Haryana is known as Haryana Steelers owned by JSW Sports . Sachin Tendulkar co-owns the Tamil Nadu team named Tamil Thalaivas . The Uttar Pradesh team is named as UP Yoddha owned by GMR group and Gujarat team is named as Gujarat Fortune Giants owned by Gautam Adani . Auctions for the new season were held in May , before which the existing teams were allowed to retain one player each . The auction saw over 400 players go under the hammer and Rs 46.99 crores spent by the 12 teams . The Pro Kabaddi League Season 5 started on July 28 , 2017 . The most expensive pick of the auction was raider Nitin Tomar , who was bought by the Uttar Pradesh team for a sum of Rs 93 lakh . Following in second place was Rohit Kumar after the Bengaluru Bulls picked him for a Rs 81 lakhs price . The most expensive foreign player was South Korea 's Jang Kun Lee after he was retained by the Bengal Warriors for Rs 80.3 lakhs . The new season was slated to be the biggest league tournament of its kind in the history of Indian sports in terms of geographical coverage and duration . It featured 138 matches spread across a time period of 13 weeks across 11 states . A Children 's Kabaddi tournament , known as KBD Juniors , was also organised between schools of the cities in which the matches were held . Patna Pirates Beat Gujarat Fortune Giants by 55 - 38 in the final with the Man Of The Tournament Pardeep Narwal stealing the show with 19 raid points against a hapless Fortune Giant defense for the first time in the tournament . The award ceremony of the finale was hosted by Pooja Bhamrah . Pardeep Narwal was adjudged the man of the finale . Utkarsh Season 6 ( edit ) The 2018 season is the sixth edition of the Pro Kabaddi League , and it features 12 teams . Auctions for the new season were held in which Harayana Steelers paid INR 1.51 Crores for Monu Goyat who became the highest paid player in the history of ProKabaddi league . The most expensive Foreign player this seasin is Fazel Atracheli from Iran . He was bought by UMumba for INR 1 Crore . Viewership ( edit ) As per the available data of the opening 2 weeks , Star Sports Pro Kabaddi viewership on TV increased by nearly 56 % from the 2014 year 's viewership . During the inaugural season tournament viewership was 43.5 crore ( 435 million ) viewers , which was the second in India after the 56 crore ( 560 million ) of IPL viewership . The online viewership also increased 1.3 crore unique visitors , which is 18.5 times than of last year 's 7 lakh unique visitors . The third season which was flagged off on 30 January , recorded a surge in viewership with the opening week ratings 36 per cent higher than the week one viewership for its last season . Teams ( edit ) Stadium and locations ( edit ) Note : Table lists in alphabetical order . Team Location Stadium Bengal Warriors Kolkata Netaji Indoor Stadium Bengaluru Bulls Bengaluru / Nagpur Kanteerava Indoor Stadium / Mankapur Indoor Stadium Dabang Delhi KC Delhi Thyagaraj Sports Complex Gujarat Fortune Giants Ahmedabad The Arena Haryana Steelers Sonipat Motilal Nehru School of Sports , Rai Jaipur Pink Panthers Jaipur Sawai Mansingh Stadium Patna Pirates Patna / Ranchi Patliputra Sports Complex / Harivansh Tana Bhagat Indoor Stadium Puneri Paltan Pune Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex Tamil Thalaivas Chennai Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium Telugu Titans Hyderabad / Vizag Gachibowli Indoor Stadium / Rajiv Gandhi Indoor Stadium U Mumba Mumbai Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Indoor Stadium UP Yoddha Lucknow Babu Banarasi Das Indoor Stadium Bengaluru Bulls U Mumba Puneri Paltan Bengal Warriors Jaipur Pink Panthers Patna Pirates Telugu Titans Dabang Delhi Gujarat Fortune Giants UP Yoddha Haryana Steelers Tamil Thalaivas Locations of the Pro Kabaddi teams Info on Teams ( edit ) Teams Owners Captain Head coach Kit Manufacturer Kit Sponsor Bengal Warriors Birthright Games & Entertainment Private Limited Surjeet Singh Jagdish Kumble TYKA fbb Bengaluru Bulls Kosmik Global Media Rohit Kumar Randhir Singh Armr Karbonn Mobiles Dabang Delhi KC DoIT Sports Management Pvt Ltd . jogendar narwal TYKA A Art Gujarat Fortune Giants Adani Group sunil Manpreet Singh Shiv - Naresh Adani Haryana Steelers JSW Sports Surender Nada Rambir Singh Khokhar T10 Sports JSW Group Jaipur Pink Panthers Abhishek Bachchan Anup Kumar Jayeshree Karande Finolex Cables Patna Pirates KVS Energy and Sports Limited Pardeep Narwal Ram Mehar Singh Sport Sun Birla Gold Cement Puneri Paltan Insurekot Sports Grish Maruthi Ernak Ashok Shinde Equio Force Motors Tamil Thalaivas Nimmagadda Prasad , Sachin Tendulkar , Allu arjun , Ram Charan & , allu Aravind Ajay Thakur E Baskaran Admiral Sportswear Muthoot Pappachan Group Telugu Titans Veera Sports Vishal Bharadwaj J. Udayakumar Field Gear Greenko U Mumba Ronnie Screwvala Fazel Atrachali Bhaskaran Edacherry Adidas indigo paints UP Yoddha GMR Group Nitin Tomar J Udaya Singh T10 Sports Tata Yodha Tournament results ( edit ) Two teams , Jaipur Pink Panthers , U Mumba have won the tournament once while Patna Pirates have won the Pro Kabaddi League thrice and the only champions to have defended their title twice . Season Final Final venue # of Teams Best Raider ( Most raid points ) Best Defender ( Most tackle points ) Best Allrounder ( Most ( Total ) points ) Winner Result Runner - up 2014 Jaipur Pink Panthers 35 - 24 SD = 11 Report U Mumba National Sports Club of India , Mumbai 8 Anup Kumar Surender Nada Anup Kumar 2015 U Mumba 36 - 30 SD = 6 Report Bengaluru Bulls Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Indoor Stadium , Mumbai 8 Kashiling Adake Ravinder Pahal Kashiling Adake 2016 January Patna Pirates 31 - 28 SD = 3 Hindi Report Report U Mumba Indira Gandhi Indoor Stadium , New Delhi 8 Pardeep Narwal Manjeet Chillar Rohit Kumar 2016 June Patna Pirates 37 - 29 SD = 8 Report Jaipur Pink Panthers Gachibowli Indoor Stadium , Hyderabad 8 Rahul Chaudhari Fazel Atrachali Pardeep Narwal 2017 Patna Pirates 55 - 38 SD = 17 Gujarat Fortune Giants Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium , Chennai 12 Pardeep Narwal Surender Nada Pardeep Narwal Position of all the teams in all seasons ( edit ) Team 2014 2015 2016 Jan 2016 June 2017 Bengal Warriors 7th 6th 4th 8th 3rd Bengaluru Bulls 4th 7th 6th Group stage Dabang Delhi 6th 7th 8th 7th Group stage Jaipur Pink Panthers 5th 6th Group stage Patna Pirates 3rd 4th Puneri Paltan 8th 8th 3rd 3rd 4th Telugu Titans 5th 3rd 5th 4th Group stage U Mumba 5th Group stage Gujarat Fortune Giants NP NP NP NP Haryana Steelers NP NP NP NP 6th UP Yoddha NP NP NP NP 5th Tamil Thalaivas NP NP NP NP Group stage Performance ( edit ) Team W % L % T % Best Bengal Warriors 58 20 34 34.48 % 58.62 % 6.89 % Bengaluru Bulls 56 24 30 42.86 % 53.57 % 3.57 % Dabang Delhi 56 14 38 25.00 % 67.85 % 7.14 % 6 Jaipur Pink Panthers 60 31 24 5 51.66 % 40.00 % 8.33 % Patna Pirates 64 39 20 5 60.93 % 31.25 % 7.81 % Puneri Paltan 60 19 35 6 31.66 % 58.33 % 10.00 % Telugu Titans 60 42 10 8 70.00 % 16.67 % 13.33 % U Mumba 62 43 15 69.35 % 24.19 % 6.45 % Gujarat Fortunegiants 24 16 5 66.67 % 20.83 % 12.5 % Haryana Steelers 23 13 6 56.52 % 26.08 % 17.40 % 6 UP Yoddha 23 8 11 34.78 % 47.82 % 17. l40 % 5 Tamil Thalaivas 22 6 14 27.27 % 63.63 % 9.09 % 6 Sponsorship ( edit ) Period Sponsor Tournament 2013 - 16 Star Sports Star Sports Pro Kabaddi 2017 - Present Vivo Vivo Pro Kabaddi Tournament statistics ( edit ) Best Raiders ( Most raid points all season ) ( edit ) Player Team Match Total raid Points Pardeep Narwal Patna Pirates 71 713 Rahul Chaudhari Telugu Titans 84 700 Ajay Thakur Tamil Thalaivas 80 529 Deepak Niwas Hooda Jaipur Pink Panthers 81 514 Kashiling Adake Jaipur Pink Panthers 72 494 Best Defenders ( Most Tackle Points ) ( edit ) Player Team Match Tackle Points Super Tackle Points Total Tackle Points Ravinder Pahal Bengaluru Bulls 14 53 7 60 Sandeep Kandola Telugu Titans 16 55 59 Mohit Chillar U Mumba 14 39 42 Dharmaraj Cheralathan Bengaluru Bulls 15 41 42 Surendar Nada U Mumba 14 39 41 Best All - rounders ( Most ( Total ) Points ) ( edit ) Player Team Match Total Raid points Total Tackle points Total PKL points Kashiling Adake U Mumba 14 114 117 Rahul Chaudhari Telugu Titans 14 98 9 107 Manjeet Chhillar Jaipur Pink Panthers 16 67 39 106 Deepak Niwas Hooda Telugu Titans 15 60 35 95 Rajesh Narwal Jaipur Pink Panthers 14 69 14 83 Prize money ( edit ) Prize money for the winner of Season 5 was ₹ 3 crore . The first and second runners - up were awarded ₹ 1.8 crore and ₹ 1.2 crore respectively . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Kabaddi gets the IPL treatment '' . BBC News . 2014 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kabaddi gets the IPL treatment '' . BBC News . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kabaddi deserves a league of its own : Anand Mahindra '' . The Economic Times . 2014 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Pro Kabaddi league viewership second only to IPL '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Simple , visceral , fun : why the ancient sport of kabaddi is enjoying a resurgence '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pro Kabaddi league fixes players ' auction on May 20 '' . Times of India . 2014 - 05 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Star India Buys 74 % Stake In Pro Kabaddi Owner Mashal Sports '' . Sports Business Daily . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Pro Kabaddi League 2017 : Full schedule , format , new teams and all you need to know about Season 5 '' . Firstpost. 2017 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Kabaddi World Cup 2016 : A handy guide to the format , rules and how the sport works '' . Firstpost. 2016 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Kabaddi 101 : Raid , defend , revive , repeat '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Everything you need to know about Kabaddi '' . The Indian Express . 2016 - 01 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Special Correspondent ( 2014 - 05 - 21 ) . `` Rakesh Kumar gets the highest bid '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Pro Kabaddi season2 - results '' . Jump up ^ `` Haryana Steelers Pro Kabaddi team announced '' . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Sachin Tendulkar to co-own Tamil Nadu Pro Kabaddi team '' . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ https://www.kabaddiadda.com/pkl-auction-season6/monu-goyat-1000129 Jump up ^ https://www.kabaddiadda.com/pkl-auction-season6/fazel-atrachali-1000065 Jump up ^ `` Star Sports Pro Kabaddi League season 3 ratings rise by 36 % '' . Indian Television Dot Com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Official Website for the Pro Kabaddi League '' . ProKabaddi.com. 9 March 2014 . Archived from the original on 23 May 2014 . Retrieved 26 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` https://www.prokabaddi.com/standings '' . www.prokabaddi.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 29 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Pro Kabaddi League 2017 : Consolidated prize money for Season 5 increased to INR 8 crore '' . Firstpost. 2017 - 07 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 17 . External links ( edit ) Official website Pro Kabaddi Seasons 2014 2015 January 2016 June 2016 2017 2018 Teams Bengal Warriors Bengaluru Bulls Dabang Delhi Gujarat Fortune Giants Haryana Steelers Jaipur Pink Panthers Patna Pirates Puneri Paltan Tamil Thalaivas Telugu Titans U Mumba UP Yoddha Venues Netaji Indoor Stadium Kanteerava Indoor Stadium Thyagaraj Sports Complex The Arena by TransStadia Motilal Nehru School of Sports Sawai Mansingh Indoor Stadium Patliputra Sports Complex Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium Gachibowli Indoor Stadium Port Trust Diamond Jubilee Stadium Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Indoor Stadium Babu Banarasi Das Indoor Stadium Sports leagues of India Major pro leagues Badminton Basketball Cricket ( Twenty20 ) Football I - League Hockey Kabaddi Mixed Martial Arts Wrestling Other tournaments Cricket ( List A ) Duleep Trophy ( First - class cricket ) Ranji Trophy ( First - class cricket ) Football Women 's Football Kabaddi International kabaddi International Kabaddi Federation National Teams Men 's Teams Afghanistan Argentina Australia Bangladesh Canada China Denmark England Germany India Iran Italy Japan South Korea Kenya Kyrgyzstan Malaysia Nepal Norway New Zealand Pakistan Poland Scotland Sierra Leone Spain Sri Lanka Thailand Turkmenistan United States Vietnam West Indies Women 's Teams Azerbaijan Bangladesh Canada England India Indonesia Iran Italy Japan Kenya South Korea Malaysia Mexico Nepal New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka Chinese Taipei Thailand Turkmenistan United States International Tournaments Men 's Kabaddi World Cup ( Standard style ) 2007 2016 Men 's Kabaddi World Cup ( Circle style ) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2016 Women 's Kabaddi World Cup ( Circle style ) 2012 2013 2014 2016 Others Asian Kabaddi Championship Asia Kabaddi Cup ( Circle style ) Asian Games Asian Beach Games Asian Indoor Games World Kabaddi League Pro Kabaddi UK Kabaddi Cup 2018 Dubai Kabaddi Masters Multi Sport event Asian Games 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Asian Indoor Games 2007 2009 2013 South Asian Games 1985 1995 1999 2006 2016 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pro_Kabaddi&oldid=866229331 '' Categories : Professional sports leagues in India Kabaddi competitions Pro Kabaddi League 2014 establishments in India Sports leagues established in 2014 Kabaddi in India Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links EngvarB from July 2017 Use Indian English from July 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी नेपाली தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 02 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | pro kabaddi season 5 pro kabaddi season 5 | [] | [] |
-9025550148824732808 | Sasha Farber | Sasha Farber - wikipedia Sasha Farber Jump to : navigation , search This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Sasha Farber Alexander Farber ( 1984 - 05 - 09 ) 9 May 1984 ( age 33 ) Moscow , Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic , USSR Nationality Australian Occupation Professional dancer / choreographer Years active 2000 -- present Partner ( s ) Emma Slater ( 2011 -- 14 ; 2015 -- ) Alexander `` Sasha '' Farber ( born 9 May 1984 ) is an Australian professional dancer known for his appearances as a pro and troupe member on Dancing with the Stars . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personal life 2 Professional career 2.1 Dancing with the Stars 2.2 With Nicole `` Snooki '' Polizzi 2.3 With Kim Fields 2.4 With Terra Jolé 2.5 With Simone Biles 3 References Personal life ( edit ) Farber was born in Moscow , Russia , but moved to Australia in 1986 . His family is Jewish . He began dancing at the age of 13 . When he was 17 , Farber won the Australian Youth Latin Championships twice and represented Australia at the World Latin Championships . He was also featured in the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games closing ceremony and featured in the second season of the Australian Dancing with the Stars . He was also an original cast member of Broadway production of Burn the Floor . He dated fellow Dancing with the Stars member Emma Slater from 2011 to 2014 . In December 2015 , Farber made a post on his Instagram account confirming that he and Slater were back together . On October 4 , 2016 , Farber proposed to Slater during a broadcast of Dancing with the Stars after performing a dance together . The two are now engaged on February 2 , 2018 Farber and fiancee Emma Slater announced that they were expecting their first child . Professional career ( edit ) Dancing with the Stars ( edit ) Farber began appearing in season fourteen as a troupe member . However he was promoted to professional dancer in season 17 when he was paired with Jersey Shore cast member Nicole `` Snooki '' Polizzi . The pair were eliminated in week 7 despite good scores and praise from the judges . He was placed back in the troupe for the next four seasons . On March 8 , 2016 , Farber was again announced as a pro for season 22 and paired with actress Kim Fields . The couple was eliminated on May 2 , 2016 , along with Von Miller and Witney Carson , tying for 7th place . Farber returned for season 23 and was partnered with Little Women : LA star Terra Jolé . Jolé and Farber were eliminated on week 10 of the competition , finishing in 5th place despite tying for the top of the leaderboard , marking Farber 's first time in the Semifinals . He returned for season 24 and was partnered with Olympic artistic gymnast Simone Biles . The couple was shockingly eliminated one week before the finals on May 15 , 2017 , after receiving two perfect scores and praise from the judges . For season 25 , he returned as a member of the troupe . Season Partner Place Average score 17 Snooki 8th 25.0 22 Kim Fields 7th 22.9 23 Terra Jolé 5th 33.9 24 Simone Biles 4th 35.6 With Nicole `` Snooki '' Polizzi ( edit ) Placed : 8th ; ( average : 25.0 ) Week # Dance / Song Judges ' score Result Inaba Goodman Tonioli Cha - cha - cha / `` Wild Ones '' 8 8 7 No Elimination Rumba / `` Just Give Me a Reason '' 6 7 7 Safe Quickstep / `` Diamonds Are a Girl 's Best Friend '' 9 8 8 Safe Jive / `` Mickey '' 8 8 8 Safe 5 Jazz / `` Work Bitch '' 9 9 9 Safe 6 Foxtrot / `` Build Me Up Buttercup '' Switch - Up Challenge / Various 9 Awarded 9 9 Points No Elimination 7 Samba / `` Hey Mama '' Team Freestyle / `` Bom Bom '' 9 9 9 9 9 9 Eliminated Score given by guest judge Julianne Hough . With Kim Fields ( edit ) Placed : 8th ; ( average : 22.9 ) Week # Dance / Song Judges ' score Result Inaba Goodman Tonioli Cha - cha - cha / `` Sax '' 7 6 7 No Elimination Salsa / `` Conga '' 7 6 6 Safe Foxtrot / `` The Facts of Life Theme '' 8 7 7 Safe Quickstep / `` I Wan'na Be Like You '' 8 8 / 8 8 Safe 5 Viennese Waltz / `` These Arms of Mine '' 8 6 / 6 8 No Elimination 6 Jive / `` You Ca n't Stop the Beat '' 8 8 8 Safe 7 Samba / `` ABC '' Team Freestyle / `` End of Time '' , `` If I Were a Boy '' & `` Crazy in Love '' 9 8 9 8 9 9 Eliminated Score given by guest judge Zendaya . For this week only , as part of `` America 's Switch Up '' , Fields performed with Keo Motsepe instead of Farber . Farber performed with Paige VanZant . Score given by guest judge Maksim Chmerkovskiy . With Terra Jolé ( edit ) Placed : 5th ; ( average : 33.9 ) Week # Dance / Song Judges ' score Result Inaba Goodman Hough Tonioli Jive / `` Stuff Like That There '' 7 6 6 6 No Elimination Quickstep / `` Bewitched Theme '' 8 7 8 8 Safe Viennese Waltz / `` Iris '' 8 7 8 7 Safe Samba / `` Simcha '' 9 -- 8 8 Safe 5 Contemporary / `` Stand By Me '' 9 -- 9 9 No Elimination 6 Paso Doble / `` Do n't Let Me Be Misunderstood '' 7 8 8 7 Safe 7 Foxtrot / `` Cheek to Cheek '' Team Freestyle / `` Embrace '' 9 8 8 9 9 9 8 9 Safe 8 Cha - cha - cha / `` Day - O ( The Banana Boat Song ) '' Salsa Dance Off / `` Magic '' 8 No -- Extra 8 Points 8 Awarded Last to be called safe 9 Charleston / `` If My Friends Could See Me Now '' Team - Up Dance ( Jazz ) / `` Big Noise from Winnetka '' 10 9 10 9 9 9 9 9 Safe 10 Semifinals Rumba / `` Scars to Your Beautiful '' Trio Tango / `` Hideway '' 10 10 -- -- 10 10 10 10 Eliminated Score given by guest judge Pitbull Score given by guest judge Idina Menzel With Simone Biles ( edit ) Placed : 4th ; ( average : 35.6 ) Week # Dance / Song Judges ' score Result Inaba Goodman Hough Tonioli Tango / `` Untouchable '' 8 8 8 8 No Elimination Cha - cha - cha / `` Burnin ' Up '' 7 7 7 8 Safe Quickstep / `` Viva Las Vegas '' 7 8 9 8 Safe Viennese Waltz / `` Good Good Father '' 9 9 9 9 Safe 5 Contemporary / `` How Far I 'll Go '' 9 9 10 10 Safe 6 Samba / `` Survivor '' Team Freestyle / `` My Boyfriend 's Back '' , `` No Scrubs '' & `` BO $ $ '' 9 8 9 8 8 9 9 9 Safe 7 Charleston / `` Charleston '' Cha - cha - cha Dance - Off / `` Crave '' 10 Awarded 9 9 Extra 9 Points Safe 8 Foxtrot / `` What Makes You Beautiful '' Trio Paso Doble / `` Do n't Let Me Down '' 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 Safe 9 Jive / `` Faith '' Rumba / `` Skyscraper '' 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Eliminated Score given by guest judge Nick Carter . Score given by guest judge Mandy Moore . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stone , Natalie ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Dancing with the Stars Engagement ! Emma Slater Says ' Yes ' to Sasha Farber '' . People . Jump up ^ Brostoff , Marissa ( January 8 , 2010 ) . `` Dancing with the Czars '' . Tablet . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sasha Farber Biography '' . Reality TV World . March 8 , 2016 . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ianucci , Rebecca ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Dancing With the Stars Week 4 Recap : Did the Right Couples Go Home ? '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dancing With The Stars 17 Cast Revealed September 4 on GMA Jump up ^ `` Dancing With the Stars 2016 : Season 22 Celebrity Cast Revealed Live on ' GMA ' '' . ABC News . March 8 , 2016 . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Five Couples Remain as the Competition Heats up for the Semi-Finals , and Each Couple Must Perform Two New Dances , on ' Dancing with the Stars , ' Monday , November 14 '' . disneyabcpress.com . November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Scoop : DANCING WITH THE STARS on ABC - Monday , May 8 , 2017 '' . BroadwayWorld.com . May 4 , 2017 . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sasha_Farber&oldid=825239532 '' Categories : Living people 1983 births Australian male dancers Australian choreographers Participants in American reality television series Dancing with the Stars participants Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from March 2016 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 12 February 2018 , at 07 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is sasha on dancing with the stars engaged to | [
"Farber was born in Moscow, Russia, but moved to Australia in 1986. His family is Jewish.[2] He began dancing at the age of 13. When he was 17, Farber won the Australian Youth Latin Championships twice and represented Australia at the World Latin Championships. He was also featured in the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games closing ceremony and featured in the second season of the Australian Dancing with the Stars. He was also an original cast member of Broadway production of Burn the Floor.[3] He dated fellow Dancing with the Stars member Emma Slater from 2011 to 2014. In December 2015, Farber made a post on his Instagram account confirming that he and Slater were back together. On October 4, 2016, Farber proposed to Slater during a broadcast of Dancing with the Stars after performing a dance together. The two are now engaged on February 2,2018 Farber and fiancee Emma Slater announced that they were expecting their first child.[4]"
] | [
"Emma Slater"
] |
2066053649119220227 | List of Prime Ministers of India by longevity | List of Prime Ministers of India by longevity - wikipedia List of Prime Ministers of India by longevity This is a list of Indian Prime Ministers by longevity . Where the person in question is still living , the longevity is calculated up to 12 August 2018 . Two measures of the longevity are given - this is to allow for the differing number of leap days occurring within the life of each Prime Minister . The first column is the number of days between date of birth and date of death , allowing for leap days ; the second column breaks this number down into years and days , with the years being the number of whole years the Prime Minister lived , and the days being the remaining number of days after his / her last birthday . Age of the Prime Ministers when assuming office is shown in this bar chart . It is not quite a bell curve ( mean age is 64.62 years and is marked by red line ) . If a Prime Minister served more than one non-consecutive term , the dates listed below are for the beginning of their first term , and the end of their final term . The median age at which a Prime Minister first takes office is roughly 64 years and 8 months , which falls between Gulzarilal Nanda and Chandra Shekhar . The youngest person to become Prime Minister was Rajiv Gandhi , who became Prime Minister at the age of 40 years , 72 days . The oldest person to become Prime Minister was Morarji Desai , who became Prime Minister at the age of 81 years , 23 days . The oldest living Prime Minister is Atal Bihari Vajpayee , born 25 December 1924 ( aged 93 years , 230 days ) . The youngest living Prime Minister is the incumbent Narendra Modi , born 17 September 1950 ( aged 67 years , 329 days ) . The longest lived Prime Minister was Gulzarilal Nanda , who lived to the age of 99 years , 195 days . ( Nanda , a cabinet minister , served as acting Prime Minister when both Jawaharlal Nehru and Lal Bahadur Shastri died in office ) . Morarji Desai was the second - longest lived Prime Minister , and the longest lived elected Prime Minister lived to the age of 99 years , 41 days , only 154 days short of matching Nanda . The shortest lived Prime Minister was Rajiv Gandhi , who was assassinated at the age of 46 years , 274 days . Narendra Modi ( 17 September 1950 ) is the first Prime Minister of India to be born after the Independence of India . All other former Prime Ministers were born before the Independence of India . Before him , Rajiv Gandhi was the last born Prime Minister ( 20 August 1944 ) , but he was assassinated in 1991 . Prime Ministers of India ( edit ) # Prime Minister Date of birth Start date of ( first ) term Age at beginning of ( first ) term End date of ( final ) term Total time in office Date of death Lifespan Nehru , Jawaharlal Jawaharlal Nehru 1889 - 11 - 14 ( 1889 - 11 - 14 ) 14 November 1889 15 August 1947 ( 1947 - 08 - 15 ) 57 - 274 7004210920000000000 ♠ 57 years , 274 days 27 May 1964 ( 1964 - 05 - 27 ) 06,130 6,130 days 1964 - 05 - 27 ( 1964 - 05 - 27 ) 27 May 1964 27,222 days ( 7004272220000000000 ♠ 74 years , 195 days ) Shastri , Lal Bahadur Lal Bahadur Shastri 1904 - 10 - 02 ( 1904 - 10 - 02 ) 2 October 1904 9 June 1964 ( 1964 - 06 - 09 ) 59 - 251 7004218000000000000 ♠ 59 years , 251 days 11 January 1966 ( 1966 - 01 - 11 ) 00,581 581 days 1966 - 01 - 11 ( 1966 - 01 - 11 ) 11 January 1966 22,381 days ( 7004223810000000000 ♠ 61 years , 101 days ) Nanda , Gulzarilal Gulzarilal Nanda 1898 - 07 - 04 ( 1898 - 07 - 04 ) 4 July 1898 27 May 1964 ( 1964 - 05 - 27 ) 65 - 328 7004240680000000000 ♠ 65 years , 328 days 24 January 1966 ( 1966 - 01 - 24 ) 00,026 26 days 1998 - 01 - 15 ( 1998 - 01 - 15 ) 15 January 1998 36,354 days ( 7004363540000000000 ♠ 99 years , 195 days ) Gandhi , Indira Indira Gandhi 1917 - 11 - 19 ( 1917 - 11 - 19 ) 19 November 1917 24 January 1966 ( 1966 - 01 - 24 ) 48 - 066 7004175980000000000 ♠ 48 years , 66 days 31 October 1984 ( 1984 - 10 - 31 ) 05,829 5,829 days 1984 - 10 - 31 ( 1984 - 10 - 31 ) 31 October 1984 24,453 days ( 7004244530000000000 ♠ 66 years , 347 days ) Desai , Morarji Morarji Desai 1896 - 02 - 29 ( 1896 - 02 - 29 ) 29 February 1896 24 March 1977 ( 1977 - 03 - 24 ) 81 - 023 7004296080000000000 ♠ 81 years , 24 days 28 July 1979 ( 1979 - 07 - 28 ) 00,856 856 days 1995 - 04 - 10 ( 1995 - 04 - 10 ) 10 April 1995 36,199 days ( 7004361990000000000 ♠ 99 years , 41 days ) 6 Singh , Charan Charan Singh 1902 - 12 - 23 ( 1902 - 12 - 23 ) 23 December 1902 28 July 1979 ( 1979 - 07 - 28 ) 76 - 217 7004279760000000000 ♠ 76 years , 217 days 14 January 1980 ( 1980 - 01 - 14 ) 00,170 170 days 1987 - 05 - 29 ( 1987 - 05 - 29 ) 29 May 1987 30,838 days ( 7004308380000000000 ♠ 84 years , 157 days ) 7 Gandhi , Rajiv Rajiv Gandhi 1944 - 08 - 20 ( 1944 - 08 - 20 ) 20 August 1944 31 October 1984 ( 1984 - 10 - 31 ) 40 - 072 7004146820000000000 ♠ 40 years , 72 days 2 December 1989 ( 1989 - 12 - 02 ) 01,858 1,858 days 1991 - 05 - 21 ( 1991 - 05 - 21 ) 21 May 1991 17,075 days ( 7004170750000000000 ♠ 46 years , 274 days ) 8 Singh , V.P. V.P. Singh 1931 - 06 - 25 ( 1931 - 06 - 25 ) 25 June 1931 2 December 1989 ( 1989 - 12 - 02 ) 58 - 160 7004213450000000000 ♠ 58 years , 160 days 10 November 1990 ( 1990 - 11 - 10 ) 00,343 343 days 2008 - 11 - 27 ( 2008 - 11 - 27 ) 27 November 2008 28,280 days ( 7004282800000000000 ♠ 77 years , 155 days ) 9 Shekhar , Chandra Chandra Shekhar 1927 - 07 - 01 ( 1927 - 07 - 01 ) 1 July 1927 10 November 1990 ( 1990 - 11 - 10 ) 63 - 132 7004231430000000000 ♠ 63 years , 132 days 21 June 1991 ( 1991 - 06 - 21 ) 00,223 223 days 2007 - 07 - 08 ( 2007 - 07 - 08 ) 8 July 2007 29,227 days ( 7004292270000000000 ♠ 80 years , 7 days ) 10 Rao , P.V. Narasimha P.V. Narasimha Rao 1921 - 06 - 28 ( 1921 - 06 - 28 ) 28 June 1921 21 June 1991 ( 1991 - 06 - 21 ) 69 - 358 7004255600000000000 ♠ 69 years , 358 days 16 May 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 16 ) 01,791 1,791 days 2004 - 12 - 23 ( 2004 - 12 - 23 ) 23 December 2004 30,494 days ( 7004304940000000000 ♠ 83 years , 178 days ) 11 Vajpayee , Atal Bihari Atal Bihari Vajpayee 1924 - 12 - 25 ( 1924 - 12 - 25 ) 25 December 1924 16 May 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 16 ) 71 - 143 7004260750000000000 ♠ 71 years , 143 days 22 May 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 22 ) 02,272 2,272 days 2018 - 08 - 12 34,198 days ( 7004341980000000000 ♠ 93 years , 230 days ) 12 Gowda , H.D. Deve H.D. Deve Gowda 1933 - 05 - 18 ( 1933 - 05 - 18 ) 18 May 1933 1 June 1996 ( 1996 - 06 - 01 ) 63 - 014 7004230250000000000 ♠ 63 years , 14 days 21 April 1997 ( 1997 - 04 - 21 ) 00,324 324 days 2018 - 08 - 12 31,132 days ( 7004311320000000000 ♠ 85 years , 86 days ) 13 Gujral , I.K. I.K. Gujral 1919 - 12 - 04 ( 1919 - 12 - 04 ) 4 December 1919 21 April 1997 ( 1997 - 04 - 21 ) 77 - 138 7004282630000000000 ♠ 77 years , 138 days 19 March 1998 ( 1998 - 03 - 19 ) 00,332 332 days 2012 - 11 - 30 ( 2012 - 11 - 30 ) 30 November 2012 33,965 days ( 7004339650000000000 ♠ 92 years , 362 days ) 14 Singh , Dr. Manmohan Manmohan Singh 1932 - 09 - 26 ( 1932 - 09 - 26 ) 26 September 1932 22 May 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 22 ) 71 - 239 7004261710000000000 ♠ 71 years , 239 days 26 May 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 26 ) 03,655 3,656 days 2018 - 08 - 12 31,366 days ( 7004313660000000000 ♠ 85 years , 320 days ) 15 Modi , Narendra Narendra Modi 1950 - 09 - 17 ( 1950 - 09 - 17 ) 17 September 1950 26 May 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 26 ) 63 - 251 7004232620000000000 ♠ 63 years , 251 days NA 00,889 1,539 days 2018 - 08 - 12 24,801 days ( 7004248010000000000 ♠ 67 years , 329 days ) See also ( edit ) Prime Minister of India References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Died in office on this date . Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru Gulzarilal Nanda ( acting ) Lal Bahadur Shastri Gulzarilal Nanda ( acting ) Indira Gandhi Morarji Desai Charan Singh Rajiv Gandhi V.P. Singh Chandra Shekhar P.V. Narasimha Rao Atal Bihari Vajpayee H.D. Deve Gowda I.K. Gujral Manmohan Singh Narendra Modi List List by longevity Official residence PM 's Office Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_India_by_longevity&oldid=849704445 '' Categories : Lists of political office - holders by age Prime Ministers of India Talk About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 10 July 2018 , at 19 : 36 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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